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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_election_results', 'title': 'Social Democratic Federation election results', 'header': ['Constituency', 'Candidate', 'Votes', '%', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bradford South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradford_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bradford South is a constituency [ n 1 ] of the city of Bradford , West Yorkshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'William Hirst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hirst', 'summary': "William Hirst ( 1873 - 5 May 1946 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Bradford South from 1924 to 1931 . Hirst first stood for election to Parliament at the coupon election in 1918 , when he was an unsuccessful Co-operative Party in Bradford South . He stood again in 1922 and 1923 , as a Labour Co-operative candidate with the endorsement of the Labour Party , losing in both elections by a narrow margin of less than 3% of the votes . He won the seat on his fourth attempt , at the 1924 general election , defeating the sitting Liberal MP Herbert Harvey Spencer . Hirst was re-elected in 1929 with an increased majority . However , at the 1931 general election , the Labour Party had split over Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald 's decision to form a National government with the support of both the Conservative Liberal parties , and Hirst was opposed in Bradford only by a Liberal candidate , the Conservatives having stepped aside . He lost his seat by a huge margin of 32.6% of the votes . Hirts 's seventh and final candidacy was at the 1935 general election , when he was defeated again , although he halved the Liberal majority to 16.8% ."}]}, {'value': '8,291', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Edmonton is a constituency [ n 1 ] in Greater London , created in 1918 and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Kate Osamor of the Labour Co-op party . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Broad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Broad', 'summary': 'Francis Alfred Broad JP ( 1874 - 3 January 1956 ) , usually known as Frank Broad , was a Labour politician in the United Kingdom who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the Municipal Borough of Edmonton during the years 1922-1931 and 1935-1945 . One of the founder members [ i ] of the Amalgamated Instrument Makers Trade Society , [ ii ] Broad was president when , in 1920 , the union joined the Amalgamated Engineering Union ( AEU ) . He remained a member of the AEU until his death , stating in the commons in 1931 that . I have never been a paid officer of that union but I have 40 years membership in it . He joined the Independent Labour Party in 1893 . In July 1923 , on the subject of birth control , Broad . asked the Minister of Health whether his Department will raise any objection to birth control information being given at infant welfare centres to married women who desire it by voluntary workers attached to the centres , or otherwise to their being informed , on request , where such information can be obtained ? . Mr Chamberlain replied that his . view is that such information as is referred to should not be given at infant welfare centres , but that women for whom it appears to be needed on medical grounds should be referred to a private doctor or a hospital . In May 1924 , Broad led a delegation of the birth control movement to the then health minister , Clydesdale MP John Wheatley . The delegates included H G Wells , the Hon . Mrs Bertrand ( Dora ) Russell , Dr Frances Huxley , and others .'}]}, {'value': '3,575', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glasgow Gorbals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_Gorbals_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Glasgow Gorbals was a parliamentary constituency in the city of Glasgow . From 1918 until 1974 , it returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , elected by the first-past-the-post system .'}]}, {'value': 'John Maclean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)', 'summary': "John Maclean ( 24 August 1879 - 30 November 1923 ) was a Scottish schoolteacher and revolutionary socialist of the Red Clydeside era . He was notable for his outspoken opposition to the First World War , which caused his arrest under the Defence of the Realm Act and loss of his teaching post , after which he became a full-time Marxist lecturer and organiser . In April 1918 he was arrested for sedition , and his 75-minute speech from the dock became a celebrated text for Scottish left-wingers . He was sentenced to five years ' penal servitude , but was released after the November armistice . Maclean believed that Scottish workers were especially fitted to lead the revolution , and talked of Celtic communism , inspired by clan spirit . But his launch of a Scottish Workers Republican Party and a Scottish Communist Party were largely unsuccessful . Although he had been appointed Bolshevik representative in Scotland , he was not in harmony with the Communist Party of Great Britain , even though it had absorbed the British Socialist Party , to which he had belonged . In captivity , Maclean had been on hunger strike , and prolonged force-feeding had permanently affected his health . He collapsed during a speech and died of pneumonia , aged forty-four ."}]}, {'value': '7,436', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glasgow Tradeston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_Tradeston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Glasgow Tradeston was a burgh constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1955 . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) using the first-past-the-post voting system .'}]}, {'value': 'James D. MacDougall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Dunlop_MacDougall', 'summary': "James Dunlop MacDougall ( 15 January 1891 - 25 December 1963 ) , also known as James McDougall , was a Scottish political activist , best known as John Maclean 's leading supporter ."}]}, {'value': '3,751', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Yarmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Yarmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Great Yarmouth is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Its MP is Brandon Lewis , the former Chairman of the Conservative Party , who has held the seat since the 2010 general election .'}]}, {'value': 'William McConnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_McConnell_(trade_unionist)', 'summary': "William McConnell ( died 21 May 1928 ) was a British trade unionist and political activist . McConnell came to prominence while living in the Hammersmith area of London . While there , he joined the Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) , and in 1898 joined the National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers . He was a founder member of the South Western District Trades and Labour Council , and then of the Labour Representation Committee for the area . In 1911 , McConnell began working full-time for the union , as an organiser for the London area , then in 1923 he transferred to organise the union in Southampton . He also served as vice chair of the Rope , Twine and Net Trade Board . McConnell remained involved the SDF 's successor , the British Socialist Party , and at the 1918 UK general election , it sponsored him as the Labour Party candidate in Great Yarmouth ."}]}, {'value': '1,845', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Greenock was a burgh constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 until 1974 , when it was abolished and its area was merged into the new Greenock and Port Glasgow constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Shaw_(socialist_activist)', 'summary': 'Frederick Shaw ( 25 May 1881 - 22 January 1951 ) was a British socialist activist and trade unionist .'}]}, {'value': '2,542', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grimsby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grimsby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Great Grimsby is a constituency [ n 1 ] in North East Lincolnshire represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom since December 2019 by Lia Nici of the Conservative Party . [ n 2 ] [ n 3 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Charles E. Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9,015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hastings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hastings_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Hastings was a parliamentary constituency in Sussex . It returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until the 1885 general election , when its representation was reduced to one member . It was abolished for the 1983 general election , when it was partially replaced by the new Hastings and Rye constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph George Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_George_Butler', 'summary': "Joseph George Butler ( born 1869 ) was a British politician and trade unionist , who served on London County Council ( LCC ) . Born in Peckham , Butler began working when he was seven years old . For many years , he worked in a factory making clothing for the British Army , and in 1895 he founded the Army Clothing Employees ' Union , serving as its secretary . During the 1910s , he was also secretary of the United Government Workers ' Federation . Butler joined the Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) , and unsuccessfully contested Kennington for the party in the 1907 London County Council election . The SDF became the core of the British Socialist Party ( BSP ) , and under this description , Butler stood in the 1913 London County Council election in Stepney , but took only 108 votes . Later in the year , he contested the 1913 Reading by-election . He received the support of the Independent Labour Party and the local trades council , but was only able to take 10.4% of the vote and third place . The BSP affiliated to the Labour Party , and under this label he was more successful , taking 24.1% of the vote in Hastings at the 1918 United Kingdom general election , and then winning Battersea North at the 1919 London County Council election . Unlike the majority of the BSP , Butler remained with the Labour Party rather than joining the new Communist Party of Great Britain , and he chaired Westminster Labour Party from 1921 to 1926 . He held his council seat until 1928 , after which he became a newsagent , continued his trade union activity . He also continued to contest Parliamentary elections , taking a distant second in Westminster Abbey at the 1922 United Kingdom general election , third place in Willesden East at the 1923 United Kingdom general election , and second in Westminster St George 's at the 1929 United Kingdom general election ."}]}, {'value': '3,556', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Islington North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Islington_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': "Islington North ( /ˈɪzlɪŋtən/ ) is a constituency created in 1885 represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1983 by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party , who has served as Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of Her Majesty 's Opposition since September 2015 . The constituency covers the northern half of the London Borough of Islington . [ n 1 ]"}]}, {'value': 'John Arnall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motherwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motherwell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Motherwell was a burgh constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918-1974 . It was formed by the division of Lanarkshire . The name was changed in 1974 to Motherwell and Wishaw . It is famous for returning the first-ever SNP MP ( Robert McIntyre in 1945 ) and arguably the first Communist Party MP ( Walton Newbold in 1922 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Walton Newbold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walton_Newbold', 'summary': 'John Turner Walton Newbold ( 8 May 1888 - 20 February 1943 ) , generally known as Walton Newbold , was the first of the four Communist Party of Great Britain members to be elected as MPs in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '4,135', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portsmouth Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portsmouth_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Portsmouth Central was a borough constituency in Portsmouth . It returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , elected by the first past the post system .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Hinshelwood', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salford South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salford_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Salford South was a parliamentary constituency in the City of Salford in Greater Manchester from 1885 until 1950 . It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'James Gorman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Gorman_(politician)', 'summary': "James Gorman ( 1874 - May 1950 ) was a British politician and trade unionist . Born in Manchester , Gorman worked in a factory from an early age . He became involved in the socialist movement when he was eighteen , and two years later joined both the Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) and the Amalgamated Society of Engineers ( ASE ) . For some time , he also held membership of the Independent Labour Party . Early in the 1900s , Gorman moved to Salford , where he was rapidly elected as assistant secretary of his branch of the ASE . He was also elected as a delegate to the union 's conferences in 1907 , 1912 , 1915 and 1917 . But he was most prominent in the union as a member of its Final Appeal Court , which considered the cases of members who had broken union rules . In order to prepare for the position , he studied the history of the union and its forerunners , and obtained copies of union rules of which its general office was unaware . In 1917 , Gorman began working full-time for the union as its Manchester Local Delegate , and the following year became its Organising District Delegate . From 1911 until 1925 , he also served as a delegate to the Manchester and Salford Trades Council . Gorman was elected to Salford City Council for St Thomas ' ward in 1918 , serving for three years . He was then elected in a 1923 by-election in Weaste ward , and became known for his campaign for the city to form a civic choir , but lost the seat in 1925 ."}]}, {'value': '3,807', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheffield Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Sheffield Central is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Paul Blomfield , a member of the Labour Party . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Robert George Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': '643', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheffield Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield_Park_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Sheffield Park was a Parliamentary constituency in the City of Sheffield , England . The constituency was created in 1918 and abolished in 1983 . The area formerly covered by this constituency is now mostly in the Sheffield Central constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Alf Barton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alf_Barton', 'summary': "Alfred Barton ( 30 July 1868 - 9 December 1933 ) was a British socialist politician . Born in Kempston in Bedfordshire , Barton began working in a library at the age of twelve . He joined the Socialist League at some point in the 1880s , then in about 1890 , he moved to Manchester , where he quickly found work at the John Rylands Library . At this time , Alf was on the anarchist wing of the Socialist League , and was prominent in the protests following the police provocations against Walsall Anarchists . Although he was arrested several times for making speeches , he was firmly opposed to violence in the anarchist cause . Barton married Eleanor Stockton in 1894 , who was to become prominent in the co-operative movement , and the two moved to Sheffield in 1897 . Alf joined the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) and quickly became prominent locally through his opposition to the Second Boer War ; he later also joined the Social Democratic Federation . He joined the Shop Assistants ' Union and was its delegate to Sheffield Federated Trades Council , and within it campaigned for it to affiliate to the Labour Representation Committee . It did so , but resulting disagreements about local candidates led the council to split , Barton being prominent on the local Labour Representation Committee . In 1907 , he was elected to Sheffield City Council for the renamed Labour Party , representing Brightside . In 1907 , Barton was appointed as secretary of the Sheffield ILP , and he also edited its weekly newspaper , the Sheffield Guardian . However , he lost his council seat in 1910 , and in 1911 he resigned from the ILP entirely due to disagreements between himself and Joseph Pointer ."}]}, {'value': '3,167', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southampton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Southampton was a parliamentary constituency which was represented in the British House of Commons . Centred on the town of Southampton , it returned two members of parliament ( MPs ) from 1295 until it was abolished for the 1950 general election .'}]}, {'value': 'Tommy Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Lewis', 'summary': 'Thomas Lewis ( 12 December 1873 - 28 February 1962 ) was a British trade unionist , local councillor and Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) .'}]}, {'value': '7,828', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walthamstow West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walthamstow_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Walthamstow West was a borough constituency in what is now the London Borough of Waltham Forest , but was until 1965 the Walthamstow Urban District of Essex . It returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The constituency was created for the 1918 general election , and abolished for the February 1974 general election , when it was combined with part of the former Walthamstow East to form the new Walthamstow constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Valentine McEntee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valentine_McEntee', 'summary': 'Valentine la Touche McEntee , 1st Baron McEntee ( 16 January 1871 - 11 February 1953 ) was an Irish-born Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '4,167', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Elections results -- 1918 general election', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Social_Democratic_Federation_election_results_11', 'intro': "This article lists the Social Democratic Federation's election results in UK parliamentary elections. It also includes the results of its successor, the British Socialist Party."}
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Where did the candidate from Sheffield Park work when he was twelve ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Old_World_monkey_species', 'title': 'List of Old World monkey species', 'header': ['Scientific name', 'Common name', 'Classified', 'Conservation status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Macaca sylvanus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbary macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbary_macaque', 'summary': 'The Barbary macaque ( Macaca sylvanus ) , also known as Barbary ape or magot , is a species of macaque unique for its distribution outside Asia . Found in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco along with a small population of uncertain origin in Gibraltar , the Barbary macaque is one of the best-known Old World monkey species .'}]}, {'value': '1758 Linnaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus', 'summary': 'Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .'}]}, {'value': 'endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca silenus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'lion-tailed macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaque', 'summary': 'The lion-tailed macaque ( Macaca silenus ) , or the wanderoo , is an Old World monkey endemic to the Western Ghats of South India .'}]}, {'value': '1758 Linnaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus', 'summary': 'Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .'}]}, {'value': 'endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca nemestrina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'southern pig-tailed macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_pig-tailed_macaque', 'summary': 'The southern pig-tailed macaque ( Macaca nemestrina ) , also known as the Sundaland pigtail macaque and Sunda pig-tailed macaque , is a medium-sized macaque that lives in southern Thailand , Malaysia , and Indonesia . It is known locally as the beruk .'}]}, {'value': '1766 Linnaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus', 'summary': 'Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .'}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca leonina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'northern pig-tailed macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_pig-tailed_macaque', 'summary': 'The northern pig-tailed macaque ( Macaca leonina ) is a species of macaque in the family Cercopithecidae . It is found in Bangladesh , Cambodia , China , India , Laos , Myanmar , Thailand , and Vietnam . Traditionally , M. leonina was considered a subspecies of the southern pig-tailed macaque ( M. nemestrina ) , but is now classified as individual species . In India , it is found in south of the Brahmaputra River , in the northeastern part of the country . Its range in India extends from Assam and Meghalaya to eastern Aruanchal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram and Tripura . A detailed report on the ecology and behaviour of northern pig-tailed macaque has been published in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '1863 Blyth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Blyth', 'summary': "Edward Blyth ( 23 December 1810 - 27 December 1873 ) was an English zoologist who worked for most of his life in India as a curator of zoology at the museum of the Asiatic Society of India in Calcutta . Blyth was born in London in 1810 . In 1841 he travelled to India to become the curator of the museum of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal . He set about updating the museum 's catalogues , publishing a Catalogue of the Birds of the Asiatic Society in 1849 . He was prevented from doing much fieldwork himself , but received and described bird specimens from A.O . Hume , Samuel Tickell , Robert Swinhoe and others . He remained as curator until 1862 , when ill-health forced his return to England . His Natural History of the Cranes was published posthumously in 1881 . Avian species bearing his name include Blyth 's hornbill , Blyth 's leaf warbler , Blyth 's hawk-eagle , Blyth 's olive bulbul , Blyth 's parakeet , Blyth 's frogmouth , Blyth 's reed warbler , Blyth 's rosefinch , Blyth 's shrike-babbler , Blyth 's tragopan , Blyth 's pipit and Blyth 's kingfisher . Reptilian species and a genus bearing his name include Blythia reticulata , Eumeces blythianus , and Rhinophis blythii ."}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca pagensis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pagai Island macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pagai_Island_macaque', 'summary': 'The Pagai Island macaque ( Macaca pagensis ) , also known as the Pagai macaque or Bokkoi , is an Old World monkey endemic to the Mentawai Islands off the west coast of Sumatra . It is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List due to its ever-shrinking habitat . Macaca pagensis formerly included the overall darker Siberut macaque as a subspecies , but this arrangement is polyphyletic , leading to the two being classified as separate species . Both were formerly considered subspecies of the southern pig-tailed macaque .'}]}, {'value': '1903 Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller', 'summary': 'Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. ( December 6 , 1869 - February 24 , 1956 ) was an American zoologist and botanist . He was born in Peterboro , New York in 1869 . He graduated from Harvard University in 1894 and worked under Clinton Hart Merriam at the United States Department of Agriculture . He became assistant curator of mammals at the United States National Museum in Washington in 1898 and was curator from 1909 to 1940 , when he became an Associate in biology at the Smithsonian Institution . In 1906 he travelled to France , Spain and Tangier on a collecting trip . In 1915 , he published results of his studies of casts of specimens associated with the Piltdown Man , concluding that the jaw actually came from a fossil ape and that the skullcap came from a modern human . He was awarded the 1934 Leidy Award from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia .'}]}, {'value': 'critically endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca siberu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siberut macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siberut_macaque', 'summary': 'The Siberut macaque ( Macaca siberu ) is a vulnerable species of macaque , which is endemic to Siberut Island in Indonesia . It was formerly considered conspecific with the Pagai Island macaque ( M. pagensis ) which is overall paler in color , but this arrangement was polyphyletic . Both were formerly considered subspecies of the Southern pig-tailed macaque ( macaque nemestrina ) .'}]}, {'value': '1995 Fuentes & Olson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agustin_Fuentes', 'summary': 'Agustín Fuentes is an American primatologist and biological anthropologist at the University of Notre Dame . His work focuses largely on human and non-human primate interaction , pathogen transfer , communication , cooperation , and human social evolution .'}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca maura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moor macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moor_macaque', 'summary': 'The moor macaque ( Macaca maura ) is a macaque with brown/black body fur with a pale rump patch and pink bare skin on the rump . It is about 50-58.5 cm long , and eats figs , bamboo seeds , buds , sprouts , invertebrates and cereals in tropical rainforests . It is sometimes called dog-ape because of its dog-like muzzle , although it is no more closely related to apes than any other Old World monkey is . It is endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia . The moor macaque is threatened mostly due to habitat loss from an expanding human population and deforestation to increase agricultural land area . The population is estimated to have decreased from 56,000 to under 10,000 from 1983 to 1994.In 1992 , Supriatna et al . ( 1992 ) conducted an extensive survey and found only 3,000-5,000 individuals ( 2,500 mature ) of the species . The survey estimated densities to be 25-50 individuals/km2 ( 18.7SD ) . [ citation needed ] Because several Sulawesi macaque species are endangered , information on ecology and behaviour is essential and conservation management plans are being conducted .'}]}, {'value': '1825 H.R . Schinz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca ochreata', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'booted macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Booted_macaque', 'summary': 'The booted macaque ( Macaca ochreata ) is a macaque of the Sulawesi Island , Indonesia . This Old World monkey is diurnal and spends most of the day in the trees . It is 50-59 cm long plus a tail of 35-40 cm . The booted macaque feeds on figs , buds , invertebrates and cereals . Two subspecies are recognized :'}]}, {'value': '1841 Ogilby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Ogilby', 'summary': 'William Ogilby ( 1808-1873 ) was an Irish barrister and naturalist . Ogilby was honorary secretary of the Zoological Society of London from 1839 to 1846 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca tonkeana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonkean macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonkean_macaque', 'summary': 'The Tonkean black macaque or Tonkean macaque ( Macaca tonkeana ) is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae . It is endemic to central Sulawesi and the nearby Togian Islands in Indonesia . It is threatened by habitat loss . Widespread mining in central Sulawesi is believed to exacerbating the problems of habitat loss .'}]}, {'value': '1899 Meyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Erich_Hermann_von_Meyer', 'summary': 'Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer ( 3 September 1801 - 2 April 1869 ) , known as Hermann von Meyer , was a German palaeontologist . He was awarded the 1858 Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London .'}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca hecki', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Heck 's macaque", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Heck's_macaque", 'summary': "The Heck 's macaque ( Macaca hecki ) is a macaque of Sulawesi , Indonesia . This Old World monkey is diurnal . It feeds on fruits ."}]}, {'value': '1901 Matschie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Matschie', 'summary': "Paul Matschie ( 11 August 1861 , Brandenburg an der Havel - 7 March 1926 , Friedenau ) was a German zoologist . He studied mathematics and natural sciences at the Universities of Halle and Berlin , afterwards working as an unpaid volunteer at the Berlin Zoological Museum under Jean Cabanis ( 1816-1906 ) . In 1892 he was in charge of the department of mammals at the museum , later becoming a curator ( 1895 ) , and in 1902 attaining the title of professor . In 1924 he was appointed second director at the museum . During the years 1891-1893 , he described 11 new species of reptiles . A species of gecko , Hemidactylus matschiei ( Tornier , 1901 ) , is named in his honor . Matschie 's tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus matschiei ) and Matschie 's galago ( Galago matschiei ) are two species of mammals which bear his name ."}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca nigrescens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorontalo macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorontalo_macaque', 'summary': 'The Gorontalo macaque or Dumoga-Bone macaque ( Macaca nigrescens ) is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae . It is endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia .'}]}, {'value': '1849 Temminck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck', 'summary': 'Coenraad Jacob Temminck ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkunraːt ˈjaːkɔp ˈtɛmɪŋk ] ; 31 March 1778 - 30 January 1858 ) was a Dutch aristocrat , zoologist , and museum director .'}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca nigra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celebes crested macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celebes_crested_macaque', 'summary': 'The Celebes crested macaque ( Macaca nigra ) , also known as the crested black macaque , Sulawesi crested macaque , or the black ape , is an Old World monkey that lives in the Tangkoko reserve in the northeastern tip of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi ( Celebes ) , as well as on smaller neighboring islands .'}]}, {'value': '1822 Desmarest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anselme_Gaëtan_Desmarest', 'summary': "Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest ( March 6 , 1784 - June 4 , 1838 ) was a French zoologist and author . He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest and father of Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest . Desmarest was a disciple of Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart , and in 1815 , he succeeded Pierre André Latreille to the professorship of zoology at the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort . In 1820 he was elected to the Académie Nationale de Médecine . Desmarest published Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras , des Manakins et des Todiers ( 1805 ) , Considérations générales sur la classe des crustacés ( 1825 ) , Mammalogie ou description des espèces des Mammifères ( 1820 ) and Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles ( 1816-30 , with André Marie Constant Duméril ) . The brown algae Desmarestia is named in honour of Desmarest , as well as the family ( Desmarestiaceae ) - and in turn , the order ( Desmarestiales ) - of which the genus is the type species ."}]}, {'value': 'critically endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca fascicularis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'crab-eating macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque', 'summary': 'The crab-eating macaque ( Macaca fascicularis ) , also known as the long-tailed macaque , is a cercopithecine primate native to Southeast Asia . It is referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories . It has a long history alongside humans ; they have been alternately seen as agricultural pests , sacred animals in some temples , and more recently , the subject of medical experiments . The crab-eating macaque lives in matrilineal social groups with a female dominance hierarchy , and male members leave the group when they reach puberty . They are opportunistic omnivores and have been documented using tools to obtain food in Thailand and Myanmar . The crab-eating macaque is a known invasive species and a threat to biodiversity in several locations , including Hong Kong and western New Guinea . The significant overlap in macaque and human living space has resulted in greater habitat loss , synanthropic living , and inter- and intraspecies conflicts over resources .'}]}, {'value': '1821 Raffles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles', 'summary': 'Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles , FRS ( 6 July 1781 - 5 July 1826 ) was a British statesman , Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies ( 1811-1816 ) and Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen ( 1818-1824 ) , best known for his founding of modern Singapore and the British Malaya . He was heavily involved in the conquest of the Indonesian island of Java from Dutch and French military forces during the Napoleonic Wars and contributed to the expansion of the British Empire . He also wrote The History of Java ( 1817 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca arctoides', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'stump-tailed macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stump-tailed_macaque', 'summary': 'The stump-tailed macaque ( Macaca arctoides ) , also called the bear macaque , is a species of macaque found in South Asia . In India , it is found in south of the Brahmaputra River , in the northeastern part of the country . Its range in India extends from Assam and Meghalaya to eastern Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram and Tripura . It is primarily frugivorous , but eats many types of vegetation , such as seeds , leaves and roots , but also hunts freshwater crabs , frogs , bird eggs and insects .'}]}, {'value': '1831 I. Geoffroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isidore_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire', 'summary': 'Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire ( 16 December 1805 - 10 November 1861 ) was a French zoologist and an authority on deviation from normal structure . In 1854 he coined the term éthologie ( ethology ) .'}]}, {'value': 'vulnerable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca mulatta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'rhesus macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhesus_macaque', 'summary': 'The rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) is a species of Old World monkey . It is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and its tolerance of a broad range of habitats . It is native to South , Central , and Southeast Asia and has the widest geographic range of all non-human primates , occupying a great diversity of altitudes and a great variety of habitats , from grasslands to arid and forested areas , but also close to human settlements .'}]}, {'value': '1780 Zimmermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eberhard_August_Wilhelm_von_Zimmermann', 'summary': 'Eberhardt August Wilhelm von Zimmermann ( August 17 , 1743 , Uelzen - July 4 , 1815 , Braunschweig ) was a German geographer and zoologist . He studied natural philosophy and mathematics in Leiden , Halle , Berlin , and Göttingen , and in 1766 was appointed professor of mathematics and natural sciences at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig . One of his pupils was mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss . From 1789 onward , he served as aulic councillor in Braunschweig . During his career , he travelled widely throughout Europe - Livonia , Russia , Sweden , Denmark . England , France , Germany , Switzerland , and Italy . On his journeys , he conducted research of economic conditions and natural resources . He wrote Specimen Zoologiae Geographicae Quadrupedum ( 1777 ) , one of the first works on the geographical distribution of mammals ( zoogeography ) . He was the author of works on a variety of subjects , such as mathematics , natural sciences , regional studies , and the history of discovery . From 1802 to 1813 , he published the Taschenbuch der Reisen ( Handbook of Travel ) .'}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca cyclopis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formosan rock macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Formosan_rock_macaque', 'summary': 'The Formosan rock macaque ( Macaca cyclopis ) , Formosan rock monkey , or Taiwanese macaque , is a macaque endemic to the island of Taiwan , which has also been introduced to Japan . Besides humans , Formosan rock macaques are the only native primates living in Taiwan .'}]}, {'value': '1862 Swinhoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Swinhoe', 'summary': "Robert Swinhoe FRS ( 1 September 1836 - 28 October 1877 ) was an English biologist who worked as a Consul in Formosa . He discovered many Southeast Asian birds and several , such as Swinhoe 's pheasant , are named after him ."}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca fuscata', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japanese_macaque', 'summary': 'The Japanese macaque ( /məˈkɑːk/ ; Macaca fuscata ) , also known as the snow monkey , is a terrestrial Old World monkey species that is native to Japan . They get their name snow monkey because they live in areas where snow covers the ground for months each year - no other non-human primate is more northern-living , nor lives in a colder climate . Individuals have brown-grey fur , red faces , and short tails . Two subspecies are known . In Japan , the species is known as Nihonzaru ( ニホンザル , a combination of Nihon 日本 Japan + saru 猿 monkey ) to distinguish it from other primates , but the Japanese macaque is very familiar in Japan , so when Japanese people simply say saru , they usually have in mind the Japanese macaque .'}]}, {'value': '1875 Blyth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Blyth', 'summary': "Edward Blyth ( 23 December 1810 - 27 December 1873 ) was an English zoologist who worked for most of his life in India as a curator of zoology at the museum of the Asiatic Society of India in Calcutta . Blyth was born in London in 1810 . In 1841 he travelled to India to become the curator of the museum of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal . He set about updating the museum 's catalogues , publishing a Catalogue of the Birds of the Asiatic Society in 1849 . He was prevented from doing much fieldwork himself , but received and described bird specimens from A.O . Hume , Samuel Tickell , Robert Swinhoe and others . He remained as curator until 1862 , when ill-health forced his return to England . His Natural History of the Cranes was published posthumously in 1881 . Avian species bearing his name include Blyth 's hornbill , Blyth 's leaf warbler , Blyth 's hawk-eagle , Blyth 's olive bulbul , Blyth 's parakeet , Blyth 's frogmouth , Blyth 's reed warbler , Blyth 's rosefinch , Blyth 's shrike-babbler , Blyth 's tragopan , Blyth 's pipit and Blyth 's kingfisher . Reptilian species and a genus bearing his name include Blythia reticulata , Eumeces blythianus , and Rhinophis blythii ."}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca sinica', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'toque macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toque_macaque', 'summary': 'The toque macaque ( Macaca sinica ) is a reddish-brown-coloured Old World monkey endemic to Sri Lanka , where it is known as the rilewa or rilawa ( Sinhala : රිළවා ) , ( hence rillow in the Oxford English Dictionary ) .'}]}, {'value': '1771 Linnaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus', 'summary': 'Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .'}]}, {'value': 'endangered', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca radiata', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bonnet macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonnet_macaque', 'summary': 'The bonnet macaque , also known as zati ( Macaca radiata ) , is a macaque endemic to southern India . Its distribution is limited by the Indian Ocean on three sides and the Godavari and Tapti Rivers along with a related competing species of rhesus macaque in the north . Land use changes in the last few decades have resulted in changes in its distribution boundaries with the rhesus macaque , raising concern for its status in the wild . This Old World monkey is a diurnal animal . It is 35-60 cm long plus a tail of 35-68 cm . Males weigh 5.5 to 9.0 kg , females 3.5 to 4.5 kg . Captive monkey can live up to 35 years . The bonnet macaque feeds on fruits , nuts , seeds , flowers , invertebrates , and cereals . In southern India , this macaque exists as commensal to humans , feeding on food given by humans and raiding crops and houses . Two subspecies of bonnet macaques have been identified : M. r. radiata and M. r. diluta .'}]}, {'value': '1812 É. Geoffroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Étienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire', 'summary': "Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire ( 15 April 1772 - 19 June 1844 ) was a French naturalist who established the principle of unity of composition . He was a colleague of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and expanded and defended Lamarck 's evolutionary theories . Geoffroy 's scientific views had a transcendental flavor ( unlike Lamarck 's materialistic views ) and were similar to those of German morphologists like Lorenz Oken . He believed in the underlying unity of organismal design , and the possibility of the transmutation of species in time , amassing evidence for his claims through research in comparative anatomy , paleontology , and embryology ."}]}, {'value': 'least concern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macaca assamensis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assam macaque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assam_macaque', 'summary': 'The Assam macaque or Assamese macaque ( Macaca assamensis ) is a macaque of the Old World monkey family native to South and Southeast Asia . Since 2008 , the species has been listed as near threatened by the IUCN , as it is experiencing significant declines due to hunting , habitat degradation , and fragmentation .'}]}, {'value': '1840 McClelland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'near threatened', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Extant species -- Subfamily : Cercopithecinae', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Old_World_monkey_species_1', 'intro': 'Old World monkeys are all simian primates. They are more closely related to the apes than they are to the New World monkeys.'}
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What is the scientific name of the species that is a medium-sized macaque that lives in southern Thailand , Malaysia , and Indonesia ?
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Macaca nemestrina
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01bbf090ba5b95c5
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_Schools_Athletic_Foundation,_Inc.', 'title': 'Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc.', 'header': ['Institution', 'Location', 'Founded', 'Affiliation', 'Nickname', 'Population'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cebu Eastern College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_Eastern_College', 'summary': 'Cebu Eastern College is a Chinese Filipino school at the corner of Dimasalang and Leon Kilat in Cebu City , Philippines . The campus offers kindergarten , elementary , high school and college classes . Their other campus is at D. Jakosalem which offers classes up to the elementary level . CEC offers Chinese classes as well as English and Filipino subjects .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Non-sectarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cebu Institute of Technology - University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_Institute_of_Technology_–_University', 'summary': 'The Cebu Institute of Technology - University ( CIT-University , or less often CIT-U , and colloquially , CIT ) is a private non-sectarian academic institution , providing basic and higher education with a foundation in general and technological education in the Philippines . The university was known then as simply Cebu Institute of Technology until 2009 . CIT is the first higher educational institution ( HEI ) in the Visayas and Mindanao classified as Category A ( t ) . This places CIT as a mature teaching institution under the CHED-IQuAME framework . IQuAME is the Institutional Quality Assurance through Monitoring and Evaluation , a system of higher education quality assurance and classification . CIT is one of only nine schools nationwide awarded by the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) as Center of Excellence in Information Technology Education .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Non-sectarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CIT-U_Wildcats', 'summary': 'The Cebu Institute of Technology - University ( CIT-University , or less often CIT-U , and colloquially , CIT ) is a private non-sectarian academic institution , providing basic and higher education with a foundation in general and technological education in the Philippines . The university was known then as simply Cebu Institute of Technology until 2009 . CIT is the first higher educational institution ( HEI ) in the Visayas and Mindanao classified as Category A ( t ) . This places CIT as a mature teaching institution under the CHED-IQuAME framework . IQuAME is the Institutional Quality Assurance through Monitoring and Evaluation , a system of higher education quality assurance and classification . CIT is one of only nine schools nationwide awarded by the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) as Center of Excellence in Information Technology Education .'}]}, {'value': '~35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Bosco Technical College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Bosco_Technical_College–Cebu', 'summary': 'Don Bosco Technical College-Cebu is a private school in Cebu City managed by the Salesians of the South Province ( FIS ) of the Philippines . It is an all-boys school except for the Senior High School , TVED and College Departments . The school conducts class masses every week and some Institutional Masses on an important day in the Liturgical Calendar , such as on Holy days of obligation . The current Vice President of the Pastoral Animation of the school is Rev . Fr . John Vernil Q. Lopez , S.D.B .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Salesian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salesian', 'summary': "The Salesians of Don Bosco ( SDB ; also known as the Salesian Society or Salesian Order ; officially named the Society of St Francis de Sales ) is a Catholic religious institute of the Latin Church , founded in the late nineteenth century by Italian priest Saint John Bosco to help poor children during the Industrial Revolution . The Salesians ' charter describes the society 's mission as the Christian perfection of its associates obtained by the exercise of spiritual and corporal works of charity towards the young , especially the poor , and the education of boys to the priesthood . The institute is named after Francis de Sales , an early-modern bishop from Geneva ."}]}, {'value': 'Greywolves', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-- -', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwestern University PHINMA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_University_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'The Southwestern University ( SWU ) , officially the Southwestern University PHINMA , is a private university in Cebu City , Philippines founded on 1946 by two pharmacists . It started as Southwestern Colleges in the summer of 1946 and became a university on December 11 , 1959 . The university and hospital have been acquired by PHINMA Group in 2015 . The university was renamed to Southwestern University PHINMA and the hospital from Sacred Heart Hospital to Southwestern University Medical Center . The university changed the logo and closed its South Campus on Basak San Nicolas , Cebu City .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Non-sectarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cobras', 'urls': []}, {'value': '~13,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Cebu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cebu', 'summary': 'The University of Cebu ( UC ) ( Cebuano : Unibersidad sa Sugbo ; Filipino : Pamantasan ng Cebu ) is an educational institution in Cebu City , Philippines founded in 1964 offering preschool , grade school , junior & senior high school , undergraduate degrees , and post-graduate degrees . It currently has four campuses .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Non-sectarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Webmasters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '~61,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Cebu - Lapu-Lapu & Mandaue Campus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cebu_–_Lapu-Lapu_&_Mandaue_Campus', 'summary': 'The University of Cebu ( UC ) ( Cebuano : Unibersidad sa Sugbo ; Filipino : Pamantasan ng Cebu ) is an educational institution in Cebu City , Philippines founded in 1964 offering preschool , grade school , junior & senior high school , undergraduate degrees , and post-graduate degrees . It currently has four campuses .'}]}, {'value': 'Mandaue City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandaue_City', 'summary': 'Mandaue , officially the City of Mandaue ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Mandaue ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Mandaue ) or simply known as Mandaue City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the island province of Cebu in the region of Central Visayas , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 362,654 people . Mandaue City is located on the central-eastern coastal region of Cebu . Its southwest coast borders Mactan Island where Lapu-Lapu City is located and is connected to the island via two bridges : the Mactan-Mandaue Bridge and Marcelo Fernan Bridge . Mandaue City is bounded on the north by the town of Consolacion , to the east by the Camotes Sea , and to the west and south by Cebu City . It is one of three highly urbanized cities on Cebu island and forms a part of the Cebu Metropolitan area and is part of the Sixth District of Cebu joined with the municipalities of Consolacion and Cordova . Although qualified for a lone district since 1991 , this was neglected by lawmakers . However , as of 5 April 2019 , President Duterte recently signed a law declaring this city as a lone legislative district .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Non-sectarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UC-LM Webmasters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of San Carlos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_San_Carlos', 'summary': 'The University of San Carlos ( USC or colloquially shortened to San Carlos ) is a private Catholic research university in Cebu City , Philippines which is administered by the Society of the Divine Word ( SVD ) missionaries since 1935 . It provides basic education ( Montessori academy , grade school , junior high school and senior high school ) , undergraduate and graduate studies higher education . USC is among the biggest university in Cebu City with 5 campuses which have a combined land area of 90 hectares ( Talamban campus has 80 hectares with wide area for expansion and development of university physical facilities ) . It is ranked top four nationwide and top one in the Visayas and Mindanao with the most number of centers of excellence ( 8 COEs ) and centers of development ( 12 CODs ) recognized by the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) as of March 2016 . USC is also one of the few universities in the country ranked by the International/Asia Quacquarelli Symonds ( QS ) Rating as among the Top 350 Universities in Asia as of 2016 ( USC is the lone Cebu based university and one of the universities in the Visayas and Mindanao cited by QS Asia as among internationally recognized universities in the Philippines ) . USC is ranked by Scopus as top 8th university in the Phils . with the most number of indexed research publications as of 2018 . The university is certified with International Standards Organization ( ISO ) 9001:2015 Quality Management System for Institutional and Student Support Services as of September 2017 by Technischer Uberwachungsverein ( TUV ) Sud Asia Pacific . USC has about 22,000 students ( otherwise called Carolinians ) of which more than 200 are international students , enrolled in basic education , collegiate undergraduate and graduate programs and served by about 1,100 academic faculty and staff with a teacher to student ratio of 1:20 . About 600 Carolinian students are academic scholars , 200 working student scholars and 300 non-academic scholars ( e.g . athletic & sports , cultural & performing arts ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1595', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Society of the Divine Word', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word', 'summary': 'The Society of the Divine Word ( Latin : Societas Verbi Divini , abbreviated SVD ) , popularly called Verbites or the Divine Word Missionaries , and sometimes the Steyler Missionaries , is a missionary religious congregation in the Latin Church , one of the 24 sui iuris churches which make up the Catholic Church . [ not verified in body ] As of 2020 , it consisted of 6,023 members composed of priests and Religious Brothers working in 81 countries . It is the largest missionary congregation in the Catholic Church . The superior general is Paulus Budi Kleden who hails from Indonesia .'}]}, {'value': 'Warriors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Warriors', 'summary': 'The University of San Carlos ( USC or colloquially shortened to San Carlos ) is a private Catholic research university in Cebu City , Philippines which is administered by the Society of the Divine Word ( SVD ) missionaries since 1935 . It provides basic education ( Montessori academy , grade school , junior high school and senior high school ) , undergraduate and graduate studies higher education . USC is among the biggest university in Cebu City with 5 campuses which have a combined land area of 90 hectares ( Talamban campus has 80 hectares with wide area for expansion and development of university physical facilities ) . It is ranked top four nationwide and top one in the Visayas and Mindanao with the most number of centers of excellence ( 8 COEs ) and centers of development ( 12 CODs ) recognized by the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) as of March 2016 . USC is also one of the few universities in the country ranked by the International/Asia Quacquarelli Symonds ( QS ) Rating as among the Top 350 Universities in Asia as of 2016 ( USC is the lone Cebu based university and one of the universities in the Visayas and Mindanao cited by QS Asia as among internationally recognized universities in the Philippines ) . USC is ranked by Scopus as top 8th university in the Phils . with the most number of indexed research publications as of 2018 . The university is certified with International Standards Organization ( ISO ) 9001:2015 Quality Management System for Institutional and Student Support Services as of September 2017 by Technischer Uberwachungsverein ( TUV ) Sud Asia Pacific . USC has about 22,000 students ( otherwise called Carolinians ) of which more than 200 are international students , enrolled in basic education , collegiate undergraduate and graduate programs and served by about 1,100 academic faculty and staff with a teacher to student ratio of 1:20 . About 600 Carolinian students are academic scholars , 200 working student scholars and 300 non-academic scholars ( e.g . athletic & sports , cultural & performing arts ) .'}]}, {'value': '~27,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of San Jose-Recoletos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_San_Jose–Recoletos', 'summary': 'The University of San Jose-Recoletos ( USJ-R or colloquially shortened to San Jose ) , formerly known as Colegio de San Jose-Recoletos , is a private research and Catholic university founded in 1947 in Cebu City , Philippines by the Order of Augustinian Recollects . From classes held in an old building and a portion of the convent , the school built modern structures while retaining classic features . The university has three campuses , two of which are located in different areas of Metro Cebu - the main campus along Corner P. Lopez and Magallanes Sts . and the Basak Campus at Cebu South Road , Basak Pardo , Cebu City . Its third campus , the Balamban Campus , is located in Arpili , a barangay in the Municipality of Balamban ( still in the province of Cebu ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Augustinian Recollect', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augustinian_Recollect', 'summary': 'The Order of Augustinian Recollects ( O.A.R . ) , whose members are known as Augustinian Recollects , is a mendicant Catholic religious order of friars and nuns . It is a reformist offshoot from the Augustinian hermit friars and follows the same Rule of St. Augustine .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaguars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USJ-R_Jaguars', 'summary': 'The University of San Jose-Recoletos ( USJ-R or colloquially shortened to San Jose ) , formerly known as Colegio de San Jose-Recoletos , is a private research and Catholic university founded in 1947 in Cebu City , Philippines by the Order of Augustinian Recollects . From classes held in an old building and a portion of the convent , the school built modern structures while retaining classic features . The university has three campuses , two of which are located in different areas of Metro Cebu - the main campus along Corner P. Lopez and Magallanes Sts . and the Basak Campus at Cebu South Road , Basak Pardo , Cebu City . Its third campus , the Balamban Campus , is located in Arpili , a barangay in the Municipality of Balamban ( still in the province of Cebu ) .'}]}, {'value': '~14,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Southern Philippines Foundation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_Philippines_Foundation', 'summary': 'The University of Southern Philippines Foundation ( USPF ) is a private , foundation , non-sectarian university in Cebu City , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Non-sectarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USPF_Panthers', 'summary': 'The University of Southern Philippines Foundation ( USPF ) is a private , foundation , non-sectarian university in Cebu City , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': '~18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of the Visayas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Visayas', 'summary': 'The University of the Visayas ( UV ) is located in Cebu City , Philippines . It is the first school in the province of Cebu to attain university status .'}]}, {'value': 'Cebu City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_City', 'summary': "Cebu City , officially the City of Cebu ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Sugbu ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Cebu ) is a 1st class and highly urbanized city of the island of Cebu in the Central Visayas Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 922,611 people , making it the fifth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas . It is the regional center of Central Visayas and is the seat of government for the province of Cebu , but is governed separately from it . The city is a significant center of commerce , trade and education in the Visayas . It is the Philippines ' main domestic shipping port , and is home to about 80% of the country 's domestic shipping companies . Located in the middle of the eastern side of Cebu Island , it is the center of Metro Cebu , the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines by population , economy and land area , which includes the cities of Carcar , Danao , Lapu-Lapu , Mandaue , Naga and Talisay ; and the municipalities ( towns ) of Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Metro Cebu had a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015 , making it the second-most populous metropolitan area of the nation , after Metro Manila in Luzon . Cebu is the country 's oldest city ; it was the first Spanish settlement , and the first capital of the Philippines . It is the Second City of the Philippines after Manila . The city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East . Cebu is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao , on the west by the city of Toledo , on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan , Consolacion and Compostela , and on the south by the city of Talisay . It has entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler thrice : Last 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private , Non-sectarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Lancers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UV_Green_Lancers', 'summary': 'The University of the Visayas ( UV ) is located in Cebu City , Philippines . It is the first school in the province of Cebu to attain university status .'}]}, {'value': '~35,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Member schools -- Seniors ' division", 'section_text': "There are a total of ten member schools in the seniors ' division", 'uid': 'Cebu_Schools_Athletic_Foundation,_Inc._0', 'intro': 'The Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. (CESAFI) is a sports association of 12 schools, colleges and universities in Cebu, Philippines. The CESAFI was established in 2001.'}
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What is the nickname of the institution whose current Vice President of the Pastoral Animation of the school is Rev . Fr . John Vernil Q. Lopez , S.D.B ?
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Greywolves
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01bd6f67bb72ac7d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_S._P._Balasubrahmanyam', 'title': 'List of awards and nominations received by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam', 'header': ['Year', 'Award', 'Honouring body'], 'data': [{'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalaimaamani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalaimaamani', 'summary': 'The Kalaimamani ( officially Jayalalithaa Award ) , is an award in Tamil Nadu state , India . These awards are given by the Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram ( literature , music and theatre ) for excellence in the field of art and literature . The Tamil Nadu government has appointed dancer Chitra Visweswaran as the secretary of Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Manram . Film music director Deva is its chairman .'}]}, {'value': 'Government of Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': 'The Government of Tamil Nadu is the governing authority for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is seated at Fort St George , Chennai . The legislature of Tamil Nadu was bicameral until 1986 , when it was replaced by a unicameral legislature , like most other states in India .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary Doctorate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate', 'summary': "An honorary degree [ note 1 ] is an academic degree for which a university ( or other degree-awarding institution ) has waived the usual requirements , such as matriculation , residence , a dissertation , and the passing of comprehensive examinations . It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa ( for the sake of the honour ) or ad honorem ( to the honour ) . The degree is typically a doctorate or , less commonly , a master 's degree , and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education . An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows : Doctorate in Business Administration ( Hon . Causa ) . The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor 's contributions to a specific field or to society in general . It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in one 's curriculum vitae ( CV ) as an award , and not in the education section . With regard to the use of this honorific , the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients refrain from adopting the misleading title and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the title Dr before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community . Rev . Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees , having been awarded 150 during his lifetime ."}]}, {'value': 'Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potti_Sreeramulu_Telugu_University', 'summary': 'Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University ( PSTU ) or simply Telugu University , is one of the few Indian language universities in India .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karnataka Rajyothsava Award ( Second Highest Civilian honor of Karnataka )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti', 'summary': 'The Rajyotsava Prashasti or Rajyotsava Awards , the second highest civilian honor of the Karnataka state of India are conferred annually by the Karnataka Government on the occasion of the establishment of the state on 1 November celebrated as the Kannada Rajyotsava . The awards are presented in Bengaluru by the Chief Minister of Karnataka on 1 November of every year . Each award carries an amount of ₹100,000 , a 20-gram gold medal and a citation . In addition to that , the government has in the past , allotted commercial land for eligible awardees .'}]}, {'value': 'Government of Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka', 'summary': 'The Government of Karnataka , officially known as , Karnataka Rajya Sarakara , is a democratically elected body with the governor as the constitutional head . The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister and on the advice of the chief minister appoints his council of ministers . Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state , the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great amount of legislative powers are vested .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary Doctorate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate', 'summary': "An honorary degree [ note 1 ] is an academic degree for which a university ( or other degree-awarding institution ) has waived the usual requirements , such as matriculation , residence , a dissertation , and the passing of comprehensive examinations . It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa ( for the sake of the honour ) or ad honorem ( to the honour ) . The degree is typically a doctorate or , less commonly , a master 's degree , and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education . An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows : Doctorate in Business Administration ( Hon . Causa ) . The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor 's contributions to a specific field or to society in general . It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in one 's curriculum vitae ( CV ) as an award , and not in the education section . With regard to the use of this honorific , the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients refrain from adopting the misleading title and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the title Dr before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community . Rev . Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees , having been awarded 150 during his lifetime ."}]}, {'value': 'Sathyabama University , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sathyabama_University', 'summary': 'Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology ( SIST ) , formerly Sathyabama University , is a Christian higher education deemed to be university institute , situated at Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India ] . It was founded in 1987 as Sathyabama Engineering College by Jeppiaar and received its deemed to be university status in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chennai', 'summary': "Chennai ( /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ( listen ) , Tamil : [ t͡ʃenːai ] ) , also known as Madras ( /məˈdrɑːs/ ( listen ) or /-ˈdræs/ , the official name until 1996 ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is the biggest cultural , economic and educational centre of south India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth-most populous city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed India 's health capital . Chennai had the third-largest expatriate population in India , at 35,000 in 2009 , 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016 . Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015 . Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index , and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalaprapoorna ( Honorary doctorate )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalaprapoorna', 'summary': 'Andhra University ( IAST : Āndhra Vișvakalāpariṣhat ) is a public university located in Visakhapatnam , Andhra Pradesh , India . It was established in 1926 .'}]}, {'value': 'Andhra University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhra_University', 'summary': 'Andhra University ( IAST : Āndhra Vișvakalāpariṣhat ) is a public university located in Visakhapatnam , Andhra Pradesh , India . It was established in 1926 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary Doctorate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate', 'summary': "An honorary degree [ note 1 ] is an academic degree for which a university ( or other degree-awarding institution ) has waived the usual requirements , such as matriculation , residence , a dissertation , and the passing of comprehensive examinations . It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa ( for the sake of the honour ) or ad honorem ( to the honour ) . The degree is typically a doctorate or , less commonly , a master 's degree , and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education . An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows : Doctorate in Business Administration ( Hon . Causa ) . The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor 's contributions to a specific field or to society in general . It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in one 's curriculum vitae ( CV ) as an award , and not in the education section . With regard to the use of this honorific , the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients refrain from adopting the misleading title and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the title Dr before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community . Rev . Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees , having been awarded 150 during his lifetime ."}]}, {'value': 'JNTU Anantapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JNTU_Anantapur', 'summary': 'Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University , Anantapur ( JNTU Anantapur ) is a state university in Anantapur , Andhra Pradesh , India . Founded in 1946 , it has since 1973 been a constituent college of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University , as set by The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Act , 1972 . In 2008 it had received autonomous status by the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Universities Act , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kala Pradarshini Ghantasala Puraskar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ghantasala family & Kala Pradarshini , Chennai', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary Doctorate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate', 'summary': "An honorary degree [ note 1 ] is an academic degree for which a university ( or other degree-awarding institution ) has waived the usual requirements , such as matriculation , residence , a dissertation , and the passing of comprehensive examinations . It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa ( for the sake of the honour ) or ad honorem ( to the honour ) . The degree is typically a doctorate or , less commonly , a master 's degree , and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education . An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows : Doctorate in Business Administration ( Hon . Causa ) . The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor 's contributions to a specific field or to society in general . It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in one 's curriculum vitae ( CV ) as an award , and not in the education section . With regard to the use of this honorific , the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients refrain from adopting the misleading title and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the title Dr before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community . Rev . Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees , having been awarded 150 during his lifetime ."}]}, {'value': 'The International Tamil University , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Other honours', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_S._P._Balasubrahmanyam_1', 'intro': 'S. P. Balasubrahmanyam is an Indian playback singer, who is well known for his work in South Indian films. Making his playback singing debut in 1966 through the Telugu film Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna, he has since recorded over 40,000 songs in multiple languages of India; he holds the record for most songs recorded by a male playback singer. During his career he has won six National Film Awards, six Filmfare Awards South and one Filmfare Award (resulting from four nominations). The first of his National Award came for his work in the 1979 musical film Sankarabharanam. Two year later he entered the Hindi film industry through Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981), winning the award for the second time. He also received a Filmfare nomination for Best Male Playback Singer for the film. In the subsequent years, he won the National Film Awards for Saagara Sangamam (1983) and Rudraveena (1988) - both Telugu films. In 1989, he received his first Filmfare Award for Maine Pyar Kiya. He won the first of his four South Filmfare Award for Subha Sankalpam, a film which he produced. His first Filmfare Award in the playback singing category came for Sri Ramadasu (2006), followed by Mozhi (2007) and Aaptha Rakshaka (2010). Balasubrahmanyam is also a recipient of numerous state awards; 25 Nandi Awards - Best Male Playback Singer, Best Music Director, Best Male Dubbing Artist and Best Supporting Actor categories. He has also won four Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and three Karnataka State Film Awards.'}
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The award that was first presented in 1926 , was awarded to S. P. Balasubrahmanyam in what year ?
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2009
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01be027156a30abf
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Award_for_Best_Director', 'title': 'European Film Award for Best Director', 'header': ['Director', 'Awards', 'Nominations'], 'data': [{'value': '/ Michael Haneke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Haneke', 'summary': "Michael Haneke ( German : [ ˈhaːnəkə ] ; born 23 March 1942 ) is an Austrian film director and screenwriter . His work often examines social issues and depicts the feelings of estrangement experienced by individuals in modern society . Haneke has made films in French , German , and English and has worked in television‚ theatre , and cinema . He also teaches film direction at the Film Academy Vienna . His directorial debut , The Seventh Continent , won the Bronze Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival in 1989 . He later won the Grand Prix at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival for The Piano Teacher and the Best Director Award for Caché at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival . He subsequently directed the 2007 remake of his controversial 1997 film Funny Games . At the 2009 Cannes Film Festival , his film The White Ribbon won the Palme d'Or , and at the 67th Golden Globe Awards the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 2012 , his film Amour premiered and competed at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . The film would go on to win the Palme d'Or , making it his second win of the prestigious award in three years ; this made him the seventh director ( at the time ) to have won it twice and the only Austrian director to have accomplished this . The film received five Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Actress in a Leading Role for Emmanuelle Riva ; it won in the category of Best Foreign Language Film . In 2013 , Haneke won the Prince of Asturias Award for the arts ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Almodóvar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Almodóvar', 'summary': "Pedro Almodóvar Caballero ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo almoˈðoβaɾ kaβaˈʝeɾo ] ; born 25 September 1949 ) is a Spanish filmmaker , director , screenwriter , producer , and former actor . He came to prominence as a director and screenwriter during La Movida Madrileña , a cultural renaissance that followed after the end of Francoist Spain . His first few films characterised the sense of sexual and political freedom of the period . In 1986 , he established his own film production company , El Deseo , with his younger brother Agustín Almodóvar , responsible for producing all of his films since Law of Desire ( 1987 ) . Almodóvar achieved international recognition for his black comedy-drama film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( 1988 ) , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , and went on to more success with the dark romantic comedy film Tie Me Up ! Tie Me Down ! ( 1990 ) , the melodrama High Heels ( 1991 ) and the romantic drama thriller Live Flesh ( 1997 ) . His subsequent two films won an Academy Award each : All About My Mother ( 1999 ) received the award for Best Foreign Language Film while Talk to Her ( 2002 ) earned him the award for Best Original Screenplay . Almodóvar followed this with the drama Volver ( 2006 ) , the romantic thriller Broken Embraces ( 2009 ) , the psychological thriller The Skin I Live In ( 2011 ) and the dramas Julieta ( 2016 ) and Pain and Glory ( 2019 ) , all of which were in competition for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival . His films are marked by his employment of certain actors and creative personnel , complex narratives , melodrama , pop culture , popular songs , irreverent humour , strong colours , and glossy décor . Desire , passion , family , and identity are among Almodóvar 's most prevalent themes . Acclaimed as one of the most internationally successful Spanish filmmakers , Almodóvar and his films have gained worldwide interest and developed a cult following ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paolo Sorrentino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paolo_Sorrentino', 'summary': "Paolo Sorrentino ( Italian : [ ˈpaːolo sorrenˈtiːno ] ; born 31 May 1970 ) is an Italian film director , screenwriter and writer . His 2013 film La Grande Bellezza won the Academy Award , the Golden Globe and the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In Italy he was honored with five David di Donatello and six Nastro d'Argento . Sorrentino 's direction and screenplays , including Il divo , The Consequences of Love , The Family Friend , This Must Be the Place and the 2016 TV series The Young Pope , have received three Cannes Lions , three Venice Film Festival Awards and four European Film Awards . He works with authors and producers including Francesca Cima and Nicola Giuliano , Toni Servillo and Luca Bigazzi . Actors in his films have included Sabrina Ferilli , Fanny Ardant , Isabella Ferrari , Elena Sofia Ricci , Sean Penn , Frances McDormand , Riccardo Scamarcio , Jude Law , Fabrizio Bentivoglio , Nanni Moretti , Carlo Verdone , Antonio Albanese and Frank Langella . He has also worked with songwriters Antonello Venditti , Paloma Faith and Mark Kozelek and written three books which were published in Italian . He does not hold religious belief ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paweł Pawlikowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paweł_Pawlikowski', 'summary': 'Paweł Aleksander Pawlikowski ( Polish : [ ˈpavɛw alɛˈksandɛr pavliˈkɔfskʲi ] ; born 15 September 1957 ) is a Polish filmmaker , who has lived and worked most of his life in the United Kingdom . He garnered much acclaim for a string of award-winning documentaries in the 1990s and for his feature films Last Resort and My Summer of Love , both of which won a BAFTA and many other European awards . His film Ida won the 2015 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . At the 2018 Cannes Film Festival , Pawlikowski won the Best Director prize for his 2018 film Cold War , a film which also earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Foreign Language Film .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susanne Bier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanne_Bier', 'summary': 'Susanne Bier ( Danish : [ susænə ˈpiɐ̯ˀ ] ; born 15 April 1960 ) is a Danish film director , screenwriter and producer . She is best known for her feature films Brothers , After the Wedding , In a Better World and Bird Box , and the TV miniseries The Night Manager . Bier is the first female director to win a Golden Globe , an Emmy Award , and a European Film Award , collectively .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lars Von Trier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Von_Trier', 'summary': "Lars von Trier ( born Lars Trier ; 30 April 1956 ) is a Danish film director and screenwriter with a prolific and controversial career spanning almost four decades . His work is known for its genre and technical innovation ; confrontational examination of existential , social , and political issues ; and his treatment of subjects such as mercy , sacrifice , and mental health . Among his more than 100 awards and 200 nominations at film festivals worldwide , von Trier has received : the Palme d'Or ( for Dancer in the Dark ) , the Grand Prix ( for Breaking the Waves ) , the Prix du Jury ( for Europa ) , and the Technical Grand Prize ( for The Element of Crime and Europa ) at the Cannes Film Festival . Von Trier is the founder and shareholder of the international film production company Zentropa Films , which has sold more than 350 million tickets and garnered seven Academy Award nominations over the past 25 years ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '/ Roman Polanski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Polanski', 'summary': "Roman Polański ( /pəˈlænski/ pə-LAN-skee , Polish : [ ˈrɔman pɔˈlaj̃skʲi ] ( listen ) ; born 18 August 1933 in Paris ; original name Raymond Thierry Liebling ) is a French-Polish film director , producer , writer , and actor . Since 1978 , Polanski has been a fugitive from the U.S. criminal justice system ; he fled the country while awaiting sentencing in his sexual abuse case , in which he pleaded guilty to statutory rape . His Polish-Jewish parents moved the family back from Paris to Kraków in 1937 . Two years later , Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany starting World War II and the Polanskis found themselves trapped in the Kraków Ghetto . After his mother and father were taken in raids , Polanski spent his formative years in foster homes under an adopted identity , trying to survive the Holocaust . Polanski 's first feature-length film , Knife in the Water ( 1962 ) , was made in Poland and was nominated for a United States Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . He has since received five more Oscar nominations , along with two BAFTAs , four Césars , a Golden Globe Award and the Palme d'Or of the Cannes Film Festival in France . In the United Kingdom he directed three films , beginning with Repulsion ( 1965 ) . In 1968 , he moved to the United States and cemented his status by directing the horror film Rosemary 's Baby ( 1968 ) . A turning point in his life took place in 1969 , when his pregnant wife , Sharon Tate , and four friends were brutally murdered by members of the Manson Family . Following her death , Polanski returned to Europe and eventually continued directing . He made Macbeth ( 1971 ) in England and back in Hollywood , Chinatown ( 1974 ) , which was nominated for eleven Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matteo Garrone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matteo_Garrone', 'summary': "Matteo Garrone ( born 15 October 1968 ) is an Italian filmmaker . Born in Rome , the son of a theatre critic , Nico Garrone and a photographer , in 1996 Garrone won the Sacher d'Oro , an award sponsored by Nanni Moretti , with the short film Silhouette , that became one of the three episodes that are on his first long feature , Terra di Mezzo in 1997 . He won Best Director at the European Film Awards and at the David di Donatello Awards for Gomorrah . His film Reality competed in competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival and won the Grand Prix . His films Tale of Tales and Dogman were selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival and the 2018 Cannes Film Festival respectively . He also won the Nastro d'argento for best producer , with Dogman ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristian Mungiu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristian_Mungiu', 'summary': "Cristian Mungiu ( Romanian : [ kristiˈan munˈd͡ʒi.u ] ; born 27 April 1968 ) is a Romanian filmmaker . He won the Palme d'Or at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival for his film 4 Months , 3 Weeks and 2 Days , which he wrote and directed . He has also won the awards for Best Screenplay and Best Director , at the 2012 and 2016 Cannes Film Festivals , for his films Beyond the Hills and Graduation ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruben Östlund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruben_Östlund', 'summary': "Claes Olle Ruben Östlund ( born 13 April 1974 ) is a Swedish film director and screenwriter . His films Force Majeure ( 2014 ) and the satirical picture The Square ( 2017 ) were both critically acclaimed and won awards at the Cannes Film Festival , including the Palme d'Or for the latter ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wim Wenders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wim_Wenders', 'summary': "Ernst Wilhelm Wim Wenders ( German : [ ˈvɪm ˈvɛndɐs ] ; born 14 August 1945 ) is a German filmmaker , playwright , author , and photographer . He is a major figure in New German Cinema . Among many honors , he has received three nominations for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature : for Buena Vista Social Club ( 1999 ) , about Cuban music culture ; Pina ( 2011 ) , about the contemporary dance choreographer Pina Bausch ; and The Salt of the Earth ( 2014 ) , about Brazilian photographer Sebastião Salgado . One of Wenders ' earliest honors was a win for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction for his narrative drama Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) , which also won the Palme d'Or at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival . Many of his subsequent films have also been recognized at Cannes , including Wings of Desire ( 1987 ) , for which Wenders won the Best Director Award at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival . Wenders has been the president of the European Film Academy in Berlin since 1996 . Alongside filmmaking , he is an active photographer , emphasizing images of desolate landscapes . He is considered to be an auteur director ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yorgos Lanthimos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yorgos_Lanthimos', 'summary': 'Georgios Yorgos Lanthimos ( Greek : Γιώργος Λάνθιμος , romanized : Giorgos Lanthimos ; born 23 September 1973 ) is a Greek film and stage director , producer , and screenwriter . He has received four Academy Award nominations for his work , including Best Foreign Language Film for Dogtooth , Best Original Screenplay for The Lobster ( 2015 ) , and Best Picture and Best Director for The Favourite ( 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuri Bilge Ceylan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan', 'summary': "Nuri Bilge Ceylan ( Turkish pronunciation : [ ˈnuːɾi ˈbilɟe ˈdʒejlan ] , born 26 January 1959 ) is a Turkish film director , photographer , screenwriter and actor . Several of Ceylan 's films have been met with widespread critical acclaim . He won the Palme d'Or , the highest prize at the Cannes Film Festival , in 2014 , for his film Winter Sleep . He is married to filmmaker , photographer , and actress Ebru Ceylan , with whom he co-starred in Climates ( 2006 ) . He directed his cousin Mehmet Emin Toprak in three films ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aki Kaurismäki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aki_Kaurismäki', 'summary': "Aki Olavi Kaurismäki ( Finnish : [ ˈɑki ˈkɑurismæki ] ( listen ) ; born 4 April 1957 ) is a Finnish screenwriter and film director . He is described as Finland 's best-known film director ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Loach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Loach', 'summary': "Kenneth Charles Loach ( born 17 June 1936 ) is an English filmmaker . His socially critical directing style and socialist ideals are evident in his film treatment of social issues such as poverty ( Poor Cow , 1967 ) , homelessness ( Cathy Come Home , 1966 ) , and labour rights ( Riff-Raff , 1991 , and The Navigators , 2001 ) . Loach 's film Kes ( 1969 ) was voted the seventh greatest British film of the 20th century in a poll by the British Film Institute . Two of his films , The Wind That Shakes the Barley ( 2006 ) and I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) , received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival , making him the ninth filmmaker to win the award twice . Loach , a social campaigner for most of his career , believes the current criteria for claiming benefits in the UK are a Kafka-esque , Catch-22 situation designed to frustrate and humiliate the claimant to such an extent that they drop out of the system and stop pursuing their right to ask for support if necessary ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '/ Fatih Akın', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatih_Akın', 'summary': 'Fatih Akin ( Turkish : Fatih Akın , born 25 August 1973 ) is a German film director , screenwriter and producer of Turkish descent . He has won numerous awards for his films , including the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for his film Head-On ( 2004 ) , Best Screenplay at the Cannes Film Festival for his film The Edge of Heaven ( 2007 ) , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film for his film In the Fade ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roy Andersson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Andersson', 'summary': 'Roy Arne Lennart Andersson ( born 31 March 1943 ) is a Swedish film director , best known for A Swedish Love Story ( 1970 ) and his Living trilogy , which includes Songs from the Second Floor ( 2000 ) , You , the Living ( 2007 ) and A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence ( 2014 ) . Songs from the Second Floor , more than any other , cemented and exemplified his personal style - which is characterized by long takes , absurdist comedy , stiff caricaturing of Swedish culture and Felliniesque grotesque . He has spent much of his professional life working on advertisement spots , directing over 400 commercials and two short films , but only directing six feature-length films in six decades . His 2014 film A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence won the Golden Lion award at 71st Venice International Film Festival , making Andersson the only Swedish director and the second Nordic director to win the award in the history of the festival , after Danish Carl Theodor Dreyer won in 1955 . Andersson is considered one of the most important living European film directors , having four films officially submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film as Swedish entries .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'François Ozon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Ozon', 'summary': 'François Ozon ( French : [ fʁɑ̃.swa o.zɔ̃ ] ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a French film director and screenwriter whose films are usually characterized by sharp satirical wit and a freewheeling view on human sexuality . He has achieved international acclaim for his films 8 femmes ( 2002 ) and Swimming Pool ( 2003 ) . Ozon is considered to be one of the most important French film directors in the new New Wave in French cinema such as Jean-Paul Civeyrac , Philippe Ramos , and Yves Caumon , as well as a group of French filmmakers associated with a cinema du corps/cinema of the body .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paolo Virzì', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paolo_Virzì', 'summary': 'Paolo Virzì ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈpaːolo virˈdzi ] ; born March 4 , 1964 ) is an Italian film director , writer and producer .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Winterbottom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom', 'summary': "Michael Winterbottom ( born 29 March 1961 ) is an English filmmaker . He began his career working in British television before moving into features . Three of his films - Welcome to Sarajevo , Wonderland and 24 Hour Party People - have competed for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival . Winterbottom often works with the same actors ; many faces can be seen in several of his films , including Shirley Henderson , Paul Popplewell , John Simm , Steve Coogan , Rob Brydon , Raymond Waring and Kieran O'Brien ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Records -- Most wins by director', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'European_Film_Award_for_Best_Director_0', 'intro': 'The European Film Award for Best Director is an award given out at the annual European Film Awards to recognize a director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in a film industry. The award is presented by the European Film Academy (EFA) and was first presented in 1988.'}
| null | null |
What was the debut in directing of the person that had three nominations and three awards ?
|
The Seventh Continent
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01be94dfccc5d3f6
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Division_(NBA)', 'title': 'Midwest Division (NBA)', 'header': ['Team', 'Titles', 'Season ( s ) won'], 'data': [{'value': 'San Antonio Spurs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs', 'summary': "The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT & T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA-NBA merger and are the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The franchise has won NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2014 . As of May 2015 , the Spurs had the highest winning percentage among active NBA franchises . As of May 2017 , the Spurs had the best winning percentage of any franchise in the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada over the previous three decades . From 1999-2000 to 2016-17 , the Spurs won 50 games each season , setting a record of 18 consecutive 50-win seasons . In the 2018-19 season , the Spurs matched an NBA record for most consecutive playoff appearances with 22 . The team 's recent success has coincided with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich and with the playing careers of Spurs icons David Robinson ( 1989-2003 ) and Tim Duncan ( 1997-2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980-81 , 1981-82 , 1982-83 , 1989-90 , 1990-91 , 1994-95 , 1995-96 , 1998-99 , 2000-01 , 2001-02 , 2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980–81_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1980-81 NBA season was the 35th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Houston Rockets 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals . As of 2019 , this was the last time an NBA season ( including postseason ) had ended before Memorial Day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1981–82_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1981-82 NBA season was the 36th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA Championship , beating the Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1982–83_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1982-83 NBA season was the 37th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Philadelphia 76ers winning the NBA Championship , sweeping the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1989–90_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1989-90 NBA season was the 44th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Detroit Pistons winning their second NBA Championship , beating the Portland Trail Blazers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1990–91_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1990-91 NBA season was the 45th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls winning their first NBA Championship , eliminating the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1994–95_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1994-95 NBA season was the 49th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Houston Rockets defeating the Orlando Magic 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals to be crowned champions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1995–96_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1995-96 NBA season was the 50th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , though the 50th anniversary was not celebrated until the following season . The Chicago Bulls defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1998–99_NBA_season', 'summary': "The 1998-99 NBA season was the 53rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , after a new six-year Collective Bargaining Agreement was reached between the NBA and the National Basketball Players Association . All 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule and the 16 teams who qualified for the playoffs played a full post-season schedule . That season 's All-Star Game , scheduled to be held in Philadelphia , was also canceled . The season ended with the San Antonio Spurs winning their first NBA championship , beating the New York Knicks 4 games to 1 in the 1999 NBA Finals . This was the 50th season since the BAA and NBL had merged into the NBA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2000–01_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 2000-01 NBA season was the 55th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their second straight championship , beating the Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 1 in the 2001 NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2001–02_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 2001-02 NBA season was the 56th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their third straight championship , beating the New Jersey Nets 4-0 in the 2002 NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2002–03_NBA_season', 'summary': "The 2002-03 NBA season was the 57th season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The season ended with the San Antonio Spurs beating the New Jersey Nets 4-2 in the 2003 NBA Finals . This would be Michael Jordan 's last season in the NBA ."}]}, {'value': 'Milwaukee Bucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks', 'summary': "The Milwaukee Bucks are an American professional basketball team based in Milwaukee . The Bucks compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded in 1968 as an expansion team , and play at the Fiserv Forum . Former U.S . Senator Herb Kohl was the long-time owner of the team , but on April 16 , 2014 , a group led by billionaire hedge fund managers Wes Edens and Marc Lasry agreed to purchase a majority interest in the team from Kohl , a sale which was approved by the owners of the NBA and its Board of Governors one month later on May 16 . The team is managed by Jon Horst , the team 's former director of basketball operations , who took over for John Hammond in May 2017 . The Bucks have won one league title ( 1971 ) , two conference titles ( 1971 and 1974 ) , and 14 division titles ( 1971-1974 , 1976 , 1980-1986 , 2001 , 2019 ) . They have featured such notable players as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , Sidney Moncrief , Oscar Robertson , Bob Dandridge , Bob Lanier , Glenn Robinson , Ray Allen , Sam Cassell , Junior Bridgeman , Michael Redd , Terry Cummings , Vin Baker , Jon McGlocklin , Marques Johnson , and Brian Winters . Abdul-Jabbar and Giannis Antetokounmpo have been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Bucks , for a total of four MVP awards ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970-71 , 1971-72 , 1972-73 , 1973-74 , 1975-76 , 1979-80', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970–71_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1970-71 NBA season was the 25th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Milwaukee Bucks winning the NBA Championship , beating the Baltimore Bullets 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals . Three new teams made their debut : the Cleveland Cavaliers , the Portland Trail Blazers , and the Buffalo Braves .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1971–72_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1971-72 NBA season was the 26th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA Championship , beating the New York Knicks 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals . As the 25th anniversary of the founding of the modern NBA , the league unveiled a new logo , inspired by the logo of Major League Baseball , to commemorate the occasion . It features the white silhouette of a basketball player dribbling , framed by red and blue . Jerry West of the Los Angeles Lakers was used as the model for the logo . Coincidentally , Jerry West would win the only NBA Championship of his career during the season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1972–73_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1972-73 NBA season was the 27th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the New York Knicks winning the NBA Championship , beating the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1973–74_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1973-74 NBA season was the 28th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Milwaukee Bucks 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1975–76_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1975-76 NBA season was the 30th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Phoenix Suns 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1979–80_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1979-80 NBA season was the 34th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA Championship , beating the Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals , and is notable for being the year in which the three-point field goal was adopted .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Jazz', 'summary': "The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City . The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference , Northwest Division . Since 1991 , the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena . The franchise began play as an expansion team in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz ( as a tribute to New Orleans ' history of originating Jazz music ) . The Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . The Jazz were one of the most successful teams in the league in their early years . Although 10 seasons elapsed before the Jazz qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 , they did not miss the playoffs again until 2004 . During the late 1980s , John Stockton and Karl Malone arose as the franchise players for the team , and formed one of the most famed point guard-power forward duos in NBA history . Led by coach Jerry Sloan , who took over from Frank Layden in 1988 , they became one of the powerhouse teams of the 1990s , culminating in two NBA Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , where they lost both times to the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan . Both Stockton and Malone moved on in 2003 . After missing the playoffs for three consecutive seasons the Jazz returned to prominence under the on-court leadership of point guard Deron Williams . However , partway through the 2010-11 season , the Jazz began restructuring after Sloan 's retirement and Williams ' trade to the New Jersey Nets ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-84 , 1988-89 , 1991-92 , 1996-97 , 1997-98 , 1999-00', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983–84_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1983-84 NBA season was the 38th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 3 for the second time since 1969 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1988–89_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1988-89 NBA season was the 43rd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Detroit Pistons winning the NBA Championship , sweeping the Los Angeles Lakers . This was the first season of the Miami Heat and Charlotte Hornets .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1991–92_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 NBA season was the 46th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls winning their second-straight NBA Championship , beating the Portland Trail Blazers 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1996–97_NBA_season', 'summary': "The 1996-97 NBA season was the 51st season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league used this season to mark its 50th anniversary , which included the unveiling of the league 's list of its 50 greatest players . This particular season featured what has since been acknowledged as one of the most talented rookie-classes , featuring the debuts of Allen Iverson , Ray Allen , Kobe Bryant , Steve Nash , Jermaine O'Neal , Ben Wallace and Stephon Marbury . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls defeating the Utah Jazz 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals to win the franchise 's 5th championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1997–98_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1997-98 NBA season was the 52nd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls winning their third straight championship and sixth in the last eight years , beating the Utah Jazz 4 games to 2 in the 1998 NBA Finals . It also marked the departure of Michael Jordan and the end of the dynasty for the Chicago Bulls before Jordan returned in 2001 for the Washington Wizards . This was the last time that both NBA and NHL regular seasons ended on the same day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1999–2000_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1999-2000 NBA season was the 54th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA championship , beating the Indiana Pacers 4 games to 2 in the 2000 NBA Finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Denver Nuggets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Nuggets', 'summary': "The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver . The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , but changed its name to Rockets before the first season . It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974 . After the name change , the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976 , losing to the New York Nets . The team has had some periods of success , qualifying for the ABA Playoffs for all seasons from 1967 to the 1976 ABA playoffs where it lost in the finals . The team joined the NBA in 1976 after the ABA-NBA merger and qualified for the NBA playoffs in nine consecutive seasons in the 1980s and ten consecutive seasons from 2004 to 2013 . However , it has not made an appearance in a championship round since its last year in the ABA ; as such , they are also the only of the four surviving former ABA teams to have never reached the NBA Finals . The Nuggets play their home games at Pepsi Center , which they share with the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976-77 , 1977-78 , 1984-85 , 1987-88', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976–77_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1976-77 NBA season was the 31st season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Portland Trail Blazers winning their first NBA Championship in franchise history , beating the Philadelphia 76ers in six games in the NBA Finals . Prior to the season , the NBA merged with its primary rival league , the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . Four ABA teams joined the NBA , all four of which are still in the league today : the San Antonio Spurs , Indiana Pacers , Denver Nuggets , and New York Nets . The Nets became the New Jersey Nets the following season , and now play as the Brooklyn Nets . With these additions , the NBA expanded from eighteen teams to twenty-two .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1977–78_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1977-78 NBA season was the 32nd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Washington Bullets winning the NBA Championship , beating the Seattle SuperSonics 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1984–85_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1984-85 NBA season was the 39th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning the NBA Championship , beating the Boston Celtics 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1987–88_NBA_season', 'summary': "The 1987-88 NBA season was the 42nd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their second straight Championship , beating the Detroit Pistons in seven hard-fought games in the NBA Finals , becoming the NBA 's first repeat champions since the Boston Celtics did it in the 1968-69 NBA season ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Rockets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Rockets', 'summary': "The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . The Rockets have won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . The team was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets moved to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976-77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980-81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40-42 record . Despite their losing record , they qualified for the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-86 , 1992-93 , 1993-94', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985–86_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1985-86 NBA season was the 40th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning their third championship of the decade , beating the Houston Rockets 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1992–93_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1992-93 NBA season was the 47th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Chicago Bulls winning their third-straight NBA Championship , beating the Phoenix Suns 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1993–94_NBA_season', 'summary': "The 1993-94 NBA season was the 48th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Houston Rockets defeating the New York Knicks 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals to win the franchise 's first championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Bulls', 'summary': "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 and played its first game later that year . The Bulls play their home games at the United Center , an arena on Chicago 's west side shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats . All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995-96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015-16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015-16 Warriors . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers , Detroit Pistons , Miami Heat and the New York Knicks ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974-75', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974–75_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1974-75 NBA season was the 29th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Golden State Warriors winning the NBA Championship , sweeping the Washington Bullets 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Kings ( now Sacramento Kings )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Kings', 'summary': "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001-02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61-21 ( a winning percentage of .744 ) . The Sacramento Kings are the latest and current version of one of the oldest continuously operating professional basketball franchises in the nation . They originated in Rochester , New York , as the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) in 1923 , hosting a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that league 's championship in their first season , 1945-46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in 1957 , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and was renamed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sacramento_Kings', 'summary': "The Sacramento Kings are an American professional basketball team based in Sacramento , California . The Kings compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Kings are the only team in the major professional North American sports leagues located in Sacramento . The team plays its home games at the Golden 1 Center . Their best seasons to date in the city were in the early 2000s , including the 2001-02 season when they had the best record in the NBA at 61-21 ( a winning percentage of .744 ) . The Sacramento Kings are the latest and current version of one of the oldest continuously operating professional basketball franchises in the nation . They originated in Rochester , New York , as the Rochester Seagrams ( a semi-professional team ) in 1923 , hosting a number of teams there over the next 20 years . They joined the National Basketball League in 1945 as the renamed Rochester Royals , winning that league 's championship in their first season , 1945-46 . They later jumped with three other NBL teams to the Basketball Association of America , forerunner of the NBA , in 1948 . As the Royals , the team was often successful on the court , winning the NBA championship in 1951 . The team , however , found it increasingly difficult to turn a profit in the comparatively small market of Rochester and relocated to Cincinnati in 1957 , becoming the Cincinnati Royals . In 1972 the team relocated again , this time to Kansas City , Missouri , and was renamed the Kansas City-Omaha Kings because it initially split its home games between Kansas City and Omaha , Nebraska ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978-79', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978–79_NBA_season', 'summary': "The 1978-79 NBA season was the 33rd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Seattle SuperSonics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Washington Bullets 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals , a rematch of the previous year 's Finals , but with the opposite result ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Mavericks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks', 'summary': "The Dallas Mavericks ( often referred to as the Mavs ) are an American professional basketball team based in Dallas . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the American Airlines Center , which it shares with the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Throughout the 1980s , the Mavericks were a perennial playoff team , led by All-Stars Rolando Blackman and Mark Aguirre . The team struggled during the 1990s , entering into a period of rebuilding . In 1998 , the franchise 's fortunes would change drastically with the acquisition of Dirk Nowitzki , who would become the cornerstone of the most successful period in franchise history , leading the team to its first NBA championship in 2011 . As of the 2017 season , the Mavericks have sold out 707 consecutive games since December 15 , 2002 , the longest currently running sellout streak in North American major league sports . Since their inaugural 1980-81 season , the Mavericks have won three division titles ( 1987 , 2007 , 2010 ) , two conference championships ( 2006 , 2011 ) , and one NBA championship ( 2011 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-87', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986–87_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 1986-87 NBA season was the 41st season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their fourth championship of the decade , beating the Boston Celtics 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Timberwolves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves', 'summary': "The Minnesota Timberwolves ( also commonly known as the Wolves ) are an American professional basketball team based in Minneapolis . The Timberwolves compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . Founded in 1989 , the team is owned by Glen Taylor who also owns the WNBA 's Minnesota Lynx . The Timberwolves play their home games at Target Center , their home since 1990 . Like most expansion teams , the Timberwolves struggled in their early years , but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft , the team qualified for the playoffs in eight consecutive seasons from 1997 to 2004 . Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts , the Timberwolves won their first division championship in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals that same season . Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player for that season . The team then went into rebuilding mode for more than a decade after missing the postseason in 2005 , and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007 . Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade and finished his career there , retiring in the 2016 offseason . The Timberwolves ended a 14-year playoff drought when they returned to the postseason in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003–04_NBA_season', 'summary': 'The 2003-04 NBA season was the 58th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Detroit Pistons defeating the Los Angeles Lakers 4-1 in the 2004 NBA Finals .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Division champions -- Titles by team', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Midwest_Division_(NBA)_2', 'intro': "The Midwest Division was a division in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division was created at the start of the 1970-71 season, when the league expanded from 14 to 17 teams with the addition of the Buffalo Braves, the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Portland Trail Blazers. The league realigned itself into two conferences, the Western Conference and the Eastern Conference, with two divisions each in each conference. The Midwest Division began with four inaugural members, the Chicago Bulls, the Detroit Pistons, the Milwaukee Bucks and the Phoenix Suns. The Bulls and the Suns joined from the Western Division, while the Pistons and the Bucks joined from the Eastern Division. The division was disbanded when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats at the start of the 2004-05 season. The league realigned itself into two conferences with three divisions each. The Midwest Division was replaced with two new divisions, the Southwest Division and the Northwest Division. The 2003-04 season, the division's last-ever season, consisted of seven teams, the Dallas Mavericks, the Denver Nuggets, the Houston Rockets, the Memphis Grizzlies, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the San Antonio Spurs and the Utah Jazz. The Mavericks, the Rockets, the Grizzlies and the Spurs joined the Southwest Division, while the Nuggets, the Timberwolves and the Jazz joined the Northwest Division. The Denver Nuggets played 28 seasons in the Midwest Division, longer than any other team. Three teams, the Heat, the Magic and the Charlotte Hornets, only played one season each in the division."}
| null | null |
Which decade saw the team that was NBA Midwest Division champion the season ending in 1975 obtain six titles ?
|
1990s
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01bfa19ac8f34f76
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven', 'title': 'Group of Seven', 'header': ['#', 'Date', 'Host', 'Host figure', 'Location held'], 'data': [{'value': '1st', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_G6_summit', 'summary': "The 1st G6 summit took place on 15-17 November 1975 , in Rambouillet , France . The venue for the summit meetings was the Château de Rambouillet near Paris . The Group of Six ( G6 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States . This summit , and the others which would follow , were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a kind of frustrated rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was an element in the genesis of cooperation between France 's President and West Germany 's Chancellor as they conceived the first summit of the G6 . Later summits in what could become a continuing series of annual meetings were identified as the Group of Seven ( G7 ) summits and then the Group of Eight ( G8 ) summits - but this informal gathering was the one which set that process in motion ."}]}, {'value': '15-17 November 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Valéry_Giscard_d'Estaing", 'summary': "Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing ( UK : /ˌʒiːskɑːr dɛˈstæ̃/ , US : /ʒɪˌskɑːr -/ , French : [ valeʁi ʒiskaʁ destɛ̃ ] ( listen ) ; born 2 February 1926 ) , also known as Giscard or VGE , is a former French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981 . As Minister of Finance under prime ministers Jacques Chaban-Delmas and Pierre Messmer , he won the presidential election of 1974 with 50.8% of the vote against François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party . His tenure was marked by a more liberal attitude on social issues - such as divorce , contraception and abortion - and attempts to modernise the country and the office of the presidency , notably launching such far-reaching infrastructure projects as the TGV and the turn towards reliance on nuclear power as France 's main energy source . However , his popularity suffered from the economic downturn that followed the 1973 energy crisis , marking the end of the thirty glorious years after World War II . Giscard d'Estaing faced political opposition from both sides of the spectrum : from the newly unified left of François Mitterrand and a rising Jacques Chirac , who resurrected Gaullism on a right-wing opposition line . In 1981 , despite a high approval rating , he missed out on reelection in a runoff against Mitterrand , with 48.2% of the vote . As a former President of France , Giscard d'Estaing is a member of the Constitutional Council . He also served as President of the Regional Council of Auvergne from 1986 to 2004 . Involved with the European Union , he notably presided over the Convention on the Future of Europe that drafted the ill-fated Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe . In 2003 , he was elected to the Académie française , taking the seat that his friend and former President of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor had held . At age 94 , Giscard is the longest-lived French President in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Château de Rambouillet , District of the Paris Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Château_de_Rambouillet', 'summary': 'The Château de Rambouillet , also known in English as the Castle of Rambouillet , is a château in the town of Rambouillet , Yvelines department , in the Île-de-France region in northern France , 50 km ( 31 mi ) southwest of Paris . It was the summer residence of the Presidents of the French Republic from 1896 until 2009 , and it is now managed by the Centre des monuments nationaux .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Île-de-France', 'summary': "Île-de-France ( /ˌiːl də ˈfrɒ̃s/ , French : [ il də fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ; literally Island of France ) is the most populous of the 18 regions of France . It is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the région parisienne ( Paris Region ) because it includes the city of Paris . Île-de-France is densely populated and economically important : it covers only 12,012 square kilometres ( 4,638 square miles ) , about 2% of France 's territory , but has an official estimated population of 12,213,364 ( 18.2% of the population of France ) and accounts for nearly 30% of the French Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The region is made up of eight administrative departments : Paris , Essonne , Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis , Seine-et-Marne , Val-de-Marne , Val-d'Oise and Yvelines . It was created as the District of the Paris Region in 1961 and renamed in 1976 after the historic province of Île-de-France , when its status was aligned with the other French administrative regions created in 1972 . Residents are sometimes referred to as Franciliens , an administrative word created in the 1980s . The GDP of the region in 2016 was €681 billion ( or US $ 850 billion at market exchange rates ) . It has the highest per-capita GDP among regions in France and the third-highest of regions in the European Union . In 2018 , almost all of the twenty-eight French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 had their headquarters in the Paris Region . Besides the landmarks of Paris , the region has many important historic sites , including the Palace of Versailles and the Palace of Fontainebleau , as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France , Disneyland Paris . The poverty rate in Île-de-France was 15.9% in 2015 , compared with 12.3% in 2006 . The region is also increasingly unequal ."}]}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2nd_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 2nd G7 Summit was held at Dorado , Puerto Rico between June 27 and 28 , 1976 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Dorado Beach Resort , which is near San Juan , Puerto Rico . The Group of Six ( G6 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States ; and the Group of Seven ( G7 ) , meeting for the first time this year , is formed with the addition of Canada . This summit , and the others which would follow , were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a kind of frustrated rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was an element in the genesis of cooperation between France 's President and West Germany 's Chancellor as they conceived the first summit of the G6 ."}]}, {'value': '27-28 June 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald R. Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford', 'summary': "Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. ( born Leslie Lynch King Jr. ; July 14 , 1913 - December 26 , 2006 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977 . Before his accession to the presidency , Ford served as the 40th vice president of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974 . Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office by the Electoral College . Born in Omaha , Nebraska , and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , Ford attended the University of Michigan and Yale Law School . After the attack on Pearl Harbor , he enlisted in the U.S . Naval Reserve , serving from 1942 to 1946 ; he left as a lieutenant commander . Ford began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan 's 5th congressional district . He served in this capacity for 25 years , the final nine of them as the House Minority Leader . In December 1973 , two months after the resignation of Spiro Agnew , Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment by President Richard Nixon . After the subsequent resignation of President Nixon in August 1974 , Ford immediately assumed the presidency . His 895 day-long presidency is the shortest in U.S. history for any president who did not die in office . As president , Ford signed the Helsinki Accords , which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorado , Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorado,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Dorado ( Spanish pronunciation : [ doˈɾaðo ] ) is a town and municipality in the northern coast of Puerto Rico , 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of San Juan and is located in the northern region of the island , bordering the Atlantic Ocean , north of Toa Alta , east of Vega Alta , and west of Toa Baja . Dorado is spread over five barrios and Dorado Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . The town is regarded as a tourist destination with golf courses , hotels , and beaches [ by whom ? - Discuss ] . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Dorado Airport was operated from 1942 to 1996 . The airport began as a military landing strip , then became a civilian airport in the 1960s with Caribair and Dorado Wings flights operating until 1980 and 1982 respectively . The airport operated as a private landing strip throughout the 1980s and then fell into disrepair . In 1996 , the airport was rezoned as residential land and redeveloped . Dorado has upscale neighborhoods and a small downtown area with a plaza ( Spanish town square ) , as other Puerto Rican municipalities . The town 's patron saint is Anthony of Padua , and patron saint celebrations are held at the plaza every year on June 13 ."}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3rd_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 3rd G7 Summit was held in London , United Kingdom between 7-8 May 1977 . The venue for the summit meetings was the British Prime Minister 's official residence at No . 10 Downing Street in London . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 . This was the initial meeting in which the President of the European Commission was formally invited to take a part ."}]}, {'value': '7-8 May 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'James Callaghan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Callaghan', 'summary': "Leonard James Callaghan , Baron Callaghan of Cardiff , KG , PC ( /ˈkæləˌhæn/ ; 27 March 1912 - 26 March 2005 ) , often known as Jim Callaghan , was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980 . To date , Callaghan remains the only person to have held all four Great Offices of State , having served as Chancellor of the Exchequer ( 1964-1967 ) , Home Secretary ( 1967-1970 ) and Foreign Secretary ( 1974-1976 ) prior to his appointment as Prime Minister . As Prime Minister , he had some successes , but is mainly remembered for the Winter of Discontent of 1978-79 . During a very cold winter , his battle with trade unions led to immense strikes that seriously inconvenienced the public , leading to his defeat in the polls by Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher . Born into a working class family , Callaghan started his career at age 17 as a tax inspector , before becoming a trade union official in the 1930s , he then served in the Royal Navy during World War II . He entered the House of Commons in 1945 , and was on the left wing of the party . Callaghan steadily moved towards the right of the party , but maintained his reputation as The Keeper of the Cloth Cap - that is , he was seen as dedicated to maintaining close ties between the Labour Party and the trade unions . Callaghan 's period as Chancellor of the Exchequer coincided with a turbulent period for the British economy , during which he had to wrestle with a balance of payments deficit and speculative attacks on the pound sterling ( its exchange rate to other currencies was almost fixed by the Bretton Woods system ) . On 18 November 1967 , the government devalued the pound sterling . Callaghan became Home Secretary . He sent the British Army to support the police in Northern Ireland , after a request from the Northern Ireland Government . After Labour was defeated at the 1970 general election , Callaghan played a key role in the Shadow Cabinet ."}]}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 4th G7 Summit was held at Bonn , West Germany between 16 and 17 July 1978 . The venue for the summit meeting was at the former official residence of the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn , the Palais Schaumburg . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '16-17 July 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt', 'summary': "Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt ( German pronunciation : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈha͡ɪnʁɪç ˈvaldəmaːɐ ˈʃmɪt ] ; 23 December 1918 - 10 November 2015 ) was a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) from 1974 to 1982 . Before becoming Chancellor , he had served as Minister of Defence ( 1969-1972 ) and as Minister of Finance ( 1972-1974 ) . In the latter role he gained credit for his financial policies . He had also served briefly as Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister . As Chancellor , he focused on international affairs , seeking political unification of Europe in partnership with the United States and issuing proposals that led to the NATO Double-Track Decision in 1979 to deploy US Pershing II missiles to Europe . He was an energetic diplomat who sought European co-operation and international economic co-ordination and was the leading force in creating the European Monetary System in 1978 . He was re-elected chancellor in 1976 and 1980 , but his coalition fell apart in 1982 with the switch by his coalition allies , the Free Democratic Party . He retired from Parliament in 1986 , after clashing with the SPD 's left wing , who opposed him on defence and economic issues . In 1986 he was a leading proponent of European monetary union and a European Central Bank ."}]}, {'value': 'Bonn , North Rhine-Westphalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonn', 'summary': "The Federal City of Bonn ( German pronunciation : [ bɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia , with a population of over 300,000 . About 24 km ( 15 mi ) south-southeast of Cologne , Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region , Germany 's largest metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants . It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770 . He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn . Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement , Bonn is one of Germany 's oldest cities . From 1597 to 1794 , Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne . From 1949 to 1990 , Bonn was the capital of West Germany , and Germany 's present constitution , the Basic Law , was declared in the city in 1949 . The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic . From 1990 to 1999 , Bonn served as the seat of government - but no longer capital - of reunited Germany . Because of a political compromise following the reunification , the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn . Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019 [ update ] , and the city is considered a second , unofficial , capital of the country . Bonn is the secondary seat of the President , the Chancellor , the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia', 'summary': 'North Rhine-Westphalia ( German : Nordrhein-Westfalen , pronounced [ ˌnɔʁtʁaɪ̯n vɛstˈfaːlən ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian : Noordrien-Wesfale ; Low German : Noordrhien-Westfalen ; Kölsch : Noodrhing-Wäßßfaale , commonly shortened to NRW in both written and spoken language ) is a state of Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia is located in western Germany covering an area of 34,084 square kilometres ( 13,160 sq mi ) . With a population of 17.9 million in 2017 , it is the most populous state of Germany . It is also the most densely populated German state apart from the city-states of Berlin , Bremen , and Hamburg , and the fourth-largest by area . The state capital is Düsseldorf . North Rhine-Westphalia features 30 of the 81 German cities with over 100,000 inhabitants , including Cologne ( over 1 million ) , Düsseldorf , Dortmund and Essen ( all between 580,000 and 620,000 inhabitants ) and other cities predominantly located in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area , the largest urban area in Germany and the third-largest on the European continent . North Rhine-Westphalia was established in 1946 after World War II from the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and the northern part of Rhine Province ( North Rhine ) , and the Free State of Lippe by the British military administration in Allied-occupied Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 , and the city of Bonn served as the federal capital until the reunification of Germany in 1990 and as the seat of government until 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 5th G7 Summit was held at Tokyo , Japan between June 28 and 29 , 1979 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '28-29 June 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Masayoshi Ōhira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masayoshi_Ōhira', 'summary': "Masayoshi Ōhira ( 大平 正芳 , Ōhira Masayoshi , 12 March 1910 - 12 June 1980 ) was a Japanese politician who was Prime Minister of Japan from 1978 to 1980 . Ōhira 's time in office was cut short when he died in office ; he remains the most recent Japanese Prime Minister to die in office ( Keizō Obuchi was removed from office on 5 April 2000 after suddenly falling into a coma , a month before his death in May 2000 ) . He was born in present-day Kan'onji , Kagawa and attended Hitotsubashi University ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/6th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 6th G7 Summit was held at Venice , Italy between June 22 and 23rd , 1980 . The venue for the summit meetings was the island of San Giorgio Maggiore in the Venetian lagoon . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '22-23 June 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Francesco Cossiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga', 'summary': 'Francesco Cossiga OMRI ( Italian pronunciation : [ franˈtʃesko kosˈsiːɡa ] , Sardinian : [ ˈkosiɣa ] ; 26 July 1928 - 17 August 2010 ) was an Italian politician . A member of the Christian Democratic Party of Italy , he was Prime Minister of Italy from 1979 to 1980 and the eighth President of Italy from 1985 to 1992 . Cossiga is widely considered one of the most prominent and influential politicians of the First Republic . Cossiga also served as minister on several occasions , most notably as Italian Minister of the Interior . In that position he re-structured the Italian police , civil protection and secret services . Due to his repressive approach to public protests , he has been described as a strongman and labeled iron minister . He was in office at the time of the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro by Red Brigades , and resigned as Minister of the Interior when Moro was found dead in 1978 . Cossiga was Prime Minister during the Bologna station bombing in 1980 . Before his political career , Cossiga was a professor of constitutional law at the University of Sassari .'}]}, {'value': 'Venice , Veneto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venice', 'summary': 'Venice ( /ˈvɛnɪs/ VEN-iss ; Italian : Venezia [ veˈnɛttsja ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Venesia or Venexia , pronounced [ veˈnɛsja ] ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region . It is situated on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges . The islands are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon , an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers ( more exactly between the Brenta and the Sile ) . In 2018 , 260,897 people resided in the Comune di Venezia , of whom around 55,000 live in the historical city of Venice ( centro storico ) . Together with Padua and Treviso , the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area ( PATREVE ) , which is considered a statistical metropolitan area , with a total population of 2.6 million . The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC . The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice for a millennium and more , from 697 to 1797 . It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance , and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto , as well as an important center of commerce - especially silk , grain , and spice , and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th . The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center , emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century . This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Venice has been known as La Dominante , La Serenissima , Queen of the Adriatic , City of Water , City of Masks , City of Bridges , The Floating City , and City of Canals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veneto', 'summary': "Veneto ( US : /ˈvɛnətoʊ , ˈveɪn- , -neɪt- , ˈvɛnɛtoʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈvɛːneto ] ; Venetian : Vèneto [ ˈvɛneto ] or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy . Its population is about five million , ranking fifth in Italy . The region 's capital is Venice . Veneto was part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD . Later , after a feudal period , it was part of the Republic of Venice until 1797 . Venice ruled for centuries over one of the largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Besides Italian , most inhabitants also speak Venetian [ citation needed ] which is divided into five varieties . Since 1971 the Statute of Veneto has referred to the region 's citizens as the Venetian people . Article 1 defines Veneto as an autonomous Region , constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno , Padua , Rovigo , Treviso , Venice , Verona and Vicenza , while maintaining bonds with Venetians in the world . Article 2 sets forth the principle of the self-government of the Venetian people and mandates the Region to promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation . Despite these affirmations , approved by the Italian Parliament , Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute , differently from its north-eastern and north-western neighbours , Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 7th G7 Summit was called the Ottawa Summit , and was held in Montebello , Quebec , Canada and nearby Ottawa between July 20 and 21 , 1981 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Château Montebello . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '20-21 July 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Pierre E. Trudeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre_E._Trudeau', 'summary': "Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC CC CH QC FRSC ( /ˈtruːdoʊ , truːˈdoʊ/ TROO-doh , troo-DOH , French : [ pjɛʁ tʁydo ] ; October 18 , 1919 - September 28 , 2000 ) , mostly referred to as simply Pierre Trudeau , or by the initials PET , was a Canadian politician who was the 15th prime minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party , between 1968 and 1984 , with a brief period as Leader of the Opposition , from 1979 to 1980 . His tenure of 15 years and 164 days makes him Canada 's third longest-serving Prime Minister , behind William Lyon Mackenzie King and John A. Macdonald . Trudeau rose to prominence as a lawyer , intellectual , and activist in Quebec politics . He joined the Liberal Party of Canada and was elected to the Canadian Parliament in 1965 , quickly being appointed as Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson 's Parliamentary Secretary . In 1967 , he was appointed Minister of Justice . Trudeau 's outgoing personality caused a media sensation , inspiring Trudeaumania , and helped him to win the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1968 , when he was appointed Prime Minister of Canada . From the late 1960s until the early 1980s , Trudeau 's personality dominated the political scene to an extent never before seen in Canadian political life . After his appointment as Prime Minister , he won the 1968 , 1972 and 1974 elections , before narrowly losing in 1979 . He won a fourth election victory shortly afterwards , in 1980 , and eventually retired from politics shortly before the 1984 election . Despite his personal motto , Reason before passion , his personality and political career aroused polarizing reactions throughout Canada during his time in office . Admirers praised what they consider to be the force of Trudeau 's intellect and his political acumen , maintaining national unity over the Quebec sovereignty movement , suppressing a Quebec terrorist crisis , fostering a pan-Canadian identity , and in achieving sweeping institutional reform , including the implementation of official bilingualism , patriation of the Constitution , and the establishment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Critics accused him of arrogance , of economic mismanagement , and of unduly centralizing Canadian decision-making to the detriment of the culture of Quebec and the economy of the Prairies ."}]}, {'value': 'Montebello , Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montebello,_Quebec', 'summary': "Montebello is a municipality located in the Papineau Regional County Municipality of Western Quebec , Canada . At the 2001 census , there were 1,039 permanent residents . The village has a total area of 7.95 square kilometres ( 3.07 sq mi ) , and is located at the eastern edge of Quebec 's Outaouais region . It is located on the border with Ontario . The village is world-famous for the Château Montebello resort , the largest log structure ever built . The resort was the host of the 1983 NATO Nuclear Planning Group , and the 1981 G7 Economic Summit . Parc Omega , a large drive-through wildlife park , is just to the north in Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours . Since 2005 , it also hosts the Amnesia Rockfest , which has become Canada 's largest rock festival . Past performers include System of a Down , Blink-182 , Alice Cooper , The Offspring , Korn , Marilyn Manson , Linkin Park , Rise Against and Dream Theater ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 8th G7 Summit was held in Versailles , France from June 4 to 6 , 1982 . The venue for the summit meetings was at the Palace of Versailles . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) is an unofficial forum which brings together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '4-6 June 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'François Mitterrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Mitterrand', 'summary': "François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand [ a ] ( 26 October 1916 - 8 January 1996 ) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 , the longest time in office in the history of France . As First Secretary of the Socialist Party , he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic . Reflecting family influences , Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right . He served under the Vichy Regime during its earlier years . Subsequently he joined the Resistance , moved to the left , and held ministerial office several times under the Fourth Republic . He opposed de Gaulle 's establishment of the Fifth Republic . Although at times a politically isolated figure , Mitterrand outmanoeuvered rivals to become the left 's standard bearer at every presidential election from 1965-88 ; with the exception of 1969 . Mitterrand was elected President at the 1981 presidential election . He was re-elected in 1988 and remained in office until 1995 . Mitterrand invited the Communist Party into his first government , which was a controversial decision at the time . In the event , the Communists were boxed in as junior partners and , rather than taking advantage , saw their support erode . They left the cabinet in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Versailles , Île-de-France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Versailles_(city)', 'summary': 'Versailles ( French pronunciation : [ vɛʁsɑj ] ( listen ) ) is a city in the Yvelines département in the Île-de-France region , renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles , designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Located in the western suburbs of the French capital , 17.1 km ( 10.6 mi ) from the centre of Paris , Versailles is in the 21st century a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and a major tourist destination as well . According to the 2008 census , the population of the city is 88,641 inhabitants , down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975 . A new town founded at the will of King Louis XIV , Versailles was the de facto capital of the Kingdom of France for over a century , from 1682 to 1789 , before becoming the cradle of the French Revolution . After having lost its status of royal city , it became the préfecture ( regional capital ) of the Seine-et-Oise département in 1790 , then of Yvelines in 1968 . It is also a Roman Catholic diocese . Versailles is historically known for numerous treaties such as the Treaty of Paris , which ended the American Revolution , and the Treaty of Versailles , after World War I . Today , the Congress of France - the name given to the body created when both houses of the French Parliament , the National Assembly and the Senate , meet - gathers in the Château de Versailles to vote on revisions to the Constitution .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Île-de-France', 'summary': "Île-de-France ( /ˌiːl də ˈfrɒ̃s/ , French : [ il də fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ; literally Island of France ) is the most populous of the 18 regions of France . It is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the région parisienne ( Paris Region ) because it includes the city of Paris . Île-de-France is densely populated and economically important : it covers only 12,012 square kilometres ( 4,638 square miles ) , about 2% of France 's territory , but has an official estimated population of 12,213,364 ( 18.2% of the population of France ) and accounts for nearly 30% of the French Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The region is made up of eight administrative departments : Paris , Essonne , Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis , Seine-et-Marne , Val-de-Marne , Val-d'Oise and Yvelines . It was created as the District of the Paris Region in 1961 and renamed in 1976 after the historic province of Île-de-France , when its status was aligned with the other French administrative regions created in 1972 . Residents are sometimes referred to as Franciliens , an administrative word created in the 1980s . The GDP of the region in 2016 was €681 billion ( or US $ 850 billion at market exchange rates ) . It has the highest per-capita GDP among regions in France and the third-highest of regions in the European Union . In 2018 , almost all of the twenty-eight French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 had their headquarters in the Paris Region . Besides the landmarks of Paris , the region has many important historic sites , including the Palace of Versailles and the Palace of Fontainebleau , as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France , Disneyland Paris . The poverty rate in Île-de-France was 15.9% in 2015 , compared with 12.3% in 2006 . The region is also increasingly unequal ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg , Virginia , United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983 . The venue for the summit meetings was Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '28-30 May 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronald Reagan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Reagan', 'summary': "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈreɪɡən/ ; February 6 , 1911 - June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism . Prior to his presidency , he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . Reagan was raised in a low-income family in small towns of northern Illinois . He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports commentator on several regional radio stations . After moving to California in 1937 , he found work as an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected president of the Screen Actors Guild - the labor union for actors - where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories , during which time he became a conservative . Reagan was a Democrat until 1962 when he switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech A Time for Choosing supported Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign and earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , Reagan was elected governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered in National Guard troops during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination , in 1968 and 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Williamsburg , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia', 'summary': "Williamsburg is a city in the U.S. state of Virginia . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 14,068 . In 2018 , the population was estimated to be 14,896 . Located on the Virginia Peninsula , Williamsburg is in the northern part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . It is bordered by James City County and York County . Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation , a fortified settlement on high ground between the James and York rivers . The city served as the capital of the Colony and Commonwealth of Virginia from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution . The College of William & Mary , established in 1693 , is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South ; its alumni include three U.S. Presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation 's early history . The city 's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg , the restored Historic Area of the city . Along with nearby Jamestown and Yorktown , Williamsburg forms part of the Historic Triangle , which attracts more than four million tourists each year . Modern Williamsburg is also a college town , inhabited in large part by William & Mary students and staff ."}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 10th G7 Summit was held in London , England , United Kingdom from 7 to 9 June 1984 . The venue for the summit meetings was Lancaster House in London . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '7-9 June 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Margaret Thatcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher', 'summary': "Margaret Hilda Thatcher , Baroness Thatcher , LG , OM , DStJ , PC , FRS , HonFRSC ( née Roberts ; 13 October 1925 - 8 April 2013 ) also known as the Iron Lady , was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990 . She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold that office . A Soviet journalist dubbed her The Iron Lady , a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style . As Prime Minister , she implemented policies known as Thatcherism . Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College , Oxford , and worked briefly as a research chemist , before becoming a barrister . She was elected Member of Parliament for Finchley in 1959 . Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970-74 government . In 1975 , she defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition , the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom . On becoming Prime Minister after winning the 1979 general election , she introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high unemployment and Britain 's struggles in the wake of the Winter of Discontent and an ongoing recession . [ nb 1 ] Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation ( particularly of the financial sector ) , flexible labour markets , the privatisation of state-owned companies , and reducing the power and influence of trade unions . Her popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession and rising unemployment , until victory in the 1982 Falklands War and the recovering economy brought a resurgence of support , resulting in her landslide re-election in 1983 . She survived an assassination attempt by the Provisional IRA in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing and achieved a political victory against the National Union of Mineworkers in the 1984-85 miners ' strike ."}]}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/11th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 11th G7 Summit was held in Bonn , West Germany between May 2 and May 4 , 1985 . The venue for the summit meeting was at the former official residence of the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn , the Palais Schaumburg . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '2-4 May 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Kohl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Kohl', 'summary': "Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ( German : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl ] ; 3 April 1930 - 16 June 2017 ) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 ( of West Germany 1982-1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990-1998 ) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) from 1973 to 1998 . From 1969 to 1976 , Kohl was minister president of the state Rhineland-Palatinate . Kohl chaired the Group of Seven in 1985 and 1992 . In 1998 he became honorary chairman of the CDU , resigning from the position in 2000 . Born in 1930 in Ludwigshafen to a Roman Catholic family , Kohl joined the Christian Democratic Union in 1946 at the age of 16 . He earned a PhD in history at Heidelberg University in 1958 and worked as a business executive before becoming a full-time politician . He was elected as the youngest member of the Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1959 and became Minister-President of his home state in 1969 . Viewed during the 1960s and the early 1970s as a progressive within the CDU , he was elected national chairman of the party in 1973 . In the 1976 federal election his party performed well , but the social-liberal government of social democrat Helmut Schmidt was able to remain in power , as well as in 1980 , when Kohl 's rival from the Bavarian sister party CSU , Franz Josef Strauß , candidated . After Schmidt had lost the support of the liberal FDP in 1982 , Kohl was elected Chancellor through a switch of the FDP , forming a Christian-liberal government . After he had become party leader , Kohl was increasingly seen as a more conservative figure . As Chancellor Kohl was strongly committed to European integration and French-German cooperation in particular ; he was also a steadfast ally of the United States and supported Reagan 's more aggressive policies in order to weaken the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Bonn , North Rhine-Westphalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonn', 'summary': "The Federal City of Bonn ( German pronunciation : [ bɔn ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia , with a population of over 300,000 . About 24 km ( 15 mi ) south-southeast of Cologne , Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region , Germany 's largest metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants . It is famously known as the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1770 . He spent his childhood and teenage years in Bonn . Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement , Bonn is one of Germany 's oldest cities . From 1597 to 1794 , Bonn was the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne . From 1949 to 1990 , Bonn was the capital of West Germany , and Germany 's present constitution , the Basic Law , was declared in the city in 1949 . The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic . From 1990 to 1999 , Bonn served as the seat of government - but no longer capital - of reunited Germany . Because of a political compromise following the reunification , the German federal government maintains a substantial presence in Bonn . Roughly a third of all ministerial jobs are located in Bonn as of 2019 [ update ] , and the city is considered a second , unofficial , capital of the country . Bonn is the secondary seat of the President , the Chancellor , the Bundesrat and the primary seat of six federal government ministries and twenty federal authorities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia', 'summary': 'North Rhine-Westphalia ( German : Nordrhein-Westfalen , pronounced [ ˌnɔʁtʁaɪ̯n vɛstˈfaːlən ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian : Noordrien-Wesfale ; Low German : Noordrhien-Westfalen ; Kölsch : Noodrhing-Wäßßfaale , commonly shortened to NRW in both written and spoken language ) is a state of Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia is located in western Germany covering an area of 34,084 square kilometres ( 13,160 sq mi ) . With a population of 17.9 million in 2017 , it is the most populous state of Germany . It is also the most densely populated German state apart from the city-states of Berlin , Bremen , and Hamburg , and the fourth-largest by area . The state capital is Düsseldorf . North Rhine-Westphalia features 30 of the 81 German cities with over 100,000 inhabitants , including Cologne ( over 1 million ) , Düsseldorf , Dortmund and Essen ( all between 580,000 and 620,000 inhabitants ) and other cities predominantly located in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area , the largest urban area in Germany and the third-largest on the European continent . North Rhine-Westphalia was established in 1946 after World War II from the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and the northern part of Rhine Province ( North Rhine ) , and the Free State of Lippe by the British military administration in Allied-occupied Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 , and the city of Bonn served as the federal capital until the reunification of Germany in 1990 and as the seat of government until 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/12th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 12th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo , Japan between May 4 and May 6 , 1986 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '4-6 May 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Yasuhiro Nakasone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone', 'summary': 'Yasuhiro Nakasone ( 中曽根 康弘 , Nakasone Yasuhiro , 27 May 1918 - 29 November 2019 ) was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party from 1982 to 1987 . He was a member of the House of Representatives for more than 50 years . He was best known for pushing through the privatization of state-owned companies , and for helping to revitalize Japanese nationalism during and after his term as prime minister .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/13th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 13th G7 Summit was held in Venice , Italy between June 8 and 10 , 1987 . The venue for the summit meetings was the island of San Giorgio Maggiore in the Venetian lagoon . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '8-10 June 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Amintore Fanfani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani', 'summary': 'Amintore Fanfani ( Italian pronunciation : [ aˈmintore faɱˈfaːni ] ; 6 February 1908 - 20 November 1999 ) was an Italian politician and the Prime Minister of Italy for five separate terms . He was one of the best-known Italian politicians after the Second World War , and a historical figure of the left-wing section of the Christian Democracy party ; he is also considered to have been one of the founders of the Italian centre-left . Fanfani and the long-time liberal leader Giovanni Giolitti still hold the record as the only statesmen to have served as Prime Minister of Italy in five non-consecutive periods of office . Fanfani was one of the dominant figures of the Italian Christian Democrats for over three decades and he is widely considered one of the most important and influential politicians in Italian history . Fanfani was sometimes nicknamed Cavallo di Razza ( Purebred Horse ) , thanks to his innate political ability ; however his detractors simply called him Pony , due to his small size .'}]}, {'value': 'Venice , Veneto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venice', 'summary': 'Venice ( /ˈvɛnɪs/ VEN-iss ; Italian : Venezia [ veˈnɛttsja ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Venesia or Venexia , pronounced [ veˈnɛsja ] ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region . It is situated on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges . The islands are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon , an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers ( more exactly between the Brenta and the Sile ) . In 2018 , 260,897 people resided in the Comune di Venezia , of whom around 55,000 live in the historical city of Venice ( centro storico ) . Together with Padua and Treviso , the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area ( PATREVE ) , which is considered a statistical metropolitan area , with a total population of 2.6 million . The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC . The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice for a millennium and more , from 697 to 1797 . It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance , and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto , as well as an important center of commerce - especially silk , grain , and spice , and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th . The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center , emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century . This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Venice has been known as La Dominante , La Serenissima , Queen of the Adriatic , City of Water , City of Masks , City of Bridges , The Floating City , and City of Canals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veneto', 'summary': "Veneto ( US : /ˈvɛnətoʊ , ˈveɪn- , -neɪt- , ˈvɛnɛtoʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈvɛːneto ] ; Venetian : Vèneto [ ˈvɛneto ] or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy . Its population is about five million , ranking fifth in Italy . The region 's capital is Venice . Veneto was part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD . Later , after a feudal period , it was part of the Republic of Venice until 1797 . Venice ruled for centuries over one of the largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Besides Italian , most inhabitants also speak Venetian [ citation needed ] which is divided into five varieties . Since 1971 the Statute of Veneto has referred to the region 's citizens as the Venetian people . Article 1 defines Veneto as an autonomous Region , constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno , Padua , Rovigo , Treviso , Venice , Verona and Vicenza , while maintaining bonds with Venetians in the world . Article 2 sets forth the principle of the self-government of the Venetian people and mandates the Region to promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation . Despite these affirmations , approved by the Italian Parliament , Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute , differently from its north-eastern and north-western neighbours , Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively ."}]}, {'value': '14th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/14th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 14th G7 Summit was held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada between June 19 and 21 , 1988 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Downtown Toronto . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 . Unlike the relatively low key summit at Château Montebello in 1981 , the Toronto summit was held under tight security with involvement of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) and Metro Toronto Police . Canada was the first member of the G7 or G8 to host both this kind of Summit and an Olympic Games in the same calendar year . In February , Calgary , Alberta , hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics . Canada would do this again 22 years later when they hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia and then the 36th G8 summit and the 4th G20 summit in Huntsville , Ontario and Toronto respectively ."}]}, {'value': '19-21 June 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Mulroney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Mulroney', 'summary': "Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ ( /mʊlˈruːni/ ; born March 20 , 1939 ) is a Canadian politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from September 17 , 1984 , to June 25 , 1993 . His tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms , such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax . Prior to his political career , he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal . He later ran for the Progressive Conservatives and won in a landslide in the 1984 Canadian federal election , defeating John Turner of the Liberals and Ed Broadbent of the NDP , not only winning every single province and territory but also capturing over 50% of the vote for the first time since 1958 and increasing his party 's seats by 111 , up to 211 seats , the highest amount of seats won by any party in Canadian history . The 6.3 million votes won by Mulroney also remained a record until the Liberals ' victory in 2015 . Throughout his political career , Mulroney 's fluency in English and French gave him a decisive advantage . He brought forth a constitutional reform , the Meech Lake Accord , in 1987 , meant to persuade the government of Quebec to endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments . It was not ratified by the provincial governments of Manitoba and Newfoundland before the June ratification deadline , and thus met its demise in 1990 . This loss led to another round of meetings in Charlottetown in 1991 and 1992 . These negotiations culminated in Mulroney introducing the Charlottetown Accord , which would create extensive changes to the constitution , including recognition of Quebec as a distinct society . However , the agreement was defeated by a large margin in a national referendum in October 1992 . Many blamed the GST battle and Mulroney 's rising unpopularity for the fall of the Accord ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': '15th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/15th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 15th G7 Summit was held in the business district of La Défense to the west of Paris , France between July 14 to 16 , 1989 . The venue for the summit meetings was the Grande Arche which was rushed to completion for celebrations marking the bicentennial of the French Revolution and for the world economic summit meeting that was held in the top of the Arche . This event was also called the Summit of the Arch . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '14-16 July 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'François Mitterrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Mitterrand', 'summary': "François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand [ a ] ( 26 October 1916 - 8 January 1996 ) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 , the longest time in office in the history of France . As First Secretary of the Socialist Party , he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic . Reflecting family influences , Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right . He served under the Vichy Regime during its earlier years . Subsequently he joined the Resistance , moved to the left , and held ministerial office several times under the Fourth Republic . He opposed de Gaulle 's establishment of the Fifth Republic . Although at times a politically isolated figure , Mitterrand outmanoeuvered rivals to become the left 's standard bearer at every presidential election from 1965-88 ; with the exception of 1969 . Mitterrand was elected President at the 1981 presidential election . He was re-elected in 1988 and remained in office until 1995 . Mitterrand invited the Communist Party into his first government , which was a controversial decision at the time . In the event , the Communists were boxed in as junior partners and , rather than taking advantage , saw their support erode . They left the cabinet in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris , Île-de-France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Île-de-France', 'summary': "Île-de-France ( /ˌiːl də ˈfrɒ̃s/ , French : [ il də fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ; literally Island of France ) is the most populous of the 18 regions of France . It is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the région parisienne ( Paris Region ) because it includes the city of Paris . Île-de-France is densely populated and economically important : it covers only 12,012 square kilometres ( 4,638 square miles ) , about 2% of France 's territory , but has an official estimated population of 12,213,364 ( 18.2% of the population of France ) and accounts for nearly 30% of the French Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The region is made up of eight administrative departments : Paris , Essonne , Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis , Seine-et-Marne , Val-de-Marne , Val-d'Oise and Yvelines . It was created as the District of the Paris Region in 1961 and renamed in 1976 after the historic province of Île-de-France , when its status was aligned with the other French administrative regions created in 1972 . Residents are sometimes referred to as Franciliens , an administrative word created in the 1980s . The GDP of the region in 2016 was €681 billion ( or US $ 850 billion at market exchange rates ) . It has the highest per-capita GDP among regions in France and the third-highest of regions in the European Union . In 2018 , almost all of the twenty-eight French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 had their headquarters in the Paris Region . Besides the landmarks of Paris , the region has many important historic sites , including the Palace of Versailles and the Palace of Fontainebleau , as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France , Disneyland Paris . The poverty rate in Île-de-France was 15.9% in 2015 , compared with 12.3% in 2006 . The region is also increasingly unequal ."}]}, {'value': '16th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/16th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 16th G7 Summit was held at Houston between July 9 and 11 , 1990 . The venue for the summit meetings was the campus of Rice University and other locations nearby in the Houston Museum District . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , West Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '9-11 July 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'George H. W. Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_H._W._Bush', 'summary': "George Herbert Walker Bush ( June 12 , 1924 - November 30 , 2018 ) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Since around 2000 he has usually been called George H. W. Bush , Bush Senior , or Bush 41 to distinguish him from his eldest son , George W. Bush , who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives , as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations , as Director of Central Intelligence , and as the 43rd vice president of the United States . Bush was raised in Greenwich , Connecticut and attended Phillips Academy before serving in the United States Navy during World War II . After the war , he graduated from Yale University and moved to West Texas , where he established a successful oil company . After an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate , he won election to the 7th congressional district of Texas in 1966 . President Richard Nixon appointed Bush to the position of Ambassador to the United Nations in 1971 and to the position of chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973 . In 1974 , President Gerald Ford appointed him as the Chief of the Liaison Office to the People 's Republic of China , and in 1976 Bush became the Director of Central Intelligence . Bush ran for president in 1980 , but was defeated in the Republican presidential primaries by Ronald Reagan . He was then elected vice president in 1980 and 1984 as Reagan 's running mate . In the 1988 presidential election , Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis , becoming the first incumbent vice president to be elected president in 152 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '17th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/17th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 17th G7 Summit was held in London , England , United Kingdom between 15 and 17 July 1991 . The venue for the summit meetings was Lancaster House in London . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '15-17 July 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'John Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Major', 'summary': 'Sir John Major KG CH ( born 29 March 1943 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997 . Major was Foreign Secretary and then Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Thatcher Government from 1989 to 1990 , and was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Huntingdon from 1979 until his retirement in 2001 . Since the death of Margaret Thatcher in 2013 , he has been both the oldest and earliest-serving of all living former prime ministers . Born in St Helier , Surrey , Major grew up in Brixton . He initially worked as an insurance clerk , and then at the London Electricity Board , before becoming an executive at Standard Chartered . He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1979 general election as MP for Huntingdon . He served as a Parliamentary Private Secretary , Assistant Whip and as a Minister for Social Security . In 1987 , he joined the Cabinet as chief secretary to the Treasury , and was promoted to foreign secretary two years later . Just three months later in October 1989 , he was appointed chancellor of the Exchequer , where he presented the 1990 budget . Major became prime minister after Thatcher resigned in November 1990 . He presided over British participation in the Gulf War in March 1991 , and negotiated the Maastricht Treaty in December 1991 . He went on to lead the Conservatives to a record fourth consecutive electoral victory , winning the most votes in British electoral history with over 14 million votes at the 1992 general election , albeit with a reduced majority in the House of Commons .'}]}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '18th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/18th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 18th G7 Summit was held in Munich , Germany between July 6 to 8 , 1992 . The venue for the summit meetings was at the Residenz palace in central Munich . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '6-8 July 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Kohl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Kohl', 'summary': "Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ( German : [ ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl ] ; 3 April 1930 - 16 June 2017 ) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 ( of West Germany 1982-1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990-1998 ) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) from 1973 to 1998 . From 1969 to 1976 , Kohl was minister president of the state Rhineland-Palatinate . Kohl chaired the Group of Seven in 1985 and 1992 . In 1998 he became honorary chairman of the CDU , resigning from the position in 2000 . Born in 1930 in Ludwigshafen to a Roman Catholic family , Kohl joined the Christian Democratic Union in 1946 at the age of 16 . He earned a PhD in history at Heidelberg University in 1958 and worked as a business executive before becoming a full-time politician . He was elected as the youngest member of the Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1959 and became Minister-President of his home state in 1969 . Viewed during the 1960s and the early 1970s as a progressive within the CDU , he was elected national chairman of the party in 1973 . In the 1976 federal election his party performed well , but the social-liberal government of social democrat Helmut Schmidt was able to remain in power , as well as in 1980 , when Kohl 's rival from the Bavarian sister party CSU , Franz Josef Strauß , candidated . After Schmidt had lost the support of the liberal FDP in 1982 , Kohl was elected Chancellor through a switch of the FDP , forming a Christian-liberal government . After he had become party leader , Kohl was increasingly seen as a more conservative figure . As Chancellor Kohl was strongly committed to European integration and French-German cooperation in particular ; he was also a steadfast ally of the United States and supported Reagan 's more aggressive policies in order to weaken the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Munich , Bavaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bavaria', 'summary': "Bavaria ( /bəˈvɛəriə/ ; German and Bavarian : Bayern [ ˈbaɪɐn ] ) , officially the Free State of Bavaria ( German and Bavarian : Freistaat Bayern [ ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪɐn ] ) , is a landlocked federal state of Germany , occupying its southeastern corner . With an area of 70,550.19 square kilometres ( 27,200 sq mi ) , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany . With 13 million inhabitants , it is Germany 's second-most-populous state after North Rhine-Westphalia . Bavaria 's main cities are Munich ( its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany ) , Nuremberg and Augsburg . The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes , followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC , when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum . It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire . It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire , became an independent kingdom , joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom , and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 . The Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555 . In the 17th century AD , the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire . The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918 , when Bavaria became a republic . In 1946 , the Free State of Bavaria reorganized itself on democratic lines after the Second World War . Bavaria has a unique culture , largely because of the state 's former Catholic majority and conservative traditions ."}]}, {'value': '19th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/19th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 19th G7 Summit was held in Tokyo , Japan , on July 7-9 , 1993 . The venue for the summit meetings was the State Guesthouse in Tokyo , Japan . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '7-9 July 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kiichi Miyazawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa', 'summary': 'Kiichi Miyazawa ( 宮澤 喜一 , Miyazawa Kiichi , 8 October 1919 - 28 June 2007 ) was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1991 to 1993 . He was a member of the National Diet of Japan for over 50 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '20th', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20th_G7_summit', 'summary': "The 20th G7 Summit was held in Naples , Italy , on July 8-10 , 1994 . The venue for the summit meetings was the former Royal Palace in Naples . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries : France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada ( since 1976 ) and the President of the European Commission ( starting officially in 1981 ) . The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions ; and in fact , a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France 's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany 's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six ( G6 ) summit in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '8-10 July 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Silvio Berlusconi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi', 'summary': "Silvio Berlusconi ( /ˌbɛərlʊˈskoʊni/ BAIR-luu-SKOH-nee , Italian : [ ˈsilvjo berluˈskoːni ] ( listen ) ; born 29 September 1936 ) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments . He serves as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) since July 2019 . Berlusconi is the controlling shareholder of Mediaset and owned the Italian football club A.C. Milan from 1986 to 2017 . He is nicknamed Il Cavaliere ( The Knight ) for his Order of Merit for Labour , although he voluntarily resigned from this order in March 2014 . In 2018 , Forbes magazine ranked him as the 190th richest man in the world with a net worth of US $ 8.0 billion . In 2009 , Forbes ranked him 12th in the List of The World 's Most Powerful People due to his domination of Italian politics , throughout more than twenty years at the head of the centre-right coalition . Berlusconi was Prime Minister for nine years in total , making him the longest serving post-war Prime Minister of Italy , and the third longest-serving since Italian unification , after Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Giolitti . He was the leader of the centre-right party Forza Italia from 1994 to 2009 , and its successor party The People of Freedom from 2009 to 2013 . Since November 2013 , he has led a revived Forza Italia . Berlusconi was the senior G8 leader from 2009 until 2011 and he currently holds the record for hosting G8 Summits ( having hosted three Summits in Italy ) . After serving nearly 19 years as member of the Chamber of Deputies , Italy 's lower house , after the 2013 general election he became a member of the Senate . On 1 August 2013 , he was convicted of tax-fraud by the court of final instance , Court of Cassation , confirming his four-year prison sentence ( of which three years are automatically pardoned ) along with a public office ban for two years ."}]}, {'value': 'Naples , Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples', 'summary': "Naples ( /ˈneɪpəlz/ ; Italian : Napoli [ ˈnaːpoli ] ( listen ) ; Neapolitan : Napule [ ˈnɑːpələ , ˈnɑːpulə ] ; Ancient Greek : Νεάπολις , romanized : Neápolis ) [ a ] is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy after Rome and Milan . In 2017 , around 967,069 people lived within the city 's administrative limits while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,115,320 residents . Its continuously built-up metropolitan area ( that stretches beyond the boundaries of the Metropolitan City of Naples ) is the second or third largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the most densely populated cities in Europe . First settled by Greeks in the second millennium BC , Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world . In the ninth century BC , a colony known as Parthenope or Παρθενόπη was established on the Island of Megaride , later refounded as Neápolis in the sixth century BC . The city was an important part of Magna Graecia , played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society and a significant cultural centre under the Romans . It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples ( 661-1139 ) , then of the Kingdom of Naples ( 1282-1816 ) and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861 . Naples is also considered a capital of the Baroque since the arrival of Caravaggio in the 17th century , and due to the artistic revolution his arrival occasioned . Between 1925 and 1936 , Naples was expanded and upgraded by Benito Mussolini 's government but subsequently sustained severe damage from Allied bombing during World War II , which led to extensive post-1945 reconstruction work . Naples has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades , helped by the construction of the Centro Direzionale business district and an advanced transportation network , which includes the Alta Velocità high-speed rail link to Rome and Salerno and an expanded subway network . Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy , after Milan and Rome . The Port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe and home of the Allied Joint Force Command Naples , the NATO body that oversees North Africa , the Sahel and Middle East ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of summits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'G7_0', 'intro': 'The Group of Seven (G7) is an international intergovernmental economic organization consisting of the seven largest IMF- advanced economies in the world: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. As of 2018, the seven countries involved represent 58% of the global net wealth ($317 trillion) and more than 46% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) based on nominal values, and more than 32% of the global GDP based on purchasing power parity. The European Union is an invitee to G7.'}
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Which country was the 7th G7 summit held in that is in the Northern part of North America ?
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Canada
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01c05fbceaac64d1
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film', 'title': 'List of Iranian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film', 'header': ['Year ( Ceremony )', 'Film title used in nomination', 'Persian title', 'Director', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '1977 ( 50th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1977 in film involved some significant events .'}, {'url': '/wiki/50th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 50th Academy Awards were held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California on April 3 , 1978 . The ceremonies were presided over by Bob Hope , who hosted the awards for the nineteenth and last time . Two of the year 's biggest winners were Star Wars , which swept the technical categories by winning 6 out of its 10 nominations and a Special Achievement for Sound Effects Editing , and Annie Hall , winning 4 out of 5 nominations , including Best Picture , Best Actress and Best Director . The awards show was also notable for a very politically charged acceptance speech by Vanessa Redgrave . The Turning Point set the record for the most nominations without a win ( 11 ) , previously held by Peyton Place and The Little Foxes , which each had 9 nominations with no wins . This record , later tied by The Color Purple , still stands as of 2018 [ update ] . Annie Hall was the last Best Picture winner to be nominated for just five awards until The Departed 29 years later in 2006 . Jason Robards became the fourth actor to win back-to-back Oscars , following Luise Rainer , Spencer Tracy , and Katharine Hepburn . For the only time to date , both Best Actor and Best Actress winners won for roles in two different romantic comedies . This event marked the second of three times that more than two films had received ten or more nominations ( after the 37th and before the 92nd Academy Awards ) . The animated opening sequence , as well as promos for the Awards show , were designed by British graphic designer Harry Marks , who outsourced the animated sequences to Robert Abel and Associates . Marks also designed animated sequences for the top nominated categories , which were n't used for the final telecast ."}]}, {'value': 'The Cycle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cycle_(1975_film)', 'summary': "The Cycle ( Persian : دایرهٔ مینا , Dayereh-ye Mina , also Romanized as Dāyere-ye Minā ) is a 1975 Iranian drama film directed and written by Dariush Mehrjui . It is about a young man who is trying to get money to pay for his ailing father 's medical treatments and gets sucked into life on the margins of society , exploiting other poor and marginalized people for their blood . The film stars Saeed Kangarani , Ezzatollah Entezami , Ali Nassirian and Forouzan . After years of being banned , the film was released in Iran on April 12 , 1978 . It was Iran 's submission for Best Foreign Language Film at the 50th Academy Awards , the first year that Iran participated in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'دايره مينا', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dariush Mehrjui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui', 'summary': "Dariush Mehrju ' i ( Persian : داریوش مهرجویی , born 8 December 1939 , also spelled as Mehrjui , Mehrjoui , and Mehrjuyi ) is an Iranian director , screenwriter , producer , film editor and a member of the Iranian Academy of the Arts . Mehrjui was a founding member of the Iranian New Wave movement of the early 1970s . His second film , Gaav , is considered to be the first film of this movement , which also included Masoud Kimiai and Nasser Taqvai . Most of his films are inspired by literature and adapted from Iranian and foreign novels and plays ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 ( 67th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_in_film', 'summary': 'This is a list of films released in 1994 . The top worldwide grosser was The Lion King , becoming the highest-grossing Walt Disney Feature Animation film of all-time , although it was slightly overtaken at the North American domestic box office by Forrest Gump , which won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its 70th Anniversary in 1994 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/67th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 67th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) took place on March 27 , 1995 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring the films released in 1994 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gilbert Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Comedian David Letterman hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on March 4 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jamie Lee Curtis . Forrest Gump won six awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included Ed Wood , The Lion King , and Speed with two awards , and The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , Blue Sky , Bob 's Birthday , Bullets over Broadway , Burnt by the Sun , Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life , Legends of the Fall , The Madness of King George , Maya Lin : A Strong Clear Vision , Pulp Fiction , A Time for Justice and Trevor with one . The telecast garnered more than 48 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Through the Olive Trees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Through_the_Olive_Trees', 'summary': "Through the Olive Trees ( Persian : زیر درختان زیتون Zīr-e Derakhtān-e Zeytūn , actually meaning Under the Olive Trees ) is a 1994 film directed and written by Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami , set in earthquake-ravaged Northern Iran . The film was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . It is the final part of Kiarostami 's Koker trilogy , and the plot revolves around the production of the second film ; And Life Goes On. , which itself was a revisitation of the first film - Where Is the Friend 's Home ? . Like much of Kiarostami 's work , Through the Olive Trees is filmed in a naturalistic way ; a complex study of the link between art and life , its narrative often blurs the boundaries between fiction and reality . Many have since declared the film a masterpiece ."}]}, {'value': 'زیر درختان زیتون', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbas Kiarostami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami', 'summary': "Abbas Kiarostami ( Persian : عباس کیارستمی [ ʔæbˌbɒːs kijɒːɾostæˈmi ] ( listen ) ; 22 June 1940 - 4 July 2016 ) was an Iranian film director , screenwriter , poet , photographer , and film producer . An active film-maker from 1970 , Kiarostami had been involved in the production of over forty films , including shorts and documentaries . Kiarostami attained critical acclaim for directing the Koker trilogy ( 1987-1994 ) , Close-Up ( 1990 ) , The Wind Will Carry Us ( 1999 ) , and Taste of Cherry ( 1997 ) , which was awarded the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival that year . In later works , Certified Copy ( 2010 ) and Like Someone in Love ( 2012 ) , he filmed for the first time outside Iran : in Italy and Japan , respectively . His films Where Is the Friends Home ? , Close-Up , and The Wind Will Carry Us were ranked among the 100 best foreign films in a 2018 critics ' poll by BBC Culture . Close-Up was also ranked one of the 50 greatest movies of all time in the famous decennial Sight & Sound poll conducted in 2012 . Kiarostami had worked extensively as a screenwriter , film editor , art director and producer and had designed credit titles and publicity material . He was also a poet , photographer , painter , illustrator , and graphic designer . He was part of a generation of filmmakers in the Iranian New Wave , a Persian cinema movement that started in the late 1960s and includes pioneering directors such as Bahram Beyzai , Nasser Taghvai , Ali Hatami , Masoud Kimiai , Dariush Mehrjui , Sohrab Shahid-Saless and Parviz Kimiavi . These filmmakers share many common techniques including the use of poetic dialogue and allegorical storytelling dealing with political and philosophical issues . Kiarostami had a reputation for using child protagonists , for documentary-style narrative films , for stories that take place in rural villages , and for conversations that unfold inside cars , using stationary mounted cameras . He is also known for his use of Persian poetry in the dialogue , titles , and themes of his films ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 ( 68th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_in_film', 'summary': "This is a list of films released in 1995 . The highly anticipated sequel Die Hard with a Vengeance was the year 's biggest box-office hit , and Braveheart won the Academy Award for Best Picture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/68th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 68th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1995 in the United States and took place on March 25 , 1996 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Quincy Jones and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the second time , having previously presided over the 66th ceremony in 1994 . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , on March 2 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Richard Dreyfuss . Braveheart won five awards , including Best Director for Mel Gibson and Best Picture . Other winners included Apollo 13 , Pocahontas , Restoration and The Usual Suspects with two awards , and Anne Frank Remembered , Antonia 's Line , Babe , A Close Shave , Dead Man Walking , Il Postino : The Postman , Leaving Las Vegas , Lieberman in Love , Mighty Aphrodite , One Survivor Remembers and Sense and Sensibility with one . The telecast garnered almost 45 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'The White Balloon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_White_Balloon', 'summary': "The White Balloon ( Persian : بادکنک سفيد , Badkonake sefid ) is a 1995 Iranian film directed by Jafar Panahi , with a screenplay by Abbas Kiarostami . It was Panahi 's feature-film debut as director . The film received many strong critical reviews and won numerous awards in the international film fairs around the world including the Prix de la Camera d'Or at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival . The Guardian has listed this film as one of the 50 best family films of all time . The film is on the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . The film was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 68th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . Iran unsuccessfully tried to withdraw the film from contention but the Academy refused to accept the withdrawal ."}]}, {'value': 'بادکنک سفید', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jafar Panahi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jafar_Panahi', 'summary': "Jafar Panâhi ( Persian : جعفر پناهی , [ d͡ʒæˈfæɾ pæˈnɒːhiː ] ; born 11 July 1960 ) is an Iranian film director , screenwriter , and film editor , commonly associated with the Iranian New Wave film movement . After several years of making short films and working as an assistant director for fellow Iranian filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami , Panahi achieved international recognition with his feature film debut , The White Balloon ( 1995 ) . The film won the Caméra d'Or at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival , the first major award an Iranian film won at Cannes . Panahi was quickly recognized as one of Iran 's most influential filmmakers . His films were often banned in Iran , but he continued to receive international acclaim from film theorists and critics and won numerous awards , including the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival for The Mirror ( 1997 ) , the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Circle ( 2000 ) , and the Silver Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for Offside ( 2006 ) . His films are known for their humanistic perspective on life in Iran , often focusing on the hardships of children , the impoverished , and women . Hamid Dabashi has written , Panahi does not do as he is told - in fact he has made a successful career in not doing as he is told . After several years of conflict with the Iranian government over the content of his films ( including several short-term arrests ) , Panahi was arrested in March 2010 along with his wife , daughter , and 15 friends , and later charged with propaganda against the Iranian government . Despite support from filmmakers , film organizations , and human rights organizations around the world , in December 2010 Panahi was sentenced to six years in prison and a 20-year ban on directing any movies , writing screenplays , giving interviews with Iranian or foreign media , or leaving the country except for medical treatment or making the Hajj pilgrimage . While awaiting the result of an appeal he made This Is Not a Film ( 2011 ) , a documentary feature in the form of a video diary . It was smuggled out of Iran on a flash drive hidden inside a cake and shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . In February 2013 the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival showed Closed Curtain ( Pardé ) by Panahi and Kambuzia Partovi in competition ; Panahi won the Silver Bear for Best Script ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997 ( 70th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1997 in film involved many significant films , including Titanic , and the beginning of the film studio DreamWorks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 70th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 23 , 1998 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the show , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997 . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the sixth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 , and he had hosted the previous year 's gala . Nearly a month earlier in an event held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 28 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Ashley Judd . Titanic won a record-tying eleven awards including Best Director for James Cameron and Best Picture . Other winners included As Good as It Gets , Good Will Hunting and L.A . Confidential with two awards , and The Full Monty , Geri 's Game , Karakter , The Long Way Home , Visas and Virtue , Men in Black and A Story of Healing with one . The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Gabbeh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabbeh_(film)', 'summary': 'Gabbeh ( Persian : گبه ) is a 1996 Iranian film directed by Mohsen Makhmalbaf . It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . The film gets its name from a type of Persian rug and starts by showing an elderly couple , carrying their gabbeh , walking toward the river hoping to wash their rug . When the rug is spread on the ground , a girl , referred to as Gabbeh , magically comes out of it . The film follows her story and audience learn about her family , her uncle who is hoping to find a bride , and most importantly her longing for a young man she hopes to marry . The picture was banned in Iran for being subversive .'}]}, {'value': 'گبه', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohsen Makhmalbaf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf', 'summary': "Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( Persian : محسن مخملباف , Mohsen Makhmalbaaf ; born May 29 , 1957 ) is an Iranian film director , writer , film editor , and producer . He has made more than 20 feature films , won some 50 awards and been a juror in more than 15 major film festivals . His award-winning films include Kandahar ; his latest documentary is The Gardener and latest feature The President . Makhmalbaf 's films have been widely presented at international film festivals in the past ten years . The director belongs to the new wave movement of Iranian cinema . Time selected Makhmalbaf 's 2001 film Kandahar as one of the top 100 films of all time . In 2006 , he was a member of the Jury at the Venice Film Festival . Makhmalbaf left Iran in 2005 shortly after the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , sixth President of Iran , and has lived in Paris since the events of the 2009 Iranian presidential election ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 ( 71st )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_in_film', 'summary': "The year 1998 in film involved many significant films including ; Shakespeare in Love ( which won the Academy Award for Best Picture ) , Saving Private Ryan , American History X , The Truman Show , Primary Colors , Rushmore , Rush Hour , There 's Something About Mary , The Big Lebowski , and Terrence Malick 's directorial return in The Thin Red Line . Animated releases included Antz , A Bug 's Life , Mulan , The Prince of Egypt and The Rugrats Movie . Warner Bros. Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1998 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/71st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 71st Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best of 1998 in film and took place on March 21 , 1999 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the third time . She first hosted the 66th ceremony held in 1994 and had last hosted the 68th ceremony in 1996 . Nearly a month earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 27 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Anne Heche . Shakespeare in Love won seven awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Saving Private Ryan with five awards , Life Is Beautiful with three , and Affliction , Bunny , Election Night , Elizabeth , Gods and Monsters , The Last Days , The Personals , The Prince of Egypt and What Dreams May Come with one . The telecast garnered nearly 46 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Children of Heaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Children_of_Heaven', 'summary': 'Children of Heaven ( Persian : بچه\u200cهای آسمان Bačče-hâ-ye âsemân ) is a 1997 Iranian family drama film written and directed by Majid Majidi . It deals with a brother and sister and their adventures over a lost pair of shoes . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'بچه های آسمان', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majid Majidi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majid_Majidi', 'summary': 'Majid Majidi ( Persian : مجید مجیدی , Persian pronunciation : [ mæˌdʒiːde mædʒiːˈdi ] ; born 17 April 1959 ) is an Iranian film director , producer , and screenwriter , who started his film career as an actor . In his films , Majidi has touched on many themes and genres and has won numerous international awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 ( 72nd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_in_film', 'summary': "The year 1999 in film included Stanley Kubrick 's final film Eyes Wide Shut , Pedro Almodóvar 's first Oscar-winning film All About My Mother , the science-fiction hit The Matrix , the Deep Canvas-pioneering Disney animated feature Tarzan and Best Picture-winner American Beauty and the well-received The Green Mile , as well as the animated works Toy Story 2 , Stuart Little , The Iron Giant and South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . Other noteworthy releases included Spike Jonze and Charlie Kaufman 's breakout film Being John Malkovich and M. Night Shyamalan 's breakout film The Sixth Sense , the controversial Fight Club and Paul Thomas Anderson 's Magnolia . The year also featured George Lucas ' top-grossing Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace . Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated their 75th anniversaries in 1999 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/72nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 72nd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1999 and took place on March 26 , 2000 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , the AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by husband-and-wife producing team Richard and Lili Fini Zanuck and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the seventh time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 70th ceremony held in 1998 . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California held on March 4 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Salma Hayek . American Beauty won five awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included The Matrix with four awards , The Cider House Rules and Topsy-Turvy with two , and All About My Mother , Boys Do n't Cry , Girl , Interrupted , King Gimp , My Mother Dreams the Satan 's Disciples in New York , The Old Man and the Sea , One Day in September , The Red Violin , Sleepy Hollow , and Tarzan with one . The telecast garnered almost 47 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'The Color of Paradise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Color_of_Paradise', 'summary': 'The Color of Paradise ( Persian : رنگ خدا , Rang-e Khodā , literally The Color of God ) is a 1999 Iranian film directed by Majid Majidi .'}]}, {'value': 'رنگ خدا', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majid Majidi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majid_Majidi', 'summary': 'Majid Majidi ( Persian : مجید مجیدی , Persian pronunciation : [ mæˌdʒiːde mædʒiːˈdi ] ; born 17 April 1959 ) is an Iranian film director , producer , and screenwriter , who started his film career as an actor . In his films , Majidi has touched on many themes and genres and has won numerous international awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 ( 73rd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2000 in film involved some significant events . The top grosser worldwide was Mission : Impossible 2 . Domestically in North America , Gladiator won the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor ( Russell Crowe ) . Dinosaur was the most expensive film of 2000 and a box-office success .'}, {'url': '/wiki/73rd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 73rd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best of 2000 in film and took place on March 25 , 2001 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Steve Martin hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California held on March 3 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Renée Zellweger . Gladiator won five awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon and Traffic with four awards , and Almost Famous , Big Mama , Erin Brockovich , Father and Daughter , How the Grinch Stole Christmas , Into the Arms of Strangers : Stories of the Kindertransport , Pollock , Quiero ser ( I want to be . ) , U-571 , and Wonder Boys with one . The telecast garnered almost 43 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'A Time for Drunken Horses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Time_for_Drunken_Horses', 'summary': "A Time for Drunken Horses ( Kurdish : کاتێک بۆ مەستیی ئەسپەکان , Dema hespên serxweş , Persian : زمانی برای مستی اسب\u200cها , Zamani barayé masti asbha ) is a 2000 Iranian ( Kurdish/Persian ) film directed by Bahman Ghobadi and produced in Iran . It was a co-winner of the Caméra d'Or award at the Cannes Film Festival in 2000 . Leonard Maltin notes that the film was written by the director and shot in his native village , with a cast of extraordinary non-professionals ."}]}, {'value': 'زمانی برای مستی اسب\u200cها', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahman Ghobadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi', 'summary': 'Bahman Ghobadi ( Persian : بهمن قبادی ; Kurdish : به\u200cهمه\u200cن قوبادی / Behmen Qubadî ) is an Iranian Kurdish film director , producer and writer . He was born on February 1 , 1969 in Baneh , Kurdistan province . Ghobadi belongs to the new wave of Iranian cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 ( 74th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_in_film', 'summary': "The year 2001 in film involved some significant events , including the first of the Harry Potter series , the first of The Fast and the Furious franchise , the first of The Lord of the Rings trilogy , the first of the Ocean 's Trilogy , and the first of the Shrek franchise . Significant non-English language films released included Monsoon Wedding and Amélie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/74th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 74th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 24 , 2002 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2001 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Laura Ziskin and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the fourth time . She first hosted the 66th ceremony held in 1994 and had last hosted the 71st ceremony in 1999 . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , on March 2 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Charlize Theron . A Beautiful Mind won four awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Ron Howard . Other winners included The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring also with four awards , Black Hawk Down , and Moulin Rouge ! with two , and The Accountant , For the Birds , Gosford Park , Iris , Monster 's Ball , Monsters , Inc. , Murder on a Sunday Morning , No Man 's Land , Pearl Harbor , Shrek , Thoth , and Training Day , with one . Despite a record length of four hours and twenty-three minutes , the telecast garnered nearly 42 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Baran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baran_(film)', 'summary': 'Baran ( Persian : باران ; literally : Rain ) is a 2001 Iranian film directed by Majid Majidi , based on an original script by Majid Majidi . The movie is set during recent times in which there are many Afghan refugees living on the outskirts of Tehran . Baran won a number of awards both nationally and internationally for the director and writer Majid Majidi .'}]}, {'value': 'باران', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majid Majidi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majid_Majidi', 'summary': 'Majid Majidi ( Persian : مجید مجیدی , Persian pronunciation : [ mæˌdʒiːde mædʒiːˈdi ] ; born 17 April 1959 ) is an Iranian film director , producer , and screenwriter , who started his film career as an actor . In his films , Majidi has touched on many themes and genres and has won numerous international awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 ( 75th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2002 in film involved some significant events .'}, {'url': '/wiki/75th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 75th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) took place on March 23 , 2003 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2002 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Steve Martin hosted for the second time , having previously presided over the 73rd ceremony held in 2001 . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony at Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California held on March 1 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Kate Hudson . Chicago won six awards including Best Picture . Other winners included The Pianist with three awards , Frida and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers with two , and Adaptation , Bowling for Columbine , The ChubbChubbs ! , 8 Mile , The Hours , Nowhere in Africa , Road to Perdition , Spirited Away , Talk to Her , This Charming Man , and Twin Towers with one . The telecast garnered about 33 million viewers in the United States , making it the least-watched and lowest-rated televised Oscar ceremony to that point .'}]}, {'value': "I 'm Taraneh , 15", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I'm_Taraneh,_15", 'summary': "I 'm Taraneh , 15 ( Persian : من ترانه ۱۵ سال دارم ) is a 2002 Iranian film directed by Rasul Sadrameli . The film was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 75th Academy Awards , but it did not make the final shortlist ."}]}, {'value': 'من ترانه 15 سال دارم', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rasul Sadrameli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rasul_Sadrameli', 'summary': "Rasoul Sadrameli was born in December 1954 in Isfahan , Iran . The Managing Director of MILAD FILM ( established in 1979 , the first company in distribution and production of Iranian films after revolution ) began his journalism career while he was just 17 , and he collaborated with Etela'at Newspaper as reporter , storywriter and editor of Incident page and then as the Editor of Parliamentary Service . He studied sociology at Paul Valéry university of Montpellier in France . He began his professional activities in the Cinema by production of a film entitled Blood Raining in 1981 . This film is the first cinematic project after revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003 ( 76th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2003 in film involved some significant events .'}, {'url': '/wiki/76th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 76th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2003 and took place on February 29 , 2004 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Joe Roth and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted for the eighth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 72nd ceremony held in 2000 . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel & Spa in Pasadena , California held on February 14 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jennifer Garner . The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King won all eleven awards it was nominated for , tying the Academy Awards record for most awards won ( alongside Ben-Hur and Titanic ) , including Best Director for Peter Jackson and Best Picture . Other winners included Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World and Mystic River with two awards and The Barbarian Invasions , Chernobyl Heart , Cold Mountain , Finding Nemo , The Fog of War , Harvie Krumpet , Lost in Translation , Monster and Two Soldiers with one . The telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in North America the United States , making it the most-watched telecast in four years .'}]}, {'value': 'Deep Breath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deep_Breath_(film)', 'summary': "Deep Breath ( Persian : نفس عمیق ) is a 2003 Iranian Crystal Simorgh winner film directed by Parviz Shahbazi . The film also won a FIPRESCI Prize in 2003 . The film was Iran 's official selection for the best foreign language film Academy Awards in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'نفس عمیق', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parviz Shahbazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parviz_Shahbazi', 'summary': 'Parviz Shahbazi is an Iranian filmmaker .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 ( 77th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_in_film', 'summary': '2004 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , a list of country-specific lists of films released , notable deaths and film debuts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/77th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 77th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on February 27 , 2005 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2004 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Chris Rock hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel & Spa in Pasadena , California held on February 12 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Scarlett Johansson . The Aviator won the most awards of the night with five . Million Dollar Baby won four awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included The Incredibles , and Ray with two awards , and Born into Brothels , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , Finding Neverland , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Mighty Times : The Children 's March , The Motorcycle Diaries , Ryan , The Sea Inside , Sideways , Spider-Man 2 and Wasp each with one . The telecast garnered over 42 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Turtles Can Fly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turtles_Can_Fly', 'summary': 'Turtles Can Fly ( Kurdish : کیسەڵەکانیش دەفڕن , Kûsî Jî Dikarin Bifirin Persian : لاک\u200cپشت\u200cها هم پرواز می\u200cکنند ) is a 2004 Kurdish war drama film written , produced , and directed by Bahman Ghobadi , with notable music composed by Hossein Alizadeh . It was the first film to be made in Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein .'}]}, {'value': 'لاک\u200cپشت\u200cها هم پرواز می\u200cکنند', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahman Ghobadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi', 'summary': 'Bahman Ghobadi ( Persian : بهمن قبادی ; Kurdish : به\u200cهمه\u200cن قوبادی / Behmen Qubadî ) is an Iranian Kurdish film director , producer and writer . He was born on February 1 , 1969 in Baneh , Kurdistan province . Ghobadi belongs to the new wave of Iranian cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 ( 78th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_in_film', 'summary': '2005 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , a list of country-specific lists of films released , notable deaths and film debuts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/78th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 78th Academy Awards presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid a clash with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams . Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle & Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'So Close , So Far', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/So_Close,_So_Far', 'summary': "So Close , So far ( Persian : خیلی دور، خیلی نزدیک , Kheili dour , Kheili nazdik ) ( 2005 ) is an Iranian drama film directed by Reza Mirkarimi . The film was also selected as Iran 's representative for Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars ."}]}, {'value': 'خیلی دور خیلی نزدیک', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reza Mirkarimi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi', 'summary': "Reza Mirkarimi ( Persian : رضا میرکریمی , born 27 January 1967 ) is an Iranian film writer and director . He graduated from Fine Arts University in Graphic Arts in Tehran . His Cinema activities started from 1987 with a short film named 'For Him ' ( 16mm Camera ) and with a series of shorts followed by two TV series aimed at young people . His 1999 first feature , 'The Child and The Soldier ' , has won several national and international awards , including the 'Golden Butterfly ' at the 1999 Isfahan International Children and Youth Film Festival , Iran and the 'Montgolfiere d'Argent ' at the Festival of 3 Continents , Nantes , France in 2000 , as well the Golden Shoe at the 'Children and Teenagers Film Festival ' in Zelin , Croatia in 2001 . 'The Child and The Soldier ' , was released in France in 2001 . In 2000 his second feature 'Under the Moonlight ' , dealing with social and religious issues won the Best Feature Award at the 40th Critics ' Week at the 2001 Cannes International Film Festival . The film also won the Best Director 's Award as well as the Special Jury Prize at the Tokyo IFF in 2001 , and the Golden Peacock Award at the International Film Festival of India . His fourth and fifth feature films , As Simple as That ( 2007 ) and Daughter ( 2016 ) , won the Golden George Award for the Best Picture at the 30th and the 38th Moscow International Film Festival respectively . He also contributes to young Iranian directors by producing their films . He has produced Do n't be Tired in 2012 and Voice of Silence in 2013.His latest film , Castle of Dreams ( 2019 ) , won big at Shanghai International Film Festival , receiving three awards for the best picture , the best director and the best actor . Mirkarimi has so far won seven Golden Simorgh awards at the Fajr Film Festival . Three of his films have been presented by Iran for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar : ' So Close , So Far ' , ' A Cube of Sugar ' and 'Today ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 ( 79th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 2006 , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}, {'url': '/wiki/79th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 79th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2006 and took place February 25 , 2007 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Laura Ziskin and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actress Ellen DeGeneres hosted for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California held on February 10 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Maggie Gyllenhaal . The Departed won four awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Martin Scorsese . Other winners included Pan 's Labyrinth with three , An Inconvenient Truth , Dreamgirls and Little Miss Sunshine with two , and Babel , The Blood of Yingzhou District , The Danish Poet , Happy Feet , The Last King of Scotland , Letters from Iwo Jima , The Lives of Others , Marie Antoinette , Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , The Queen and West Bank Story with one . The telecast garnered nearly 40 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Café Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Café_Transit', 'summary': "Café Transit ( in USA known as Border Cafe ) is a 2005 Iranian film directed by Kambuzia Partovi . It was Iran 's submission to the 79th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but was not nominated for the award ."}]}, {'value': 'کافه ترانزیت', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kambuzia Partovi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kambuzia_Partovi', 'summary': "Kambuzia Partovi ( also spelt Kambozia Partovi , born 11 November 1955 ) ( Persian : کامبوزیا پرتوی ) is an Iranian film director and scriptwriter . He was born in Rasht , Iran on the Caspian Sea . After studying theater arts in school he wrote mainly scripts for TV series . In 1988 he made his feature film debut with Golnar . His 2007 film Café Transit , which received the special mention at Mar del Plata film festival , was selected by Iran as its candidate for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . He has written screenplays for other directors , most notably Jafar Panahi 's The Circle . In 2013 he acted in and co-directed Closed Curtain with Panahi . Partovi has trained and supported many Iranian artists and film makers , most notably Bahman Ghobadi ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 ( 80th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of events in 2007 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . The highest-grossing film of the year was Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , which was just ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . 2007 is often considered one of the greatest years for film in the 21st century . As of 2019 , this was the last year in which no film grossed at least $ 1 billion at the worldwide box office ."}, {'url': '/wiki/80th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 80th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2007 and took place on February 24 , 2008 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J , Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the second time , having previously presided over the 78th ceremony held in 2006 . Two weeks earlier in a gala at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California held on February 9 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Alba . No Country for Old Men won the most awards of the ceremony with four including Best Picture . Other winners included The Bourne Ultimatum with three awards , La Vie en Rose ( La môme ) and There Will Be Blood with two awards , and Atonement , The Counterfeiters , Elizabeth : The Golden Age , Freeheld , The Golden Compass , Juno , Michael Clayton , The Mozart of Pickpockets , Once , Peter & the Wolf , Ratatouille , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , and Taxi to the Dark Side with one . The telecast garnered 31 million viewers , making it the least watched Oscar broadcast since 1974 , when Nielsen began keeping records of viewership .'}]}, {'value': 'M for Mother', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mim_Mesle_Madar', 'summary': "Mim Mesle Madar ( Persian : میم مثل مادر ) ( or M as in mother ; also M for Mother ) is an Iranian film directed by Rasoul Mollaqolipour , starring Ali Shadman , Golshifteh Farahani and Hossein Yari . The film is among the highest box office records in the history of Iranian cinema . Acclaimed Iranian actress Golshifteh Farahani stars in this film . The film 's score attained great acclaim , composed by Arya Aziminejad ."}]}, {'value': 'میم مثل مادر', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rasul Mollagholipour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rasul_Mollagholipour', 'summary': 'Rasoul Mollagholipour ( Persian : رسول ملاقلی\u200cپور ; also spelt Rasool Mollagholi Poor , 1955 - 6 March 2007 ) was an Iranian film director , screenwriter , and cinematographer .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 ( 81st )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2008 involved many major movie events . Its highest-grossing films included The Dark Knight , Kung Fu Panda , WALL-E and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull .'}, {'url': '/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 81st Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2008 and took place on February 22 , 2009 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and was produced by Bill Condon and Laurence Mark and directed by Roger Goodman . Actor Hugh Jackman hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California held on February 7 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Biel . Slumdog Millionaire won eight awards , the most of the evening , including Best Picture and Best Director for Danny Boyle . Other winners were The Curious Case of Benjamin Button with three awards , The Dark Knight and Milk with two awards , and Departures , The Duchess , La Maison en Petits Cubes , Man on Wire , The Reader , Smile Pinki , Toyland , Vicky Cristina Barcelona , and WALL-E with one . The telecast garnered almost 37 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'The Song of Sparrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Song_of_Sparrows', 'summary': 'The Song of Sparrows ( Âvâz-e gonjeshk-hâ ) ( Persian : آواز گنجشک\u200cها ) is a 2008 Iranian movie directed by Majid Majidi . It tells the story of Karim , a man who works at an ostrich farm until he is fired because one of the ostriches escapes . He finds a new job in Tehran , but he faces new problems in his personal life . This film opened to critical acclaim .'}]}, {'value': 'آواز گنجشکها', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majid Majidi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majid_Majidi', 'summary': 'Majid Majidi ( Persian : مجید مجیدی , Persian pronunciation : [ mæˌdʒiːde mædʒiːˈdi ] ; born 17 April 1959 ) is an Iranian film director , producer , and screenwriter , who started his film career as an actor . In his films , Majidi has touched on many themes and genres and has won numerous international awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 ( 82nd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2009 saw the release of many films . Seven made the top 50 list of highest-grossing films . Also in 2009 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that as of that year , their Best Picture category would consist of ten nominees , rather than five ( the first time since the 1943 awards ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 82nd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2009 and took place on March 7 , 2010 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . The ceremony was scheduled after its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2010 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and was produced by Bill Mechanic and Adam Shankman and directed by Hamish Hamilton . Actors Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin hosted the show . Martin hosted for the third time ; he first presided over the 73rd ceremony held in 2001 and last hosted the 75th ceremony held in 2003 . Meanwhile , this was Baldwin 's first Oscars hosting stint . This was also the first telecast to have multiple hosts since the 59th ceremony held in 1987 . On June 24 , 2009 , Academy president Sid Ganis announced at a press conference that , in an attempt to revitalize interest surrounding the awards , the 2010 ceremony would feature ten Best Picture nominees instead of five , a practice that was discontinued after the 16th ceremony in 1944 . On February 20 , 2010 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Elizabeth Banks . The Hurt Locker won six awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Kathryn Bigelow , the first woman to win an Academy Award for Best Director . Other winners were Avatar with three awards , Crazy Heart , Precious : Based on the Novel 'Push ' by Sapphire , and Up , with two awards , and The Cove , Inglourious Basterds , The Blind Side , Logorama , Music by Prudence , The New Tenants , The Secret in Their Eyes , Star Trek , and The Young Victoria with one ."}]}, {'value': 'About Elly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/About_Elly', 'summary': "About Elly ( Persian : درباره الی , translit . Dar bāre-ye Elly ) is a 2009 Iranian drama film directed by Asghar Farhadi . It is the fourth film by Farhadi . The film is about middle class relationships in Iran . Farhadi won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival for the film . The film was also nominated for 10 awards at the 27th Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran where Farhadi won the Crystal Simorgh for best directing . About Elly was Iran 's official submission for the competition in the Foreign Film section at the 82nd Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': '... درباره الی', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asghar Farhadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi', 'summary': 'Asghar Farhadi ( Persian : اصغر فرهادی ; Persian pronunciation : [ æsɢæɾ fæɾhɑːdiː ] pronunciation ( help·info ) born 7 May 1972 ) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter . Farhadi has received two Oscar Awards for Best Foreign Language Film for his films A Separation ( 2012 ) and The Salesman ( 2016 ) , making him one of the few directors worldwide who have won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film twice . In 2012 , he was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 ( 83rd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_film', 'summary': 'In the year 2010 , there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format , with releases such as Alice in Wonderland , Clash of the Titans , Jackass 3D , all animated films , with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats . 20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/83rd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 83rd Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2010 in the United States and took place on February 27 , 2011 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST ( 8:30 p.m. EST ) . During the ceremony , Academy Awards ( commonly called the Oscars ) were presented in 24 competitive categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Bruce Cohen and Don Mischer , with Mischer also serving as director . Actors James Franco and Anne Hathaway co-hosted the ceremony , marking the first time for each . In related events , the Academy held its second annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 13 , 2010 . On February 12 , 2011 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Marisa Tomei . Inception and The King 's Speech won four awards each with the latter film winning Best Picture . Other winners included The Social Network with three awards , Alice in Wonderland , The Fighter , and Toy Story 3 , with two awards , and Black Swan , God of Love , In a Better World , Inside Job , The Lost Thing , Strangers No More , and The Wolfman with one . The telecast garnered almost 38 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Farewell Baghdad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farewell_Baghdad_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'Farewell Baghdad ( Persian : بدرود بغداد ) is a 2010 Iranian drama film directed by Mehdi Naderi . The film was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards , but did not make the final shortlist .'}]}, {'value': 'بدرود بغداد', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehdi Naderi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehdi_Naderi', 'summary': "Mehdī Nāderī ( Persian : مهدی نادری , born 17 April 1973 in Najafabad ) is an Iranian film director . He started directing theater in 1988 . He has directed documentaries and fiction films . He is also a producer , scriptwriter , advisor and editor . His debut feature film Farewell Baghdad was Iran 's entry to the 83rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film , but it did n't make the final shortlist ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 ( 84th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film , including the highest-grossing films , film festivals , award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths . More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it , with 28 sequels released . Film critic Scout Tafoya considers 2011 as the best year for cinema , countering the notion of 1939 being film 's best year overall and citing important developments in cinematic expression during 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 84th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2011 in the United States and took place on February 26 , 2012 , at the Hollywood and Highland Center Theatre [ a ] in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Brian Grazer and Don Mischer , with Mischer also serving as director . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the ninth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 76th ceremony held in 2004 . On June 14 , 2011 , Academy president Tom Sherak announced at a press conference that , in an attempt to further revitalize interest surrounding the awards , the 2012 ceremony would feature between five and ten Best Picture nominees depending on voting results , as opposed to a set number of nominees . In related events , the Academy held its third annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 12 , 2011 . On February 11 , 2012 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Milla Jovovich . The Artist won five awards , including Best Actor for Jean Dujardin , Best Director for Michel Hazanavicius , and Best Picture , the first silent feature to win an Academy Award for Best Picture since 1927 's Wings , the inaugural winner in 1929 . Other winners included Hugo also with five awards , The Iron Lady with two awards , and Beginners , The Descendants , The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The Help , Midnight in Paris , The Muppets , Rango , Saving Face , A Separation , The Shore , and Undefeated with one . The telecast garnered more than 39 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'A Separation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Separation', 'summary': "A Separation ( Persian : جدایی نادر از سیمین Jodaí-e Nadér az Simín , The Separation of Nader from Simin ) is a 2011 Iranian drama film written and directed by Asghar Farhadi , starring Leila Hatami , Peyman Moaadi , Shahab Hosseini , Sareh Bayat , and Sarina Farhadi . It focuses on an Iranian middle-class couple who separate , the disappointment and desperation suffered by their daughter due to the egotistical disputes and separation of her parents , and the conflicts that arise when the husband hires a lower-class caregiver for his elderly father , who suffers from Alzheimer 's disease . A Separation won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film in 2012 , becoming the first Iranian film to win the award . It received the Golden Bear for Best Film and the Silver Bears for Best Actress and Best Actor at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival , becoming the first Iranian film to win the Golden Bear . It also won the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film . and the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Feature Film . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , making it the first non-English film in five years to achieve this ."}]}, {'value': 'جدایی نادر از سیمین', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asghar Farhadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi', 'summary': 'Asghar Farhadi ( Persian : اصغر فرهادی ; Persian pronunciation : [ æsɢæɾ fæɾhɑːdiː ] pronunciation ( help·info ) born 7 May 1972 ) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter . Farhadi has received two Oscar Awards for Best Foreign Language Film for his films A Separation ( 2012 ) and The Salesman ( 2016 ) , making him one of the few directors worldwide who have won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film twice . In 2012 , he was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Won Academy Award', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 ( 86th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_in_film', 'summary': 'The following tables list films released in 2013 . Three popular films ( Top Gun , Jurassic Park , and The Wizard of Oz ) were re-released in 3D and IMAX .'}, {'url': '/wiki/86th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 86th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2013 and took place on March 2 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . The ceremony was scheduled well after its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2014 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton . Actress Ellen DeGeneres hosted the show for the second time , having previously hosted the 79th ceremony held in 2007 . In related events , the Academy held its 5th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 16 , 2013 . On February 15 , 2014 , in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Kristen Bell and Michael B. Jordan . 12 Years a Slave won three awards including Best Picture . Gravity won the most awards with seven including Best Director for Alfonso Cuarón . Other winners included Dallas Buyers Club also with three awards , Frozen , and The Great Gatsby with two , and Blue Jasmine , The Great Beauty , Helium , Her , The Lady in Number 6 , Mr Hublot , and 20 Feet from Stardom with one . The telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscar ceremony since the 72nd Academy Awards in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Past', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Past_(2013_film)', 'summary': "The Past ( French : Le Passé , Persian : گذشته Gozašte ) is a 2013 French-Italian-Iranian drama film , written and directed by Iranian director Asghar Farhadi and starring Bérénice Bejo , Tahar Rahim and Ali Mosaffa . The film was nominated for the Palme d'Or award at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and won the festival 's Prize of the Ecumenical Jury . Bejo also won the festival 's Best Actress Award . It was shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards , but it was not nominated . The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 71st Golden Globe Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'گذشته', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asghar Farhadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi', 'summary': 'Asghar Farhadi ( Persian : اصغر فرهادی ; Persian pronunciation : [ æsɢæɾ fæɾhɑːdiː ] pronunciation ( help·info ) born 7 May 1972 ) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter . Farhadi has received two Oscar Awards for Best Foreign Language Film for his films A Separation ( 2012 ) and The Salesman ( 2016 ) , making him one of the few directors worldwide who have won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film twice . In 2012 , he was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 ( 87th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of the events of 2014 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , and a list of films released and notable deaths .'}, {'url': '/wiki/87th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 87th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2014 and took place on February 22 , 2015 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton . Actor Neil Patrick Harris hosted the ceremony for the first time . In related events , the Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 8 , 2014 . On February 7 , 2015 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Margot Robbie and Miles Teller . Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) and The Grand Budapest Hotel each won four awards , with the former film earning the Best Picture honor . Other winners include Whiplash with three and American Sniper , Big Hero 6 , Boyhood , Citizenfour , Crisis Hotline : Veterans Press 1 , Feast , Ida , The Imitation Game , Interstellar , The Phone Call , Selma , Still Alice , and The Theory of Everything with one . The telecast garnered more than 37 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Today', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Today_(2014_film)', 'summary': 'Today is a 2014 Iranian drama film directed by Reza Mirkarimi . It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival . It was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards , but was not nominated .'}]}, {'value': 'امروز', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reza Mirkarimi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi', 'summary': "Reza Mirkarimi ( Persian : رضا میرکریمی , born 27 January 1967 ) is an Iranian film writer and director . He graduated from Fine Arts University in Graphic Arts in Tehran . His Cinema activities started from 1987 with a short film named 'For Him ' ( 16mm Camera ) and with a series of shorts followed by two TV series aimed at young people . His 1999 first feature , 'The Child and The Soldier ' , has won several national and international awards , including the 'Golden Butterfly ' at the 1999 Isfahan International Children and Youth Film Festival , Iran and the 'Montgolfiere d'Argent ' at the Festival of 3 Continents , Nantes , France in 2000 , as well the Golden Shoe at the 'Children and Teenagers Film Festival ' in Zelin , Croatia in 2001 . 'The Child and The Soldier ' , was released in France in 2001 . In 2000 his second feature 'Under the Moonlight ' , dealing with social and religious issues won the Best Feature Award at the 40th Critics ' Week at the 2001 Cannes International Film Festival . The film also won the Best Director 's Award as well as the Special Jury Prize at the Tokyo IFF in 2001 , and the Golden Peacock Award at the International Film Festival of India . His fourth and fifth feature films , As Simple as That ( 2007 ) and Daughter ( 2016 ) , won the Golden George Award for the Best Picture at the 30th and the 38th Moscow International Film Festival respectively . He also contributes to young Iranian directors by producing their films . He has produced Do n't be Tired in 2012 and Voice of Silence in 2013.His latest film , Castle of Dreams ( 2019 ) , won big at Shanghai International Film Festival , receiving three awards for the best picture , the best director and the best actor . Mirkarimi has so far won seven Golden Simorgh awards at the Fajr Film Festival . Three of his films have been presented by Iran for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar : ' So Close , So Far ' , ' A Cube of Sugar ' and 'Today ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Submissions', 'section_text': "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1956 . The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films . Following this , they vote via secret ballot to determine the five nominees for the award . [ 6 ] The Iranian nominee is selected each fall by a committee appointed by the Farabi Cinematic Foundation . [ 7 ] Despite poor relations with the United States , Iran has participated in the US-based competition since 1994 , missing only one year . They attempted to withdraw their 1995 submission The White Balloon after sending it to Hollywood , but AMPAS refused to accept the withdrawal . [ 8 ] All selected films were primarily in Persian , except for Ghobadi 's two Kurdish language films and Farhadi 's The Past which was in French . Also in six occasions , films made by Iranian directors represented other countries : I Love Vienna/Austria , Persepolis/ France , For a Moment , Freedom/Austria , Baba Joon/Israel , Under the Shadow/UK and Border/Sweden . Below is a list of the films that have been submitted by Iran for review by the Academy for the award by year and the respective Academy Awards ceremony .", 'uid': 'List_of_Iranian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film_0', 'intro': "Iran has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film[nb 1] regularly since 1994. Prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, Imperial Iran sent a single film in 1977. Iran has submitted a total of twenty-five films for Oscar consideration and three films, Majid Majidi's Children of Heaven and Asghar Farhadi's A Separation and The Salesman, have received an Oscar nomination. Of the three films, A Separation and The Salesman won the award. Five of the submitted films were directed by Majidi and four of them were made by Farhadi. Bahman Ghobadi and Reza Mirkarimi were each chosen to represent Iran at the Oscars on two occasions. On 24 September 2012, the film A Cube of Sugar was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards. However, on the same day the head of Iran's government controlled cinema agency called for a boycott of the Oscars due to the Innocence of Muslims video on YouTube that originated in the United States. Reuters reported that Iran's Culture and Islamic Guidance Minister Mohammad Hosseini had confirmed that Iran would boycott."}
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Who wrote the screenplay of the movie that Iran submitted to the Oscars after Through the Olive Trees but before Gabbeh ?
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Abbas Kiarostami
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01c333e031fcc1c9
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macgregor_Kilpatrick_Trophy', 'title': 'Macgregor Kilpatrick Trophy', 'header': ['Season', 'Team', 'Points/Pts%', 'Playoff result'], 'data': [{'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 AHL season is the 83rd season of the American Hockey League . The regular season began October 5 , 2018 and ended April 15 , 2019 . The 2019 Calder Cup playoffs followed the conclusion of the regular season .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte Checkers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Checkers', 'summary': "The Charlotte Checkers are a minor-league professional ice hockey team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , and are the top minor-league affiliate of the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Checkers play their home games at Bojangles ' Coliseum . The current organization is the third team by this name ; it succeeded a Checkers franchise which played in the ECHL from 1993 until the end of the 2009-10 ECHL season . The original Checkers team played in the city from 1956 to 1977 , originally in the Eastern Hockey League and then in the Southern Hockey League . The franchise is one of six teams to replace and share a name with a predecessor franchise from a lower-tier league ; the others are the Bakersfield Condors , Colorado Eagles , Ontario Reign , Rockford IceHogs , and San Diego Gulls ."}]}, {'value': '.724% ( 110 points )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Calder Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 AHL season is the 82nd season of the American Hockey League . The regular season ran from October 6 , 2017 , to April 15 , 2018 . The 2018 Calder Cup playoffs followed the conclusion of the regular season . The Toronto Marlies won their first Calder Cup in seven games over the Texas Stars .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto Marlies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Marlies', 'summary': "The Toronto Marlies are a Canadian professional ice hockey team playing in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . The top affiliate of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's Toronto Maple Leafs , the Marlies play at Coca-Cola Coliseum in Toronto , Ontario , Canada ."}]}, {'value': '.737% ( 112 points )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Calder Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 AHL season is the 81st season of the American Hockey League . The regular season began on October 14 , 2016 , and ended on April 15 , 2017 . The 2017 Calder Cup playoffs began on April 20 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton_Penguins', 'summary': "The Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins are the American Hockey League affiliate of the National Hockey League 's Pittsburgh Penguins . They play at the Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza in Wilkes-Barre Township , just outside the city of Wilkes-Barre . They were the 2011 winners of the East Division and the Eastern Conference ( in terms of regular season titles ) , winning their first Macgregor Kilpatrick Trophy ."}]}, {'value': '.704% ( 107 points )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Division Semifinals ( PRO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence_Bruins', 'summary': "The Providence Bruins are an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , and are the primary development team for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They play at the Dunkin ' Donuts Center in Providence , Rhode Island ."}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 AHL season is the 80th season of the American Hockey League . The regular season began on October 9 , 2015 , and ended on April 17 , 2016 . The 2016 Calder Cup playoffs follow the conclusion of the regular season . An attendance record was set with a league average of 5,982 spectators per game , surpassing the record set in 2004-05 .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto Marlies', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.750% ( 114 points )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Conference Finals ( HER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hershey_Bears', 'summary': "The Hershey Bears are an American professional ice hockey team based in Hershey , Pennsylvania . The current Bears club has played in the American Hockey League since the 1938-39 season making it the longest continuously operating member club of the league still playing in its original city . The Bears organization currently serves as the primary development club for the NHL 's Washington Capitals since the 2005-06 season . Since the 2002-03 season the hockey club 's home games have been played at Giant Center , located less than half a mile west of Hersheypark Arena , the AHL club 's previous home from 1938 to 2002 . ( The Arena was also the home to the EAHL Hershey Bears from 1936 to 1938 . ) The Bears have won 11 Calder Cups , more than any other AHL team . They won their most recent title in 2010 . Chocolate manufacturer Milton S. Hershey first established the Hershey Hockey Club in 1932 to manage pro hockey teams based in Hershey . Now in its ninth decade , it has operated four teams in three pro leagues , including the AHL Bears . Now called the Hershey Bears Hockey Club , it is a subsidiary of the Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company ( originally called Hershey Estates and later HERCO ) , the entertainment and hospitality division of the Hershey Trust Company . Gordie Howe , who was selected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972 and was known as Mr. Hockey , once remarked , Everybody who is anybody in hockey has played in Hershey , although he himself did not play there ."}]}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2014-15 AHL season was the 79th season of the American Hockey League . The regular season began in October 2014 and ended in April 2015 . The 2015 Calder Cup playoffs followed the conclusion of the regular season .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchester Monarchs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_Monarchs_(AHL)', 'summary': "The Manchester Monarchs were a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . They played in Manchester , New Hampshire , at the Verizon Wireless Arena . They were the AHL affiliate of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) Los Angeles Kings during the team 's entire existence . For the 2015-16 season , the Monarchs traded places with the Kings ' affiliate in the ECHL , the Ontario Reign ; the AHL franchise moved to Ontario , California , and play at Citizens Business Bank Arena where they became the new Ontario Reign , while the ECHL team moved to New Hampshire retaining the Manchester Monarchs name . The Monarchs won their only Calder Cup in their final AHL season ."}]}, {'value': '109', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Calder Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 AHL season was the 78th season of the American Hockey League . The regular season began on October 4 , 2013 , and ended on April 19 , 2014 . The 2014 Calder Cup playoffs followed the conclusion of the regular season . The Calder Cup was won by the Texas Stars for their first Calder Cup in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Stars', 'summary': "The Texas Stars are an American Hockey League team in Cedar Park , Texas , near Austin with home games at the H-E-B Center . They are owned by the NHL 's Dallas Stars , and are that team 's top affiliate ."}]}, {'value': '106', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Calder Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 AHL season is the 77th season of the American Hockey League . The regular season began on October 12 , 2012 and ended on April 21 , 2013 . The 2013 Calder Cup playoffs followed the conclusion of the regular season . The Calder Cup was won by the Grand Rapids Griffins for their first Calder Cup in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Providence Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence_Bruins', 'summary': "The Providence Bruins are an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , and are the primary development team for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They play at the Dunkin ' Donuts Center in Providence , Rhode Island ."}]}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Conference Semifinals ( WBS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton_Penguins', 'summary': "The Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins are the American Hockey League affiliate of the National Hockey League 's Pittsburgh Penguins . They play at the Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza in Wilkes-Barre Township , just outside the city of Wilkes-Barre . They were the 2011 winners of the East Division and the Eastern Conference ( in terms of regular season titles ) , winning their first Macgregor Kilpatrick Trophy ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2011-12 AHL season is the 76th season of the American Hockey League . The regular season began on October 7 , 2011 , and concluded on April 15 , 2012 . The 2012 Calder Cup playoffs follows the conclusion of the regular season .'}]}, {'value': 'Norfolk Admirals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk_Admirals_(AHL)', 'summary': "The Norfolk Admirals were a professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League . They became affiliated with the Anaheim Ducks after being dropped from the Tampa Bay Lightning following their 2012 AHL championship season . The Admirals played in Norfolk , Virginia at the Norfolk Scope . For the 2015-16 season , the Admirals moved to San Diego , California to become the newest version of the San Diego Gulls as part of the AHL 's efforts to create a Pacific Division . The Bakersfield Condors from the ECHL moved to Norfolk for the 2015-16 season and also use the name Norfolk Admirals ."}]}, {'value': '113', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Calder Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 AHL season is the 75th season of the American Hockey League . An all-time high of thirty teams played 80 games each during the regular season schedule , which started on October 8 , 2010 and ended on April 10 , 2011 . This season featured the addition of one new team , the relocation of two others , and the renaming of another .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '117', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Division Finals ( CHA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Checkers', 'summary': "The Charlotte Checkers are a minor-league professional ice hockey team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , and are the top minor-league affiliate of the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Checkers play their home games at Bojangles ' Coliseum . The current organization is the third team by this name ; it succeeded a Checkers franchise which played in the ECHL from 1993 until the end of the 2009-10 ECHL season . The original Checkers team played in the city from 1956 to 1977 , originally in the Eastern Hockey League and then in the Southern Hockey League . The franchise is one of six teams to replace and share a name with a predecessor franchise from a lower-tier league ; the others are the Bakersfield Condors , Colorado Eagles , Ontario Reign , Rockford IceHogs , and San Diego Gulls ."}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 AHL season was the 74th season of the American Hockey League . Twenty-nine teams played 80 regular-season games each from October 2 to April 11 . This season featured the addition of one new team , the relocation of two others , and the involuntary suspension of another .'}]}, {'value': 'Hershey Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hershey_Bears', 'summary': "The Hershey Bears are an American professional ice hockey team based in Hershey , Pennsylvania . The current Bears club has played in the American Hockey League since the 1938-39 season making it the longest continuously operating member club of the league still playing in its original city . The Bears organization currently serves as the primary development club for the NHL 's Washington Capitals since the 2005-06 season . Since the 2002-03 season the hockey club 's home games have been played at Giant Center , located less than half a mile west of Hersheypark Arena , the AHL club 's previous home from 1938 to 2002 . ( The Arena was also the home to the EAHL Hershey Bears from 1936 to 1938 . ) The Bears have won 11 Calder Cups , more than any other AHL team . They won their most recent title in 2010 . Chocolate manufacturer Milton S. Hershey first established the Hershey Hockey Club in 1932 to manage pro hockey teams based in Hershey . Now in its ninth decade , it has operated four teams in three pro leagues , including the AHL Bears . Now called the Hershey Bears Hockey Club , it is a subsidiary of the Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company ( originally called Hershey Estates and later HERCO ) , the entertainment and hospitality division of the Hershey Trust Company . Gordie Howe , who was selected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972 and was known as Mr. Hockey , once remarked , Everybody who is anybody in hockey has played in Hershey , although he himself did not play there ."}]}, {'value': '123', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Calder Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2008-09 AHL season is the 73rd season of the American Hockey League . 29 teams each played 80 games in the regular season , which ran from October 8 until April 12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Manitoba Moose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Moose', 'summary': "The Manitoba Moose are a Canadian professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada , that plays in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . The team plays its home games at Bell MTS Place , the home arena of its parent club , the National Hockey League 's Winnipeg Jets . The franchise was founded as the Minnesota Moose of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) in 1994 . During its first tenure in Winnipeg ( 1996-2011 ) , the Manitoba Moose played five seasons in the IHL and ten in the AHL . This was followed by four seasons in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador ( 2011-2015 ) , during which time the team was known as the St. John 's IceCaps . The team returned to Winnipeg prior to the 2015-16 season ."}]}, {'value': '107', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Calder Cup Finals ( HER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hershey_Bears', 'summary': "The Hershey Bears are an American professional ice hockey team based in Hershey , Pennsylvania . The current Bears club has played in the American Hockey League since the 1938-39 season making it the longest continuously operating member club of the league still playing in its original city . The Bears organization currently serves as the primary development club for the NHL 's Washington Capitals since the 2005-06 season . Since the 2002-03 season the hockey club 's home games have been played at Giant Center , located less than half a mile west of Hersheypark Arena , the AHL club 's previous home from 1938 to 2002 . ( The Arena was also the home to the EAHL Hershey Bears from 1936 to 1938 . ) The Bears have won 11 Calder Cups , more than any other AHL team . They won their most recent title in 2010 . Chocolate manufacturer Milton S. Hershey first established the Hershey Hockey Club in 1932 to manage pro hockey teams based in Hershey . Now in its ninth decade , it has operated four teams in three pro leagues , including the AHL Bears . Now called the Hershey Bears Hockey Club , it is a subsidiary of the Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company ( originally called Hershey Estates and later HERCO ) , the entertainment and hospitality division of the Hershey Trust Company . Gordie Howe , who was selected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972 and was known as Mr. Hockey , once remarked , Everybody who is anybody in hockey has played in Hershey , although he himself did not play there ."}]}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2007-08 AHL season is the 72nd season of the American Hockey League . Twenty-nine teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Chicago Wolves won their second Calder Cup , defeating the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins in the Calder Cup Final .'}]}, {'value': 'Providence Bruins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '117', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Division Finals ( POR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Portland Pirates were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . Their home arena was the Cross Insurance Arena in downtown Portland , Maine . The franchise was previously known as the Baltimore Skipjacks from 1982 to 1993 . The Pirates were affiliated with the Washington Capitals ( 1993-2005 ) , the Anaheim Ducks ( 2005-2008 ) , the Buffalo Sabres ( 2008-2011 ) , Arizona Coyotes ( 2011-2015 ) , and the Florida Panthers ( 2015-2016 ) . The organization hosted the AHL All-Star Classic in 2003 and 2010 . On May 4 , 2016 , the Pirates announced it had signed a letter of intent with an outside buyer to sell and relocate the franchise for the 2016-17 season . It was reported that the team would be relocated to Springfield , Massachusetts following the pending sale and relocation of the Springfield Falcons franchise to Tucson , Arizona . The transaction was approved by the AHL on May 23 , 2016 , and the franchise became the Springfield Thunderbirds .'}]}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006–07_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2006-07 AHL season was the 71st season of the American Hockey League . Twenty-seven teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Hamilton Bulldogs won their first Calder Cup , defeating the defending champions , the Hershey Bears in the finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Hershey Bears', 'urls': []}, {'value': '114', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Calder Cup Finals ( HAM )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Bulldogs_(AHL)', 'summary': "The Hamilton Bulldogs were a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League . They played in Hamilton , Ontario , at FirstOntario Centre ( formerly known as Copps Coliseum ) , nicknamed 'The Dog Pound ' . They were the AHL affiliate of the NHL 's Edmonton Oilers and Montreal Canadiens as two separate franchises over 19 seasons of continuous participation in the AHL . The team won the Calder Cup once in its history , in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005–06_AHL_season', 'summary': "The 2005-06 AHL season was the 70th season of the American Hockey League . Twenty-seven teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Hershey Bears won the Calder Cup , defeating the Milwaukee Admirals in the finals . To celebrate the AHL 's 70th anniversary , the league announced on January 6 , 2006 , the first inductees into the AHL 's new Hall of Fame . The first inductees were ; Johnny Bower , Jack Butterfield , Jody Gage , Fred Glover , Willie Marshall , Frank Mathers and Eddie Shore ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Rapids Griffins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Griffins', 'summary': 'The Grand Rapids Griffins are a professional hockey team in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) based in Grand Rapids , Michigan and play home games at Van Andel Arena . They are the AHL affiliate to the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League , and are the 2013 and 2017 Calder Cup champions . The franchise began in the now-defunct International Hockey League in 1996 and merged into the AHL in 2001 . The only player to have his number retired in team history is Travis Richards .'}]}, {'value': '115', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Conference Finals ( MIL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Admirals', 'summary': "The Milwaukee Admirals are a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League . They play in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Panther Arena . They have been affiliated with the NHL 's Nashville Predators since that team 's founding in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '2004-05', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004–05_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2004-05 AHL season was the 69th season of the American Hockey League . Twenty-eight teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Rochester Americans finished first overall in the regular season . The Philadelphia Phantoms won the Calder Cup , defeating the Chicago Wolves in the finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochester_Americans', 'summary': "The Rochester Americans ( colloquially the Amerks ) are a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League ; the team is an owned-and operated affiliate of the Buffalo Sabres . The team plays its home games in Rochester , New York , at the Blue Cross Arena at the War Memorial . The Americans are the fourth-oldest franchise in the AHL , and have the second-longest continuous tenure among AHL teams in their current locations after the Hershey Bears . They celebrated their 60th anniversary in the 2015-16 season . Rochester was awarded a new franchise in June 1956 , when the Pittsburgh Hornets were forced to suspend operations after their arena , the Duquesne Gardens was razed in an urban renewal project . With the Hornets franchise in limbo until a new arena could be built , there was room in the league for a team in Rochester . The Americans ' team colors are red , white and blue . The logo is a patriotic badge with Americans written in cursive script . The Americans have played for the Calder Cup 16 times . They have won six Cups : in 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1983 , 1987 and 1996 . They have lost in the finals ten times : in 1957 , 1960 , 1967 , 1977 , 1984 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1999 and 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '112', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Division Finals ( MTB )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Moose', 'summary': "The Manitoba Moose are a Canadian professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada , that plays in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . The team plays its home games at Bell MTS Place , the home arena of its parent club , the National Hockey League 's Winnipeg Jets . The franchise was founded as the Minnesota Moose of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) in 1994 . During its first tenure in Winnipeg ( 1996-2011 ) , the Manitoba Moose played five seasons in the IHL and ten in the AHL . This was followed by four seasons in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador ( 2011-2015 ) , during which time the team was known as the St. John 's IceCaps . The team returned to Winnipeg prior to the 2015-16 season ."}]}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003–04_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2003-04 AHL season was the 68th season of the American Hockey League . The league introduces the Willie Marshall Award in honour the career points leader in the AHL , and awards it to the annual top goal scorer . The AHL changes from a six division alignment to four divisions within two conferences . The Eastern conference consists of the Atlantic and East divisions , and the Western conference consists of the North and West divisions . Twenty-eight teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Milwaukee Admirals finished first overall in the regular season , and won the Calder Cup , defeating the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins in the finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Milwaukee Admirals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Admirals', 'summary': "The Milwaukee Admirals are a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League . They play in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Panther Arena . They have been affiliated with the NHL 's Nashville Predators since that team 's founding in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '102', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Calder Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 AHL season was the 67th season of the American Hockey League . Twenty-eight teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Hamilton Bulldogs finished first overall in the regular season . The Houston Aeros won their first Calder Cup championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Bulldogs_(AHL)', 'summary': "The Hamilton Bulldogs were a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League . They played in Hamilton , Ontario , at FirstOntario Centre ( formerly known as Copps Coliseum ) , nicknamed 'The Dog Pound ' . They were the AHL affiliate of the NHL 's Edmonton Oilers and Montreal Canadiens as two separate franchises over 19 seasons of continuous participation in the AHL . The team won the Calder Cup once in its history , in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Calder Cup Finals ( HOU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Aeros_(1994–2013)', 'summary': "The Houston Aeros were a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League . The team played in Houston , Texas , at the Toyota Center . They were the AHL affiliate of the NHL 's Minnesota Wild . The team is now the Iowa Wild ."}]}, {'value': '2001-02', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001–02_AHL_season', 'summary': "The 2001-02 AHL season was the 66th season of the American Hockey League . It was the season of the biggest growth in the AHL 's history , as it accepted eight new teams . The demise of the International Hockey League brought six teams transferring from the defunct league , in addition to two expansion teams . The AHL realigns divisions again . The Eastern conference consists of the East , North and Canadian divisions . The Western conference consists of the Central , South and West divisions . The league also announces three additional trophies . Two of which are to be awarded for the regular season champions of the new divisions . The Norman R. Bud Poile Trophy goes to the West division , and the Emile Francis Trophy goes to the North division . The third trophy , the Michael Condon Memorial Award is first awarded for outstanding service by an on-ice official in the AHL . Twenty-seven teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Bridgeport Sound Tigers finished first overall in the regular season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgeport Sound Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgeport_Sound_Tigers', 'summary': "The Bridgeport Sound Tigers are a professional ice hockey team playing in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . They are the AHL affiliate of the National Hockey League 's New York Islanders , who also own the franchise . The team started in 2001-02 season and were purchased by the NY Islanders in 2004 . The team is based in Bridgeport , Connecticut and play their home games at the Webster Bank Arena ."}]}, {'value': '98', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Calder Cup Finals ( CHI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Wolves', 'summary': 'The Chicago Wolves are a professional ice hockey team playing in the Central Division of the Western Conference of the American Hockey League . The Wolves play home games at the Allstate Arena in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont , Illinois and are owned by Chicago business owners Don Levin and Buddy Meyers . They are the minor league affiliate of the Vegas Golden Knights . Originally a member of the International Hockey League , the Wolves joined the AHL after the IHL folded in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2000-01 AHL season was the 65th season of the American Hockey League . The league realigns its divisions again . The Atlantic division is renamed the Canadian division . The Empire State division is replaced by the South division , with many teams shifting from the Mid-Atlantic division . Twenty teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Worcester IceCats finished first overall in the regular season . The Saint John Flames won their first Calder Cup championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester IceCats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_IceCats', 'summary': 'The Worcester IceCats were an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League . They played in Worcester , Massachusetts , at the Worcester Centrum . In 2005 the team was renamed the Peoria Rivermen and moved to Peoria , Illinois .'}]}, {'value': '108', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Division Finals ( PRO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence_Bruins', 'summary': "The Providence Bruins are an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , and are the primary development team for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They play at the Dunkin ' Donuts Center in Providence , Rhode Island ."}]}, {'value': '1999-00', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–00_AHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1999-2000 AHL season was the 64th season of the American Hockey League . Nineteen teams played 80 games each in the schedule . The Hartford Wolf Pack finished first overall in the regular season , and won their first Calder Cup championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Hartford Wolf Pack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartford_Wolf_Pack', 'summary': "The Hartford Wolf Pack is a professional ice hockey team based in Hartford , Connecticut . A member of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , they play their home games at the XL Center . The team was established in 1926 as the Providence Reds . After a series of relocations , the team moved to Hartford in 1997 as the Hartford Wolf Pack . It is one of the oldest professional hockey franchises extant , and the oldest continuously operating minor league hockey franchise in North America . The franchise was renamed the Connecticut Whale in October 2010 , in honor of the former Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) but reverted to their current name after the 2012-13 AHL season . The Wolf Pack is the top affiliate of the NHL 's New York Rangers and is one of the three professional hockey teams in Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': '107', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Calder Cup', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': 'Team won the Calder Cup Team lost the Calder Cup finals', 'uid': 'Macgregor_Kilpatrick_Trophy_0', 'intro': 'The Macgregor Kilpatrick Trophy is presented annually to the AHL team that finishes the regular season with the most points or highest points percentage. The award is named after late former AHL board member Macgregor Kilpatrick. The award was first presented for the 1997-98 season, the season after Kilpatrick died. Prior to the current trophy, the F. G. Teddy Oke Trophy was awarded from 1952-53 to 1960-61 and in 1976-77 to the team which finished first overall in the AHL, though at the time the league only had a single division.'}
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What are the total points of the team that succeeded a Checkers franchise which played in the ECHL from 1993 until the end of the 2009-10 ECHL season ?
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.724% ( 110 points )
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01c35becc72ec655
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II', 'header': ['Name', 'Service', 'Rank', 'Place of action', 'Date of action'], 'data': [{'value': 'William R. Caddy †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_R._Caddy', 'summary': "Private First Class William Robert Caddy ( August 8 , 1925 - March 3 , 1945 ) was a United States Marine who sacrificed his life to save the lives of his platoon leader and platoon sergeant during the Battle of Iwo Jima . For his bravery , he posthumously received his nation 's highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor . He was the 72nd Marine of World War II to receive this honor . Caddy dropped out of high school after two years and worked giving most of his earnings to his mother before being drafted in the Marine Corps in 1943 . He attended training and was sent overseas to the Pacific Theatre of World War II aboard the USS Arthur Middleton . After the Middleton he went to Hawaii for training and then went to Iwo Jima aboard the USS Darke ( APA-159 ) . For the next twelve days he fought with his unit on the island until he was killed March 3 , 1945 when an enemy grenade landed near him and he sacrificed himself by smothering the blast with his body ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 3 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel J. Callaghan †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_J._Callaghan', 'summary': 'Daniel Judson Callaghan ( July 26 , 1890 - November 13 , 1942 ) was a United States Navy officer who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal . In a career spanning just over 30 years , he served his country in two wars . He served on several ships during his first 20 years of service , including escort duties during World War I , and also filled some shore-based administrative roles . He later came to the attention of US President Franklin Roosevelt , who appointed Callaghan as his naval aide in 1938 . A few years later , he returned to command duties during the early stages of World War II . Callaghan was killed by an enemy shell on the bridge of his flagship , USS San Francisco , during a surface action against a larger Japanese force off Savo Island . The battle ended in a strategic victory for the Allied side .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)', 'summary': 'Rear admiral in the United States is either of two different ranks of commissioned officers - one-star flag officers and two-star flag officers . By contrast , in most nations , the term rear admiral refers to an officer of two-star rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , Savo Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal', 'summary': "The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , sometimes referred to as the Third and Fourth Battles of Savo Island , the Battle of the Solomons , the Battle of Friday the 13th , or , in Japanese sources , the Third Battle of the Solomon Sea ( 第三次ソロモン海戦 , Dai-san-ji Soromon Kaisen ) , took place from 12-15 November 1942 , and was the decisive engagement in a series of naval battles between Allied ( primarily American ) and Imperial Japanese forces during the months-long Guadalcanal Campaign in the Solomon Islands during World War II . The action consisted of combined air and sea engagements over four days , most near Guadalcanal and all related to a Japanese effort to reinforce land forces on the island . The only two U.S. Navy admirals to be killed in a surface engagement in the war were lost in this battle . Allied forces landed on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 and seized an airfield , later called Henderson Field , that was under construction by the Japanese military . There were several subsequent attempts to recapture the airfield by the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy using reinforcements delivered to Guadalcanal by ship , efforts which ultimately failed . In early November 1942 , the Japanese organized a transport convoy to take 7,000 infantry troops and their equipment to Guadalcanal to attempt once again to retake the airfield . Several Japanese warship forces were assigned to bombard Henderson Field with the goal of destroying Allied aircraft that posed a threat to the convoy . Learning of the Japanese reinforcement effort , U.S. forces launched aircraft and warship attacks to defend Henderson Field and prevent the Japanese ground troops from reaching Guadalcanal . In the resulting battle , both sides lost numerous warships in two extremely destructive surface engagements at night . Nevertheless , the U.S. succeeded in turning back attempts by the Japanese to bombard Henderson Field with battleships . Allied aircraft also sank most of the Japanese troop transports and prevented the majority of the Japanese troops and equipment from reaching Guadalcanal . Thus , the battle turned back Japan 's last major attempt to dislodge Allied forces from Guadalcanal and nearby Tulagi , resulting in a strategic victory for the U.S. and its allies and deciding the ultimate outcome of the Guadalcanal campaign in their favor ."}]}, {'value': 'November 12 , 1942 - November 13 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Calugas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Calugas', 'summary': "Jose Cabalfin Calugas ( December 29 , 1907 - January 18 , 1998 ) was a member of the Philippine Scouts during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Battle of Bataan . At the age of 23 , Calugas joined the Philippine Scouts of the United States Army and completed training as an artilleryman and served with different artillery batteries of the Philippine Scouts until his unit was mobilized to fight in World War II . After noticing one of his unit 's gun batteries had been destroyed and its crew killed , he gathered several members of his unit together , dug in and attempted to defend the line . He was captured along with other members of his unit and forced to march to a distant enemy prison camp , where he was held as a prisoner of war . When he was released in 1943 , he was secretly assigned to a guerrilla unit in the Philippines where he fought for the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese . After World War II Calugas received a direct commission and became a United States citizen . Retiring from the Army , he settled in Tacoma , Washington ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Culis , Bataan Province , Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 16 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George H. Cannon †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_H._Cannon', 'summary': "First Lieutenant George Ham Cannon , USMC , ( November 5 , 1915 - December 7 , 1941 ) was the first U.S. Marine in World War II to receive the nation 's highest military award - the Medal of Honor . He posthumously received the medal for distinguished conduct in the line of his profession , extraordinary courage , and disregard of his own condition during the bombardment of Midway Island by Japanese forces on December 7 , 1941 . He remained at his Command Post despite being mortally wounded by enemy shell fire . He refused to be evacuated until his men who had been wounded by the same shell were evacuated , and he continued to direct the reorganization of his Command Post until forcibly removed . He refused medical attention until he was assured communications were restored to his Command Post . As a result of his utter disregard of his own condition , he later died from loss of blood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Sand Island , Midway Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 7 , 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Cano †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Cano', 'summary': 'Pedro Cano ( June 19 , 1920 - June 24 , 1952 ) was a World War II veteran who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in combat near Schevenhütte , Germany in December 1944 . Cano was born in La Morita , Nuevo Leon , Mexico . He moved to the United States into the small community of Edinburg , Texas when he was 2 months old . There he served as a farm laborer until he volunteered to serve in the Army during World War II . As a private , he was deployed to the European theater to serve with the 4th Infantry Division where he engaged in battles both in France and in Germany . He exhibited extraordinary courage and valor in battle and later sustained injuries that left him permanently disabled . He returned to South Texas to join his wife and children and resumed his work as a farm laborer . Private Cano received two Bronze Star medals , a Purple Heart , and a Distinguished Service Cross . On March 18 , 2014 , the Distinguished Service Cross was upgraded to the Medal of Honor . After repeated requests during wartime to become a U.S. citizen and being ignored by his commanding officer due to other pressing matters , Cano finally achieved his longest-lasting ambition , to become an American citizen , in May 1946 . He died six years later on June 24 , 1952 , at the age of 32 in a tragic automobile accident . He left a wife and three children .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Schevenhütte , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 2 , 1944 - December 3 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alvin P. Carey †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvin_P._Carey', 'summary': 'Alvin P. Carey ( August 16 , 1916 - August 23 , 1944 ) was a soldier in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for actions during World War II in France . He joined the Army from Laughlinstown , Pennsylvania in January 1941 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'near Plougastel , Brittany , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles F. Carey , Jr. †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_F._Carey,_Jr.', 'summary': "Charles F. Carey Jr. ( December 23 , 1915 - January 9 , 1945 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Technical Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technical_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Technical sergeant is the name of one current and two former enlisted ranks in the United States Armed Forces . [ citation needed ] Outside the United States , it is used only by the Philippine Army , Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'Rimling , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'January 8 , 1945 - January 9 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Carr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Carr_(Medal_of_Honor_recipient)', 'summary': "Chris Carr ( April 6 , 1914 - September 16 , 1970 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'near Guignola , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1944 - October 2 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horace S. Carswell , Jr. †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horace_S._Carswell,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Horace Seaver Stump Carswell Jr. ( July 18 , 1916 - October 26 , 1944 ) was a United States Army major who was killed in action while serving as a member of the Army Air Forces during World War II . He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . He is the namesake of Carswell Air Force Base near Fort Worth , Texas , since 1948 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'over the South China Sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 26 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward A. Carter , Jr. †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_A._Carter,_Jr.', 'summary': "Edward Allen Carter Jr. ( May 26 , 1916 - January 30 , 1963 ) was a United States Army sergeant first class who was wounded in action during World War II . He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor , the nation 's highest military decoration for valor , for his actions of March 23 , 1945 , near Speyer , Germany . Carter and six other black Americans who served in World War II were awarded the Medal of Honor on January 12 , 1997 . The seven recipients are the first and only black Americans to be awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'near Speyer , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 23 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Casamento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Casamento', 'summary': "Corporal Anthony Casamento , ( November 16 , 1920-July 18 , 1987 ) was presented the Medal of Honor by President Jimmy Carter on September 12 , 1980 , in a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden , 38 years after Cpl Casamento 's heroism on Guadalcanal in 1942 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadalcanal , Solomon Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frederick W. Castle †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_W._Castle', 'summary': 'Frederick Walker Castle ( October 14 , 1908-December 24 , 1944 ) was a general officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II , and a recipient of the Medal of Honor . He was killed in action leading the bombing mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 24 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice M. Chambers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_M._Chambers', 'summary': 'Colonel Justice Marion Chambers ( February 2 , 1908 - July 29 , 1982 ) was a United States Marine Corps officer who received the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II during the Iwo Jima campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Colonel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}]}, {'value': 'Iwo Jima , Volcano Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 19 , 1945 - February 22 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph Cheli †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Cheli', 'summary': "Ralph Cheli ( pronounced Kelly /ˈkɛli/ ; October 29 , 1919 - March 6 , 1944 ) was a major in the United States Army Air Forces and a recipient of the Medal of Honor . He served as the commanding officer of the 405th Bombardment Squadron ( Medium ) in the Fifth Air Force 's 38th Bombardment Group , based at Durand Airfield , Port Moresby , New Guinea . On August 18 , 1943 , while leading his group of B-25 Mitchells on a low level attack of two Japanese airfields , his bomber was severely damaged . Cheli pressed the attack despite the battle damage , then crash-landed his bomber at sea . He was made a prisoner-of-war and on March 6 , 1944 , was executed by his captors . During the period when his status was unknown , Cheli was nominated for the Medal of Honor , which he was awarded in October 1943 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Air Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces', 'summary': "The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF or AAF ) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army , and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States , during and immediately after World War II ( 1939/41-1945 ) , successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps , and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force of today , one of the five uniformed military services . The AAF was a component of the United States Army , which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces : the Army Ground Forces , the Services of Supply ( which in 1943 became the Army Service Forces ) , and the Army Air Forces . Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff . The AAF administered all parts of military aviation formerly distributed among the Air Corps , General Headquarters Air Force , and the ground forces ' corps area commanders , and thus became the first air organization of the U.S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel . The peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944 , and 783 domestic bases in December 1943 . By V-E Day , the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas and operated from more than 1,600 airfields worldwide . The Army Air Forces was created in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently , to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force , and to end an increasingly divisive administrative battle within the Army over control of aviation doctrine and organization that had been ongoing since the creation of an aviation section within the U.S. Army Signal Corps in 1914 . The AAF succeeded both the Air Corps , which had been the statutory military aviation branch since 1926 , and the GHQ Air Force , which had been activated in 1935 to quiet the demands of airmen for an independent Air Force similar to the Royal Air Force which had already been established in the United Kingdom . Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of their army or navy ( such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe ) , the AAF remained a part of the Army until a defense reorganization in the post-war period resulted in the passage by the United States Congress of the National Security Act of 1947 with the creation of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947 . In its expansion and conduct of the war , the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization . By the end of World War II , the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service . By regulation and executive order , it was a subordinate agency of the United States Department of War ( as were the Army Ground Forces and the Army Service Forces ) tasked only with organizing , training , and equipping combat units , and limited in responsibility to the continental United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'near Wewak , New Guinea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 18 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernest Childers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_Childers', 'summary': "Ernest Childers ( February 1 , 1918 - March 17 , 2005 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his valorous actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Second Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_lieutenant', 'summary': 'Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Oliveto , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'September 22 , 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clyde L. Choate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clyde_L._Choate', 'summary': "Clyde Lee Choate ( June 28 , 1920 - October 5 , 2001 ) was an American politician from Southern Illinois and a decorated soldier . From Anna , Illinois , Choate served thirty years in the Illinois House of Representatives . As a Sergeant in the United States Army during World War II , he was awarded the U.S. military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for single-handedly destroying a German tank ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Staff Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staff_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in the armed forces of several countries . It is also a police rank in some police services .'}]}, {'value': 'near Bruyeres , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October 25 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dale E. Christensen †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Eldon_Christensen', 'summary': "Dale Eldon Christensen ( May 31 , 1920- August 4 , 1944 ) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Second Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_lieutenant', 'summary': 'Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Driniumor River , New Guinea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Driniumor_River', 'summary': "The Battle of Driniumor River , also known as The Battle of Aitape , 10 July - 25 August 1944 , was part of the Western New Guinea campaign of World War II . Japanese forces attacked United States forces on the Driniumor River , near Aitape in New Guinea . The battle should not be confused with Operation Persecution , which included amphibious landings near Aitape in April 1944 , or the Aitape-Wewak campaign , which began in November . The Japanese referred to the Driniumor as the Hanto . The river is approximately 20 mi ( 32 km ) east of Aitape . The landings at several key points around Hollandia on 22 April had cut off the Japanese 18th Army , which was retreating westwards toward the Japanese Second Area Army in Dutch New Guinea . When U.S. troops landed and seized Aitape on 22 April , a covering force comprising the 32nd Infantry Division and 112th Cavalry Regiment was sent approximately 20 mi east to guard Aitape 's eastern flank on the line of Driniumor River . The 18th Army - which had not been reinforced after severe losses in the Lae , Huon Peninsula and Finisterre Range campaigns - was commanded by Lieutenant-General Hatazō Adachi . Its main fighting units were the 20th and the 41st Divisions . Ultra intelligence derived from codebreaking as well as other sources indicated that the Japanese 18th Army was approaching the Driniumor with 20,000 troops with the intention of breaking through and retaking Aitape . However , the Allied intelligence picture was confusing and contradictory , with the result that the initial Japanese assault caught the defenders by surprise . On the night of 10/11 July , an assault force of perhaps 10,000 Japanese attacked en masse across the Driniumor ."}]}, {'value': 'July 16 , 1944 - July 19 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herbert F. Christian †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbert_F._Christian', 'summary': "Herbert F. Christian ( June 18 , 1912 - June 3 , 1944 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II . Christian was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for sacrificing himself by drawing German fire during the advance on Rome in order to allow his patrol to escape an ambush ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'near Valmontone , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'June 2 , 1944 - June 3 , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph J. Cicchetti †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_J._Cicchetti', 'summary': 'Joseph J. Cicchetti ( June 8 , 1923 - February 9 , 1945 ) was a soldier in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor in World War II during actions in the campaign to recapture the Philippines from Japanese forces in 1945 . Cicchetti formed a team of soldiers to rescue wounded comrades . Despite receiving a severe wound to his head , he managed to carry another soldier to safety before succumbing to his wound . Cicchetti joined the Army from his birth city in March 1943 . He is buried in Sandy Valley , Waynesburg , Ohio ( Stark County ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Killed_in_action', 'summary': 'Killed in action ( KIA ) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own combatants at the hands of hostile forces . The United States Department of Defense , for example , says that those declared KIA need not have fired their weapons but have been killed due to hostile attack . KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat , but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes , murder and other non-hostile events or terrorism . KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval , air and support troops . Someone who is killed in action during a particular event is denoted with a † ( dagger ) beside their name to signify their death in that event or events . [ citation needed ] Further , KIA denotes a person to have been killed in action on the battlefield whereas died of wounds ( DOW ) relates to someone who survived to reach a medical treatment facility . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) also uses DWRIA , rather than DOW , for died of wounds received in action . However , historically , militaries and historians have used the former acronym . [ citation needed ] PKIA means presumed killed in action . This term is used when personnel are lost in battle , initially listed missing in action ( MIA ) , but after not being found , are later presumed to have not survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'South Manila , Luzon , Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 9 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis J. Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_J._Clark', 'summary': "Francis J. Clark ( 1912-1981 ) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration - the Medal of Honor - for his actions in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Technical Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technical_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Technical sergeant is the name of one current and two former enlisted ranks in the United States Armed Forces . [ citation needed ] Outside the United States , it is used only by the Philippine Army , Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'near Kalborn , Luxembourg and near Sevenig , Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 12 , 1944 and September 17 , 1944', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'C', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II_2', 'intro': "This is a list of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II. The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States or an opposing foreign force. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict, the joining of what had initially been two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Soviet invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. The United States was drawn into World War II on December 8, 1941, a day after the Axis-member Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu that killed almost 2,500 people in what was considered the biggest peacetime loss on American soil inflicted by foreign people at that time. For actions during World War II, 472 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor. Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific, many of which were upgraded from Distinguished Service Crosses during the Clinton administration. Additionally, Douglas Albert Munro was the only serviceman from the United States Coast Guard in United States military history to receive the Medal for his actions during the war. The earliest action for which a U.S. serviceman earned a World War II Medal of Honor was the attack on Pearl Harbor, for which 17 U.S. servicemen were awarded a Medal, although they did so while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force rather than enemy since the United States was neutral during the events of December 7, 1941."}
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How many active duty members are in the branch of the earliest-born Medal of Honor recipient ?
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336,978
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01c51240ad7cd188
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'List of mosques in the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Name', 'City', 'Year', 'Groups', 'Remarks'], 'data': [{'value': 'Abbey Mills Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Mills_Mosque', 'summary': "The Abbey Mills Mosque , also known as the London Markaz or Masjid-e-Ilyas , is a temporary mosque located in Stratford , east London , accommodating around 2,500 people . Plans were made to expand the capacity of the mosque to what would have been the largest religious building in Britain - three times the size of St Paul 's Cathedral - and one of the largest mosques in western Europe . For this reason the proposed building is often informally referred to in the press as the mega-mosque . The mosque extension was to have been built by Tablighi Jamaat , near the site of the London 2012 Olympic Park . Anjuman-e-Islahul Muslimeen , Tablighi Jamaat 's charitable trust , has been the owner of the site since 1996 . The Tablighi Jamaat website devoted to the mosque places the maximum capacity at 12,000 worshipers . The plan sparked controversy for various reasons , including its initially reported size and the possible chemical contamination risk associated with the site . Mosque officials are engaged in resolving the controversies , as well as countering the perception implied by the term mega-mosque . Public response to the mosque and associated controversies has included on-line petitions , various public talks , debates , speeches and various demonstrations . In February 2010 , Newham Council tried to shut down the existing temporary facility . This was overturned on appeal and a two-year extension granted for the use of the site . In 2012 , Newham Council refused permission for the plans and following appeals in 2015 and 2018 is looking to demolish the site so it can be developed for residential and commercial purposes ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Aziziye Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aziziye_Mosque_(London)', 'summary': "The Aziziye Mosque ( Turkish : Aziziye Camii ) is a mosque in Stoke Newington , London . The mosque was funded by the UK Turkish Islamic Association and the conversion began in 1983 . Turks who had once felt reluctant to attend a non-Turkish mosque welcomed the congregation as services were provided in the Turkish language rather than in English or Arabic . The total capacity of its Ottoman style mosque is 2,000 people . The mosque also has a Halal butchers , Aziziye Education Centre ( weekend schools ) , Aziziye Wedding hall and a restaurant . Originally built as a cinema , it first opened in 1913 as the Apollo Picture House , was reopened in 1933 as the Ambassador Cinema and from 1974 played martial arts films and softcore sex films as the Astra Cinema , before closing in 1983 . It is among Hackney Council 's Locally Listed Buildings ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baitul Futuh Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmadiyya Muslim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Baitul Futuh Mosque , also known as the Morden Mosque , is a mosque complex in Morden , London . It is one of the largest mosques in Western Europe . Completed in 2003 at a cost of £15 million , entirely from donations of British Ahmadi Muslims , the full complex can accommodate 13,000 people', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fazl Mosque / The London Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmadiyya Muslim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fazl Mosque , also known as The London Mosque , is the first purpose-built mosque in the British capital . It was inaugurated on 23 October 1926 in Southfields , Wandsworth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brixton Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brixton_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Brixton Mosque and Islamic Cultural Centre ( the Brixton Mosque , or Masjid ibn Taymeeyah ) is a mosque located in Gresham Road in the Brixton area of South London .'}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brick Lane Mosque / Jamme Masjid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brick_Lane_Mosque', 'summary': 'Brick Lane Jamme Masjid ( Bengali : ব্রিক লেন জামে মসজিদ , Arabic : جامع مسجد بريك لين Brick Lane Congregational Mosque ) , formerly known as the London Jamme Masjid ( লন্ডন জামে মসজিদ , جامع مسجد لندن London Congregational Mosque ) , is a Muslim place of worship in Central London and is in the East End of London . The building at 59 Brick Lane , on the corner of Fournier Street , has been home to a succession of Christian , Jewish , and Muslim communities since its construction in the mid-eighteenth century , reflecting the waves of immigration in the neighbourhood of Spitalfields . The former Great Synagogue is a Grade II* listed building ; the adjacent former school buildings ( now used as an ancillary building to the mosque ) is listed Grade II .'}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East London Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_London_Mosque', 'summary': "The East London Mosque ( ELM ) is situated in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets between Whitechapel and Aldgate East . It serves Great Britain 's largest Muslim community , chiefly British Bangladeshis . Combined with the adjoining London Muslim Centre and Maryam Centre , it is one of the largest mosques in Europe , and the biggest in the UK , accommodating more than 7,000 worshippers for congregational prayers . The mosque was one of the first in the UK to be allowed to use loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'One of the few mosques in Britain permitted to use loudspeakers to broadcast the call to prayer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adhan', 'summary': "The Adhan ( Arabic : أَذَان [ ʔaˈðaːn ] ) , also written as Adhaan , Azan , Azaan or Athan , also called Ezan in Turkish , is the Islamic call to prayer , recited by the mu'azzin at prescribed times of the day . The root of the word is ʾadhina أَذِنَ meaning to listen , to hear , be informed about . Another derivative of this word is ʾudhun ( أُذُن ) , meaning ear . Adhan is called out by a mu'azzin from the mosque five times a day , traditionally from the minaret , summoning Muslims for obligatory ( fard ) prayer ( salat ) . A second call , known as the Iqamah then summons Muslims to line up for the beginning of the prayers . The main purpose behind the multiple loud pronouncements of adhan in every mosque is to make available to everyone an easily intelligible summary of Islamic belief . [ citation needed ] In modern times , loudspeakers have been installed on minarets for this purpose . [ citation needed ] The Adhan recites the Takbir ( God is greater ) followed by the Shahada ( There is no god but Allah , Muhammad is the messenger of God ) . This statement of faith , called the Kalimah , is the first of the Five Pillars of Islam ."}]}, {'value': 'London Central Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Central_Mosque', 'summary': "The London Central Mosque ( also known as the Islamic Cultural Centre ( ICC ) or Regent 's Park Mosque ) is a mosque located near Regent 's Park in London , United Kingdom . It was designed by Sir Frederick Gibberd , completed in 1977 , and has a prominent golden dome . The main hall can accommodate over 5,000 worshippers , with women praying on a balcony overlooking the hall . The mosque holds a chandelier and a vast carpet , with very little furniture . The inside of the dome is decorated with broken shapes in the Islamic tradition . There is also a small bookshop and halal café on the premises . The mosque is joined to the Islamic Cultural Centre ( ICC ) which was officially opened by King George VI in 1944 . The land was donated by George VI to the Muslim community of Britain in return for the donation of land in Cairo by King Farouk of Egypt and Sudan on which to build an Anglican cathedral ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': "Also known as the Islamic Cultural Centre , ICC or Regent 's Park Mosque", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North London Central Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_London_Central_Mosque', 'summary': "The Finsbury Park Mosque , also known as the North London Central Mosque , is a five-storey mosque located next to Finsbury Park station close to Arsenal Football Club 's Emirates Stadium , in the London Borough of Islington . Finsbury Park Mosque is registered as a charity in England , serving the local community in Islington and the surrounding boroughs of North London . The mosque gained national attention when Abu Hamza al-Masri , a radical preacher , became its imam in 1997 . In 2003 , the mosque was closed by its trustees following an anti-terrorist police raid , and re-opened in 2005 under new leadership ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Also known as the Finsbury Park Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madina Mosque Trust', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim -', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Also known as Madina Masjid or MMT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumi Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Also known as Rumi Community Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suleymaniye Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suleymaniye_Mosque_(London)', 'summary': "The Suleymaniye Mosque ( Turkish : Süleymaniye Camii ) is a mosque at Kingsland Road in Haggerston , East London , United Kingdom , which serves the entire Muslim community as well as the Turkish speaking community . The mosque was funded by the UK Turkish Islamic Cultural Centre ( UKTICC ) and the construction began in 1994 and was finally opened to the public in October 1999 . With a total floor space of 8,000 square metres , the total capacity of its Ottoman style mosque is 3,000 people . The mosque includes a conference and wedding hall , classrooms , funeral service facilities as well as accommodation for Marathon School students . The minaret reaches a height of 66 metres ( 218 ft ) , the highest in Great Britain . Suleymaniye Mosque has become something of a local landmark and it is one of London 's key Islamic centres . Prince Charles visited the mosque in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Suleymaniye Mosque bears the tallest minaret in Britain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waltham Forest Islamic Association', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leyton , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leyton', 'summary': 'Leyton ( /ˈleɪtən/ ) is a district of east London and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest , located 6.2 miles ( 10 km ) north-east of Charing Cross in the United Kingdom . It borders Walthamstow and Leytonstone in Waltham Forest , Stratford in the London Borough of Newham and Homerton and Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney . The district includes part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park , which hosted the 2012 Olympic Games , as well as Leyton Orient Football Club , although it is predominantly residential . It consists mainly of terraced houses built between 1870 and 1910 , interspersed with some modern housing estates .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Also known as , Jamia Ghousia Masjid , Lea Bridge Road Mosque , WFIA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White City Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White City , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_City,_London', 'summary': "White City is a district of London , England , in the northern part of Shepherd 's Bush in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , 5 miles ( 8 km ) west-northwest of Charing Cross . White City is home to Television Centre , White City Place and Queens Park Rangers football club 's ground Loftus Road ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Also known as the White City Musalla or The Egyptian House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masjid Abdul Aziz bin Baz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stratford , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stratford,_London', 'summary': "Stratford is a district in the East End of London , in the London Borough of Newham , England . It is 6 miles ( 10 km ) east-northeast of Charing Cross and is in East London . Stratford is part of the Lower Lea Valley and includes the localities of Maryland , East Village , Mill Meads ( shared with West Ham ) , Stratford City and Forest Gate . It is historically part of the ancient parish and subsequent County Borough of West Ham , which became the western half of the modern borough within a Greater London in 1965 . Historically an agrarian settlement in the county of Essex , Stratford was transformed into an industrial suburb after the introduction of the railway in 1839 . The late 20th century was a period of severe economic decline , eventually reversed by regeneration associated with the 2012 Summer Olympics , for which Stratford 's Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park was the principal venue and later with West Ham United F.C . and British Athletics moving to the London Stadium . Stratford , along with Ilford and Romford are East London 's primary retail , cultural and leisure centres . Stratford has also become the second most significant ( after Canary Wharf ) business location in the east of the capital ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Also known as Masjid bin Baz , first Salafi mosque in East London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leytonstone Masjid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leytonstone_Mosque', 'summary': "Leytonstone Mosque , situated in the London borough of Waltham Forest , was opened in 1976 to cater to the local Muslim community . Since then , the mosque has grown in size and can accommodate about 1,000 ( men only ) . The organization , 'Muslims in Britain ' classify the Leytonstone Mosque as , Deobandi ."}]}, {'value': 'Leytonstone , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leytonstone', 'summary': "Leytonstone /ˈleɪtənˌstoʊn/ is an area of East London , and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest . It is a suburban area , located seven miles north-east of Charing Cross in Greater London . It borders Walthamstow to the north-west , Wanstead ( in the London Borough of Redbridge ) to the north , Stratford and Leyton to the south , and Forest Gate ( in the London Borough of Newham ) to the east . The area is served by Leytonstone tube station on the Central line & Leytonstone High Road on London Overground 's Gospel Oak to Barking line . The northern end of Leytonstone High Road , beside Wanstead Flats , is known as Bushwood ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunni Muslim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunni_Muslim', 'summary': "Sunni Islam ( /ˈsuːni , ˈsʊni/ ) is the largest denomination of Islam , followed by 87-90% of the world 's Muslims . Its name comes from the word sunnah , referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance , as well as theological and juridical dimensions . According to Sunni traditions , Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph . This contrasts with the Shia view , which holds that Muhammad announced his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , most notably at Ghadir Khumm . Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts and the rise of Wahhabism . The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ( the people of the sunnah and the community ) or ahl as-sunnah for short . In English , its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism , while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims , Sunnis , Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah . Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam , though some scholars view this translation as inappropriate . The Quran , together with hadith ( especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah ) and binding juristic consensus , form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources , in conjunction with analogical reasoning , consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion , using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools . In matters of creed , the Sunni tradition upholds the six pillars of iman ( faith ) and comprises the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of rationalistic theology as well as the textualist school known as traditionalist theology ."}]}, {'value': 'Also known as Leytonstone Islamic Association', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'England -- London', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_mosques_in_the_United_Kingdom_0', 'intro': 'This is an incomplete list of notable mosques in the United Kingdom listed by regions in Scotland, England and Wales.'}
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Which district of London has men only ?
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Borough of Waltham Forest
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01ca2eb7676bdf62
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Victoria_(Australia)_named_from_pastoral_runs', 'title': 'List of places in Victoria (Australia) named from pastoral runs', 'header': ['Locality or Place', 'Local Government area', 'Run name', 'Pastoral District'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kotupna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kotupna,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Kotupna is a small locality in northern Victoria , Australia in the local government area of the Shire of Moira . The post office opened on 17 October 1881 , and closed on 30 June 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Moira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Moira', 'summary': 'The Shire of Moira is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 4,046 square kilometres ( 1,562 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 29,799 . It includes the towns of Cobram , Nathalia , Numurkah , Tungamah and Yarrawonga . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Cobram , Shire of Nathalia , Shire of Numurkah , and parts of the Shire of Tungamah and Shire of Yarrawonga . The Shire is governed and administered by the Moira Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Cobram , it also has service centres located in Numurkah and Yarrawonga . The Shire is named after the county of Moira , in which the LGA occupies the northern part of this county .'}]}, {'value': 'Kotupna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benalla,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Benalla /bəˈnælə/ is a small city located on the Broken River in the High Country north-eastern region of Victoria , Australia , about 212 kilometres ( 130 mi ) north east of the state capital Melbourne . At the 2016 census the population was 9,298 . It is the administrative centre for the Rural City of Benalla local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'Terrick Terrick East', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Campaspe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Campaspe', 'summary': 'The Shire of Campaspe is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the northern part of the state . It covers an area of 4,519 square kilometres ( 1,745 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 37,592 . It includes the towns of Girgarre , Echuca , Kyabram , Rochester , Tongala and Rushworth . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Echuca , Shire of Deakin , Shire of Rochester , Shire of Waranga , Town of Kyabram and part of the Shire of Rodney . The Shire is governed and administered by the Campaspe Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Echuca , it also has service centres located in Kyabram , Rochester , Rushworth and Tongala . The Shire is named after the Campaspe River , a major geographical feature that meanders through the LGA .'}]}, {'value': 'Terrick Terrick Plains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echuca,_Victoria', 'summary': "Echuca ( /əˈtʃuːkə/ ə-CHOO-kə ) is a town on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria , Australia . The border town of Moama is adjacent on the northern side of the Murray River in New South Wales . Echuca is the administrative centre and largest settlement in the Shire of Campaspe . As at June 2018 Echuca had a population of 14,934 , and the population of the combined Echuca and Moama townships was 21,242 at the same time . Echuca lies within traditional Yorta Yorta country . The town 's name is an Aboriginal word meaning meeting of the waters . Echuca is close to the junction of the Goulburn , Campaspe , and Murray Rivers . Its position at the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne contributed to its development as a thriving river port city during the 19th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Bungil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Towong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Towong', 'summary': 'The Shire of Towong is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 6,675 square kilometres ( 2,577 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 6,054 . It includes the towns of Corryong , Tallangatta , Cudgewa , Bethanga , Bellbridge , Walwa and Tintaldra . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Tallangatta and Shire of Upper Murray . The Shire is governed and administered by the Towong Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Tallangatta , it also has a service centre located in Corryong . The Shire is named after an earlier shire , the Shire of Towong ( 1874-1920 ) , which occupied the same region as the current LGA .'}]}, {'value': 'Bungil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beechworth,_Victoria', 'summary': "Beechworth is a well-preserved historical town located in the north-east of Victoria , Australia , famous for its major growth during the gold rush days of the mid-1850s . At the 2011 census , Beechworth had a population of 2,789 . Beechworth 's many historical buildings are well preserved and the town has re-invented itself and evolved into a popular tourist destination and growing wine-producing centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Genoa is a town in Eastern Gippsland , Victoria , Australia . It is close to the New South Wales border where the Princes Highway crosses the Genoa River . The town is an important access point to the Croajingolong National Park . At the 2006 census , Genoa and the surrounding area had a population of 304 . The Genoa Post Office opened on 9 April 1888 . In 1972 the earliest fossil trackway of primitive tetrapods were found in the Genoa River Gorge , dating back 350 million years . In 2019 , bush fires in Eastern Gippsland did significant damage to Genoa and the nearby town of Mallacoota .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of East Gippsland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_East_Gippsland', 'summary': 'The Shire of East Gippsland is a local government area in Gippsland , Victoria , Australia , located in the eastern part of the state . It covers an area of 20,940 square kilometres ( 8,080 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 46,818 . It includes the towns of Bairnsdale , Benambra , Bruthen , Buchan , Ensay , Lakes Entrance , Mallacoota , Metung , Omeo , Orbost , Paynesville , Swan Reach and Swifts Creek . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Bairnsdale , Shire of Bairnsdale , Shire of Omeo , Shire of Orbost , Shire of Tambo and parts of the Shire of Rosedale . The Shire is governed and administered by the East Gippsland Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Bairnsdale , it also has service centres located in Lakes Entrance , Omeo and Orbost . The Shire is named after the Gippsland region , in which the LGA occupies the eastern portion .'}]}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Gipps Land', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benambra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benambra,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Benambra is a small town 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north-east of Omeo and 430 kilometres ( 267 mi ) east of the state capital Melbourne , in the Australian Alps of East Gippsland , Victoria , Australia . Nearby towns include Swifts Creek , Ensay , and the major town of Bairnsdale . At the 2016 census , Benambra and the surrounding area had a population of 149 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of East Gippsland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_East_Gippsland', 'summary': 'The Shire of East Gippsland is a local government area in Gippsland , Victoria , Australia , located in the eastern part of the state . It covers an area of 20,940 square kilometres ( 8,080 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 46,818 . It includes the towns of Bairnsdale , Benambra , Bruthen , Buchan , Ensay , Lakes Entrance , Mallacoota , Metung , Omeo , Orbost , Paynesville , Swan Reach and Swifts Creek . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Bairnsdale , Shire of Bairnsdale , Shire of Omeo , Shire of Orbost , Shire of Tambo and parts of the Shire of Rosedale . The Shire is governed and administered by the East Gippsland Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Bairnsdale , it also has service centres located in Lakes Entrance , Omeo and Orbost . The Shire is named after the Gippsland region , in which the LGA occupies the eastern portion .'}]}, {'value': 'Benambra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beechworth,_Victoria', 'summary': "Beechworth is a well-preserved historical town located in the north-east of Victoria , Australia , famous for its major growth during the gold rush days of the mid-1850s . At the 2011 census , Beechworth had a population of 2,789 . Beechworth 's many historical buildings are well preserved and the town has re-invented itself and evolved into a popular tourist destination and growing wine-producing centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Marysville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marysville,_Victoria', 'summary': "Marysville is a small town , 34 kilometres north-east of Healesville and 41 kilometres south of Alexandra , in the Shire of Murrindindi in Victoria , Australia . The town , which previously had a population of over 500 people , was devastated by the Murrindindi Mill bushfire on 7 February 2009 . On 19 February 2009 the official death toll was 45 . Around 90% of the town 's buildings were destroyed . Prior to the Black Saturday fire the population in 2006 was 519 . At the 2011 Census , the population had reduced to 226 , by the 2016 Census it had risen to 394 ."}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Murrindindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Murrindindi', 'summary': 'The Shire of Murrindindi is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 3,880 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 14,478 . It includes the towns of Alexandra , Buxton , Eildon , Flowerdale , Kinglake , Marysville , Molesworth , Strath Creek , Taggerty , Yarck and Yea . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Alexandra , Shire of Yea , and parts of the Shire of Broadford , Shire of Eltham , Shire of Euroa , Shire of Healesville and City of Whittlesea . The Shire is governed by the Murrindindi Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Alexandra , it also has service centres located in Kinglake and Yea . The Shire is named after the locality of Murrindindi , which is located near the geographical centre of the LGA . Parts of Murrindindi were badly affected by the 2009 Victorian bushfires , notably the towns of Marysville and Kinglake . In total , 106 people lost their lives across the Shire including 38 in Kinglake and 34 in Marysville .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Gipps Land', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gelantipy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of East Gippsland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gelantiby', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omeo,_Victoria', 'summary': "Omeo ( /ˈoʊmiːoʊ/ OH-mee-oh ) is a town in Victoria , Australia on the Great Alpine Road , east of Mount Hotham , in the Shire of East Gippsland . At the 2016 census , Omeo had a population of 406 . The name is derived from the Aboriginal word for 'mountains ' or 'hills ' . [ citation needed ] Omeo is affectionately known as the City of the Alps with many historic buildings remaining in the town . [ citation needed ] The town is still the commercial hub for the Omeo Region and is a service centre for outlying communities such as Benambra , Cobungra , Cassilis , Swifts Creek , and Ensay ."}]}, {'value': 'Rodborough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Central Goldfields', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Central_Goldfields', 'summary': 'Central Goldfields Shire is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the central part of the state . It covers an area of 1,533 square kilometres ( 592 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 had a population of 13,209 . It includes the towns of Bealiba , Carisbrook , Dunolly , Maryborough and Talbot . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Maryborough , most of the Shire of Tullaroop , and parts of the Shire of Bet Bet and Shire of Talbot and Clunes . The Shire is governed and administered by the Central Goldfields Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Maryborough , it also has a service centre located in Talbot . The Shire is named after the region having historically been a major goldfields region in central Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Rodborough Vale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlemaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Castlemaine ( /ˈkæsəlmeɪn/ ) is a small city in Victoria , Australia , in the Goldfields region about 120 kilometres northwest by road from Melbourne and about 40 kilometres from the major provincial centre of Bendigo . It is the administrative and economic centre of the Shire of Mount Alexander . The population at the 2016 Census was 6,757 . Castlemaine was named by the chief goldfield commissioner , Captain W. Wright , in honour of his Irish uncle , Viscount Castlemaine . Castlemaine began as a gold rush boomtown in 1851 and developed into a major regional centre , being officially proclaimed a City on 4 December 1965 , although since declining in population . It is home to many cultural institutions including the Theatre Royal , the oldest continuously operating theatre in mainland Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Tarcombe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Strathbogie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Strathbogie', 'summary': 'The Shire of Strathbogie is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 3,303 square kilometres ( 1,275 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 10,645 . It includes the towns of Avenel , Euroa , Longwood , Nagambie , Strathbogie and Violet Town . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of parts of the Shire of Euroa , Shire of Goulburn , Shire of Violet Town , Shire of McIvor and Rural City of Seymour . The Shire is governed and administered by the Strathbogie Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Euroa , it also has service centres located in Nagambie and Violet Town . The Shire is named after the major geographical feature in the region , the Strathbogie Ranges , which is located in the south-east of the LGA . The Shire is about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Melbourne and bordered to the east by the Strathbogie Ranges and to the west by the Nagambie Lakes district . It is also known for its sheep production , horse studs ( earning the title The Horse Capital of Victoria ) , wineries ( Mitchelton , Tahbilk , Fowles Wines ) , olives and alpacas . Tourism is a growing industry in the area , with many B & Bs , hotels and restaurants .'}]}, {'value': 'Tarcombe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benalla,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Benalla /bəˈnælə/ is a small city located on the Broken River in the High Country north-eastern region of Victoria , Australia , about 212 kilometres ( 130 mi ) north east of the state capital Melbourne . At the 2016 census the population was 9,298 . It is the administrative centre for the Rural City of Benalla local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'St Germains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Greater Shepparton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Greater_Shepparton', 'summary': "The City of Greater Shepparton is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 2,422 square kilometres ( 935 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 66,007 . It includes the city of Shepparton and the towns of Arcadia , Ardmona , Congupna , Dookie , Grahamvale , Kialla , Lemnos , Merrigum , Mooroopna , Murchison , Tallygaroopna , Tatura , Toolamba and Undera . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Shepparton , Shire of Shepparton , and parts of the Shire of Rodney , Shire of Euroa , Shire of Goulburn , Shire of Tungamah , Shire of Violet Town and Shire of Waranga . The City is governed and administered by the Greater Shepparton City Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Shepparton , it also has a service centre located in Tatura . The City is named after the main urban settlement located in the centre of the LGA , that is Shepparton , which together with adjoining Mooroopna form the LGA 's most populous urban area with a population of 51,903 ."}]}, {'value': "St Germain 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echuca,_Victoria', 'summary': "Echuca ( /əˈtʃuːkə/ ə-CHOO-kə ) is a town on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria , Australia . The border town of Moama is adjacent on the northern side of the Murray River in New South Wales . Echuca is the administrative centre and largest settlement in the Shire of Campaspe . As at June 2018 Echuca had a population of 14,934 , and the population of the combined Echuca and Moama townships was 21,242 at the same time . Echuca lies within traditional Yorta Yorta country . The town 's name is an Aboriginal word meaning meeting of the waters . Echuca is close to the junction of the Goulburn , Campaspe , and Murray Rivers . Its position at the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne contributed to its development as a thriving river port city during the 19th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Ghin Ghin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Murrindindi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghin Ghin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birchip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birchip,_Victoria', 'summary': "Birchip is a town in the Mallee region of Victoria , Australia on the Sunraysia Highway north of Donald . The town is located in the Shire of Buloke local government area . At the 2016 census , Birchip had a population of 702 , up from the 2011 figure of 662 . It has a P-12 school , and an Australian rules football club called Birchip-Watchem , also known as the Birchip-Watchem Bulls , or just the Bulls . A pastoral run was established in the region named Wirmburchep and when surveyed a parish was gazetted as Wirmbirchip . Closer settlement began in the area by then known as Wirrimbirchip around 1882 and a Post Office under that name opened on 2 July 1883 ( Birchip from 1 January 1890 ) . The town was surveyed as Birchip in 1887 though known by the inhabitants by the original name for quite some years later . The farms in the area typically grow wheat , barley , canola , and other cereals . Some people have pig sheds , though most livestock in the district are sheep . There is a hospital which shares a lodge for elderly care . Five main roads enter the town . It is located approximately 312 kilometres ( 194 mi ) northwest of Victoria 's capital city Melbourne ."}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Buloke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Buloke', 'summary': 'The Shire of Buloke is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the western part of the state . It covers an area of 8,000 square kilometres ( 3,100 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 6,184 . It includes the towns of Birchip , Charlton , Donald , Sea Lake and Wycheproof . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Wycheproof , Shire of Birchip , Shire of Charlton , Shire of Donald , and parts of the Shire of Kara Kara . The Shire is governed and administered by the Buloke Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the Council headquarters in Wycheproof , it also has service centres located in Birchip , Charlton , Donald and Sea Lake . The Shire is named after a major geographical feature in the region , Lake Buloke , which is located in the south of the LGA ; the name also comes from the buloke or bulloak tree Allocasuarina luehmannii , which is common in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Wirmburchep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Wimmera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wimmera', 'summary': 'The Wimmera is a region of the Australian state of Victoria . The district is located within parts of the Loddon Mallee and the Grampians regions ; and covers the dryland farming area south of the range of Mallee scrub , east of the South Australia border and north of the Great Dividing Range . It can also be defined as the land within the social catchment of Horsham , its main settlement . Most of the Wimmera is very flat , with only the Grampians and Mount Arapiles rising above vast plains and the low plateaux that form the Great Divide in this part of Victoria . The Grampians are very rugged and tilted , with many sheer sandstone cliffs on their eastern sides , but gentle slopes on the west . In the context of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia , the Wimmera is a sub-region of 2,145,380 hectares ( 5,301,300 acres ) located within the Murray Darling Depression bioregion . The Wimmera is one of the nine districts in Victoria used for weather forecasting by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology . The Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries defines the district as a 30,000-square-kilometre ( 12,000 sq mi ) region for agricultural production purposes encompassing the Buloke , Hindmarsh , Horsham City , Northern Grampians , West Wimmera and Yarriambiack local government areas . At the 2011 census , the six local government areas ( LGAs ) that are thought to comprise the district had a combined population of 54,645 . The area of these same four LGAs is 41,963 square kilometres ( 16,202 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornella', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Campaspe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Campaspe', 'summary': 'The Shire of Campaspe is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the northern part of the state . It covers an area of 4,519 square kilometres ( 1,745 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 37,592 . It includes the towns of Girgarre , Echuca , Kyabram , Rochester , Tongala and Rushworth . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Echuca , Shire of Deakin , Shire of Rochester , Shire of Waranga , Town of Kyabram and part of the Shire of Rodney . The Shire is governed and administered by the Campaspe Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Echuca , it also has service centres located in Kyabram , Rochester , Rushworth and Tongala . The Shire is named after the Campaspe River , a major geographical feature that meanders through the LGA .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornella Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tongala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tongala,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Tongala /təŋˈɡɑːlə/ is a town in the Goulburn Valley region of northern Victoria , Australia . The town is in the Shire of Campaspe local government area , between Kyabram and Echuca , 225 kilometres ( 140 mi ) north of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2016 census , Tongala had a population of 1,926 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Campaspe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tongala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangholme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangholme,_Victoria', 'summary': "Bangholme is a suburb in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , 31 km south-east of Melbourne 's central business district and adjacent to the urban area . Its local government area is the City of Greater Dandenong . At the 2016 census , Bangholme had a population of 784 , most of who live in the Willow Lodge Village , a mobile home development on Frankston-Dandenong Rd . The area is semi-rural and is part of Melbourne 's South East Green Wedge , with a significant part of the land used by the Melbourne Water Eastern Sewage Treatment Plant , and the remainder being mostly small land holdings , with some used for horse acreage . The EastLink tollway passes through the area ."}]}, {'value': 'City of Greater Dandenong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Greater_Dandenong', 'summary': 'The City of Greater Dandenong is a local government area in Victoria , Australia in the southeastern suburbs of Melbourne . It has an area of just under 130 square kilometres ( 50 sq mi ) and 166,094 residents in 2018 . 29% of its land area forms part of the South East Green Wedge . It was formed in 1994 by the merger of parts of the former City of Dandenong and City of Springvale .'}]}, {'value': 'Bangholme', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Settled Districts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yawong Hills', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Buloke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Buloke', 'summary': 'The Shire of Buloke is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the western part of the state . It covers an area of 8,000 square kilometres ( 3,100 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 6,184 . It includes the towns of Birchip , Charlton , Donald , Sea Lake and Wycheproof . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Wycheproof , Shire of Birchip , Shire of Charlton , Shire of Donald , and parts of the Shire of Kara Kara . The Shire is governed and administered by the Buloke Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the Council headquarters in Wycheproof , it also has service centres located in Birchip , Charlton , Donald and Sea Lake . The Shire is named after a major geographical feature in the region , Lake Buloke , which is located in the south of the LGA ; the name also comes from the buloke or bulloak tree Allocasuarina luehmannii , which is common in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Yawong or Springs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlemaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Castlemaine ( /ˈkæsəlmeɪn/ ) is a small city in Victoria , Australia , in the Goldfields region about 120 kilometres northwest by road from Melbourne and about 40 kilometres from the major provincial centre of Bendigo . It is the administrative and economic centre of the Shire of Mount Alexander . The population at the 2016 Census was 6,757 . Castlemaine was named by the chief goldfield commissioner , Captain W. Wright , in honour of his Irish uncle , Viscount Castlemaine . Castlemaine began as a gold rush boomtown in 1851 and developed into a major regional centre , being officially proclaimed a City on 4 December 1965 , although since declining in population . It is home to many cultural institutions including the Theatre Royal , the oldest continuously operating theatre in mainland Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Kergunyah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kergunyah,_Victoria', 'summary': "Kergunyah is a locality in north eastern Victoria . The locality is on the Kiewa Valley Highway , 353 kilometres ( 219 mi ) north east of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2006 census , Kergunyah had a population of 188 . The town was home to the Kergunyah Football Club which was established in 1923 . They competed in leagues including the Allans Flat District Football Association , the Yackandandah Football Association , the Dederang And District Football Association , and the Tallangatta And District Football League . They won Tallangatta And District Football League premierships in 1955 , 1956 , 1957 . They folded in 1975 after dwindling numbers . After folding , a number of former players met to form a new club with 'Kergunyah being the Origins for the Wodonga Raiders ."}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Indigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Indigo', 'summary': 'The Shire of Indigo , a local government area ( LGA ) in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , lies in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 2,040 square kilometres ( 790 sq mi ) and on June 2018 had a population of 16,490 . It includes the towns of Beechworth , Chiltern , Rutherglen and Yackandandah . It formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Rutherglen , Shire of Chiltern , Shire of Yackandandah and United Shire of Beechworth . The Shire is governed and administered by the Indigo Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Beechworth , it also has service centres located in Chiltern , Rutherglen and Yackandandah . The Shire is named after the Indigo Valley and Indigo Creek , geographical features that meander through the LGA and into the Murray River . In 2008 the BankWest Quality of Life Index rated Indigo fifteenth of 590 Australian local government areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Kergunia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechworth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peechelba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peechelba,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Peechelba is a small town in north eastern Victoria , Australia . The town is located in the Rural City of Wangaratta and the Shire of Moira local government area between Wangaratta and Yarrawonga and 277 kilometres ( 172 mi ) north west of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2011 census , Peechelba and the surrounding area had a population of 345 . The town is home to a nature reserve , not far from the Ovens River .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Moira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Moira', 'summary': 'The Shire of Moira is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 4,046 square kilometres ( 1,562 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 29,799 . It includes the towns of Cobram , Nathalia , Numurkah , Tungamah and Yarrawonga . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Cobram , Shire of Nathalia , Shire of Numurkah , and parts of the Shire of Tungamah and Shire of Yarrawonga . The Shire is governed and administered by the Moira Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Cobram , it also has service centres located in Numurkah and Yarrawonga . The Shire is named after the county of Moira , in which the LGA occupies the northern part of this county .'}]}, {'value': 'Peechelba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windermere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windermere,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Windermere is a locality in central Victoria , Australia . The locality is in the City of Ballarat local government area , 134 kilometres ( 83 mi ) west of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2016 census , Windermere had a population of 97 .'}]}, {'value': 'City of Ballarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Ballarat', 'summary': "The City of Ballarat is a local government area in the west of the state of Victoria , Australia . It covers an area of 739 square kilometres ( 285 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 107,325 . It is primarily urban with the vast majority of its population living in the Greater Ballarat urban area , while other significant settlements within the LGA include Buninyong , Waubra , Learmonth and Addington . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Ballaarat , Shire of Ballarat , Borough of Sebastopol and parts of the Shire of Bungaree , Shire of Buninyong , Shire of Grenville and Shire of Ripon . The City is governed and administered by the Ballarat City Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Ballarat , it also has a service centre located in Buninyong . The City is named after the main urban settlement lying in the centre-south of the LGA , Ballarat , which is also the LGA 's most populous urban area with a population of 105,471 ."}]}, {'value': 'Windermere', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlemaine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cobungra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of East Gippsland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_East_Gippsland', 'summary': 'The Shire of East Gippsland is a local government area in Gippsland , Victoria , Australia , located in the eastern part of the state . It covers an area of 20,940 square kilometres ( 8,080 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 46,818 . It includes the towns of Bairnsdale , Benambra , Bruthen , Buchan , Ensay , Lakes Entrance , Mallacoota , Metung , Omeo , Orbost , Paynesville , Swan Reach and Swifts Creek . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Bairnsdale , Shire of Bairnsdale , Shire of Omeo , Shire of Orbost , Shire of Tambo and parts of the Shire of Rosedale . The Shire is governed and administered by the East Gippsland Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Bairnsdale , it also has service centres located in Lakes Entrance , Omeo and Orbost . The Shire is named after the Gippsland region , in which the LGA occupies the eastern portion .'}]}, {'value': 'Cobungra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omeo,_Victoria', 'summary': "Omeo ( /ˈoʊmiːoʊ/ OH-mee-oh ) is a town in Victoria , Australia on the Great Alpine Road , east of Mount Hotham , in the Shire of East Gippsland . At the 2016 census , Omeo had a population of 406 . The name is derived from the Aboriginal word for 'mountains ' or 'hills ' . [ citation needed ] Omeo is affectionately known as the City of the Alps with many historic buildings remaining in the town . [ citation needed ] The town is still the commercial hub for the Omeo Region and is a service centre for outlying communities such as Benambra , Cobungra , Cassilis , Swifts Creek , and Ensay ."}]}], 'section_title': 'The list', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_places_in_Victoria_(Australia)_named_from_pastoral_runs_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of places in Victoria, Australia which retain the names of pastoral leases or runs which were granted from the late 1830s.'}
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How far is this town within the LGA with 46,818 people in 2018 from Melbourne ?
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430 kilometres
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01cb55ac7d601938
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_North_Coast_(California)', 'title': 'List of museums in the North Coast (California)', 'header': ['Name', 'Town/City', 'County', 'Type', 'Summary'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anderson Marsh State Historic Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Marsh_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': 'Anderson Marsh State Historic Park is a California State Historic Park and nature reserve preserving a tule marsh , archaeological sites of the Pomo people , and historic ranch structures . It is located in Lake County , California , USA . Anderson Marsh is located at the head of Cache Creek on the southeast corner of Clear Lake , the largest natural lake completely within the borders of California . The park is between the cities of Lower Lake and Clearlake on State Route 53 , north of Calistoga in the wine country . The park is open year-round .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lower_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Lower Lake ( formerly Grantville ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the southern Clear Lake region of Lake County , in northern California . Lower Lake is also an Indian rancheria of the Koi Nation people .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_County,_California', 'summary': "Lake County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 64,665 . The county seat is Lakeport . The county takes its name from Clear Lake , the dominant geographic feature in the county and the largest natural lake wholly within California ( Lake Tahoe is partially in Nevada ; the Salton Sea was formed by flooding ) . Lake County forms the Clearlake , California micropolitan statistical area . It is directly north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Lake County is part of California 's Wine Country , which also includes Napa , Sonoma and Mendocino counties . It includes five American Viticultural Areas and over 35 wineries ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic house', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contains Ranch House , an example of early California living', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anderson Valley Historical Society Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boonville,_California', 'summary': "Boonville ( formerly The Corners and Kendall 's City ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Mendocino County , California , United States . It is located 12.5 miles ( 20 km ) southwest of Ukiah , at an elevation of 381 feet ( 116 m ) . The population was 1,035 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California', 'summary': "Mendocino County is a county located on the North Coast of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 87,841 . The county seat is Ukiah . Mendocino County consists wholly of the Ukiah , CA Micropolitan Statistical Area ( μSA ) for the purposes of the U.S. Census Bureau . It is located approximately equidistant from the San Francisco Bay Area and California/Oregon border , separated from the Sacramento Valley to the east by the California Coast Ranges . While smaller areas of redwood forest are found further south , it is the southernmost California county to be included in the World Wildlife Fund 's Pacific temperate rainforests ecoregion , the largest temperate rainforest ecoregion on the planet . The county is noted for its distinctive Pacific Ocean coastline , its location along California 's Lost Coast , Redwood forests , wine production , microbrews , and liberal views about the use of cannabis and support for its legalization . In 2009 it was estimated that roughly one-third of the economy was based on the cultivation of marijuana . The notable historic and recreational attraction of the Skunk Train connects Fort Bragg with Willits in Mendocino County via a steam-locomotive engine , along with other vehicles ."}]}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcata Marsh Interpretive Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_and_Wildlife_Sanctuary', 'summary': 'Arcata Wastewater Treatment Plant and Wildlife Sanctuary is an innovative sewer management system employed by the city of Arcata , California . A series of oxidation ponds , treatment wetlands and enhancement marshes are used to filter sewage waste . The marshes also serve as a wildlife refuge , and are on the Pacific Flyway . The Arcata Marsh is a popular destination for birders . The marsh has been awarded the Innovations in Government award from the Ford Foundation/Harvard University Kennedy School of Government . Numerous holding pools in the marsh , called lakes , are named after donors and citizens who helped start the marsh project , including Humboldt State University professors George Allen and Robert A. Gearheart who were instrumental in the creation of the Arcata Marsh . In 1969 Allen also started an aquaculture project at the marsh to raise salmonids in mixtures of sea water and partially treated wastewater . Despite being effectively a sewer , the series of open-air lakes do smell , and are a popular destination for birdwatching , cycling and jogging .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata,_California', 'summary': "Arcata ( meaning where there is a lagoon ) in Yurok or Oket'oh , originally Union Town or Union , is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay ( northern ) portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County , California , United States . At the 2010 census , Arcata 's population was 17,231 . Arcata , located 280 miles ( 450 km ) north of San Francisco ( via Highway 101 ) , is home to Humboldt State University . Arcata is also the location of the Arcata Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Land Management , which is responsible for the administration of natural resources , lands and mineral programs , including the Headwaters Forest , on approximately 200,000 acres of public land in Northwestern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California', 'summary': "Humboldt County is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 132,646 . The county seat is Eureka . Humboldt County comprises the Eureka-Arcata-Fortuna , California Micropolitan Statistical Area . It is located on the far North Coast , about 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco . Its primary population centers of Eureka , the site of College of the Redwoods main campus , and the smaller college town of Arcata , site of Humboldt State University , are located adjacent to Humboldt Bay , California 's second largest natural bay . Area cities and towns are known for hundreds of ornate examples of Victorian architecture . Humboldt County is a densely forested mountainous and rural county with about 110 miles ( 180 km ) of coastline ( more than any other county in the state ) , situated along the Pacific coast in Northern California 's rugged Coast ( Mountain ) Ranges . With nearly 1,500,000 acres ( 6,100 km2 ) of combined public and private forest in production , Humboldt County alone produces twenty percent of total volume and thirty percent of the total value of all forest products produced in California . The county contains over forty percent of all remaining old growth Coast Redwood forests , the vast majority of which is protected or strictly conserved within dozens of national , state , and local forests and parks , totaling approximately 680,000 acres ( 1,060 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Natural history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exhibits about the natural history and importance of the marsh and the operations of the waste water treatment plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battery Point Light', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battery_Point_Light', 'summary': 'Battery Point Light is a lighthouse in Crescent City , California , United States . It is registered as a California Historical Landmark , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Crescent City Lighthouse .'}]}, {'value': 'Crescent City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crescent_City,_California', 'summary': "Crescent City ( Chetco-Tolowa : Taa-at-dvn , Yurok : Kohpey , Wiyot : Daluwagh ) is the county seat of , and the only incorporated city in , Del Norte County , California . Named for the crescent-shaped stretch of sandy beach south of the city , Crescent City had a total population of 7,643 in the 2010 census , up from 4,006 in the 2000 census . The population includes inmates at Pelican Bay State Prison , also within the city limits , and the former census-designated place Crescent City North annexed to the city . The city is also the site of the Redwood National Park headquarters , as well as the historic Battery Point Light . Due to the richness of the local Pacific Ocean waters and the related catch , and ease of access , Crescent City Harbor serves as home port for numerous commercial fishing vessels . The city is located on the Pacific coast in the upper northwestern part of California , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of the Oregon border . Crescent City 's offshore geography makes it unusually susceptible to tsunamis . Much of the city was destroyed by four tsunami waves generated by the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage , Alaska in 1964 . More recently , the city 's harbor suffered extensive damage and destruction from tsunamis generated by the March 11 , 2011 earthquake off Sendai , Japan . Several dozen vessels and many of the docks they were moored to were destroyed as wave cycles related to the tsunamis exceeded 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . Climate of the Crescent City is moderate , with cool summers for its latitude as a result of intense maritime moderation . Nearby inland areas behind the mountains have significantly warmer summer temperatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California', 'summary': 'Del Norte County ( /dɛl nɔɹt/ ) is a county at the far northwest corner of the U.S. state of California , along the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Oregon border . As of the 2010 census , the population was 28,610 . The county seat and only incorporated city is Crescent City . Del Norte was pioneered and settled by Azorean Portuguese explorers and dairy farmers , which may account for the local pronunciation of the county name . Residents pronounce the county name as Del Nort , not Del Nor-teh as would be expected in Spanish . Del Norte County comprises the Crescent City , CA Micropolitan Statistical Area . The rural county is notable for forests containing giant Coast Redwoods , with some attaining heights over 350 feet ( 110 m ) . This northernmost county on the California coast also has scores of unique plants and flowers , dozens of species of coastal birds and fish , rocky primitive beaches and sea stacks , pristine rivers , and historic lighthouses . Del Norte is also known among Bigfoot enthusiasts as the location of the famous Patterson-Gimlin film , as well as being the location of some of the forest scenes used in Return of the Jedi .'}]}, {'value': 'Lighthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lighthouse and museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Lake Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lake_Museum', 'summary': 'The Blue Lake Museum , located in the former Arcata and Mad River Railroad depot at Railroad and G Streets , Blue Lake , California , has photos and artifacts of Blue Lake pioneer , local Indian , logging and railroad history .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Blue Lake ( formerly , Scottsville ) is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Blue Lake is located on the Mad River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) northeast of Eureka , at an elevation of 131 feet ( 40 m ) . The population was 1,253 at the 2010 census , up from 1,135 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Photos and artifacts of Blue Lake pioneers , local Indian , logging and railroad history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Ox Millworks and Historic Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': "website , historic park with working craftsmen 's areas and a current-day mill and woodworking operation", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarke Historical Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarke_Historical_Museum', 'summary': "The Clarke Historical Museum ( formerly the Clarke Memorial Museum ) in Eureka , California contains the area 's premier collection of California North Coast regional and cultural history . The facility has an entire Native American wing , Nealis Hall , which features an extensive internationally recognized collection of basketry , regalia , stoneware , implements , and other objects indicative of the culture and creativity of local and regional Native American groups including the Wiyot ( whose ancestral territory the Clarke resides ) , Yurok , Karuk and Hupa Tribes . The Eureka Visitors Center is located in the main hall of the museum . The Clarke Museum is a 501 ( c ) 3 non-profit ."}]}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formerly the Clarke Memorial Museum , history of Humboldt County with emphasis on the late 19th century , includes furniture , glassware , clothing and Native American wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Del Norte County Historical Society Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crescent City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crescent_City,_California', 'summary': "Crescent City ( Chetco-Tolowa : Taa-at-dvn , Yurok : Kohpey , Wiyot : Daluwagh ) is the county seat of , and the only incorporated city in , Del Norte County , California . Named for the crescent-shaped stretch of sandy beach south of the city , Crescent City had a total population of 7,643 in the 2010 census , up from 4,006 in the 2000 census . The population includes inmates at Pelican Bay State Prison , also within the city limits , and the former census-designated place Crescent City North annexed to the city . The city is also the site of the Redwood National Park headquarters , as well as the historic Battery Point Light . Due to the richness of the local Pacific Ocean waters and the related catch , and ease of access , Crescent City Harbor serves as home port for numerous commercial fishing vessels . The city is located on the Pacific coast in the upper northwestern part of California , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of the Oregon border . Crescent City 's offshore geography makes it unusually susceptible to tsunamis . Much of the city was destroyed by four tsunami waves generated by the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage , Alaska in 1964 . More recently , the city 's harbor suffered extensive damage and destruction from tsunamis generated by the March 11 , 2011 earthquake off Sendai , Japan . Several dozen vessels and many of the docks they were moored to were destroyed as wave cycles related to the tsunamis exceeded 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . Climate of the Crescent City is moderate , with cool summers for its latitude as a result of intense maritime moderation . Nearby inland areas behind the mountains have significantly warmer summer temperatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Del Norte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , includes Native American baskets , Tolowa and Yurok artifacts , musical instruments , old radio , phonographic and photographic equipment , needlework , logging and mining tools and equipment , fashions and furniture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tolowa', 'summary': 'The Tolowa people or Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni are a Native American people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethno-linguistic group . Two rancherias ( Smith River and Elk Valley ) still reside in their traditional territory in northwestern California . Those removed to the Siletz Reservation in Oregon are located there . Related to current locations , Tolowa people are members of several federally recognized tribes : Tolowa Dee-ni Nation , Elk Valley Rancheria , Confederated Tribes of Siletz , Trinidad Rancheria , as well as the unrecognized Tolowa Nation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yurok_tribe', 'summary': "The Yurok ( from Yuh'ára , or Yurúkvaarar in the neighboring Karuk language ) or as the called themselves Pueleekla and Puliklah ( from pulik 'downstream ' + -la 'people of ' ) both means downriver people are Native Americans who live in northwestern California near the Klamath River and Pacific coast . Today they live on the Yurok Indian Reservation and the surrounding communities in Humboldt , Del Norte and Trinity counties in Northern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Discovery Museum of Eureka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Children 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'non-profit childrens museum website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ely Stage Stop and Country Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelseyville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelseyville,_California', 'summary': 'Kelseyville is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Lake County , California , United States . Kelseyville is located 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) southeast of Lakeport , at an elevation of 1,384 feet ( 422 m ) . The population was 3,353 at the 2010 census , up from 2,928 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the Lake County Historical Society', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fern Cottage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_California', 'summary': "Ferndale is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Its population was 1,371 at the 2010 census , down from 1,382 at the 2000 census . The city contains dozens of well-preserved Victorian storefronts and homes . Ferndale is the northern gateway to California 's Lost Coast and the city , which is sited on the edge of a wide plain near the mouth of the Eel River , is also located near the extensive preserves of coast redwood forests ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Historic house', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , 19th-century cottage house', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale_Museum', 'summary': 'Permanent displays in the main building include a Magneto switchboard , a Pacific Telephone toll board , working crank telephones , historical rooms and furnishings , doll houses of interesting local buildings , and a display of Seth Kinman items . Tools , dairy , logging and farm equipment and a working blacksmith forge are in the museum Annex .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferndale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_California', 'summary': "Ferndale is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Its population was 1,371 at the 2010 census , down from 1,382 at the 2000 census . The city contains dozens of well-preserved Victorian storefronts and homes . Ferndale is the northern gateway to California 's Lost Coast and the city , which is sited on the edge of a wide plain near the mouth of the Eel River , is also located near the extensive preserves of coast redwood forests ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Period rooms , antiques , dollhouses , switchboard , telephones , farm equipment and oldest working Bosch-Omori seismograph , research collections include family histories , photographs and books', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Street Gallery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HSU_First_Street_Gallery', 'summary': 'HSU First Street Gallery ( later known as the HSU Third Street Gallery ) was a contemporary , fine arts gallery located in the E. Janssen Building at 422 1st Street ( later moved to 416 3rd Street ) in the historic Old Town district of Eureka , California . The gallery , which supported the Exhibition Programs of Humboldt State University , was an off-campus , non-profit student-oriented public outreach program and gallery which showcased regional , national and international artists , as well as art by faculty , staff , students , and alumni of the university . In September 2018 , the university closed the gallery during a round of budget cuts .'}]}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operated by Humboldt State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_State_University', 'summary': "Humboldt State University ( HSU , Humboldt State , or Humboldt ) is a public university in Arcata , California . It is the northernmost campus of the 23-school California State University ( CSU ) system . The main campus , situated hillside at the edge of a coast redwood forest , has commanding views overlooking Arcata , much of Humboldt Bay , and the Pacific Ocean . The college town setting on the California North Coast , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Eureka , 279 miles ( 449 km ) north of San Francisco , and 654 miles ( 1052.51 km ) north of Los Angeles is notable for its natural beauty . The university is divided into three colleges : the College of Arts , Humanities , and Social Sciences ; the College of Natural Resources and Sciences ; and the College of Professional Studies . It offers 48 types of bachelor 's degrees , 12 different master 's degrees , 61 minors , and 13 credential programs . HSU does not offer doctoral degrees . In addition to the main campus , HSU has multiple off-campus facilities and education-related properties , including an ocean-side marine biology research center , a wildlife care facility , a public natural history museum , a public art gallery , a bay-side aquatics facility , a mountain-top astronomy observatory , an ocean-going marine research and teaching vessel ( Coral Sea ) , and a demonstration forest ( Arcata Community Forest ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ford House Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_Headlands_State_Park', 'summary': 'Mendocino Headlands State Park is a California State Park in Mendocino , California . It consists of 347 acres ( 1.4 km2 ) of undeveloped seaside bluffs and islets surrounding the town of Mendocino , two beaches ( Big River Beach and Portuguese Beach ) , and the much larger Big River Unit stretching for eight miles ( 13 km ) along both banks of the nearby Big River . The park began operation in 1974 , after several years of concern and discussion from citizens about the possibility of blufftop development . The Big River Unit was added in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino,_California', 'summary': "Mendocino ( formerly , Big River , Meiggstown , and Mendocino City ) is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County , California , United States . Mendocino is located 9.5 miles ( 15 km ) south of Fort Bragg , at an elevation of 154 feet ( 47 m ) . The population of the census-designated place ( CDP ) was 894 at the 2010 census , up from 824 at the 2000 census . The town 's name comes from Cape Mendocino , named by early Spanish navigators in honor of Antonio de Mendoza , Viceroy of New Spain . In turn , the etymology of Mendoza is cold mountain . Despite its small size , the town 's scenic location on a headland surrounded by the Pacific Ocean has made it extremely popular as an artist colony and with vacationers ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Visitor and interpretive center for Mendocino Headlands State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_Headlands_State_Park', 'summary': 'Mendocino Headlands State Park is a California State Park in Mendocino , California . It consists of 347 acres ( 1.4 km2 ) of undeveloped seaside bluffs and islets surrounding the town of Mendocino , two beaches ( Big River Beach and Portuguese Beach ) , and the much larger Big River Unit stretching for eight miles ( 13 km ) along both banks of the nearby Big River . The park began operation in 1974 , after several years of concern and discussion from citizens about the possibility of blufftop development . The Big River Unit was added in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Humboldt State Historic Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Humboldt_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': 'Fort Humboldt State Historic Park is a California state park , located in Eureka , California , United States . Displays interpret the former U.S. Army fort , which was staffed from 1853-1870 , the interactions between European Americans and Native Americans in roughly the same period , and both logging equipment and local narrow gauge railroad history of the region . Within the collection , there are trains , logging equipment , including a fully functional Steam Donkey engine , and an authentic Native American dug-out canoe . The Fort overlooks Humboldt Bay from a commanding position atop a bluff . The North Coast regional headquarters of the California State Parks system is located onsite .'}]}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'History of the mid 19th century fort , interactions between European Americans and Native Americans , logging equipment and local narrow gauge railroad history of the region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortuna Depot Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortuna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortuna,_California', 'summary': "Fortuna ( formerly , Slide , Springville ) ( Wiyot : Vutsuwitk Da ' l , ashes stay ) is a city on the northeast shore of the Eel River ( approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) from where it enters the Pacific Ocean ) , and is on U.S. Route 101 in west-central Humboldt County , California , United States . The population was 11,926 at the 2010 census , up from 10,497 at the 2000 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , history of the Eel River Valley , includes memorabilia from railroad , farm and war eras , including large locks , spark plugs , and barbed wire displays , a doll collection and many types of fishing gear and lures', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grace Hudson Museum and Sun House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_Hudson_Museum_and_Sun_House', 'summary': 'The Grace Hudson Museum in Ukiah , California is adjacent to the Sun House where artist Grace Hudson and her husband resided until their deaths . The house and museum are owned and operated by the city of Ukiah .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukiah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukiah,_California', 'summary': 'Ukiah ( /juːˈkaɪə/ yoo-KY-ə ; formerly Ukiah City ) is the county seat and largest city of Mendocino County , California . With its accessible location ( along the U.S. Route 101 corridor several miles south of CA 20 ) , Ukiah serves as the city center for Mendocino County and much of neighboring Lake County .'}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art , history , and anthropology museum focusing on the lifeworks of artist Grace Carpenter Hudson ( 1865-1937 ) and her ethnologist husband , Dr. John W. Hudson ( 1857-1936 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guest House Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Bragg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_California', 'summary': "Fort Bragg is a coastal city along California 's Shoreline Highway in Mendocino County . It is 24 mi ( 39 km ) west of Willits , at an elevation of 85 feet ( 26 m ) . A California Historical Landmark , the city was founded , prior to the American Civil War , as a military garrison rather than a fortification . Fort Bragg is a tourist destination because of its picturesque views of the Pacific Ocean . Its population was 7,273 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the Fort Bragg - Mendocino Coast Historical Society', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoopa Tribal Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoopa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoopa,_California', 'summary': 'Hoopa ( formerly , Hupa , Ho-pah , Hoo-pah , Hupo , and Up-pa ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Humboldt County , California . It is located 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Weitchpec , at an elevation of 328 feet ( 100 m ) . The ZIP Code is 95546 . Hoopa is a rural town located entirely on the reservation of the Hupa . The federal designation of the area is the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation . Hoopa is on the Trinity River . Hoopa is in the area code of 530 . The Hoopa Valley post office opened in 1861 , the name was changed to Hoopa in 1895 , to Hupa in 1900 , and back to Hoopa in 1902 .'}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Native American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HSU Art Galleries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata,_California', 'summary': "Arcata ( meaning where there is a lagoon ) in Yurok or Oket'oh , originally Union Town or Union , is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay ( northern ) portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County , California , United States . At the 2010 census , Arcata 's population was 17,231 . Arcata , located 280 miles ( 450 km ) north of San Francisco ( via Highway 101 ) , is home to Humboldt State University . Arcata is also the location of the Arcata Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Land Management , which is responsible for the administration of natural resources , lands and mineral programs , including the Headwaters Forest , on approximately 200,000 acres of public land in Northwestern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , includes the Reese Bullen Gallery in the Humboldt State University Art Building , the Native American Arts Gallery in the Behavioral & Social Science Building and the First Street Gallery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_State_University', 'summary': "Humboldt State University ( HSU , Humboldt State , or Humboldt ) is a public university in Arcata , California . It is the northernmost campus of the 23-school California State University ( CSU ) system . The main campus , situated hillside at the edge of a coast redwood forest , has commanding views overlooking Arcata , much of Humboldt Bay , and the Pacific Ocean . The college town setting on the California North Coast , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Eureka , 279 miles ( 449 km ) north of San Francisco , and 654 miles ( 1052.51 km ) north of Los Angeles is notable for its natural beauty . The university is divided into three colleges : the College of Arts , Humanities , and Social Sciences ; the College of Natural Resources and Sciences ; and the College of Professional Studies . It offers 48 types of bachelor 's degrees , 12 different master 's degrees , 61 minors , and 13 credential programs . HSU does not offer doctoral degrees . In addition to the main campus , HSU has multiple off-campus facilities and education-related properties , including an ocean-side marine biology research center , a wildlife care facility , a public natural history museum , a public art gallery , a bay-side aquatics facility , a mountain-top astronomy observatory , an ocean-going marine research and teaching vessel ( Coral Sea ) , and a demonstration forest ( Arcata Community Forest ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HSU_First_Street_Gallery', 'summary': 'HSU First Street Gallery ( later known as the HSU Third Street Gallery ) was a contemporary , fine arts gallery located in the E. Janssen Building at 422 1st Street ( later moved to 416 3rd Street ) in the historic Old Town district of Eureka , California . The gallery , which supported the Exhibition Programs of Humboldt State University , was an off-campus , non-profit student-oriented public outreach program and gallery which showcased regional , national and international artists , as well as art by faculty , staff , students , and alumni of the university . In September 2018 , the university closed the gallery during a round of budget cuts .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Museums', 'section_text': 'See also : List of museums in California', 'uid': 'List_of_museums_in_the_North_Coast_(California)_0', 'intro': 'The North Coast of California is located on the Pacific coast in between the San Francisco Bay and the Oregon border and includes Del Norte, Humboldt, Lake, and Mendocino counties. This list of North Coast, California museums, defined for this context as institutions (in nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing can include non-profit and university art galleries. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included. To use the sortable tables: click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order; click again for reverse alphabetical order.'}
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How far from Oregon is the city containing Clarke Historical Museum ?
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100 miles
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01cd7e065effe5cd
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team', 'title': 'England national rugby league team', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Career', 'Points', 'Caps', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Sinfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Sinfield', 'summary': "Kevin Sinfield , MBE ( born 12 September 1980 ) , also known by the nickname of King Kev , is the Director of Rugby , for the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League , and an English former professional rugby league footballer , who captained the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League . His usual position was loose forward , although he sometimes played both stand-off and hooker . Sinfield played his entire professional career with Leeds and is one of the most successful players in the Super League history , having captained the team to seven Super League championships and two Challenge Cup successes . He also earned individual accolades as winner of the Lance Todd Trophy ( 2005 ) , Harry Sunderland Trophy twice ( 2009 , 2012 ) and the Golden Boot ( 2012 ) , one of only four British-based players to win the latter . He holds records as the highest points-scorer in Super League history , the third highest points-scorer in British rugby league history , and Leeds ' record points scorer . Sinfield is also the only captain to have led a team to win three consecutive Super League titles . He won 26 caps for England , who he captained , and 14 caps for Great Britain . Sinfield switched to rugby union in 2015 and played one season for Yorkshire Carnegie . After his playing career ended he joined the Rugby Football League as rugby director ."}]}, {'value': '2000-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '202', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Five-eighth', 'summary': "Five-eighth or Stand-off is one of the positions in a rugby league football team . Wearing jersey number 6 , this player is one of the two half backs in a team , partnering the scrum-half . Sometimes known as the pivot or second receiver , in a traditional attacking 'back-line ' ( № 1-7 ) play , the five-eighth would receive the ball from the scrum half , who is the first receiver of the ball from the dummy-half or hooker following a tackle . The role of the five-eighth is often to pass the ball away from the congested area around the tackle , further out along the 'back-line ' to the outside backs , the centres and wingers , who have more space to run with it . Furthermore , players in this position typically assume responsibility for kicking the ball for field position in general play . The five-eighth is therefore considered one of the most important positions , often referred to as a 'play maker ' , assuming a decision-making role on the field . Over time , however , as the game has evolved , the roles of the two halves have grown more aligned and difficult to distinguish . Along with other key positions - fullback , hooker and scrum half - the five-eighth makes up what is known as a team 's spine . One book published in 1996 stated that in senior rugby league , the five-eighth and hooker handled the ball more often than any other positions . The Rugby League International Federation 's Laws of the Game state that the Stand-off half or Five-eighth is to be numbered 6 . However , traditionally players ' jersey numbers have varied , and in the modern Super League , each squad 's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gareth Widdop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gareth_Widdop', 'summary': 'Gareth Widdop ( born 12 March 1989 ) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a stand-off or scrum-half for the Warrington Wolves in the Betfred Super League , and England and Great Britain at international level . Widdop previously played for the Melbourne Storm and the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL . He won the 2012 NRL Grand Final with Melbourne and has played for the World All Stars .'}]}, {'value': '2010-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '171', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Five-eighth', 'summary': "Five-eighth or Stand-off is one of the positions in a rugby league football team . Wearing jersey number 6 , this player is one of the two half backs in a team , partnering the scrum-half . Sometimes known as the pivot or second receiver , in a traditional attacking 'back-line ' ( № 1-7 ) play , the five-eighth would receive the ball from the scrum half , who is the first receiver of the ball from the dummy-half or hooker following a tackle . The role of the five-eighth is often to pass the ball away from the congested area around the tackle , further out along the 'back-line ' to the outside backs , the centres and wingers , who have more space to run with it . Furthermore , players in this position typically assume responsibility for kicking the ball for field position in general play . The five-eighth is therefore considered one of the most important positions , often referred to as a 'play maker ' , assuming a decision-making role on the field . Over time , however , as the game has evolved , the roles of the two halves have grown more aligned and difficult to distinguish . Along with other key positions - fullback , hooker and scrum half - the five-eighth makes up what is known as a team 's spine . One book published in 1996 stated that in senior rugby league , the five-eighth and hooker handled the ball more often than any other positions . The Rugby League International Federation 's Laws of the Game state that the Stand-off half or Five-eighth is to be numbered 6 . However , traditionally players ' jersey numbers have varied , and in the modern Super League , each squad 's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Hall_(rugby_league)', 'summary': 'Ryan Lee Hall ( born 27 November 1987 ) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays on the wing for the Sydney Roosters in the NRL , and England and Great Britain at international level . He played his entire Super League career with Leeds , having won the 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 Super League Grand Finals with them . In 2014 he was part of the Leeds team that won the Challenge Cup and was the winner of the Lance Todd Trophy .'}]}, {'value': '2009-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '140', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing', 'summary': "A wing is a type of fin that produces lift , while moving through air or some other fluid . As such , wings have streamlined cross-sections that are subject to aerodynamic forces and act as airfoils . A wing 's aerodynamic efficiency is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio . The lift a wing generates at a given speed and angle of attack can be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total drag on the wing . A high lift-to-drag ratio requires a significantly smaller thrust to propel the wings through the air at sufficient lift . Lifting structures used in water , include various foils , such as hydrofoils . Hydrodynamics is the governing science , rather than aerodynamics . Applications of underwater foils occur in hydroplanes , sailboats and submarines ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Fairbairn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Fairbairn_(rugby_league)', 'summary': "George Fairbairn ( birth unknown ) is a Scottish former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s , and coached rugby league in the 1980s and 1990s . He played representative level rugby union ( RU ) for Borders , and at club level for Kelso RFC , and representactive level rugby league ( RL ) for Great Britain and England , and at club level for Wigan , winning the Man of Steel Award in 1980 , and Hull Kingston Rovers , as a goal-kicking fullback , and coached at representactive level rugby league for Scotland , and at club level Wigan , Hull Kingston Rovers , and Huddersfield . Fairbairn retired as England 's top point scorer in test football . In September 2012 , he was named in Hull Kingston Rovers ' greatest ever team ."}]}, {'value': '1975-1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '118', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_league)', 'summary': "Fullback ( or full-back ) is one of the positions in a rugby league football team . Typically wearing jersey number 1 , the fullback is a member of the team 's 'back-line ' ( No . 1-7 ) . The position 's name comes from their duty of standing the furthest back in defence , behind the forwards ( 8-13 ) , half backs ( 6 and 7 ) and the three-quarter backs ( 2-5 ) . Fullbacks are therefore the last line of defence , having to tackle any opposition players and regather the ball from any kicks that make it through their teammates . It is for this reason that the fullback is also referred to as the sweeper or custodian . Being able to secure high bomb kicks is a highly sought quality in fullbacks . Fullback is also one of the most important positions in attack , handling the ball nearly every set of six and often running into open space on the field . Therefore , together with the two half backs and hooker , fullback is one of the four key positions that make up what is referred to as a team 's 'spine ' . Because the fullback makes the most support runs , players in the fullback role complete more very high-intensity running than any other position . The Rugby League International Federation 's Laws of the Game state that the 'fullback ' is to be numbered 1 . However , traditionally players ' jersey numbers have varied , and in the modern Super League , each squad 's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Farrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Farrell', 'summary': 'Andrew David Farrell , OBE ( born 30 May 1975 ) is coach of the Irish national rugby team and a former English rugby union coach and former rugby league and rugby union footballer . He is the head coach for Ireland following the 2019 Rugby World Cup . He is the father of England rugby union player Owen Farrell . A dual-code international , Farrell was a goal-kicking loose forward in rugby league . He captained Great Britain , and his club , Wigan Warriors . Farrell made 34 appearances for Great Britain and represented England in two World Cups . He won six Championships and four Challenge Cups with Wigan , as well as numerous individual awards between 1991 and 2004 . In rugby union he played for Saracens from 2005 to 2009 and won eight caps for England , including playing in the 2007 World Cup . After retiring as a player , Farrell continued in rugby union as a coach , working as an assistant coach with Saracens and Munster , as well as England , Ireland and the British and Irish Lions .'}]}, {'value': '1995-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Five-eighth', 'summary': "Five-eighth or Stand-off is one of the positions in a rugby league football team . Wearing jersey number 6 , this player is one of the two half backs in a team , partnering the scrum-half . Sometimes known as the pivot or second receiver , in a traditional attacking 'back-line ' ( № 1-7 ) play , the five-eighth would receive the ball from the scrum half , who is the first receiver of the ball from the dummy-half or hooker following a tackle . The role of the five-eighth is often to pass the ball away from the congested area around the tackle , further out along the 'back-line ' to the outside backs , the centres and wingers , who have more space to run with it . Furthermore , players in this position typically assume responsibility for kicking the ball for field position in general play . The five-eighth is therefore considered one of the most important positions , often referred to as a 'play maker ' , assuming a decision-making role on the field . Over time , however , as the game has evolved , the roles of the two halves have grown more aligned and difficult to distinguish . Along with other key positions - fullback , hooker and scrum half - the five-eighth makes up what is known as a team 's spine . One book published in 1996 stated that in senior rugby league , the five-eighth and hooker handled the ball more often than any other positions . The Rugby League International Federation 's Laws of the Game state that the Stand-off half or Five-eighth is to be numbered 6 . However , traditionally players ' jersey numbers have varied , and in the modern Super League , each squad 's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Tomkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Tomkins', 'summary': 'Sam Tomkins ( born 23 March 1989 ) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a fullback or scrum-half for the Catalans Dragons in the Betfred Super League and England at international level . He won three Super League Grand Finals with the Wigan Warriors in 2010 , 2013 and 2018 , as well as two Challenge Cup finals in 2011 and 2013 . He previously played for the New Zealand Warriors in the NRL for two seasons before return to Wigan in the Super League .'}]}, {'value': '2009-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_league)', 'summary': "Fullback ( or full-back ) is one of the positions in a rugby league football team . Typically wearing jersey number 1 , the fullback is a member of the team 's 'back-line ' ( No . 1-7 ) . The position 's name comes from their duty of standing the furthest back in defence , behind the forwards ( 8-13 ) , half backs ( 6 and 7 ) and the three-quarter backs ( 2-5 ) . Fullbacks are therefore the last line of defence , having to tackle any opposition players and regather the ball from any kicks that make it through their teammates . It is for this reason that the fullback is also referred to as the sweeper or custodian . Being able to secure high bomb kicks is a highly sought quality in fullbacks . Fullback is also one of the most important positions in attack , handling the ball nearly every set of six and often running into open space on the field . Therefore , together with the two half backs and hooker , fullback is one of the four key positions that make up what is referred to as a team 's 'spine ' . Because the fullback makes the most support runs , players in the fullback role complete more very high-intensity running than any other position . The Rugby League International Federation 's Laws of the Game state that the 'fullback ' is to be numbered 1 . However , traditionally players ' jersey numbers have varied , and in the modern Super League , each squad 's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernest Ward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_Ward', 'summary': 'Ernest Ward ( 30 July 1920 - 9 July 1987 ) was an English rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s , and coached in the 1950s . He played at representative level for Great Britain , British Empire , Combined Nationalities and England , and at club level for Bradford Northern ( captain ) , and Castleford , as a goal-kicking fullback , centre or second-row , i.e . number 1 , 3 or 4 , or , 11 or 12 , during the era of contested scrums , and coached at club level for Castleford . Ernest Ward was a Private in the British Army during World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1941-1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_league)', 'summary': "Fullback ( or full-back ) is one of the positions in a rugby league football team . Typically wearing jersey number 1 , the fullback is a member of the team 's 'back-line ' ( No . 1-7 ) . The position 's name comes from their duty of standing the furthest back in defence , behind the forwards ( 8-13 ) , half backs ( 6 and 7 ) and the three-quarter backs ( 2-5 ) . Fullbacks are therefore the last line of defence , having to tackle any opposition players and regather the ball from any kicks that make it through their teammates . It is for this reason that the fullback is also referred to as the sweeper or custodian . Being able to secure high bomb kicks is a highly sought quality in fullbacks . Fullback is also one of the most important positions in attack , handling the ball nearly every set of six and often running into open space on the field . Therefore , together with the two half backs and hooker , fullback is one of the four key positions that make up what is referred to as a team 's 'spine ' . Because the fullback makes the most support runs , players in the fullback role complete more very high-intensity running than any other position . The Rugby League International Federation 's Laws of the Game state that the 'fullback ' is to be numbered 1 . However , traditionally players ' jersey numbers have varied , and in the modern Super League , each squad 's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jimmy Ledgard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Ledgard', 'summary': 'James Jim/Jimmy Ledgard ( 9 June 1922 - 26 January 2007 ) was an English rugby union and World Cup winning professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s , 1950s and 1960s , and coached rugby league in the 1960s . He played club level rugby union ( RU ) for Sandal RUFC , and representative level rugby league ( RL ) for Great Britain , England and Yorkshire , and at club level for Dewsbury ( two spells ) , and Leigh , as a goal-kicking fullback , i.e . number 1 , and coached at club level for Bradford Northern . He was transferred from Dewsbury to Leigh for a record fee of £2,650 during January 1948 , ( based on increases in average earnings , this would be approximately £218,400 in 2013 ) . Ledgard made 334 appearances for Leigh after joining the club from Dewsbury in 1948 , scoring a record 1,043 goals for the club as well as 36 tries . He played for the club until 1958 . He was part of the Great Britain side that won the 1954 World Cup , winning his 11th and last cap in the 16-12 win over France in the final .'}]}, {'value': '1947-1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_league)', 'summary': "Fullback ( or full-back ) is one of the positions in a rugby league football team . Typically wearing jersey number 1 , the fullback is a member of the team 's 'back-line ' ( No . 1-7 ) . The position 's name comes from their duty of standing the furthest back in defence , behind the forwards ( 8-13 ) , half backs ( 6 and 7 ) and the three-quarter backs ( 2-5 ) . Fullbacks are therefore the last line of defence , having to tackle any opposition players and regather the ball from any kicks that make it through their teammates . It is for this reason that the fullback is also referred to as the sweeper or custodian . Being able to secure high bomb kicks is a highly sought quality in fullbacks . Fullback is also one of the most important positions in attack , handling the ball nearly every set of six and often running into open space on the field . Therefore , together with the two half backs and hooker , fullback is one of the four key positions that make up what is referred to as a team 's 'spine ' . Because the fullback makes the most support runs , players in the fullback role complete more very high-intensity running than any other position . The Rugby League International Federation 's Laws of the Game state that the 'fullback ' is to be numbered 1 . However , traditionally players ' jersey numbers have varied , and in the modern Super League , each squad 's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Rooney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Rooney', 'summary': "Jamie Rooney ( born ( 1980-03-17 ) 17 March 1980 ) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who is currently the head coach of his hometown amateur club Featherstone Lions . He is also a former England international , being an integral part of the 2006 Federation Shield winning side . Rooney is equally at home in both the stand-off and scrum half positions . Rooney made his professional début for Featherstone Rovers in 1998 in the Treize Tournoi against Limoux . He made his league début in 1999 away at Whitehaven , coming off the substitutes bench and scoring one goal , and quickly became the first choice no . 7 at age 19 . In two consecutive seasons he scored more than 100 points in the first 10 games , he is also in the Featherstone Rovers record books for most points in a season . He joined Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in December 2002 . The England international had an excellent season with Trinity in 2006 , amassing 197 points in 20 games after missing the early part of the season recovering from surgery on a troublesome knee . He shone for Wakefield Trinity ( Heritage № 1208 ) again in 2007 , playing 25 games and scoring 208 points during 25 appearances . This eventually led to his earning a place in the Great Britain initial train-on squad for the Gillette Fusion Test series against New Zealand . [ citation needed ] Rooney 's autobiography , High Ambitions , was released at the end of March 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Five-eighth', 'summary': "Five-eighth or Stand-off is one of the positions in a rugby league football team . Wearing jersey number 6 , this player is one of the two half backs in a team , partnering the scrum-half . Sometimes known as the pivot or second receiver , in a traditional attacking 'back-line ' ( № 1-7 ) play , the five-eighth would receive the ball from the scrum half , who is the first receiver of the ball from the dummy-half or hooker following a tackle . The role of the five-eighth is often to pass the ball away from the congested area around the tackle , further out along the 'back-line ' to the outside backs , the centres and wingers , who have more space to run with it . Furthermore , players in this position typically assume responsibility for kicking the ball for field position in general play . The five-eighth is therefore considered one of the most important positions , often referred to as a 'play maker ' , assuming a decision-making role on the field . Over time , however , as the game has evolved , the roles of the two halves have grown more aligned and difficult to distinguish . Along with other key positions - fullback , hooker and scrum half - the five-eighth makes up what is known as a team 's spine . One book published in 1996 stated that in senior rugby league , the five-eighth and hooker handled the ball more often than any other positions . The Rugby League International Federation 's Laws of the Game state that the Stand-off half or Five-eighth is to be numbered 6 . However , traditionally players ' jersey numbers have varied , and in the modern Super League , each squad 's players are assigned individual numbers regardless of position ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richie Myler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richie_Myler', 'summary': 'Richard David Myler ( born 21 May 1990 ) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a scrum-half for the Leeds Rhinos in the Betfred Super League and England and the England Knights at international level . He has played for the Widnes Vikings in the Championship , the Salford City Reds Championship and the Super League , and Warrington Wolves and the Catalans Dragons in the Super League .'}]}, {'value': '2008-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scrum-half_(rugby_league)', 'summary': "A rugby league team consists of thirteen players on the field , with four substitutes on the bench . Each of the thirteen players is assigned a position , normally with a standardised number , which reflects their role in attack and defence , although players can take up any position at any time . Players are divided into two general types , forwards and backs . Forwards are generally chosen for their size and strength . They are expected to run with the ball , to attack , and to make tackles . Forwards are required to improve the team 's field position thus creating space and time for the backs . Backs are usually smaller and faster , though a big , fast player can be of advantage in the backs . Their roles require speed and ball-playing skills , rather than just strength , to take advantage of the field position gained by the forwards . Typically forwards tend to operate in the centre of the field , while backs operate nearer to the touch-lines , where more space can usually be found ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Records -- Top points scorers', 'section_text': "Kevin Sinfield is England 's top points scorer", 'uid': 'England_national_rugby_league_team_2', 'intro': "The England national rugby league team represents England in international rugby league. The team, largely formed from the Great Britain team which also represented Wales, Scotland and Ireland, is run under the auspices of the Rugby Football League. It participates in the Rugby League World Cup, Four Nations and Test matches. The team dates to 1904, when they played against a mixture of Welsh and Scottish players in Wigan. Until the 1950s, they regularly toured Australia and New Zealand and played both home and away matches against neighbours Wales and France, but when it was decided that Great Britain would tour the Southern Hemisphere instead of England, France and Wales became the only regular opponents. Their first appearance in the Rugby League World Cup was in 1975. They have been three times runners-up; in 1975, 1995 and 2017. England also competed in the European Nations Cup, and, in 2006, an England 'A' team competed for the Federation Shield. England's main rivals historically were Wales and France, with the rivalries stretching back to 1908 and 1934 respectively. England's main rivals now are Australia and New Zealand. Traditionally a predominantly white kit is worn including white shorts and socks. However the jersey usually features some form of red, like red stripes, crosses or chevrons."}
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What is the career year of the player who is currently the head coach of his hometown amateur club Featherstone Lions ?
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2006
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01ce98cccda1d896
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Kappa_Psi_brothers', 'title': 'List of Phi Kappa Psi brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Initiation year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Donald C. Backer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_C._Backer', 'summary': 'Donald C. Backer ( November 9 , 1943 - July 25 , 2010 ) was an American astrophysicist who primarily worked in radio astronomy . Backer made important contributions to the understanding and study of pulsars ( including the discovery of the first millisecond pulsar ) , black holes , and the epoch of reionization .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astrophysicist known for his research of pulsars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrophysics', 'summary': 'Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects , rather than their positions or motions in space . Among the objects studied are the Sun , other stars , galaxies , extrasolar planets , the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background . Emissions from these objects are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum , and the properties examined include luminosity , density , temperature , and chemical composition . Because astrophysics is a very broad subject , astrophysicists apply concepts and methods from many disciplines of physics , including classical mechanics , electromagnetism , statistical mechanics , thermodynamics , quantum mechanics , relativity , nuclear and particle physics , and atomic and molecular physics . In practice , modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realms of theoretical and observational physics . Some areas of study for astrophysicists include their attempts to determine the properties of dark matter , dark energy , black holes , and other celestial bodies ; whether or not time travel is possible , wormholes can form , or the multiverse exists ; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe . Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include Solar System formation and evolution ; stellar dynamics and evolution ; galaxy formation and evolution ; magnetohydrodynamics ; large-scale structure of matter in the universe ; origin of cosmic rays ; general relativity , special relativity , quantum and physical cosmology , including string cosmology and astroparticle physics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pulsar', 'summary': 'A pulsar ( from pulse and -ar as in quasar ) is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles . This radiation can be observed only when a beam of emission is pointing toward Earth ( much like the way a lighthouse can be seen only when the light is pointed in the direction of an observer ) , and is responsible for the pulsed appearance of emission . Neutron stars are very dense , and have short , regular rotational periods . This produces a very precise interval between pulses that ranges from milliseconds to seconds for an individual pulsar . Pulsars are one of the candidates for the source of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays ( see also centrifugal mechanism of acceleration ) . The periods of pulsars make them very useful tools for astronomers . Observations of a pulsar in a binary neutron star system were used to indirectly confirm the existence of gravitational radiation . The first extrasolar planets were discovered around a pulsar , PSR B1257+12 . Certain types of pulsars exceed atomic clocks in their accuracy in keeping time .'}]}, {'value': 'Madison Bentley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I._Madison_Bentley', 'summary': 'Isaac Madison Bentley ( Clinton , Iowa , 1870 - California , 1955 ) was an American psychologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President of the American Psychological Association ( 1925-1926 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Psychological_Association', 'summary': 'The American Psychological Association ( APA ) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States , with over 118,000 members , including scientists , educators , clinicians , consultants , and students . It has 54 divisions - interest groups for different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas . The APA has an annual budget of around $ 115m .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Wigglesworth Clarke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Wigglesworth_Clarke', 'summary': "Frank Wigglesworth Clarke ( March 19 , 1847 - May 23 , 1931 ) of Boston , Massachusetts , and Washington , D.C. was an American scientist and chemist . Sometimes known as the Father of Geochemistry , Clarke is credited with determining the composition of the Earth 's crust . He was a founder of The American Chemical Society and served as its President , 1901.:144"}]}, {'value': 'New York Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': '1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sometimes known as the Father of Geochemistry ; credited with determining the composition of the Earth 's crust ; President of the American Chemical Society ( 1901 ) , and one of its founders", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geochemistry', 'summary': "Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth 's crust and its oceans . :1 The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth , encompassing the entire Solar System , and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection , the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt . :1"}, {'url': '/wiki/Crust_(geology)', 'summary': 'In geology , the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet , dwarf planet , or natural satellite . It is usually distinguished from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup ; however , in the case of icy satellites , it may be distinguished based on its phase ( solid crust vs. liquid mantle ) . The crusts of Earth , Moon , Mercury , Venus , Mars , Io , and other planetary bodies formed via igneous processes , and were later modified by erosion , impact cratering , volcanism , and sedimentation . Most terrestrial planets have fairly uniform crusts . Earth , however , has two distinct types : continental crust and oceanic crust . These two types have different chemical compositions and physical properties , and were formed by different geological processes .'}]}, {'value': 'Amos Dolbear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos_Dolbear', 'summary': "Amos Emerson Dolbear ( November 10 , 1837 - February 23 , 1910 ) was an American physicist and inventor . Dolbear researched electrical spark conversion into sound waves and electrical impulses . He was a professor at University of Kentucky in Lexington from 1868 until 1874 . In 1874 he became the chair of the physics department at Tufts University in Medford , Massachusetts . He is known for his 1882 invention of a system for transmitting telegraph signals without wires . In 1899 his patent for it was purchased in an unsuccessful attempt to interfere with Guglielmo Marconi 's wireless telegraphy patents in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Ohio Wesleyan University ( OWU ) is a private liberal arts university in Delaware , Ohio . It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution , and is a member of the Ohio Five - a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles . The 200-acre ( 81 ha ) site is 27 miles ( 44 km ) north of Columbus , Ohio . It includes the main academic and residential campus , the Perkins Observatory , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve . In 2010 , Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ranked Ohio Wesleyan the 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U.S. liberal arts colleges in its 2018 edition .'}]}, {'value': '1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physicist and prolific inventor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Forstall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Forstall', 'summary': 'Scott Forstall ( born 1969 ) is an American software engineer , best known for leading the original software development team for the iPhone and iPad , and Broadway producer , best known for co-producing the Tony award-winning Fun Home and Eclipsed with his wife . Having spent his career first at NeXT and then Apple , he was the senior vice president ( SVP ) of iOS Software at Apple Inc. from 2007 until October 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'California Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_University', 'summary': "Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Led original software development team for the iPhone and iPad ; co-produced Tony award-winning Fun Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IPhone', 'summary': "The iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. All generations of the iPhone use Apple 's iOS mobile operating system software . The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29 , 2007 , and multiple new hardware iterations with new iOS releases have been released since . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . The iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks . An iPhone can take photos , play music , send and receive email , browse the web , send and receive text messages , record notes , perform mathematical calculations , and receive visual voicemail . Shooting video also became a standard feature with the iPhone 3GS . Other functionality , such as video games , reference works , and social networking , can be enabled by downloading mobile apps . As of January 2017 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone . Apple has released twelve generations of iPhone models , each accompanied by one of the twelve major releases of the iOS operating system . The first-generation iPhone was a GSM phone and established design precedents , such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations . The iPhone 3G added 3G network support , and was followed by the iPhone 3GS with improved hardware , the iPhone 4 with a metal chassis , higher display resolution and front-facing camera , and the iPhone 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri . The iPhone 5 featured a taller , 4 inches ( 100 mm ) display and Apple 's newly introduced Lightning connector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IPad', 'summary': "iPad ( /ˈaɪpæd/ EYE-pad ) is a line of tablet computers designed , developed and marketed by Apple Inc. , which run the iOS and iPadOS mobile operating systems . The first iPad was released on April 3 , 2010 ; the most recent iPad models are the seventh-generation iPad , released on September 25 , 2019 ; the fifth-generation iPad mini , released on March 18 , 2019 ; the third-generation iPad Air , released on March 18 , 2019 ; and the 11-inch ( 280 mm ) and third-generation 12.9-inch ( 330 mm ) iPad Pro , released on November 7 , 2018 . As of May 2017 [ update ] , Apple has sold more than 360 million iPads , though sales peaked in 2013 . It is the most popular tablet computer by sales as of the second quarter of 2018 . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . All iPads can connect using Wi-Fi ; some models also have cellular connectivity . iPads can shoot video , take photos , play music , and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing . Other functions - games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , etc . - can be enabled by downloading and installing apps . As of March 2016 [ update ] , the App Store has more than 1 million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties . There have been nine versions of the iPad . The first generation established design precedents , some of which have persisted through all models ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fun_Home_(musical)', 'summary': "Fun Home is a musical adapted by Lisa Kron and Jeanine Tesori from Alison Bechdel 's 2006 graphic memoir of the same name . The story concerns Bechdel 's discovery of her own sexuality , her relationship with her gay father , and her attempts to unlock the mysteries surrounding his life . It is the first Broadway musical with a lesbian protagonist . It is told in a series of non-linear vignettes connected by narration provided by the adult Alison character . The musical was developed through several readings and performances , including at the Ojai Playwrights Conference in 2009 and at the Sundance Theatre Lab and The Public Theater 's Public Lab in 2012 . It opened Off-Broadway at the Public Theater in September 2013 to positive reviews . Its run was extended several times , until January 2014 . The Public Theater production of Fun Home was nominated for nine Lucille Lortel Awards ( winning three , including Outstanding Musical ) , two Obie Awards and eight Drama Desk Awards , among others . The original Broadway production began previews at the Circle in the Square Theatre in March 2015 and opened in April 2015 . It was nominated for twelve Tony Awards , winning five , including Best Musical , and its cast album received a nomination for the 2016 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . The production closed on September 10 , 2016 . A US national tour and foreign productions followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Owen Garriott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_K._Garriott', 'summary': 'Owen Kay Garriott ( November 22 , 1930 - April 15 , 2019 ) was an American electrical engineer and NASA astronaut , who spent 60 days aboard the Skylab space station in 1973 during the Skylab 3 mission , and 10 days aboard Spacelab-1 on a Space Shuttle mission in 1983 . After serving in the United States Navy , Garriott was an engineering professor at Stanford University before attending the United States Air Force Pilot Training Program and later joining NASA . After his NASA career , he worked for various aerospace companies , consulted on NASA-related committees , taught as an adjunct professor , and conducted research on microbes found in extreme environments .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': "The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASA astronaut ; spent 60 days aboard the Skylab space station in 1973 during the Skylab 3 mission , and 10 days aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1983 during the Spacelab-1 mission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Astronaut', 'summary': 'An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists and tourists . Until 2002 , astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments , either by the military or by civilian space agencies . With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created : the commercial astronaut .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Skylab', 'summary': "Skylab was the first United States space station , launched by NASA , occupied for about 24 weeks between May 1973 and February 1974 . It was operated by three separate three-man crews : SL-2 , SL-3 and SL-4 . Major operations included an orbital workshop , a solar observatory , Earth observation , and hundreds of experiments . Unable to be re-boosted by the Space Shuttle , which was not ready until the early 1980s , Skylab burned up in the Earth 's atmosphere in 1979 , over the Indian Ocean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_station', 'summary': 'A space station , also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station , is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time that lacks major propulsion or landing systems . Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies . The purpose of maintaining an orbital outpost varies depending on the program . Space stations have most often been launched for scientific purposes , but military launches have also occurred . As of 2019 [ update ] , one fully operational and permanently inhabited space station is in low Earth orbit : the International Space Station ( ISS ) , which is used to study the effects of long-term space flight on the human body as well as to provide a location to conduct a greater number and length of scientific studies than is possible on other space vehicles . China , India , Russia , and the U.S. , as well as Bigelow Aerospace and Axiom Space , are all planning other stations for the coming decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Skylab_3', 'summary': 'Skylab 3 ( also SL-3 and SLM-2 ) was the second crewed mission to the first American space station , Skylab . The mission began July 28 , 1973 , with the launch of three astronauts in the Apollo command and service module on the Saturn IB rocket , and lasted 59 days , 11 hours and 9 minutes . A total of 1,084.7 astronaut-utilization hours were tallied by the Skylab 3 crew performing scientific experiments in the areas of medical activities , solar observations , Earth resources , and other experiments . The crewed Skylab missions were officially designated Skylab 2 , 3 , and 4 . Mis-communication about the numbering resulted in the mission emblems reading Skylab I , Skylab II , and Skylab 3 respectively .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_Shuttle', 'summary': "The Space Shuttle is a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled , five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . Shuttle components include the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) with three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Space Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to deorbit and reenter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center , Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia', 'summary': "Space Shuttle Columbia ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation : OV-102 ) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA 's Space Shuttle fleet . It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12 , 1981 , the first flight of the Space Shuttle program . Serving for over 22 years , it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry near the end of its 28th mission , STS-107 on February 1 , 2003 , resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members ."}, {'url': '/wiki/STS-9', 'summary': "STS-9 ( also referred to as STS-41-A and Spacelab 1 ) was the ninth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the sixth mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia . Launched on November 28 , 1983 , the ten-day mission carried the first Spacelab laboratory module into orbit . STS-9 was also the last time the original STS numbering system was used until STS-26 , which was designated in the aftermath of the 1986 Challenger disaster of STS-51-L . Under the new system , STS-9 would have been designated as STS-41-A . STS-9 's originally planned successor , STS-10 , was cancelled due to payload issues ; it was instead followed by STS-41-B . STS-9 sent the first non-U.S. citizen into space on the Shuttle , Ulf Merbold , becoming the first ESA and first West German citizen to go into space ."}]}, {'value': 'J. McVicker Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._McVicker_Hunt', 'summary': 'Joseph McVicker Hunt ( March 19 , 1906 - January 9 , 1991 ) was a prominent American educational psychologist and author . He promoted and researched concepts related to the malleable nature of child intelligence ( also promulgated by Benjamin Bloom ) . That work eventually led to the theory of learning centered on the concept of the information processing system .'}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prominent educational psychologist , whose works were cited in the creation of Head Start ; past President of the American Psychological Association ( 1952-53 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Head_Start_Program', 'summary': "Head Start is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education , health , nutrition , and parent involvement services to low-income children and families . The program 's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships , enhance children 's physical and emotional well-being , and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills . The transition from preschool to elementary school imposes diverse developmental challenges that include requiring the children to engage successfully with their peers outside the family network , adjust to the space of a classroom , and meet the expectations the school setting provides . Launched in 1965 by its creator and first director Jule Sugarman , Head Start was originally conceived as a catch-up summer school program that would teach low-income children in a few weeks what they needed to know to start elementary school . The Head Start Act of 1981 expanded the program . The program was revised and reauthorized in December 2007 . As of late 2005 [ update ] , more than 22 million children had participated . The current director of Head Start is Dr. Deborah Bergeron"}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Psychological_Association', 'summary': 'The American Psychological Association ( APA ) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States , with over 118,000 members , including scientists , educators , clinicians , consultants , and students . It has 54 divisions - interest groups for different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas . The APA has an annual budget of around $ 115m .'}]}, {'value': 'Jesse William Lazear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_William_Lazear', 'summary': 'Jesse William Lazear ( 2 May 1866 , in Baltimore - 26 September 1900 , in Quemados , Cuba ) was an American physician .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_&_Jefferson_College', 'summary': "Washington & Jefferson College ( W & J College or W & J ) is a private liberal arts college in Washington , Pennsylvania . The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County established by three Presbyterian missionaries to the American frontier in the 1780s : John McMillan , Thaddeus Dod , and Joseph Smith . These early schools eventually grew into two competing academies , with Jefferson College located in Canonsburg and Washington College located in Washington . The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College . The 60 acre ( 0.2 km2 ) campus has more than 40 buildings , with the oldest dating to 1793 . The college 's academic emphasis is on the liberal arts and the sciences , with a focus on preparing students for graduate and professional schools . Campus activities include various religious , political , and general interest clubs , as well as academic and professional-themed organizations . The college has a strong history of competing literary societies , dating back before the union of Jefferson and Washington Colleges . Students operate a college radio station , a campus newspaper , and a literary journal . The athletic program competes in NCAA Division III . The football team has been particularly successful over its history , even competing in the 1922 Rose Bowl . A large majority of students participate in intramural athletics ."}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physician who studied malaria and yellow fever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaria', 'summary': "Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals . Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever , tiredness , vomiting , and headaches . In severe cases it can cause yellow skin , seizures , coma , or death . Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito . If not properly treated , people may have recurrences of the disease months later . In those who have recently survived an infection , reinfection usually causes milder symptoms . This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria . It is caused by single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group . The disease is most commonly spread by an infected female Anopheles mosquito . The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito 's saliva into a person 's blood . The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce . Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yellow_fever', 'summary': 'Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration . In most cases , symptoms include fever , chills , loss of appetite , nausea , muscle pains particularly in the back , and headaches . Symptoms typically improve within five days . In about 15% of people , within a day of improving the fever comes back , abdominal pain occurs , and liver damage begins causing yellow skin . If this occurs , the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is increased . The disease is caused by yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito . It infects only humans , other primates , and several types of mosquitoes . In cities , it is spread primarily by Aedes aegypti , a type of mosquito found throughout the tropics and subtropics . The virus is an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus . The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses , especially in the early stages . To confirm a suspected case , blood-sample testing with polymerase chain reaction is required . A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists , and some countries require vaccinations for travelers .'}]}, {'value': 'William Henry Letterman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Letterman', 'summary': 'William Henry Letterman was born in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania . ( August 12 , 1832 - May 23 , 1881 ) He was the co-founder of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity in 1852 at Jefferson College in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_&_Jefferson_College', 'summary': "Washington & Jefferson College ( W & J College or W & J ) is a private liberal arts college in Washington , Pennsylvania . The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County established by three Presbyterian missionaries to the American frontier in the 1780s : John McMillan , Thaddeus Dod , and Joseph Smith . These early schools eventually grew into two competing academies , with Jefferson College located in Canonsburg and Washington College located in Washington . The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College . The 60 acre ( 0.2 km2 ) campus has more than 40 buildings , with the oldest dating to 1793 . The college 's academic emphasis is on the liberal arts and the sciences , with a focus on preparing students for graduate and professional schools . Campus activities include various religious , political , and general interest clubs , as well as academic and professional-themed organizations . The college has a strong history of competing literary societies , dating back before the union of Jefferson and Washington Colleges . Students operate a college radio station , a campus newspaper , and a literary journal . The athletic program competes in NCAA Division III . The football team has been particularly successful over its history , even competing in the 1922 Rose Bowl . A large majority of students participate in intramural athletics ."}]}, {'value': '1852', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of Phi Kappa Psi ; surgeon and local medical leader in Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi', 'summary': "Phi Kappa Psi ( ΦΚΨ ) , commonly known as Phi Psi , is an American collegiate social fraternity that was founded by William Henry Letterman and Charles Page Thomas Moore in the southwest corner of the second floor of Widow Letterman 's home on the campus of Jefferson College in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania on February 19 , 1852 . There are over 100 chapters and colonies at accredited four year colleges and universities throughout the United States . More than 179,000 men have been initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding . Phi Kappa Psi and Phi Gamma Delta , both founded at the same college , form the Jefferson Duo ."}]}, {'value': 'H. Houston Merritt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H._Houston_Merritt', 'summary': "Hiram Houston Merritt Jr. ( January 12 , 1902 , Wilmington , North Carolina - January 9 , 1979 in Boston , Massachusetts ) was one of the pre-eminent academic neurologists of his day . As the chair of the Neurological Institute of New York from 1948 to 1967 , he oversaw the training of hundreds of neurologists ; 35 of his former students have become chairs of academic neurology departments across the United States . He was also the dean of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1958 to 1970 . His contributions to neurology were countless . Among the most important was the discovery of the anticonvulsant properties of phenytoin ( Dilantin ) . The technique he used , along with Tracy Putnam , to identify this compound ushered in the modern era of drug therapy for epilepsy . He also was the sole author of the first five editions of Merritt 's Neurology ; this popular textbook is in its twelfth edition ( Rowland and Pedley , 2009 ) . His early work on the normal properties of the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) was updated and published by one of his students , Robert Fishman , in a text that is the acknowledged standard on the topic . Merritt was also known in his day as an expert on neurosyphilis ; his 1946 monograph on the topic provided an overview of this condition , which almost disappeared from the medical eye shortly thereafter owing to the advent of penicillin . Charles Poser , another eminent neurologist , worked under Merritt , and credited him teaching him the importance of a thorough diagnosis ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_University', 'summary': "Vanderbilt University ( informally Vandy or VU ) is a private research university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1873 , it was named in honor of New York shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt , who provided the school its initial $ 1-million endowment despite having never been to the South . Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War . Ranked at number 15 among United States research universities by U.S. News & World Report , Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 13,100 students from all 50 U.S. states and over 100 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate and professional schools . The university is in the process of converting its residence halls into an academic residential college system . Several research centers and institutes are affiliated with the university , including the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities , the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center , and Dyer Observatory . Vanderbilt University Medical Center , formerly part of the university , became a separate institution in 2016 . With the exception of the off-campus observatory , all of the university 's facilities are situated on its 330-acre ( 1.3 km2 ) campus in the heart of Nashville , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from downtown . Despite its urban surroundings , the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs . The Fugitives and Southern Agrarians were based at the university in the first half of the 20th century and helped revive Southern literature among others . The Jean and Alexander Heard Library , the campus library system , contains over 8 million items across ten libraries and stands as one of the nation 's top research libraries . Vanderbilt Television News Archive holds the most extensive collection of television news coverage in the world , with over 40,000 hours of content ."}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neurologist ; Dean of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ( 1958-1969 ) ; chairman of the Neurological Institute of New York ( 1948-1967 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons', 'summary': "Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons , colloquially known now as VP & S and formerly Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , is the graduate professional medical school of Columbia University . Located at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan with its affiliate New York-Presbyterian Hospital . Founded in 1767 by Samuel Bard as the medical department of King 's College ( now Columbia University ) , the College of Physicians and Surgeons was the first medical school in the thirteen colonies and hence , the United States , to award the Doctor of Medicine ( M.D . ) degree . Beginning in 1993 , P & S also was the first U.S. medical school to hold a white coat ceremony . According to U.S. News and World Report , VP & S is one of the most selective medical schools in the United States based on average MCAT score , GPA , and acceptance rate . In 2018 , 7,537 people applied and 1,007 were interviewed for 140 positions in its entering class . The median undergraduate GPA and average MCAT score for successful applicants in 2014 were 3.82 and 36 , respectively . Columbia for 2020 is ranked 6th among research-oriented medical schools in the United States and ranked 39th for primary care by U.S. News & World Report . In 2016 , it ranked 7th in clinical medicine and pharmacy by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . The college also has the highest tuition of any private medical school in the United States . In 2018 , Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons became the first medical school in the nation to replace student loans with scholarships for all students who qualify for financial aid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neurological_Institute_of_New_York', 'summary': "The Neurological Institute of New York , located at 710 West 168th Street at the corner of Fort Washington Avenue in the NewYork-Presbyterian / Columbia University Medical Center in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City The Institute was founded in 1909 by Joseph Collins , Charles Elsberg , MD ( Columbia P & S neurosurgery chair from 1909-1937 ) , Joseph Fraenkel , and Pearce Bailey , MD as the first hospital and research center in the western hemisphere devoted solely to neurological disorders . From 1910 to 1911 , Barbara Spofford Morgan directed the psychological clinic . The Neurological Institute began teaching medical students at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1921 , became affiliated with Presbyterian Hospital - now NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital - in 1925 , and merged with it in 1943 . It consists of a department of academic neurology and a department of neurological surgery . The Chair of Neurology is Dr. Richard Mayeux . He was preceded by Timothy A. Pedley ( 1998-2011 ) , Lewis P. Rowland ( 1973-1998 ) , Milton Shy ( 1967 ) , and H. Houston Merritt ( 1948-1967 ) . The Institute 's building dates from the original incarnation of Columbia-Presbyterian campus built 1928 by philanthropist Edward Harkness and was designed by James Gamble Rogers . An addition was made in 1948 , designed by Rogers & Butler ."}]}, {'value': 'Peyton Rous', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous', 'summary': 'Francis Peyton Rous ForMemRS ( /raʊs/ ) ( October 5 , 1879 - February 16 , 1970 ) was an American Nobel Prize-winning virologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University', 'summary': "Johns Hopkins University is a private research university in Baltimore , Maryland . Founded in 1876 , the university was named for its first benefactor , the American entrepreneur , abolitionist , and philanthropist Johns Hopkins . His $ 7 million bequest ( approximately $ 147.5 million in today 's dollars ) - of which half financed the establishment of Johns Hopkins Hospital - was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States up to that time . Daniel Coit Gilman , who was inaugurated as the institution 's first president on February 22 , 1876 , led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research . Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany 's ancient Heidelberg University , Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States . Over the course of several decades , the university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures . In fiscal year 2016 , Johns Hopkins spent nearly $ 2.5 billion on research . The university has additional graduate campuses in Italy , China , and Washington , D.C. , in addition to its main campus in Baltimore , Maryland . The university has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top universities in the world . Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington , D.C. , with international centers in Italy and China . The two undergraduate divisions , the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering , are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore 's Charles Village neighborhood . The medical school , the nursing school , and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore ."}]}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( 1966 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'Elliot See', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elliot_See', 'summary': "Elliot McKay See Jr. ( July 23 , 1927 - February 28 , 1966 ) was an American engineer , naval aviator , test pilot , and NASA astronaut . See received an appointment to the United States Merchant Marine Academy in 1945 . He graduated in 1949 with a Bachelor of Science degree in marine engineering and a United States Navy Reserve commission , and joined the Aircraft Gas Turbine Division of General Electric as an engineer . He was called to active duty as a naval aviator during the Korean War , and flew Grumman F9F Panther fighters with Fighter Squadron 144 ( VF-144 ) from the aircraft carrier USS Randolph in the Mediterranean , and USS Boxer in the Western Pacific . He married Marilyn Denahy in 1954 , and they had three children . See rejoined General Electric ( GE ) in 1956 as a flight test engineer after his tour of duty , and became a group leader and experimental test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base , where he flew the latest jet aircraft with GE engines . He also obtained a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from UCLA . Selected in NASA 's second group of astronauts in 1962 , See was the prime command pilot for what would have been his first space flight , Gemini 9 . He was killed along with Charles Bassett , his Gemini 9 crewmate , in a NASA jet crash at the St. Louis McDonnell Aircraft plant , where they were to undergo two weeks of space rendezvous simulator training ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin', 'summary': "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASA astronaut ; killed in 1966 during training as command pilot of the Gemini 9 mission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Astronaut', 'summary': 'An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists and tourists . Until 2002 , astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments , either by the military or by civilian space agencies . With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created : the commercial astronaut .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gemini_9A', 'summary': "Gemini 9A ( officially Gemini IX-A ) was a 1966 crewed spaceflight in NASA 's Gemini program . It was the seventh crewed Gemini flight , the 13th crewed American flight and the 23rd spaceflight of all time ( includes X-15 flights over 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) ) . The original crew for Gemini 9 , command pilot Elliot See and pilot Charles Bassett , were killed in a crash on February 28 , 1966 while flying a T-38 jet trainer to the McDonnell Aircraft plant in St. Louis , Missouri to inspect their spacecraft . Their deaths promoted the backup crew , Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene Cernan , to the prime crew . The mission was renamed Gemini 9A after the original May 17 launch was scrubbed when the mission 's Agena Target Vehicle was destroyed after a launch failure . The mission was flown June 3-6 , 1966 , after launch of the backup Augmented Target Docking Adaptor ( ATDA ) . Stafford and Cernan rendezvoused with the ATDA , but were unable to dock with it because the nose fairing failed to eject from the docking target due to a launch preparation error . Cernan performed a two-hour extravehicular activity , during which it was planned for him to demonstrate free flight in a self-contained rocket pack , the USAF Astronaut Maneuvering Unit . He was unable to accomplish this due to stress , fatigue , and overheating ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Kappa_Psi_brothers_19', 'intro': "Phi Kappa Psi (ΦΚΨ), also called Phi Psi, is an American collegiate social fraternity founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania on February 19, 1852. There are over a hundred chapters and colonies at accredited four year colleges and universities throughout the United States. More than 112,000 men have been initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding, and many have achieved recognition in their field. Phi Psis in public service include U.S. President and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Woodrow Wilson, over a hundred members of Congress (including 18 senators and Speaker of the House Warren Keifer), three-term New York City Mayor and Bloomberg L.P. founder Mike Bloomberg, over a dozen state governors, two directors of the Peace Corps, and Wild Bill Donovan, the founding director of the Office of Strategic Services (the Central Intelligence Agency's predecessor) and recipient of the Medal of Honor and of the Freedom Award. Academian Phi Psis include over a dozen university presidents (among these are Priestley Medal recipient Edgar Fahs Smith, and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient Detlev Bronk), Rhodes scholars, and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Frederick Jackson Turner. Amidst the Phi Psis who have served in the military are dozens of generals and admirals, including Father of the U.S. Air Force Billy Mitchell, World War I Army Chief of Staff Tasker Bliss, National Security Agency director Kenneth Minihan, and three Judge Advocate Generals. In the arts, Phi Psis have received Academy Awards, Emmys, Golden Globes, Grammys, and Tony Awards. Journalist Sy Hersh has won the Pulitzer Prize, Orwell Award and George Polk Award. Phi Psi businessmen include Bank of America founder Orra E. Monnette, Dow Chemical founder Herbert Dow, PIMCO founder Bill Gross, and Yahoo! founder Jerry Yang. Three Phi Psis have served as presidents of the American Bar Association. Sportsmen include Heisman Trophy winner Nile Kinnick, Olympic gold medalists including 7-time gold swimmer Mark Spitz, Father of College Basketball Coaching Phog Allen, NFL visionary Tex Schramm, and Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick."}
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More than how many men have been initiated into the fraternity that William Henry Letterman is notable for starting ?
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179,000
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01cf940381b4282d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Plan_B', 'title': 'List of songs recorded by Plan B', 'header': ['Song', 'Year', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acapella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acapella_(Kelis_song)', 'summary': "Acapella is a song by American singer Kelis from her fifth studio album , Flesh Tone ( 2010 ) . The song is a departure from her past singles in that it is a dance/electronic track rather than hip hop/R & B-oriented . The song was first premiered on her Twitter page and her official website in November 2009 , and was released on February 23 , 2010 , as the lead single from the album . The song 's co-writer Makeba Riddick revealed that the song had previously been called Majestic . Kelis stated that she wrote the song with love and life in my mind and as a tribute to her son , Knight . It has received positive reviews from critics many of whom praise the song for its inspirational lyrics and for its uptempo feel-good vibe which includes angelic harmonies . The song was listed at # 20 on the NME 's best tracks of 2010 , which they describe it her most thrilling tune since Milkshake ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelis cover . Performed live in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelis', 'summary': "Kelis Rogers ( /kəˈliːs/ ; born August 21 , 1979 ) is an American singer , songwriter and chef . When she was 14 , Kelis was admitted to New York 's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts , where she learned to play the saxophone and won a spot in the Girls Choir of Harlem . After she graduated from high school in 1997 , Kelis took on a variety of jobs before landing a backup vocal slot on a single called Fairytalez released by the American hip hop group Gravediggaz . She then began working with music producers Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo , known as The Neptunes , which ultimately resulted in her being signed to Virgin Records in 1998 . Kelis released her debut studio album Kaleidoscope with Virgin Records on December 7 , 1999 . Inspired by jazz and disco music from the 1970s , the album was a critical and international success . It spawned three singles : Caught Out There , Good Stuff , and Get Along With You . The album reached number 43 in the United Kingdom while also becoming her first album to be certified gold . She left her label Virgin Records after its follow-up , Wanderland ( 2001 ) , received little sales attention and no U.S. release until 2019 . In 2003 , Kelis released her third studio album Tasty . The album produced the singles Milkshake , Trick Me , Millionaire and In Public . The album earned the singer commercial prominence ."}]}, {'value': "Ai n't No Sunshine", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ain't_No_Sunshine", 'summary': "Ai n't No Sunshine is a song by Bill Withers from his 1971 album Just As I Am , produced by Booker T. Jones . The record featured musicians Donald Duck Dunn on bass guitar , Al Jackson Jr. on drums and Stephen Stills on guitar . String arrangements were done by Booker T. Jones , and recorded in Memphis by engineer Terry Manning . The song is in the key of A minor . The song was released as a single in 1971 , becoming a breakthrough hit for Withers , reaching number six on the U.S. R & B Chart and number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Billboard ranked it as the No . 23 song for 1971 . The song also appears on the original soundtrack album for the film When We Were Kings ( 1997 ) , and in FX 's first season ( 2016 ) of the anthology limited series American Crime Story , which focuses on the 1994 murder trial of O. J. Simpson . The song reached the Top 40 again in 2009 , sung by Kris Allen in the 8th season of American Idol ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Withers cover . Performed live in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Withers', 'summary': "William Harrison Withers Jr. ( born July 4 , 1938 ) is an American singer-songwriter and musician who performed and recorded from 1970 until 1985 . He recorded several major hits , including Lean on Me , Ai n't No Sunshine , Use Me , Just the Two of Us , Lovely Day , and Grandma 's Hands . Withers won three Grammy Awards and was nominated for four more . His life was the subject of the 2009 documentary film Still Bill . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': "The Drugs Do n't Work", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_Drugs_Don't_Work", 'summary': "The Drugs Do n't Work is a song by the English rock band the Verve , written by Richard Ashcroft and is featured on their third album , Urban Hymns . It was released on 1 September 1997 as the second single from the album , debuting at number one on the UK Singles Chart . The beginning of the video shows the band walking down the street , following on from the end of Bitter Sweet Symphony . Ranked number seven on Channel 4 's list of the 100 Greatest # 1 Singles , the sombre nature of the song unintentionally captured the spirit of the nation as it was released the day after Princess Diana died . In October 2011 , NME placed The Drugs Do n't Work at number 78 on its list 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Verve cover . Performed live in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Verve', 'summary': "The Verve were an English rock band formed in Wigan , Greater Manchester , in 1990 by lead vocalist Richard Ashcroft , guitarist Nick McCabe , bass guitarist Simon Jones and drummer Peter Salisbury . Guitarist and keyboard player Simon Tong later became a member . Beginning with a psychedelic sound with their debut LP A Storm in Heaven , by the mid-1990s the band had released several EPs and three albums . It also endured name and line-up changes , break-ups , health problems , drug abuse and various lawsuits . The band 's commercial breakthrough was the 1997 album Urban Hymns , one of the best-selling albums in UK Chart history . The album features the hit singles Bitter Sweet Symphony , The Drugs Do n't Work and Lucky Man . In 1998 , the band won two Brit Awards - winning Best British Group , appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in March , and in February 1999 , Bitter Sweet Symphony was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song . Soon after their commercial peak , the Verve disbanded in April 1999 , citing internal conflicts . According to Billboard magazine , the group 's rise was the culmination of a long , arduous journey that began at the dawn of the decade and went on to encompass a major breakup , multiple lawsuits , and an extensive diet of narcotics . During an eight-year split , Ashcroft dismissed talk of a reunion , saying : You 're more likely to get all four Beatles on stage . The band 's original line-up reunited in June 2007 , embarking on a tour later that year and releasing the album Forth in August 2008 , which spawned the hit single Love Is Noise . Amid revived tensions , the band broke up for the third time in 2008 following their final performance together at the V Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Forgot About Dre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forgot_About_Dre', 'summary': "Forgot About Dre is a single from rapper Dr. Dre 's album 2001 , featuring vocals from rapper Eminem . The track reached No . 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No . 14 on the U.S. R & B chart , No . 32 on the U.S . Pop chart , and No . 7 on the UK Singles Chart . Released as the album 's second single on January 29 , 2000 , like Still D.R.E. , the song addresses Dre 's critics in a defiant manner , as Dre announces his return to the hip-hop scene and reminds listeners of his significant influence on the genre . Forgot About Dre won Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2001 Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Dre cover . Performed live in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Dre', 'summary': "Andre Romelle Young:1 ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur , record executive , actor , and audio engineer . He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics , and was previously co-owner of Death Row Records . Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru in 1985 , but found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A , which popularized explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . He is credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk , a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow , heavy beats . He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of US $ 800 million . Dr. Dre 's solo debut studio album The Chronic ( 1992 ) , released under Death Row Records , made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993 . It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the single Let Me Ride , as well as several accolades for the single Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang . That year , he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Doggy Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and mentored producers such as his step-brother Warren G ( leading to the multi-platinum debut Regulate.G Funk Era in 1994 ) and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger ( leading to the double-platinum debut Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 ) . In 1996 , Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album , Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath , in 1996 , and released a solo album , 2001 , in 1999 . During the 2000s , Dr. Dre focused on producing other artists , occasionally contributing vocals . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 , and co-produced their albums ."}]}, {'value': 'In the Bleak Midwinter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_the_Bleak_Midwinter', 'summary': "In the Bleak Midwinter is a Christmas carol based on a poem by the English poet Christina Rossetti . The poem was published , under the title A Christmas Carol , in the January 1872 issue of Scribner 's Monthly . The poem first appeared set to music in The English Hymnal in 1906 with a setting by Gustav Holst . Harold Darke 's anthem setting of 1911 is more complex and was named the best Christmas carol in a poll of some of the world 's leading choirmasters and choral experts in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Live Lounge performance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Live_Lounge', 'summary': "The Live Lounge is a segment on the British radio stations BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra . Originally hosted by Jo Whiley on her mid-morning radio show and then by Fearne Cotton from 2009 until 2015 , it is now hosted by Clara Amfo since May 2015 . It exhibits well-known artists usually performing one song of their own and one by another artist , in an acoustic format . The Live Lounge itself is also a physical room in the Radio 1 studios , from where some of the performances are broadcast ; however , due to its size , many are done from the BBC Maida Vale Studios . From 2009 , Trevor Nelson began hosting Live Lounges on his BBC Radio 1Xtra show , and was replaced in that slot by DJ Ace in 2017 . The songs chosen as cover versions are often a completely different genre to that which the artist usually performs , and offer a new perspective on the original . Jamie Cullum 's cover of Pharrell Williams 's Frontin ' led to Cullum being signed to Pharrell 's label Star Trak when played to him at a later visit to The Jo Whiley Show , and was added to his 2003 album Twentysomething ."}]}, {'value': 'Kiss from a Rose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiss_from_a_Rose', 'summary': "Kiss from a Rose is a song from Seal 's second eponymous album . The song was first released as a single in July 1994 . Re-released in 1995 , it was included on the Batman Forever film soundtrack , helping it top the charts in the United States and Australia . It also reached the top 10 in several other countries , including Canada , France , Iceland and Norway . At the 1996 Grammy Awards , it won awards for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seal cover . Performed live in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_(musician)', 'summary': 'Henry Olusegun Adeola Samuel ( born 19 February 1963 ) , known professionally as Seal , is a British musician , singer , and songwriter . He has sold over 20 million records worldwide , with his first international hit song , Crazy , released in 1991 ; his most celebrated song , Kiss from a Rose , was released in 1994 . Seal has won multiple awards throughout his career , including three Brit Awards ; he won Best British Male in 1992 , as well as four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award . As a songwriter , he received two Ivor Novello Awards for Best Song Musically and Lyrically from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers , and Authors for Killer ( 1990 ) and Crazy ( 1991 ) . He was a coach on The Voice Australia in 2012 and 2013 , and returned to Australia to work as a coach in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'My Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)', 'summary': "My Girl is a soul music song recorded by the Temptations for the Gordy ( Motown ) record label . Written and produced by the Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Ronald White , the song became the Temptations ' first U.S. number-one single , and is today their signature song . Robinson 's inspiration for writing this song was his wife , Miracles member Claudette Rogers Robinson . The song was included on the Temptations 1965 album The Temptations Sing Smokey . In 2018 , it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or artistically significant . The song was also included in the soundtrack for the 1989 film Born on the Fourth of July"}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Temptations cover . Performed live in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Temptations', 'summary': "The Temptations are an American vocal group who released a series of successful singles and albums with Motown Records during the 1960s and 1970s . The group 's work with producer Norman Whitfield , beginning with the Top 10 hit single Cloud Nine in October 1968 , pioneered psychedelic soul , and was significant in the evolution of R & B and soul music . The band members are known for their choreography , distinct harmonies , and dress style . Having sold tens of millions of albums , the Temptations are among the most successful groups in popular music . Featuring five male vocalists and dancers ( save for brief periods with fewer or more members ) , the group formed in 1960 in Detroit , Michigan under the name The Elgins . The founding members came from two rival Detroit vocal groups : Otis Williams , Elbridge Al Bryant , and Melvin Franklin of Otis Williams & the Distants , and Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams of the Primes . In 1964 , Bryant was replaced by David Ruffin , who was the lead vocalist on a number of the group 's biggest hits , including My Girl ( 1964 ) , Ai n't Too Proud to Beg ( 1966 ) , and I Wish It Would Rain ( 1967 ) . Ruffin was replaced in 1968 by Dennis Edwards , with whom the group continued to record hit records such as Cloud Nine ( 1969 ) and Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) ( 1970 ) . The group 's lineup has changed frequently since the departures of Kendricks and Paul Williams from the act in 1971 . Later members of the group have included singers such as Richard Street , Damon Harris , Ron Tyson , and Ali-Ollie Woodson , with whom the group scored a late-period hit in 1984 with Treat Her Like a Lady . Over the course of their career , the Temptations released four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and fourteen R & B number-one singles . Their music has earned three Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Stand by Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(Ben_E._King_song)', 'summary': "Stand by Me is a song originally performed in 1961 by American singer-songwriter Ben E. King and written by King , Jerry Leiber , and Mike Stoller . According to King , the title is derived from , and was inspired by , a spiritual written by Sam Cooke and J. W. Alexander called Stand by Me Father , recorded by the Soul Stirrers with Johnnie Taylor singing lead . The third line of the second verse of the former work derives from Psalm 46:2c/3c . There have been over 400 recorded versions of the song , performed by many artists . It was featured on the soundtrack of the 1986 film Stand by Me , and a corresponding music video , featuring King along with actors River Phoenix and Wil Wheaton , was released to promote the film . In 2012 it was estimated that the song 's royalties had topped $ 22.8 million ( £17 million ) , making it the sixth highest-earning song as of its era . 50% of the royalties were paid to King . In 2015 King 's original version was inducted into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress , as culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant , just under five weeks before his death . Later in the year , the 2015 line up of the Drifters recorded it in tribute . The song has been covered by various artists , like John Lennon , Cassius Clay ( later Muhammad Ali ) , 4 the Cause , Tracy Chapman , musicians of the Playing for Change project , Florence and the Machine , and the Kingdom Choir . A-League club Melbourne Victory FC play this song before home matches , while fans raise their scarves above their heads and sing the lyrics ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben E. King cover . Performed live in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_E._King', 'summary': "Benjamin Earl King ( born Benjamin Earl Nelson , September 28 , 1938 - April 30 , 2015 ) was an American soul and R & B singer and record producer . He is best known as the singer and co-composer of Stand by Me - a U.S. Top 10 hit , both in 1961 and later in 1986 ( when it was used as the theme to the film of the same name ) , a number one hit in the United Kingdom in 1987 , and no . 25 on the RIAA 's list of Songs of the Century - and as one of the principal lead singers of the R & B vocal group The Drifters , notably singing the lead vocals of one of their biggest global hit singles ( and only U.S. # 1 hit ) Save the Last Dance for Me ."}]}, {'value': 'Would I Lie to You ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Would_I_Lie_to_You?_(Charles_&_Eddie_song)', 'summary': 'Would I Lie to You ? is an R & B song by American duo Charles & Eddie . Written by Mike Leeson and Peter Vale and produced by Josh Deutsch , Would I Lie to You ? was the debut single by the pop-soul duo , and it proved to be their biggest hit . A major international success , it reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in November 1992 , and was also number one in New Zealand , Germany , Austria and Zimbabwe . It was a top five hit in several other European countries while in Australia and Canada it went to number 3 . The single became a Top 20 hit in the US , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it achieved award-winning sales , earning a platinum record in the UK , a gold record in both Germany and Austria and silver record award in France . The songwriters , Leeson and Vale , received the 1992 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles & Eddie cover . Performed live in 2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_&_Eddie', 'summary': 'Charles & Eddie were an American soul music duo composed of Charles Pettigrew and Eddie Chacon . Their single Would I Lie to You ? , taken from their 1992 debut album , Duophonic , won Ivor Novello Awards in 1993 in the Best Contemporary Song , Best Selling Song and International Hit of the Year categories .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Unreleased songs -- Cover versions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_songs_recorded_by_Plan_B_5', 'intro': 'This is a comprehensive list of songs released, recorded, performed or written by Plan B.'}
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Which song was released by the singer born on February 18 , 1965 ?
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Forgot About Dre
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01d10526bc1bdff2
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Albania_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Albania at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Ymer Pampuri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ymer_Pampuri', 'summary': 'Ymer Pampuri ( 30 April 1944 - 18 January 2017 ) was an Albanian weightlifter who in the 1972 Summer Olympic Games became the first Albanian to break an Olympic record , the first Albanian to become a World Champion and the last World Champion in military press , since the discipline was no longer allowed to be practiced internationally after 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristo Robo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristo_Robo', 'summary': 'Kristo Robo ( born 7 December 1948 ) is an Albanian shooter who competed at the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in the 25 metre rapid fire pistol , he finished 30th , he was also the Albanian flag bearer .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_sport', 'summary': 'Shooting sports is a collective group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy , precision and speed in shooting - the art of using various types of ranged weapons , mainly referring to human-portable guns ( firearms and airguns , in forms such as handguns , rifles and shotguns ) and bows/crossbows . Different disciplines of shooting sports can be categorized by equipment , shooting distances , targets , time limits and degrees of athleticism involved . Shooting sports may involve both team and individual competition , and team performance is usually assessed by summing the scores of the individual team members . Due to the noise of shooting and the high ( and often lethal ) impact energy of the projectiles , shooting sports are typically conducted at either designated permanent shooting ranges or temporary shooting fields in the area away from settlements .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Mirela Maniani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirela_Maniani', 'summary': 'Mirela Maniani ( Greek : Μιρέλα Μανιάνι , [ miˈrela maˈɲani ] ; , 21 December 1976 ) is a retired Greek track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw . Prior to 1997 , she represented Albania .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics', 'summary': "Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running , jumping , and throwing . The name is derived from where the sport takes place , a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events . Track and field is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics , which also includes road running , cross country running , and racewalking . The foot racing events , which include sprints , middle- and long-distance events , racewalking and hurdling , are won by the athlete who completes it in the least time . The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height . Regular jumping events include long jump , triple jump , high jump and pole vault , while the most common throwing events are shot put , javelin , discus and hammer . There are also combined events or multi events , such as the pentathlon consisting of five events , heptathlon consisting of seven events , and decathlon consisting of ten events . In these , athletes participate in a combination of track and field events . Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor ; the most prominent team events are relay races , which typically feature teams of four . Events are almost exclusively divided by gender , although both the men 's and women 's competitions are usually held at the same venue . If a race has too many people to run all at once , preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants . Track and field is one of the oldest sports ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ilirjan Suli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilirjan_Suli', 'summary': 'Ilirjan Suli ( born : ( 1975-10-11 ) 11 October 1975 ( age 44 ) ) is an Albanian weightlifter , participant in the Olympic games in 2000 in the 77gk class , representing Albania . He won bronze medal in the 2000 European Weightlifting Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Klodiana Shala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klodiana_Shala', 'summary': 'Klodiana Shala ( born 22 August 1979 in Tirana ) is an Albanian track and field athlete who competes in the 200 metres and 400 metres sprints . Her personal bests are 23.27 and 52.86 seconds , respectively . She was the bearer of the Flag of Albania in the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics . Since November 2002 , she has held a scholarship from the Olympic Solidarity program . She is a three-time Olympic participant having represented Albania at the Olympics in 2000 , 2004 and 2008 . She was the 400 metres bronze medalist at the 2005 Mediterranean Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics', 'summary': "Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running , jumping , and throwing . The name is derived from where the sport takes place , a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events . Track and field is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics , which also includes road running , cross country running , and racewalking . The foot racing events , which include sprints , middle- and long-distance events , racewalking and hurdling , are won by the athlete who completes it in the least time . The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height . Regular jumping events include long jump , triple jump , high jump and pole vault , while the most common throwing events are shot put , javelin , discus and hammer . There are also combined events or multi events , such as the pentathlon consisting of five events , heptathlon consisting of seven events , and decathlon consisting of ten events . In these , athletes participate in a combination of track and field events . Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor ; the most prominent team events are relay races , which typically feature teams of four . Events are almost exclusively divided by gender , although both the men 's and women 's competitions are usually held at the same venue . If a race has too many people to run all at once , preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants . Track and field is one of the oldest sports ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Sahit Prizreni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahit_Prizreni', 'summary': "Sahit Prizreni ( born 23 February 1983 ) is a freestyle wrestler from Albania who now competes for Australia . He participated in Men 's freestyle 60 kg at 2008 Summer Olympics . He was eliminated in 1/8 of final losing with Bazar Bazarguruev from Kyrgyzstan . Prizreni participated in Men 's freestyle 60 kg at 2004 Summer Olympics as well where he was ranked on 17th place . He won a bronze medal on 2007 FILA Wrestling World Championships Prizreni won the 63 kg final at the 2016 African & Oceania Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament . He was selected for Australia 's 2016 Summer Olympic team , becoming the first Australian to have carried another countrys flag ( Albania ) at the Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling', 'summary': "Freestyle wrestling is a style of amateur wrestling that is practiced throughout the world . Along with Greco-Roman , it is one of the two styles of wrestling contested in the Olympic games . American high school and college wrestling is conducted under different rules and is termed scholastic and collegiate wrestling . Freestyle wrestling , like collegiate wrestling , has its greatest origins in catch-as-catch-can wrestling . In both styles the ultimate goal is to throw and pin the opponent to the mat , which results in an immediate win . Unlike Greco-Roman , freestyle and collegiate wrestling allow the use of the wrestler 's or the opponent 's legs in offense and defense . Freestyle wrestling brings together traditional wrestling , judo , and sambo techniques . According to wrestling 's world governing body , United World Wrestling ( UWW ) , freestyle wrestling is one of the six main forms of amateur competitive wrestling practiced internationally today . The other five forms are Greco-Roman wrestling , grappling/submission wrestling , beach wrestling , pankration athlima , alysh/belt wrestling and traditional/folk wrestling . The Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) recommended dropping wrestling as a sport from the 2020 Olympic Games , but the decision was later reversed by the IOC ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Romela Begaj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romela_Begaj', 'summary': 'Romela Aleksandër Begaj ( born 2 November 1986 ) is an Albanian female weightlifter . On 11 November 2014 in Almaty she became world champion in the Snatch style for the category up to 63 kg . Previously Begaj represented Albania at the 2008 European Weightlifting Championships where she took home the silver medal . She also represented Albania at 2008 Olympic Games in China where she finished 6th in the under 58 kg category . In the 2011 World Weightlifting Championships she got bronze medal in snatch . Begaj , 28 , became the first Albanian woman to win a World Championship gold medal by lifting 113 kg in the snatch . However , Begaj failed an anti-doping test for this event and her results will likely be expunged .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Luiza Gega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luiza_Gega', 'summary': 'Luiza Gega ( born 5 November 1988 ) is an Albanian athlete specializing in middle-distance running . She is the Albanian record holder in the 800 , 1500 , and 3000 metres , as well as 3000 metres steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics', 'summary': "Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running , jumping , and throwing . The name is derived from where the sport takes place , a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events . Track and field is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics , which also includes road running , cross country running , and racewalking . The foot racing events , which include sprints , middle- and long-distance events , racewalking and hurdling , are won by the athlete who completes it in the least time . The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height . Regular jumping events include long jump , triple jump , high jump and pole vault , while the most common throwing events are shot put , javelin , discus and hammer . There are also combined events or multi events , such as the pentathlon consisting of five events , heptathlon consisting of seven events , and decathlon consisting of ten events . In these , athletes participate in a combination of track and field events . Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor ; the most prominent team events are relay races , which typically feature teams of four . Events are almost exclusively divided by gender , although both the men 's and women 's competitions are usually held at the same venue . If a race has too many people to run all at once , preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants . Track and field is one of the oldest sports ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Summer Olympics', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Albania_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Albania at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}
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Which hemisphere hosted the Olympic Games in which the flag carrier for Armenia was Ilirjan Suli ?
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Southern
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01d2bb840ac29dd9
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visco_Corporation', 'title': 'Visco Corporation', 'header': ['#', 'Title', 'Platform ( s )', 'Release year', 'Note ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andro Dunos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andro_Dunos', 'summary': 'Andro Dunos [ a ] is a scrolling shooter arcade video game developed by Visco Corporation and originally published by SNK on June 15 , 1992 . It is the first title to be created by Visco for both the Neo Geo MVS ( arcade ) and Neo Geo AES ( home ) platforms , as well as their only officially licensed release for the AES during its commercial life span . Taking place on a futuristic sci-fi setting where an unknown alien race from outer space has steadily increased their invasion activities , players assume control of the Yellow Cherry and Red Fox space fighter crafts in a last-ditch effort for mankind to overthrow the alien forces . Though it was initially launched for the Neo Geo MVS , Andro Dunos was later released for the Neo Geo AES on July 17 of the same year . Andro Dunos was met with mixed reception from both critics and reviewers alike since its initial release on the MVS and later on the AES , who commended various aspects of the title such as the colorful and detailed graphics , sound design , simplistic controls and the ability to choose between multiple weapons , but the gameplay was criticized for being unremarkable and not original .'}]}, {'value': 'Neo Geo ( MVS & AES )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashura Blaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashura_Blaster', 'summary': "Visco Corporation ( 株式会社ビスコ ) is a Japanese software company located in , Japan . It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama ( 秋山 哲雄 , Akiyama Tetsuo ) , and later became corporate on August 8 , 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan . They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES , to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past . When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella , some of its titles back then were labeled Taito . They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV ( Sammy , Seta and Visco ) arcade system board , until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004 , while Seta 's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence . Therefore , the SSV board was no longer being produced . From 2008 , Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions . Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions , which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcade_game', 'summary': 'An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game developed by Visco for Taito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taito', 'summary': 'Taito Corporation ( 株式会社タイトー , Kabushiki gaisha Taitō ) is a Japanese company that specializes in video games , toys , arcade cabinets and game centers , based out of Shinjuku , Tokyo . The company was founded by Michael Kogan in 1953 as the Taito Trading Company , importing vodka , vending machines and jukeboxes into Japan . It would begin production of video games in 1973 . In 2005 , Taito was purchased by Square Enix , becoming a wholly owned subsidiary by 2006 . Taito is recognized as an important player in the early days of video games , producing several hit games such as Space Invaders , Bubble Bobble , Arkanoid , and Darius . Alongside Konami , Namco and Sega , it is one of the most prominent video game companies from Japan and the first that exported its games into other countries . Several of its games have since been recognized as important and revolutionary for the industry - Space Invaders in particular was a major contributor to the growth of video games in the mid-1970s , and the aliens featured in the games are seen as iconic emblems within the video game industry . The company maintains a chain of arcade centers , known as Game Taito Stations , across Japan , alongside being a manufacturer of toys , plush dolls and UFO-catcher prizes . It is currently housed in Shinjuku Bunka Quint Building in Yoyogi , Shibuya , the same building as parent company Square Enix .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asuka & Asuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asuka_&_Asuka', 'summary': "Visco Corporation ( 株式会社ビスコ ) is a Japanese software company located in , Japan . It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama ( 秋山 哲雄 , Akiyama Tetsuo ) , and later became corporate on August 8 , 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan . They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES , to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past . When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella , some of its titles back then were labeled Taito . They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV ( Sammy , Seta and Visco ) arcade system board , until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004 , while Seta 's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence . Therefore , the SSV board was no longer being produced . From 2008 , Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions . Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions , which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcade_game', 'summary': 'An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game developed by Visco for Taito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taito', 'summary': 'Taito Corporation ( 株式会社タイトー , Kabushiki gaisha Taitō ) is a Japanese company that specializes in video games , toys , arcade cabinets and game centers , based out of Shinjuku , Tokyo . The company was founded by Michael Kogan in 1953 as the Taito Trading Company , importing vodka , vending machines and jukeboxes into Japan . It would begin production of video games in 1973 . In 2005 , Taito was purchased by Square Enix , becoming a wholly owned subsidiary by 2006 . Taito is recognized as an important player in the early days of video games , producing several hit games such as Space Invaders , Bubble Bobble , Arkanoid , and Darius . Alongside Konami , Namco and Sega , it is one of the most prominent video game companies from Japan and the first that exported its games into other countries . Several of its games have since been recognized as important and revolutionary for the industry - Space Invaders in particular was a major contributor to the growth of video games in the mid-1970s , and the aliens featured in the games are seen as iconic emblems within the video game industry . The company maintains a chain of arcade centers , known as Game Taito Stations , across Japan , alongside being a manufacturer of toys , plush dolls and UFO-catcher prizes . It is currently housed in Shinjuku Bunka Quint Building in Yoyogi , Shibuya , the same building as parent company Square Enix .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bang Bead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bang_Bead', 'summary': "Visco Corporation ( 株式会社ビスコ ) is a Japanese software company located in , Japan . It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama ( 秋山 哲雄 , Akiyama Tetsuo ) , and later became corporate on August 8 , 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan . They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES , to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past . When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella , some of its titles back then were labeled Taito . They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV ( Sammy , Seta and Visco ) arcade system board , until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004 , while Seta 's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence . Therefore , the SSV board was no longer being produced . From 2008 , Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions . Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions , which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart ."}]}, {'value': 'Neo Geo MVS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bang² Buster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neo Geo ( MVS & AES ) , Neo Geo CD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_CD', 'summary': "Neo Geo CD ( Japanese : ネオジオCD , Hepburn : Neo Jio Shī Dī ) is the second home video game console of SNK Corporation 's Neo Geo family , released in September 9 , 1994 , four years after its cartridge-based equivalent . This is the same platform , converted to the cheaper CD format retailing at $ 49 to $ 79 per title , compared to the $ 300 cartridges . The system was originally priced at US $ 399 , or £399 in the UK . The unit 's 1X CD-ROM drive is slow , with very long loading times of up to 56 Mbit of data per load . [ citation needed ] The system can also play Audio CDs . All three versions of the system have no region-lock . The Neo Geo CD was launched bundled with a control pad instead of a joystick like the AES version . However , the original AES joystick can be used with all three Neo Geo CD models . As of March 1997 , there had been 570,000 Neo Geo CD units sold worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '2000 ( prototype )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N.C.I . in 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bass Rush : ECOGEAR PowerWorm Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bass_Rush:_ECOGEAR_PowerWorm_Championship', 'summary': "Visco Corporation ( 株式会社ビスコ ) is a Japanese software company located in , Japan . It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama ( 秋山 哲雄 , Akiyama Tetsuo ) , and later became corporate on August 8 , 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan . They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES , to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past . When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella , some of its titles back then were labeled Taito . They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV ( Sammy , Seta and Visco ) arcade system board , until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004 , while Seta 's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence . Therefore , the SSV board was no longer being produced . From 2008 , Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions . Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions , which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo 64 , Sega Dreamcast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_64', 'summary': 'The Nintendo 64 [ a ] ( officially abbreviated as N64 , hardware model number pre-term : NUS , stylized as NINTENDO64 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo . Named for its 64-bit central processing unit , it was released in June 1996 in Japan , September 1996 in North America , and March 1997 in Europe and Australia . It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017 . The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in mid 2002 following the launch of its successor , the GameCube , in 2001 . Codenamed Project Reality , the Nintendo 64 design was mostly complete by mid-1995 , but its launch was delayed until 1996 , when Time named it Machine of the Year . It was launched with three games : Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 ( worldwide ) and Saikyō Habu Shōgi ( exclusive to Japan ) . As part of the fifth generation of gaming , the system competed primarily with the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US $ 199.99 , and 32.93 million units were sold worldwide . In 2015 , IGN named it the ninth-greatest video game console of all time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega_Dreamcast', 'summary': "The Dreamcast [ a ] is a home video game console released by Sega on November 27 , 1998 in Japan , September 9 , 1999 in North America , and October 14 , 1999 in Europe . It was the first in the sixth generation of video game consoles , preceding Sony 's PlayStation 2 , Nintendo 's GameCube and Microsoft 's Xbox . The Dreamcast was Sega 's final home console , marking the end of the company 's 18 years in the console market . In contrast to the expensive hardware of the unsuccessful Sega Saturn , the Dreamcast was designed to reduce costs with off-the-shelf components , including a Hitachi SH-4 CPU and an NEC PowerVR2 GPU . Released in Japan to a subdued reception , the Dreamcast enjoyed a successful U.S. launch backed by a large marketing campaign , but interest in the system steadily declined as Sony built hype for the upcoming PlayStation 2 . Sales did not meet Sega 's expectations despite several price cuts , and the company continued to incur significant financial losses . After a change in leadership , Sega discontinued the Dreamcast on March 31 , 2001 , withdrawing from the console business and restructuring itself as a third-party publisher . 9.13 million Dreamcast units were sold worldwide . Although the Dreamcast had a short lifespan and limited third-party support , reviewers have considered the console ahead of its time . Its library contains many games considered creative and innovative , including Crazy Taxi , Jet Set Radio and Shenmue , as well as high-quality ports from Sega 's NAOMI arcade system board . The Dreamcast was also the first console to include a built-in modem for internet support and online play ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle Flip Shot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neo Geo MVS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blocken', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcade_game', 'summary': 'An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game developed by KID', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KID', 'summary': 'KID ( an acronym standing for Kindle Imagine Develop ) was a Japan-based company specializing in porting and developing bishōjo games .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakers_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Breakers may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Neo Geo ( MVS & AES ) , Neo Geo CD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_CD', 'summary': "Neo Geo CD ( Japanese : ネオジオCD , Hepburn : Neo Jio Shī Dī ) is the second home video game console of SNK Corporation 's Neo Geo family , released in September 9 , 1994 , four years after its cartridge-based equivalent . This is the same platform , converted to the cheaper CD format retailing at $ 49 to $ 79 per title , compared to the $ 300 cartridges . The system was originally priced at US $ 399 , or £399 in the UK . The unit 's 1X CD-ROM drive is slow , with very long loading times of up to 56 Mbit of data per load . [ citation needed ] The system can also play Audio CDs . All three versions of the system have no region-lock . The Neo Geo CD was launched bundled with a control pad instead of a joystick like the AES version . However , the original AES joystick can be used with all three Neo Geo CD models . As of March 1997 , there had been 570,000 Neo Geo CD units sold worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breakers Revenge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakers_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Breakers may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Neo Geo MVS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An updated version of Breakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakers_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Breakers may refer to :'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain Tomaday', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neo Geo MVS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiki Chiki Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiki_Chiki_Boys', 'summary': 'Mega Twins , also known as Chiki Chiki Boys ( チキチキボーイズ , Chiki Chiki Bōizu ) in Japan , is a side-scrolling action game released for the arcades by Capcom in 1990 . It was the tenth game released for the CP System hardware .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega Mega Drive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega_Mega_Drive', 'summary': "The Sega Genesis , known as the Mega Drive [ b ] outside North America , is a 16-bit home video game console developed and sold by Sega . The Genesis is Sega 's third console and the successor to the Master System . Sega released it as the Mega Drive in Japan in 1988 , and later as the Genesis in North America in 1989 . In 1990 , it was distributed as the Mega Drive by Virgin Mastertronic in Europe , Ozisoft in Australasia , and Tec Toy in Brazil . In South Korea , it was distributed by Samsung as the Super Gam*Boy and later the Super Aladdin Boy . [ c ] Designed by an R & D team supervised by Hideki Sato and Masami Ishikawa , the Genesis was adapted from Sega 's System 16 arcade board , centered on a Motorola 68000 processor as the CPU , a Zilog Z80 as a sound controller , and a video system supporting hardware sprites , tiles , and scrolling . It plays a library of more than 900 games created by Sega and a wide array of third-party publishers delivered on ROM-based cartridges . Several add-ons were released , including a Power Base Converter to play Master System games . It was released in several different versions , some created by third parties . Sega created two network services to support the Genesis : Sega Meganet and Sega Channel . In Japan , the Mega Drive fared poorly against its two main competitors , Nintendo 's Super Famicom and NEC 's PC Engine ( aka TurboGrafx-\u206016 ) , but it achieved considerable success in North America , Brazil , and Europe . Contributing to its success were its library of arcade game ports , the popularity of Sega 's Sonic the Hedgehog series , several popular sports franchises , and aggressive youth marketing that positioned the system as the cool console for adolescents ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Sega Mega Drive port of Mega Twins , made by Capcom for Arcade in 1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mega_Twins', 'summary': 'Mega Twins , also known as Chiki Chiki Boys ( チキチキボーイズ , Chiki Chiki Bōizu ) in Japan , is a side-scrolling action game released for the arcades by Capcom in 1990 . It was the tenth game released for the CP System hardware .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arcade_game', 'summary': 'An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cowboy Kid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cowboy_Kid', 'summary': "Visco Corporation ( 株式会社ビスコ ) is a Japanese software company located in , Japan . It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama ( 秋山 哲雄 , Akiyama Tetsuo ) , and later became corporate on August 8 , 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan . They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES , to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past . When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella , some of its titles back then were labeled Taito . They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV ( Sammy , Seta and Visco ) arcade system board , until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004 , while Seta 's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence . Therefore , the SSV board was no longer being produced . From 2008 , Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions . Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions , which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart ."}]}, {'value': 'NES', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System', 'summary': "The Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) is an 8-bit third-generation home video game console produced , released , and marketed by Nintendo . It is a remodelled export version of the company 's Family Computer [ a ] ( FC ) platform in Japan , commonly known as the Famicom [ b ] , which was launched on July 15 , 1983 . The NES was launched in a test market of New York City on October 18 , 1985 , followed by Los Angeles as a second test market in February 1986 , followed by Chicago and San Francisco , then other top 12 American markets , followed by a full launch across North America and some countries in Europe in September 1986 , followed by Australia and other countries in Europe in 1987 . Brazil saw only unlicensed clones until the official local release in 1993 . The console 's South Korean release was packaged as the Hyundai Comboy [ c ] and distributed by Hyundai Electronics ( now SK Hynix ) . As one of the best-selling gaming consoles of its time , the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the video game crash of 1983 . With the NES , Nintendo introduced a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers , authorizing them to produce and distribute games for Nintendo 's platform . It had been preceded by Nintendo 's first home video game console , the Color TV-Game , and was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ) Game developed by Pixel . 2 ) Is known in Japan as Western Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Kids', 'summary': "Visco Corporation ( 株式会社ビスコ ) is a Japanese software company located in , Japan . It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama ( 秋山 哲雄 , Akiyama Tetsuo ) , and later became corporate on August 8 , 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan . They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES , to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past . When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella , some of its titles back then were labeled Taito . They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV ( Sammy , Seta and Visco ) arcade system board , until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004 , while Seta 's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence . Therefore , the SSV board was no longer being produced . From 2008 , Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions . Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions , which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crystal Legacy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakers_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Breakers may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Neo Geo MVS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}]}, {'value': '1994 ( prototype )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ) Also known as Tenrin no Syo Chicago . 2 ) Game and title of origin of Breakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakers_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Breakers may refer to :'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drift Out', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcade_game', 'summary': 'An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Drift Out '94 : The Hard Order", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcade_game', 'summary': 'An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galmedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galmedes', 'summary': "Visco Corporation ( 株式会社ビスコ ) is a Japanese software company located in , Japan . It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama ( 秋山 哲雄 , Akiyama Tetsuo ) , and later became corporate on August 8 , 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan . They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES , to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past . When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella , some of its titles back then were labeled Taito . They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV ( Sammy , Seta and Visco ) arcade system board , until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004 , while Seta 's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence . Therefore , the SSV board was no longer being produced . From 2008 , Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions . Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions , which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcade_game', 'summary': 'An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ganryu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ganryu_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Ganryu [ a ] is a 1999 side-scrolling hack and slash action-platform arcade video game developed and originally published by Visco Corporation exclusively for the Neo Geo MVS . It is loosely based upon the battle of Japanese swordsman Miyamoto Musashi on Ganryū-jima island against Sasaki Kojirō , who is also known as Sasaki Ganryū , hence the reasons for the abbreviated name of the game . In the game , players assume the role of either Musashi or Suzume on a journey to defeat a resurrected Kojirō and his legion of evil ninjas and monsters terrorizing Kyoto .'}]}, {'value': 'Neo Geo MVS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as Musashi Ganryuki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Musashi_Ganryuki', 'summary': "Visco Corporation ( 株式会社ビスコ ) is a Japanese software company located in , Japan . It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama ( 秋山 哲雄 , Akiyama Tetsuo ) , and later became corporate on August 8 , 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan . They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES , to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past . When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella , some of its titles back then were labeled Taito . They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV ( Sammy , Seta and Visco ) arcade system board , until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004 , while Seta 's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence . Therefore , the SSV board was no longer being produced . From 2008 , Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions . Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions , which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goal ! Goal ! Goal !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goal!_Goal!_Goal!', 'summary': 'Goal ! Goal ! Goal ! [ a ] is a football/soccer video game developed by Visco and edited by SNK in 1995 for the Neo-Geo console .'}]}, {'value': 'Neo Geo ( MVS & AES )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)', 'summary': "The Neo Geo ( Japanese : ネオジオ , Hepburn : Neojio ) , stylised as NEO・GEO , also written as NEOGEO , is a cartridge-based arcade system board and fourth-generation home video game console released on April 26 , 1990 , by Japanese game company SNK Corporation . It was the first system in SNK 's Neo Geo family . The Neo Geo was marketed as 24-bit ; its CPU is technically a 16/32-bit 68000-based system with an 8/16-bit Z80 coprocessor , while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus . The Neo Geo originally launched as the MVS ( Multi Video System ) coin-operated arcade machine . The MVS offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet , a unique feature that was also a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace , as well as saving money long-term . With its games stored on self-contained cartridges , a game cabinet can be exchanged for a different game title by swapping the game 's ROM cartridge and cabinet artwork . A home console version was also made , called AES ( Advanced Entertainment System ) . It was originally launched as a rental console for video game stores in Japan ( called Neo Geo Rental System ) , with its high price causing SNK not to release it for home use - this was later reversed due to high demand and it came into the market as a luxury console . The AES had the same raw specs as the MVS and had full compatibility , thus managed to bring a true arcade experience to home users . The Neo Geo was revived along with the brand overall in December 2012 through the introduction of the Neo Geo X handheld and home system . The Neo Geo was a very powerful system when released , more powerful than any video game console at the time , and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom 's CPS , which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993 . The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet 's low cost , six ROM slots , and compact size ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Boxing : Rush Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NES', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System', 'summary': "The Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) is an 8-bit third-generation home video game console produced , released , and marketed by Nintendo . It is a remodelled export version of the company 's Family Computer [ a ] ( FC ) platform in Japan , commonly known as the Famicom [ b ] , which was launched on July 15 , 1983 . The NES was launched in a test market of New York City on October 18 , 1985 , followed by Los Angeles as a second test market in February 1986 , followed by Chicago and San Francisco , then other top 12 American markets , followed by a full launch across North America and some countries in Europe in September 1986 , followed by Australia and other countries in Europe in 1987 . Brazil saw only unlicensed clones until the official local release in 1993 . The console 's South Korean release was packaged as the Hyundai Comboy [ c ] and distributed by Hyundai Electronics ( now SK Hynix ) . As one of the best-selling gaming consoles of its time , the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the video game crash of 1983 . With the NES , Nintendo introduced a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers , authorizing them to produce and distribute games for Nintendo 's platform . It had been preceded by Nintendo 's first home video game console , the Color TV-Game , and was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game published in North America by Romstar as World Champ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romstar', 'summary': "Romstar Inc. was a video game distribution company based in Torrance , California that started operations in 1984 . They originally started as the first American distribution arm for SNK ( before SNK of America was founded in 1987 ) . They were known for licensing arcade games from major makers for distribution . Among Romstar 's clients include Taito , Capcom , SNK , Toaplan , and Seta . They also made games for the Nintendo Entertainment System , the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , and Game Boy . The company closed its doors in 1992 . Currently , the key personnel of Romstar , Takahito Yasuki , Ron Czerny , and Darryl Williams , later founded Atrativa Games and Playphone , both cellular phone entertainment companies . Playphone was acquired by GungHo Online Entertainment in October 2014 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Games released', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Visco_Corporation_0', 'intro': "Visco Corporation (株式会社ビスコ) is a Japanese software company located in, Japan. It was founded in 1982 by Tetsuo Akiyama (秋山\u3000哲雄, Akiyama Tetsuo), and later became corporate on August 8, 1983 while revealing itself as Visco in Japan. They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES, to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past. When Visco was one of the companies under the Taito umbrella, some of its titles back then were labeled Taito. They also teamed up with Seta and Sammy in developing arcade games powered by the SSV (Sammy, Seta and Visco) arcade system board, until Sammy fully acquired noted game company Sega under a new company titled Sega Sammy Holdings in 2004, while Seta's parent company Aruze announced in December 2008 that Seta decided to close their doors after 23 years of existence. Therefore, the SSV board was no longer being produced. From 2008, Visco began manufacturing slot machines for casinos mostly in southeast Asian regions. Visco also produced flat screen LCD televisions, which have been sold at major retailers such as Walmart."}
| null | null |
What was the release year of the title for the platform whose was named for its bit central processing unit ?
|
2000
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01d333a68d5ea95c
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hybridqa
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{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents'_Trophy", 'title': "Presidents' Trophy", 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Points', 'Playoff Result'], 'data': [{'value': '1917-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1917–18_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 1917-18 NHL season was the first season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The league was formed after the suspension of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) . Play was held in two halves , December 19 to February 4 , and February 6 to March 6 . The Canadiens won the first half , and Toronto the second half . The Montreal Wanderers withdrew early in January 1918 after their rink , the Westmount Arena , burned down . Toronto won the NHL playoff and then won the Stanley Cup by defeating the PCHA 's Vancouver Millionaires three games to two in a best-of-five series ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto Hockey Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1917–18_Toronto_Hockey_Club_season', 'summary': "The 1917-18 Toronto Hockey Club season was the first season of the new Toronto franchise in the newly organized National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team was intended as a 'temporary ' franchise , operating without an official club nickname ( the press would dub them the Blue Shirts or Torontos , and in 1948 the NHL would engrave Toronto Arenas on the Stanley Cup as the 1917-18 winner ) and without a formal organization separate from the Toronto Arena Company that managed the Arena Gardens . Despite this , the team came together to win the first NHL Championship , competing against existing teams that had transferred directly from the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) . Toronto would go on to win the Stanley Cup by defeating the Pacific Coast Hockey Association champion Vancouver Millionaires - the first Stanley Cup for an NHL team and the second Cup for a Toronto team after the Toronto Blueshirts ' victory in the 1913-14 season of the NHA . To this day , the Toronto Arenas are the only team in the four major North American sports to win the title in their first season as a franchise ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NHL Champion* Won Stanley Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1918–19_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 1918-19 NHL season was the second season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . While at first it was uncertain that the NHL would operate , and the possibility that National Hockey Association ( NHA ) would be resumed , the unfinished business of Eddie Livingstone 's Toronto and Ottawa 's NHA franchise , led to the NHL owners suspending the NHA again . Livingstone would attempt to overthrow the NHA management , and failing that , attempt to operate a rival league . The pre-season was filled with legal actions , deceptions and public verbal attacks . Ultimately , the NHL operated with three teams , in Montreal , Ottawa and Toronto . However , the season ended early with Toronto suspending operations , leaving Montreal and Ottawa to play off for the championship . Montreal would win the playoff and travel to Seattle for the Stanley Cup final . However , the Cup series would not be completed due to influenza infecting the whole Montreal team and causing the eventual death of Montreal 's Joe Hall ."}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1918–19_Ottawa_Senators_season', 'summary': "The 1918-19 Ottawa Senators season was the club 's 34th season , second in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , and they would see much improvement over the previous season . The season was cut short by the Toronto Arenas suspending operations , leaving the Senators and Montreal Canadiens to play the first best-of-seven playoff series to determine the NHL championship , won by Montreal ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost NHL Championship ( MTL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1918–19_Montreal_Canadiens_season', 'summary': "The 1918-19 Montreal Canadiens season was the team 's tenth season and second as a member of the new National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Canadiens would win the NHL title and go to Seattle to face off for the Stanley Cup . However , a Spanish flu epidemic broke out in Seattle and both teams would abandon the series after several Canadiens fell ill. Montreal defenceman Joe Hall would die from the flu ."}]}, {'value': '1919-20', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1919–20_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 1919-20 NHL season was the third season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . A Quebec team was activated by the NHL , increasing the number of teams to four . The four teams played 24 games in a split-schedule format . The Ottawa Senators won the league championship by winning both halves of the split-season . The Senators went on to win the Stanley Cup by defeating the PCHA 's Seattle Metropolitans three games to two in a best-of-five series ."}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1919–20_Ottawa_Senators_season', 'summary': "The 1919-20 Ottawa Senators season was the club 's 35th season of play and third season in the NHL . It was a very successful season , as they set an NHL record for wins ( 19 ) , points ( 38 ) , and won both halves of the season , therefore the Sens automatically were awarded the NHL championship and the right to play in the Stanley Cup Finals . The Senators defeated Seattle to win their eighth Stanley Cup title ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NHL Champion , won Stanley Cup†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920-21', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1920–21_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1920-21 NHL season was the fourth season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Four teams each played 24 games in a split season . The Quebec franchise was transferred to Hamilton , Ontario , to become the Hamilton Tigers . The Ottawa Senators won the league championship in a playoff with the Toronto St. Patricks . The Senators went on to win the Stanley Cup by defeating the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association three games to two in a best-of-five series . This would be the last split season before the NHL changed its regular season and playoff formats .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto St. Patricks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1920–21_Toronto_St._Patricks_season', 'summary': "The 1920-21 Toronto St. Patricks season was the Toronto National Hockey League ( NHL ) franchise 's fourth season , second as the St. Patricks . The club won the regular season schedule , but lost in the playoffs and did not play for the Stanley Cup ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost NHL Championship ( SEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1920–21_Ottawa_Senators_season', 'summary': "The 1920-21 Ottawa Senators season was the club 's 36th season of play , fourth season in the NHL , and they were out to defend their 1920 Stanley Cup championship . The club would win the NHL championship and defeat Vancouver in the Stanley Cup Final to win the club 's ninth Stanley Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1921-22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1921–22_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1921-22 NHL season was the fifth season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Four teams each played 24 games . The league dropped the split season and the two top teams played off for the league championship . The second-place Toronto St. Patricks defeated the first-place Ottawa Senators for the league championship . For the first four seasons of the NHL , the winner of the league playoffs had faced the winner of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) for the Stanley Cup . That changed this season with the introduction of another professional hockey league called the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Now , three leagues were competing for the coveted Stanley Cup . The winner of a playoff between the PCHA and the WCHL travelled to Toronto to play off for the Stanley Cup . The St. Patricks defeated the Vancouver Millionaires to win the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1921–22_Ottawa_Senators_season', 'summary': "The 1921-22 Ottawa Senators season was the club 's 37th season of play , fifth season in the NHL , and they were coming off back-to-back Stanley Cup Championship seasons , winning in 1920 and 1921 . The Senators would finish in first place in the standings , but lost in the playoff to the Toronto St. Pats ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost NHL Championship ( TSP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1921–22_Toronto_St._Patricks_season', 'summary': 'The 1921-22 Toronto St. Patricks season was the fifth season of the Toronto NHL franchise , third as the St. Patricks . The St. Patricks would win the NHL championship and the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1922-23', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1922–23_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1922-23 NHL season was the sixth season of the National Hockey League . Four teams played 24 games each . The Ottawa Senators defeated the Montreal Canadiens for the NHL championship , and then defeated Vancouver and Edmonton to win the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1922–23_Ottawa_Senators_season', 'summary': "The 1922-23 Ottawa Senators season was the club 's 38th season of play and sixth season in the NHL . They were coming off a disappointing playoff run in 1922 , as they lost to the Toronto St. Pats in the NHL finals in a close , hard-fought series . The Senators would finish first in the standings , defeat Montreal in the playoffs , defeat Vancouver in the Stanley Cup semi-finals and defeat Edmonton to win their tenth Stanley Cup title ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NHL Champion , won Stanley Cup†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923-24', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923–24_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1923-24 NHL season was the seventh season of the National Hockey League . Four teams each played 24 games . The league champions were the Montreal Canadiens , who defeated the first-place Ottawa Senators in the league playoff . The Canadiens then defeated the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) and Vancouver Maroons of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) to win their second Stanley Cup championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923–24_Ottawa_Senators_season', 'summary': "The 1923-24 Ottawa Senators season was the club 's 39th season of play and seventh season in the NHL . Coming off a Stanley Cup Championship in 1923 , they had won three cups in the previous four seasons . The Senators moved into the brand new Ottawa Auditorium prior to the season . The club had an outstanding regular season , but lost in the NHL playoffs to the Montreal Canadiens ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost NHL Championship ( MTL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923–24_Montreal_Canadiens_season', 'summary': "The 1923-24 Montreal Canadiens season was the team 's 15th season and seventh as a member of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Canadiens once again returned to the playoffs and won their second Stanley Cup , defeating the Calgary Tigers ."}]}, {'value': '1924-25', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924–25_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1924-25 NHL season was the eighth season of the National Hockey League . The NHL added two teams this season , a second team in Montreal , the Montreal Maroons and the first U.S. team , the Boston Bruins . Six teams each played 30 games . The NHL regular-season champion Hamilton Tigers did not participate in the playoffs , as their players demanded to their owner , Percy Thompson , that they would not participate in the NHL championship series unless they received an additional $ 200 each for the extra six games played that year . Under their contracts , the Tigers players were to receive the same amount of money no matter how many games they played from December 1 , 1924 , to March 31 , 1925 ( even though the season started on November 29 , 1924 ) . NHL President Frank Calder was not amused , stating that the players would be fined or suspended if they did not play in the final series , but the players stated that they would rather retire than advantage be taken of them . The day of the final game of the Semi-Final , Tiger Shorty Green met with Calder to try to reach an agreement , but to no avail . The players were all suspended and fined $ 200 each , therefore eliminating themselves from the playoffs . Because of the suspension , the semi-final playoff series between Montreal and Toronto became the NHL championship series . The Montreal Canadiens won the series and faced off against the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) for the Stanley Cup . Victoria won the series , the last non-NHL team to win the Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924–25_Hamilton_Tigers_season', 'summary': 'The 1924-25 Hamilton Tigers season was the fifth and last season of the Tigers . The club won the regular season but did not play in the playoffs as the players went on strike for increased pay . NHL president Frank Calder suspended the team . In the off-season , the assets of the Tigers were sold to form the new New York Americans expansion team .'}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suspended from playoffs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925-26', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1925–26_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1925-26 NHL season was the ninth season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The NHL dropped the Hamilton , Ontario team and added two new teams in the United States ( US ) , the New York Americans and the Pittsburgh Pirates to bring the total number of teams to seven . The Ottawa Senators were the regular-season champion , but lost in the NHL playoff final to the Montreal Maroons . The Maroons then defeated the defending Stanley Cup champion Victoria Cougars of the newly renamed Western Hockey League three games to one in a best-of-five series to win their first Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1925–26_Ottawa_Senators_season', 'summary': "The 1925-26 Ottawa Senators season was the club 's 41st season of play and ninth season in the NHL . The Senators placed first during the regular season but were upset in the playoffs by the Montreal Maroons ."}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost NHL Final Round ( MMR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1925–26_Montreal_Maroons_season', 'summary': 'The 1925-26 Montreal Maroons season saw the team win their first Stanley Cup in only their second season .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Earlier best records -- NHL vs. PCHA/WCHL/WHL Stanley Cup era ( 1917–1926 )', 'section_text': "Prior to 1926–27 , the Stanley Cup was then awarded as a `` World Series '' trophy between the champions of the NHL and a rival league ( first the Pacific Coast Hockey Association , then the Western Canada Hockey League ) . Instead , the NHL championship trophy during this era was the O'Brien Trophy . From 1917–18 to 1920–21 , the NHL season was split , requiring separate standings , with a single playoff series between the winner of the first half of the season and the winner of the second half of the season . * Team won the O'Brien Trophy as the NHL playoff champion . † Team won both the O'Brien Trophy and the Stanley Cup . ^ Team lost in the NHL Championship/Final round .", 'uid': "Presidents'_Trophy_1", 'intro': "The Presidents' Trophy (French: Trophée des présidents) is an award presented by the National Hockey League (NHL) to the team that finishes with the most points (i.e. best record) during the NHL regular season. If two teams tie for the most points, then the Trophy goes to the team with the most wins. The Presidents' Trophy has been awarded 33 times to 17 different teams since its inception during the 1985-86 season. As the team with the best regular season record, the Presidents' Trophy winner is guaranteed home-ice advantage in all four rounds of the Stanley Cup playoffs, provided they advance that far. However, it does not guarantee that success; only eight of these winners have gone on to win the Stanley Cup. Three other teams reached the Stanley Cup Finals, but failed to win. The last team to win both the Presidents' Trophy and the Stanley Cup in the same season was the 2012-13 Chicago Blackhawks. The only team to accomplish this more than once is the Detroit Red Wings."}
| null | null |
What championship did the team with the most Presidents ' Trophy wins win in 1923 in their 39th season ?
|
Stanley Cup Championship
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01d6253341f8c31e
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hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan', 'title': 'Allsvenskan', 'header': ['Name', 'Club', 'Appointed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hans Eklund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans_Eklund', 'summary': 'Hans Eklund ( born 16 April 1969 ) is a Swedish football manager , and former football player . He is currently manager of Falkenbergs FF . In his active career , Eklund played seven games for the Sweden national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Falkenbergs FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falkenbergs_FF', 'summary': 'Falkenbergs Fotbollsförening , also known simply as Falkenbergs FF , Falkenberg or ( especially locally ) FFF , is a Swedish football club based in Falkenberg . Formed on 3 January 1928 , the club plays in the highest Swedish league , Allsvenskan . Falkenberg are affiliated with Hallands Fotbollförbund .'}]}, {'value': '26 November 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rikard Norling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rikard_Norling', 'summary': 'Rikard Norling ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈrɪ̌kːaɖ ˈnûːɭɪŋ ] ; born 4 June 1971 ) is a Swedish football manager who leads the Allsvenskan club AIK . Forced to retire early from his professional playing career due to an injury , Rikard Norling started a coaching career at the age of 22 . In his early managerial career , Norling headed IK Bele , Väsby IK and GIF Sundsvall before taking on his first major position as manager for AIK in 2005 . After helping AIK secure promotion back to Allsvenskan in 2005 and finishing as runners-up in the league as newcomers in 2006 , he was sacked after conflicts with the club board . He took a short break before he came back to the coaching scene as he was appointed manager for Assyriska FF . Norling managed Assyriska to a fourth-place position in Superettan in 2010 . Halfway through the 2011 season he was presented as the new manager for reigning Swedish champions Malmö FF to replace Roland Nilsson . At Malmö FF he won the 2013 league title and the club finished in the top during all of Norlings three seasons at the club . In May 2016 Norling returned to AIK as manager again .'}]}, {'value': 'AIK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AIK_Fotboll', 'summary': "AIK Fotboll ( LSE : 0DI2 ) , more commonly known simply as AIK ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɑ̂ːiːˌkoː ] ) , an abbreviation for Allmänna Idrottsklubben ( meaning the public or general sports club ) , is a Swedish football club competing in Allsvenskan , the top flight of Swedish football . The club was founded 1891 in Stockholm and the football department was formed in 1896 . AIK 's home ground is Friends Arena , located in Solna in Central Stockholm County . League champions 2018 , AIK has 12 championship titles and is third in the all-time Allsvenskan table . The club holds the record for having played the most seasons in the Swedish top flight . In addition , in this century AIK is the club that has finished top three in Allsvenskan the most times ( 11 ) , and finished top three six times in a row ( 2013-2018 ) . AIK is consequently the Swedish club that has qualified for UEFA club competitions the most times this century . Affiliated with the Stockholm Football Association , AIK is the only side from Stockholm to have qualified for the group stage of a UEFA competition ; the club reached the quarter-finals of the 1996-97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , qualified for the 1999-2000 UEFA Champions League group stage , and competed in the 2012-13 UEFA Europa League group stage ."}]}, {'value': '13 May 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jens Gustafsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jens_Gustafsson', 'summary': 'Jens Gustafsson ( born 15 October 1978 ) is a Swedish football manager . He was previously assistant manager to Andreas Alm for AIK . On 11 May 2016 , he was appointed manager of IFK Norrköping .'}]}, {'value': 'IFK Norrköping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IFK_Norrköping', 'summary': 'Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna Norrköping , more commonly known as IFK Norrköping or simply Norrköping , is a Swedish professional football club based in Norrköping . The club is affiliated to Östergötlands Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Östgötaporten . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are white and blue . Formed on 29 May 1897 , the club have won thirteen national championship titles and six national cup titles . The club plays in the highest Swedish tier , Allsvenskan , which they first won in 1943 . IFK Norrköping were most successful during the 1940s , when they won five Swedish championships and two Svenska Cupen titles under the Hungarian coach Lajos Czeizler and with players like Gunnar Nordahl and Nils Liedholm . IFK Norrköping won the 2015 Allsvenskan , their first win since 1989 , which also gave them a spot in the second qualification round of 2016-17 UEFA Champions League .'}]}, {'value': '1 June 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axel Kjäll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axel_Kjäll', 'summary': 'Axel Kjäll ( born 1 June 1981 ) is a retired Swedish football defender and later manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Örebro SK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Örebro_SK', 'summary': "Örebro Sportklubb , more commonly known as Örebro SK , Örebro or ( especially locally ) ÖSK , are a Swedish professional football club based in Örebro . The club are affiliated to Örebro Läns Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Behrn Arena . The club colours are black and white . Formed on 28 October 1908 the club have played 50 seasons in Sweden 's highest football league Allsvenskan , the club 's first season in the league was in 1946-47 ."}]}, {'value': '28 August 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poya Asbaghi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poya_Asbaghi', 'summary': 'Poya Asbaghi ( Persian : پویا اسبقی , [ puːjɒː æsbæɣiː ] ; born 17 July 1985 ) is a Swedish Iranian football manager who is the head coach of Swedish Allsvenskan team IFK Göteborg .'}]}, {'value': 'IFK Göteborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IFK_Göteborg', 'summary': "Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna Göteborg ( officially IFK Göteborg Fotboll ) , commonly known as IFK Göteborg , IFK ( especially locally ) or simply Göteborg , is a Swedish professional football club based in Gothenburg . Founded in 1904 , it is the only club in the Nordic countries that has won one of the main UEFA competitions , having won the UEFA Cup in both 1982 and 1987 . IFK is affiliated with Göteborgs Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Gamla Ullevi . The club colours are blue and white , colours shared both with the sports society which the club originated from , Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna , and with the coat of arms of the city of Gothenburg . Besides the two UEFA Cup titles , IFK have won 18 Swedish championship titles , second most in Swedish football after Malmö FF , and have the third most national cup titles with seven . The team has qualified for four group stages of the UEFA Champions League , and reached the semi-finals of the 1985-86 European Cup . IFK Göteborg is the only club team in any sport to have won the Radiosportens Jerringpris , an award for best Swedish sports performance of the year voted by the Swedish people , for the 1982 UEFA Cup victory . IFK is the most popular football club in Sweden , with diverse country-wide support . IFK Göteborg play in the highest Swedish league , Allsvenskan , where they have played for the majority of their history . They have played in the Swedish first tier continuously since 1977 , which is the longest ongoing top-flight tenure in Sweden . The club won its first Swedish championship in 1908 , four years after the founding , and has won at least one championship title in every decade since , except the 1920s , 1970s and 2010s . IFK Göteborg 's most successful period was from 1982 to 1996 , when the team prospered in European football and won 10 out of 15 Swedish championships ."}]}, {'value': '21 November 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jimmy Thelin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Thelin', 'summary': 'Bo Jimmy Thelin ( born March 14 , 1978 ) is a Swedish football manager and former player . He is the manager of IF Elfsborg in Allsvenskan . He is the older brother of Tommy Thelin , forward and captain of Jönköpings Södra .'}]}, {'value': 'IF Elfsborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IF_Elfsborg', 'summary': "Idrottsföreningen Elfsborg , more commonly known as IF Elfsborg or simply Elfsborg ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɛ̌lfsbɔrj ] ) , is a professional football club based in Borås , Sweden , and is affiliated to the Västergötlands Fotbollförbund . They play in the Allsvenskan and have spent most of their history in the top tier of Swedish football . Their homeground is Borås Arena , where they have played since 17 April 2005 . The club was founded in 1904 by a group of 19 youngsters which all were 14-15 years old . Borås Fotbollslag was formed in Ordenshuset at Landala ( today Knalleland ) on 26 June 1904 . The main protagonist in the formation , Carl Larson , who in addition to football also practiced athletics and wrestling . Claimed the reason was that the main sports club in the city , Borås Athletic and Sports Society , would not exert football in their program . Carl Larson , however , found that there were too many clubs containing the city name Borås which contributed to the name change in 1906 by Riksidrottsförbundet to the current , IF Elfsborg . The name is derived from Älvsborg County where instead of making use of the modern spelling Älvsborg , they used out of the older spelling with an E. The same goes for the club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , yellow and black . Colors that are taken from Älvsborg Regiment , Elfsborg would not only represent a city but a whole region . A recurring motto of the club is Vi Tillsammans ( We together ) . The club 's homeground Borås Arena is also called Elfsborg Fortress , since Elfsborg is Allsvenskan home strongest team in the 2000s ( decade ) ."}]}, {'value': '6 December 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Alm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Alm', 'summary': 'Andreas Alm ( born 19 June 1973 , in Gällivare but grew up in Eskilstuna ) is a Swedish football coach in charge of BK Häcken and a former football player . He formerly managed AIK and is also a former player for the club . During his active career he played for the two Stockholm rivals AIK and Hammarby IF in the Swedish Allsvenskan . He also played for IFK Norrköping in the Swedish Superettan and also in Norway and Kongsvinger IL for a short time .'}]}, {'value': 'BK Häcken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BK_Häcken', 'summary': "Bollklubben Häcken , more commonly known as BK Häcken or simply Häcken ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈhɛ̌kːɛn ] ) , is a Swedish professional football club based in Gothenburg . The club is affiliated to Göteborgs Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Bravida Arena . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are yellow and black . Formed on 2 August 1940 , the club has played sixteen seasons in Sweden 's highest football league Allsvenskan , the club 's first season in the league was in 1983 . The club plays in Allsvenskan , the top tier of Swedish football ."}]}, {'value': '8 December 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefan Billborn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Billborn', 'summary': 'Stefan Billborn ( born 15 November 1972 ) is a Swedish football manager who is the head coach of Hammarby IF in Allsvenskan .'}]}, {'value': 'Hammarby IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammarby_Fotboll', 'summary': "Hammarby IF Fotbollförening , more commonly known as Hammarby Fotboll or Hammarby ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈhâmːarˌbyː ] or , especially locally , [ -ˌbʏ ] ) , is a Swedish football club from Stockholm founded in 1915 . The club is based at Tele2 Arena in Johanneshov but founded in the neighbouring Södermalm district of Stockholm City Centre , an area the club considers its heartland . Competing in Sweden 's first tier , Allsvenskan , Hammarby are placed twelfth in the all-time Allsvenskan table , and has won the league once , in 2001 . The club 's colours are green and white , which is reflected in its crest and kit . Between 1918 and 1978 , however , the club played in black-and-yellow striped home shirts , which since often form the club 's away colors . It is known for its vociferous fans and for having the highest average attendance in the Nordic countries . Drawing inspiration from England , Hammarby fans introduced football chants to the Swedish terraces in 1970 . Hammarby is one of largest football clubs in Europe in terms of the number of active players of all ages - with some 3,000 players in its organisation . Hammarby Fotboll is affiliated with the Stockholms Fotbollförbund ( Stockholm Football Association ) ."}]}, {'value': '10 January 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uwe Rösler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uwe_Rösler', 'summary': 'Uwe Rösler ( German pronunciation : [ ˈuːvə ˈrøːslɐ ] ; born 15 November 1968 ) is a German football manager and former player who currently manages Fortuna Düsseldorf . A centre forward in his playing career , Rösler played for several clubs , most notably Manchester City , where he was the leading goalscorer for three consecutive seasons from 1994 to 95 and 1996 to 97 , and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern , where he played in the UEFA Champions League . He is a former East Germany international , whom he represented in the under-21 team and five times as a senior . In 2004 , he began his managerial career with Lillestrøm in Norway , and later led Viking and Molde FK in Tippeligaen . He also managed Brentford , Wigan Athletic , Leeds United and Fleetwood Town in the English Football League , as well as Malmö FF in Allsvenskan .'}]}, {'value': 'Malmö FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmö_FF', 'summary': 'Malmö Fotbollförening , commonly known as Malmö FF , Malmö , or MFF , is the most successful football club in Sweden in terms of trophies won . Formed in 1910 and affiliated with the Scania Football Association , Malmö FF are based at Eleda Stadion in Malmö , Scania . The club have won the most Swedish championship titles , 20 , a record 23 league titles , and a record 14 national cup titles . [ A ] The club won their first Championship in 1944 . The powerhouse of Swedish football in recent years , Malmö FF also saw glory in the 1970s , winning five Swedish championships and four Svenska Cupen titles . What is more , MFF is the only club from the Nordic countries to have reached the final of the European Cup , the predecessor of the UEFA Champions League . They were runners-up in the 1979 European Champions Cup final , which they lost 1-0 to English club Nottingham Forest . For this feat , Malmö FF were awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal . Malmö FF is also the only Nordic club to have been represented at the Intercontinental Cup ( succeeded by FIFA Club World Cup ) in which they competed for the 1979 title . Malmö FF are the leaders of the overall Allsvenskan table maratontabellen where Malmö FF is the team that has scored the most goals and won the most matches , despite having played fewer seasons than other teams . In recent years the team qualified for two consecutive group stages of the Champions League in 2014 and 2015 . In 2019 , Malmö played in the knockout stage of the UEFA Europa League , losing 5-1 on aggregate against eventual champions Chelsea .'}]}, {'value': '12 June 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ian Burchnall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Burchnall', 'summary': 'Ian David Burchnall ( born 11 February 1983 ) is an English football coach who is the head coach of Östersunds FK . He holds the UEFA Pro Licence .'}]}, {'value': 'Östersunds FK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Östersunds_FK', 'summary': 'Östersunds Fotbollsklubb , commonly known simply as Östersunds FK , Östersund ( Swedish pronunciation : [ œstɛˈʂɵnːd ] ) or ( especially locally ) ÖFK , is a Swedish professional football club located in Östersund , Sweden and since 2016 play in the Swedish first tier , Allsvenskan . The club was formed in 1996 as a merger of several Östersund clubs . The club is affiliated to the Jämtland-Härjedalens Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Jämtkraft Arena . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are black and red . Since its creation , the club has played mostly in the third tier of Swedish football but in 2013 Östersund achieved promotion to the second tier , Superettan , for the first time ever , after achieving two consecutive promotions , and since 2016 they play in the Swedish first tier , Allsvenskan .'}]}, {'value': '20 June 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Bergstrand Thomas Lagerlöf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Bergstrand', 'summary': 'Kim Bergstrand ( born 18 April 1968 in Täby ) is a Swedish football coach . A former player for Stockholm rivals AIK and Hammarby IF , he is the coach of the Allsvenskan team Djurgårdens IF .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Lagerlöf', 'summary': 'Thomas Lagerlöf ( born 15 November 1971 , in Stockholm ) is a Swedish football coach . A former player for Stockholm rivals AIK and Hammarby IF , he is the coach of the Allsvenskan team Djurgårdens IF .'}]}, {'value': 'Djurgårdens IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Djurgårdens_IF_Fotboll', 'summary': "Djurgårdens IF Fotbollsförening - commonly known as Djurgårdens IF , Djurgården Fotboll ( official name ) , Djurgården ( IPA : [ ˈjʉ̂ːrˌɡoːɖɛn ] ) , and ( especially locally ) Djurgår ' n ( IPA : [ ˈjʉ̌ː ( r ) ɡɔɳ ] ) , Dif or DIF [ A ] - is the association football department of Djurgårdens IF . Founded 1891 on the island Djurgården , the club 's home ground is Tele2 Arena , situated in the Johanneshov district of Stockholm . Competing in the highest Swedish tier , Allsvenskan , the club has won the league twelve times and the cup five times . The league titles have mainly been won during three separate eras . The first period was the 1910s , when they won four league titles . The second era occurred in the 1950s and 60s , when Djurgården also won the league four times . The most recent era was the first half of the 00s when they won both the league and the cup three times . Fans of the club , called djurgårdare , are found all over Stockholm and Sweden . However , Östermalm , where Djurgården 's former home ground Stadion is situated , is by some considered the club 's heartland . Djurgården is affiliated to the Stockholms Fotbollförbund ."}]}, {'value': '16 November 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnus Pehrsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnus_Pehrsson', 'summary': 'Karl Magnus Pehrsson ( born 25 May 1976 ) is a Swedish football manager and former professional player who most recently was the manager of Swedish football club Kalmar FF .'}]}, {'value': 'Kalmar FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalmar_FF', 'summary': "Kalmar Fotbollsförening , more commonly known as Kalmar FF , Kalmar or ( especially locally ) KFF , is a Swedish professional football club based in Kalmar . The club is affiliated to Smålands Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Guldfågeln Arena . Formed on 10 January 1910 as IF Göta , the club have won one national championship title ( 2008 ) and three national cup titles ( 1981 , 1987 & 2007 ) . Kalmar FF 's local rivals are Kalmar AIK and Östers IF ."}]}, {'value': '27 November 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirza Jelečak Henrik Rydström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirza_Jelečak', 'summary': 'Mirza Jelečak ( born 2 March 1983 in Sarajevo ) is a Bosnian-born Swedish football manager and former footballer who serves as head coach at Sirius .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henrik_Rydström', 'summary': 'Henrik Rydström ( born 16 February 1976 ) is a Swedish football manager and former player who manages Sirius in the Swedish first tier , Allsvenskan . As of 2013 he was the sixth longest serving player in the world when it comes to playing for the same club .'}]}, {'value': 'IK Sirius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll', 'summary': 'IK Sirius , more commonly known simply as Sirius , is a Swedish football club located in Uppsala . The club is affiliated to the Upplands Fotbollförbund .'}]}, {'value': '10 December 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Gustavsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Gustavsson', 'summary': "Tony Gustavsson ( born 14 August 1973 ) is a Swedish professional football manager and manager . He is best known for his managerial success in women 's football , leading Tyresö FF to the 2014 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final and helping the United States women 's national soccer team to two world championships in 2015 and 2019 as an assistant ."}]}, {'value': 'GIF Sundsvall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall', 'summary': "Gymnastik- och Idrottsföreningen Sundsvall , more commonly known as GIF Sundsvall ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪfː ˈsɵ̂nː ( d ) sval ] ) or simply Sundsvall , is a Swedish professional football club based in Sundsvall . The club is affiliated with Medelpads Fotbollförbund and plays its home games at Idrottsparken . Formed on 25 August 1903 , the club has played 17 seasons in Sweden 's highest football league Allsvenskan , the club 's first season in the league was in 1965 ."}]}, {'value': '2 September 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olof Mellberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olof_Mellberg', 'summary': 'Erik Olof Mellberg ( pronounced [ ˈûːlɔf ˈmɛ̂lːbærj ] ; born 3 September 1977 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer who serves as manager of Helsingborgs IF . During his career , Mellberg played as a defender , and is best known for his time at Aston Villa , as well as spells with Juventus and Greek side Olympiacos . Mellberg played for Sweden in two World Cups and four European Championships and is a former captain of the national team . Mellberg ended his international career with 8 goals in 117 matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Helsingborgs IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF', 'summary': 'Helsingborgs IF ( alternative spelling Hälsingborgs IF ) , commonly referred to as Helsingborg ( Swedish : [ hɛlsɪŋˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) , or ( especially locally ) HIF ( IPA : [ ˈhôːiːˌɛf ] ) , is a Swedish professional football club located in Helsingborg . They played in the Swedish second tier , Superettan in 2018 , but were promoted to Allsvenskan ahead of the 2019 season . Formed in 1907 , the club has won five national championship titles and five national cup titles . Helsingborgs IF have also won Allsvenskan on two occasions when the title of Swedish champions was not decided by the outcome of that league . [ A ] Helsingborg was a founder member of Allsvenskan , and between 1924 and 1968 they spent all but two seasons in the top division , and won the league five times . At the end of the 1968 season , HIF was relegated , and while most people initially expected a quick return , they went on to spend the next 24 seasons in the lower leagues before finally getting promoted back to the top flight in 1992 . Having returned to Allsvenskan in 1993 , Helsingborg remained in the top division until 2016 , winning the league twice in 1999 and 2011 . The club is affiliated to the Skånes Fotbollförbund .'}]}, {'value': '3 September 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saulius Širmelis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saulius_Širmelis', 'summary': 'Saulius Širmelis ( born 31 May 1956 ) is a Lithuanian professional football coach .'}]}, {'value': 'AFC Eskilstuna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFC_Eskilstuna', 'summary': 'Athletic Football Club Eskilstuna , also known as AFC Eskilstuna or simply AFC , is a Swedish football club located in Eskilstuna . The club has previously been known under the names FC Café Opera and Väsby United before switching ownership and their identity again in 2012 to AFC United . During the 2016 season it was once again decided that they would switch their name , identity , as well as locality . Choosing to move to Eskilstuna , about 110 kilometers west of Stockholm , they are since known as AFC Eskilstuna . They compete in Allsvenskan , the top tier of Swedish football , and play their home matches at Tunavallen . AFC Eskilstuna are affiliated to Södermanlands Fotbollförbund . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '5 September 2019', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Managers', 'section_text': 'Rikard Norling , manager of AIK . The current managers in Allsvenskan are :', 'uid': 'Allsvenskan_3', 'intro': "Allsvenskan (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈâlːˌsvɛnːskan]; English: the All-Swedish, also known as Fotbollsallsvenskan, English: the Football All-Swedish) is a Swedish professional league for men's association football clubs. It was founded in 1924, and is the top flight of the Swedish football league system, operating on a system of promotion and relegation with Superettan. Seasons run from late March or early April to the beginning of November, with the 16 clubs all meeting each other twice, resulting in a 30-match season, for a total of 240 matches league-wide. Allsvenskan is ranked 20th in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the last five years. Allsvenskan is ranked highest of the leagues in Scandinavia after Denmark in 16th place. The current champions are Djurgårdens IF, who won the title in the 2019 season. Including the 2019 season, Allsvenskan has been running for an unbroken streak of 94 seasons[update]. Unlike many other European football leagues, the Allsvenskan did not experience an interruption in play during World War II due to Swedish neutrality in that conflict."}
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The older brother of Tommy Thelin manages which club ?
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IF Elfsborg
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01d79bc75a7c3e7f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_leaders_who_suspended_the_constitution', 'title': 'List of political leaders who suspended the constitution', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Year', 'Reason'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lord North King George III of Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North', 'summary': "Frederick North , 2nd Earl of Guilford , KG , PC ( 13 April 1732 - 5 August 1792 ) , better known by his courtesy title Lord North , which he used from 1752 to 1790 , was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782 . He led Great Britain through most of the American War of Independence . He also held a number of other cabinet posts , including Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer . North 's reputation among historians has swung back and forth . It reached its lowest point in the late nineteenth century , when he was depicted as a creature of the king and an incompetent who lost the American colonies . In the early twentieth century , a revisionism emphasised his strengths in administering the Treasury , handling the House of Commons , and in defending the Church of England . Whig historian Herbert Butterfield , however , argued that his indolence was a barrier to efficient crisis management ; he neglected his role in supervising the entire war effort ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': "George III ( George William Frederick ; 4 June 1738 [ c ] - 29 January 1820 ) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801 , after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820 . He was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Hanover ) in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814 . He was a monarch of the House of Hanover , but unlike his two predecessors , he was born in Great Britain , spoke English as his first language , and never visited Hanover . George 's life and reign , which were longer than those of any of his predecessors , were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms , much of the rest of Europe , and places farther afield in Africa , the Americas , and Asia . Early in his reign , Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years ' War , becoming the dominant European power in North America and India . However , many of Britain 's American colonies were soon lost in the American War of Independence . Further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 . In the later part of his life , George had recurrent , and eventually permanent , mental illness . Although it has since been suggested that he had bipolar disorder or the blood disease porphyria , the cause of his illness remains unknown . After a final relapse in 1810 , a regency was established . His eldest son , George , Prince of Wales , ruled as Prince Regent until his father 's death , when he succeeded as George IV . Historical analysis of George III 's life has gone through a kaleidoscope of changing views that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay', 'summary': "The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a crown colony in British America which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States from 1776 onward . It was chartered on October 7 , 1691 by William III and Mary II , the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland . The charter took effect on May 14 , 1692 and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony , the Plymouth Colony , the Province of Maine , Martha 's Vineyard , Nantucket , Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick ; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor . Maine has been a separate state since 1820 , and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces , having been part of the colony only until 1697 . The name Massachusetts comes from the Massachusett Indians , an Algonquian tribe . It has been translated as at the great hill , at the place of large hills , or at the range of hills , with reference to the Blue Hills and to Great Blue Hill in particular ."}]}, {'value': '1774', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Introduced the Massachusetts Government Act in Parliament rescinding the Massachusetts colonial charter , dissolving the elected legislature , and instituting martial law under the command of General Thomas Gage in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party . Resulted in the Battles of Lexington and Concord beginning the American Revolution and the United States declaring independence from Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act', 'summary': 'The Massachusetts Government Act ( 14 Geo . 3 c. 45 ) was passed by the Parliament of Great Britain , receiving royal assent on 20 May 1774 . The act effectively abrogated the Massachusetts Charter of 1691 of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , and gave its royally-appointed governor wide-ranging powers . The colonists said it altered by parliamentary fiat the basic structure of colonial government . They vehemently opposed it and would not let it operate . It was a major step on the way to the start of the American Revolution in 1775 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the UK Parliament , British Parliament or Westminster Parliament , as well as domestically simply as Parliament or Westminster , is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom , the Crown dependencies and the British Overseas Territories . It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and the overseas territories . Parliament is bicameral but has three parts , consisting of the Sovereign ( Queen-in-Parliament ) , the House of Lords , and the House of Commons ( the primary chamber ) . The two houses meet in the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster , one of the inner boroughs of the capital city , London . The House of Lords includes two different types of members : the Lords Spiritual , consisting of the most senior bishops of the Church of England , and the Lords Temporal , consisting mainly of life peers , appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister , and of 92 hereditary peers , sitting either by virtue of holding a royal office , or by being elected by their fellow hereditary peers . Prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009 , the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords . The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections to 650 single member constituencies held at least every five years under the first-past-the-post system . The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster ( commonly known as the Houses of Parliament ) in London . By constitutional convention , all government ministers , including the Prime Minister , are members of the House of Commons or , less commonly , the House of Lords and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature . Most cabinet ministers are from the Commons , whilst junior ministers can be from either House . However , the Leader of the House of Lords must be a peer . The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland , both Acts of Union stating , That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be represented by one and the same Parliament to be styled The Parliament of Great Britain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martial_law', 'summary': "Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civilian functions by a government , especially in response to a temporary emergency such as invasion or major disaster , or in an occupied territory . Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public , as seen in multiple countries listed below . Such incidents may occur after a coup d'état ( Thailand in 2006 and 2014 , and Egypt in 2013 ) ; when threatened by popular protest ( China , Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , 2009 's Iranian Green Movement that led to the takeover by Revolutionary Guards ) ; to suppress political opposition ( Poland in 1981 ) ; or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections ( Canada , the October Crisis of 1970 ) . Martial law may be declared in cases of major natural disasters ; however , most countries use a different legal construct , such as a state of emergency . Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts , and in cases of occupations , where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population . Examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan , the recovery and reconstruction of the former Confederate States of America during Reconstruction Era in the United States of America following the American Civil War , and German occupation of northern France between 1871 and 1873 after the Treaty of Frankfurt ended the Franco-Prussian War . Typically , the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews ; the suspension of civil law , civil rights , and habeas corpus ; and the application or extension of military law or military justice to civilians . Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal ( court-martial ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Gage', 'summary': "General Thomas Gage ( 10 March 1718/19 - 2 April 1787 ) was a British Army general officer and colonial official best known for his many years of service in North America , including his role as British commander-in-chief in the early days of the American Revolution . Being born to an aristocratic family in England , he entered military service , seeing action in the French and Indian War , where he served alongside his future opponent George Washington in the 1755 Battle of the Monongahela . After the fall of Montreal in 1760 , he was named its military governor . During this time he did not distinguish himself militarily , but proved himself to be a competent administrator . From 1763 to 1775 he served as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America , overseeing the British response to the 1763 Pontiac 's Rebellion . In 1774 he was also appointed the military governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , with instructions to implement the Intolerable Acts , punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party . His attempts to seize military stores of Patriot militias in April 1775 sparked the Battles of Lexington and Concord , beginning the American Revolutionary War . After the Pyrrhic victory in the June Battle of Bunker Hill , he was replaced by General William Howe in October , 1775 , and returned to Great Britain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party', 'summary': 'The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston , Massachusetts , on December 16 , 1773 . The target was the Tea Act of May 10 , 1773 , which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts . American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights . Demonstrators , some disguised as Native Americans , destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company . They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into the Boston Harbor . The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution . The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history , and since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773 . The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act , which had been passed by the British Parliament in 1773 . Colonists objected to the Tea Act because they believed that it violated their rights as Englishmen to no taxation without representation , that is , to be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a British parliament in which they were not represented . In addition , the well-connected East India Company had been granted competitive advantages over colonial tea importers , who resented the move and feared additional infringement on their business . Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies , but in Boston , embattled Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain . The Boston Tea Party was a significant event in the growth of the American Revolution .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord', 'summary': "The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War . The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present-day Arlington ) , and Cambridge . They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America . In late 1774 , Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British-controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . On the night before the battle , warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders , including Paul Revere and Samuel Prescott , with information about British plans . The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate one if by land , two if by sea . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Revolution', 'summary': "The American Revolution was a colonial revolt which occurred between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) with the assistance of France , winning independence from Great Britain and establishing the United States of America . The American colonials proclaimed no taxation without representation starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they had no representatives in that governing body . Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 , followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 . The British responded by closing Boston Harbor and enacting a series of punitive laws which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self-government . The other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts , and a group of American Patriot leaders set up their own government in late 1774 at the Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance of Britain ; other colonists retained their allegiance to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories . Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when King George 's forces attempted to destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 . The conflict then developed into war , during which the Patriots ( and later their French allies ) fought the British and Loyalists in the Revolutionary War . Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress which assumed power from the former colonial governments , suppressed Loyalism , and recruited a Continental Army led by General George Washington . The Continental Congress declared King George a tyrant who trampled the colonists ' rights as Englishmen , and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2 , 1776 . The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy , and they proclaimed that all men are created equal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain', 'summary': "The Kingdom of Great Britain , officially called Great Britain , was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 1 January 1801 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England ( which included Wales ) and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands , with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Elizabeth I , bringing about the Union of the Crowns . Since its inception , the kingdom was in legislative and personal union with the Kingdom of Ireland . Following the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover . The early years of the newly-united kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings , which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 . In 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century , slowly growing to become the largest empire in history . From the mid-1750s , the Kingdom came to dominate the Indian subcontinent through the aggressive expansion of the East India Trading Company , and until suffering defeat in the American War of Independence , it claimed vast swaths of the North American continent through its burgeoning American colonies . The Kingdom of Great Britain was replaced by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801 with the Acts of Union 1800 ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio López de Santa Anna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_López_de_Santa_Anna', 'summary': "Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ anˈtonjo ˈlopes ðe sant ( a ) ˈanna ] ; 21 February 1794 - 21 June 1876 ) , often known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna , was a Mexican politician and general who fought to defend royalist New Spain and then fought for Mexican independence . He greatly influenced early Mexican politics and government , and he was an adept soldier and cunning politician who dominated Mexican history in the first half of the nineteenth century to such an extent that historians often refer to it as the Age of Santa Anna . He was called the Man of Destiny who loomed over his time like a melodramatic colossus , the uncrowned monarch . Santa Anna first opposed the movement for Mexican independence from Spain , but then fought in support of it . He was the earliest of the caudillos ( military leaders ) of modern Mexico , and he represents the stereotypical caudillo in Mexican history . Lucas Alamán wrote that the history of Mexico since 1822 might accurately be called the history of Santa Anna 's revolutions . His name plays a major role in all the political events of the country and its destiny has become intertwined with his . Santa Anna was an enigmatic , patriotic , and controversial figure who had great power in Mexico during a turbulent 40-year career . He led as general at crucial points and served 12 non-consecutive presidential terms over a period of 22 years . [ a ] In the periods of time when he was not serving as president , he continued to pursue his military career . He was a wealthy landowner who built a political base in the port city of Veracruz . He was perceived as a hero by his troops , as he sought glory for himself and his army and independence for Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '1835', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Abolished the 1824 Federal Constitution ane established the Siete Leyes in their place to centralize the government . Constitution restored by José Mariano Salas after Lopez de Santa Anna 's resignation after the Mexican-American War", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico', 'summary': 'The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 ( Spanish : Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1824 ) was enacted on October 4 of 1824 , after the overthrow of the Mexican Empire of Agustin de Iturbide . In the new constitution , the republic took the name of United Mexican States , and was defined as a representative federal republic , with Catholicism as the official and unique religion . It was replaced by the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Siete_Leyes', 'summary': 'Las Siete Leyes ( Spanish : [ las ˈsjete ˈleʝes ] , or Seven Laws were a series of constitutional changes that fundamentally altered the organizational structure of Mexico , ending the first federal period and creating a unitary republic , the Central Republic . Formalized under President Antonio López de Santa Anna on 15 December 1835 , they were enacted in 1836 . They were intended to centralize and strengthen the national government . The aim of the previous constitution was to create a political system that would emulate the success of the United States , but after a decade of political turmoil , economic stagnation , and threats and actual foreign invasion , conservatives concluded that a better path for Mexico was centralized power . The Siete Leyes were revised in 1843 , making them more workable , but also placing power entirely in the hands of Santa Anna .'}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Mariano_Salas', 'summary': 'José Mariano de Salas ( 11 May 1797 - 24 December 1867 ) was a Mexican general and politician who served twice as interim president of Mexico ( 1846 and 1859 ) . He was also a member of the executive triumvirate of the Second Mexican Empire that invited Maximilian of Habsburg to take the throne .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexican-American_War', 'summary': 'The Mexican-American War , [ a ] also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención Estadounidense en México ( American intervention in Mexico ) , [ b ] was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas , which was not formally recognized by the Mexican government , who disputed the Treaties of Velasco signed by Mexican caudillo President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna after the Texas Revolution a decade earlier . In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk , who saw the annexation of Texas as the first step towards a further expansion of the United States , sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico . After Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces , the United States Congress declared war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California , and then moved south . Meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in the lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under Major General Winfield Scott , eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance , having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast , where the U.S. staged its first ever major amphibious landing . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million in compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States . The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States , but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties , monetary cost , and heavy-handedness , particularly early on . The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry George Grey , 3rd Earl Grey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Grey,_3rd_Earl_Grey', 'summary': 'Henry George Grey , 3rd Earl Grey , KG , GCMG , PC ( 28 December 1802 - 9 October 1894 ) , known as Viscount Howick from 1807 until 1845 , was an English statesman .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907 , created as a Crown colony . The power of the British Government was vested in the governor of New Zealand , but the colony was granted self-government in 1852 . The 1852 Constitution was inaugurated after the first parliament was elected in 1853 , and the first government of New Zealand was formed in 1856 . The Colony of New Zealand had three capitals : Old Russell ( 1841 ) , Auckland ( 1841-1865 ) , and Wellington ( after 1865 ) . In 1907 , the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand with a more explicit recognition of self-government within the British Empire .'}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The constitution put in place by the Colonial Office in London put all power in the hands of the small settler population . Grey suspended the constitution rather than risk all-out war with the much larger native Māori population', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1846', 'summary': "The New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 ( 9 & 10 Vict . c. 103 ) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom intended to grant self-government to the Colony of New Zealand , but it was never fully implemented . The Act 's long title was An Act to make further Provision for the Government of the New Zealand Islands , and it received the royal assent on 28 August 1846 . The Act formally remained part of New Zealand 's constitution until it was repealed by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Office', 'summary': "The Colonial Office was a government department of the Kingdom of Great Britain and later of the United Kingdom , first created to deal with the colonial affairs of British North America but needed also to oversee the increasing number of colonies of the British Empire . Despite its name , the Colonial Office was never responsible for all Britain 's Imperial territories ; for example protectorates fell under the purview of the Foreign Office , British India was ruled by the East India Company until 1858 ( thereafter being succeeded by the India Office as a result of the Indian Mutiny ) , whilst the role of the colonial office in the affairs of the Dominions changed as time passed . It was headed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies , also known more informally as the Colonial Secretary ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Māori_people', 'summary': 'The Māori ( /ˈmaʊri/ ; Māori pronunciation : [ ˈmaːɔɾi ] ( listen ) ) are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand . Māori originated with settlers from eastern Polynesia , who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of waka ( canoe ) voyages somewhere between 1320 and 1350 . Over several centuries in isolation , these settlers developed their own distinctive culture whose language , mythology , crafts and performing arts evolved independently from other eastern Polynesian cultures . The arrival of Europeans in New Zealand , starting in the 17th century , brought enormous changes to the Māori way of life . Māori people gradually adopted many aspects of Western society and culture . Initial relations between Māori and Europeans were largely amicable , and with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 , the two cultures coexisted . Rising tensions over disputed land sales led to conflict in the 1860s , and massive land confiscations . Social upheaval , and epidemics of introduced disease took a devastating toll on the Māori population , which fell dramatically . By the start of the 20th century , the Māori population had begun to recover , and efforts have been made to increase their standing in wider New Zealand society and achieve social justice . Traditional Māori culture has thereby enjoyed a significant revival , which was further bolstered by a Māori protest movement that emerged in the 1960s . However , disproportionate numbers of Māori face significant economic and social obstacles , and generally have lower life expectancies and incomes compared with other New Zealand ethnic groups . They suffer higher levels of crime , health problems , and educational under-achievement .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napoleon_III', 'summary': "Napoleon III ( born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte ; 20 April 1808 - 9 January 1873 ) , the nephew of Napoleon I , was the first President of France from 1848 to 1852 , and the last French monarch from 1852 to 1870 . First elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848 , he seized power in 1851 , when he could not constitutionally be re-elected , and became the Emperor of the French . He founded the Second French Empire and was its only emperor until the defeat of the French army and his capture by Prussia and its allies in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 . He worked to modernize the French economy , rebuilt the center of Paris , expanded the French overseas empire , and engaged in the Crimean War and the Second Italian War of Independence . Napoleon III commissioned a grand reconstruction of Paris carried out by his prefect of the Seine , Baron Haussmann , and launched similar public works projects in Marseille , Lyon and other French cities . Napoleon III modernized the French banking system , expanded and consolidated the French railway system , and made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world . He promoted the building of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture , which ended famines in France and made France an agricultural exporter . Napoleon III negotiated the 1860 Cobden-Chevalier free trade agreement with Britain and similar agreements with France 's other European trading partners . Social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organize . The first women students were admitted at the Sorbonne and educational opportunities for women were increased , as did the list of required subjects in public schools . In foreign policy , Napoleon III aimed to reassert French influence in Europe and around the world . He was a supporter of popular sovereignty and of nationalism ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abolished the Constitution of 1848 after a self-coup due to constitutional term limits preventing his reelection as President of France . Drafted Constitution of 1852 in its place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848', 'summary': 'The Constitution of 1848 is the constitution passed in France on 4 November 1848 by the National Assembly , the constituent body of the Second French Republic . It was repealed on 14 January 1852 by the constitution of 1852 which profoundly changed the face of the Second Republic and served as the basis for the Second French Empire .'}, {'url': "/wiki/1851_French_coup_d'état", 'summary': "The French coup d'état of 2 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte ( at the time , President of the French Second Republic ) . It ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly and the subsequent re-establishment of the French Empire the next year . When he faced the prospect of having to leave office in 1852 , Louis-Napoléon ( nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte ) staged the coup in order to stay in office and implement his reform programs ; these included the restoration of universal male suffrage ( previously abolished by the legislature ) . His political measures , and the extension of his mandate for 10 years , were popularly endorsed by constitutional referendum . A year later , the Prince-President reclaimed his uncle 's throne as Emperor of the French under the regnal name Napoleon III ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Term_limit', 'summary': 'A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms an officeholder may serve in a particular elected office . When term limits are found in presidential and semi-presidential systems they act as a method of curbing the potential for monopoly , where a leader effectively becomes president for life . This is intended to protect a democracy from becoming a de facto dictatorship . Sometimes , there is an absolute or lifetime limit on the number of terms an officeholder may serve ; sometimes , the restrictions are merely on the number of consecutive terms he or she may serve .'}, {'url': '/wiki/President_of_France', 'summary': 'The President of France , officially the President of the French Republic ( French : président de la République française , French pronunciation : \u200b [ pʁezidɑ̃ də la ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) , is the executive head of state of France in the French Fifth Republic . In French terms , the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country . The powers , functions and duties of prior presidential offices , as well as their relation with the prime minister and Government of France , have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the French Second Republic . The president of the French Republic is also the ex officio co-prince of Andorra , grand master of the Legion of Honour and of the National Order of Merit . The officeholder is also honorary proto-canon of the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome ( although some have rejected the title in the past ) . The current president of the French Republic is Emmanuel Macron , who succeeded François Hollande on 14 May 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1852', 'summary': 'The French Constitution of 1852 was enacted on 14 January 1852 by Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte ( Napoleon III ) . Slightly modified later that year , on 25 December 1852 the constitution became the basis for the creation of the French Second Empire .'}]}, {'value': 'Abdul Hamid II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II', 'summary': 'Abdul Hamid II ( Ottoman Turkish : عبد الحميد ثانی , ` Abdül-Ḥamīd-i sânî ; Turkish : İkinci Abdülhamit ; September 21 , 1842 - February 10 , 1918 ) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state . He oversaw a period of decline , with rebellions particularly in the Balkans , and he had an unsuccessful war with the Russian Empire followed by a successful war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897 . Hamid II ruled from August 31 , 1876 until he was deposed shortly after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution , on April 27 , 1909 . In accordance with an agreement made with the Republican Young Ottomans , he promulgated the first Ottoman Constitution of 1876 on December 23 , 1876 , which was a sign of progressive thinking that marked his early rule . Later , however , he noticed Western influence on Ottoman affairs and citing disagreements with the Parliament , suspended both the short-lived constitution and Parliament in 1878 and accomplished highly effective power and control . Modernization of the Ottoman Empire occurred during his reign , including the reform of the bureaucracy , the extension of the Rumelia Railway and Anatolia Railway , the construction of the Baghdad Railway , and the Hejaz Railway . In addition to this modernization , a system for population registration and control over the press was established along with the first local modern law school in 1898 . The most far-reaching of these reforms were in education : many professional schools were established for fields including the law , arts , trades , civil engineering , veterinary medicine , customs , farming , and linguistics . Although AbdulHamid II closed the University of Istanbul in 1881 , it was reopened in 1900 , and a network of secondary , primary , and military schools was extended throughout the empire . Railway and telegraph systems were developed by primarily German firms . During his reign , the Ottoman Empire became bankrupt leading to the establishment of Ottoman Public Debt Administration in 1881 . Abroad , Sultan Abdul Hamid II was nicknamed the Red Sultan or Abdul the Damned due to the alleged massacres of Armenians and Assyrians during his rule and use of the secret police to silence dissent and republicanism .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottoman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottoman_Empire', 'summary': 'The Ottoman Empire ( /ˈɒtəmən/ ; Ottoman Turkish : دولت عليه عثمانیه Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye , literally The Exalted Ottoman State ; Modern Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti ; French : Empire ottoman ) [ note 6 ] was a state and caliphate that controlled much of Southeast Europe , Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries . It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt ( modern-day Bilecik Province ) by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I . Although initially the dynasty was of Turkic origin , it was Persianised in terms of language , culture , literature and habits . After 1354 , the Ottomans crossed into Europe , and with the conquest of the Balkans , the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire . The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror . During the 16th and 17th centuries , at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , the Ottoman Empire was a multinational , multilingual empire controlling most of Southeast Europe , parts of Central Europe , Western Asia , parts of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus , North Africa and the Horn of Africa . At the beginning of the 17th century , the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries . [ note 7 ] With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean Basin , the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries . While the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent , this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians . The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy , society and military throughout the 17th and much of the 18th century . However , during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768 , the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals , the Habsburg and Russian empires .'}]}, {'value': '1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Used the Russo-Turkish War as a pretext to prorogue the Ottoman General Assembly , suspend the Constitution of 1876 , and execute the Constitution 's author Midhat Pasha . Later reinstated the Constitution after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877–1878)', 'summary': "The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 ( Turkish : 93 Harbi , lit . 'War of 93 ' , named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar ; Bulgarian : Руско-турска Освободителна война , romanized : Rusko-turska Osvoboditelna vojna , Russian-Turkish Liberation war ) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , and Montenegro . Fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus , it originated in emerging 19th-century Balkan nationalism . Additional factors included Russian goals of recovering territorial losses endured during the Crimean War of 1853-56 , re-establishing itself in the Black Sea and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire . The Russian-led coalition won the war , pushing the Turks back all the way to the gates of Constantinople but for the timely intervention of the western European great powers . As a result , Russia succeeded in claiming provinces in the Caucasus , namely Kars and Batum , and also annexed the Budjak region . The principalities of Romania , Serbia , and Montenegro , each of which had had de facto sovereignty for some time , formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire . After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination ( 1396-1878 ) , a Bulgarian state re-emerged : the Principality of Bulgaria , covering the land between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains ( except Northern Dobrudja which was given to Romania ) , as well as the region of Sofia , which became the new state 's capital . The Congress of Berlin in 1878 also allowed Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to take over Cyprus . The initial Treaty of San Stefano , signed on 3 March 1878 , is today celebrated on Liberation Day in Bulgaria , although the occasion somewhat fell out of favour during years of Socialist rule ."}, {'url': '/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire', 'summary': 'The General Assembly ( Turkish : Meclis-i Umumî ( French romanization : Medjliss Oumoumi ) or Genel Parlamento ; French : Assemblée Générale ) was the first attempt at representative democracy by the imperial government of the Ottoman Empire . Also known as the Ottoman Parliament ( French : Parlement Ottoman ) , it was located in Constantinople ( Istanbul ) and was composed of two houses : an upper house ( Senate , Meclis-i Âyân ) , and a lower house ( Chamber of Deputies , Meclis-i Mebusân ) . The General Assembly was first constituted on 23 December 1876 and initially lasted until 14 February 1878 , when it was dissolved by Sultan Abdul Hamid II . As a result of the Young Turk Revolution which brought substantial reforms and larger participation by political parties , the General Assembly was revived 30 years later , on 23 July 1908 , with the Second Constitutional Era . The Second Constitutional Era ended on 11 April 1920 , when the General Assembly was dissolved by the Allies during the occupation of Constantinople in the aftermath of World War I . Many members of the dissolved Ottoman Parliament in Constantinople later became members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara , which was established on 23 April 1920 , during the Turkish War of Independence .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876', 'summary': "The Ottoman constitution of 1876 ( Ottoman Turkish : قانون اساسى ; Turkish : Kanûn-u Esâsî ; English : Basic Law ; French : Constitution ottomane ) was the first constitution of the Ottoman Empire . Written by members of the Young Ottomans , particularly Midhat Pasha , during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II ( 1876-1909 ) , the constitution was only in effect for two years , from 1876 to 1878 in a period known as the First Constitutional Era . Later it was put back into effect and amended to transfer more power from the sultan and the appointed Senate to the generally elected Chamber of Deputies after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution , initiating a period known as the Second Constitutional Era . In the course of their studies in Europe , some members of the new Ottoman elite concluded that the secret of Europe 's success rested not just with its technical achievements but also with its political organizations . Moreover , the process of reform itself had imbued a small segment of this elite with the belief that constitutional government would be a desirable check on autocracy and provide them with a better opportunity to influence policy . Sultan Abdülaziz 's chaotic rule led to his deposition in 1876 and , after a few troubled months , to the proclamation of an Ottoman constitution that the new sultan , Abdul Hamid II , pledged to uphold ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Midhat_Pasha', 'summary': 'Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha ( 18 October 1822 - 26 April 1883 ) was an Ottoman democrat and one of the leading statesmen during the late Tanzimat period . He is most famous for leading the Ottoman constitutional movement of 1876 and introducing the First Constitutional Era , but was also a leading figure of reform in the educational and provincial administrations . He was part of a governing elite which recognized the crisis the Empire was in and considered reform to be a dire need . Midhat Pasha is described as a person with a liberal attitude and is often considered as one of the founders of the Ottoman Parliament . He was described by Caroline Finkel as a true representative of Tanzimat optimism , who believed that separatist tendencies could be best countered by demonstrating the benefits of good government . For the British , his reforming zeal was an aberration , based on individual strength of personality . They believed Midhat Pasha could not succeed , citing the inefficient and corrupt nature of the Ottoman state , and the fractured nature of its society . The Midhat Pasha Souq in Damascus still bears his name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution', 'summary': "The Young Turk Revolution ( July 1908 ) of the Ottoman Empire was when the Young Turks movement restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and ushered in multi-party politics in a two stage electoral system ( electoral law ) under the Ottoman parliament . More than three decades earlier , in 1876 , constitutional monarchy had been established under Sultan Abdul Hamid II during a period of time known as the First Constitutional Era , which only lasted for two years before Abdul Hamid suspended it and restored autocratic powers to himself . On 24 July 1908 , Abdul Hamid capitulated and announced the restoration of Constitution , which established the Second Constitutional Era . After an attempted monarchist counterrevolution in favor of Abdul Hamid the following year , he was deposed and his brother Mehmed V ascended the throne . Once underground , organizations ( named committee , group , etc . ) established ( declared ) their parties . Among them Committee of Union and Progress ( CUP ) , and Freedom and Accord Party also known as the Liberal Union or Liberal Entente ( LU ) were major parties . There were smaller parties such as Ottoman Socialist Party . On the other end of the spectrum were the ethnic parties which included ; People 's Federative Party ( Bulgarian Section ) , Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs , Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine ( Poale Zion ) , Al-Fatat , and Armenians organized under Armenakan , Hunchakian and Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF ) . ARF , previously outlawed , became the main representative of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire , replacing the pre-1908 Armenian elite , which had been composed of merchants , artisans , and clerics who had seen their future in obtaining more privileges within the boundaries of the state 's version of Ottomanism ."}]}, {'value': 'Deodoro da Fonseca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca', 'summary': 'Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ mɐnuˈɛw deoˈdɔɾu da fõˈsekɐ ] ; 5 August 1827 - 23 August 1892 ) was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the first President of Brazil . He took office after heading a military coup that deposed Emperor Pedro II and proclaimed the Republic in 1889 , disestablishing the Empire , and stepped down little more than two years later , in 1891 , under great political pressure . He is therefore the first Brazilian President to have resigned from office .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suspended the Imperial Constitution of 1823 along with abolishing the Empire of Brazil , overthrowing Emperor Pedro II , and proclaiming a republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil', 'summary': "The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and ( until 1828 ) Uruguay . Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pedro I and his son Dom Pedro II . A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese colonial Empire in 1808 , when the Portuguese Prince regent , later King Dom João VI , fled from Napoleon 's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro . João VI later returned to Portugal , leaving his eldest son and heir , Pedro , to rule the Kingdom of Brazil as regent . On 7 September 1822 , Pedro declared the independence of Brazil and , after waging a successful war against his father 's kingdom , was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I , the first Emperor of Brazil . The new country was huge , sparsely populated and ethnically diverse . Unlike most of the neighboring Hispanic American republics , Brazil had political stability , vibrant economic growth , constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech , and respect for civil rights of its subjects , albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves , the latter regarded as property and not citizens . The empire 's bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era , as were the provincial and local legislatures . This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government . He faced other obstacles . The unsuccessful Cisplatine War against the neighboring United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession of the province of Cisplatina ( later to become Uruguay ) . In 1826 , despite his role in Brazilian independence , he became the king of Portugal ; he immediately abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his eldest daughter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil', 'summary': "Dom Pedro II ( English : Peter II ; 2 December 1825 - 5 December 1891 ) , nicknamed the Magnanimous , was the second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil , reigning for over 58 years . [ A ] He was born in Rio de Janeiro , the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza . His father 's abrupt abdication and departure to Europe in 1831 left the five year-old as Emperor and led to a grim and lonely childhood and adolescence , obliged to spend his time studying in preparation for rule . He knew only brief moments of happiness and encountered few friends of his age . His experiences with court intrigues and political disputes during this period greatly affected his later character ; he grew into a man with a strong sense of duty and devotion toward his country and his people , yet increasingly resentful of his role as monarch . Pedro II inherited an empire on the verge of disintegration , but he turned Brazil into an emerging power in the international arena . The nation grew to be distinguished from its Hispanic neighbors on account of its political stability , zealously guarded freedom of speech , respect for civil rights , vibrant economic growth , and form of government - a functional representative parliamentary monarchy . Brazil was also victorious in the Platine War , the Uruguayan War , and the Paraguayan War , as well as prevailing in several other international disputes and domestic tensions . Pedro II steadfastly pushed through the abolition of slavery despite opposition from powerful political and economic interests . A savant in his own right , the Emperor established a reputation as a vigorous sponsor of learning , culture , and the sciences , and he won the respect and admiration of people such as Charles Darwin , Victor Hugo , and Friedrich Nietzsche , and was a friend to Richard Wagner , Louis Pasteur , and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , among others . There was no desire for a change in the form of government among most Brazilians , but the Emperor was overthrown in a sudden coup d'état that had almost no support outside a clique of military leaders who desired a form of republic headed by a dictator . Pedro II had become weary of emperorship and despaired over the monarchy 's future prospects , despite its overwhelming popular support ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)', 'summary': "The Proclamation of the Republic ( Portuguese : Proclamação da República do Brasil ) was a military coup d'état that established the First Brazilian Republic on 15 November 1889 . It overthrew the constitutional monarchy of the Empire of Brazil and ended the reign of Emperor Pedro II . The proclamation of the Republic took place in Rio de Janeiro , then capital of the Empire of Brazil , when a group of military officers of the Brazilian Army , led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca , staged a coup d'état without the use of violence , deposing Emperor Pedro II and the President of the Council of Ministers of the Empire , the Viscount of Ouro Preto . A provisional government was established that same day , 15 November , with Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca as President of the Republic and head of the interim Government ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Primo de Rivera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera', 'summary': "Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja , 2nd Marquess of Estella , 22nd Count of Sobremonte ( 8 January 1870 - 16 March 1930 ) , was a dictator , aristocrat , and military officer who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930 during Spain 's Restoration era . He deeply believed that it was the politicians who had ruined Spain and that governing without them he could restore the nation . His slogan was Country , Religion , Monarchy . Historians depict him as an inept dictator who lacked clear ideas and political acumen , and who alienated his potential supporters such as the army . He did not create a base of support among the voters , and depended instead on elite elements . His actions discredited the king and ruined the monarchy , while heightening social tensions that led in 1936 to a full-scale Spanish Civil War . On the death of his uncle in 1921 he became Marquess of Estella . With the support of King Alfonso XIII and the army , Primo de Rivera led a Mussolini-inspired military coup on 13 September 1923 . He was appointed Prime Minister by the King . He promised to eliminate corruption and to regenerate Spain . In order to do this he suspended the constitution , established martial law , imposed a strict system of censorship , and ended the turno ( spoils ) system of alternating parties . Primo de Rivera initially said he would rule for only 90 days , however , he chose to remain in power ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Suspended Constitution of 1876 after leading Spanish Armed Forces coup d'etat", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1876', 'summary': 'The Spanish Constitution of 1876 ( Spanish : Constitución Española ) , was the constitution enacted after the restoration of the Spanish monarchy . It came into effect on 30 June 1876 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces', 'summary': "The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of Spain , defender of its territorial integrity and the constitutional order , according to the functions entrusted in the Constitution of 1978 . These are formations by : the Army , the Air Force , the Spanish Armada , the Royal Guard and the Military Emergency Unit , as well as the so-called Common Corps . Spain is one of the most important nations of the European Union ( EUFOR ) and Eurocorps . It also occupies a prominent position in the structure of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , which it joined in 1982 . It also has the oldest Marine Corps in the world and the oldest permanent military units in the world : the King 's Immemorial Infantry Regiment No . 1 and the Soria Light Infantry Regiment No . 9 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander I of Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': 'Alexander I ( 16 December 1888 [ O.S . 4 December ] - 9 October 1934 ) , also known as Alexander the Unifier , was a prince regent of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1914 and later a King of Yugoslavia from 1921 to 1934 ( prior to 1929 the state was known as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) . He was assassinated in Marseille , France , by assassin and revolutionary Vlado Chernozemski during a state visit .'}]}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian : Краљевина Југославија / Kraljevina Jugoslavija Slovene : Kraljevina Jugoslavija ) was a state in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941 , during the interwar period and beginning of World War II . From 1918 to 1929 , it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( Serbo-Croatian : Краљевина Срба , Хрвата и Словенаца / Kraljevina Srba , Hrvata i Slovenaca ; Slovene : Kraljevina Srbov , Hrvatov in Slovencev ) , but the term Yugoslavia ( literally Land of Southern Slavs ) was its colloquial name due to its origins . The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia by King Alexander I on 3 October 1929 . The preliminary kingdom was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( itself formed from territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire ) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia . The Kingdom of Montenegro had united with Serbia five days previously , whereas the regions of Kosovo , Vojvodina , Vardar Macedonia and most of Bosnia were parts of Serbia prior to the unification . The state was ruled by the Serb dynasty of Karađorđević , which previously ruled the Kingdom of Serbia under Peter I from 1903 ( after the May Overthrow ) onward . Peter I became the first king of Yugoslavia until his death in 1921 . He was succeeded by his son Alexander I , who had been regent for his father . He was known as Alexander the Unifier and he renamed the kingdom Yugoslavia in 1929 . He was assassinated in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski , a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization ( IMRO ) , during his visit to France in 1934 . The crown passed to his then-still under-aged son Peter . Alexander 's cousin Paul ruled as Prince regent until 1941 , when Peter II came of age ."}]}, {'value': '1929-1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An assassination in the National Assembly was used as a pretext for absolutism and the dissolution of the Assembly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia', 'summary': 'The Parliament of Yugoslavia was the deliberative body of Yugoslavia . Before World War II in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia it was known as the National Assembly ( Narodna skupština ) , while in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia the name was changed to Federal Assembly ( Serbo-Croatian : Savezna skupština/Савезна скупштина ) . It was the official deliberative body of the Yugoslav state , which existed from 1918 to 1992 and resided in the building which now convenes the National Assembly of Serbia .'}]}, {'value': 'Carol II of Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania', 'summary': "Carol II ( 15 October 1893 - 4 April 1953 ) reigned as King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until his abdication on 6 September 1940 . Carol was the eldest son of Ferdinand I and became crown prince upon the death of his grand-uncle , King Carol I in 1914 . He was the first of the Hohenzollern kings of Romania to be born in the country ( both of his predecessors were born and grew up in Germany and only came to Romania as adults ) . Carol , by contrast , spoke Romanian as his first language and was the first member of the Romanian royal family to be raised in the Orthodox faith . He possessed a hedonistic personality that contributed to the controversies marring his reign , and his life was marked by numerous scandals , among them marriages to Zizi Lambrino and Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark , daughter of King Constantine I of Greece . His continued affairs with Magda Lupescu obliged him to renounce his succession rights in 1925 and leave the country . Princess Helen eventually divorced him in 1928 . King Ferdinand died in 1927 and Carol 's five-year-old son ascended the throne as Michael I. Carol then returned to Romania in 1930 and replaced his son and the regency that had been in place . His reign was marked by re-alignment with Nazi Germany , adoption of anti-semitic laws and ultimately evolved into a personal dictatorship beginning in 1938 . On 6 September 1940 , he was forced by his Prime Minister Ion Antonescu to leave the country and withdraw abroad into exile . He was succeeded by his son Michael ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania', 'summary': "The Kingdom of Romania ( Romanian : Regatul României ) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 26 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I , until 1947 with the abdication of King Michael I of Romania , and the Romanian parliament proclaiming Romania a people 's republic . From 1859 to 1877 , Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities ( Moldavia and Wallachia ) under a single prince to an autonomous principality with a Hohenzollern monarchy . The country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War ( known locally as the Romanian War of Independence ) , when it also received Northern Dobruja in exchange for the southern part of Bessarabia . The kingdom 's territory during the reign of King Carol I , between 14 March ( O.S . ) ( 27 March ( N.S . ) ) 1881 and 27 September ( O.S . ) ( 10 October ( N.S . ) ) 1914 is sometimes referred as the Romanian Old Kingdom , to distinguish it from Greater Romania , which included the provinces that became part of the state after World War I ( Bessarabia , Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania ) . With the exception of the southern halves of Bukovina and Transylvania , these territories were ceded to neighboring countries in 1940 , under the pressure of Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union . Following a disastrous World War II campaign on the side of the Axis powers and name change ( Legionary Romania ) , Romania joined the Allies in 1944 , recovering Northern Transylvania . The influence of the neighboring Soviet Union and the policies followed by Communist-dominated coalition governments ultimately led to the abolition of the monarchy , with Romania becoming a People 's Republic on the last day of 1947 ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suspended the Constitution of 1923 after performing self-coup and taking emergency powers with the assistance of Land Forces officer Ion Gigurtu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Romania', 'summary': "The 1923 Constitution of Romania , also called the Constitution of Union , was intended to align the organisation of the state on the basis of universal male suffrage and the new realities that arose after the Great Union of 1918 . Four draft constitutions existed : one belonging to the National Liberal Party , written with contributions from Ion I. C. Brătianu ; one composed by R. Boilă at Cluj , under the influence of the Romanian National Party ; one by Constantin Stere , representing the views of the Peasants ' Party ; and a fourth by C. Berariu . Except for Stere 's proposal , which involved a unicameral legislature , proportional representation and popular consultation through the plebiscite , the other three were inspired ( when it came to political organisation ) by the 1866 Constitution . The Liberals came to power in 1922 and managed to push through their own draft , which was approved 247-8 ( with two abstentions ) in the Chamber of Deputies on March 26 , 1923 , and the next day in the Senate , 137-2 ( with two abstentions ) . It was published in Monitorul Oficial and came into force on March 29 . The constitution had eight titles and 138 articles , of which 76 came in their entirety from its predecessor . It enshrined the principles of popular sovereignty ( exercised through representatives ) , separation of powers in the state , rule of law and decentralisation . Rights and freedoms for all citizens were recognised , regardless of ethnicity , language , religion or social class ; the right to own property was guaranteed and , for the first time , the nationalisation of mineral deposits was provided for . The Kingdom of Romania was defined as a unitary and indivisible national state , with an inalienable territory . The state guaranteed freedom of expression and assembly , of conscience and of religion , and declared that as the Romanian Orthodox Church is the religion of the great majority of Romanians it is the dominant church in the Romanian State , while the Greek-Catholic Church has primacy before other faiths . Regarding state organisation , legislative power was entrusted to Parliament ( Senate and Assembly of Deputies ) and the King ; executive power to the King , who delegated it to the Council of Ministers ; and judicial power to the central and local judicial organs . The right to vote was expanded beyond the 1866 regulations : it was universal for all males , equal , direct , compulsory and secret , based on majority representation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Self-coup', 'summary': "A self-coup ( or autocoup , from the Spanish autogolpe ) is a form of putsch or coup d'état in which a nation 's leader , despite having come to power through legal means , dissolves or renders powerless the national legislature and unlawfully assumes extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances . Other measures taken may include annulling the nation 's constitution , suspending civil courts and having the head of government assume dictatorial powers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces', 'summary': 'The Romanian Land Forces ( Romanian : Forțele Terestre Române ) is the army of Romania , and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces . In recent years , full professionalisation and a major equipment overhaul have transformed the nature of the Land Forces . [ citation needed ] The Romanian Land Forces was founded on 24 November [ O.S . 12 November ] 1859 . It participated in World War I , together with the Russian Empire forces in actions against the Central Powers and , despite initial setbacks , won the decisive battles of Mărăşti and Mărăşeşti . During most of World War II ( until August 23 , 1944 ) Romanian forces supported the Axis powers , fighting against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front . From August 1944 until the end of the war , Romania fought against Germany under the control of the Soviet Union . When the communists seized power after the Second World War , the army underwent reorganisation and sovietization . Following the Romanian Revolution , due to shortage of funds , many units were disbanded and much equipment was phased out . Likewise , Romanian military capability declined because of a lack of fuel as well as training . However , since the late 1990s , a number of positive changes have come about and the level of combat readiness is growing greatly ; since 1996 , the military budget has grown more than four times - rising from 636 million dollars to 2.8 billion dollars in 2007 . Conscription has been abolished and professionalisation has been completed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu', 'summary': "Ion Gigurtu ( Romanian pronunciation : [ iˈon d͡ʒiˈɡurtu ] ; 24 June 1886 - 24 November 1959 ) was a far-right Romanian politician , Land Forces officer , engineer and industrialist who served a brief term as Prime Minister from 4 July to 4 September 1940 , under the personal regime of King Carol II . A specialist in mining and veteran of both the Second Balkan War and World War I , he made a fortune in interwar Greater Romania . Gigurtu began his career in politics with the People 's Party ( PP ) and the National Agrarian Party , moving closer to the far right during the 1930s , and serving as Minister of Industry and Commerce in the cabinet of Octavian Goga . Shortly after the start of World War II , Gigurtu was affiliated with King Carol 's National Renaissance Front , serving as Public Works and Communications Minister and Foreign Minister under Premier Gheorghe Tătărescu , before the territorial losses incurred by Romania in front of the Soviet Union propelled him as Tătărescu 's replacement . Gigurtu 's executive was primarily noted for realizing the inability of France and the United Kingdom to guarantee Romania 's borders and , accordingly , for the alignment with Nazi Germany . As part of this program , Gigurtu most notably enforced official antisemitism and racial discrimination , implementing locally a version of the Nuremberg Laws . Despite such measures , the government fell after being compelled by Germany to accept the cession of Northern Transylvania to Hungary , and was consequently forced to resign amidst nationwide protests . Gigurtu retreated from public life for the rest of the war , and , following the pro-Allied King Michael Coup , was arrested , investigated and released several times . Ultimately prosecuted by the newly proclaimed Communist regime as part of a show trial , he eventually died in prison ."}]}, {'value': 'Francisco Franco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Franco', 'summary': "Francisco Franco Bahamonde [ a ] ( /ˈfræŋkoʊ/ , Spanish : [ fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko ] ; 4 December 1892 - 20 November 1975 ) was a Spanish general and dictator who ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 . During his rule Franco assumed the title Caudillo . This period in Spanish history , from the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War to Franco 's death , is commonly known as Francoist Spain or the Francoist dictatorship . Franco was born in Ferrol , Spain as the son of an upper-class family with strong traditional ties and several generations of high-ranking officers in the Spanish Navy . But due to the navy being crippled by the Spanish-American War Franco instead joined the Spanish Army as a cadet in the Toledo Infantry Academy in 1907 , graduating in 1910 . He would then go on to serve in Morocco , rapidly advancing through the ranks for bravery in combat and an assiduous attention to detail in logistics . In 1926 he became Brigadier General at age 33 , the youngest General in all Europe , and two years later he became director of the General Military Academy in Zaragoza . As a conservative and a monarchist , Franco regretted the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931 . He was devastated by the closing of his beloved Academy , but nevertheless continued his service in the Republican Army . For a time he was even left without posting , but his career improved after the right wing CEDA and PRR won the 1933 election . In 1934 Franco led the brutal suppression of the uprising in Asturias , sharpening the antagonism between Left and Right in the country . In 1935 he became Chief of Army Staff , but when the leftist Popular Front won the 1936 election Franco was once again marginalized , being relieved of his position and relegated to the Canary Islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francoist_Spain', 'summary': 'Francoist Spain ( Spanish : España franquista ) , known in Spain as the Francoist dictatorship ( Spanish : dictadura franquista ) , officially known as the Spanish State ( Spanish : Estado Español ) , is the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975 , when Francisco Franco ruled Spain as dictator with the title Caudillo . The nature of the regime evolved and changed during its existence . Months after the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936 , Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and was proclaimed Head of State on 1 October 1936 , ruling a dictatorship over the territory controlled by the Nationalist faction . The 1937 Unification Decree , which merged all parties supporting the rebel side , led to Nationalist Spain becoming a single-party regime under the FET y de las JONS . The end of the war in 1939 brought the extension of the Franco rule to the whole country and the exile of Republican institutions . The Francoist dictatorship originally took a form described as fascistized dictatorship , or semi-fascist regime , showing clear influence of fascism in fields such as labor relations , the autarkic economic policy , aesthetics , or the single-party system . As time went on , the regime opened up and became closer to developmental dictatorships , although it always preserved residual fascist trappings . During the Second World War , Spain did not join the Axis powers ( its supporters from the civil war , Italy and Germany ) . Nevertheless , Spain would support them in various ways throughout most of the war while maintaining its neutrality . Because of this , Spain was isolated by many other countries for nearly a decade after World War II all the while its autarkic economy , still trying to recover from the civil war , suffered from chronic depression . The 1947 Law of Succession made Spain a de jure Kingdom again , but defined Franco as the Head of State for life with the power to choose the person to become King of Spain and his successor . Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned autarky , delegating authority from the Falangist movement , which had been prone to isolationism , to a new breed of economists , the technocrats of Opus Dei .'}]}, {'value': '1939-1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suspended the Constitution of 1931 after Nationalist victory in Spanish Civil War and promulgated the Fundamental Laws of the Realm in its place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931', 'summary': "The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1931 . It was the constitution of the Second Spanish Republic ( founded 14 April 1931 ) and was in force until 1 April 1939 . This was the second period of Spanish history in which both head of state and head of government were democratically elected . A constitutional draft prepared by a commission under a reformist Catholic lawyer Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo having been rejected , an amended draft was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1931 . It created a secular democratic system based on equal rights for all citizens , with provision for regional autonomy . It introduced female suffrage , civil marriage and divorce . It permitted the state to expropriate private property , with compensation , for reasons of broader social utility . It also established free , obligatory , secular education for all and dissolved the Jesuits . The Republic was the culmination of a process of mass mobilisation and opposition to the old politics of notables . According to the historian Mary Vincent the Constitution envisaged a reforming regime with an explicit and self-conscious view of what modernising Spain should entail . A secular state operating according to the rule of law with an admittedly ill-defined sense of social justice would open the way for an educated body of citizens to enjoy 'European ' prosperity and freedom . According to Frances Lannon however , the articles on property and religion , with their exaltation of state power and disregard for civil rights , virtually destroyed any prospect there had been for the development of a Catholic , conservative , Republicanism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)', 'summary': "The Nationalist faction ( Spanish : Bando nacional ) [ note 1 ] or Rebel faction ( Spanish : Bando sublevado ) was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939 . It was composed of a variety of right-wing political groups that supported the Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic , including the Falange , the CEDA , and two rival monarchist claimants : the Alfonsist Renovación Española and the Carlist Traditionalist Communion . In 1937 , all the groups were merged into the FET y de las JONS . One of the members of the 1936 coup , General Francisco Franco , would after the death of the factions earlier leaders head the Nationalists throughout most of the war and emerge as the dictator of Spain until 1975 . The term Nationalists or Nationals ( nacionales ) was coined by Joseph Goebbels following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain Francisco Arranz requesting war material on 24 July 1936 , in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi Germany 's help to the Spanish rebel military . The leaders of the rebel faction , who had already been denominated as 'Crusaders ' by Bishop of Salamanca Enrique Pla y Deniel - and also used the term Cruzada for their campaign - immediately took a liking to it . The term Bando nacional - much as the term rojos ( Reds ) to refer to the loyalists - is considered by some authors as a term linked with the propaganda of that faction . Throughout the civil war the term 'Nationalist ' was mainly used by the members and supporters of the rebel faction , while its opponents used the terms fascistas ( fascists ) or facciosos ( sectarians ) to refer to this faction ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War', 'summary': "The Spanish Civil War ( Spanish : Guerra Civil Española ) [ note 2 ] was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939 . Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Second Spanish Republic , in alliance with anarchists and communists , fought against a revolt by the Nationalists , an alliance of Falangists , monarchists , conservatives and Catholics , led by a military group among whom General Francisco Franco soon achieved a preponderant role . Due to the international political climate at the time , the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle , a war of religion , a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy , between revolution and counterrevolution , and between fascism and communism . It has been frequently called the dress rehearsal for World War II . The Nationalists won the war , which ended in early 1939 , and ruled Spain until Franco 's death in November 1975 . The war began after a pronunciamiento ( a declaration of military opposition ) against the Republican government by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces , originally under the leadership of José Sanjurjo . The government at the time was a coalition of Republicans , supported in the Cortes by communist and socialist parties , under the leadership of centre-left President Manuel Azaña . The Nationalist group was supported by a number of conservative groups , including CEDA , monarchists , including both the opposing Alfonsists and the religious conservative Carlists , and the FE de las JONS , a fascist political party . After the deaths of Sanjurjo , Emilio Mola and Manuel Goded Llopis , Franco emerged as the remaining leader of the Nationalist side . The coup was supported by military units in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , Pamplona , Burgos , Zaragoza , Valladolid , Cádiz , Córdoba , and Seville . However , rebelling units in some important cities - such as Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Bilbao , and Málaga - did not gain control , and those cities remained under the control of the government . This left Spain militarily and politically divided ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fundamental_Laws_of_the_Realm', 'summary': 'The Fundamental Laws of the Realm ( Spanish : Leyes Fundamentales del Reino ) were a set of de facto constitutional laws organizing the powers of the Francoist regime , the dictatorship of Generalissimo Francisco Franco . In 1977 , during the transition , an eighth law with the same status as the others was brought into effect , altering the legislative framework in order to bring to a head the process of political reform . Rather than a typical constitution , the laws were fueros , a distinctly Spanish legal concept dating to medieval times with a wide range of meanings , as they had not been developed or approved by elected representatives . The Fundamental Laws were ultimately revoked by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 . The eight laws were :'}]}, {'value': 'Ion Antonescu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ion_Antonescu', 'summary': "Ion Antonescu ( /ˌæntəˈnɛskuː/ ; Romanian : [ jon antoˈnesku ] ( listen ) ; June 14 [ O.S . June 2 ] 1882 - June 1 , 1946 ) was a Romanian soldier and authoritarian politician who , as the Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II , presided over two successive wartime dictatorships . After the war , he was convicted of war crimes and executed . A Romanian Army career officer who made his name during the 1907 peasants ' revolt and the World War I Romanian Campaign , the antisemitic Antonescu sympathized with the far right and fascist National Christian and Iron Guard groups for much of the interwar period . He was a military attaché to France and later Chief of the General Staff , briefly serving as Defense Minister in the National Christian cabinet of Octavian Goga as well as the subsequent First Cristea cabinet , in which he also served as Air and Marine Minister . During the late 1930s , his political stance brought him into conflict with King Carol II and led to his detainment . Antonescu nevertheless rose to political prominence during the political crisis of 1940 , and established the National Legionary State , an uneasy partnership with the Iron Guard 's leader Horia Sima . After entering Romania into an alliance with Nazi Germany and the Axis and ensuring Adolf Hitler 's confidence , he eliminated the Guard during the Legionary Rebellion of 1941 . In addition to being Prime Minister , he served as his own Foreign Minister and Defense Minister . Soon after Romania joined the Axis in Operation Barbarossa , recovering Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina , Antonescu also became Marshal of Romania . An atypical figure among Holocaust perpetrators , Antonescu enforced policies independently responsible for the deaths of as many as 400,000 people , most of them Bessarabian , Ukrainian and Romanian Jews , as well as Romanian Romani . The regime 's complicity in the Holocaust combined pogroms and mass murders such as the Odessa massacre with ethnic cleansing , systematic deportations to occupied Transnistria and widespread criminal negligence ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania', 'summary': "The Kingdom of Romania ( Romanian : Regatul României ) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 26 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I , until 1947 with the abdication of King Michael I of Romania , and the Romanian parliament proclaiming Romania a people 's republic . From 1859 to 1877 , Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities ( Moldavia and Wallachia ) under a single prince to an autonomous principality with a Hohenzollern monarchy . The country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War ( known locally as the Romanian War of Independence ) , when it also received Northern Dobruja in exchange for the southern part of Bessarabia . The kingdom 's territory during the reign of King Carol I , between 14 March ( O.S . ) ( 27 March ( N.S . ) ) 1881 and 27 September ( O.S . ) ( 10 October ( N.S . ) ) 1914 is sometimes referred as the Romanian Old Kingdom , to distinguish it from Greater Romania , which included the provinces that became part of the state after World War I ( Bessarabia , Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania ) . With the exception of the southern halves of Bukovina and Transylvania , these territories were ceded to neighboring countries in 1940 , under the pressure of Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union . Following a disastrous World War II campaign on the side of the Axis powers and name change ( Legionary Romania ) , Romania joined the Allies in 1944 , recovering Northern Transylvania . The influence of the neighboring Soviet Union and the policies followed by Communist-dominated coalition governments ultimately led to the abolition of the monarchy , with Romania becoming a People 's Republic on the last day of 1947 ."}]}, {'value': '1940-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Suspended the Constitution of 1938 after King Carol II granted him authoritarian powers . Ruled by decree until King Michael 's Coup in 1944", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1938_Constitution_of_Romania', 'summary': 'The 1938 Constitution of Romania was the fundamental law of Romania from the time of its adoption until 1940 . It formed the legal basis for the royal dictatorship of King Carol II . It replaced the 1923 Constitution .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania', 'summary': "Carol II ( 15 October 1893 - 4 April 1953 ) reigned as King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until his abdication on 6 September 1940 . Carol was the eldest son of Ferdinand I and became crown prince upon the death of his grand-uncle , King Carol I in 1914 . He was the first of the Hohenzollern kings of Romania to be born in the country ( both of his predecessors were born and grew up in Germany and only came to Romania as adults ) . Carol , by contrast , spoke Romanian as his first language and was the first member of the Romanian royal family to be raised in the Orthodox faith . He possessed a hedonistic personality that contributed to the controversies marring his reign , and his life was marked by numerous scandals , among them marriages to Zizi Lambrino and Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark , daughter of King Constantine I of Greece . His continued affairs with Magda Lupescu obliged him to renounce his succession rights in 1925 and leave the country . Princess Helen eventually divorced him in 1928 . King Ferdinand died in 1927 and Carol 's five-year-old son ascended the throne as Michael I. Carol then returned to Romania in 1930 and replaced his son and the regency that had been in place . His reign was marked by re-alignment with Nazi Germany , adoption of anti-semitic laws and ultimately evolved into a personal dictatorship beginning in 1938 . On 6 September 1940 , he was forced by his Prime Minister Ion Antonescu to leave the country and withdraw abroad into exile . He was succeeded by his son Michael ."}, {'url': "/wiki/King_Michael's_Coup", 'summary': "King Michael 's Coup was a coup d'état led by King Michael I of Romania during World War II on 23 August 1944 . With the support of several political parties , the king removed the government of Ion Antonescu , which had aligned Romania with Nazi Germany , after the Axis front in northeastern Romania collapsed in the face of a successful Soviet offensive . The Romanian Army declared a unilateral ceasefire with the Soviet Red Army on the Moldavian front , an event viewed as decisive in the Allied advances against the Axis powers in the European theatre of World War II . The coup was supported by the Romanian Communist Party , the Social Democratic Party , the National Liberal Party , and the National Peasants ' Party who had coalesced into the National Democratic Bloc in June 1944 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Ching-kuo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek', 'summary': "Chiang Kai-shek ( /ˈtʃæŋ kaɪˈʃɛk , dʒiˈɑːŋ/ ; 31 October 1887 - 5 April 1975 ) , also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and romanized via Mandarin as Chiang Chieh-shih and Jiang Jieshi , was a Chinese nationalist politician , revolutionary and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975 , first in mainland China until 1949 and then in Taiwan until his death . Born in Chekiang ( Zhejiang ) Province , Chiang was a member of the Kuomintang and a lieutenant of Sun Yat-sen in the revolution to overthrow the Beiyang government and reunify China . With Soviet and communist ( CPC ) help , Chiang organized the military for Sun 's Canton Nationalist Government and headed the Whampoa Military Academy . Commander in chief of the National Revolutionary Army ( from which he came to be known as Generalissimo ) , he led the Northern Expedition from 1926 to 1928 , before defeating a coalition of warlords and nominally reunifying China under a new Nationalist government . Midway through the campaign , the KMT-CPC alliance broke down and Chiang purged the communists inside the party , triggering a civil war with the CCP , which he eventually lost in 1949 . As leader of the Republic of China in the Nanjing decade , Chiang sought to strike a difficult balance between the modernizing China while also devoting resources to defending the nation against the impending Japanese threat . Trying to avoid a war with Japan while hostilities with CCP continued , he was kidnapped in the Xi'an Incident and obliged to form an Anti-Japanese United Front with the CCP . Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 , he mobilized China for the Second Sino-Japanese War . For eight years he led the war of resistance against a vastly superior enemy , mostly from the wartime capital Chongqing . As the leader of a major Allied power , Chiang met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Cairo Conference to discuss terms for Japanese surrender . No sooner had the Second World War ended than the Civil War with the communists , by then led by Mao Zedong , resumed . Chiang 's nationalists were mostly defeated in a few decisive battles in 1948 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo', 'summary': "Chiang Ching-kuo ( 27 April [ nb 1 ] 1910 - 13 January 1988 ) was a politician of the Republic of China . The eldest and only biological son of former president Chiang Kai-shek , he held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China . He served as Premier of the Republic of China between 1972 and 1978 , and was the President of the Republic of China from 1978 until his death in 1988 . Chiang Ching-kuo was sent as a teenager to study in the Soviet Union during the First United Front in 1925 , when his father 's Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party were in alliance . He attended university there , but when the Chinese Nationalists violently broke with the Communists , Stalin sent him to work in a steel factory in the Ural Mountains . There , Chiang met and married Faina Vakhreva . When war between China and Japan was imminent in 1937 , Stalin sent the couple to China . During the war Ching-kuo 's father gradually came to trust him , and gave him more and more responsibilities , including administration . After the Japanese surrender Ching-kuo was given the job of ridding Shanghai of corruption , which he attacked with ruthless efficiency . The victory of the Communists in 1949 drove the Chiangs and their government to Taiwan . Chiang Ching-kuo was first given control of the secret police , a position he retained until 1965 and in which he used arbitrary arrests and torture to ensure tight control . He then became Minister of Defense ( 1965-1969 ) , Vice-Premier ( 1969-1972 ) and Premier ( 1972-1978 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '1948-1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Effectively nullified the Constitution of 1948 with the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion instituting martial law and curtailing civil liberties under the pretext of the Chinese Civil War , the retreat to Taiwan , and the planned recapture of the Mainland . Constitution reinstated by the National Assembly in 1991 under President Lee Teng-hui after the abolition of the Kuomintang one-party state', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China', 'summary': "During the National Constituent Assembly session on December 25 , 1946 in Nanjing , the fifth and current Chinese constitution , known as the Constitution of the Republic of China , was ratified by the Kuomintang and adopted on December 25 , 1947 . Since 1949 , the constitution , along with its Additional Articles , remains effective in ROC-controlled territories . Intended for the entire territory of the Republic of China as it was then constituted , it was never extensively nor effectively implemented due to the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War in mainland China at the time of the constitution 's promulgation . The newly elected National Assembly soon ratified the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion on May 10 , 1948 . The Temporary Provisions symbolises the country 's entering into the state of emergency and granted the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China extra-constitutional powers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion', 'summary': 'The Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion were provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of China effective from 1948 to 1991 and amended four times . It effectively nullified the constitution and established martial law in Taiwan , where civil and political freedoms were curtailed . The official rationale for the provisions was the ongoing Chinese Civil War , but with the demise of the Kuomintang single-party system , the provisions were repealed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan', 'summary': 'Martial law in Taiwan ( Chinese : 戒嚴時期 ; pinyin : Jièyán Shíqí ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Kài-giâm sî-kî ) refers to the periods in the history of Taiwan after World War II that are under the control by the Republic of China Armed Forces of the Kuomintang-led Government of the Republic of China regime . The term is specifically used to refer the over 38-year-long consecutive martial law period between 20 May 1949 and 14 July 1987 , which was qualified as the longest imposition of martial law by a regime anywhere in the world at that time . ( It has since been surpassed by Syria . ) With the outbreak of Chinese Civil War , the Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province ( Chinese : 臺灣省戒嚴令 ; pinyin : Táiwān Shěng Jièyán Lìng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tâi-oân-séng Kài-giâm Lēng ) was enacted by Chen Cheng , who served as the chairman of Taiwan Provincial Government and commander of Taiwan Garrison Command , in 19 May 1949 . This order is effective within the territory of Taiwan Province ( Including Island of Taiwan and Penghu ) . The provincial martial law order was then superseded by an amendment of the Declaration of Nationwide Martial Law which was enacted by the central Government of the Republic of China after the amendment received a retroactive consent by the Legislative Yuan in 14 March 1950 . The martial law in Taiwan Area ( Including Island of Taiwan , Penghu ) were lifted by a Presidential order promulgated by President Chiang Ching-kuo on 15 July 1987 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War', 'summary': "The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China fought between the Kuomintang ( KMT ) -led government of the Republic of China ( ROC ) and the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) lasting intermittently between 1927 and 1949 . The war is generally divided into two phases with an interlude : from August 1927 to 1937 , the KMT-CPC Alliance collapsed during the Northern Expedition , and the Nationalists controlled most of China . From 1937 to 1945 , hostilities were put on hold , and the Second United Front fought the Japanese invasion of China with eventual help from the World War II Allies . The civil war resumed with the Japanese defeat , and the CPC gained the upper hand in the final phase of the war from 1945-1949 , generally referred to as the Chinese Communist Revolution . The Communists gained control of mainland China and established the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) in 1949 , forcing the Republic of China to retreat to the island of Taiwan . A lasting political and military standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait ensued , with the ROC in Taiwan and the PRC in mainland China both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of all China . No armistice or peace treaty was ever signed , and the debate continues as to whether the civil war has legally ended ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_China_retreat_to_Taiwan', 'summary': "The Republic of China 's retreat to Taiwan , also known as the Kuomintang invasion of Taiwan or ( in Taiwan ) The Great Retreat refers to the exodus of the remnants of the Kuomintang-ruled government of the Republic of China to the island of Taiwan in December 1949 at the end of the Chinese Civil War . The Kuomintang ( KMT , Chinese Nationalist Party ) , its officers and approximately 2 million troops took part in the retreat ; in addition to many civilians and refugees , fleeing from the advances of the Communist People 's Liberation Army . Troops mostly fled to Taiwan from provinces in southern China , including Sichuan Province , where the last stand of the Republic of China 's main army took place . The flight to Taiwan took place over four months after Mao Zedong had proclaimed the founding of the People 's Republic of China in Beijing on October 1 , 1949 . After the retreat , the Republic of China leadership , led by Generalissimo and President Chiang Kai-shek planned to make the retreat only temporary , hoping to regroup , fortify and reconquer the mainland . This plan , which never came into fruition , was known as Project National Glory , and made the national priority of the Republic of China on Taiwan . Once it became apparent that such a plan could not be realized , Taiwan 's national focus shifted to the modernization and economic development of Taiwan , even as the ROC continues to claim sovereignty over regions under PRC control ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Project_National_Glory', 'summary': "Project National Glory or Project Guoguang ( Chinese : 國光計劃 ; pinyin : Guóguāng Jìhuà ) was a military attempt by the Republic of China ( ROC ) Armed Forces in Taiwan to try to recapture Mainland China held by the People 's Liberation Army in the newly established People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . Preparatory operations began in 1961 and project was abandoned in July 1972 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)', 'summary': 'The National Assembly of the Republic of China ( Chinese : 國民大會 ; pinyin : Guómín Dàhuì ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Kok-bîn Tāi-hōe ) was a group of related parliamentary government organizations of the Republic of China , now commonly known as Taiwan . The National Assembly was founded in 1913 , following the overthrow of the previous Qing dynasty , as the first free democratic legislature in Chinese history . It was disbanded less than a year later as President Yuan Shikai assumed dictatorial power and declared himself the Emperor of China . During the Warlord Era , the National Assembly was resurrected and disbanded more than once as different warlords vied for power and legitimacy . The last continuous National Assembly was established under the framework of the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China as a constitutional convention and electoral college to elect the President and Vice President . The first National Assembly was elected in November 1947 and met in Nanking in March 1948 . However , in the next year , the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China lost mainland China in the Chinese Civil War and retreated to Taiwan . The National Assembly resumed its meeting in Taipei in 1954 . In the 1990s , its parliamentary powers were gradually transferred to the Legislative Yuan and direct democracy excised by the Taiwanese people [ clarification needed ] before constitutional amendments made it a dormant body in 2000 and fully defunct in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui', 'summary': "Lee Teng-hui ( born 15 January 1923 ) is a Taiwanese statesman who was the President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang ( KMT ) from 1988 to 2000 . He was the first president of the Republic of China to be born in Taiwan . During his presidency , Lee oversaw the end of martial law , full democratization of the ROC , advocated the Taiwanese localization movement , and led an ambitious foreign policy to gain allies around the world . After leaving office Lee was expelled from the KMT for his role in founding the pro-independence Taiwan Solidarity Union ( TSU ) , which forms part of the Pan-Green Coalition alongside Taiwan 's Democratic Progressive Party . Lee is considered the spiritual leader of the TSU , and has recruited for the party in the past . Lee has been outspoken in support for Taiwanese Independence from China . At the age of 97 years , 32 days , he is the oldest living Taiwanese President and second longest living President of the Republic of China after Wellington Koo who lived to 97 years , 289 days ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kuomintang', 'summary': "The Kuomintang ( KMT ) , [ I ] also often alternatively translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party ( CNP ) , [ a ] is a political party in the Republic of China based in Taipei . Formed in 1919 , the KMT was formerly the sole ruling party of the Republic of China from 1928 to 2000 and is currently an opposition political party in the Legislative Yuan . The predecessor of the Kuomintang , the Revolutionary Alliance ( Tongmenghui ) , was one of the major advocates of the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the subsequent revolt in 1911 and proclamation of the Republic of China . The KMT was founded by Song Jiaoren and Sun Yat-sen shortly after the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 . Sun was the provisional President , but he later ceded the presidency to Yuan Shikai . Later led by Chiang Kai-shek , the KMT formed the National Revolutionary Army and succeeded in its Northern Expedition to unify much of mainland China in 1928 , ending the chaos of the Warlord Era . It was the ruling party in mainland China until 1949 , when it lost the Chinese Civil War to the rival Communist Party of China . The KMT fled to Taiwan where it continued to govern as an authoritarian one-party state . This government retained China 's United Nations seat ( with considerable Western support ) until 1971 . Taiwan ceased to be a single-party state in 1986 and political reforms beginning in the 1990s loosened the KMT 's grip on power . Nevertheless , the KMT remains one of Taiwan 's main political parties , with Ma Ying-jeou , elected in 2008 and re-elected in 2012 , being the seventh KMT member to hold the office of the presidency . In the 2016 general and presidential election , the KMT was defeated in both elections and the Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) gained control of both the Legislative Yuan and the presidency , Tsai Ing-wen being elected President ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dang_Guo', 'summary': "Party-State , or Dang Guo ( Chinese : 黨國 ; pinyin : Dǎngguó ) , is a version of the one-party state ideology that was formerly the official policy of the Republic of China under the Kuomintang . Since 1924 , after Sun Yat-sen decided to copy the Soviet Union 's political system , Chiang Kai-shek used the Kuomintang to control and operate the National Government of the Republic of China ( ROC ) and the National Revolutionary Army . All of the major national policies of the ROC bureaucracy were formulated by the Kuomintang party , resulting in the party holding the supreme power of the whole nation . In his belief , the rules of the state should be returned to the people after the Kuomintang Army militarily ended the Warlord Era ."}]}, {'value': 'Fulgencio Batista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista', 'summary': "Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar ( /bəˈtiːstə/ ; Spanish : [ fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβaɾ ] ; born Rubén Zaldívar ; January 16 , 1901 - August 6 , 1973 ) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 , and as its U.S.-backed Military Dictator from 1952 to 1959 , before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution . Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants , which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada . He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces , with the rank of colonel , and effectively controlled the five-member pentarchy that functioned as the collective head of state . He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940 , when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform . He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba and served until 1944 . After finishing his term he lived in Florida , returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952 . Facing certain electoral defeat , he led a military coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás that preempted the election . Back in power , and receiving financial , military , and logistical support from the United States government , Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties , including the right to strike . He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations , and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans . Eventually it reached the point where most of the sugar industry was in U.S. hands , and foreigners owned 70% of the arable land . As such , Batista 's repressive government then began to systematically profit from the exploitation of Cuba 's commercial interests , by negotiating lucrative relationships with both the American Mafia , who controlled the drug , gambling , and prostitution businesses in Havana , and with large U.S.-based multinational companies who were awarded lucrative contracts . To quell the growing discontent amongst the populace - which was subsequently displayed through frequent student riots and demonstrations - Batista established tighter censorship of the media , while also utilizing his Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities secret police to carry out wide-scale violence , torture and public executions ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Suspended Constitution of 1940 after leading coup d'etat", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1940_Constitution_of_Cuba', 'summary': 'The 1940 Constitution of Cuba was implemented during the presidency of Federico Laredo Brú and took effect on 10 October 1940 . It was primarily influenced by the collectivist ideas that inspired the Cuban Revolution of 1933 . Widely considered one of the most progressive constitutions at the time , it provided for land reform , public education , a minimum wage and other social programs . It had 286 articles in 19 sections .'}, {'url': "/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d'état", 'summary': "The 1952 Cuban coup d'état took place in Cuba on March 10 , 1952 , when the Cuban Army , led by Fulgencio Batista , intervened in the election that was scheduled to be held on June 1 , staging a coup d'état and establishing a de facto military dictatorship in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Arthur Ankrah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah', 'summary': 'Joseph Arthur Ankrah ( 18 August 1915 - 25 November 1992 ) was a General of the army of Ghana who served as the 2nd President of Ghana from 1966 to 1969 in the position of Chairman of the National Liberation Council . Ankrah also served as Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity from 24 February 1966 to 5 November 1966 . Before becoming the Head of State , Ankrah served as the first commander of the Ghana Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Ghana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suspended constitution along with the National Liberation Council after military coup against the government of Kwame Nkrumah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Liberation_Council', 'summary': "The National Liberation Council ( NLC ) led the Ghanaian government from 24 February 1966 to 1 October 1969 . The body emerged from an allegedly CIA-supported coup d'état ( Ghana 's first ) against the civilian government led by Kwame Nkrumah . The Ghana Police Service and Ghana Armed Forces carried out the coup jointly , with collaboration from the Ghana Civil Service . It is alleged that the plotters were well connected with the governments of Britain ( under PM Harold Wilson ) and the United States ( then under Lyndon B. Johnson ) , who some believe approved of the coup because Nkrumah challenged their political and economic ambitions in Africa . [ citation needed ] The new government implemented structural adjustment policies recommended by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and World Bank . Money in the national budget shifted away from agriculture and industrialization towards the military . National enterprises , property , and capital were privatized or abandoned . Nkrumah had condemned the development projects of multinational corporations as signs of neocolonialism . The NLC allowed foreign conglomerates to operate on extremely favorable terms . The Ghanaian cedi was devalued by 30% . These economic changes did not succeed in reducing the country 's debt or in increasing the ratio of exports to imports . The National Liberation Council regime won support from powerful groups in Ghanaian society : local chiefs , intelligentsia , and business leaders , as well as the expanding military and police forces ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah', 'summary': "Kwame Nkrumah PC ( 21 September 1912 [ a ] - 27 April 1972 ) was a Ghanaian politician and revolutionary . He was the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana , having led the Gold Coast to independence from Britain in 1957 . An influential advocate of pan-Africanism , Nkrumah was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1962 . After twelve years abroad pursuing higher education , developing his political philosophy and organizing with other diasporic pan-Africanists , Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast to begin his political career as an advocate of national independence . He formed the Convention People 's Party , which achieved rapid success through its unprecedented appeal to the common voter . He became Prime Minister in 1952 and he retained the position when Ghana declared independence from Britain in 1957 . In 1960 , Ghanaians approved a new constitution and elected Nkrumah President . His administration was both nationalist and socialist . Thus , it funded national industrial and energy projects , developed a strong national education system and promoted a national and pan-African culture . Under Nkrumah , Ghana played a leading role in African international relations during the decolonization period . In 1964 , a constitutional amendment made Ghana a One-party state , with Nkrumah as president for life of both nation and party . Nkrumah was deposed in 1966 by the National Liberation Council which under the supervision of international financial institutions privatized many of the country 's state corporations ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Bédel Bokassa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Bédel_Bokassa', 'summary': "Jean-Bédel Bokassa ( [ ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa ] ; 22 February 1921 - 3 November 1996 ) , also known as Bokassa I , was a Central African political and military leader who served as the 2nd President of the Central African Republic and as the emperor of its successor state , the Central African Empire , from his Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a subsequent coup in 1979 . Of this period , he served about 11 years as president and three years as self-proclaimed Emperor of Central Africa , though the country was still a de facto military dictatorship . His imperial regime lasted from 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979 . Following his overthrow , the CAR was restored under his predecessor , David Dacko . Bokassa 's imperial title did not achieve international diplomatic recognition . In his trial in absentia , he was tried and sentenced to death . He returned to the Central African Republic in 1986 and was put on trial for treason and murder . In 1987 , he was cleared of charges of cannibalism , but found guilty of the murder of schoolchildren and other crimes . The death sentence was later commuted to life in solitary confinement , but he was freed in 1993 . He lived a private life in Bangui , and died in November 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Central African Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_African_Republic', 'summary': "The Central African Republic ( CAR ; Sango : Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka ; French : République centrafricaine pronounced [ ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn ] , or Centrafrique [ sɑ̃tʁafʁik ] ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Chad to the north , Sudan to the northeast , South Sudan to the southeast , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south , the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west . The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres ( 240,000 sq mi ) and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2018 [ update ] . As of 2020 [ update ] , the CAR is the scene of a civil war , ongoing since 2012 . Most of the CAR consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas , but the country also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south . Two thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin ( which flows into the Congo ) , while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari , which flows into Lake Chad . What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia ; however , the country 's current borders were established by France , which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century . After gaining independence from France in 1960 , the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders , including an abortive attempt at a monarchy ; by the 1990s , calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993 . Ange-Félix Patassé became president , but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup . The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and , despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011 , civil war resumed in 2012 . Despite its significant mineral deposits and other resources , such as uranium reserves , crude oil , gold , diamonds , cobalt , lumber , and hydropower , as well as significant quantities of arable land , the Central African Republic is among the ten poorest countries in the world , with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017 . As of 2019 [ update ] , according to the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , the country had the second lowest level of human development , ranking 188th out of 189 countries ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bokassa later created a monarchy and declared himself Emperor of Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monarchy', 'summary': 'A monarchy is a form of government in which a person , the monarch , is head of state until death or abdication . The legitimation and governing power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to fully autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) , combining executive , legislative and judicial power . In most cases , the succession of monarchies is hereditary , but there are also elective and self-proclaimed monarchies , often building dynastic periods . Aristocrats , though not inherent to monarchies , often serve as the pool of persons to draw the monarch from and fill the constituting institutions ( e.g . diet and court ) , giving many monarchies oligarchic elements . A monarchy can be a polity through unity , personal union , vassalage or federation . Its authorities are proclaimed and recognized through the different seats , insignia and titles that a monarch can occupy and be invested with . For example , monarchs can carry titles such as king , queen , emperor , khan , caliph , tsar , or sultan , and can be bound to territories ( e.g. , the Emperor of Japan ) and peoples ( e.g. , the King of the Belgians ) . The republican form of government has been established as the opposing and main alternative to monarchy . Republics though have seen infringements through lifelong or even hereditary heads of state . Republics heads of state are often styled President or a variant thereof . Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 20th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emperor_of_Central_Africa', 'summary': "The Emperor of Central Africa ( French : Empereur de Centrafrique ) was the monarch of the Central African Empire from 1976 to 1979 . President Jean-Bédel Bokassa proclaimed himself Emperor Bokassa I on 4 December 1976 , and was crowned on 4 December 1977 in a lavish coronation ceremony that was estimated to cost his country US $ 20 million ( $ 80 million today ) . Although nominally a constitutional monarch , in practice Bokassa ruled with absolute power . For all intents and purposes , the country was still a military dictatorship , as had been the case since Bokassa took power in the 1966 coup d'état . Bokassa I attempted to justify his actions by claiming that creating a monarchy would help Central Africa stand out from the rest of the continent , and earn the world 's respect . The coronation consumed one third of the nation 's annual budget and all of the French aid that year , but despite generous invitations , no foreign leaders attended the event . Many thought Bokassa was insane , and compared his egotistical extravagance with his contemporary - Africa 's other well-known eccentric dictator , President of Uganda Idi Amin ."}]}, {'value': 'Milton Obote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton_Obote', 'summary': "Apollo Milton Obote ( 28 December 1925 - 10 October 2005 ) was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial administration . Following the nation 's independence , he served as Prime Minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 , then again from 1980 to 1985 . He was overthrown by Idi Amin in 1971 , but regained power in 1980 a year after Amin 's 1979 overthrow . His second period of rule was marred by repression and the deaths of many civilians as a result of a civil war known as the Ugandan Bush War ."}]}, {'value': 'Uganda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uganda', 'summary': "Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Uganda ; Luganda : Eggwanga Yuganda ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It is bordered to the east by Kenya , to the north by South Sudan , to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , to the south-west by Rwanda , and to the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , shared with Kenya and Tanzania . Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region . Uganda also lies within the Nile basin , and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate . Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom , which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country , including the capital Kampala . The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago , when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country . Beginning in 1894 , the area was ruled as a protectorate by the UK , who established administrative law across the territory . Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 . The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts , including an 8-year-long far right military dictatorship led by Idi Amin . Additionally , a lengthy civil war against the Lord 's Resistance Army in the Northern Region led by Joseph Kony , has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties . The official languages are English and Swahili , although any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative , administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leabua Jonathan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leabua_Jonathan', 'summary': 'Joseph Leabua Jonathan ( 30 October 1914 - 5 April 1987 ) was the second Prime Minister of Lesotho . He succeeded Chief Sekhonyana Nehemia Maseribane following a by-election and held that post from 1965 to 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lesotho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesotho', 'summary': "Lesotho ( /ləˈsuːtuː/ ( listen ) , Sotho pronunciation : [ lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ ] ) , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho ( Sotho : 'Muso oa Lesotho ) , is an enclaved country within the border of South Africa . Along with the Vatican City and San Marino , it is one of only three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country , and the only one outside of the Italian peninsula . Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 ( 11,583 sq mi ) in size and has a population of around 2 million . Its capital and largest city is Maseru . Lesotho was previously the British Crown Colony of Basutoland , but it declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966 . It is now a fully sovereign state that is a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , and the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) . The name Lesotho roughly translates to the land of the brown-skinned people ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Chung Hee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee', 'summary': "Park Chung-hee ( Korean : 박정희 ; Hanja : 朴正熙 ; 14 November 1917 - 26 October 1979 ) was a South Korean politician and general who served as the President of South Korea from 1963 until his assassination in 1979 , assuming that office after first ruling the country as head of a military dictatorship installed by the May 16 military coup d'état in 1961 . Before his presidency , he was the chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction from 1961 to 1963 after a career as a military leader in the South Korean army . Park 's coup brought an end to the interim government of the Second Republic and his election and inauguration in 1963 ushered in the Third Republic . Seeking to bring South Korea into the developed world , Park began a series of economic policies that brought rapid economic growth and industrialization to the nation that eventually became known as the Miracle on the Han River . South Korea became one of the fastest growing nations during the 60s and 70s as a result . Although popular during the 60s , by the 1970s , as growth began to slow , Park 's popularity started to wane , resulting in a close victory during the 1971 South Korean presidential election . Following this , in 1972 , Park declared martial law and amended the constitution into a highly authoritarian document called the Yushin Constitution . Formally , the pretense was that the Yushin Constitution was the seventh Constitutional amendment . In actuality , its effect was tantamount to abolition of the former Constitution - effectively creating a new one in an effort to legitimize the new Fourth Republic [ citation needed ] . During this time , political opposition and dissent was constantly repressed and Park had complete control of the media and military . Park survived several previous attempts to kill him , including two operations associated with North Korea [ citation needed ] . Following the student uprising later known as the Bu-Ma Democratic Protests , Park was assassinated on 26 October 1979 by his close friend Kim Jae-gyu , the director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency , at a safe house in Seoul ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suspended Constitution after nearly losing power in the 1971 presidential election . Issued the Yushin Constitution and placed country under martial law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea', 'summary': 'The Constitution of the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국 헌법 ; Hanja : 大韓民國憲法 ) is the supreme law of South Korea . It was promulgated on July 17 , 1948 , and was last revised on October 29 , 1987 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1971_South_Korean_presidential_election', 'summary': 'Presidential elections were held in South Korea on 27 April 1971 . The result was a victory for incumbent president and military dictator Park Chung-hee , who won 53.2% of the vote . Voter turnout was 79.8% . Within a year of his re-election , Park declared martial law and introduced the Yushin Constitution . The military retained control until June 1987 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea', 'summary': "The Fourth Republic of Korea ( Korean : 제4공화국 ; Hanja : 第四共和國 ; RR : Je-sa Gonghwaguk ) was the government of South Korea from November 1972 to March 1981 . The Fourth Republic was founded on the approval of the Yushin Constitution in the 1972 constitutional referendum , formalizing the de facto dictatorial powers held by President Park Chung-hee , and succeeding the Third Republic . Park and his Democratic Republican Party ruled under the centralized and authoritarian Yushin System until the assassination of Park on 26 October 1979 . The Fourth Republic entered a period of political instability under the nominal President Choi Kyu-hah and the escalating martial law declared after Park 's death . Choi was unofficially overthrown by Chun Doo-hwan in the coup d'état of December Twelfth in December 1979 , and began the armed suppression of the Gwangju Democratization Movement against martial law . Chun launched the coup d'état of May Seventeenth in May 1980 , establishing a military dictatorship under the National Council for Reunification and dissolving the National Assembly , and was elected President by the council in the August 1980 presidential election . The Fourth Republic was dissolved on the adoption of a new constitution in March 1981 and replaced with the Fifth Republic of Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferdinand Marcos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos', 'summary': "Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. ( /ˈmɑːrkɔːs/ , September 11 , 1917 - September 28 , 1989 ) was a Filipino politician and kleptocrat who was the tenth President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 . A leading member of the New Society Movement , he ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981 . His regime was infamous for its corruption , extravagance , and brutality . Marcos claimed an active part in World War II , including fighting alongside the Americans in the Bataan Death March and being the most decorated war hero in the Philippines . A number of his claims were found to be false and United States Army documents described Marcos 's wartime claims as fraudulent and absurd . Marcos started as an attorney , then served in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965 . He was elected President in 1965 , and presided over a growing economy during the beginning and intermediate portion of his 20-year rule , but ended in loss of livelihood , extreme poverty , and a crushing debt crisis . Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law on September 23 , 1972 , during which he revamped the constitution , silenced the media , and used violence and oppression against the political opposition , Muslims , communists , and ordinary citizens . Martial law was ratified by 90.77% of voters in the 1973 Philippine Martial Law referendum , though the referendum was marred with controversy . After being elected for a third term in the 1981 Philippine presidential election , Marcos 's popularity suffered greatly due to public outrage of the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 . The assassination , along with economic collapse , revitalized the opposition , resulting in them securing a better-than-expected victory in the 1984 Philippine parliamentary election . Both of these factors alongside growing discontent and the discovery of documents exposing his finances and falsified war records , led him to call the snap election of 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcos claimed that a supposed Communist takeover of the government compelled him to suspend the 1935 Constitution and impose Martial Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Constitution of the Philippines ( Filipino : Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas or Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas , Spanish : Constitución de la República de Filipinas ) is the constitution or supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines . Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12 , 1986 and was ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2 , 1987 . Three other constitutions have effectively governed the country in its history : the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution , the 1973 Constitution , and the 1986 Freedom Constitution .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081', 'summary': 'Proclamation No . 1081 was the document which contained formal proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos , as announced to the public on 23 September 1972 . The proclamation marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one-man rule which would effectively last until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 25 , 1986 . Even though the formal document proclaiming Martial Law - Proclamation No . 1081 - was formally lifted on January 17 , 1981 , Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictator until he was ousted by the EDSA Revolution in February 1986 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martial_Law_in_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'Martial law in the Philippines ( Filipino : Batas Militar sa Pilipinas ) refers to several intermittent periods in Philippine history wherein the Philippine head of state ( such as the President ) places an area under the control of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its predecessor bodies . Martial law is declared either when there is near-violent civil unrest or in cases of major natural disasters , however most countries use a different legal construct like state of emergency . Typically , the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews , the suspension of civil law , civil rights , habeas corpus , and the application or extension of military law or military justice to civilians . Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunals ( court-martial ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Augusto Pinochet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet', 'summary': "Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte ( /ˈpiːnoʊʃeɪ/ , also US : /-ʃɛt , ˌpiːnoʊˈ ( t ) ʃɛt/ , UK : /ˈpiːnəʃeɪ , ˈpɪn-/ , Spanish : [ auˈɣusto pinoˈ ( t ) ʃe ( t ) ] ; [ A ] 25 November 1915 - 10 December 2006 ) was a Chilean general and politician who ruled as dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990 , first as the President of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981 , before being declared President of the Republic by the junta in 1974 . Pinochet assumed power in Chile following a United States-backed coup d'état on 11 September 1973 that overthrew the democratically elected socialist Unidad Popular government of President Salvador Allende and ended civilian rule . The support of the United States was crucial to the coup and the consolidation of power afterward . [ B ] Pinochet had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army by Allende on 23 August 1973 , having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972 . In December 1974 , the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation by joint decree , although without the support of one of the coup 's instigators , Air Force General Gustavo Leigh . Following his rise to power , Pinochet persecuted leftists , socialists , and political critics , resulting in the executions of from 1,200 to 3,200 people , the internment of as many as 80,000 people and the torture of tens of thousands . According to the Chilean government , the number of executions and forced disappearances was 3,095 . Operation Condor was founded at the behest of the Pinochet regime in late November 1975 , his 60th birthday . Under the influence of the free market-oriented Chicago Boys , Pinochet 's military government implemented economic liberalization , including currency stabilization , removed tariff protections for local industry , banned trade unions and privatized social security and hundreds of state-owned enterprises . These policies produced high economic growth , but critics state that economic inequality dramatically increased and attribute the devastating effects of the 1982 monetary crisis on the Chilean economy to these policies . For most of the 1990s , Chile was the best-performing economy in Latin America , though the legacy of Pinochet 's reforms continues to be in dispute . His fortune grew considerably during his years in power through dozens of bank accounts secretly held abroad and a fortune in real estate ."}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Suspended in full', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_political_leaders_who_suspended_the_constitution_0', 'intro': "The following heads of state and government formally suspended provisions of their state's constitution while in office."}
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what is the year of the statesman born late 1802 ?
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1848
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01d8175e2d71bb84
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_New_Zealand', 'title': 'List of stadiums in New Zealand', 'header': ['#', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'City', 'Home team/s'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eden Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eden_Park', 'summary': "Eden Park is New Zealand 's largest sports stadium . Located in central Auckland , New Zealand 's largest city , it is three kilometres southwest of the CBD , on the boundary between the suburbs of Mount Eden and Kingsland . Although used primarily for rugby union in winter and cricket in summer , it has hosted rugby league and football matches . In 2011 it hosted pool games , two quarter-finals , both semi-finals and the final of 2011 Rugby World Cup . In doing so it became the first stadium in the world to host two Rugby World Cup Finals , having held the inaugural final in 1987 . It was a venue for the 2015 Cricket World Cup , which was jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand . Eden Park is considered one of rugby union 's most difficult assignments for visiting sides : New Zealand 's national rugby union team , the All Blacks , have been unbeaten at this venue for over 40 consecutive test matches stretching back to 1994 . Eden Park is the site of the 2021 Te Matatini . It will also be the site for 2021 Women 's Cricket World Cup and the final of the 2021 Women 's Rugby World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '50,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Rugby Football Union , Blues , New Zealand Cricket Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Auckland Rugby Union ( known as Auckland for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Auckland . The ARU governs the running of the Auckland representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition , National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 17 times - more than any other team . Their most recent victory was the 2018 competition . Auckland also acts as a primary feeder to the Blues , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is being coached by former All Black midfielder , Alama Ieremia . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Gallaher Shield and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blues_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Blues ( known as the Auckland Blues from 1996 to 2000 ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Auckland , New Zealand who play in the Super Rugby competition . Like New Zealand 's four other Super Rugby teams , the Blues were established by the NZRU in 1996 . One of the most successful teams in Super Rugby history , the Blues won the competition in its first two seasons , 1996 and 1997 , and again in 2003 . Additionally , the team were finalists in 1998 and semi-finalists in 2007 and 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sky Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sky_Stadium', 'summary': "Wellington Regional Stadium ( known commercially as Sky Stadium through naming rights , and colloquially as The Cake Tin ) is a major sporting venue in Wellington , New Zealand . The stadium 's bowl site size is 48,000 m2 . The stadium was built in 1999 by Fletcher Construction and is situated close to major transport facilities ( such as Wellington railway station ) one kilometre north of the CBD . It was built on reclaimed railway land , which was surplus to requirements . The stadium also serves as a large-capacity venue for concerts ."}]}, {'value': '34,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington', 'summary': "Wellington ( Māori : Te Whanganui-a-Tara [ tɛ ˈfaŋanʉi a taɾa ] ) is the capital and second-most populous urban area of New Zealand , with 418,500 residents . It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range . Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island , and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and the Wairarapa . It is the world 's southernmost capital of a sovereign state . Wellington features a temperate maritime climate , and is the world 's windiest city by average wind speed . The Wellington metropolitan area comprises four local authorities : Wellington City , on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour , contains the central business district and about half the population ; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities ; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast , together known as the Hutt Valley . As the nation 's capital since 1865 , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city . Architectural sights include The Old Government Buildings - one of the largest wooden buildings in the world - as well as the iconic Beehive , the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament . Wellington is also home to several of the largest and oldest cultural institutions in the nation , such the National Archives , the National Library , the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa , and numerous theatres . It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations , including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet . One of the world 's most liveable cities , the 2016 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world , and was first in the world for both liveability and non-pollution by Deutsche Bank , from 2017-18 . Wellington 's economy is primarily service-based , with an emphasis on finance , business services , and government ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurricanes , Wellington Rugby Football Union , Wellington Phoenix FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricanes_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Hurricanes ( formerly the Wellington Hurricanes ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Wellington that competes in Super Rugby . The Hurricanes were formed to represent the lower North Island , including the East Coast , Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua Kapiti , Manawatu , Poverty Bay , Wairarapa-Bush , Wanganui and Wellington unions . They currently play at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , having previously played at the now-defunct Athletic Park . The Hurricanes had a poor first season in 1996 's Super 12 , but rebounded in 1997 with a third placing . The team did not reach the play-offs for another five years as they struggled in the bottom four of the table . Since 2003 the Hurricanes have made the post-season play-offs seven times out of fourteen seasons , including the 2006 final , which they lost in foggy weather against the Crusaders 19-12 . After hosting but failing to win the final in 2015 , the 2016 season was the Hurricanes ' best season to date . They won the final 20-3 against the Lions , after again finishing the regular season first and hosting the final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Wellington Rugby Football Union ( known as the Wellington Lions for competition reasons ) are a New Zealand governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Wellington Region . The main stadium is Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) which is located in Wellington . The union also represents the Wellington Lions , which is professional rugby union team who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Lions competed in the National Provincial Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC', 'summary': "Wellington Phoenix Football Club is a professional football club based in Wellington , New Zealand . It competes in the Australian A-League , under licence from Football Federation Australia . Phoenix entered the competition in the 2007-08 season after its formation in March 2007 , by New Zealand Football to replace New Zealand Knights as a New Zealand-based club in the Australian A-League competition . The club is one of the few clubs in the world to compete in a league of a different confederation ( AFC ) from that of the country where it is based ( OFC ) . Ernie Merrick was the head coach following the resignation of founding coach Ricki Herbert late in the 2012-13 season , until his own resignation on 5 December 2016 . The current club captain is Steven Taylor , who took over in 2019 . Andrew Durante was club captain from the 2008-09 season until leaving the club in 2019 , succeeding from the inaugural captain , Ross Aloisi . The club 's highest achievement is reaching the A-League Preliminary Final in 2010 . The club plays matches at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , a 34,500-seat multi-purpose venue in Wellington . Their home kit consists of black and yellow stripes ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FMG Stadium Waikato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FMG_Stadium_Waikato', 'summary': 'FMG Stadium Waikato is a major sporting and cultural events venue in Hamilton , New Zealand , with a total capacity of 25,800 . Four areas contribute to this capacity : The Brian Perry Stand holding 12,000 , the WEL Networks Stand holding 8,000 , the Goal Line Terrace holding 800 and the Greenzone can hold up to 5,000 people . The capacity can be extended , however , by temporarily adding 5,000 seats to the Goal Line Terrace area . The stadium , owned by the Hamilton City Council , regularly hosts two rugby union teams :'}]}, {'value': '25,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': 'Waikato Rugby Union , Chiefs , formerly Waikato FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Waikato Rugby Union ( WRU ) is the official governing body of rugby union in the Waikato area in the North Island of New Zealand . Headquartered in Hamilton , WRU was founded in 1921 . Its senior representative team , nicknamed the Mooloos , competes in the Mitre 10 Cup ( formerly known as the ITM Cup and Air New Zealand Cup ) , and won the inaugural Air New Zealand Cup in 2006 . The squad plays its home fixtures at the Waikato Stadium in Hamilton . The union 's colours are red , yellow and black ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiefs_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Chiefs ( formerly known as the Waikato Chiefs and officially called the Gallagher Chiefs for sponsorship reasons ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Hamilton , New Zealand . The team competes in the Super Rugby competition , previously known as the Super 12 and Super 14 , and are one of the competition 's five New Zealand teams . Playing in black , red and yellow coloured jerseys , their primary home ground is Waikato Stadium . Until 2004 , the Chiefs were the only New Zealand side never to have qualified for the Super 12 semi-finals . In that year the Chiefs earned their first semi-final berth , and in the end achieved fourth place ( defeated 37-20 in the semi-final by the ACT Brumbies ) . They subsequently reached the 2009 final , but found themselves on the short end of a record 61-17 defeat by the Bulls . The Chiefs were rewarded with a home final after a strong 2012 season . The Chiefs defeated the Sharks 37-6 , winning their first title . In 2013 , the Chiefs became the fourth team to record back-to-back title wins , when they defeated the Brumbies 27-22 at Waikato Stadium ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Waikato_FC', 'summary': 'WaiBOP United ( known as Waikato FC until 2013 ) was a football club based in Hamilton , New Zealand . The club was founded in 2004 and played in the ASB Premiership . WaiBOP United play their home fixtures at John Kerkhof Park , Cambridge . The club is the regional representative for Waikato-Bay of Plenty Football , and also plays home fixtures in Rotorua and Mount Maunganui , both in the Bay of Plenty region . Between 2008 and 2010 , Waikato FC was based at Centennial Park in Ngaruawahia , having before that played at Waikato Stadium . From the 2014-15 season , the club changed its colours and kit to predominantly red and blue to better represent both Waikato and Bay of Plenty .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forsyth Barr Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forsyth_Barr_Stadium_at_University_Plaza', 'summary': "The Forsyth Barr Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Dunedin , New Zealand . At various stages of development it was also known as Dunedin Stadium or Awatea Street Stadium , or its non-commercial official name during the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup , Otago Stadium . It is also known colloquially as 'the glasshouse ' due to its resemblance to a horticultural hothouse . The stadium was opened by New Zealand Prime Minister John Key on 5 August 2011 , replacing Carisbrook as the home stadium of the Highlanders team in Super Rugby and the Otago Rugby Football Union team in the domestic ITM Cup . The stadium hosted four matches of the 2011 Rugby World Cup , and has hosted major music tours , starting in November 2011 with Elton John ."}]}, {'value': '30,748', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunedin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin', 'summary': "Dunedin ( /dʌˈniːdɪn/ ( listen ) duh-NEE-din ; Māori : Ōtepoti ) is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand ( after Christchurch ) , and the principal city of the Otago region . Its name comes from Dùn Èideann , the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland . The urban area of Dunedin lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago , surrounding the head of Otago Harbour , and the harbour and hills around Dunedin are the remnants of an extinct volcano . The city suburbs extend out into the surrounding valleys and hills , onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula , and along the shores of the Otago Harbour and the Pacific Ocean . Dunedin was the largest New Zealand city by territorial land area until superseded by Auckland with the formation of the Auckland Council in November 2010 . Archaeological evidence points to lengthy occupation of the area by Māori prior to the arrival of Europeans . The province and region of Otago takes its name from the Ngai Tahu village of Otakou at the mouth of the harbour , which became a whaling station in the 1830s . In 1848 a Scottish settlement was established by the Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland . Between 1855 and 1900 many thousands of Scots emigrated to the incorporated city . Dunedin became wealthy during the Central Otago Gold Rush , beginning in the 1860s . In the mid-1860s , and between 1878 and 1881 , it was New Zealand 's largest urban area . The city population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246 ."}]}, {'value': 'Highlanders , Otago United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highlanders_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "The Highlanders ( formerly the Otago Highlanders and currently known as the Pulse Energy Highlanders for sponsorship reasons ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Dunedin that compete in Super Rugby . The team was formed in 1996 to represent the lower South Island in the newly formed Super 12 competition , and includes the Otago , North Otago and Southland unions . The Highlanders take their name from the Scottish immigrants that helped found the Otago , North Otago , and Southland regions in the 1840s and 1850s . Their main ground through the 2011 Super Rugby season was Carisbrook in Dunedin , with home games occasionally being played in Invercargill and Queenstown . The Highlanders moved into Carisbrook 's replacement , Forsyth Barr Stadium at University Plaza , for the 2012 season ; the stadium opened in time for the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but after the Super Rugby season . They finished the inaugural season eighth , and the following season finished last after winning only three of eleven matches . However , in the 1998 , 1999 and 2000 seasons they qualified for semi-finals ; hosting the 1999 competition final against fellow South Island team the Crusaders . They lost the match 24-19 , and the following year were again knocked out by the Crusaders - this time in their semi-final . In the following fifteen seasons they would only finish in the top four once more , in 2002 . But in 2015 , they were crowned Super Rugby champions after beating the Hurricanes at Westpac Stadium . Current Highlander , Ben Smith has played a record 129 games for the Highlanders , [ needs update ] and thirteen other players have played over 50 games for the team . The Highlanders ' highest career points scorer is Lima Sopoaga with 866 points , and highest career try scorer is Jeff Wilson with 35 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Otago_United', 'summary': 'Southern United , previously known as Otago United , is a football club based in Dunedin , New Zealand . Founded in 2004 , they play their home games at the Caledonian Ground and Forsyth Barr Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yarrow Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yarrow_Stadium', 'summary': "Yarrow Stadium is situated in the central suburb of Westown in New Plymouth , Taranaki , New Zealand , with main vehicle access off Maratahu Street . Named the third best rugby stadium on earth by New Zealand Rugby World magazine in May 2009 , Yarrow Stadium ( known as Stadium Taranaki for the Rugby World Cup 2011 ) conforms with the International Rugby Board 's clean stadium policy . The primary tenant of this 25,000-capacity stadium is the Taranaki representative team in the country 's principal rugby union competition , the Mitre10 Cup . From 2013 , the stadium will play host to the Chiefs team as part of a new alliance , after Taranaki cut their ties with the Wellington-based Hurricanes . The venue was first developed as a rugby ground in 1931 , with the first stadium completed in 1947 . A major redevelopment saw two new grandstands added and considerable modernisation in 2002 , and further enhancements to the venue were completed in 2010 , raising the capacity to more than 25,500 for the 2011 Rugby World Cup and other fixtures . The stadium is a personal legacy of the late Noel Yarrow , a pioneering Taranaki baker and businessman , and active philanthropist . Noel was a passionate rugby supporter , and the major grandstand overlooking the field 's western sideline is a tribute to his support . Currently the western and eastern grandstand are an earthquake risk , not complying with current regulations . The east stand was condemned in November 2017 with the west stand being ruled out of action in June 2018 . Rugby was played at the venue in 2018 but spectators had to watch matches from the ends . Temporary infrastructure was bought into cater for the changes as changing facilities and corporate areas were off limits ."}]}, {'value': '25,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Plymouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Plymouth', 'summary': "New Plymouth ( Māori : Ngāmotu ) is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . It is named after the English city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers to New Zealand migrated . The New Plymouth District , which includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns , is the 10th largest district ( out of 67 ) in New Zealand , and has a population of 74,184 - about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region and 1.7% of New Zealand 's population . This includes New Plymouth City ( 58,300 ) , Waitara ( 6,483 ) , Inglewood ( 3,380 ) , Oakura ( 1,359 ) , Okato ( 561 ) and Urenui ( 429 ) . The city itself is a service centre for the region 's principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities ( mainly dairy farming ) as well as oil , natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production . It is also the region 's financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank ( formerly the Taranaki Savings Bank ) , the largest of the remaining non-government New Zealand-owned banks . Notable features are the botanic gardens ( i.e . Pukekura Park ) , the critically acclaimed Len Lye Centre and Art Gallery , the 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Coastal Walkway alongside the Tasman Sea , the Len Lye-designed 45-metre-tall ( 148 ft ) artwork known as the Wind Wand , Paritutu Rock , and views of Mount Taranaki/Egmont . As described under awards , New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008 . The city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government . Based on New Plymouth 's already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians , the city received $ 3.71m to invest into infrastructure and community programs to boost walking and cycling . It is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive , where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard , ski , water ski and surf all in the same day ."}]}, {'value': 'Taranaki Rugby Football Union , Team Taranaki , some Hurricanes and Chiefs matches , NO LONGER IN USE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The Taranaki Rugby Football Union is a governing body of rugby union in the New Zealand province of Taranaki . The main stadium is Yarrow Stadium which is located in New Plymouth . The union also represents the Taranaki Bulls , a professional rugby union team competing in the Mitre 10 Cup competition and contest for the Ranfurly Shield . Before 2006 the Bulls competed in the National Provincial Championship . On 25 October 2014 Taranaki won their first ITM Cup , defeating Tasman 36-32 in New Plymouth . This was the first time a team from outside the main population centres had won the premier New Zealand domestic rugby competition since Manawatu in 1980 . Taranaki has won the NPC second division more than any other Union in New Zealand , a record that the club will keep now the NPC is defunct . Taranaki also plays for the Ryan Wheeler memorial trophy , a trophy played for annually with the Waikato Rugby Union . In 2013 , Taranaki changed the Super Rugby allegiance to the Chiefs , after severing ties with the Hurricanes , which it had been part of since 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Team_Taranaki', 'summary': 'Team Taranaki was an amateur association football composite club based in the Taranaki region of New Zealand which drew its players from the 13 local football clubs . After winning promotion in 2016 Team Taranaki contested the Central Premier League in 2017 then withdrew from the competition in 2018 The core of the team was made up from local club based players and was supplemented with some overseas amateur players . The concept was contractually supported by all of the senior mens clubs operating in the Taranaki Province and the selected players were drawn from these 13 member clubs . Originally adopted and introduced in 2003 , the concept was aimed to provide elite football opportunities to all players who wanted to achieve and play the best possible standard without having to leave Taranaki . Another Taranaki composite team , Taranaki United was formed in 1975 as an amalgamation of most of the Taranaki clubs as the Taranaki Football Co. for a combined Central League entry . In 1982 New Plymouth Old Boys bought the Taranaki Football Co. as a limited company . Central City left the arrangement in 1983 , and the amalgamation was discontinued in 1984 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hurricanes_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Hurricanes ( formerly the Wellington Hurricanes ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Wellington that competes in Super Rugby . The Hurricanes were formed to represent the lower North Island , including the East Coast , Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua Kapiti , Manawatu , Poverty Bay , Wairarapa-Bush , Wanganui and Wellington unions . They currently play at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , having previously played at the now-defunct Athletic Park . The Hurricanes had a poor first season in 1996 's Super 12 , but rebounded in 1997 with a third placing . The team did not reach the play-offs for another five years as they struggled in the bottom four of the table . Since 2003 the Hurricanes have made the post-season play-offs seven times out of fourteen seasons , including the 2006 final , which they lost in foggy weather against the Crusaders 19-12 . After hosting but failing to win the final in 2015 , the 2016 season was the Hurricanes ' best season to date . They won the final 20-3 against the Lions , after again finishing the regular season first and hosting the final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiefs_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Chiefs ( formerly known as the Waikato Chiefs and officially called the Gallagher Chiefs for sponsorship reasons ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Hamilton , New Zealand . The team competes in the Super Rugby competition , previously known as the Super 12 and Super 14 , and are one of the competition 's five New Zealand teams . Playing in black , red and yellow coloured jerseys , their primary home ground is Waikato Stadium . Until 2004 , the Chiefs were the only New Zealand side never to have qualified for the Super 12 semi-finals . In that year the Chiefs earned their first semi-final berth , and in the end achieved fourth place ( defeated 37-20 in the semi-final by the ACT Brumbies ) . They subsequently reached the 2009 final , but found themselves on the short end of a record 61-17 defeat by the Bulls . The Chiefs were rewarded with a home final after a strong 2012 season . The Chiefs defeated the Sharks 37-6 , winning their first title . In 2013 , the Chiefs became the fourth team to record back-to-back title wins , when they defeated the Brumbies 27-22 at Waikato Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt Smart Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt_Smart_Stadium', 'summary': 'Mount Smart Stadium ( formerly known as Ericsson Stadium ) is located in Auckland , New Zealand . It is the home ground of National Rugby League team , the New Zealand Warriors . Built within the quarried remnants of the Rarotonga / Mount Smart volcanic cone , it is located 10 kilometres south of the city centre , in the suburb of Penrose .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand Warriors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors', 'summary': "The New Zealand Warriors are a professional rugby league football club based in Auckland , New Zealand that competes in the National Rugby League ( NRL ) premiership and is the League 's only team from outside Australia . They were formed in 1995 as the Auckland Warriors , and are officially known as the Vodafone Warriors for sponsorship reasons . The Warriors are coached by Stephen Kearney and captained by Roger Tuivasa-Sheck . They are based at Mt Smart Stadium in the Auckland suburb of Penrose . For the 1995 season the newly-formed Auckland Warriors became the first club from outside Australia to be admitted to the Australian Rugby League 's premiership when it expanded from 16 to 20 teams . As a result of the Super League war in the mid-1990s , Auckland left the ARL to compete in the Super League competition of 1997 , before joining the re-unified NRL the following year . They re-branded themselves the New Zealand Warriors in 2001 . The club has yet to win a premiership as of 2019 , but has won one minor premiership ( in 2002 ) , reached two grand finals ( 2002 and 2011 ) , reached the play-offs eight times , have never won the wooden spoon , and provided the majority of the New Zealand national team 's players ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toll Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toll_Stadium', 'summary': 'Okara Park , currently known commercially as Semenoff Stadium ( previously known as Toll Stadium due to a sponsorship agreement ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Whangarei , New Zealand . It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches and is the home stadium of Northland Rugby Union . The stadium is able to hold 18,500 people and was built in 1965 . The park has recently had a $ 16m redevelopment with the new grandstand known as the Northland Events Centre being built . The new development has turned Okara Park into a multi-purpose Northland sports hub . Despite Okara Park only having a capacity for 30,000 people at a stretch , there was a match of Rugby Union in 1979 where around 40,000 people crammed into the stadium thanks to its large embankment . The occasion for this record crowd was the defence by the local side , North Auckland , of the prized Ranfurly Shield against Auckland . The stadium has held national games , including the New Zealand Māori rugby league team beating the Great Britain Lions 40-28 in 1996 and the New Zealand Māori rugby union team beating the Tongan national side 66-7 at Okara Park in 1998 . It has also hosted matches between Northland and touring international sides such as the British and Irish Lions , and Tonga , Samoa and Fiji in the last two decades . In 2010 , Okara Park hosted a match of the New Zealand Maori Rugby centenary series , with New Zealand Māori playing the New Zealand Barbarians in what was effectively an All Blacks trial match . The stadium was used as a venue for the 2011 Rugby World Cup . The stadium hosted two group stage matches , Tonga vs. Canada and Tonga vs. Japan .'}]}, {'value': '18,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whangarei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whangarei', 'summary': 'Whangarei ( /ˌfɒŋəˈreɪ/ , or /ˌwɒŋəˈreɪ/ ; Māori : [ faŋaˈɾɛi ] ) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region . It is part of the Whangarei District , a local body created in 1989 from the former Whangarei City , Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils , to administer both the city proper and its hinterland . The city population was estimated to be 58,700 in June 2018 , an increase from 47,000 in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Northland Rugby Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northland_Rugby_Union', 'summary': 'The Northland Rugby Union is the governing body of rugby union in the Northland region of New Zealand , including the northernmost part of the Auckland local government region . It was named the North Auckland Rugby Union from its founding in 1920 until 1994 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotorua International Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotorua_International_Stadium', 'summary': 'Rotorua International Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located on Devon Street West in the Westbrook suburb of Rotorua , New Zealand . It is currently used mostly for rugby union and rugby league matches , being one of three home stadiums for the Bay of Plenty Rugby Union ( the others being Baypark Stadium and Tauranga Domain in Tauranga ) . In addition , a softball field is sited at the northern end . The stadium has a capacity of 26,000 people . The stadium was originally built in 1911 , and renovated several times since . The stadium features a covered stand seating up to 4,000 with a concrete seating area on the western side of the field . In rugby union the stadium has been used for the 1987 Rugby World Cup 3rd/4th playoff , Test matches and British and Irish Lions tours matches . To many it is considered the rightful home of Bay of Plenty rugby , despite the recent majority of home matches being scheduled in Tauranga . Rotorua International Stadium has hosted three rugby league Test matches . The first , held on 16 July 1989 saw the Wally Lewis led Australians defeat New Zealand 8-0 in front of 26,000 fans . The second Test was held seven years later when New Zealand defeated Papua New Guinea 62-8 in front of only 4,800 fans on 5 October 1996 . The last rugby league international held at the venue as of 2014 was when the Kiwis defeated the PNG Kumuls 76-12 in front of 6,000 fans .'}]}, {'value': '26,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotorua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotorua', 'summary': "Rotorua [ ˌɾɔtɔˈɾʉa ] ( Māori : Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe The second great lake of Kahumatamomoe ) is a city on the southern shores of Lake Rotorua from which the city takes its name , located in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is the seat of the Rotorua District , a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua and several other nearby towns . The majority of the Rotorua District is in the Bay of Plenty Region , but a sizeable southern section and a small western section are in the Waikato Region . Rotorua is in the heart of the North Island , 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) south of Tauranga , 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Taupo , 105 km ( 65 mi ) east of Hamilton , and 230 km ( 140 mi ) southeast of the nation 's most populous city , Auckland . Rotorua has an estimated permanent population of 59,500 , making it the country 's 10th largest urban area , and the Bay of Plenty 's second largest urban area behind Tauranga . The Rotorua District has a total estimated population of 74,000 , of which 3,600 live in the Waikato section . Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists ; the tourism industry is by far the largest industry in the district . It is known for its geothermal activity , and features geysers - notably the Pohutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa - and hot mud pools . This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua caldera , in which the town lies . Rotorua is home to the Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology . The Lakes of Rotorua are a collection of many lakes surrounding Rotorua ."}]}, {'value': 'some Bay of Plenty Rugby Union matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Bay of Plenty Rugby Union ( also referred to as Bay of Plenty or BOPRU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand . Its colours are dark blue and yellow in a hooped design . The BOPRU govern the running of the Bay of Plenty representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) once . Their most recent victory was the 1976 competition , they were the first side to win the competition . Bay of Plenty also acts as a primary feeder to the Chiefs , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is coached by Clayton McMillan the union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Bayfair Baywide competition and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'QBE Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/QBE_Stadium', 'summary': "North Harbour Stadium , known for sponsorship reasons as QBE Stadium between January 2014 and January 2019 , is a stadium situated in Albany , in North Shore City , New Zealand . It was opened in 1997 , after nearly a decade of discussion , planning and construction . Rugby union , soccer and rugby league are the only sports played on the main ground , as it is rectangular in shape . The neighbouring oval plays host to the region 's senior cricket and AFL NZ football matches . The stadium also hosts large open-air concerts ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Albany is one of the northernmost suburbs of the contiguous Auckland metropolitan area in New Zealand . It is located to the north of the Waitematā Harbour , 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) northwest of the Auckland city centre . The suburb is in the Albany ward , one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland Council . One of the city 's newest suburbs , it was until relatively recently a town in its own right , and still has a feeling of not being truly a part of the city , which lies predominantly to the southeast of it . Much of the land to the north of Albany is still semi-rural . The Māori name for the area was Okahukura ( literally , 'place of rainbows ' or 'place of butterflies ' ) . The town was originally known as Lucas Creek . By 1890 it was a fruit-growing area and in that year it was renamed 'Albany ' after the fruit-growing district called 'Albany ' in Australia , pronounced with a short ' a ' as in Albert . The name Albany derives from Alba ( Gaelic for Scotland ) and its Latinisation ."}]}, {'value': 'North Harbour Rugby Union , some Blues matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Harbour_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The North Harbour Rugby Union ( NHRU ) , commonly known as North Harbour or simply Harbour , is the governing body of rugby union that encompasses a wide geographical area north of Auckland that includes North Shore City , Rodney District , the Hibiscus Coast and part of Waitakere City . There are 12 rugby clubs from Mahurangi RFC , based in Warkworth , Rodney District , in the north through to Massey the southernmost area of the union . The NHRU provincial rugby team that was formed in 1985 by clubs that left the Auckland Rugby Union . It competes in the Mitre 10 Cup , the successor to New Zealand 's former domestic competition , the National Provincial Championship ( NPC ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blues_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Blues ( known as the Auckland Blues from 1996 to 2000 ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Auckland , New Zealand who play in the Super Rugby competition . Like New Zealand 's four other Super Rugby teams , the Blues were established by the NZRU in 1996 . One of the most successful teams in Super Rugby history , the Blues won the competition in its first two seasons , 1996 and 1997 , and again in 2003 . Additionally , the team were finalists in 1998 and semi-finalists in 2007 and 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby Park Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Park_Stadium', 'summary': "Rugby Park is a sports venue in Invercargill and the home ground for the Mitre10 Cup and Southland . Rugby Park is located on the corner of Elles Road and Tweed Street . The ground has a regular season capacity of 18,000 . It has a safe temporary seating maximum capacity of 20,000 ( although it can accommodate up to 30,000 with pitch seating , large grass banks and concreted standing terraces ) . An agreement with the Invercargill City Council saw surplus land on the ground used to build the city 's new Swimming Complex . The pitch was moved geographically towards the main stand , squared off to Rugby field dimensions ( originally a quasi-cricket ground ) , with all weather seating installed . The Pitch itself was also weather proofed with a new high volume drainage system installed . The ground was constructed specifically for rugby , and was opened in April 1908 . The main stand was fully rebuilt in 2002 with better player facilities and corporate boxes . Floodlighting towers to full HDMI TV standards were also installed . Temporary seating was added in 2010 for the 2010 ITM Cup this allowed a crowd of just on 20,000 to attend the first major defence of the Ranfurly Shield against Otago on 7 August , this seating remained in place until the Rugby World Cup games in 2011 . Rugby Park is now owned by the Invercargill City Council and managed by Invercargill Venue & Events Management Ltd , the city council 's venue management company ."}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Invercargill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invercargill', 'summary': 'Invercargill ( /ˌɪnvərˈkɑːrɡɪl/ , Māori : Waihōpai ) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand , and one of the southernmost cities in the world . It is the commercial centre of the Southland region . The city lies in the heart of the wide expanse of the Southland Plains on the Oreti or New River some 18 km north of Bluff , which is the southernmost town in the South Island . It sits amid rich farmland that is bordered by large areas of conservation land and marine reserves , including Fiordland National Park covering the south-west corner of the South Island and the Catlins coastal region . Many streets in the city , especially in the centre and main shopping district , are named after rivers in Great Britain , mainly Scotland . These include the main streets Dee and Tay , as well as those named after the Tweed , Forth , Tyne , Esk , Don , Ness , Yarrow , Spey and Eye rivers . The 2013 census showed the population was 51,696 , up 2.7% on the 2006 census number .'}]}, {'value': 'Southland Rugby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland_Rugby', 'summary': "Rugby Southland is the provincial rugby union who govern the Southland Region of New Zealand . Their headquarters are at Rugby Park Stadium in Invercargill , which is also the home ground of the union 's professional team , the Southland Stags who compete in the Mitre 10 Cup Championship Division and challenge for the Ranfurly Shield . Despite their proud history , no Southland team has ever won the top division of the New Zealand National Provincial Championship since organised competition began in 1976 . However , they have won the NPC second division title five times and held the Ranfurly Shield seven times , most recently in 2011 where they defended the shield twice before losing it to Taranaki . Southland also plays for the Donald Stuart Memorial Shield against rivals Otago in what is the longest tenured provincial rivalry in New Zealand first-class rugby , with 229 matches ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owen Delany Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_Delany_Park', 'summary': 'Owen Delany Park is a multi-purpose sports stadium in Taupo , New Zealand . The main sports played there are Rugby and cricket , though several other sports are accommodated on a permanent basis and numerous other events on an one-off basis .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taupo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taupo', 'summary': 'Taupo ( /ˈtaʊpoʊ/ ; Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtoʊpɔː ] ; officially Taupō ) is a town on the shore of Lake Taupo , which occupies the caldera of the Taupo Volcano in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat of the Taupo District Council and lies in the southern Waikato Region . Taupo has a population of 24,700 ( June 2018 ) . In 1953 , Taupo was officially constituted as a borough , but from 1989 it has been administered by the Taupo District Council , the district including both Taupo itself and the surrounding hinterland . Despite this , it is occasionally referred to as a city . It is the 20th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the second-largest in the Waikato Region ( behind Hamilton ) . The name Taupo , by which the town is commonly known , is the shortened version of its Māori name , Taupō-nui-a-Tia . Literally translated , Taupō-nui-a-Tia means The great cloak of Tia ; the explorer Tia discovered the lake .'}]}, {'value': 'some King Country Rugby Union , some Northern Districts Knights matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Country_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': 'The King Country Rugby Football Union is a constituent union in the New Zealand Rugby Union . It is located in the central North Island of New Zealand in an area known as the King Country . It was formed in 1922 when the South Auckland Rugby Union was split into three ( the other two Unions formed were Waikato and Thames Valley ) . The King Country team play from Owen Delany Park , Taupo , Rugby Park , Te Kuiti and Taumarunui Domain , Taumarunui . King Country are like many other heartland unions have struggled since the start of professional era . In 1996 , King Country were in the first division of the NPC and in just 6 years were in the third division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Northern_Districts_Knights', 'summary': 'The Northern Districts cricket team are one of six New Zealand first-class cricket teams that make up New Zealand Cricket . They are based in the northern half of the North Island of New Zealand ( excluding Auckland ) . They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition , the Ford Trophy domestic one-day competition and the Super Smash T20 competition as the Knights . Northern Districts , the last of the six current teams to attain first-class status , joined the Plunket Shield competition in 1956-57 . The six district associations that make up Northern Districts are the Northland Cricket Association , Counties Manukau Cricket Association , Waikato Valley Cricket , Hamilton Cricket Association , Bay of Plenty Cricket and Poverty Bay Cricket Association .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CET Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Manawatu', 'summary': 'Central Energy Trust Arena is the current name of the 180,000 square metre publicly owned recreational complex just west of the Palmerston North city centre in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand . It has three linked indoor stadiums , with movable tiered seating . Outdoor facilities include football fields and a speedway track with grandstand . Central Energy Trust Arena has a deserved reputation as being both the busiest and most versatile events and activities complex in New Zealand . Handling around 8000 individual event/venue bookings annually , it has an unparalleled 36 different sporting codes being conducted here regularly along with trade shows , exhibitions , weddings , dinners , conferences , conventions , meetings , seminars , festivals , concerts and leisure events . Central Energy Trust Arena is the primary sporting and events complex in the lower North Island . It is prominent throughout New Zealand as the foremost multi use leisure and events facility . Right in the heart of Palmerston North city , just seven minutes walking distance from the CBD , Central Energy Trust Arena is a favourite choice for events with a significant visitor component . The park like environment boasts 33 individual indoor and outdoor venues within the 18 hectare site . The facility has had a number of international fixtures as of late ; these include : Netball between New Zealand and England , Super Rugby games and two Rugby World Cup games in 2011 . FMG insurance chose not to renew the sponsorship deal for main Stadium name in June 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmerston North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmerston_North', 'summary': "Palmerston North ( /ˈpɑːmərstən/ ; Māori : Te Papa-i-Oea ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Manawatū-Whanganui region . Located in the eastern Manawatu Plains , the city is near the north bank of the Manawatu River , 35 km ( 22 mi ) from the river 's mouth , and 12 km ( 7 mi ) from the end of the Manawatu Gorge , about 140 km ( 87 mi ) north of the capital , Wellington . Palmerston North is the country 's seventh-largest city and eighth-largest urban area , with an urban population of 86,600 ( June 2018 ) . The official limits of the city take in rural areas to the south , north-east , north-west and west of the main urban area , extending to the Tararua Ranges ; including the town of Ashhurst at the mouth of the Manawatu Gorge , the villages of Bunnythorpe and Longburn in the north and west respectively . The city covers a land area of 395 square kilometres ( 98,000 acres ) . The city 's location was once little more than a clearing in a forest and occupied by small communities of Māori , who called it Papa-i-Oea , believed to mean How beautiful it is . In the mid-19th century , it was settled by Europeans - originally by Scandinavians and , later , British colonists . On foundation , the British settlement was bestowed the name Palmerston , in honour of Viscount Palmerston , a former British Prime Minister . The suffix North was added in 1871 to distinguish the settlement from Palmerston in the South Island . Today , the name is often informally shortened to Palmy . Early Palmerston North relied on public works and sawmilling . The west coast railway was built in 1886 , linking the town to Wellington , and Palmerston North benefited from a booming pastoral farming industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Manawatu Turbos , some Hurricanes matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manawatu_Turbos', 'summary': "The Manawatu Rugby Football Union ( MRU ) is the governing body of the sport of rugby union in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand . Founded in 1886 , Manawatu is one of New Zealand 's oldest rugby unions . In 1892 , the MRU , amongst other unions , was instrumental in the founding of the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) . In 1997-98 Manawatu entered into an amalgamation with Hawke 's Bay , as the Central Vikings , and wore orange and blue . The union is based in the city of Palmerston North though its catchment area includes players and clubs from nearby towns in the province , including Ashhurst , Feilding , Rongotea , Linton , Bulls , Pahiatua , Woodville and Dannevirke . It has over 5,000 players , making it the tenth largest union in New Zealand in terms of player numbers . In 2011 , the union celebrated its 125th jubilee . Manawatu have traditionally played in a distinctive green and white tramline jersey , which is thought to have been established in 1909 . In 1996 , a jersey including red was worn , and colours worn have varied since the union was formed . The union 's home ground is Central Energy Trust Arena . It was host to two matches during the 2011 Rugby World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hurricanes_(Super_rugby_franchise)', 'summary': "The Hurricanes ( formerly the Wellington Hurricanes ) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Wellington that competes in Super Rugby . The Hurricanes were formed to represent the lower North Island , including the East Coast , Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua Kapiti , Manawatu , Poverty Bay , Wairarapa-Bush , Wanganui and Wellington unions . They currently play at Sky Stadium ( formerly named Westpac Stadium ) , having previously played at the now-defunct Athletic Park . The Hurricanes had a poor first season in 1996 's Super 12 , but rebounded in 1997 with a third placing . The team did not reach the play-offs for another five years as they struggled in the bottom four of the table . Since 2003 the Hurricanes have made the post-season play-offs seven times out of fourteen seasons , including the 2006 final , which they lost in foggy weather against the Crusaders 19-12 . After hosting but failing to win the final in 2015 , the 2016 season was the Hurricanes ' best season to date . They won the final 20-3 against the Lions , after again finishing the regular season first and hosting the final ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ASB Baypark Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baypark_Stadium', 'summary': 'Trustpower Baypark Stadium ( formerly known as ASB Baypark Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Mount Maunganui , New Zealand . It is currently used for dirt track Speedway and jetsprints events during summer , and various other events throughout the year . A $ 42 million multi-purpose facility , the Trustpower Arena , is situated next to the stadium . The arena also has a cafe and provides catering services through the onsite caterer Bay Catering .'}]}, {'value': '19,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Maunganui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Maunganui', 'summary': "Mount Maunganui ( Māori pronunciation : [ ˈmaʉŋaˌnʉi ] , locally /ˈmɒŋəˌnuːi/ ) is a major residential , commercial and industrial suburb of Tauranga , located on a peninsula to the north-east of Tauranga 's city centre . It was an independent town from Tauranga until the completion of the Tauranga Harbour Bridge in 1988 , which connects Mount Maunganui to Tauranga 's central business district ."}]}, {'value': 'some Bay of Plenty Rugby Union matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Bay of Plenty Rugby Union ( also referred to as Bay of Plenty or BOPRU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand . Its colours are dark blue and yellow in a hooped design . The BOPRU govern the running of the Bay of Plenty representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) once . Their most recent victory was the 1976 competition , they were the first side to win the competition . Bay of Plenty also acts as a primary feeder to the Chiefs , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union is coached by Clayton McMillan the union also administers all club rugby within the region , including the Bayfair Baywide competition and other senior club rugby . As well , the union is responsible for school rugby ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McLean Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLean_Park', 'summary': "McLean Park is a sports ground in Napier , New Zealand . The two main sports played at the ground are cricket and rugby union . It is one of the largest cricket grounds in New Zealand . McLean Park is a sports ground of international standards which includes the main outdoor stadium and the indoor Rodney Green Centennial Events Centre . The home teams for this ground are the Hawke 's Bay Rugby Union and Central Districts Cricket Association . The two ends of the stadium are named the Centennial Stand End and Embankment End . Its close proximity to the International Date Line makes it the world 's easternmost Test match ground ."}]}, {'value': '23,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Napier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Napier ( /ˈneɪpiər/ NAY-pee-ər ; Māori : Ahuriri ) is a New Zealand city with a seaport , located in Hawke 's Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island . The population of Napier is about 62,800 as of June 2019 . About 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand . The total population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 134,500 people , which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand , closely followed by Dunedin ( 122,000 ) , and trailing Tauranga ( 141,600 ) . Napier is about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) northeast of the capital city of Wellington . Napier ( 63,900 ) has a smaller population than its neighbouring city of Hastings ( 70,600 ) but is seen as the main centre due to it being closer in distance to both the seaport and the main airport that service Hawke 's Bay , and Hastings ' population figure includes 13,000 people living in Havelock North , which is often considered a town in its own right . The City of Napier has a land area of 106 square kilometres ( 41 sq mi ) and a population density of 540.0 per square kilometre . Napier is the nexus of the largest wool centre in the Southern Hemisphere , and it has the primary export seaport for northeastern New Zealand - which is the largest producer of apples , pears , and stone fruit in New Zealand . The Hawke 's Bay wine region is now the second largest in New Zealand after Marlborough , and grapes grown around Hastings and Napier are sent through the Port of Napier for export . Large amounts of sheep 's wool , frozen meat , wood pulp , and timber also pass through Napier annually for export . Smaller amounts of these materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself , such as Auckland , Wellington and Hamilton ."}]}, {'value': "Hawke 's Bay Rugby Union , Central Districts Stags", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hawke's_Bay_Rugby_Union", 'summary': "The Hawke 's Bay Rugby Union ( HBRU ) is the governing body of rugby union in the Hawke 's Bay region of New Zealand . The union is based in Napier . The Hawke 's Bay representative team are nicknamed The Magpies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Districts_Stags', 'summary': "The Central Stags , formerly known as Central Districts , are a first-class cricket team based in central New Zealand . They are the men 's representative side of the Central Districts Cricket Association . They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition , the Ford Trophy domestic one-day competition and the Burger King Super Smash Twenty20 competition . They are one of six teams that make up New Zealand Cricket . They were the fifth of the current teams to compete in the Plunket Shield , which they entered for the first time in the 1950/51 season . Central Districts comprises eight District associations : Hawke 's Bay , Horowhenua-Kapiti , Manawatu , Taranaki , Wairarapa and Wanganui in the North Island , and Marlborough and Nelson in the South Island . Previously , many players from these regions competed for Wellington . More than a century before the eventual founding of the Central Districts Cricket Association , the first fully recorded cricket match in New Zealand was played in what is now one of its districts , in Nelson , a men 's match in March 1844 . Between October 2016 and February 2019 , the team set a new Central Districts record for the number of consecutive first-class matches without a defeat , with 21 . The previous Central Stags record in the Plunket Shield was 12 , while the New Zealand record for most consecutive domestic first-class matches without a loss is 24 , set by Wellington ( now known as the Wellington Firebirds ) between 1984/85 and 1986/87 . Retired top order batsman Peter Ingram holds the record for the highest individual first-class score for the Central Stags with an innings of 247 in 2008/09 , and also scored their second highest individual score with 245 not out in 2009/10 . The Central Stags are the home side of one of New Zealand Cricket 's greatest batsmen , Ross Taylor , who made his first-class debut for the team as an 18-year-old on 9 January 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trafalgar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trafalgar_Park,_Nelson', 'summary': "Trafalgar Park is a sports ground located beside the CBD of Nelson , in New Zealand 's South Island . The stadium has a capacity of 18,000 , following upgrades completed for the 2011 Rugby World Cup . It takes its name from its location on Trafalgar Street . The park is one of the two home grounds for ITM Cup rugby team , the Tasman Makos . The other being Lansdowne Park , Blenheim . As a cricket ground , Trafalgar Park was used by Central Districts as one of its home grounds between 1953 and 1997 . Nelson used it as its main home ground between 1888 and 1999 . Since then Saxton Oval has been used as the main Nelson cricket ground . The park is also the venue for matches in other sporting codes , and hosted the final of the 1978 Chatham Cup , a premier knock-out New Zealand football competition . A cycle track with a length of approximately 540 metres runs around the perimeter of the field and is used primarily for competition track cycling . Due to the closing of other sports facilities as a result of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake , Trafalgar Park hosted three Crusaders Super Rugby home games in March 2011 . Trafalgar Park hosted three games in the 2011 Rugby World Cup in September 2011 , with matches between Italy , Russia , USA and Australia being played ."}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Nelson ( Māori : Whakatū ) is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay . Nelson is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand - it was established in 1841 and was proclaimed a city by royal charter in 1858 . Nelson City is bordered to the west and south-west by Tasman District Council and to the north-east , east and south-east by Marlborough District Council . The city does not include Richmond , the area 's second-largest settlement . Nelson City has a population of around 50,000 , making it New Zealand 's 12th most populous city . When combined with the town of Richmond , which has roughly 15,000 residents , the whole conurbation is ranked as New Zealand 's 9th largest urban area by population . Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene ; each year , the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike , such as the Nelson Arts Festival . The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a local museum , World of Wearable Art now showcases winning designs alongside a collection of classic cars ."}]}, {'value': 'some Tasman Rugby Union matches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasman_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Tasman Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in Tasman Bay , a bay at the north end of the South Island in New Zealand . Headquartered in Nelson , TRU is New Zealand 's newest provincial union , founded in 2006 with the amalgamation of the existing Marlborough and Nelson Bays sub unions . The union 's premier team is the Tasman Mako which compete in New Zealand 's provincial rugby competition , the Mitre 10 Cup ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMI Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_League_Park', 'summary': 'Orangetheory Stadium is a football stadium in Christchurch , New Zealand . Formerly called AMI Stadium , and before that , the Addington Showgrounds .'}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christchurch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch', 'summary': "Christchurch ( /ˈkraɪstʃɜːrtʃ/ ; Māori : Ōtautahi ) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region . The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Island 's east coast , just north of Banks Peninsula . The urban area is home to 377,200 residents , and the territorial authority has 385,500 people , which makes it the second-most populous city in New Zealand after Auckland and before Wellington . The Avon River flows through the centre of the city , with an urban park located along its banks . Archaeological evidence has indicated that people first settled in the Christchurch area in about 1250 . Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856 , making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand . The Canterbury Association , which settled the Canterbury Plains , named the city after Christ Church , Oxford . The new settlement was laid out in a grid pattern centred on Cathedral Square ; during the 19th century there were few barriers to the rapid growth of the urban area , except for the Pacific to the east and the Port Hills to the south . Agriculture is the historic mainstay of Christchurch 's economy . The early presence of the University of Canterbury and the heritage of the city 's academic institutions in association with local businesses has fostered a number of technology-based industries . Christchurch is one of five 'gateway cities ' for Antarctic exploration , hosting Antarctic support bases for several nations . The city suffered a series of earthquakes between September 2010 and January 2012 , with the most destructive of them occurring at 12.51 p.m. on Tuesday , 22 February 2011 , in which 185 people were killed and thousands of buildings across the city collapsed or suffered severe damage ."}]}, {'value': 'Crusaders , Canterbury Rugby Football Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby)', 'summary': 'The Crusaders ( formerly the Canterbury Crusaders and officially the BNZ Crusaders due to sponsorship by the Bank of New Zealand ) is a New Zealander professional rugby union team based in Christchurch , who compete in the Super Rugby competition . They have won 10 titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , 2018 and 2019 ) . Formed in 1996 to represent the upper South Island of New Zealand in the Super 12 , the Crusaders represent the Buller , Canterbury , Mid-Canterbury , South Canterbury , Tasman and West Coast provincial Rugby Unions . Their main home ground is Orangetheory Stadium , formerly known as AMI Stadium , [ n 1 ] before that Jade Stadium , and before that , Lancaster Park . They are the current Super Rugby champions . The Crusaders struggled in the first season of the Super 12 , 1996 , finishing last . Their performance improved in 1997 and the team finished sixth ( out of twelve teams ) . The team went on to win all three titles from 1998 to 2000 despite each final being played away from home . They again won the competition in 2002 after going through the season unbeaten . In the following two seasons , they again reached the final , although they were beaten on both occasions . 2005 was the last season of the Super 12 before its expansion . After finishing top of the table in that season , the Crusaders went on to host the final in which they defeated the Waratahs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Canterbury Rugby Football Union ( also referred to as Canterbury or CRFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in a portion of the Canterbury Region of New Zealand . Its colours are red and black in a hooped design . The CRFU govern the running of the Canterbury representative team which have won New Zealand 's first-tier domestic competition National Provincial Championship ( Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup ) 14 times including a six-peat from 2008 to 2013 - with five in the National Provincial Championship , two in the Air New Zealand Cup , five in the ITM Cup and one in the Mitre 10 Cup . Their most recent victory was the 2017 Mitre 10 Cup . Canterbury also acts as a primary feeder to the Crusaders , who play in the Super Rugby competition . The union also administers all club rugby within the region , including senior club rugby and school rugby . Canterbury has a proud history producing All Blacks , the most of any New Zealand region , with Scott Barrett becoming Canterbury 's 200th All Black ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': " wikimedia list article The following is a list of stadiums in New Zealand , ordered by capacity . Currently all stadiums with a capacity of at least 14,000 are included . It is actually difficult to account for accuracy here as many grounds use temporary stands , there is much use of standing only embankments and not often are grounds full to enable gauging accuracy . We can only rely on what is stated publicly . Also some grounds add extra capacity on rare occasions for major matches i.e . Waikato can add 5,000 over a closed off bordering road . Yarrow has had to close its stands due to earthquake risks . QBE is to get a refurbished reduction . Owen Delany is in a rural area and gets rare serious games . Trafalgar was expanded once to 20,000 for a one of test match . And Christchurch is about to be replaced with an identical ground to Dunedin - which is New Zealand 's only covered outdoor stadium .", 'uid': 'List_of_stadiums_in_New_Zealand_0', 'intro': "The following is a list of stadiums in New Zealand, ordered by capacity. Currently all stadiums with a capacity of at least 14,000 are included. It is actually difficult to account for accuracy here as many grounds use temporary stands, there is much use of standing only embankments and not often are grounds full to enable gauging accuracy. We can only rely on what is stated publicly. Also some grounds add extra capacity on rare occasions for major matches i.e. Waikato can add 5,000 over a closed off bordering road. Yarrow has had to close its stands due to earthquake risks. QBE is to get a refurbished reduction. Owen Delany is in a rural area and gets rare serious games. Trafalgar was expanded once to 20,000 for a one of test match. And Christchurch is about to be replaced with an identical ground to Dunedin - which is New Zealand's only covered outdoor stadium."}
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What length in kilometers is the Coastal Walkway in the city containing Yarrow Stadium ?
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11
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01d9797c87f24cdc
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hybridqa
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{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_U-boat_service", 'title': "List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the U-boat service", 'header': ['Number', 'Name', 'Rank', 'Unit', 'Date of award'], 'data': [{'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Günther Prien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Günther_Prien', 'summary': "Günther Prien ( 16 January 1908 - presumed 8 March 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander during World War II . He was the first U-boat commander to receive the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross and the first member of the Kriegsmarine to receive the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Prien . [ Note 1 ] Under Prien 's command , the submarine U-47 was credited with sinking over 30 Allied ships totaling about 200,000 gross register tons ( GRT ) , along with the British battleship HMS Royal Oak at anchor in the Home Fleet 's anchorage in Scapa Flow ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-47', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-47_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-47 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's navy ( Kriegsmarine ) during World War II . She was laid down on 25 February 1937 at Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 582 and went into service on 17 December 1938 under the command of Günther Prien . During U-47 's career , she sank a total of 31 enemy vessels and damaged eight more , including the British battleship HMS Royal Oak on 14 October 1939 . U-47 ranks as one of the most successful German U-boats of World War II ."}]}, {'value': '20 October 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otto Kretschmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Kretschmer', 'summary': "Otto Kretschmer ( 1 May 1912 - 5 August 1998 ) was a German naval officer and submariner in World War II and the Cold War . From September 1939 until his surrender in March 1941 , he sank 47 ships , a total of 274,333 tons . For this he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords , among other awards . He earned the nickname Silent Otto both for his successful use of the silent running capability of U-boats as well as for his reluctance to transmit radio messages during patrols . After the war , he served in the German Federal Navy and retired in 1970 with the rank of Flottillenadmiral ( flotilla admiral ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-99', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-99_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-99 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 31 March 1939 at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 593 . She was launched on 12 March 1940 under the command of Korvettenkapitän Otto Kretschmer and was assigned to the 7th U-boat Flotilla based in Kiel and later in St Nazaire . U-99 was one of the most successful German U-boats in the war , sinking 38 ships for a total tonnage of 244,658 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping in eight patrols . She damaged five more ships and took one vessel as a prize ."}]}, {'value': '4 November 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joachim Schepke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joachim_Schepke', 'summary': "Joachim Schepke ( 8 March 1912 - 17 March 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander during World War II . He was the seventh recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . It was Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Joachim Schepke . Schepke is credited with the sinking of 36 Allied ships . During his career , he gained notoriety among fellow U-boat commanders for exaggerating the tonnage of ships sunk ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-100', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-100_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-100 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She , given her short-lived existence , was one of the most successful and deadly U-Boats to have served in the conflict ."}]}, {'value': '1 December 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinrich Liebe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinrich_Liebe', 'summary': "Heinrich Liebe ( 29 January 1908 - 27 July 1997 ) was a German naval officer during World War II . He served as a U-boat commander and then in the High Command of the Kriegsmarine . Liebe was credited with sinking of 34 ships for a total of 187,267 gross register tons ( GRT ) . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was the country 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Liebe ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-38', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-38_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-38 was a Type IXA U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 15 April 1937 , by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen as yard number 943 . She was launched on 9 August 1938 and commissioned on 24 October with Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Liebe in command . U-38 conducted eleven patrols , as part of several flotillas . During her career , she sank over 30 enemy vessels and damaged a further one . U-38 ranks as one of the most successful U-boats in World War II . She was scuttled west of Wesermünde ( modern Bremerhaven ) on 5 May 1945 . Throughout the war , the U-Boat suffered no losses among her crew ."}]}, {'value': '10 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Engelbert Endrass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Engelbert_Endrass', 'summary': "Engelbert Endrass ( German : Engelbert Endraß ) ( 2 March 1911 - 21 December 1941 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II . He commanded the U-46 and the U-567 , being credited with sinking 22 ships on ten patrols , for a total of 118,528 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping , to purportedly become the 23rd highest claiming U-boat commander of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . It was Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Endrass ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberleutnant zur See', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See', 'summary': 'Oberleutnant zur See ( OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy , Oblt.z.S . in the Kriegsmarine ) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy . It is grouped as OF-1a in NATO , equivalent to a Lieutenant Junior Grade in the United States Navy , and a Sub-Lieutenant in the British Royal Navy The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890 . Within the navy officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant . To distinguish naval officers from those of the army , the suffix zur See ( at sea ) was added in official communications , sometimes shortened to z.S . ( Oblt.z.S. ) . The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine , Kriegsmarine , and Bundesmarine . In the Volksmarine the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped . In the Kriegsmarine engineers ( Ingenieur - Ing . ) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant ( Ing . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-46', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-46_(1938)', 'summary': "German submarine U-46 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She had a highly successful career during the war ."}]}, {'value': '10 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herbert Schultze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Schultze', 'summary': "Herbert Emil Schultze ( 24 July 1909 - 3 June 1987 ) , was a German U-boat ( submarine ) commander of the Kriegsmarine ( the German navy in World War II ) . He commanded U-48 for eight patrols during the early part of the war , sinking 169,709 gross register tons ( GRT ) of shipping . Schultze was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership . Legally it was Nazi Germany 's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Herbert Schultze , although the later higher ranked Swords and Diamonds grades to the Knight 's Cross had already been awarded in June and July 1941 . [ Note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-48', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-48_(1939)', 'summary': "German submarine U-48 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II , and the most successful that was commissioned . During her two years of active service , U-48 sank 55 ships for a total of 321,000 tons ; she also damaged two more for a total of 12,000 tons over twelve war patrols conducted during the opening stages of the Battle of the Atlantic . U-48 was built at the Germaniawerft in Kiel as yard number 583 during 1938 and 1939 , being completed a few months before the outbreak of war in September 1939 and given to Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt . ) Herbert Schultze . When war was declared , she was already in position in the North Atlantic , and received the news via radio , allowing her to operate immediately against Allied shipping ."}]}, {'value': '12 June 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Hermann Otto Schütze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Schütze', 'summary': "Viktor Schütze ( 16 February 1906 - 23 September 1950 ) , was a German U-boat commander during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Schütze was born in Flensburg , and started his naval career in the Reichsmarine aboard German torpedo boats in April 1925 , before transferring to the new U-boat division ten years later in October 1935 . There he commanded U-19 for two years , before being relieved to take destroyer training - before returning to the U-boat arm in command of U-11 . When war broke out he commanded U-25 , with which he sailed on three patrols , mainly in the Bay of Biscay and off the Portuguese coast . In July 1940 he assumed command over the Type IXB U-103 , and commanded for four patrols in North Atlantic and African waters . In December he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross for his successes . In August 1941 he retired from front service , taking up positions as Flottillenchef of 2nd U-boat Flotilla . In March 1943 he became the FdU Ausbildungsflottillen ( Commander of the training flotillas in the Baltic Sea ) in Flensburg-Kappeln , in which position he served until the end of the war . He died in Frankfurt am Main in 1950 ."}]}, {'value': 'Korvettenkapitän', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korvettenkapitän', 'summary': 'Korvettenkapitän , short : KKpt / in lists : KK , ( English : Corvette captain ) is the lowest senior officer rank ( German : Stabsoffizier Rang ) in the German Navy / armed forces of Germany ( Bundeswehr ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-103', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-103_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-103 was a Type IXB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II . She was one of the most successful boats in the entire war , sinking over 237,000 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping in 11 patrols , in a career lasting more than four years . U-103 was laid down on 6 September 1939 at DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen as yard number 966 . She was launched on 12 April 1940 and commissioned on 5 July under the command of Korvettenkapitän Victor Schütze . After her warm-up , ( designed to give her an opportunity to train and repair minor faults ) , she was deployed into the North Atlantic in September 1940 and saw overwhelming success , sinking 45 ships and damaging three other vessels ."}]}, {'value': '14 July 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinrich_Lehmann-Willenbrock', 'summary': "Fregattenkapitän Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock ( 11 December 1911 - 18 April 1986 ) was a submarine commander in the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II . He ranks sixth of the most successful U-boat commanders in the Battle of the Atlantic against the Allies . He commanded four U-boats , including U-96 , a Type VIIC U-boat , which gained widespread recognition when one of its patrols was documented and publicized by an accompanying member of a propaganda company Lothar-Günther Buchheim . Lehmann-Willenbrock was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The story of the U-96 was eventually made into a mini-series and film called Das Boot , in which the captain was portrayed by Jürgen Prochnow . After the war , Lehmann-Willenbrock became a merchant ship captain , serving as the first captain of Germany 's nuclear freighter Otto Hahn ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-96', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-96_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-96 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 16 September 1939 , by Germaniawerft , of Kiel as yard number 601 . She was commissioned on 14 September 1940 , with Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Lehmann-Willenbrock in command . Lehmann-Willenbrock was relieved in March 1942 by Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Jürgen Hellriegel , who was relieved in turn in March 1943 by Oblt.z.S . Wilhelm Peters . In February 1944 , Oblt.z.S . Horst Willner took command , turning the boat over to Oblt.z.S . Robert Rix in June of that year . Rix commanded the boat until February 1945 . During 1941 , war correspondent Lothar-Günther Buchheim joined U-96 for a single patrol ."}]}, {'value': '31 December 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reinhard Suhren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reinhard_Suhren', 'summary': "Reinhard Johann Heinz Paul Anton Suhren ( 16 April 1916 - 25 August 1984 ) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and younger brother of Korvettenkapitän ( Ing . ) and Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross recipient Gerd Suhren . Suhren was born in Langenschwalbach , the second of three children , and grew up in the Weimar Republic and Third Reich . He joined the navy in 1935 and began his U-boat career in March 1938 . He spent a year as 1st watch officer on U-48 where he received the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross for his contribution in the sinking of 200,000 gross register tons ( GRT ) of merchant shipping . In April 1941 he took command of U-564 . As a commander , he is credited with the sinking of 18 merchant vessels of 95,544 GRT , 1 warship of 900 long tons ( 910 tonnes ) and damaged four merchant vessels of 28,907 GRT for which he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords . Suhren left the boat and became an instructor in October 1942 . He then served in the 27th U-boat Flotilla along with Korvettenkapitän Erich Topp . During the last year of the war Fregattenkapitän Suhren was the Führer der Unterseeboote Norwegen ( Leader of U-boats in Norwegian waters ) and from September 1944 the Commander-in-Chief of U-boats of the North Sea . After the war he worked in the petroleum industry and died of stomach cancer on 25 August 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberleutnant zur See', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See', 'summary': 'Oberleutnant zur See ( OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy , Oblt.z.S . in the Kriegsmarine ) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy . It is grouped as OF-1a in NATO , equivalent to a Lieutenant Junior Grade in the United States Navy , and a Sub-Lieutenant in the British Royal Navy The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890 . Within the navy officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant . To distinguish naval officers from those of the army , the suffix zur See ( at sea ) was added in official communications , sometimes shortened to z.S . ( Oblt.z.S. ) . The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine , Kriegsmarine , and Bundesmarine . In the Volksmarine the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped . In the Kriegsmarine engineers ( Ingenieur - Ing . ) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant ( Ing . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-564', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-564', 'summary': "German submarine U-564 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine for service during the Second World War . The RAF sank her in the Bay of Biscay on 14 June 1943 ."}]}, {'value': '31 December 1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erich Topp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erich_Topp', 'summary': "Erich Topp ( 2 July 1914 - 26 December 2005 ) was the third most successful of German U-Boat commanders of World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany . He sank 35 ships for a total of 197,460 gross register tons ( GRT ) . After the war he served with the Federal German Navy , reaching the rank of Konteradmiral ( rear admiral ) . He later served in NATO ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-552', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-552', 'summary': "German submarine U-552 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . She was laid down on 1 December 1939 at Blohm & Voss in Hamburg as yard number 528 , launched on 14 September 1940 and went into service on 4 December 1940 . U-552 was nicknamed the Roter Teufel ( Red Devil ) after its mascot of a grinning devil which was painted on the conning tower . She was one of the more successful of her class , operating for over three years of continual service and sinking or damaging 30 Allied ships with 164,276 tons sunk and 26,910 tons damaged . She was a member of 21 wolf packs . U-552 was involved in two controversial actions : in October 1941 she sank the USS Reuben James , the first US Navy warship to be lost in World War II ; this was at a time when the US was still officially neutral , and caused a diplomatic row . In April 1942 she sank the freighter SS David H. Atwater off the US seaboard . U-552 had an unusually long service life , surviving to the end of World War II ; after evacuating from her French base during the spring of 1944 she operated on training duties in the Baltic Sea until 2 May 1945 , when her crew scuttled her in Helgoland Bight , to prevent her falling into enemy hands ."}]}, {'value': '11 April 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reinhard Hardegen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reinhard_Hardegen', 'summary': "Korvettenkapitän Reinhard Hardegen ( 18 March 1913 - 9 June 2018 ) was a German U-boat commander during World War II . He was the 24th-most-successful German submarine commander of the war , credited with the having sunk 115,656 gross register tons ( GRT ) ( 22 ships ) . After the war , he spent a year and a half in British captivity before starting a successful oil trading business and serving as a member of Bremen 's city council ( the Bürgerschaft ) for over 32 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-123', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-123_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-123 was a Type IXB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II . After that conflict , she became the French submarine Blaison ( Q165 ) until she was decommissioned on 18 August 1959 ."}]}, {'value': '23 April 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rolf Mützelburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolf_Mützelburg', 'summary': "Rolf Mützelburg ( 23 June 1913 - 11 September 1942 ) was a German U-boat commander during World War II and a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Mützelburg died on active service on 11 September 1942 following an accident at sea ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-203', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-203', 'summary': "German submarine U-203 was a German Type VIIC submarine U-boat built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . Built as yard number 632 of Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft AG in Kiel , she was laid down on 28 March 1940 , launched on 4 January 1941 and commissioned on 18 February under Kapitänleutnant Rolf Mützelburg . U-203 carried out eleven patrols with the first flotilla and is credited with sinking 21 ships for 94,270 gross register tons ( GRT ) and damaging a further three for 17,052 GRT . She was a member of eleven wolfpacks . She was sunk by British carrier-borne aircraft and a British warship southeast of Greenland in April 1943 ."}]}, {'value': '15 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adalbert Schnee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adalbert_Schnee', 'summary': "Otto Adalbert Schnee ( 31 December 1913 - 4 November 1982 ) was a Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) with Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . He commanded the U-boats U-6 , U-60 , U-121 , U-201 and U-2511 , sinking twenty-one merchant ships on twelve patrols , for a total of 90,847 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping , and received the Knight 's Cross with Oak Leaves . He is thirty-seventh in the list of U-Boat aces of World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-201', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-201', 'summary': 'German submarine U-201 was a Type VIIC U-boat of the Kriegsmarine in World War II . The submarine was laid down on 20 January 1940 by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft yard at Kiel as yard number 630 , launched on 7 December 1940 , and commissioned on 25 January 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Adalbert Schnee . Attached to the 1st U-boat Flotilla , she made nine successful patrols in the North Atlantic , the last two under the command of Kapitänleutnant Günther Rosenberg . She was a member of eight wolfpacks . She was sunk on 17 February 1943 in the North Atlantic , by depth charges from a British warship . All 49 hands were lost .'}]}, {'value': '15 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '123', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klaus Scholtz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Scholtz', 'summary': "Klaus Scholtz ( 22 March 1908 - 1 May 1987 ) was a commander in the Kriegsmarine ( navy ) of Nazi Germany during World War II . He commanded the Type IXB U-boat U-108 . Scholtz was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ."}]}, {'value': 'Korvettenkapitän', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korvettenkapitän', 'summary': 'Korvettenkapitän , short : KKpt / in lists : KK , ( English : Corvette captain ) is the lowest senior officer rank ( German : Stabsoffizier Rang ) in the German Navy / armed forces of Germany ( Bundeswehr ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-108', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-108_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-108 was a Type IXB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II . She was laid down at DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen as yard number 971 on 27 December 1938 , launched on 15 July 1940 and commissioned on 22 October under Korvettenkapitän Klaus Scholtz . Her service career began with training as part of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla ; she went on to operations , first with the 2nd flotilla , then with the 8th U-boat Flotilla ."}]}, {'value': '10 September 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinrich Bleichrodt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinrich_Bleichrodt', 'summary': "Heinrich Bleichrodt ( 21 October 1909 - 9 January 1977 ) was one of the most successful German U-boat commanders of the Second World War . From October 1939 until retiring from front line service in December 1943 , he was credited with sinking 25 ships for a total of 152,320 gross register tons ( GRT ) . For this he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , among other commendations . He earned the nickname Ajax during his time with the U-boats ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-109', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-109_(1940)', 'summary': "The German submarine U-109 was a Type IXB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II . She conducted nine war-patrols , sinking 12 ships and damaging one . All but one of these successes were during the six patrols she carried out under the command of the U-boat ace , Heinrich Bleichrodt . On 4 May 1943 , she was sunk with all hands by a B-24 Liberator , operated by 86 Squadron RAF ."}]}, {'value': '23 September 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '142', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolfgang Lüth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Lüth', 'summary': "Wolfgang Lüth ( 15 October 1913 - 14 May 1945 ) was the second most successful German U-boat captain of World War II . His career record of 46 merchant ships plus the French submarine Doris sunk during 15 war patrols , with a total displacement of 225,204 gross register tons ( GRT ) , was second only to that of Korvettenkapitän ( Lieutenant Commander ) Otto Kretschmer , whose 47 sinkings totaled 273.043 GRT . Lüth joined the Reichsmarine in 1933 . After a period of training on surface vessels , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1936 . In December 1939 he received command of U-9 , which he took on six war-patrols . In June 1940 he took command of U-138 for two patrols . In October 1940 he transferred again , this time to the ocean-going submarine U-43 for five war-patrols . After two patrols on U-181 , the second being his longest of the war , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds . He was the first of two U-boat commanders to be so honored during World War II , the other recipient being Albrecht Brandi . Lüth 's last service position was commander of the Naval Academy Mürwik near Flensburg . He was accidentally shot and killed by a German sentry on the night of 13/14 May 1945 . On 16 May 1945 , Lüth was given the last state funeral in the Third Reich ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-181', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-181', 'summary': "German submarine U-181 was a Type IXD2 U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 15 March 1941 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard at Bremen as yard number 1021 . She was launched on 30 December 1941 and commissioned on 9 May 1942 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Wolfgang Lüth . After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin , U-181 was attached to the 10th flotilla for front-line service on 1 October 1942 , then transferred to the 12th flotilla on 1 November ."}]}, {'value': '13 November 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '147', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karl-Friedrich Merten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_Merten', 'summary': "Karl-Friedrich Merten ( 15 August 1905 - 2 May 1993 ) commanded the U-boat U-68 in Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . He received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . Merten was credited with the sinking of 27 ships for a total of 170,151 gross register tons ( GRT ) of Allied shipping . Merten joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1926 . He served on the light cruisers Karlsruhe and Leipzig during the Spanish Civil War patrols . At the outbreak of World War II , he was stationed on the battleship Schleswig-Holstein , participating in the Battle of Westerplatte and Battle of Hel . He transferred to the U-boat service in 1940 , at first serving as a watch officer on U-38 before taking command of U-68 in early 1941 . Commanding U-68 on five war patrols , patrolling in the Atlantic Ocean , the Caribbean Sea and the Indian Ocean , he was awarded Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 June 1942 and the Oak Leaves to his Knight 's Cross on 16 November 1942 . On the second patrol , Merten helped rescue the crews of the auxiliary cruiser Atlantis and the refuelling ship Python , which had been sunk by the Royal Navy . In January 1943 Merten became the commander of the 26th U-boat Flotilla and in March 1943 , Merten was given command of the 24th U-boat Flotilla . In February 1945 , he was posted to the posted to the Führer Headquarters in Berlin . At the end of the war , he was taken prisoner of war by US forces and released again in late June 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Korvettenkapitän', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korvettenkapitän', 'summary': 'Korvettenkapitän , short : KKpt / in lists : KK , ( English : Corvette captain ) is the lowest senior officer rank ( German : Stabsoffizier Rang ) in the German Navy / armed forces of Germany ( Bundeswehr ) .'}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-68', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-68_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-68 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 20 April 1940 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard at Bremen as yard number 987 , launched on 22 October and commissioned on 1 January 1941 under the command of Korvettenkapitän Karl-Friedrich Merten as part of 2nd U-boat Flotilla . U-68 conducted ten combat patrols , sinking 32 merchant ships , for a total of 197,453 gross register tons ( GRT ) ; she also sank one auxiliary warship of 545 GRT . She was a member of one wolfpack . On 10 April 1944 , during her tenth patrol , she was sunk northwest of Madeira by US aircraft from the escort carrier Guadalcanal ."}]}, {'value': '16 November 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '171', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friedrich Guggenberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friedrich_Guggenberger', 'summary': "Friedrich Guggenberger ( 6 March 1915 - 13 May 1988 ) was a German admiral and U-boat commander in the Second World War . From November 1940 until his capture in July 1943 , he was credited with sinking 17 ships for a total of 66,848 gross register tons ( GRT ) and damaging another for 6,003 GRT . He was responsible for sinking the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal in November 1941 . For these achievements he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , among other commendations . After the war he became the Deputy Chief of Staff in the NATO command AFNORTH ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-81', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-81_(1941)', 'summary': 'German submarine U-81 was a Type VIIC U-boat of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ) of Nazi Germany during World War II , famous for sinking the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal .'}]}, {'value': '8 January 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '177', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johann Mohr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Mohr', 'summary': "Johann Mohr ( 12 June 1916 - 2 April 1943 ) was a captain with the Kriegsmarine during World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany . Mohr joined the Reichsmarine in 1934 . After serving as first Watch Officer ( second-in-command ) to Georg-Wilhelm Schulz in U-124 on three patrols , in September 1941 he assumed command of the U-boat on six patrols , and sank 27 merchant ships , for a total of 129,292 GRT of Allied shipping . On 25/26 September 1941 Mohr was part of a Wolfpack that attacked convoy HG 73 . Mohr sank Empire Stream , Petrel and Siremalm . Rolf Mützelburg sank the steamer Cortes , for which Mohr has been wrongly credited . On 24 November and 3 December 1941 Mohr sank the British light cruiser HMS Dunedin and the steamer Sagadahoc . On 14 March 1942 British Resource was sunk by Mohr and his crew . In March Mohr achieved a run of successes ; Ceiba and Acme ( 17 March ) , Kassandra Louloudis and E.M. Clark ( 18 March ) , Papoose and W.E . Hutton ( 19 March ) , Esso Nashville and Atlantic Sun ( 21 March ) and finally Naeco on 23 March completed the run . All but three were United States-owned vessels ."}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-124', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-124_(1940)', 'summary': "German submarine U-124 ( nickname Edelweisseboot ) was a Type IXB U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She operated in the Atlantic as part of the 2nd U-boat flotilla , both west of Scotland and east of the eastern US coast . She was also present off northern South America . She was sunk with all hands west of Portugal in 1943 ."}]}, {'value': '13 January 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '208', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georg Lassen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georg_Lassen', 'summary': 'Georg Lassen ( 12 May 1915 - 18 January 2012 ) was a German U-boat commander during World War II . He was a Watch Officer on U-29 at the outbreak of the war and later the skipper of the U-160 and recipient of the Iron Cross . Lassen became a businessman after the war and later worked as an managing director for a large company . In a traffic accident he lost an arm . His wife died after 55 years of marriage . In the old age he moved to a retirement home in Mallorca , where he died on 18 January 2012 at the age of 96 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Kapitänleutnant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapitänleutnant', 'summary': "Kapitänleutnant , short : KptLt/in lists : KL , ( English : captain lieutenant ) is an officer grade of the captains ' military hierarchy group ( German : Hauptleute ) of the German Bundeswehr . The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO , and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe . It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence ."}]}, {'value': 'commander of U-160', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-160_(1941)', 'summary': "German submarine U-160 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II . The keel for this boat was laid down on 21 November 1940 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard in Bremen , Germany as yard number 1010 . She was launched on 12 July 1941 and commissioned on 16 October under the command of Kapitänleutnant Georg Lassen ( Knight 's Cross ) . The U-boat 's service began in training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla . She lost seven men and one was injured in a fire on 14 December 1941 at Danzig ( now Gdańsk , Poland ) . She then moved to the 10th flotilla on 1 March 1942 for operations . She sank 26 ships , totalling 156,082 gross register tons ( GRT ) and damaged five more , for 34,419 tons . She was sunk by American carrier-borne aircraft in July 1943 ."}]}, {'value': '7 March 1943', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Recipients -- Knight 's Cross with Oak Leaves", 'section_text': '', 'uid': "List_of_Knight's_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_U-boat_service_2", 'intro': "The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) and its variants was the highest award in the military of the Third Reich. Recipients are grouped by grades of the Knight's Cross. During or shortly after World War II, 145 German sailors and officers of the U-boat service as part of the Kriegsmarine received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Among them, 29 officers received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), five the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern), and two won the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Swords and Diamonds (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten). Of these, 144 presentations were formally made and one recipient received the award after 11 May 1945, when Großadmiral Karl Dönitz ordered a cease of all promotions and illegalized all subsequent awards. The final recipient is therefore considered to have received the medal without legal authority."}
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When was the boat commanded by the oldest korvettenkapitän launched ?
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22 October
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01da9042927c2665
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Estonia', 'title': 'List of islands of Estonia', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Area ( km )', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saaremaa and Muhu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saaremaa', 'summary': 'Saaremaa ( /ˈsɑːrəmɑː/ SAR-ə-MAH , Estonian : [ ˈsɑːremɑː ] ; German and Swedish : Ösel ) is the largest island in Estonia , measuring 2,673 km2 ( 1,032 sq mi ) . The main island of Saare County , it is located in the Baltic Sea , south of Hiiumaa island and west of Muhu island , and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago . The capital of the island is Kuressaare , which in January 2018 had 13,276 inhabitants . The whole island had a recorded population in January 2017 of 31,357 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Muhu', 'summary': 'Muhu ( German : Mohn/Moon ; in Estonian also called Muhumaa ) , is an island in the Baltic Sea . With an area of 198 km2 ( 76 sq mi ) it is the third largest island belonging to Estonia , after Saaremaa and Hiiumaa . Together with neighbouring smaller islands of Kesselaid , Viirelaid , Võilaid and Suurlaid it forms Muhu Parish ( Estonian : Muhu vald ) , the rural municipality within Saare County . The municipality has a population of 1,697 ( as of 19 April 2010 ) and covers an area of 206.12 km2 ( 80 sq mi ) . The population density is 8.8/km2 ( 23/sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2,871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saaremaa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saaremaa', 'summary': 'Saaremaa ( /ˈsɑːrəmɑː/ SAR-ə-MAH , Estonian : [ ˈsɑːremɑː ] ; German and Swedish : Ösel ) is the largest island in Estonia , measuring 2,673 km2 ( 1,032 sq mi ) . The main island of Saare County , it is located in the Baltic Sea , south of Hiiumaa island and west of Muhu island , and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago . The capital of the island is Kuressaare , which in January 2018 had 13,276 inhabitants . The whole island had a recorded population in January 2017 of 31,357 .'}]}, {'value': '2,673', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiiumaa and Kassari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiiumaa', 'summary': 'Hiiumaa ( US : /ˈhiːʊmɑː , ˈhiːəmɑː/ , Estonian : [ ˈhiːumɑː ] ; German and Swedish : Dagö ; Finnish : Hiidenmaa ) is the second largest island in Estonia and is part of the West Estonian archipelago , in the Baltic Sea . It has an area of 989 km2 and is 22 km from the Estonian mainland . Its largest town is Kärdla . It is located within Hiiu County . Hiiumaa was controlled by the Brothers of the Sword in the early 1200s ( known as the Teutonic Knights from 1237 ) . During this time it was first settled by Swedes and Germans . The island was ruled from Denmark then Sweden in the 1500s and Russia in the 1700s . It became part of Estonia briefly in 1920 before being incorporated into the Soviet Union till 1991 , when Estonia again gained its independence .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kassari', 'summary': 'Kassari is an Estonian island . It has an area of 19.3 km2 with a population of around 300 . It has a museum dedicated to Aino Kallas . The philosopher and pedagogue Ülo Kaevats ( born 1947 ) was born on Kassari .'}]}, {'value': '1,008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiiumaa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiiumaa', 'summary': 'Hiiumaa ( US : /ˈhiːʊmɑː , ˈhiːəmɑː/ , Estonian : [ ˈhiːumɑː ] ; German and Swedish : Dagö ; Finnish : Hiidenmaa ) is the second largest island in Estonia and is part of the West Estonian archipelago , in the Baltic Sea . It has an area of 989 km2 and is 22 km from the Estonian mainland . Its largest town is Kärdla . It is located within Hiiu County . Hiiumaa was controlled by the Brothers of the Sword in the early 1200s ( known as the Teutonic Knights from 1237 ) . During this time it was first settled by Swedes and Germans . The island was ruled from Denmark then Sweden in the 1500s and Russia in the 1700s . It became part of Estonia briefly in 1920 before being incorporated into the Soviet Union till 1991 , when Estonia again gained its independence .'}]}, {'value': '989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muhu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhu', 'summary': 'Muhu ( German : Mohn/Moon ; in Estonian also called Muhumaa ) , is an island in the Baltic Sea . With an area of 198 km2 ( 76 sq mi ) it is the third largest island belonging to Estonia , after Saaremaa and Hiiumaa . Together with neighbouring smaller islands of Kesselaid , Viirelaid , Võilaid and Suurlaid it forms Muhu Parish ( Estonian : Muhu vald ) , the rural municipality within Saare County . The municipality has a population of 1,697 ( as of 19 April 2010 ) and covers an area of 206.12 km2 ( 80 sq mi ) . The population density is 8.8/km2 ( 23/sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '198', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vormsi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vormsi', 'summary': 'Vormsi , also Ormsö ( Swedish : Ormsö , German : Worms ) is the fourth-largest island of Estonia , located between Hiiumaa and the mainland with a total area of 92 square kilometres ( 36 square miles ) . It is part of Vormsi Parish , a rural municipality .'}]}, {'value': '93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pakri Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakri_Islands', 'summary': 'Pakri Islands ( Estonian : Pakri saared , Swedish : Rågöarna , German : Groß Pakri ) are two Estonian islands in the Finnish Gulf : Suur-Pakri and Väike-Pakri ( Swedish : Stora Rågö and Lilla Rågö ) . Administratively they belong to the town of Paldiski . For centuries the islands had been inhabited by Estonian Swedes , until during the Second World War the entire population was forced to leave .'}]}, {'value': '24.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland', 'summary': "The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish : Suomenlahti ; Estonian : Soome laht ; Russian : Фи́нский зали́в , tr . Finskiy zaliv , IPA : [ ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif ] ; Swedish : Finska viken ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and Estonia ( to the south ) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia , and some of Russia 's most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near Saint Petersburg ( including Primorsk ) . As the seaway to Saint Petersburg , the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kassari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kassari', 'summary': 'Kassari is an Estonian island . It has an area of 19.3 km2 with a population of around 300 . It has a museum dedicated to Aino Kallas . The philosopher and pedagogue Ülo Kaevats ( born 1947 ) was born on Kassari .'}]}, {'value': '19.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naissaar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naissaar', 'summary': 'Naissaar ( German : Nargen ; Swedish : Nargö ) is an island northwest of Tallinn ( but belonging to Viimsi Parish ) in Estonia . The island covers an area of 18.6 square kilometres ( 7.2 square miles ) . It is 8 kilometres ( 5.0 miles ) long and 3.5 kilometres ( 2.2 miles ) wide , and lies about 8.5 kilometres ( 5.3 miles ) from the mainland . The highest point on the island is Kunilamägi , which is 27 metres ( 89 feet ) above sea level . The island consists predominantly of coniferous forest and piles of stones and boulders . In 2005 , the island had a population of ten ; in 2011 the island had 35 or so permanent residents and some summer residents . Administratively the island is divided into three villages : Lõunaküla ( Storbyn ) , Tagaküla ( Bakbyn ) and Väikeheinamaa ( Lillängin ) .'}]}, {'value': '18.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland', 'summary': "The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish : Suomenlahti ; Estonian : Soome laht ; Russian : Фи́нский зали́в , tr . Finskiy zaliv , IPA : [ ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif ] ; Swedish : Finska viken ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and Estonia ( to the south ) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia , and some of Russia 's most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near Saint Petersburg ( including Primorsk ) . As the seaway to Saint Petersburg , the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kihnu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kihnu', 'summary': 'Kihnu ( Swedish : Kynö ) is an island in the Baltic Sea . With an area of 16.4 km2 ( 6.3 sq mi ) it is the largest island in the Gulf of Riga and the seventh largest island of Estonia . The length of the island is 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) and width 3.3 km ( 2.1 mi ) , the highest point is at 8.9 metres ( 29.2 ft ) above sea level . The island belongs to the Pärnu County of Estonia . Together with neighbouring islands it forms Kihnu Parish , one of the smallest municipalities of the country with an area of 16.8 km2 ( 6.5 sq mi ) . 604 people live on Kihnu as of 2007 [ update ] of whom 69 are primary school pupils . There are four villages : Lemsi , Linaküla , Rootsiküla and Sääre . One can reach Kihnu by plane from Pärnu ( 15 minutes ) or ferry from either Pärnu ( 3 hours ) or Manilaid ( 1 hour ) , and when the sea is frozen in winter it is possible to drive to the island over the ice . Of the estimated 300 year-round residents of Kihnu , the vast majority are women . It is sometimes called the Isle of Women .'}]}, {'value': '16.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Riga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga', 'summary': 'The Gulf of Riga , Bay of Riga , or Gulf of Livonia ( Latvian : Rīgas jūras līcis , Estonian : Liivi laht , Russian : Рижский залив ) is a bay of the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia . The island of Saaremaa ( Estonia ) partially separates it from the rest of the Baltic Sea . The main connection between the gulf and the Baltic Sea is the Irbe Strait . The Gulf of Riga , as a sub-basin of the Baltic , also includes the Väinameri Sea in the West Estonian archipelago .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Väike-Pakri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Väike-Pakri', 'summary': 'Pakri Islands ( Estonian : Pakri saared , Swedish : Rågöarna , German : Groß Pakri ) are two Estonian islands in the Finnish Gulf : Suur-Pakri and Väike-Pakri ( Swedish : Stora Rågö and Lilla Rågö ) . Administratively they belong to the town of Paldiski . For centuries the islands had been inhabited by Estonian Swedes , until during the Second World War the entire population was forced to leave .'}]}, {'value': '12.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland', 'summary': "The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish : Suomenlahti ; Estonian : Soome laht ; Russian : Фи́нский зали́в , tr . Finskiy zaliv , IPA : [ ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif ] ; Swedish : Finska viken ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and Estonia ( to the south ) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia , and some of Russia 's most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near Saint Petersburg ( including Primorsk ) . As the seaway to Saint Petersburg , the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suur-Pakri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suur-Pakri', 'summary': 'Pakri Islands ( Estonian : Pakri saared , Swedish : Rågöarna , German : Groß Pakri ) are two Estonian islands in the Finnish Gulf : Suur-Pakri and Väike-Pakri ( Swedish : Stora Rågö and Lilla Rågö ) . Administratively they belong to the town of Paldiski . For centuries the islands had been inhabited by Estonian Swedes , until during the Second World War the entire population was forced to leave .'}]}, {'value': '11.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland', 'summary': "The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish : Suomenlahti ; Estonian : Soome laht ; Russian : Фи́нский зали́в , tr . Finskiy zaliv , IPA : [ ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif ] ; Swedish : Finska viken ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and Estonia ( to the south ) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia , and some of Russia 's most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near Saint Petersburg ( including Primorsk ) . As the seaway to Saint Petersburg , the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruhnu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruhnu', 'summary': "Ruhnu ( Swedish and German : Runö ; Latvian : Roņu sala - 'Seal Island ' ) is an Estonian island in the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea . It is administratively part of Saare County but is geographically closer to the Latvian mainland . At 11.9 square kilometres ( 4.6 sq mi ) , it has currently fewer than 100 , mostly ethnic Estonian , permanent inhabitants . Ruhnu Parish has the smallest population of Estonia 's 79 municipalities . Before 1944 , it was for centuries populated by ethnic Swedes and traditional Swedish law was used ."}]}, {'value': '11.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Riga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga', 'summary': 'The Gulf of Riga , Bay of Riga , or Gulf of Livonia ( Latvian : Rīgas jūras līcis , Estonian : Liivi laht , Russian : Рижский залив ) is a bay of the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia . The island of Saaremaa ( Estonia ) partially separates it from the rest of the Baltic Sea . The main connection between the gulf and the Baltic Sea is the Irbe Strait . The Gulf of Riga , as a sub-basin of the Baltic , also includes the Väinameri Sea in the West Estonian archipelago .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abruka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abruka', 'summary': "Abruka is an 8.78 km² Estonian island in the Gulf of Riga , 4 km south of the island of Saaremaa . Together with few neighbouring smaller islands ( Vahase , Kasselaid , Linnusitamaa and Kirjurahu ) Abruka forms the village of Abruka , which is part of Saaremaa Parish , Saare County . The village has a population of 33 ( as of 1 January 2011 ) and an area of 10.1 km² . The first records about the population on Abruka originate from the Middle Ages , when the Bishop of Ösel-Wiek founded a horse breeding manor ( Abro ) there . Permanent population developed in the 18th century . 1881-1972 an elementary school operated on Abruka . Abruka is the site of a Central European-type broadleaf forest , which is rare in the region . To protect this a nature reserve was created in 1937 . There 's a library ( located in the harbour building ) and a museum which is located on the side of the former manor park in the oldest building on Abruka ( The Abruka House ) . Abruka can be reached by postboat Heili from Roomassaare harbour in Kuressaare . The twin writers Jüri Tuulik and Ülo Tuulik ( born 1940 ) were born on Abruka ."}]}, {'value': '8.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vilsandi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vilsandi', 'summary': 'The island of Vilsandi , Saaremaa Parish , Saare County , Estonia is located in the Baltic Sea . It covers an area of some 9 square km and is the westernmost populated island in Estonia . The surrounding waters are shallow and rocky and many ships travelling the Baltic have perished nearby . The island of Vilsandi can be reached by boat , by truck having suitable clearance or on foot by wading from Saaremaa . Much of the island is now part of Vilsandi National Park , which grew from a bird reserve founded in 1910 . It is a highly sensitive ecosystem due to the use of the area by many migratory birds as a breeding and nesting ground . Hunting is absolutely prohibited . This park is a popular tourist destination not only for local Estonians , but also people of Finland who are visiting Estonia in greater and greater numbers .'}]}, {'value': '8.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piirissaar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piirissaar', 'summary': "Piirissaar ( earlier Borka , Russian : Межа , romanized : Mezha ) is an Estonian island located in Lake Peipus . It belongs to Tartu County as the Piirissaare Parish . Piirissar is the largest island in Lake Peipus with a size of 7.8 km² . It is located c. 15 km from the mouth of the Emajõgi river . Piirissaar is located c. 1 - 2 meters above the water level in Lake Peipus . The island was first permanently settled during the Great Northern War by a group of Orthodox Old Believers seeking to escape the religious reforms of Moscow Patriarch Nikon and trying to avoid enrollment in the military . Most of the island 's inhabitants still belong to this confession . The inhabitants of Piirissaar are diligent gardeners and vegetable growers , especially onion growers . The German Luftwaffe inflicted major damage on the island in February 1944 . There are three villages on the island , Piiri , Saare and Tooni . The number of inhabitants has dropped from c. 700 in 1920 to 86 by 2006 . The remaining inhabitants are mostly occupied by fishing and cultivation of onions ."}]}, {'value': '7.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Peipus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Peipus', 'summary': 'Lake Peipus ( Estonian : Peipsi-Pihkva järv ; Russian : Псковско-Чудское озеро , romanized : Pskovsko-Chudskoye ozero ; German : Peipussee ) is the largest trans-boundary lake in Europe , lying on the border between Estonia and Russia . The lake is the fifth-largest in Europe after Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega ( in Russia north of Saint Petersburg ) , Lake Vänern ( in Sweden ) , and Lake Saimaa ( in Finland ) . Lake Peipus is a remnant of a body of water that existed in this area during a former ice age . It covers 3,555 km2 ( 1,373 sq mi ) , and has an average depth of 7.1 m ( 23 ft ) , the deepest point being 15 m ( 49 ft ) . The lake has several islands and consists of three parts :'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prangli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prangli', 'summary': 'Prangli ( Swedish : Vrangö ) is an Estonian island in the Gulf of Finland . The first records are from 1387 when it was called Rango . The first settlers came from Sweden . The Estonian culture spread to the island in the 17th century . Prangli is part of Viimsi Parish . In Kelnase is a harbour which is connected by ferry to Leppneeme on the mainland . The vegetation , especially in the east of the island is mainly fir trees . The lighthouse on Prangli was built in 1923 . In 1941 , the Estonian steamship Eestirand was shipwrecked off the coast of Prangli Island after a German air attack . The Eestirand was part of a fleet of ships carrying Soviet troops to Leningrad during the Soviet evacuation of Tallinn . The Estonian crew and conscripts managed to disarm Soviet military personnel aboard the ship and take control of the island , hoisting the flag of the Estonian Republic up a tall pine tree . The revolt saved approximately 2,700 conscripts , most of which were Estonian , from being mobilized to Leningrad .'}]}, {'value': '6.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland', 'summary': "The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish : Suomenlahti ; Estonian : Soome laht ; Russian : Фи́нский зали́в , tr . Finskiy zaliv , IPA : [ ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif ] ; Swedish : Finska viken ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and Estonia ( to the south ) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia , and some of Russia 's most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near Saint Petersburg ( including Primorsk ) . As the seaway to Saint Petersburg , the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Osmussaar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osmussaar', 'summary': 'Osmussaar ( Swedish : Odensholm , German : Odinsholm ) is an Estonian island situated in the mouth of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea , 7.5 km off the Estonian mainland . Administratively the island is part of Lääne-Nigula Parish in Lääne County . Its area is 4.8 km2 ( 1,200 acres ) . Before the Soviet Union occupied Estonia during World War II , around 130 people , mainly Estonian Swedes , lived on the island . The continuous settlement of Swedes on Osmussaar had dated back for centuries . Currently Osmussaar has only two permanent inhabitants and the island is a nature reserve .'}]}, {'value': '4.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland', 'summary': "The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish : Suomenlahti ; Estonian : Soome laht ; Russian : Фи́нский зали́в , tr . Finskiy zaliv , IPA : [ ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif ] ; Swedish : Finska viken ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and Estonia ( to the south ) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia , and some of Russia 's most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near Saint Petersburg ( including Primorsk ) . As the seaway to Saint Petersburg , the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vohilaid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vohilaid', 'summary': 'Vohilaid ( German : Wohhi ) is a small Estonian island in the Baltic Sea . It is approximately 416 hectares and the highest point is approximately ten feet above sea level . Its coordinates are 58°54′42″N 23°02′24″E / 58.91167°N 23.04000°E / 58.91167 ; 23.04000 Vohilaid lies just east of the island of Hiiumaa and belongs to the administrative municipality of Pühalepa Parish . The 300m distance of sea between Hiiumaa and Vohilaid is consistently only 40 cm deep ( sometimes even completely dry ) , so that the traffic between the islands is possible . Vohilaid was first mentioned in chronicles in 1586 . The island was inhabited until World War II but today is only used as grazing land . There are some ruins of houses on the island . To the north of Vohilaid are other small islands : Hellamaa , Uuemererahu , Ramsi and Kadakalaid . 1.5 km to the southeast of Vohilaid lies the small island of Hõralaid .'}]}, {'value': '3.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Estonian archipelago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago', 'summary': 'West Estonian archipelago ( Estonian : Lääne-Eesti saarestik , also Moonsund archipelago ) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri . The total area is about 4,000 km2 ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu , Vormsi and about 900 other smaller islands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aegna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aegna', 'summary': 'Aegna is an Estonian island in the Bay of Tallinn in the Baltic Sea . Administratively it is part of the city of Tallinn , the capital of Estonia and is a sub district of the Kesklinn ( City center ) district .'}]}, {'value': '2.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf of Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland', 'summary': "The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish : Suomenlahti ; Estonian : Soome laht ; Russian : Фи́нский зали́в , tr . Finskiy zaliv , IPA : [ ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif ] ; Swedish : Finska viken ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea . It extends between Finland ( to the north ) and Estonia ( to the south ) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia , where the river Neva drains into it . Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn . The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia , and some of Russia 's most important oil harbours are located farthest in , near Saint Petersburg ( including Primorsk ) . As the seaway to Saint Petersburg , the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia . Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Largest islands', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_islands_of_Estonia_0', 'intro': 'This is an incomplete list of islands of Estonia. There are 2355 islands in total.'}
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What is the location of the island whose highest point is Kunilamägi ?
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Gulf of Finland
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01db6e708851bc09
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1970s', 'title': 'List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s', 'header': ['Artist', 'Song', 'Date released', 'Date certified platinum', 'Year of millionth sale'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gary Glitter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Glitter', 'summary': "Paul Francis Gadd ( born 8 May 1944 ) , known professionally as Gary Glitter , is an English glam rock singer who achieved success in the 1970s and 1980s , known for his extreme glam image of glitter suits , make-up and platform boots , and his energetic live performances . He sold over 20 million records , had 26 hit singles which spent a total of 180 weeks in the UK Singles Chart ; twelve reaching the Top 10 , with three charting at number-one . He is listed in the Top 100 UK most successful chart acts . He was imprisoned for downloading child pornography in 1999 , and child sexual abuse and attempted rape in 2006 and 2015 . Formerly one of the best-loved entertainers in British music history , in 2015 Glitter was described by Alexis Petridis of The Guardian as a public hate figure . After performing under the name Paul Raven in the 1960s , he changed his stage name to Gary Glitter in the glam rock era of the early 1970s , with a sustained solo UK chart run of hits including Rock and Roll , Parts 1 and 2 , Do You Wan na Touch Me , I Love You Love Me Love , I 'm the Leader of the Gang ( I Am ) , and Hello , Hello , I 'm Back Again . Glitter 's popularity waned in the late 1970s , followed by a successful comeback as a solo artist again from the 1980s . His 1984 song Another Rock and Roll Christmas is one of the most played Christmas hits of all time . In 1998 , his recording of Rock and Roll was listed as one of the top 1,001 songs in music history . Glitter also released seven studio albums , and at least fifteen compilation or live albums . The BBC described Glitter 's fall from grace as dramatic and spectacular . The late 1990s saw his image become irreparably tarnished , following his 1997 arrest and 1999 conviction in the United Kingdom for downloading thousands of items of child pornography ."}]}, {'value': 'I Love You Love Me Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Love_You_Love_Me_Love', 'summary': "I Love You Love Me Love is a song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter . Written by Glitter with Mike Leander and produced by Mike Leander ( unusually in monophonic sound ) , I Love You Love Me Love was Glitter 's second number-one single on the UK Singles Chart , spending four weeks at the top of the chart in November 1973 , and establishing itself as one of the top 10 best-selling singles of 1973 in the UK . It reached No . 2 in both Ireland and Australia ."}]}, {'value': '9 November 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 January 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brotherhood of Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Man', 'summary': "Brotherhood of Man are a British pop group who achieved success in the 1970s . They won the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest with Save Your Kisses for Me . Created in 1969 by songwriter and record producer Tony Hiller , Brotherhood of Man was initially an umbrella title for a frequently-changing line-up of session singers . Early on , they scored a worldwide hit with the song United We Stand . By 1973 the concept had run its course and Hiller formed a definite four-member line-up consisting of Martin Lee , Lee Sheriden , Nicky Stevens and Sandra Stevens . This version of the group went on to score many hits around the world in the mid to late 1970s including Kiss Me Kiss Your Baby , Angelo , Oh Boy ( The Mood I 'm In ) and Figaro . They achieved perhaps their biggest success in their native UK with three number one singles and four top twenty albums . The group under this line-up still continues , performing shows throughout Europe . Altogether , they have released 16 studio albums , with worldwide sales topping 15 million records ."}]}, {'value': 'Save Your Kisses for Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Save_Your_Kisses_for_Me', 'summary': 'Save Your Kisses for Me was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1976 , performed for the United Kingdom by Brotherhood of Man in The Hague , Netherlands . The lyrics and music were written by Tony Hiller , Lee Sheriden , and Martin Lee , the latter two being members of the band . The song became a worldwide hit , reaching No . 1 in many countries , including the UK , where it became the biggest-selling song of the year . Overall , it remains one of the biggest-selling Eurovision winners ever , and the biggest such seller in the UK .'}]}, {'value': '5 March 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 May 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_(band)', 'summary': "Queen are a British rock band formed in London in 1970 . Their classic line-up was Freddie Mercury ( lead vocals , piano ) , Brian May ( guitar , vocals ) , Roger Taylor ( drums , vocals ) and John Deacon ( bass ) . Their earliest works were influenced by progressive rock , hard rock and heavy metal , but the band gradually ventured into more conventional and radio-friendly works by incorporating further styles , such as arena rock and pop rock . Before forming Queen , May and Taylor had played together in the band Smile . Mercury was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques . He joined in 1970 and suggested the name Queen . Deacon was recruited in March 1971 , before the band released their eponymous debut album in 1973 . Queen first charted in the UK with their second album , Queen II , in 1974 . Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 brought them international success . The latter featured Bohemian Rhapsody , which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and helped popularise the music video format . The band 's 1977 album News of the World contained We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions , which have become anthems at sporting events . By the early 1980s , Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohemian Rhapsody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody', 'summary': "Bohemian Rhapsody is a song by the British rock band Queen . It was written by Freddie Mercury for the band 's 1975 album A Night at the Opera . It is a six-minute suite , consisting of several sections without a chorus : an intro , a ballad segment , an operatic passage , a hard rock part and a reflective coda . The song is a more accessible take on the 1970s progressive rock genre . Upon its release as a single , Bohemian Rhapsody became a commercial success , topping the UK Singles Chart for nine weeks and selling more than a million copies by the end of January 1976 . It reached number one again in 1991 for another five weeks when the same version was re-released following Mercury 's death , eventually becoming the UK 's third-best-selling single of all time . It is also the only song to be the UK Christmas number one twice by the same artist . It topped the charts in several other markets as well , including Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , and The Netherlands , later becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time selling over six million copies worldwide . In the United States , the song originally peaked at number nine in 1976 , but returned to the chart in 1992 after being used in the film Wayne 's World and reached a new peak of number two on the Billboard Hot 100 . The release of the film of the same name in 2018 resulted in renewed popularity and chart success worldwide for the song . Although critical reaction was initially mixed , Bohemian Rhapsody became Queen 's most popular song and is considered one of the greatest rock songs of all time . The single was accompanied by a promotional video , which scholars consider ground-breaking ."}]}, {'value': '31 October 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 January 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wings_(band)', 'summary': "Paul McCartney and Wings ( also known by their original name Wings ) were a British-American rock band formed in 1971 by former Beatle Paul McCartney , his wife Linda on keyboards , session drummer Denny Seiwell , and former Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine . Wings were noted for frequent personnel changes along with their commercial successes , going through three lead guitarists and four drummers . However , the core trio of the McCartneys and Laine remained intact throughout the group 's existence . Created following the McCartneys ' 1971 album Ram , the band 's first two albums , Wild Life ( 1971 ) and Red Rose Speedway ( 1973 ) ( the latter featuring guitarist Henry McCullough ) , were viewed as artistic disappointments beside Paul 's work with the Beatles . After the release of the title track of the James Bond movie Live and Let Die , McCullough and Seiwell resigned from the band . The McCartneys and Laine then released 1973 's Band on the Run , a commercial and critical success that spawned two top ten singles in Jet and the title track . Following that album , the band recruited guitarist Jimmy McCulloch and drummer Geoff Britton , only for Britton to quit shortly afterwards and be replaced by Joe English . With the new line-up , Wings released 1975 's Venus and Mars , which included the US number one single Listen to What the Man Said , and undertook a highly successful world tour over 1975-76 . Intended as more of a group effort , Wings at the Speed of Sound ( 1976 ) was issued midway through the tour and featured the hit singles Silly Love Songs and Let 'Em In . In 1977 , the band earned their only UK number one single , with Mull of Kintyre , which became the then-best-selling UK single in history . Wings experienced another line-up shuffle , however , with both McCulloch and English departing before the release of the group 's 1978 album London Town . The McCartneys and Laine again added new members , recruiting guitarist Laurence Juber and drummer Steve Holley ."}]}, {'value': 'Mull of Kintyre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre_(song)', 'summary': "Mull of Kintyre is a song by the British-American rock band Wings written by Paul McCartney and Denny Laine . The song was written in tribute to the Kintyre peninsula in Scotland and its headland , the Mull of Kintyre , where McCartney has owned High Park Farm since 1966 . The song was Wings ' biggest hit in Britain and is one of the best selling singles of all time in the United Kingdom , where it became the 1977 Christmas number one and was the first single to sell over two million copies nationwide ."}]}, {'value': '11 November 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 December 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Soul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Soul', 'summary': 'David Soul ( born David Richard Solberg , August 28 , 1943 ) is an American-British actor and singer . He is known for his role as Detective Kenneth Hutch Hutchinson in the ABC television series Starsky & Hutch from 1975 to 1979 . He became a British citizen in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': "Do n't Give Up on Us", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Give_Up_on_Us_(song)", 'summary': "Do n't Give Up on Us is a song by American-British singer David Soul . Riding high on the success of playing in the hit TV show Starsky and Hutch , Soul returned to one of his early career choices as a singer . His debut , the Tony Macaulay-written-and-produced Do n't Give Up on Us was a worldwide smash , spending four weeks at No . 1 on the UK Singles Chart in January and February 1977 , and a single week at No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1977 . In addition , the song spent one week at No . 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . It has sold 1.16 million copies in the UK . Its B-side , Black Bean Soup , was a duet with actress Lynne Marta , whom Soul was involved with at the time . Do n't Give Up on Us was rated No . 93 in VH1 's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders because , despite having more hits in the UK , Soul was never again able to reach the top forty in the US . Soul recorded a new version of the song in 2004 , allegedly after being embarrassed when hearing it by chance in an elevator as sung by Owen Wilson in the film version of Starsky and Hutch ."}]}, {'value': '3 December 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 February 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boney M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boney_M.', 'summary': "Boney M. is a Euro-Caribbean vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian . Originally based in West Germany , the four original members of the group 's official line-up were Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett from Jamaica , Maizie Williams from Montserrat and Bobby Farrell , a performing artist from Aruba . The group was formed in 1976 and achieved popularity during the disco era of the late 1970s . Since the 1980s , various line-ups of the band have performed with different personnel . The band has sold around 100 million records worldwide and is known for international hits such as Daddy Cool , Ma Baker , Sunny , Rasputin , Mary 's Boy Child - Oh My Lord and Rivers of Babylon ."}]}, {'value': 'Rivers of Babylon / Brown Girl in the Ring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rivers_of_Babylon', 'summary': "Rivers of Babylon is a Rastafari song written and recorded by Brent Dowe and Trevor McNaughton of the Jamaican reggae group The Melodians in 1970 . The lyrics are adapted from the texts of Psalms 19 and 137 in the Hebrew Bible . The Melodians ' original version of the song appeared on the soundtrack album for the 1972 movie The Harder They Come , which made it internationally known . The song was popularized in Europe by the 1978 Boney M. cover version , which was awarded a platinum disc and is one of the top-ten all-time best-selling singles in the UK . The B-side of the single , Brown Girl in the Ring , also became a hit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brown_Girl_in_the_Ring_(song)', 'summary': "Brown Girl in the Ring is a traditional children 's song in the West Indies . It was originally featured in the game of the same name , thought to have originated in Jamaica . The song became internationally known when it was recorded by the group Boney M. in 1978 . Originally it was the B-side of their hit Rivers of Babylon , but soon became a hit in its own right . The song had previously been recorded by the group Malcolm 's Locks , leading to a dispute over royalties . The song had also been recorded in 1972 by the Bahamian musician Exuma ."}]}, {'value': '14 April 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 May 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boney M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boney_M.', 'summary': "Boney M. is a Euro-Caribbean vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian . Originally based in West Germany , the four original members of the group 's official line-up were Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett from Jamaica , Maizie Williams from Montserrat and Bobby Farrell , a performing artist from Aruba . The group was formed in 1976 and achieved popularity during the disco era of the late 1970s . Since the 1980s , various line-ups of the band have performed with different personnel . The band has sold around 100 million records worldwide and is known for international hits such as Daddy Cool , Ma Baker , Sunny , Rasputin , Mary 's Boy Child - Oh My Lord and Rivers of Babylon ."}]}, {'value': "Mary 's Boy Child - Oh My Lord", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mary's_Boy_Child_–_Oh_My_Lord", 'summary': "Mary 's Boy Child / Oh My Lord [ nb 1 ] is a 1978 Christmas single by Boney M. , a cover of Harry Belafonte 's 1956 hit , put in medley with the new song Oh My Lord ( Farian/Jay ) . The single was recorded in a hurry in early November , included in the group 's live set and rushed out at the end of the month , topping the UK Singles Chart for four weeks and became Christmas number one , spending eight weeks in the charts . It was the second single for the group in the UK 's all-time best selling singles list . The song was later included in the group 's Christmas Album , 1981 . In the United States , the track reached number 85 in the Billboard Hot 100 , Boney M 's last of four singles to chart ; despite its chart position , the medley is an airplay favorite in the United States during the Thanksgiving/Christmas holiday season on radio stations which change to temporary all-Christmas music formats . It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and has sold 1.89 million as of November 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '24 November 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 December 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Park_Orchestra', 'summary': 'The Simon Park Orchestra is a group which is most notable for producing the instrumental Eye Level , the theme tune for the television series Van der Valk composed by Jan Stoeckart which spent four weeks at the number one position in the UK Singles Chart in September 1973 . Simon Park was born in March 1946 in Market Harborough , England . He studied at Worcester College , Oxford where he gained a Bachelor of Arts in music .'}]}, {'value': 'Eye Level', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eye_Level', 'summary': 'Eye Level is a 1972 single by the Simon Park Orchestra . It was produced originally for the De Wolfe Music Library and selected by Thames Television to be the theme tune for their Netherlands based detective series , Van der Valk .'}]}, {'value': '3 November 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 January 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Travolta', 'summary': 'John Joseph Travolta ( born February 18 , 1954 ) is an American actor , singer and dancer . Travolta rose to fame during the 1970s , appearing on the television series Welcome Back , Kotter ( 1975-1979 ) and starring in the box office successes Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) and Grease ( 1978 ) . His acting career declined through the 1980s , but enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990s with his role in Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , and he has since starred in films such as Get Shorty ( 1995 ) , Broken Arrow ( 1996 ) , Face/Off ( 1997 ) , Swordfish ( 2001 ) , Be Cool ( 2005 ) , Wild Hogs ( 2007 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) , Bolt ( 2008 ) , and The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) . Travolta was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for performances in Saturday Night Fever and Pulp Fiction . He won his first and only Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy for his performance in Get Shorty and has received a total of six nominations , the most recent being in 2011 . In 2010 , he received the IIFA Award for Outstanding Achievement in International Cinema . In 2016 , Travolta received his first Primetime Emmy Award , as a producer of the first season of the anthology series American Crime Story , subtitled The People v. O. J. Simpson . He also received an additional Emmy nomination and a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of lawyer Robert Shapiro in the series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John', 'summary': "Dame Olivia Newton-John , AC , DBE ( born 26 September 1948 ) is an English-born Australian singer , songwriter , actress , dancer , entrepreneur and activist . She is a four-time Grammy Award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other top-ten Billboard Hot 100 singles , and two number-one Billboard 200 albums . Eleven of her singles ( including two Platinum ) and 14 of her albums ( including two Platinum and four 2x Platinum ) have been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide , making her one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . She starred in the 1978 musical film Grease and its soundtrack is one of the most successful in history , with the single You 're the One That I Want , with co-star John Travolta , one of the best-selling singles of all time . Newton-John has been a long-time activist for environmental and animal rights issues . She has been an advocate for health awareness , becoming involved with various charities , health products and fundraising efforts . Her business interests have included launching several product lines for Koala Blue and co-owning the Gaia Retreat & Spa in Australia . Newton-John has been married twice . She is the mother of one daughter , Chloe Lattanzi , with her first husband , actor Matt Lattanzi . She married John Easterling in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': "You 're the One That I Want", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/You're_the_One_That_I_Want", 'summary': "You 're the One That I Want is a song performed by John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John for the 1978 film version of the musical Grease . It was written and produced by John Farrar . You 're the One That I Want is one of the best-selling singles in history , having sold over 6 million copies in the United States , the United Kingdom , and France alone , with estimates of more than 15 million copies sold overall ."}]}, {'value': '1 May 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 July 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Travolta', 'summary': 'John Joseph Travolta ( born February 18 , 1954 ) is an American actor , singer and dancer . Travolta rose to fame during the 1970s , appearing on the television series Welcome Back , Kotter ( 1975-1979 ) and starring in the box office successes Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) and Grease ( 1978 ) . His acting career declined through the 1980s , but enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990s with his role in Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , and he has since starred in films such as Get Shorty ( 1995 ) , Broken Arrow ( 1996 ) , Face/Off ( 1997 ) , Swordfish ( 2001 ) , Be Cool ( 2005 ) , Wild Hogs ( 2007 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) , Bolt ( 2008 ) , and The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) . Travolta was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for performances in Saturday Night Fever and Pulp Fiction . He won his first and only Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy for his performance in Get Shorty and has received a total of six nominations , the most recent being in 2011 . In 2010 , he received the IIFA Award for Outstanding Achievement in International Cinema . In 2016 , Travolta received his first Primetime Emmy Award , as a producer of the first season of the anthology series American Crime Story , subtitled The People v. O. J. Simpson . He also received an additional Emmy nomination and a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of lawyer Robert Shapiro in the series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John', 'summary': "Dame Olivia Newton-John , AC , DBE ( born 26 September 1948 ) is an English-born Australian singer , songwriter , actress , dancer , entrepreneur and activist . She is a four-time Grammy Award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other top-ten Billboard Hot 100 singles , and two number-one Billboard 200 albums . Eleven of her singles ( including two Platinum ) and 14 of her albums ( including two Platinum and four 2x Platinum ) have been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . She has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide , making her one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . She starred in the 1978 musical film Grease and its soundtrack is one of the most successful in history , with the single You 're the One That I Want , with co-star John Travolta , one of the best-selling singles of all time . Newton-John has been a long-time activist for environmental and animal rights issues . She has been an advocate for health awareness , becoming involved with various charities , health products and fundraising efforts . Her business interests have included launching several product lines for Koala Blue and co-owning the Gaia Retreat & Spa in Australia . Newton-John has been married twice . She is the mother of one daughter , Chloe Lattanzi , with her first husband , actor Matt Lattanzi . She married John Easterling in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer Nights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summer_Nights_(John_Travolta_and_Olivia_Newton-John_song)', 'summary': "Summer Nights is a popular song from the musical Grease . Written by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey , its best-known version was recorded by John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John for the big-screen adaptation of the musical , and released as a single that same year . Summer Nights became a massive hit in both the United States and United Kingdom during the summer of 1978 . Included on the movie 's soundtrack album , the song was one of several hit singles from the movie . Parts of the song were introduced to a new audience when it was re-released in the 1990s as part of a megamix of several songs from the movie version ."}]}, {'value': '1 September 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 October 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Village People', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Village_People', 'summary': "Village People are an American disco group best known for their on-stage costumes , catchy tunes , and suggestive lyrics . The group was originally formed by French producers Jacques Morali , Henri Belolo and lead singer Victor Willis following the release of the debut album Village People , which targeted disco 's largely gay audience . The group 's name refers to New York City 's Greenwich Village , at the time known for its large gay population . The characters were a symbolic group of American masculinity and macho gay-fantasy personas . The group quickly became popular and moved into the mainstream , scoring several disco and dance hits internationally , including the hit singles Macho Man , In the Navy , Go West and their biggest hit , Y.M.C.A ."}]}, {'value': 'Y.M.C.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Y.M.C.A._(song)', 'summary': "Y.M.C.A . is a song by the American disco group Village People . It was released in 1978 as the only single from their third studio album , Cruisin ' ( 1978 ) . The song was written by Jacques Morali ( also the record 's producer ) and singer Victor Willis . Henri Belolo , Morali 's business partner , was originally credited as co-writer but was removed by the U.S. District Court in 2015 . A medley with Hot Cop reached # 2 on Billboard 's Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart , while the song reached # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in early 1979 , kept out of the # 1 spot by both Le Freak by Chic and Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? by Rod Stewart . Outside the US , Y.M.C.A . reached # 1 in the UK around the same time , becoming the group 's biggest hit . It is one of fewer than 40 singles to have sold 10 million ( or more ) physical copies worldwide . The song remains popular and is played at many sporting events in the US and Europe , with crowds joining in on the dance in which arm movements are used to spell out the four letters of the song 's title . Y.M.C.A ."}]}, {'value': '1 November 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 January 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blondie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blondie_(band)', 'summary': "Blondie is an American rock band founded by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein . The band were pioneers in the early American new wave and punk scenes of the mid-late 1970s . Its first two albums contained strong elements of these genres , and although successful in the United Kingdom and Australia , Blondie was regarded as an underground band in the United States until the release of Parallel Lines in 1978 . Over the next three years , the band achieved several hit singles including Heart of Glass , Call Me , Rapture and The Tide Is High and became noted for its eclectic mix of musical styles incorporating elements of disco , pop , reggae , and early rap music . Blondie disbanded after the release of its sixth studio album , The Hunter , in 1982 . Debbie Harry continued to pursue a solo career with varied results after taking a few years off to care for partner Chris Stein , who was diagnosed with pemphigus , a rare autoimmune disease of the skin . The band re-formed in 1997 , achieving renewed success and a number one single in the United Kingdom with Maria in 1999 , exactly 20 years after their first UK No.1 single ( Heart of Glass ) . The group toured and performed throughout the world during the following years , and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 . Blondie has sold around 40 million records worldwide and is still active . The band 's tenth studio album , Ghosts of Download , was released in 2014 and their eleventh studio album , Pollinator , was released on May 5 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Heart of Glass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_of_Glass_(song)', 'summary': "Heart of Glass is a song by the American new wave band Blondie , written by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein . It was featured on the band 's third studio album , Parallel Lines ( 1978 ) , and was released as the album 's third single in January 1979 and reached number one on the charts in several countries , including the United States and the United Kingdom . In December 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked the song number 255 on its list of the 500 greatest songs of all time . It was ranked at number 259 when the list was updated in April 2010 . Slant Magazine placed it at number 42 on their list of the greatest dance songs of all time and Pitchfork named it the 18th best song of the 1970s . In 2018 , Heart of Glass ranked at number 66 in the UK 's official list of biggest selling singles of all-time with sales of 1.32 million copies ."}]}, {'value': '19 January 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 February 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art Garfunkel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Garfunkel', 'summary': "Arthur Ira Garfunkel ( born November 5 , 1941 ) is an American singer , poet , and actor . He is best known for his partnership with Paul Simon in the folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel . Highlights of his solo music career include a top 10 hit , three top 20 hits , six top 40 hits , 14 Adult Contemporary top 30 singles , five Adult Contemporary number ones , two UK number ones and a People 's Choice Award . Through his solo and collaborative work , Garfunkel has earned eight Grammys , including a Lifetime Achievement Award . In 1990 , he and Simon were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2008 , Garfunkel was ranked 86th in Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bright Eyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bright_Eyes_(Art_Garfunkel_song)', 'summary': "Bright Eyes is a song written by Mike Batt and performed by Art Garfunkel . It was written for the soundtrack of the 1978 British animated adventure drama film Watership Down . Rearranged as a pop song from its original form in the film , the track appears on British and European versions of Garfunkel 's 1979 Fate for Breakfast and on the US versions of his 1981 album Scissors Cut . It was the biggest-selling single of 1979 in the UK , remaining at number one for six weeks and selling over a million copies there . Richard Adams , author of the original novel is reported to have hated the song . A cover of the song was later used in the television series of the same name explicitly as its theme song ."}]}, {'value': '9 January 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 May 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pink Floyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pink_Floyd', 'summary': "Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London in 1965 . Gaining a following as a psychedelic rock group , they were distinguished for their extended compositions , sonic experimentation , philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows , and became a leading band of the progressive rock genre . They are one of the most commercially successful and influential bands in popular music history . Pink Floyd were founded by students Syd Barrett ( guitar , lead vocals ) , Nick Mason ( drums ) , Roger Waters ( bass guitar , vocals ) , and Richard Wright ( keyboards , vocals ) . Under Barrett 's leadership , they released two charting singles and a successful debut album , The Piper at the Gates of Dawn ( 1967 ) . Guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in December 1967 ; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health . Waters became the primary lyricist and thematic leader , devising the concepts behind the albums The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) , Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) , Animals ( 1977 ) , The Wall ( 1979 ) , and The Final Cut ( 1983 ) . The band also composed several film scores . Following personal tensions , Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979 , followed by Waters in 1985 . Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd , rejoined later by Wright . The three produced two more albums - A Momentary Lapse of Reason ( 1987 ) and The Division Bell ( 1994 ) - and toured both albums before entering a long period of inactivity . In 2005 , all but Barrett reunited for a one-off performance at the global awareness event Live 8 ."}]}, {'value': 'Another Brick in the Wall ( Part II )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Another_Brick_in_the_Wall', 'summary': "Another Brick in the Wall is a three-part composition on Pink Floyd 's 1979 rock opera The Wall , written by bassist Roger Waters . Part 2 , a protest song against rigid schooling , features a children 's choir . At the suggestion of producer Bob Ezrin , Pink Floyd added elements of disco . Part 2 was released as a single , Pink Floyd 's first in the UK since Point Me at the Sky ( 1968 ) . It became their only number-one single in the UK , the United States , West Germany and many other countries , and sold over four million copies worldwide . It was nominated for a Grammy Award , and was number 384 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The American nu metal band Korn covered all three parts for the 2004 album Greatest Hits , Vol . 1 . The first two parts of Another Brick in the Wall were also covered by the supergroup Class of '99 for the soundtrack of the 1998 film The Faculty ; this cover version is notable for being one of Layne Staley 's final studio appearances prior to his death in April 2002 . In 2019 a remake by Diego Baldenweg with Nora Baldenweg & Lionel Baldenweg was used as the opening theme of the teenage sci-fi series The Unlisted ( Netflix ) ."}]}, {'value': '23 November 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 January 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slade', 'summary': "Slade were an English rock band from Wolverhampton . They rose to prominence during the glam rock era in the early 1970s , achieving 17 consecutive top 20 hits and six number ones on the UK Singles Chart . The British Hit Singles & Albums names them the most successful British group of the 1970s based on sales of singles . They were the first act to have three singles enter the charts at number one ; all six of the band 's chart-toppers were penned by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea . As of 2006 , total UK sales stand at 6,520,171 , and their best-selling single , Merry Xmas Everybody , has sold in excess of one million copies . According to the 1999 BBC documentary It 's Slade , the band have sold over 50 million records worldwide . Following an unsuccessful move to the United States in 1975 , Slade 's popularity waned but was unexpectedly revived in 1980 when they were last-minute replacements for Ozzy Osbourne at the Reading Rock Festival . The band later acknowledged this to have been one of the highlights of their career . The original line-up split in 1992 , but the band re-formed later in the year as Slade II . The band have continued , with a number of line-up changes , to the present day . They have shortened the group name back to Slade . A number of diverse artists have cited Slade as an influence , including alternative rock icons Nirvana and the Smashing Pumpkins , punk pioneers Ramones , Sex Pistols , The Undertones , The Runaways and The Clash , glam metal bands Kiss , Mötley Crüe , Poison , Def Leppard , heavy metal bands Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot and pop-rock stalwarts The Replacements , Cheap Trick and Oasis ."}]}, {'value': 'Merry Xmas Everybody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merry_Xmas_Everybody', 'summary': "Merry Xmas Everybody is a song by the British rock band Slade , released as a non-album single in 1973 . The song was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea , and produced by Chas Chandler . It was the band 's sixth and final number-one single in the UK . Earning the UK Christmas number one slot in December 1973 , the song beat another Christmas-themed song , Wizzard 's I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday , which reached fourth place . It remained in the charts for nine weeks until February 1974 . Released at the peak of the band 's popularity , Merry Xmas Everybody sold over a million copies upon its first release . It is Slade 's last number-one single , and by far their best-selling single . It has been released during every decade since 1973 , and has been covered by numerous artists . The single was certified UK Platinum by BPI in December 1980 . Since 2007 and the advent of downloads counting towards the UK Singles Chart , it has re-entered the charts each December . As of December 2012 , it has sold 1.21 million copies in the UK . In a UK television special on ITV in December 2012 , Merry Xmas Everybody was voted third ( behind Fairytale of New York and I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday ) in The Nation 's Favourite Christmas Song ."}]}, {'value': '7 December 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 December 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The New Seekers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_New_Seekers', 'summary': "The New Seekers are an English pop group , formed in London in 1969 by Keith Potger after the break-up of his group , The Seekers . The idea was that the New Seekers would appeal to the same market as the original Seekers , but their music would have pop as well as folk influences . They achieved worldwide success in the early 1970s with hits including I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing , You Wo n't Find Another Fool Like Me and Beg , Steal or Borrow ."}]}, {'value': "I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing ( In Perfect Harmony )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I'd_Like_to_Teach_the_World_to_Sing_(In_Perfect_Harmony)", 'summary': "I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing ( In Perfect Harmony ) is a pop song that originated as the jingle Buy the World a Coke in the groundbreaking 1971 Hilltop television commercial for Coca-Cola and sung by The Hillside Singers . Buy the World a Coke was produced by Billy Davis and portrayed a positive message of hope and love , featuring a multicultural collection of teenagers on top of a hill appearing to sing the song . The popularity of the jingle led to it being re-recorded in two versions ; one by The New Seekers and another by The Hillside Singers , as a full-length song , dropping references to Coca-Cola . The song became a hit record in the US and the UK ."}]}, {'value': '11 December 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABBA', 'summary': "ABBA is a Swedish pop supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha Fältskog , Björn Ulvaeus , Benny Andersson , and Anni-Frid Lyngstad . The group 's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names . They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music , topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982 . ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 , giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest . They are the most successful group to have taken part in the competition . During the band 's main active years , it was composed of two married couples : Fältskog and Ulvaeus , and Lyngstad and Andersson . With the increase of their popularity , their personal lives suffered which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages . The relationship changes were reflected in the group 's music , with latter compositions featuring darker and more introspective lyrics . After ABBA disbanded , Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage , while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers . Ten years after their disbanding , a compilation , ABBA Gold was released , which became a worldwide bestseller . In 1999 , ABBA 's music was adapted into the successful musical Mamma Mia ! that toured worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Dancing Queen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dancing_Queen', 'summary': "Dancing Queen is a Europop song by the Swedish group ABBA , and the lead single from their fourth studio album , Arrival . It was written by Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson . Andersson and Ulvaeus also produced the song . Dancing Queen was released as a single in Sweden on 15 August 1976 , followed by a UK release and the rest of Europe a few days later . It was a worldwide hit . It became ABBA 's only number one hit in the United States , and topped the charts in Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , Belgium , Ireland , Mexico , New Zealand , Norway , South Africa , Spain , Sweden , the United Kingdom , Germany and Zimbabwe . Dancing Queen also reached the top five in many other countries . Musically , Dancing Queen is a Europop version of American disco music . As disco music dominated the US charts , the group decided to follow the trend , replicating Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound arrangements . The song alternates between languid yet seductive verses and a dramatic chorus that ascends to heart-tugging high notes . It features keyboard lines by Andersson , which accentuate the melody 's sophistication and classical complexity , while Ulvaeus and Andersson interlace many instrumental hooks in and out of the mix . Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog 's layered vocals have been noted for their dynamism , [ negotiating ] the melody 's many turns flawlessly ."}]}, {'value': '6 August 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julie Covington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Covington', 'summary': "Julie Covington ( born 11 September 1946 , London ) is an English singer and actress , best known for recording the original version of Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ."}]}, {'value': "Do n't Cry for Me Argentina", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Cry_for_Me_Argentina", 'summary': "Do n't Cry for Me Argentina is a song recorded by Julie Covington for the 1976 concept album Evita , and was later included in the 1978 musical of the same name . The song was written and composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice while they were researching the life of Argentinian leader Eva Perón . It appears at the opening and near the end of the show , initially as the spirit of the dead Eva exhorting the people of Argentina not to mourn her , and finally during Eva 's speech from the balcony of the Casa Rosada . Covington was signed by the songwriters for the track , based on her previous work in musicals . The Evita album had taken 3-4 months to record , since Rice was not satisfied with the intensity of the initial recordings . The song had a number of different titles before Do n't Cry for Me Argentina was chosen as the final one . The song shares its melody with Oh What a Circus from the same show and lyrically consists of platitudes where Eva tries to win the favour of the people of Argentina . It was released in the United Kingdom on 12 November 1976 as the first single from the album , accompanied by national and trade advertising , full-colour posters , display sleeves as well as radio interviews . The song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and earned a gold certification from the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , with over a million copies sold . It also reached the top of the charts in Australia , Belgium , Ireland , New Zealand and the Netherlands . Do n't Cry for Me Argentina was critically appreciated , with Rice and Lloyd Webber winning the 1977 Ivor Novello award in the category of Best Song Musically and Lyrically . When Evita moved to a London theatre , Covington - who had become disenchanted with the whole project - refused to reprise the part of Eva , and the role went to Elaine Paige ."}]}, {'value': '12 November 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ian Dury and The Blockheads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Dury_and_The_Blockheads', 'summary': "The Blockheads are an English rock band formed in London in 1977 . Originally fronted by lead singer Ian Dury as Ian Dury and the Blockheads , the band has continued to perform since Dury 's death in 2000 . Current members include Derek The Draw Hussey ( vocals ) , Chaz Jankel ( guitar and keyboards ) , Norman Watt-Roy ( bass ) , Mick Gallagher ( keyboards and piano ) , John Turnbull ( vocals and guitar ) If Watt-Roy is unavailable , due to a conflict with Wilko Johnson dates ( for whom he also plays bass ) his duties are often covered by Nathan King . There is a rolling line-up of saxophonists that includes Gilad Atzmon , Terry Edwards or Dave Lewis and from time to time , the original sax player , Davey Payne . The band are best known for their hit singles , recorded with Dury , What a Waste , Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick , Reasons to be Cheerful , Part 3 , and Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll ."}]}, {'value': 'Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hit_Me_with_Your_Rhythm_Stick', 'summary': "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick is a song by Ian Dury and the Blockheads , first released as a single on Stiff Records in the UK on 23 November 1978 . Written by Dury and the Blockheads ' multi-instrumentalist Chaz Jankel , it is the group 's most successful single , reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart in January 1979 as well as reaching the top three in Ireland , Australia and New Zealand , and it was also a top 20 hit in several European countries . Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick was named the 12th best single of 1978 by the writers of British music magazine NME , and best single of 1979 in the annual 'Pazz & Jop ' poll organised by music critic Robert Christgau in The Village Voice . It was also named the 3rd best post-punk 7 ever made by Fact magazine . By September 2017 , it had sold over 1.29 million copies in the UK , making it the 114th biggest selling single of all time in the UK ."}]}, {'value': '1 November 1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-10', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Million-selling and platinum records', 'section_text': "In April 1973 , the British Phonographic Industry began classifying singles and albums by the number of units sold . The highest threshold is `` platinum record '' and was then awarded to singles that sold over 1,000,000 units . [ 5 ] [ nb 1 ] Thirteen records were classified platinum in the 1970s and two number-one songs from the 1970s were classified as platinum in the subsequent decade . [ 25 ] Slade 's `` Merry Xmas Everybody '' subsequently sold over one-million copies but in 1985 , after sales from its re-release were included . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Two other songs originally released in the 1970s became platinum and become million selling records but both were number-ones in a subsequent decade after being re-released : `` Imagine '' by John Lennon charted at number six in 1975 but reached number one in 1981 following Lennon 's death at the end of the previous year and Tony Christie 's `` ( Is This The Way To ) Amarillo '' reached number eighteen in 1971 but later took top spot after being re-released as a charity single in 2005 . Five number-ones – ABBA 's `` Dancing Queen '' , Ian Dury and The Blockheads ' `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' , The New Seekers ' `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing ( In Perfect Harmony ) '' , Julie Covington 's `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' and Pink Floyd 's `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part II ) '' – passed the million-sales mark following the introduction of music downloads in 2004 . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_1970s_0', 'intro': "The UK Singles Chart is the official record chart in the United Kingdom. In the 1970s, it was compiled weekly by the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) on behalf of the British record industry with a one-week break each Christmas. Prior to 1969 many music papers compiled their own sales charts but, on 15 February 1969, the BMRB was commissioned in a joint venture by the BBC and Record Retailer to compile the chart. BMRB compiled the first chart from postal returns of sales logs from 250 record shops. The sampling cost approximately £52,000 and shops were randomly chosen and submitted figures for sales taken up to the close of trade on Saturday. The data was compiled on Monday and given to the BBC on Tuesday to be announced on Johnnie Walker's afternoon show and later published in Record Retailer (rebranded Music Week in 1972). However, the BMRB often struggled to have the full sample of sales figures returned by post. The 1971 postal strike meant that data had to be collected by telephone but this was deemed inadequate for a national chart, and by 1973 the BMRB was using motorcycle couriers to collect sales figures. In terms of number-one singles, ABBA were the most successful group of the decade having seven singles reach the top spot. The longest duration of a single at number-one was nine weeks and this was achieved on three occasions: Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen in 1975; Mull of Kintyre / Girls' School by Wings in 1977 and You're the One That I Want by John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John in 1978. Thirteen records were released that sold over one-million copies within the decade and Mull of Kintyre also became the first ever single to sell over two-million copies. In doing so it became the best-ever selling single beating the benchmark set by The Beatles' song She Loves You in 1963."}
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What hall of fame added in 2006 the musicians with the single Heart of Glass ?
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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01db92241f5abac6
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Canada', 'title': 'List of tallest buildings in Canada', 'header': ['Years', 'Building', 'City', 'Height ( CTBUH )', 'Floors'], 'data': [{'value': '1975-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Canadian Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Canadian_Place', 'summary': "First Canadian Place ( originally First Bank Building ) is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Toronto , Ontario , at the northwest corner of King and Bay streets , and serves as the global operational headquarters of the Bank of Montreal . At 298 m ( 978 ft ) , it is Canada 's tallest skyscraper and the 15th tallest building in North America to structural top ( spires ) and 9th highest to the roof top , and the 105th tallest in the world . It is the third tallest free-standing structure in Canada , after the CN Tower ( also in Toronto ) and the Inco Superstack chimney in Sudbury , Ontario . The building is owned by Brookfield Office Properties , putting it in co-ownership with the neighbouring Exchange Tower and Bay Adelaide Centre as well as various other office spaces across Downtown Toronto ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '298.1 m ( 978 ft ) ( 355 m ( 1,165 ft ) tip )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972-1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commerce Court West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commerce_Court', 'summary': 'Commerce Court is an office building on King and Bay Streets in the financial district of Toronto , Ontario , Canada , The primary tenant is the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce ( CIBC ) which has its headquarters in the building . The buildings are a mix of Art Deco , International , and early Modernism architectural styles .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '239 m ( 784 ft ) ( 287 m ( 942 ft ) tip )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967-1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto-Dominion Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Centre', 'summary': "The Toronto-Dominion Centre , or TD Centre , is an office complex in the Financial District of downtown Toronto owned by Cadillac Fairview . It serves as the global headquarters for its anchor tenant , the Toronto-Dominion Bank , and provides office and retail space for many other businesses . The complex consists of six towers and a pavilion covered in bronze-tinted glass and black painted steel . Approximately 21,000 people work in the complex , making it the largest commercial office complex in Canada . The project was the inspiration of Allen Lambert , former President and Chairman of the Board of the Toronto-Dominion Bank . Sister-in-law Phyllis Lambert recommended Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as design consultant to the architects , John B. Parkin and Associates and Bregman + Hamann , and the Fairview Corporation as the developer . The towers were completed between 1967 and 1991 . An additional building was built outside the campus and purchased in 1998 . As Mies was given virtually a free hand to create Toronto-Dominion Centre , the complex , as a whole and in its details , is a classic example of his unique take on the International style and represents the end evolution of Mies 's North American period ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '222.8 m ( 731 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964-1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour de la Bourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_la_Bourse', 'summary': 'The Tour de la Bourse ( English : Stock Exchange Tower ) is a 48-storey skyscraper in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is located at the intersection of Victoria Square and Saint Jacques Street in the International Quarter . It is connected by the underground city to the Square-Victoria-OACI Metro Station . When completed in 1964 , the tower was the tallest building in Canada , a title it held until surpassed by the Toronto-Dominion Centre in 1967 . It is currently the third tallest in Montreal and the twenty-fifth tallest building in the country . The Tour de la Bourse was designed by Luigi Moretti and Pier Luigi Nervi and is considered to be of the International Style .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '190 m ( 623 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962-1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Place Ville-Marie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Place_Ville-Marie', 'summary': "Place Ville Marie ( PVM for short ) is a large office and shopping complex in downtown Montreal , Quebec , Canada , comprising four office buildings and an underground shopping plaza . The main building , 1 Place Ville Marie ( formerly Royal Bank Tower from its anchor tenant ) , built in the International style in 1962 as headquarters for the Royal Bank of Canada , which it still is presently . It is a 188 m ( 617 ft ) , 47-storey , cruciform office tower . The complex is a nexus for Montreal 's Underground City , the world 's busiest , with indoor access to over 1,600 businesses , numerous subway stations , a suburban transportation terminal , and tunnels extending throughout downtown . A counter-clockwise rotating beacon on the rooftop lights up at night , illuminating the surrounding sky with up to four white horizontal beams that can be seen as far as 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) away ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '188 m ( 617 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour CIBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_CIBC', 'summary': "CIBC Tower ( French : La Tour CIBC ) is a 187 m ( 614 ft ) forty-five-storey skyscraper in Montreal , Quebec . With the communications antenna on the roof , the total height is 225 m ( 738 ft ) . The International Style office tower was built by Peter Dickinson , with associate architects Ross , Fish , Duschenes and Barrett , and was the city 's tallest building from 1962 to 1963 . The building holds offices for the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , the corporate law firm Stikeman Elliott , as well as numerous other businesses . The building is located at 1155 René Lévesque Boulevard West next to Dorchester Square facing the imposing but dwarfed Sun Life Building . Part of the fire-damaged Windsor Hotel was demolished to make room for construction , with the remaining portion being converted to offices in the 1980s ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '184 m ( 604 ft ) ( 225.6 m ( 740 ft ) tip )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931-1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commerce Court North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commerce_Court', 'summary': 'Commerce Court is an office building on King and Bay Streets in the financial district of Toronto , Ontario , Canada , The primary tenant is the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce ( CIBC ) which has its headquarters in the building . The buildings are a mix of Art Deco , International , and early Modernism architectural styles .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '145 m ( 476 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929-1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairmont Royal York Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York_Hotel', 'summary': "The Fairmont Royal York , formerly and commonly known as the Royal York , is a large historic luxury hotel in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Located along Front Street West , the hotel is situated at the southern end of the Financial District , in Downtown Toronto . The Royal York was designed by Ross and Macdonald , in association with Sproatt and Rolph , and built by the Canadian Pacific Railway company . The hotel is presently managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts . Opened on 11 June 1929 , the Châteauesque-styled building is 124-metre-tall ( 407 ft ) , and contains 28 floors . It is considered one of Canada 's grand railway hotels . After its completion , the building was briefly the tallest building in Toronto , as well as the tallest building in the country , and the British Empire , until the nearby Canadian Bank of Commerce Tower was built the following year . The building has undergone several extensive renovations since it first opened , with its first major renovation in 1972 . An underground walkway linking the hotel with the Royal Bank Plaza and Union Station form part of the Toronto 's PATH underground city system ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '124 m ( 407 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1928-1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour de la Banque Royale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_la_Banque_Royale', 'summary': "The Royal Bank Tower is a skyscraper at 360 Saint-Jacques Street in Montreal , Quebec . The 22-storey 121 m ( 397 ft ) neo-classical tower was designed by the firm of York and Sawyer with the bank 's Chief Architect Sumner Godfrey Davenport of Montreal . Upon completion in 1928 , it was the tallest building in the entire British Empire , the tallest structure in all of Canada and the first building in the city that was taller than Montréal 's Notre-Dame Basilica built nearly a century before . The bank 's first official head office was at Hollis and George in Halifax in 1879 . In 1907 the Royal Bank of Canada moved its head office from Halifax to Montreal As the building at Saint-Jacques Street turned out to be too small , in 1926 the board of directors of the biggest bank in Canada hired New York architects York and Sawyer to build a prestigious new building a short distance westward on Saint-Jacques Street . Between 1920 and 1926 the bank had bought up all the property between Saint-Jacques , Saint-Pierre , Notre-Dame and Dollard Streets to demolish all the buildings there including the old Mechanics ' Institute and the ten-storey Bank of Ottawa building in order to make space for the new 22-storey building . In 1962 , the Royal Bank moved its main office to another famous Montreal building , Place Ville-Marie , however kept a branch in the impressive main hall of the old building , situated in Old Montreal . That branch relocated to the nearby Tour de la Bourse in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '121 m ( 397 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899-1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto City Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Toronto)', 'summary': "The Old City Hall is a Romanesque-style civic building and court house in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It was the home of the Toronto City Council from 1899 to 1966 and remains one of the city 's most prominent structures . The building is located at the corner of Queen and Bay Streets , across Bay Street from Nathan Phillips Square and the present City Hall in Downtown Toronto . The heritage landmark has a distinctive clock tower which heads the length of Bay Street from Front Street to Queen Street as a terminating vista . Old City Hall was designated a National Historic Site in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '103.64 m ( 340 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1874-1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St James Cathedral ( Spire Completion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St._James_(Toronto)', 'summary': "The Cathedral Church of St. James in Downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada , is the home of the oldest congregation in the city , with the parish being established in 1797 . The cathedral , with construction beginning in 1850 and opening for services on June 19 , 1853 , was one of the largest buildings in the city at the time . It was designed by Frederick William Cumberland and is a prime example of Gothic Revival architecture . The church building is designated under the Ontario Heritage Act , and it is the episcopal seat of the Anglican Church of Canada 's Diocese of Toronto . Royal St. George 's College , on Howland Avenue in Toronto , is the church 's choir school and is open to boys in grades 3 through 12 ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '92.9 m ( 305 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1829-1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notre Dame Basilica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notre-Dame_Basilica_(Montreal)', 'summary': "Notre-Dame Basilica ( French : Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal ) is a basilica in the historic district of Old Montreal , in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The church is located at 110 Notre-Dame Street West , at the corner of Saint Sulpice Street . It is located next to the Saint-Sulpice Seminary and faces the Place d'Armes square . The interior of the church is amongst the most dramatic in the world and regarded as a masterpiece of Gothic Revival architecture . The vaults are coloured deep blue and decorated with golden stars , and the rest of the sanctuary is decorated in blues , azures , reds , purples , silver , and gold . It is filled with hundreds of intricate wooden carvings and several religious statues . Unusual for a church , the stained glass windows along the walls of the sanctuary do not depict biblical scenes , but rather scenes from the religious history of Montreal . It also has a Casavant Frères pipe organ , dated 1891 , which comprises four keyboards , 92 stops using electropneumatic action and an adjustable combination system , 7000 individual pipes and a pedal board . Approximately 11 million people visit Notre-Dame Basilica every year , making it one of the most visited monuments in North America ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '69 m ( 226 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1743-1829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral-Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_Québec', 'summary': "The Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec ( Our Lady of Quebec City ) , located at 16 , rue de Buade , Quebec City , Quebec , is the primatial church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec . It is the oldest church in Canada and was the first church in Canada to be elevated to the rank of minor basilica , by Pope Pius IX in 1874 . Four governors of New France and the bishops of Quebec are buried in the crypt , including François de Laval , Quebec 's first bishop . The church is a National Historic Site of Canada , and located within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic District of Old Québec ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec_City', 'summary': "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ."}]}, {'value': '50 m ( 160 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Timeline of the tallest buildings in Canada', 'section_text': 'In the 20th century , only three cities have been the site of each sequential tallest building in Canada – Montreal , Toronto , and Vancouver .', 'uid': 'List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Canada_2', 'intro': "This is a list of the tallest buildings in Canada. As of December 2017 there are a total of 133 completed and under construction buildings in Canada with an official height of 150 m (492 ft) or more. Greater Toronto has 86 (Toronto 83 (including the eight tallest buildings in Canada) Mississauga 3), Calgary has 19, Metro Vancouver has 14 (Burnaby 7, Vancouver 6, Surrey 1), Montreal has 11, Edmonton has 2, and Niagara Falls has 1. Five of Canada's ten largest cities enforce height restriction laws. In Ottawa, skyscrapers could not be built above the height of the Peace Tower until the late 1970s, when the restriction was changed so that no building could overwhelm the skyline. In Montreal, skyscrapers cannot be built above the elevation of Mount Royal. The City of Vancouver has enacted view corridors which limit the height of buildings in most areas of downtown. The City of Edmonton had an elevation restriction, approximately 150 m (492 ft) above downtown, due to the proximity of the city centre airport, until it closed in November 2013. This list does not include towers, including the CN Tower in Toronto, as they are not technically considered to be a building."}
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Who owns the building in Canada with 72 floors ?
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Brookfield Office Properties
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01db97dc15203d00
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'title': 'Hungary at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boglárka Kapás', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boglárka_Kapás', 'summary': 'Boglárka Kapás ( pronounced [ ˈboɡlaːrkɒ ˈkɒpaːʃ ] ; born 22 April 1993 ) She is a Hungarian competitive swimmer . She is the world champion ( 2019 Gwangju ) in 200 m butterfly and a bronze Medalist at the Olympic Games ( 2016 Rio de Janeiro ) in 800 m freestyle .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Women 's 200m butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_200_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The girl 's 200 metre butterfly event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 16 , at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '16 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eszter Dudás', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eszter_Dudás', 'summary': 'Eszter Dudás ( born 6 March 1992 in Budapest ) is a Hungarian professional triathlete , European Junior Vice Champion of the year 2011 , and , along with Eszter Pap and Zsófia Tóth , a member of the Heraklesz High Performance Team . Eszter Dudás is number 6 in the Hungarian elite Ranglista , although she still belongs to the Junior category . Since 2010 , Dudás has taken part in elite ITU events as well , e.g . at the African Cup triathlon in Larache she placed 8th , and at the European Cup triathlons in Antalya and Cremona she placed 26th and 19th respectively . In 2009 , Eszter Dudás had her international breakthrough in the Junior category . She won the gold medals at the European Duathlon and the European Triathlon Team Championships , and in 2010 she won the Relay category with the European team at the Youth Olympic Games in Singapore . In 2011 Dudás won the silver medal at the European Championships ( Junior ) and her team with Eszter Pap , David Pap and Gabor Hanko placed fourth . In Hungary , Dudás represents Uniqa Újbuda Torna Club . Her coach is Csaba Kuttor . Dudás attends the Veres Péter Gimnázium in Budapest .'}]}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Triathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place at East Coast Park . There were competitions on August 15 , 16 and 19 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed Relay ( in mixed-NOC team with Europe 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Mixed_relay', 'summary': "4x Mixed Relay Triathlon was part of the triathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics programme . The event consisted of a relay with each athlete performing 250 metres ( 0.16 mi ) of swimming , 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) of cycling , and 1.7 kilometres ( 1.1 mi ) of running . It was held on 19 August 2010 at East Coast Park . The teams were made based on the results of the boys ' and girls ' triathlon event held of August 15-16 , 2010 . Each team had two boys and two girls and were split by continent . A total of 15 teams raced in the event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mixed-NOCs_participation_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Teams made up of athletes representing different National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) , called mixed-NOCs teams , participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics . These teams participated in either events composed entirely of mixed-NOCs teams , or in events which saw the participation of mixed-NOCs teams and non-mixed-NOCs teams . When a mixed-NOCs team won a medal , the Olympic flag was raised rather than a national flag ; if a mixed-NOCs team won gold , the Olympic anthem would be played instead of national anthems .'}]}, {'value': '19 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Péter Bernek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Péter_Bernek', 'summary': 'Péter Bernek ( born 13 April 1992 ) is a Hungarian swimmer . He competed for Hungary at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Bernek is represented by STRONGAA Management Hungary .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Men 's 200m backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_200_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The men 's 200 metre backstroke heats and semifinals at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 20 at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '20 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bence Biczó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bence_Biczó', 'summary': 'Bence Biczó ( born 19 January 1993 ) is a Hungarian swimmer and Youth Olympic Games gold medalist . Biczó began swimming in 1999 and soon stood out with his talent . For 2005 he held almost all county records in his age group . To ensure his further development , in 2007 he moved with his family to Pécs , where he currently trains at the Pécsi Városi Sportiskola . Biczó achieved his first success on the 2010 European Youth Swimming Championship , where he triumphed in the 200 m butterfly with a new youth record time of 1:55.82 , which was the sixth best overall result in that year . Few months later , he has won the same event on the first Youth Olympic Games in Singapore , closing his record time to seventh hundredths ( 1:55.89 ) . In November he participated on the 2010 European Short Course Swimming Championships , winning a bronze medal in his favourite stroke . In 2011 Biczó further improved his personal best , as he swum 1:54.79 on the Hungarian championship and won the race ahead of László Cseh , the defending champion and Olympic silver medalist of the discipline in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Men 's 200m butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_200_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The men 's 200 metre butterfly heats and final at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 20 at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '20 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boglárka Kapás', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boglárka_Kapás', 'summary': 'Boglárka Kapás ( pronounced [ ˈboɡlaːrkɒ ˈkɒpaːʃ ] ; born 22 April 1993 ) She is a Hungarian competitive swimmer . She is the world champion ( 2019 Gwangju ) in 200 m butterfly and a bronze Medalist at the Olympic Games ( 2016 Rio de Janeiro ) in 800 m freestyle .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Women 's 400m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_400_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The girls ' 400 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 20 at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '20 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramóna Farkasdi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place from August 21 to August 25 at the Marina Reservoir . There were sprints on a 420m course and a slalom on flat water and not an artificial Canoe Slalom course .'}]}, {'value': 'K1 Head to head Canoe Sprint Women', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_K1_sprint", 'summary': "These are the results of the Girls ' K1 Sprint at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics . It took place at the Marina Reservoir . Time Trial Round was on August 21 , 2010 . First elimination round , repechage and third round took place on August 21 , and quarterfinals , semifinals and medals rounds were on August 22 ."}]}, {'value': '22 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sándor Tótka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sándor_Tótka', 'summary': "Sándor Tótka ( born 27 July 1994 ) is a Hungarian canoeist . He competed in the men 's K-2 200 metres event at the 2016 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place from August 21 to August 25 at the Marina Reservoir . There were sprints on a 420m course and a slalom on flat water and not an artificial Canoe Slalom course .'}]}, {'value': 'K1 Head to head Canoe Sprint Men', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_K1_sprint", 'summary': "These are the results of the Boys ' K1 Sprint at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics . It took place at the Marina Reservoir . Time Trial Round was on August 21 , 2010 . First elimination round , repechage and third round took place on August 21 , and quarterfinals , semifinals and medals rounds were on August 22 ."}]}, {'value': '22 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boglárka Kapás', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boglárka_Kapás', 'summary': 'Boglárka Kapás ( pronounced [ ˈboɡlaːrkɒ ˈkɒpaːʃ ] ; born 22 April 1993 ) She is a Hungarian competitive swimmer . She is the world champion ( 2019 Gwangju ) in 200 m butterfly and a bronze Medalist at the Olympic Games ( 2016 Rio de Janeiro ) in 800 m freestyle .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Women 's 200m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_200_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The girls ' 200 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 18 and the final on August 19 , at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '18 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zsófia Földházi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zsófia_Földházi', 'summary': 'Zsófia Földházi ( Hungarian : [ ˈʒoːfiɒ ˈfølthaːzi ] ; born 9 June 1993 ) is a Hungarian modern pentathlete . She has qualified for 2016 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Modern pentathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Modern pentathlon at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place August 21-23 . It consisted of four of the five modern pentathlon disciplines : fencing , swimming , running and shooting . There was no riding .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_individual", 'summary': "The girl 's Modern pentathlon competitions at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore were held on August 21 , at the Singapore Sports School . Only the fencing , swimming , shooting and running portions were done at the Youth Olympics . The results of each of the four segments of the modern pentathlon were converted into points scores based on a par value of 1000 points per event . Competitors doing better than par would receive more points . At the end of the first two segments , the points would be calculated and the pentathletes would be handicapped for the final segment based on their scores such that a simultaneous finish in that segment would result in identical overall scores . The first segment was one touch épée , the second was 200 metre freestyle swimming and the final segment was combined running and shooting where athletes ran a total of 3000 metres and shot using the laser pistol ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbara Batizi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place between 21-25 August in Singapore . There were a total of eight weight categories for both Boys and Girls .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' 44kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_44_kg", 'summary': "The Girls ' 44 kg tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 21 at the International Convention Centre . This event was the lightest of the girl 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 44 kilograms of body mass . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost before the finals competed in the repechage with the two finalists getting bronze medals ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krisztina Váradi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Discus throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_discus_throw", 'summary': "The girls ' discus throw event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 17-21 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dóra Lupkovics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Fencing competitions at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore consisted of three Cadet Male individual events , three Cadet Female individual events and one team event including both genders and all 3 weapons : épée , foil and saber . 78 fencers from 36 nations were competing . The venue was located at the International Convention Centre ( ICC ) . Fencing was one of the five sports that was continually featured at the Olympics since Athens in 1896 ; the others being athletics , swimming , cycling and gymnastics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cadet Female Foil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Cadet_Female_Foil', 'summary': 'These are the results of the cadet female foil competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics . The competition was held on August 15 .'}]}, {'value': '15 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balázs Zámbó', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Men 's 200m backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_200_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The men 's 200 metre backstroke heats and semifinals at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 20 at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '20 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tímea Babos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tímea_Babos', 'summary': "Tímea Babos ( Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈtiːmɛɒ ˈbɒboʃ ] ; born 10 May 1993 ) is a Hungarian professional tennis player . Babos , who was born in Sopron , has won three singles and 23 doubles titles on the WTA Tour , one singles and one doubles WTA 125K series title , as well as 12 singles and nine doubles titles on the ITF Women 's Circuit . In September 2016 , she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No . 25 , and in July 2018 , she reached No . 1 in the doubles rankings , becoming the first Hungarian player to reach the top of the WTA rankings in either singles or doubles . An accomplished junior player , Babos 's greatest success has come in doubles , winning the 2018 Australian Open , the 2019 French Open and the 2020 Australian Open , and having reached the women 's doubles final of the 2014 Wimbledon Championships and 2018 US Open with Kristina Mladenovic of France and the 2016 Wimbledon Championships with Yaroslava Shvedova of Kazakhstan , and the mixed doubles final of the 2015 Wimbledon Championships with Alexander Peya of Austria and the 2018 Australian Open with Rohan Bopanna of India . Her nickname on tour is 'Babosdook ' , given to her by doubles partner Kristina Mladenovic as she is a big fan of horror films . The nickname is a reference to the film The Babadook ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "Tennis at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 18 until August 25 . For the Singles competitions , all matches were determined through a best-of-three tie-break sets . For the Doubles competitions , all matches were determined by two tie-break sets and a match tie-break game ( 10 points ) in place of a third set . There were competitions for boys ' singles , boys ' doubles , girls ' singles and girls ' doubles . It took place at the Kallang Tennis Centre . The acceptance lists for the event were released by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) on 29 June . 39 countries are represented in the event that involves both 32 players for the singles and 16 pairs for the doubles . Each National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) could submit a maximum of 2 boys and 2 girls to compete in both the singles and doubles events . 12 places in the singles events were given out based on a player 's junior world ranking . 16 places were given out basen on ranking by region , with the remaining four positions allocated by the IOC or given to the next highest ranked player ."}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Doubles ( in mixed-NOC team with BEL )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_doubles", 'summary': "These are the results for the girls ' doubles event at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mixed-NOCs_participation_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Teams made up of athletes representing different National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) , called mixed-NOCs teams , participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics . These teams participated in either events composed entirely of mixed-NOCs teams , or in events which saw the participation of mixed-NOCs teams and non-mixed-NOCs teams . When a mixed-NOCs team won a medal , the Olympic flag was raised rather than a national flag ; if a mixed-NOCs team won gold , the Olympic anthem would be played instead of national anthems .'}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krisztián Tóth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krisztián_Tóth', 'summary': "Krisztián Tóth ( born 1 May 1994 ) is a Hungarian judoka . He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , in the men 's 90 kg ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place between 21-25 August in Singapore . There were a total of eight weight categories for both Boys and Girls .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' 81 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_81_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 81 kg tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 22 at the International Convention Centre . This event was the second heaviest of the boy 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 81 kilograms of body mass . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost before the finals competed in the repechage with the two finalists getting bronze medals ."}]}, {'value': '22 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balázs Töreky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Boys ' hammer throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_hammer_throw", 'summary': "The boys ' hammer throw competition at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 19-23 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '23 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zoltán Harcsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoltán_Harcsa', 'summary': 'Zoltán Ádám Harcsa ( born 20 November 1992 ) is a Hungarian middleweight boxer who won bronze medals at the 2013 European Championships and 2015 European Games . He competed at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics , but was eliminated in the second-third bout on both occasions . His brother Norbert is also an international boxer .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Boxing competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 21 August to 25 August 2010 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Middle 75kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_75_kg", 'summary': "These are the results of the Men 's Middle 75 kg competition in boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . Preliminaries were held on August 21 , semifinals on August 22 , 5th place bout on August 23 , the bronze medal bout on August 24 and the Final bout on August 25 . Unlike world championships and the Olympic Games , only one bronze medal is awarded ."}]}, {'value': '24 Aug', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Hungary_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Hungary competed at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, the inaugural Youth Olympic Games, held in Singapore from 14 August to 26 August 2010.'}
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In what year did the athlete who won gold in the Youth Men 's 200m butterfly first begin swimming ?
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1999
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01dd8db17efa9228
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynden_Walch', 'title': 'Hynden Walch', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1993-94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Untouchables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Untouchables_(1993_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Untouchables is an American crime drama series that aired for two seasons in syndication , from January 1993 to May 1994 . The series portrayed work of the real life Untouchables federal investigative squad in Prohibition-era Chicago and its efforts against Al Capone 's attempts to profit from the market in bootleg liquor . The series features Tom Amandes as Eliot Ness and William Forsythe as Al Capone , and was based on the 1959 series and 1987 film of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'Mae Capone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order', 'summary': "Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf , launching the Law & Order franchise . Airing its entire run on NBC , Law & Order premiered on September 13 , 1990 and completed its twentieth and final season on May 24 , 2010 . Set and filmed in New York City , the series follows a two-part approach : the first half-hour is the investigation of a crime ( usually murder ) and apprehension of a suspect by New York City Police Department detectives ; the second half is the prosecution of the defendant by the Manhattan District Attorney 's Office . Plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines , although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different . The show has had a revolving cast over the years . Among the longest-running main cast members were Steven Hill as District Attorney Adam Schiff ( seasons 1-10 ) , Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe ( seasons 3-14 ) , S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren ( seasons 4-20 ) , Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy ( seasons 5-20 ; later District Attorney ) and Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green ( seasons 10-18 ) . Law & Order 's twenty seasons are second only to its spin-off Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) for the longest-running live-action scripted American primetime series . The success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows , making Law & Order a franchise , with also a television film , several video games , and international adaptations of the series . It has won and has been nominated for numerous awards over the years , including a number of Emmy Awards . On May 14 , 2010 , NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order and would air its final episode on May 24 , 2010 . Immediately following the show 's cancellation , Wolf attempted to find a new home for the series . Those attempts failed , and in July 2010 , Wolf declared that the series had now moved to the history books ."}]}, {'value': 'Angel Monroe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Practice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Practice', 'summary': 'The Practice is an American legal drama created by David E. Kelley centering on the partners and associates at a Boston law firm . Running for eight seasons on ABC from March 4 , 1995 , to May 16 , 2004 , the show won the Emmy in 1998 and 1999 for Best Drama Series , and spawned the spin-off series Boston Legal , which ran for five more seasons , from 2004 to 2008 . Conflict between legal ethics and personal morality was a recurring theme with light comedy being occasionally present . Kelley claimed that he conceived the show as something of a rebuttal to L.A. Law and its romanticized treatment of the American legal system and legal proceedings .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Fisher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Drew Carey Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show', 'summary': 'The Drew Carey Show is an American sitcom television series that aired on ABC from September 13 , 1995 to September 8 , 2004 . It was set in Cleveland , Ohio and revolved around the retail office and home life of everyman Drew Carey , a fictionalized version of the actor . The show was created by Carey , who had both stand-up comedy and writing experience , and Bruce Helford , who was once a writer for Roseanne . It was the first television show to have an episode simulcast on the Internet . Produced by Mohawk Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television , it debuted on September 13 , 1995 , and ranked among the Top 30 programs for four seasons before sliding in popularity . Ratings declined sharply during the final two seasons , and the last two episodes aired on September 8 , 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Amy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poky and Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poky_and_Friends', 'summary': 'Poky and Friends is a series of animated videos and books produced by Varga TVC Productions and Golden Books Family Entertainment that ran from 1998 until 2003 . It is a spinoff of classic Little Golden Books characters ( The Poky Little Puppy , The Shy Little Kitten , etc . ) , just like the animated special Little Golden Book Land , although the series featured different character designs for the characters to fit the animated series .'}]}, {'value': 'Shy Little Kitten ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugrats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugrats', 'summary': "Rugrats is an American animated children 's television series created by Arlene Klasky , Gábor Csupó , and Paul Germain for Nickelodeon . The show focuses on a group of babies most prominently Tommy , Chuckie , twins Phil and Lil , and Angelica , and their day-to-day lives , usually involving life experiences that become much greater adventures in the imaginations of the main characters . The series premiered on August 11 , 1991 , as the second Nicktoon - after Doug and before The Ren & Stimpy Show . Production was initially halted in 1993 after 65 episodes spanning three seasons , with the last episode airing on May 22 , 1994 . From 1995 to 1996 , the only new episodes broadcast were A Rugrats Passover and A Rugrats Chanukah , two Jewish-themed episodes that received critical acclaim ; during this time , after the end of the show 's production run , Rugrats began to receive a boost in ratings and popularity due to constant reruns on Nickelodeon . In 1996 , Klasky Csupo Animation began producing new episodes , and the show 's fourth season began in 1997 . As a result of the show 's popularity , a series of theatrical films were released over the next five years : The Rugrats Movie , which introduced Tommy 's younger brother Dil , was released in 1998 ; Rugrats in Paris : The Movie , which introduced Kimi , Kira , and Fifi , was released in 2000 ; and Rugrats Go Wild , a crossover film with another Klasky Csupo series , The Wild Thornberrys , was released in 2003 . The final TV episode aired on August 1 , 2004 , bringing the series to a total of 172 episodes over nine seasons . The 13-year run ( with the 2-year break ) ties Rugrats with King of the Hill as one of the eighth longest-running American animated television series . On July 21 , 2001 , Nickelodeon broadcast the made-for-TV special All Growed Up to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the series premiere . The special was a pilot for the Rugrats spin-off series All Grown Up ! , which aired from 2003 to 2008 as it chronicles the lives of the babies and their parents after they age 10 years . Another spin-off series , Rugrats Pre-School Daze , aired on TV in 2008 but had only four episodes after Nickelodeon decided to focus on the first spin-off series ."}]}, {'value': 'Freddie ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charmed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charmed', 'summary': "Charmed is an American fantasy drama television series created by Constance M. Burge and produced by Aaron Spelling and his production company Spelling Television , with Brad Kern serving as showrunner . The series was originally broadcast by The WB for eight seasons from October 7 , 1998 , until May 21 , 2006 . The series narrative follows a trio of sisters , known as The Charmed Ones , the most powerful good witches of all time , who use their combined Power of Three to protect innocent lives from evil beings such as demons and warlocks . Each sister possesses unique magical powers that grow and evolve , while they attempt to maintain normal lives in modern-day San Francisco . Keeping their supernatural identities separate and secret from their ordinary lives often becomes a challenge for them , with the exposure of magic having far-reaching consequences on their various relationships and resulting in a number of police and FBI investigations throughout the series . The series initially focuses on the three Halliwell sisters , Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) , Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) and Phoebe ( Alyssa Milano ) . Following Prue 's death in the third-season finale , their long-lost half sister Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) assumes her place within the Power of Three from season four onwards . Charmed achieved a cult following and popularity on The WB with its first episode Something Wicca This Way Comes garnering 7.7 million viewers , breaking the record for the network 's highest-rated debut episode . The show 's ratings , although smaller than rival shows on the big four networks ( ABC , CBS , NBC , and Fox ) , were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB network . Charmed went through several timeslot changes during its eight-season run . For its first three seasons in the Wednesday/Thursday 9:00 pm timeslot , Charmed was the second-highest rated series on The WB , behind 7th Heaven . During its fifth season , the show moved to the Sunday 8:00 pm timeslot , where it became the highest-rated Sunday night program in The WB 's history ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcie Steadwell ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYPD Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NYPD_Blue', 'summary': "NYPD Blue is an American police procedural drama television series set in New York City , exploring the struggles of the fictional 15th Precinct detective squad in Manhattan . Each episode typically intertwines several plots involving an ensemble cast . The show was created by Steven Bochco and David Milch , and was inspired by Milch 's relationship with Bill Clark , a former member of the New York City Police Department who eventually became one of the show 's producers . The series was originally broadcast on the ABC network , debuted on September 21 , 1993‚ and aired its final episode on March 1 , 2005 . It was ABC 's longest-running primetime one-hour drama series until Grey 's Anatomy surpassed it in 2016 . NYPD Blue was met with critical acclaim , praised for its grittiness and realistic portrayal of the cast 's personal and professional lives , though the show garnered controversy for its depiction of nudity and alcoholism . In 1997 , True Confessions ( Season 1 , Episode 4 ) , written by Art Monterastelli and directed by Charles Haid , was ranked # 36 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2009 , Hearts and Souls ( Season 6 , Episode 5 ) , Jimmy Smits ' final episode as a main cast member , # 30 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Sperling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanley_(2001_TV_series)', 'summary': "Stanley is an American interactive animated television series that aired on Playhouse Disney based on the series of children 's books written by Griff ( as indicated on the cover of the original book ) , also known as Andrew Griffin . It was produced by Cartoon Pizza and was developed for television by Jim Jinkins ( the creator of Doug , PB & J Otter , Allegra 's Window , JoJo 's Circus , and Pinky Dinky Doo ) and David Campbell . Stanley teaches a wide variety of issues preschool children face , including change , growth , rules , and dealing with others . Each episode centers on an animal that deals with or helps explain the issue Stanley is grappling with . Junkanoo and reggae fusion group Baha Men , known for their hit song Who Let the Dogs Out ? , sang the theme song for the series , My Man Stanley . Relient K later re-recorded the theme song in 2011 , as part of Disney Junior - Live on Stage !"}]}, {'value': 'Elsie ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Static Shock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Static_Shock', 'summary': "Static Shock is an American animated television series based on the Milestone Media/DC Comics superhero Static . It premiered on September 23 , 2000 , on the WB Television Network 's Kids ' WB programming block . Static Shock ran for four seasons , with 52 half-hour episodes in total . The show revolves around Virgil Hawkins , an African-American boy , who uses the secret identity of 'Static ' after exposure to a mutagen gas during a gang fight which gave him electromagnetic powers . Part of the DC animated universe , the series was produced by Warner Bros . Animation from a crew composed mostly of people from the company 's past shows , but also with the involvement of two of the comic 's creators , Dwayne McDuffie and Denys Cowan . Static Shock had some alterations from the original comic book because it was oriented to a pre-teen audience . Nevertheless , the show approached several social issues , which was positively received by most television critics . Static Shock was nominated for numerous awards , including the Daytime Emmy . Some criticism was directed towards its jokes - which were said to be stale and too similar to the Spider-Man style - and animation , which was said to be unnatural and outdated . The series also produced some related merchandise , which sold poorly ; McDuffie cited the low sales as one of the main factors behind the series ' cancellation . In spite of this , its popularity revived interest in the original Milestone comic and introduced McDuffie to the animation industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Maureen Connor / Permafrost ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ChalkZone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ChalkZone', 'summary': "ChalkZone is an American animated television series created by Bill Burnett and Larry Huber for Nickelodeon . The series follows Rudy Tabootie , an elementary school student whose magic chalk allows him into the ChalkZone , an alternate dimension where everything drawn on a blackboard and erased becomes real . The show concentrates on the adventures of Rudy , his sidekick Snap , and classmate , Penny Sanchez , within the Chalkzone . ChalkZone originally aired as part of Fred Seibert 's Oh Yeah ! Cartoons animated shorts showcase in 1998 . The series ran on Nickelodeon from March 22 , 2002 , through August 23 , 2008 , with 40 episodes in total . It was produced by Frederator Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio ."}]}, {'value': 'Penny Sanchez ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary the Rat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_the_Rat', 'summary': 'Gary the Rat is an American adult animated series created by the Cullen Brothers for Spike ( previously known as TNN ) and animated by Spike Animation Studios . It was produced by Grammnet Productions and Cheyenne Enterprises and distributed by Viacom . It began as web episodes in flash animation on the internet in 2000 , created by the defunct eStudio ( later re-structured studio BLITZ ) for Mediatrip.com . It consisted of 13 short episodes programmed in Adobe Flash which also included a game to occupy the viewer while the episode loaded in the background . The network TV series aired on Spike in 2003 , lasting for one season . It is rated TV-14 in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Little Girl ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Justice League is an American animated television series which ran from 2001 to 2004 on Cartoon Network . It is part of the DC animated universe . The show was produced by Warner Bros . Animation . It is based on the Justice League of America and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics . After two seasons , the series was replaced by Justice League Unlimited , a successor series which aired for three seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Ace ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teen Titans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_Titans_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Teen Titans is an American animated superhero television series developed by Glen Murakami and Sam Register , based on DC Comics 's superhero team of the same name . It premiered on Cartoon Network on July 19 , 2003 , and its first two seasons also aired on Kids ' WB . Initially , only four seasons were planned , but the popularity of the series led to Cartoon Network ordering a fifth season . The final half-hour episode of the show , Things Change , aired on January 16 , 2006 ; it was later followed by a TV movie , Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo , that premiered on September 15 , 2006 , serving as the series finale . Teen Titans became one of Cartoon Network 's most beloved and critically acclaimed series , renowned for its character development and serious themes . During its run , the series was nominated for three Annie Awards and one Motion Picture Sound Editors Award . Spin-off media included comics , DVD releases , video games , music albums , and collectible toys . Reruns have aired on Cartoon Network 's retro animation sister channel Boomerang until June 1 , 2014 . In 2013 , the show spawned a spin-off , titled Teen Titans Go ! , which received a theatrical film released on July 27 , 2018 , titled Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ."}]}, {'value': 'Starfire , Blackfire , Madame Rouge , Argent ( voices )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madame_Rouge', 'summary': 'Madame Rouge is a fictional supervillain appearing in DC Comics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Argent_(comics)', 'summary': 'Argent is a DC Comics fictional superheroes . She first appeared in issue # 1 of the second series of the Teen Titans comics . She remained a regular member of that team for a long time , until the events of Graduation Day when the Titans were disbanded by Nightwing .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice League Unlimited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited', 'summary': "Justice League Unlimited ( JLU ) is an American animated television series that was produced by Warner Bros . Animation and aired on Cartoon Network . Featuring a wide array of superheroes from the DC Comics universe , and specifically based on the Justice League superhero team , it is a direct sequel to the previous Justice League animated series . JLU debuted on July 31 , 2004 , on Toonami and ended on May 13 , 2006 . It was also the final series set in the long-running DC animated universe , which started with Batman : The Animated Series in 1992 . Boomerang reran the series from June 3 , 2007 , to March 26 , 2010 , as part of Boomeraction . On August 25 , 2012 , The CW 's Vortexx Saturday morning block began airing reruns of this series , lasting until August 23 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ace ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Immortal Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Immortal_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "IGPX : Immortal Grand Prix ( Japanese : IGPX インモータル・グランプリ , Hepburn : Ai Jī Pī Ekkusu Inmōtaru Guranpuri ) refers to two anime series co-produced by Cartoon Network and Production I.G . The first is a microseries consisting of five 5-minute episodes , and the second is a 26-episode animated series loosely related to the first . Koichi Mashimo co-wrote and directed the microseries , while Bee Train and Production I.G animated it , and Bandai Entertainment acted as the North American distributor . The full-length anime series was handled by director and writer Mitsuru Hongo and was animated by Production I.G , with Bee Train returning for in-between animation . Production I.G president Mitsuhisa Ishikawa joined on as producer for the series . It was the first time he had worked on a joint U.S. Japanese production , due to the Pokémon companion franchise . The series ' English dub was produced by Williams Street in Atlanta , Georgia and Bang Zoom ! Entertainment in Burbank , California . Both studios collaborated on the English script and casting , Bang Zoom directed and recorded the actors , and Williams Street handled the final mixing for the dub . IGPX was the first original series on Toonami . An IGPX video game was released on September 12 , 2006 , for the PlayStation 2 . The program returned to the Toonami block April 28 , 2013 at 2am/1c on Adult Swim ."}]}, {'value': 'Amy Stapleton ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Robot_Monkey_Team_Hyperforce_Go!', 'summary': 'Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! ( スーパー・ロボット・モンキー・チーム・ハイパーフォース GO ! , Sūpā Robotto Monkī Chīmu Haipāfōsu GO ! ) ( commonly known by its acronym , SRMTHFG ) is an American/Japanese anime-influenced television series created by Ciro Nieli , one of the directors of Teen Titans , [ citation needed ] and produced by Jetix Animation Concepts with animation being done by The Answer Studio ( who would later work on the Cartoon Network original series Transformers : Animated ) . It was the first original show produced for the Jetix block and for the Jetix channels worldwide , where the show premiered in 2004 . Set mainly on the fictional planet of Shuggazoom , the series follows the adventures of five cyborg monkeys and a human boy named Chiro Takashi as they struggle to protect their planet - and the rest of the universe - from the forces of evil .'}]}, {'value': 'Valina ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catscratch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catscratch', 'summary': "Catscratch is an American animated television series created by Doug TenNapel ( also known for creating Earthworm Jim ) . It aired on Nickelodeon from July 9 , 2005 to February 10 , 2007 . It was a loose adaptation of TenNapel 's graphic novel , Gear , which in the series is also the name of the cats ' monster truck . The series features music composed by longtime TenNapel collaborator , Terry Scott Taylor . Catscratch 's first DVD appearance was on Nick Picks Vol . 3 , which came out on February 7 , 2006 ( though the DVD contained only Bringin ' Down the Mouse ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Katilda ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Dragon : Jake Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Dragon:_Jake_Long', 'summary': 'American Dragon : Jake Long is an American animated television series . It was produced by Walt Disney Television Animation , created by Jeff Goode and co-developed by Eddie Guzelian And Matt Negrete . It premiered on Disney Channel on January 21 , 2005 , and ended on September 1 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fury , Euryale , Medusa ( voices )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Random ! Cartoons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Random!_Cartoons', 'summary': 'Random ! Cartoons is an American animation showcase television series . Much like Oh Yeah ! Cartoons , it was created by Fred Seibert and produced by Frederator Incorporated and Nickelodeon Animation Studio for Nicktoons , and was the fourth of their cartoon laboratories . It premiered on December 6 , 2008 and ended on August 14 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ms . Chic / Olympia ( voices )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Hynden_Walch_1', 'intro': 'Heidi Hynden Walch (born February 1, 1971, in Davenport, Iowa) is an American actress, voice actress, writer and singer. She is best known for voicing Penny Sanchez in ChalkZone, Princess Bubblegum in Adventure Time, Starfire in Teen Titans and Teen Titans Go!, and Viridi in Kid Icarus: Uprising.'}
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Which writer for Roseanne was a creator of the series in which Hynden Walch played Amy in 1997 ?
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Bruce Helford
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01de0b5f37e79430
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships', 'title': 'United States Short Course Swimming Championships', 'header': ['Event', 'Time', 'Name', 'Club', 'Date', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '50y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey Weitzeil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Weitzeil', 'summary': 'Abbey Weitzeil ( born December 3 , 1996 ) is an American competition swimmer specializing in sprint freestyle . A two time Olympic medallist , she won a gold medal in the 4x100-meter medley relay for swimming in the preliminary heats and a silver medal in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay at the 2016 Rio Olympics . She is the American record holder in the 50-yard freestyle and is part of the American Record in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay . Starting in the fall of 2016 , Weitzeil will attend University of California , Berkeley and swim for the California Golden Bears .'}]}, {'value': 'Canyon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 5 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '100y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46.47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey Weitzeil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Weitzeil', 'summary': 'Abbey Weitzeil ( born December 3 , 1996 ) is an American competition swimmer specializing in sprint freestyle . A two time Olympic medallist , she won a gold medal in the 4x100-meter medley relay for swimming in the preliminary heats and a silver medal in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay at the 2016 Rio Olympics . She is the American record holder in the 50-yard freestyle and is part of the American Record in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay . Starting in the fall of 2016 , Weitzeil will attend University of California , Berkeley and swim for the California Golden Bears .'}]}, {'value': 'Canyon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 6 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '200y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:41.17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mallory Comerford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mallory_Comerford', 'summary': 'Mallory Comerford ( born September 6 , 1997 ) is an American competition swimmer specialized in the freestyle stroke . The winner of five relay gold medals at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships , since 2019 Comerford has competed professionally in the International Swimming League .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisville Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals', 'summary': "The Louisville Cardinals ( also known as the Cards ) are the NCAA athletic teams representing the University of Louisville . The Cardinals teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference , beginning in the 2014 season . While playing in the Big East Conference from 2005 through 2013 , the Cardinals captured 17 regular season Big East titles and 33 Big East Tournament titles totaling 50 Big East Championships across all sports . With their 2013 Sugar Bowl appearance against the Florida Gators , the Cardinals football team became the only football team in the Commonwealth of Kentucky to have appeared in and won two Bowl Championship Series bowls , having defeated Wake Forest 24-13 in the 2007 Orange Bowl and Florida 33-23 in the 2013 Sugar Bowl . On November 28 , 2012 , Louisville received and accepted an invitation to join the Atlantic Coast Conference and became a participating member in all sports in 2014 . In 2016 , Lamar Jackson won the school its first Heisman Trophy . Their fan base is referred to as Card Nation . Their fans are known to appear in large numbers at away venues causing red adorned fans to be seen across visiting stadiums . This has become known as the red mist . Since 2000 Louisville is the only NCAA team to win a BCS bowl game ; to appear in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball Final Four , the College World Series , and the NCAA Division I women 's basketball Final Four ; and to finish as runner-up in the Men 's soccer College Cup . It is one of only six schools that has appeared more than once in each of the following events - a BCS bowl game , the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and the College World Series - and Louisville 's span of seven school years ( 2006-07 to 2012-13 ) is the shortest among these schools . Also , it is the first school ever to win a BCS bowl game , appear in the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and appear in the College World Series in the same school year , doing so in 2012-13 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '500y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:29.54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katie Ledecky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katie_Ledecky', 'summary': "Kathleen Genevieve Ledecky ( /ləˈdɛki/ ; Czech pronunciation : [ ˈlɛdɛtskiː ] ; born March 17 , 1997 ) is an American competitive swimmer . She has won five Olympic gold medals and 15 world championship gold medals , the most in history for a female swimmer . She is the current world record holder in the women 's 400- , 800- , and 1500-meter freestyle ( long course ) . She also holds the fastest-ever times in the women 's 500- , 1000- , and 1650-yard freestyle events . In her international debut at the 2012 London Olympic Games as a 15-year-old , Ledecky unexpectedly won the gold medal in the women 's 800-metre freestyle . Four years later , she left Rio de Janeiro as the most decorated female athlete of the 2016 Olympic Games with four gold medals , one silver medal , and two world records . In total , she has won 34 medals ( 28 golds , 5 silvers , and 1 bronze ) in major international competitions , spanning the Summer Olympics , World Championships , and Pan Pacific Championships . During her career , she has broken fourteen world records . Ledecky 's success has earned her Swimming World 's Female World Swimmer of the Year a record-breaking five times . Ledecky was also named Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year in 2017 , international female Champion of Champions by L'Équipe in 2014 and 2017 , United States Olympic Committee Female Athlete of the Year in 2013 , 2016 and 2017 , and Sportswoman of the Year by the Women 's Sports Foundation in 2017 . Ledecky 's 11 individual gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships and 15 combined individual titles at the Olympics and World Aquatics Championships are records in women 's swimming ."}]}, {'value': "Nation 's Capital", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 4 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greensboro , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': '1650y freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15:13.30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katie Ledecky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katie_Ledecky', 'summary': "Kathleen Genevieve Ledecky ( /ləˈdɛki/ ; Czech pronunciation : [ ˈlɛdɛtskiː ] ; born March 17 , 1997 ) is an American competitive swimmer . She has won five Olympic gold medals and 15 world championship gold medals , the most in history for a female swimmer . She is the current world record holder in the women 's 400- , 800- , and 1500-meter freestyle ( long course ) . She also holds the fastest-ever times in the women 's 500- , 1000- , and 1650-yard freestyle events . In her international debut at the 2012 London Olympic Games as a 15-year-old , Ledecky unexpectedly won the gold medal in the women 's 800-metre freestyle . Four years later , she left Rio de Janeiro as the most decorated female athlete of the 2016 Olympic Games with four gold medals , one silver medal , and two world records . In total , she has won 34 medals ( 28 golds , 5 silvers , and 1 bronze ) in major international competitions , spanning the Summer Olympics , World Championships , and Pan Pacific Championships . During her career , she has broken fourteen world records . Ledecky 's success has earned her Swimming World 's Female World Swimmer of the Year a record-breaking five times . Ledecky was also named Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year in 2017 , international female Champion of Champions by L'Équipe in 2014 and 2017 , United States Olympic Committee Female Athlete of the Year in 2013 , 2016 and 2017 , and Sportswoman of the Year by the Women 's Sports Foundation in 2017 . Ledecky 's 11 individual gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships and 15 combined individual titles at the Olympics and World Aquatics Championships are records in women 's swimming ."}]}, {'value': "Nation 's Capital", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 6 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greensboro , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': '100y backstroke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natalie Coughlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Coughlin', 'summary': "Natalie Anne Coughlin Hall ( born August 23 , 1982 ) is an American competition swimmer and twelve-time Olympic medalist . While attending the University of California , Berkeley , she became the first woman ever to swim the 100-meter backstroke ( long course ) in less than one minute - ten days before her 20th birthday in 2002 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she became the first U.S. female athlete in modern Olympic history to win six medals in one Olympiad , and the first woman ever to win a 100-meter backstroke gold in two consecutive Olympics . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she earned a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay . Her total of twelve Olympic medals ties her with Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres for the most all-time medals by a female swimmer . Coughlin 's success has earned her the World Swimmer of the Year Award once and American Swimmer of the Year Award three times . She has won a total of sixty medals in major international competition , twenty-five gold , twenty-two silver , and thirteen bronze spanning the Olympics , the World , the Pan Pacific Championships , and the Pan American Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Cal Aquatics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 30 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '200y backstroke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:49.18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missy Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Franklin', 'summary': "Melissa Jeanette Franklin ( born May 10 , 1995 ) is an American former competition swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist . She formerly held the world record in the 200-meter backstroke ( long course ) . As a member of the U.S. national swim team , she also held the world records in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( short course and long course ) . In her Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics at age 17 , Franklin won a total of five medals , four of which were gold . She swept the women 's backstroke events , winning gold in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke . Franklin 's successes have earned her Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2012 as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2011 and 2012 . In total , she has won twenty-seven medals in international competition : sixteen gold , six silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the short course World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Franklin 's eleven gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships was a record in women 's swimming before Katie Ledecky broke it in 2017 . Franklin holds dual American and Canadian citizenship , and chose to compete for the U.S. national swim team . In December 2018 , she announced her retirement from the sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Stars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '100y breaststroke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57.62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alia Atkinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alia_Atkinson', 'summary': 'Alia Shanee Atkinson , OD ( born December 11 , 1988 ) is a Jamaican swimmer and Olympian .'}]}, {'value': 'South Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 6 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': '200y breaststroke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2:05.04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laura Sogar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laura_Sogar', 'summary': 'Laura Sogar ( born 27 April 1991 ) is an American swimmer . She is a two times medal winner representing United States at the FINA World Swimming Championships in 2012 and swims for University of Texas at the United States Short Course Swimming Championships , a domestic and national level swimming championship in USA .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '100y butterfly', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49.87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelsi Worrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelsi_Worrell', 'summary': 'Kelsi Worrell Dahlia ( born July 15 , 1994 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in butterfly and freestyle events . She qualified for the 2016 Rio Olympics in the 100-meter butterfly and won a gold medal in the 4 x 100-meter medley relay for swimming in the heats .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisville Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals', 'summary': "The Louisville Cardinals ( also known as the Cards ) are the NCAA athletic teams representing the University of Louisville . The Cardinals teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference , beginning in the 2014 season . While playing in the Big East Conference from 2005 through 2013 , the Cardinals captured 17 regular season Big East titles and 33 Big East Tournament titles totaling 50 Big East Championships across all sports . With their 2013 Sugar Bowl appearance against the Florida Gators , the Cardinals football team became the only football team in the Commonwealth of Kentucky to have appeared in and won two Bowl Championship Series bowls , having defeated Wake Forest 24-13 in the 2007 Orange Bowl and Florida 33-23 in the 2013 Sugar Bowl . On November 28 , 2012 , Louisville received and accepted an invitation to join the Atlantic Coast Conference and became a participating member in all sports in 2014 . In 2016 , Lamar Jackson won the school its first Heisman Trophy . Their fan base is referred to as Card Nation . Their fans are known to appear in large numbers at away venues causing red adorned fans to be seen across visiting stadiums . This has become known as the red mist . Since 2000 Louisville is the only NCAA team to win a BCS bowl game ; to appear in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball Final Four , the College World Series , and the NCAA Division I women 's basketball Final Four ; and to finish as runner-up in the Men 's soccer College Cup . It is one of only six schools that has appeared more than once in each of the following events - a BCS bowl game , the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and the College World Series - and Louisville 's span of seven school years ( 2006-07 to 2012-13 ) is the shortest among these schools . Also , it is the first school ever to win a BCS bowl game , appear in the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and appear in the College World Series in the same school year , doing so in 2012-13 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '200y butterfly', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:51.02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katinka Hosszú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katinka_Hosszú', 'summary': "Katinka Hosszú ( Hungarian : [ ˈkɒtiŋkɒ ˈhossuː ] ; born 3 May 1989 ) is a Hungarian competitive swimmer specialized in individual medley events . She is a three-time Olympic champion and a nine-time long-course world champion . Hosszú is the current world record holder in 100-meter individual medley , 200-meter individual medley ( long course and short course ) , 400-meter individual medley ( long course ) and 200-meter backstroke ( short course ) . She was the first swimmer ( male or female ) to hold world records in all five individual medley events at the same time . She holds two-thirds of the Hungarian national records . Hosszu was named FINA Swimmer of the Year in 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2018 , and won SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for Female Swimmer of the Year in 2013 . She has competed at four Summer Olympics : 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 . Hosszú currently swims for her own team Iron Swim Budapest . After a long tenure under head coach Shane Tusup , who was her husband , following their divorce Hosszú was coached by Dave Salo before moving onto Árpád Petrov . She is one of the most versatile swimmers in the world , and was nicknamed the Iron Lady , which she has since turned into a fast growing International brand . In 2014 she became the first race-prize dollar millionaire ( man or woman ) in swimming history . According to Forbes magazine she is considered the most valuable Hungarian athlete , ranking the first position for the last five years ."}]}, {'value': 'USC Trojans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 4 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , Ohio , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '200y individual medley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:52.63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melanie Margalis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melanie_Margalis', 'summary': 'Melanie Margalis ( born December 30 , 1991 ) is an American competitive swimmer who specializes in the freestyle , breaststroke and individual medley events .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida Swimming', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 30 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '400y individual medley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4:00.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katinka Hosszú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katinka_Hosszú', 'summary': "Katinka Hosszú ( Hungarian : [ ˈkɒtiŋkɒ ˈhossuː ] ; born 3 May 1989 ) is a Hungarian competitive swimmer specialized in individual medley events . She is a three-time Olympic champion and a nine-time long-course world champion . Hosszú is the current world record holder in 100-meter individual medley , 200-meter individual medley ( long course and short course ) , 400-meter individual medley ( long course ) and 200-meter backstroke ( short course ) . She was the first swimmer ( male or female ) to hold world records in all five individual medley events at the same time . She holds two-thirds of the Hungarian national records . Hosszu was named FINA Swimmer of the Year in 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2018 , and won SwimSwam 's Swammy Award for Female Swimmer of the Year in 2013 . She has competed at four Summer Olympics : 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 . Hosszú currently swims for her own team Iron Swim Budapest . After a long tenure under head coach Shane Tusup , who was her husband , following their divorce Hosszú was coached by Dave Salo before moving onto Árpád Petrov . She is one of the most versatile swimmers in the world , and was nicknamed the Iron Lady , which she has since turned into a fast growing International brand . In 2014 she became the first race-prize dollar millionaire ( man or woman ) in swimming history . According to Forbes magazine she is considered the most valuable Hungarian athlete , ranking the first position for the last five years ."}]}, {'value': 'USC Trojans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 3 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , Ohio , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '4×50y freestyle relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:27.19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 21.88 ) Madison Kennedy ( 21.72 ) Kelsi Hall ( 22.04 ) Katie Meili ( 21.55 ) Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Kennedy', 'summary': "Madison Kennedy ( born December 22 , 1987 ) is an American swimmer specializing in sprint freestyle . She is a World Record holder in the 4×50 m freestyle relay . She won a gold medal at the 2015 US Nationals in the 50m freestyle , and silver in 2010 and 2011 . She has competed at the US Olympic Swimming Trials in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 . She won a silver medal at the 2015 Pan American Games , multiple relay medals at the 2014 SC World Championships , two gold medals at the 2009 World University Games . In 2016 , she was the fastest swimmer in the Women 's 50m freestyle during the prelims at the US Olympic Trials . She came into the trials that year as the top seed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Katie_Meili', 'summary': 'Catherine Michelle Katie Meili ( born April 16 , 1991 ) is a former American competitive swimmer , who won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 100 meter breaststroke and a gold medal for swimming the preliminary heats of the 4 × 100-meter medley relay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arianna_Vanderpool-Wallace', 'summary': "Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace ( born March 4 , 1990 ) is a competitive swimmer and national record-holder from the Bahamas who has represented her country in international championships , including the Olympics , FINA world championships , and Pan American Games . She swam for the Bahamas at the 2008 Olympics and was the first Bahamian ever to make the final of their event . She attended Auburn University in the United States , where she swam for the Auburn Tigers swimming and diving team in collegiate competition . At the 2007 Pan American Games she was part of the bronze medal winning women 's 4 × 100 m medley relay alongside Alicia Lightbourne , Nikia Deveaux and Alana Dillette . She is a graduate of swimming powerhouse The Bolles School . She retired from competitive swimming in 2018 . She is the daughter of Bahamian politician Vincent Vanderpool-Wallace ."}]}, {'value': 'SwimMAC Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 5 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': '4×100y freestyle relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:12.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 49.10 ) Lainey Visscher ( 46.50 ) Mallory Comerford ( 48.23 ) Arina Openysheva ( 48.32 ) Casey Fanz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mallory_Comerford', 'summary': 'Mallory Comerford ( born September 6 , 1997 ) is an American competition swimmer specialized in the freestyle stroke . The winner of five relay gold medals at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships , since 2019 Comerford has competed professionally in the International Swimming League .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arina_Openysheva', 'summary': 'Arina Pavlovna Openysheva ( Russian : Арина Павловна Опёнышева ; born 24 March 1999 ) is a Russian competitive swimmer . She won eight medals at the 2015 European Games . Seven medals were gold ( 200 m freestyle , 400 m freestyle , 4 × 100 m freestyle , 4 × 200 m freestyle , 4 × 100 m medley , 4 × 100 m mixed freestyle , 4 × 100 m mixed medley ) making her the most decorated athlete of the Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisville Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals', 'summary': "The Louisville Cardinals ( also known as the Cards ) are the NCAA athletic teams representing the University of Louisville . The Cardinals teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference , beginning in the 2014 season . While playing in the Big East Conference from 2005 through 2013 , the Cardinals captured 17 regular season Big East titles and 33 Big East Tournament titles totaling 50 Big East Championships across all sports . With their 2013 Sugar Bowl appearance against the Florida Gators , the Cardinals football team became the only football team in the Commonwealth of Kentucky to have appeared in and won two Bowl Championship Series bowls , having defeated Wake Forest 24-13 in the 2007 Orange Bowl and Florida 33-23 in the 2013 Sugar Bowl . On November 28 , 2012 , Louisville received and accepted an invitation to join the Atlantic Coast Conference and became a participating member in all sports in 2014 . In 2016 , Lamar Jackson won the school its first Heisman Trophy . Their fan base is referred to as Card Nation . Their fans are known to appear in large numbers at away venues causing red adorned fans to be seen across visiting stadiums . This has become known as the red mist . Since 2000 Louisville is the only NCAA team to win a BCS bowl game ; to appear in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball Final Four , the College World Series , and the NCAA Division I women 's basketball Final Four ; and to finish as runner-up in the Men 's soccer College Cup . It is one of only six schools that has appeared more than once in each of the following events - a BCS bowl game , the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and the College World Series - and Louisville 's span of seven school years ( 2006-07 to 2012-13 ) is the shortest among these schools . Also , it is the first school ever to win a BCS bowl game , appear in the men 's and women 's basketball Final Fours , and appear in the College World Series in the same school year , doing so in 2012-13 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '4×200y freestyle relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6:59.11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 1:42.93 ) Missy Franklin ( 1:45.33 ) Caroline Piehl ( 1:46.30 ) Camille Cheng ( 1:44.55 ) Elizabeth Pelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missy_Franklin', 'summary': "Melissa Jeanette Franklin ( born May 10 , 1995 ) is an American former competition swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist . She formerly held the world record in the 200-meter backstroke ( long course ) . As a member of the U.S. national swim team , she also held the world records in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( short course and long course ) . In her Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics at age 17 , Franklin won a total of five medals , four of which were gold . She swept the women 's backstroke events , winning gold in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke . Franklin 's successes have earned her Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2012 as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2011 and 2012 . In total , she has won twenty-seven medals in international competition : sixteen gold , six silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the short course World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Franklin 's eleven gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships was a record in women 's swimming before Katie Ledecky broke it in 2017 . Franklin holds dual American and Canadian citizenship , and chose to compete for the U.S. national swim team . In December 2018 , she announced her retirement from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Camille_Cheng', 'summary': "Camille Cheng Lily Mei ( born 9 May 1993 ) is a Hong Kong competitive swimmer . She qualified to the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , and was selected to represent Hong Kong in the women 's 50 metre freestyle , 100 metre freestyle , 200 metre freestyle , and 4x100 metre medley relay . Born on 9 May 1993 in Hong Kong to a Taiwanese father Cheng Wong-ping and French mother Catherine , Cheng can not speak Cantonese . She went to French International School until the age of nine , when her family moved to Beijing for her father 's engineering job . There she attended the International School of Beijing with Eran Propper . She swam for the University of California , Berkley , team under Olympic coach Teri McKeever and alongside the already Olympian medallist Sara Isaković . She became joint captain in her final year before graduating university with a degree in Psychology . Cheng took Bronze at the Asian Games in 2014 . In December 2015 , Cheng made an Olympic A time ( which guarantees a place ) at the United States National Championships in 200 metre freestyle . She became one of three Hong Kong women to have ever made an A time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Pelton', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Anne Pelton ( born November 26 , 1993 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and multi FINA world champion .'}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': 'December 6 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': '4×50y medley relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:36.46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 24.57 ) Lauren Smart ( 26.79 ) Ellyn Baumgardner ( 23.67 ) Megan Lafferty ( 21.43 ) Margo Geer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margo_Geer', 'summary': 'Margo Geer ( born March 17 , 1992 ) is an American competition swimmer specializing in sprint freestyle .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Wildcats', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 30 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '4×100y medley relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:29.91', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( 51.27 ) Elizabeth Pelton ( 59.58 ) Marina Garcia Urzainqui ( 51.55 ) Rachel Bootsma ( 47.51 ) Missy Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Pelton', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Anne Pelton ( born November 26 , 1993 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and multi FINA world champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marina_Garcia_Urzainqui', 'summary': "Marina García Urzainqui ( born 6 June 1994 ) is a Spanish swimmer . She was born in Barcelona . At the 2012 Summer Olympics she finished 25th overall in the heats in the Women 's 100 metre breaststroke and did not reach the semifinals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Bootsma', 'summary': 'Rachel Kristine Bootsma ( born December 15 , 1993 ) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in the backstroke , and is an Olympic gold medalist . Bootsma earned a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the 4×100-meter medley relay at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and also competed in the 100-meter backstroke .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Missy_Franklin', 'summary': "Melissa Jeanette Franklin ( born May 10 , 1995 ) is an American former competition swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist . She formerly held the world record in the 200-meter backstroke ( long course ) . As a member of the U.S. national swim team , she also held the world records in the 4×100-meter medley relay ( short course and long course ) . In her Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics at age 17 , Franklin won a total of five medals , four of which were gold . She swept the women 's backstroke events , winning gold in both the 100-meter and 200-meter backstroke . Franklin 's successes have earned her Swimming World 's World Swimmer of the Year and the American Swimmer of the Year award in 2012 as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2011 and 2012 . In total , she has won twenty-seven medals in international competition : sixteen gold , six silver , and five bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World Championships , the short course World Championships , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Franklin 's eleven gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships was a record in women 's swimming before Katie Ledecky broke it in 2017 . Franklin holds dual American and Canadian citizenship , and chose to compete for the U.S. national swim team . In December 2018 , she announced her retirement from the sport ."}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Golden_Bears', 'summary': "The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California , Berkeley . Referred to in athletic competition as California or Cal , the university fields 30 varsity athletic programs and various club teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I primarily as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , and for a limited number of sports as a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) . Over the course of the school 's history , California has won team national titles in 13 men 's and 3 women 's sports and 107 team titles overall . Cal athletes have also competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries . Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium ( football ) and Haas Pavilion ( basketball and other indoor sports ) . Cal finished the 2010-11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points , earning third place in the Director 's Cup standings , the Golden Bears ' highest finish ever . Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby and men 's crew because those sports are not governed by the NCAA . Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings . In 2014 , Cal instituted a strict academic standard for an athlete 's admission to the university . By the 2017 academic year 80 percent of incoming student athletes were required to comply with the University of California general student requirement of having a 3.0 or higher high school grade point average . California 's nickname originated in 1895 during California 's dominant track and field team 's tour of Midwest and Eastern universities . A blue silk banner with the golden grizzly bear , the state symbol , was displayed by the team during that tour ."}]}, {'value': 'December 5 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoxville , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Championships records -- Women', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_States_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships_1', 'intro': "The United States Short Course National Championships or USA Swimming Winter Nationals is a national championship meet organized by USA Swimming. The competition is swum short course yards (SCY), in a pool 25-yards long. The meet's most recent incarnation began in 2007, and is an held annually in November or December, on the weekend previously occupied by the U.S. Open. Prior to 1991, the annual Spring version of U.S. Nationals were swum as a 25-yard meet; however, from 1991-2007, the meet was held as a long course (50m) meet. In the mid-2000s, USA Swimming decided to revive a Nationals meet in the short-course-yards format, but decided that the meet should be in December, rather than the late-March/early April time frame that the Spring Nationals had turned into. For 2016 USA Swimming returned to the old format with two short course Nationals in one year, American Short Course Championships in March in Austin and the Winter National Championships in Atlanta in December."}
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When was the city where the oldest championship record was set founded ?
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1812
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01de7f06ac507d8c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_passes_of_the_Alps', 'title': 'Principal passes of the Alps', 'header': ['area', 'name', 'location', 'countries', 'elevation ( m )'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colle di Cadibona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colle_di_Cadibona', 'summary': 'Colle di Cadibona - 436 m ( 1,430 ft ) - is a mountain pass between Savona and Ceva in the Ligurian Alps , delineating the boundary with the Apennine Mountains . It is also known as Bocchetta di Altare . On the south-eastern side of the Alps Godovič Pass ( Slovenia ) conventionally represents the opposite end of the Alpine range .'}]}, {'value': 'Savona to Ceva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savona', 'summary': "Savona ( Italian : [ saˈvoːna ] ( listen ) ; local Ligurian : Sann-a [ ˈsaŋˑa ] , Genoese : Savonn-a ) is a seaport and comune in the west part of the northern Italian region of Liguria , capital of the Province of Savona , in the Riviera di Ponente on the Mediterranean Sea . Savona used to be one of the chief seats of the Italian iron industry , having iron-works and foundries , shipbuilding , railway workshops , engineering shops , and a brass foundry . One of the most celebrated former inhabitants of Savona was the navigator Christopher Columbus , who farmed land in the area while chronicling his journeys . 'Columbus 's house ' , a cottage situated in the Savona hills , lay between vegetable crops and fruit trees . It is one of several residences in Liguria associated with Columbus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ceva', 'summary': 'Ceva , the ancient Ceba , is a small Italian town in the province of Cuneo , region of Piedmont , 49 kilometres ( 30 mi ) east of Cuneo . It lies on the right bank of the Tanaro on a wedge of land between that river and the Cevetta stream .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '436', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colle del Melogno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colle_del_Melogno', 'summary': 'Colle del Melogno ( 1028 m ) is a mountain pass in the Province of Savona in Italy . It is located on the main chain of the Alps and connects Ceva and Calizzano with Magliolo and Finale Ligure , on the coast of Ligurian Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Finale Ligure to Ceva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finale_Ligure', 'summary': 'Finale Ligure ( Ligurian : O Finâ , locally Finô ; Latin : Finarium ) is a comune on the Gulf of Genoa in the Province of Savona in Liguria , Italy . It is considered part of the Italian Riviera .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ceva', 'summary': 'Ceva , the ancient Ceba , is a small Italian town in the province of Cuneo , region of Piedmont , 49 kilometres ( 30 mi ) east of Cuneo . It lies on the right bank of the Tanaro on a wedge of land between that river and the Cevetta stream .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1028', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giogo di Toirano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giogo_di_Toirano', 'summary': 'The Giogo di Toirano ( 801 m ) is a mountain pass in the Province of Savona ( Italy ) . It connects Toirano with Bardineto .'}]}, {'value': 'Toirano to Bardineto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toirano', 'summary': 'Toirano ( Ligurian : Tuiran ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria , located about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) southwest of Genoa and about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) southwest of Savona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bardineto', 'summary': 'Bardineto ( Ligurian : Berdënei ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria , located about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) southwest of Genoa and about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) southwest of Savona . Bardineto borders the following municipalities : Boissano , Calizzano , Castelvecchio di Rocca Barbena , Garessio , Giustenice , Loano , Magliolo , Pietra Ligure , and Toirano .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '801', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colle Scravaion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colle_Scravaion', 'summary': 'The Colle Scravaion ( 814 m ) is a mountain pass in the Province of Savona ( Italy ) . It connects Castelvecchio di Rocca Barbena with Bardineto .'}]}, {'value': 'Albenga to Calizzano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albenga', 'summary': 'Albenga ( Ligurian : Arbenga ; Latin : Albingaunum ) is a city and comune situated on the Gulf of Genoa on the Italian Riviera in the Province of Savona in Liguria , northern Italy . Albenga has the nickname of city of a hundred spires . The economy is mostly based on tourism , local commerce and agriculture . Albenga has six hamlets : San Fedele , Lusignano , Campochiesa , Leca , Bastia , Salea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Calizzano', 'summary': 'Calizzano ( Ligurian : Carizan or Calissan ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria , located about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) southwest of Genoa and about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) west of Savona . Calizzano borders the following municipalities : Bagnasco , Bardineto , Bormida , Garessio , Magliolo , Massimino , Murialdo , Osiglia , Priola , and Rialto . It is in the upper Bormida Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '814', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colle San Bernardo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colle_San_Bernardo', 'summary': 'Colle San Bernardo ( 957 m ) is a mountain pass in the Province of Cuneo ( Italy ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Albenga to Garessio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albenga', 'summary': 'Albenga ( Ligurian : Arbenga ; Latin : Albingaunum ) is a city and comune situated on the Gulf of Genoa on the Italian Riviera in the Province of Savona in Liguria , northern Italy . Albenga has the nickname of city of a hundred spires . The economy is mostly based on tourism , local commerce and agriculture . Albenga has six hamlets : San Fedele , Lusignano , Campochiesa , Leca , Bastia , Salea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Garessio', 'summary': "Garessio is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont , located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Turin and about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) southeast of Cuneo . The former Savoy family palace , the Reggia di Val Casotto is located within the town limits . Garessio is located in the Ligurian Alps . Located on the border between Liguria and Piemonte provinces , the town 's location affords easy access the Mediterranean Sea along with the UNESCO World Heritge site the Langhe wine region which grows the famous Italian wines such as Barolo and Dolcetto . Garessio is famous for the mineral water found in the town . The Aqua San Bernardo has been famous throughout Italy for as possessing healing properties . At the turn of the century , Garessio was a famous spa town attracting tourists to take the waters and spend the summer in the cool climate . The town has been reinventing itself as a sports center as It is well located for outdoor sports such as mountain biking , road cycling , skiing and hiking . The historical town center of Garessio has been well preserved as it has been overlooked for development by the local population and has attracted expatriate buyers interested in historical properties . HISTORY Garessio was an important stopping point during the Medieval area for the salt trade . The salt was brought over the Ligurian Alps from the Mediterranean Sea along paths and re-packed and sold in Garessio for distribution to Northern Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Passo di Prale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cisano sul Neva to Ormea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cisano_sul_Neva', 'summary': 'Cisano sul Neva ( Genoese : Cixan ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria , located about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) southwest of Genoa and about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) southwest of Savona . Located in the Val Neva , the territory of Cisano sul Neva borders those of the municipalities of Albenga , Arnasco , Balestrino , Ceriale and Zuccarello .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ormea', 'summary': 'Ormea is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont , located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Turin and about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) southeast of Cuneo . Ormea borders the following municipalities : Alto , Armo , Briga Alta , Caprauna , Cosio di Arroscia , Frabosa Soprana , Garessio , Magliano Alpi , Nasino , Pornassio , Roburent , and Roccaforte Mondovì .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1258', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colle di Nava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colle_di_Nava', 'summary': 'Colle di Nava ( 934 m ) is a mountain pass in the Province of Imperia in Italy . It is located on the main chain of the Alps and connects Ormea and the Tanaro Valley ( CN ) with Pieve di Teco and Imperia , the latter on the coast of Ligurian Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Imperia to Ormea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperia', 'summary': "Imperia ( pronounced [ imˈpɛːrja ] ( listen ) ) is a coastal city and comune in the region of Liguria , Italy . It is the capital of the Province of Imperia , and historically it was capital of the Intemelia district of Liguria . Mussolini created the city of Imperia on 21 October 1923 by combining Porto Maurizio and Oneglia and the surrounding village communes of Piani , Caramagna Ligure , Castelvecchio di Santa Maria Maggiore , Borgo Sant'Agata , Costa d'Oneglia , Poggi , Torrazza , Moltedo and Montegrazie . Imperia is well known for the cultivation of flowers and olives , and is a popular summer destination for visitors . The local Piscina Felice Cascione indoor pool has hosted numerous national and international aquatics events ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ormea', 'summary': 'Ormea is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont , located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Turin and about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) southeast of Cuneo . Ormea borders the following municipalities : Alto , Armo , Briga Alta , Caprauna , Cosio di Arroscia , Frabosa Soprana , Garessio , Magliano Alpi , Nasino , Pornassio , Roburent , and Roccaforte Mondovì .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '934', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colle San Bernardo di Mendatica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colle_San_Bernardo_di_Mendatica', 'summary': 'Colle San Bernardo di Mendatica ( 1262 m ) is a mountain pass in the Province of Imperia ( Italy ) . It connects Colle di Nava with Mendatica , Colla del Garezzo and Monesi ( Triora ) , all located in the Province of Imperia .'}]}, {'value': 'Triora and Mendatica to Ormea ( through Colle di Nava )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triora', 'summary': 'Triora ( Ligurian : Triöra ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria , located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) southwest of Genoa and about 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) northwest of Imperia , on the border with France . As of 31 December 2004 , it had a population of 416 and an area of 68.0 square kilometres ( 26.3 sq mi ) . The municipality of Triora contains the frazioni ( subdivisions , mainly villages and hamlets ) Bregalla , Cetta , Creppo , Goina , Loreto , Monesi , Realdo , Verdeggia , and Saccarello . Triora borders the following municipalities : Briga Alta , Castelvittorio , La Brigue ( France ) , Mendatica , Molini di Triora , Montegrosso Pian Latte , Pigna and Saorge ( France ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mendatica', 'summary': 'Mendatica ( Ligurian : Mendaiga or Mendéga ) is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria , located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) southwest of Genoa and about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northwest of Imperia . Mendatica borders the following municipalities : Briga Alta , Cosio di Arroscia , Montegrosso Pian Latte , and Triora .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ormea', 'summary': 'Ormea is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont , located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Turin and about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) southeast of Cuneo . Ormea borders the following municipalities : Alto , Armo , Briga Alta , Caprauna , Cosio di Arroscia , Frabosa Soprana , Garessio , Magliano Alpi , Nasino , Pornassio , Roburent , and Roccaforte Mondovì .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colle_di_Nava', 'summary': 'Colle di Nava ( 934 m ) is a mountain pass in the Province of Imperia in Italy . It is located on the main chain of the Alps and connects Ormea and the Tanaro Valley ( CN ) with Pieve di Teco and Imperia , the latter on the coast of Ligurian Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1262', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col de Tende', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_de_Tende', 'summary': 'Col de Tende ( Italian : Colle di Tenda ; elevation 1870 m ) is a high mountain pass in the Alps , close to the border between France and Italy , although the highest section of the pass is wholly within France . It separates the Maritime Alps from the Ligurian Alps . It connects Nice and Tende in Alpes-Maritimes with Cuneo in Piedmont . A railway tunnel inaugurated in 1898 and a Road Tunnel inaugurated in 1882 run under the pass . The latter tunnel is 3.2 kilometre long and is among the oldest long road tunnels . French historian François Guizot states that the road was first developed by Phoenicians and later maintained by Greeks and Romans .'}]}, {'value': 'Tende to Cuneo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tende', 'summary': 'Tende ( in Italian , Occitan and Royasc : Tenda ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuneo', 'summary': 'Cuneo ( Italian : [ ˈkuːneo ] ( listen ) ; Piedmontese : Coni [ ˈkʊni ] ; French : Coni [ kɔni ] ) is a city and comune in Piedmont , Northern Italy , the capital of the province of Cuneo , the third largest of Italys provinces by area . It is located at 550 metres ( 1,804 ft ) in the south-west of Piedmont , at the confluence of the rivers Stura and Gesso . Cuneo is bounded by the municipalities of Beinette , Borgo San Dalmazzo , Boves , Busca , Caraglio , Castelletto Stura , Centallo , Cervasca , Morozzo , Peveragno , Tarantasca and Vignolo . It is located near six mountain passes :'}]}, {'value': 'France , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col de la Lombarde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_de_la_Lombarde', 'summary': 'Col de la Lombarde ( or Colle della Lombarda ) ( el . 2350 m. ) is a high mountain pass above the ski resort of Isola 2000 on the border between France and Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Isola to Vinadio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isola,_Alpes-Maritimes', 'summary': 'Isola ( Occitan : Lieusola ) is a commune of the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France . The Alpine ski resort of Isola 2000 is located on the territory of the commune .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vinadio', 'summary': 'Vinadio is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont , located about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) southwest of Turin and about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) southwest of Cuneo , on the border with France . It is located along the Stura di Demonte river . Together with Demonte and Pietraporzio , is one of three comuni of Italian Occitania . Vinadio borders the following municipalities : Aisone , Demonte , Isola ( France ) , Pietraporzio , Saint-Etienne-de-Tinée ( France ) , Sambuco , and Valdieri .'}]}, {'value': 'France , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/W', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col de la Bonette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_de_la_Bonette', 'summary': 'Col de la Bonette ( el . 2,715 metres ( 8,907 ft ) ) is a high mountain pass in the French Alps , near the border with Italy . It is situated within the Mercantour National Park on the border of the departments of Alpes-Maritimes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence . The road over the col is the seventh highest paved road in the Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Jausiers to Saint-Etienne-de-Tinée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jausiers', 'summary': 'Jausiers ( Vivaro-Alpine : Jausièr ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Saint-Etienne-de-Tinée', 'summary': 'Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée ( Italian : Santo Stefano di Tinea ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France . It was part of the historic County of Nice until 1860 . The ski resort of Auron is located on the territory of the commune , and linked to the village of Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée directly by a gondola lift .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2715', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maddalena Pass /Col de Larche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maddalena_Pass', 'summary': "The Maddalena Pass ( Italian : Colle della Maddalena French : Col de Larche , historically Col de l'Argentière ) ( elevation 1996 m. ) is a high mountain pass between the Cottian Alps and the Maritime Alps , located on the border between Italy and France . It connects Barcelonnette in France with Cuneo in Italy . Its French name Col de Larche refers to the village Larche on its northwestern side . Under its earlier name , Col de l'Argentière it has historically linked Lyon with Italy ; the Col de l'Argentière was in the possession of the house of Savoy from 1388 to 1713 , offering an easy route between Piedmont and its outlying valley of Barcelonnette , which came into Savoyard possession in 1388 , when Amadeus VI of Savoy purchased it for the sum of 60,000 ecus , it was of such strategic and commercial importance ."}]}, {'value': 'Barcelonnette to Cuneo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelonnette', 'summary': "Barcelonnette ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ baʁsəlɔnɛt ] ; Occitan : Barcilona de Provença ) is a commune of France and a subprefecture in the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence , in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region . It is located in the southern French Alps , at the crossroads between Provence , Piedmont and the Dauphiné , and is the largest town in the Ubaye Valley . The town 's inhabitants are known as Barcelonnettes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuneo', 'summary': 'Cuneo ( Italian : [ ˈkuːneo ] ( listen ) ; Piedmontese : Coni [ ˈkʊni ] ; French : Coni [ kɔni ] ) is a city and comune in Piedmont , Northern Italy , the capital of the province of Cuneo , the third largest of Italys provinces by area . It is located at 550 metres ( 1,804 ft ) in the south-west of Piedmont , at the confluence of the rivers Stura and Gesso . Cuneo is bounded by the municipalities of Beinette , Borgo San Dalmazzo , Boves , Busca , Caraglio , Castelletto Stura , Centallo , Cervasca , Morozzo , Peveragno , Tarantasca and Vignolo . It is located near six mountain passes :'}]}, {'value': 'France , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col Agnel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_Agnel', 'summary': "Col Agnel ( Italian : Colle dell'Agnello ) is a mountain pass in the Cottian Alps , west of Monte Viso between France and Italy which links the Queyras valley ( Hautes-Alpes ) with Pontechianale in the province of Cuneo , Piedmont . At 2,744 m ( 9,003 ft ) , it is the third highest paved road pass of the Alps , after Stelvio Pass and Col de l'Iseran . Despite being the highest international pass of the Alps , Col Agnel is somewhat unknown and not heavily used . It is one of the many passes suggested as the route taken by Hannibal in his march , with elephants , to attack Rome at the start of the Second Punic War and a modern-era plaque , mounted on a rock on the French side , commemorates the event ."}]}, {'value': 'Queyras to Sampeyre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queyras', 'summary': 'The Queyras ( Occitan : Cairàs ) is a valley located in the French Hautes-Alpes , of which the geographical extent is the basin of the river Guil , a tributary of the Durance . The Queyras is one of the oldest mountain ranges of the Alps , and it was one of the last ones to be opened to public tourism towards the end of the 20th century , thus being relatively untouched by environmental destruction . Notable mountains around the valley include :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sampeyre', 'summary': 'Sampeyre is a comune ( municipality ) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont , located about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) southwest of Turin and about 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) northwest of Cuneo . Sampeyre borders the following municipalities : Brossasco , Casteldelfino , Elva , Frassino , Macra , Oncino , Paesana , San Damiano Macra , Sanfront , and Stroppo .'}]}, {'value': 'France , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2744', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col de Montgenèvre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_de_Montgenèvre', 'summary': 'The Col de Montgenèvre ( Italian : Passo del Monginevro ; elevation 1854 m. ) is a high mountain pass in the Cottian Alps , in France 2 kilometres away from Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Briançon to Susa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Briançon', 'summary': "Briançon ( French : [ bʁijɑ̃sɔ̃ ] ( listen ) , Occitan : [ bɾjanˈsun ] ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France . It is a sub-prefecture of the department . At an altitude of 1,326 metres ( 4,350 feet ) it is the highest city in France , based on the French definition as a community containing more than 2,000 inhabitants . Briançon 's most recent population estimate is 11,645 . Briançon is built on a plateau centred on the confluence of the Durance and the Guisane rivers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Susa,_Italy', 'summary': 'Susa ( Latin : Segusio , French : Suse , Arpitan : Suisa ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin , Piedmont , Italy . In the middle of Susa Valley , it is situated on at the confluence of the Cenischia with the Dora Riparia , a tributary of the Po River , at the foot of the Cottian Alps , 51 km ( 32 mi ) west of Turin .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1854', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Col de l'Échelle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Col_de_l'Échelle", 'summary': "Col de l'Échelle ( el . 1762 m. , in Italian Colle della Scala ) is a mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Hautes-Alpes in France . It is the lower mountain pass between France and Italy and connects Vallée de la Clarée and Vallée Étroite ( commune of Névache , Dora Riparia basin ) . The highest point between both valleys is actually at 1779 meter , some kilometers north of the official Col de l'Échelle at the Mauvais Pas . Between both cols , a small dry valley exists . The col is next to Bardonecchia in Italy . In 2017 over 100 activists of Identitäre Bewegung from Europe occupied the pass for a moment to campaign against refugees passing here ."}]}, {'value': 'Briançon to Bardonecchia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Briançon', 'summary': "Briançon ( French : [ bʁijɑ̃sɔ̃ ] ( listen ) , Occitan : [ bɾjanˈsun ] ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France . It is a sub-prefecture of the department . At an altitude of 1,326 metres ( 4,350 feet ) it is the highest city in France , based on the French definition as a community containing more than 2,000 inhabitants . Briançon 's most recent population estimate is 11,645 . Briançon is built on a plateau centred on the confluence of the Durance and the Guisane rivers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bardonecchia', 'summary': 'Bardonecchia ( Template : IPA-ita ) ( French : Bardonèche or Bardonnèche French pronunciation : \u200b [ baʁdoneʃ ] ; Piedmontese : Bardonecia , Occitan : Bardonecha Occitan pronunciation : [ barduˈnetʃa ] ) is an Italian town and comune located in the Metropolitan City of Turin , in the Piedmont region , in the western part of Susa Valley . It grew out of a small village with the works for the Frejus Rail Tunnel , the first crossing the Alps . The town hosted the snowboarding events of the 2006 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'France , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1762', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/W', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col du Galibier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_du_Galibier', 'summary': "The Col du Galibier ( el . 2,642 metres ( 8,668 ft ) ) is a mountain pass in the southern region of the French Dauphiné Alps near Grenoble . It is the eighth highest paved road in the Alps , and recurrently the highest point of the Tour de France . It connects Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne and Briançon via the col du Télégraphe and the Col du Lautaret . The pass is closed during the winter . It is located between the massif d'Arvan-Villards and the massif des Cerces , taking its name from the secondary chain of mountains known as the Galibier . Before 1976 , the tunnel was the only point of passage at the top , at an altitude of 2556 m. The tunnel was closed for restoration until 2002 , and a new road was constructed over the summit . The re-opened tunnel is a single lane controlled by traffic lights , which are among the highest such installations in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne to Col du Lautaret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne', 'summary': 'Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Col_du_Lautaret', 'summary': "Col du Lautaret ( 2,058 m ( 6,752 ft ) ) is a high mountain pass in the department of Hautes-Alpes in France . It marks the boundary between the valleys of the Romanche and the Guisane , a tributary of the Durance which has its source at the col . The valleys are linked by national route 91 ( Grenoble - Le Bourg-d'Oisans - Briançon ) . The Lautaret is one of the lowest points on the ridge line which separates the north ( mainly in the Rhône-Alpes région ) and south ( mainly in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur région ) geographic areas of the French Alps . The Col has long been used as a communication route between Grenoble and Briançon , and indeed for reaching Italy across the Alps . The Col is open all year round and provides good views of La Meije to the south-west and the Grand Galibier to the north . It is also well known for its botanical garden . The route to the south side of the Col du Galibier leaves from the Lautaret ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2642', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/W', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col du Lautaret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_du_Lautaret', 'summary': "Col du Lautaret ( 2,058 m ( 6,752 ft ) ) is a high mountain pass in the department of Hautes-Alpes in France . It marks the boundary between the valleys of the Romanche and the Guisane , a tributary of the Durance which has its source at the col . The valleys are linked by national route 91 ( Grenoble - Le Bourg-d'Oisans - Briançon ) . The Lautaret is one of the lowest points on the ridge line which separates the north ( mainly in the Rhône-Alpes région ) and south ( mainly in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur région ) geographic areas of the French Alps . The Col has long been used as a communication route between Grenoble and Briançon , and indeed for reaching Italy across the Alps . The Col is open all year round and provides good views of La Meije to the south-west and the Grand Galibier to the north . It is also well known for its botanical garden . The route to the south side of the Col du Galibier leaves from the Lautaret ."}]}, {'value': "Bourg d'Oisans to Briancon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bourg_d'Oisans", 'summary': "Le Bourg-d'Oisans is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France . It is located in the Oisans region of the French Alps . Le Bourg-d'Oisans is located in the valley of the Romanche river , on the road from Grenoble to Briançon , and on the south side of the Col de la Croix de Fer . It is often on the route of the Tour de France , as the town sits at the base of the road to Alpe d'Huez and the legendary switchbacks to the top of the mountain ( those wanting to test their skills against the professional cyclists ' times can rent bicycles in Bourg d'Oisans and ride to the top where the tourist office offers a certificate of official completion that costs one Euro ) . It is surrounded by several well-known mountain resorts , including the Alpe d'Huez and Les Deux Alpes . The Écrins National Park lies to the southeast of Le Bourg-d'Oisans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Briancon', 'summary': "Briançon ( French : [ bʁijɑ̃sɔ̃ ] ( listen ) , Occitan : [ bɾjanˈsun ] ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France . It is a sub-prefecture of the department . At an altitude of 1,326 metres ( 4,350 feet ) it is the highest city in France , based on the French definition as a community containing more than 2,000 inhabitants . Briançon 's most recent population estimate is 11,645 . Briançon is built on a plateau centred on the confluence of the Durance and the Guisane rivers ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2058', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col du Mont Cenis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_du_Mont_Cenis', 'summary': 'Mont Cenis ( Italian : Moncenisio ) is a massif ( el . 3,612 m / 11,850 ft ) and pass ( el . 2081 m / 6827 ft ) in Savoie ( France ) , which forms the limit between the Cottian and Graian Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Modane to Susa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modane', 'summary': 'Modane ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔ.dan ] ; Italian : Modana ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France . The commune is in the Maurienne Valley , and it also belongs to the Vanoise National Park . It was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia until the Treaty of Turin in 1860 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Susa,_Italy', 'summary': 'Susa ( Latin : Segusio , French : Suse , Arpitan : Suisa ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin , Piedmont , Italy . In the middle of Susa Valley , it is situated on at the confluence of the Cenischia with the Dora Riparia , a tributary of the Po River , at the foot of the Cottian Alps , 51 km ( 32 mi ) west of Turin .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2084', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/W', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Col de l'Iseran", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Col_de_l'Iseran", 'summary': "Col de l'Iseran ( el . 2,764 metres ( 9,068 ft ) ) is a mountain pass in France , the highest paved pass in the Alps . A part of the Graian Alps , it is situated in the department of Savoie , near the border with Italy , and is crossed by the D902 roadway . The pass is part of the Route des Grandes Alpes . It connects the valley of the Isère ( Tarentaise ) and the valley of the Arc River ( Maurienne ) between Val-d'Isère in the north and Bonneval-sur-Arc in the south . The north side of the pass road is well built with a number of galleries and tunnels , with a maximum grade of 12 percent . On the northern side are the popular ski resorts of Tignes and Val-d'Isère . The pass is only accessible by road during the summer months . In the winter it falls within the Val dIsère ski area and is easily accessed by a series of pistes and ski lifts . The Col is also accessible by off-road mountain paths and is the highest point both of the Alpine GR5 , a long-distance trail from Lake Geneva to Nice , and of the similar Grande Traversée des Alpes . The steep descent to the south , notable for its waterfalls , enters the Vanoise National Park here ."}]}, {'value': "Val d'Isere to Bonneval-sur-Arc", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Val_d'Isere", 'summary': "Val d'Isère is a commune of the Tarentaise Valley , in the Savoie department ( Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region ) in southeastern France . It lies 5 km ( 3 mi ) from the border with Italy . It is on the border of the Vanoise National Park created in 1963 . During the Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics , the Face de Bellevarde was the site of the men 's downhill race . Other alpine skiing events held during those games included men 's giant slalom and alpine combined . Val d'Isère regularly hosts World Cup alpine events , usually for the men in early December , and hosted the World Championships in 2009 . It is located in the Savoie région with good transport links in and out of Lyon , Geneva and Chambéry . The ski area of Val d'Isère and Tignes forms the Espace Killy , named after the triple Olympic champion Jean-Claude Killy who grew up in Val d'Isère . There are two mountain huts ( called refuges in French ) owned by the Vanoise National Park on the territory of Val dIsère : le Refuge du Prariond and le Refuge du Fond des Fours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bonneval-sur-Arc', 'summary': 'Bonneval-sur-Arc is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2764', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S/E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col du Nivolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col_du_Nivolet', 'summary': 'The Nivolet Pass ( Italian : Colle del Nivolet or French : Col du Nivolet ) is a mountain pass in the Eastern group of the Graian Alps in northern Italy . It is located at the top of the Orco Valley on the road from Turin to Ceresole Reale , in the Gran Paradiso National Park . Beyond the pass , the road terminates in the upper reaches of the eponymous Valsavarenche valley in the Gran Paradiso mountain group , before the valley descends to Valsavarenche and Villeneuve . The colle forms part of the boundary between the Aosta Valley and the Piemont region . The highest point of the paved road is 2,641 metres ( 8,665 feet ) . Two artificial lakes , Serrù Lake and Agnel Lake , are located immediately below the pass . The approach road from Agnel Lake was the location of several scenes in the film The Italian Job , including the iconic final bus crash .'}]}, {'value': 'Noasca to Courmayeur ( no through road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noasca', 'summary': 'Noasca is a comune ( municipality ) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont , located about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) northwest of Turin , in the Orco Valley . Noasca borders the following municipalities : Cogne , Valsavarenche , Locana , Ceresole Reale , Groscavallo , and Chialamberto . It is part of the Gran Paradiso National Park . The main peak in the area is the Roc at 4,026 metres ( 13,209 ft ) . The town has become famous for the Cingino Dam , which attracts goats that climb the steep dam to lick on the salty bricks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Courmayeur', 'summary': 'Courmayeur ( French : [ kuʁmajœʁ ] ; Valdôtain : Croméyeui ) [ needs Franco-Provençal IPA ] is a town and comune in northern Italy , in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2641', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Main passes', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Principal_passes_of_the_Alps_0', 'intro': 'This article lists the principal mountain passes and tunnels in the Alps, and gives a history of transport across the Alps.'}
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That mountain pass that has an Elevation of 1996m was purchased for how much ?
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60,000 ecus
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01def9be0c2e369f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_at_the_European_Athletics_Championships', 'title': 'Serbia at the European Athletics Championships', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Event', 'Championship'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vera Nikolić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_Nikolić', 'summary': 'Vera Nikolić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Вера Николић ; born 23 September 1948 ) is a Serbian coach and retired middle-distance runner who competed at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics . She had her best achievements in the 800 m event , in which she won European titles in 1966 and 1971 and set a world record on 20 July 1968 . She came to the 1968 Olympics as a favorite , but due to the pressure of being the favorite she gave up her semifinal - after leading it for 300 m she suddenly stepped off the track , walked back to the start , sat down and took off her shoes . She set her personal best in 800 m at the 1972 Olympics , but this was only enough for a fifth place . Nikolić received a Golden Badge of Sport , award for the best athlete of Yugoslavia in 1966 .'}]}, {'value': '800m', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966 Budapest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': "The 8th European Athletics Championships were held from 30 August to 4 September 1966 in the Nép Stadium in Budapest , Hungary . Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald . A new IAAF ruling was applied for the first time making gender verification for female events mandatory . As a consequence , all women competitors were forced to have a sex check . Several of the greatest women athletes missed this year 's championships , among them world record holders Iolanda Balaș ( high jump ) from Romania , as well as Tamara Press ( shot put ) and Tatyana Shchelkanova ( long jump ) , both from the Soviet Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vera Nikolić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_Nikolić', 'summary': 'Vera Nikolić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Вера Николић ; born 23 September 1948 ) is a Serbian coach and retired middle-distance runner who competed at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics . She had her best achievements in the 800 m event , in which she won European titles in 1966 and 1971 and set a world record on 20 July 1968 . She came to the 1968 Olympics as a favorite , but due to the pressure of being the favorite she gave up her semifinal - after leading it for 300 m she suddenly stepped off the track , walked back to the start , sat down and took off her shoes . She set her personal best in 800 m at the 1972 Olympics , but this was only enough for a fifth place . Nikolić received a Golden Badge of Sport , award for the best athlete of Yugoslavia in 1966 .'}]}, {'value': '800m', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971 Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': 'The 10th ( X ) European Athletics Championships were held from 10 August to 15 August 1971 in the Olympic Stadium of Helsinki , the capital of Finland . Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miloš Srejović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miloš_Srejović', 'summary': 'Miloš Srejović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Милош Срејовић ; born April 12 , 1956 ) is a former Serbian track and field athlete who competed in the triple jump for Yugoslavia . He won a gold medal at the 1978 European Championships in the event . His coach was Vladimir Vlada Luković , Milan Spasojević and Aleksandar Marinković . He was a member and performed for AK Radnički Kragujevac . His personal best of 17.01 metres is the Serbian record for the triple jump .'}]}, {'value': 'Triple jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978 Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': 'The 12th European Athletics Championships were held from 29 August to 3 September 1978 in the Stadion Evžena Rošického in Prague , the capital city of Czechoslovakia ( present-day Czech Republic ) . Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald . There were a number of disqualifications because of infringements of IAAF doping rules resulting in ineligibility of 18 month concerning shot putter Yevgeniy Mironov , javelin thrower Vasiliy Yershov , pentathletes Nadezhda Tkachenko and Yekaterina Gordiyenko , all competing for the Soviet Union , as well as shot putter Elena Stoyanova from Bulgaria .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snežana Pajkić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snežana_Pajkić', 'summary': "Snežana Pajkić-Jolović ( born September 23 , 1970 in Ćuprija , SR Serbia , Yugoslavia ) is a former middle distance runner from Serbia . She won the gold medal for Yugoslavia in the women 's 1500 metres at the 1990 European Athletics Championships in a Yugoslav record . Pajkić represented her country at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics . She also took a silver medal in the 800 metres at the Mediterranean Games . She was a two-time 1500 m champion at the European Athletics Junior Championships and was twice a medallist in that event at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics ."}]}, {'value': '1500 metres', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1990_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_1500_metres", 'summary': "These are the official results of the Women 's 1500 metres event at the 1990 European Championships in Split , Yugoslavia , held at Stadion Poljud on 30 August and 1 September 1990 ."}]}, {'value': '1990 Split', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': 'The 15th European Athletics Championships were held from 26 August to 2 September 1990 in Split , SFR Yugoslavia . The host stadium was Stadion Poljud . It was the last participation of East Germany ( which was already scheduled to be merged with the Federal Republic ) , the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , and SFR Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragutin Topić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragutin_Topić', 'summary': 'Dragutin Topić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драгутин Топић , born 12 March 1971 in Belgrade , SR Serbia , SFR Yugoslavia ) is a Serbian high jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1990_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Men's_high_jump", 'summary': "These are the official results of the Men 's high jump event at the 1990 European Championships in Split , Yugoslavia , held at Stadion Poljud on 29 and 31 August 1990 . There were a total number of 24 participating athletes ."}]}, {'value': '1990 Split', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': 'The 15th European Athletics Championships were held from 26 August to 2 September 1990 in Split , SFR Yugoslavia . The host stadium was Stadion Poljud . It was the last participation of East Germany ( which was already scheduled to be merged with the Federal Republic ) , the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , and SFR Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olga Gere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olga_Gere', 'summary': 'Olga Gere-Pulić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Олга Гере-Пулић ; born September 27 , 1942 , in Novi Sad , Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav high jumper . She won first medal for Yugoslavia at the European Athletics Championships , silver in 1962 . Gere represented Yugoslavia at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics where she was placed 7th .'}]}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962 Belgrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1962_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': 'The 7th European Athletics Championships were held from 12-16 September 1962 in the JNA Stadium in Belgrade , Yugoslavia ( present-day Serbia ) . Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald . Just before the meeting , the IAAF council approved the use glass fibre poles for pole vaulting . As a consequence , competitors were able to use them during the meeting if they wished .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nenad Stekić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nenad_Stekić', 'summary': "Nenad Stekić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ненад Стекић ; born 7 March 1951 , in Belgrade ) is a retired Serbian and Yugoslav long jumper , best known for his European Record of 8.45 metres , second only to Bob Beamon 's world record at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974 Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': "The 11th European Athletics Championships of 1974 were held from 2 September to 8 September in Italy , at Rome 's Stadio Olimpico . Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nenad Stekić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nenad_Stekić', 'summary': "Nenad Stekić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ненад Стекић ; born 7 March 1951 , in Belgrade ) is a retired Serbian and Yugoslav long jumper , best known for his European Record of 8.45 metres , second only to Bob Beamon 's world record at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978 Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': 'The 12th European Athletics Championships were held from 29 August to 3 September 1978 in the Stadion Evžena Rošického in Prague , the capital city of Czechoslovakia ( present-day Czech Republic ) . Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald . There were a number of disqualifications because of infringements of IAAF doping rules resulting in ineligibility of 18 month concerning shot putter Yevgeniy Mironov , javelin thrower Vasiliy Yershov , pentathletes Nadezhda Tkachenko and Yekaterina Gordiyenko , all competing for the Soviet Union , as well as shot putter Elena Stoyanova from Bulgaria .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biljana Petrović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biljana_Petrović', 'summary': 'Biljana Petrović ( née Bojović ; born 28 February 1961 ) is a retired Yugoslavian high jumper from Kraljevo , Serbia . She set her personal best on 22 June 1990 , jumping 2.00 metres at a meet in Saint-Denis , near Paris , France . She competed for Yugoslavia at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , where she finished in 22nd place ( 1.80 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1990_European_Athletics_Championships_–_Women's_high_jump", 'summary': "These are the official results of the Women 's High Jump event at the 1990 European Championships in Split , Yugoslavia , held at Stadion Poljud on 30 and 31 August 1990 . There were a total number of eighteen participating athletes ."}]}, {'value': '1990 Split', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': 'The 15th European Athletics Championships were held from 26 August to 2 September 1990 in Split , SFR Yugoslavia . The host stadium was Stadion Poljud . It was the last participation of East Germany ( which was already scheduled to be merged with the Federal Republic ) , the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , and SFR Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vera Nikolić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vera_Nikolić', 'summary': 'Vera Nikolić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Вера Николић ; born 23 September 1948 ) is a Serbian coach and retired middle-distance runner who competed at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics . She had her best achievements in the 800 m event , in which she won European titles in 1966 and 1971 and set a world record on 20 July 1968 . She came to the 1968 Olympics as a favorite , but due to the pressure of being the favorite she gave up her semifinal - after leading it for 300 m she suddenly stepped off the track , walked back to the start , sat down and took off her shoes . She set her personal best in 800 m at the 1972 Olympics , but this was only enough for a fifth place . Nikolić received a Golden Badge of Sport , award for the best athlete of Yugoslavia in 1966 .'}]}, {'value': '800m', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969_European_Athletics_Championships', 'summary': "The 9th European Athletics Championships were held from 16-21 September 1969 in the Karaiskaki Stadium of Athens , the capital of Greece . New at these championships were the women 's 1500 metres and the women 's 4×400 metres relay event . Moreover , women 's 80 metres hurdles was replaced by women 's 100 metres hurdles . Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald . Former East German runner Jürgen May , who had defected , was not allowed to compete for his new country , West Germany , due to IAAF rules requiring him to live there for at least three years ; he had competed for East Germany in the 1966 championships . West German officials promptly withdrew their athletes from all individual events in protest , but decided to compete in the relay races as a symbolic gesture to show their respect to the Greek organisers . The Dutch decathlete Edward de Noorlander was disqualified for the use of amphetamine , the first disqualification for doping in athletics ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Outdoor -- List of Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Serbia_at_the_European_Athletics_Championships_1', 'intro': 'Serbia officially has competed at the European Athletics Championships since 2006. Before Serbia has competed as part of SFR Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro.'}
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The athlete who won gold for the High jump event at the European Athletics Championships in 1990 Split was born in what city ?
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1962 Belgrade
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01df063794a3bcd1
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby', 'title': 'Premiership Rugby', 'header': ['Club', 'Established', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity*', 'Titles ( Last ) **'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Rugby', 'summary': "Bath Rugby ( also known as just Bath ) is an English professional rugby union club in Bath , Somerset . They play in the English Premiership . The club has won England 's domestic competition , the Premiership Rugby Cup , the Heineken Cup , and the European Challenge Cup . The club was founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club . The club plays at the Recreation Ground ."}]}, {'value': '1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath,_Somerset', 'summary': "Bath is the largest city in the county of Somerset , England , known for and named after its Roman-built baths . In 2011 , the population was 88,859 . Bath is in the valley of the River Avon , 97 miles ( 156 km ) west of London and 11 miles ( 18 km ) southeast of Bristol . The city became a World Heritage site in 1987 . The city became a spa with the Latin name Aquae Sulis ( the waters of Sul ) c. 60 AD when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon , although hot springs were known even before then . Bath Abbey was founded in the 7th century and became a religious centre ; the building was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries . In the 17th century , claims were made for the curative properties of water from the springs , and Bath became popular as a spa town in the Georgian era . Georgian architecture , crafted from Bath stone , includes the Royal Crescent , Circus , Pump Room and Assembly Rooms where Beau Nash presided over the city 's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761 . Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood , the Elder , and in the 18th century the city became fashionable and the population grew . Jane Austen lived in Bath in the early 19th century . Further building was undertaken in the 19th century and following the Bath Blitz in World War II . The city has software , publishing and service-oriented industries ."}]}, {'value': 'The Recreation Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Recreation_Ground_(Bath)', 'summary': "The Recreation Ground ( commonly the Rec ) is a large open space in the centre of Bath , England , next to the River Avon , which is available to be used by permission from the Recreation Ground Trust for recreational purposes by the public at large but particularly the people of Bath and surrounding areas . About a quarter of the Rec is leased to Bath Rugby during the rugby union season as a sports ground capable of holding 14,500 people . During the summer the rugby ground 's temporary East Stand is removed to make way for cricket on a larger pitch . This cricket pitch is used for local contests and was used by Somerset County Cricket Club until 2011 . Parts of the eastern area of the Rec are used by Bath Hockey Club , Bath Croquet Club , Bath Drama Club , Bath Quidditch Club and for some tennis courts . Pitches are available for amateur sports such as Football , Volleyball and Lacrosse . There is a cricket pavilion at the William Street entrance to the ground . The council-run Sports and Leisure Centre is located on the southern edge of the Rec , accessed via North Parade . In former years the Rec was subject to periodic flooding from the River Avon , but a flood alleviation scheme in the 1960s improved the flow of the river . However , the Rec remains part of the floodplain at risk of occasional flooding . The ground can still get very boggy after heavy rains ."}]}, {'value': '14,509', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 ( 1996 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Bears', 'summary': "Bristol Bears ( officially Bristol Rugby Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Bristol , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded as Bristol Football Club in 1888 ; between 1921 and 2014 Bristol 's home matches were played at the Memorial Ground and since 2014 Bristol plays its home matches at Ashton Gate Stadium in the south-west of the city . The current head coach is Pat Lam who was appointed in 2017 . The club announced a new nickname of Bears to be used from 1 June 2018 ; between 2001 and 2005 the club were known as Bristol Shoguns due to a sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi . Bristol won the 1983 John Player Cup and have also won England 's second division four times , most recently in 2017-18 ."}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol', 'summary': 'Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashton Gate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton_Gate_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ashton Gate is a stadium in Ashton Gate , Bristol , England , and is the home of Bristol City F.C . and the Bristol Bears . Located in the south-west of the city , just south of the River Avon , it currently has an all-seated capacity of 27,000 .'}]}, {'value': '27,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( N/A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exeter Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exeter_Chiefs', 'summary': "Exeter Chiefs ( officially Exeter Rugby Club ) are an English professional rugby union club based in Exeter , Devon . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1871 and since 2006 plays its home matches at Sandy Park , a purpose built facility on the outskirts of the city . They have been known by the name Chiefs since 1999 . They were promoted to the Premiership for the first time in 2010 . In the 2016-17 Premiership Rugby season Exeter became English Champions for the first time . In 2017-18 Exeter topped the regular season table but lost the Play-Off final ; this entitled them to compete in the 2018-19 European Rugby Champions Cup . The current head coach is Rob Baxter who was appointed in March 2009 . Exeter are the only club to win the top four tiers of English rugby , winning the Premiership in 2017 , RFU Championship in 2010 , National League 1 in 1997 and National League 2 South in 1996 . They have won the Anglo-Welsh Cup twice , most recently in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exeter', 'summary': "Exeter ( /ˈɛksɪtər/ ( listen ) ) is a cathedral city in Devon , England , with a population of 130,428 ( mid-2018 est. ) . The city is located on the River Exe approximately 36 miles ( 58 km ) northeast of Plymouth and 65 miles ( 105 km ) southwest of Bristol . It is the county town of Devon , and the base of Devon County Council . Also situated in Exeter are two campuses of the University of Exeter , Streatham Campus and St Luke 's Campus . In Roman Britain , Exeter was established as the base of Legio II Augusta under the personal command of Vespasian . Exeter became a religious centre during the Middle Ages and into the Tudor times : Exeter Cathedral , founded in the mid 11th century , became Anglican during the 16th-century English Reformation . During the late 19th century , Exeter became an affluent centre for the wool trade , although by the First World War the city was in decline . After the Second World War , much of the city centre was rebuilt and is now considered to be a centre for modern business and tourism in Devon and Cornwall . The administrative area of Exeter has the status of a non-metropolitan district under the administration of the County Council ; a plan to grant the city unitary authority status was scrapped under the 2010 coalition government ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandy Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandy_Park', 'summary': 'Sandy Park is a rugby union stadium and conference and banqueting centre in Exeter , England . It is the home ground of Exeter Chiefs , who from the 2010-11 season have been playing in the Gallagher Premiership , the top flight of the English rugby union league system . The club relocated there from their former stadium at the County Ground in 2006 . The stadium can hold 12,800 spectators and is located adjacent to M5 junction 30 , which is around 5 miles from Exeter City Centre . Sandy Park played host to the England Saxons vs Ireland Wolfhounds on 28 January 2012 ; the England Saxons won 23-17 .'}]}, {'value': '13,593', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2017 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gloucester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloucester_Rugby', 'summary': "Gloucester Rugby are a professional rugby union club based in the West Country city of Gloucester . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby , as well as in European competitions . The club was formed in 1873 and since 1891 has played its home matches at Kingsholm Stadium , on the fringes of the city centre . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season , they finished 3rd and lost in the play off semi-finals , qualifying to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Champions Cup . The current head coach is Johan Ackermann , who was appointed in the summer of 2017 . The club has no official nickname but are often referred to as the Cherry and Whites by supporters and the media in reference to the traditional red and white hooped shirts worn by the team . Matches with local rivals Bath and Bristol Bears are referred to as West Country derbies , in the 2018/19 season they managed an away draw and home win against Bath ."}]}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gloucester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloucester', 'summary': "Gloucester ( /ˈɡlɒstər/ ( listen ) ) is a cathedral city and district in Gloucestershire , of which it is the county town , in the South West of England . Gloucester lies on the River Severn , between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the west , 19 miles ( 31 km ) east of Monmouth , and 17 miles ( 27 km ) east of the border with Wales . Including suburban areas , Gloucester has a population of around 150,000 . It is a port , linked via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal to the Severn Estuary . Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis , and was granted its first charter in 1155 by Henry II . In 1216 Henry III , aged only ten years , was crowned with a gilded iron ring in the Chapter House of Gloucester Cathedral . Gloucester 's significance in the Middle Ages is underlined by the fact that it had a number of monastic establishments , including St Peter 's Abbey founded in 679 ( later Gloucester Cathedral ) , the nearby St Oswald 's Priory , Gloucester founded in the 880s or 890s , and Llanthony Secunda Priory , founded 1136 . The town is also the site of the Siege of Gloucester in 1643 , during which the city held out against Royalist forces in the First English Civil War . A major attraction of the city is Gloucester Cathedral , which is the burial place of King Edward II and Walter de Lacy , and features in scenes from the Harry Potter films . Other features of interest include the museum and school of art and science , the former county jail ( on the site of a Saxon and Norman castle ) , the Shire Hall ( now headquarters of the County Council ) and the Whitefield memorial church . A park in the south of the city contains a spa , a chalybeate spring having been discovered in 1814 . Economically , the city is dominated by the service industries , and has strong financial , research , distribution and light industrial sectors ."}]}, {'value': 'Kingsholm Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingsholm_Stadium', 'summary': "Kingsholm Stadium is a rugby union stadium located in the Kingsholm area of Gloucester , England , and is the home stadium of Gloucester Rugby . The stadium has a capacity of 16,115 . It is sometimes nicknamed 'Castle Grim ' after the estate where the stadium is built . The new main grandstand , opened in 2007 , is an all seated 7,500 capacity stand along the south touchline . It is currently sponsored by Malvern Tyres . Kingsholm was used as a home stadium for England before they settled at Twickenham and also hosted New Zealand versus United States for a pool match in the 1991 Rugby World Cup . In common with many grounds of English professional rugby union clubs , Kingsholm features several terraced standing areas . The North Stand is such an area and is known colloquially as 'The Shed ' . It runs down the whole length of the pitch and holds around 3,000 people . The Shed is known within rugby union for its proximity to the pitch and the low roof , enabling fervent home support . The West Stand terrace holds around 1,615 spectators and has a row of hospitality boxes located above . It is sponsored by Stowford Press ."}]}, {'value': '16,115', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( N/A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harlequins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlequin_F.C.', 'summary': "The Harlequin Football Club ( Harlequins or Quins for short ) is an English rugby union team that plays in the top level of English rugby , the English Premiership . Their ground in London is the Twickenham Stoop . They were one of the founding members of the RFU . Quins were crowned winners of the European Challenge Cup in 2011 , the English Premiership for the first time in 2012 and won the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2013 . The current club captain is Chris Robshaw while the current Head of Rugby is former England defence coach Paul Gustard , with Billy Millard acting as the Club 's General Manager . For sponsorship reasons they were formerly known as NEC Harlequins , but principal sponsorship is currently held by DHL and Adidas ."}]}, {'value': '1866', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London ( Twickenham )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Twickenham', 'summary': "Twickenham is an affluent suburban town in south-west London , England . It lies on the River Thames and is 10 miles ( 16 km ) west-southwest of Charing Cross , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south-east of Hounslow , and 2.6 miles ( 4.2 km ) north-west of Kingston upon Thames . Historically part of Middlesex , it has formed part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames since 1965 . The population of the town , including its localities St Margarets and Whitton , was 62,148 as of 2011 . Twickenham has an extensive town centre and is famous for being the home of rugby union in England , with hundreds of thousands of spectators visiting Twickenham Stadium , the world 's largest rugby stadium , each year . The historic riverside area is famous for its network of 18th-century buildings and pleasure grounds , many of which survive intact . This area has three grand period mansions with public access : York House , Marble Hill and Strawberry Hill House . Another has been lost , that belonging to 18th-century aphoristic poet Alexander Pope . Among these is the Neo-Gothic prototype home of Horace Walpole which has given its name to a whole district , Strawberry Hill , and is linked with the oldest Roman Catholic university in the country , St Mary 's University ."}]}, {'value': 'Twickenham Stoop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twickenham_Stoop', 'summary': 'Twickenham Stoop Stadium ( informally referred to as The Stoop ) is a sports stadium located in south-west London , England . The stadium is home to Harlequins rugby union team , who play in the Gallagher Premiership . The stadium has a capacity of 14,800 and is situated just across the road from Twickenham Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '14,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leicester Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leicester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester', 'summary': 'Leicester ( /ˈlɛstər/ ( listen ) LEST-ər ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England , and the county town of Leicestershire . The city lies on the River Soar and close to the eastern end of the National Forest . It is to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry , south of Nottingham , and west of Peterborough . The 2016 mid year estimate of the population of the City of Leicester unitary authority was 348,300 , an increase of approximately 18,500 ( 5.6% ) from the 2011 census figure of 329,839 , making it the most populous municipality in the East Midlands region . The associated urban area is also the 11th most populous in England and the 13th most populous in the United Kingdom . Leicester is at the intersection of two major railway lines - the north-south Midland Main Line and the east/west Birmingham to London Stansted CrossCountry line ; as well as the confluence of the M1/M69 motorways and the A6/A46 trunk routes . Leicester is the home to football club Leicester City and rugby club Leicester Tigers .'}]}, {'value': 'Welford Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welford_Road_Stadium', 'summary': 'Welford Road is a rugby union stadium in Leicester , England , and is the home ground for Leicester Tigers . The ground was opened on 10 September 1892 and is located between Aylestone Road and Welford Road on the southern edge of the city centre . The ground was developed in two main periods , either side of the First World War stands were built on both sides and then between 1995 and 2016 both ends were developed and the north side redeveloped . The stadium has a capacity of 25,849 , making it the largest purpose-built club rugby union ground in England . It hosted five full England national team matches between 1902 and 1923 , and staged a single match at each of the 1991 and 1999 Rugby World Cups .'}]}, {'value': '25,849', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 ( 2013 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London Irish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Irish', 'summary': "London Irish RFC is a professional English rugby union club , with an Irish Identity . It was originally based in Sunbury , Surrey , where the senior squad train , youth teams and senior academy play home games , and the club maintain their administrative offices , at Hazelwood Drive . It competed in the Premiership , the top division of English rugby union , every season since its inception in 1996-97 , apart from the 2016-17 and 2018-19 seasons , in which they competed in the RFU Championship , winning the league in 2017 and 2019 . The club also competed in the Anglo-Welsh Cup , until its demise in 2018 , and has participated in both the European Champions Cup and European Challenge Cup . While playing in the Championship , in 2016-17 and 2018-19 , Irish also played in the British and Irish Cup and its successor the RFU Championship Cup respectively . The club currently plays its home games at the Madejski Stadium in Reading , Berkshire . However , at the end of the 2019-20 season they will move to Brentford Community Stadium in Brentford , West London . London Irish won its first major trophy in 2002 , claiming the Powergen Cup ( the competition that is now the Premiership Rugby Cup ) . Irish also reached the final of the 2009 English Premiership , narrowly losing 10-9 to Leicester Tigers at Twickenham Stadium . In the 2007-08 season the team came close to a place in the Heineken Cup Final , losing out to Stade Toulousain 15-21 in a tense semi-final encounter at Twickenham Stadium . The club 's mascot is an Irish Wolfhound character called Digger ."}]}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire', 'summary': "Reading ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ ( listen ) RED-ing ) is a large , historic university and minster town in Berkshire , South East England . It is in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet , and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway . Reading is 70 miles ( 110 km ) east of Bristol , 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Oxford , 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of London , 14 miles ( 23 km ) north of Basingstoke , 12 miles ( 19 km ) south-west of Maidenhead and 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of Newbury . The first evidence for Reading as a town dates from the 8th century . It was an important trading and ecclesiastical centre in the medieval period , as the site of Reading Abbey , one of the largest and richest monasteries of medieval England with strong royal connections , of which the 12th-century abbey gateway and significant ancient ruins remain . By 1525 , Reading was the largest town in Berkshire , and tax returns show that Reading was the 10th largest town in England when measured by taxable wealth . The medieval town was seriously affected by the English Civil War , with a major siege and loss of trade , and played a pivotal role in the Revolution of 1688 , with that revolution 's only significant military action fought on the streets of the town . The 18th century saw the beginning of a major iron works in the town and the growth of the brewing trade for which Reading was to become famous . The 19th century saw the coming of the Great Western Railway and the development of the town 's brewing , baking and seed growing businesses . During that period , the town grew rapidly as a manufacturing centre . Today , [ when ? ] Reading is a major commercial centre , with involvement in information technology and insurance , and despite its proximity to London , has a net inward commuter flow ."}]}, {'value': 'Madejski Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madejski_Stadium', 'summary': "The Madejski /məˈdeɪski/ is a football stadium located in Reading , Berkshire , England . It is the home of Reading Football Club playing in the Football League Championship and the rugby union club London Irish as tenants . It also provides the finish for the Reading Half Marathon . The stadium is named after Reading 's chairman Sir John Madejski . It is an all-seater bowl stadium with a capacity of 24,161 and is located close to the M4 motorway . It is built on the site of a former household waste dump and is surrounded by methane vents . The West Stand contains the Millennium Madejski Hotel . The stadium was opened on 22 August 1998 and replaced Elm Park as Reading 's home ground ."}]}, {'value': '24,161', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( N/A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northampton Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northampton_Saints', 'summary': "Northampton Saints ( officially Northampton Rugby Football Club ) is a professional rugby union club from Northampton , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . They were formed in 1880 as Northampton St. James , which gave them the nickname Saints from the 1880s . The team play their home games at Franklin 's Gardens , in the west of the town , which has a capacity of 15,250 and play in black , green , and gold colours . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Saints finished 4th and lost in the semi-finals , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Champions Cup . The current Director of Rugby is Chris Boyd who was appointed in 2018 . Northampton has won six major titles . They were European Champions in 2000 and English Champions in 2014 , they have also won the secondary European Rugby Challenge Cup twice , in 2009 and 2014 , the Anglo Welsh Cup in 2010 and most recently the inaugural Premiership Rugby Cup in 2019 . They have also won the second division three times ; in 1990 , 1996 and 2008 . Their biggest rivals are Leicester Tigers . The East Midlands Derby is one of the fiercest rivalries in English rugby union ."}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northampton', 'summary': 'Northampton /nɔːrˈθæmptən/ ( listen ) is a large market town and the county town of Northamptonshire in the East Midlands of England . It lies on the River Nene , 60 miles ( 97 km ) north-west of London and 50 miles ( 80 km ) south-east of Birmingham . One of the largest towns in England , it had a population of 212,100 at the 2011 census ( 223,000 est . 2019 ) . Northampton is also home to Northampton Cathedral which is an established cathedral for the Diocese of Northampton . Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates to the Bronze Age , Romans and Anglo-Saxons . In the Middle Ages , the town rose to national significance with the establishment of Northampton Castle , an occasional royal residence which regularly hosted the Parliament of England . Medieval Northampton had many churches , monasteries and the University of Northampton , all enclosed by the town walls . It was granted a town charter by Richard I in 1189 and a mayor was appointed by King John in 1215 . The town was also the site of two medieval battles , in 1264 and 1460 . Northampton supported the Parliamentary Roundheads in the English Civil War , and Charles II ordered the destruction of the town walls and most of the castle . The Great Fire of Northampton in 1675 destroyed much of the town .'}]}, {'value': "Franklin 's Gardens", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Franklin's_Gardens", 'summary': "Franklin 's Gardens is a purpose-built rugby stadium in Northampton , England . It is the home stadium of Northampton Saints . The stadium holds 15,249 people . The four stands are : Carlsberg Stand ; Elite Insurance Stand ; Church 's Stand ; and Barwell Stand . It is also the Northampton conference centre as well as the only UK Aviva Premiership Rugby ground with its own cenotaph , the setting for a moving ceremony every Remembrance Weekend ."}]}, {'value': '15,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2014 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sale Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sale_Sharks', 'summary': "Sale Sharks is a professional rugby union club from Greater Manchester , England . They play in the Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . Originally founded in 1861 as Sale Football Club , now a distinct amateur club , they adopted the nickname Sharks in 1999 . Since 2012 they have played their home games at the A.J . Bell Stadium in Barton-upon-Irwell , Eccles . Between 1905 and 2003 they played at Heywood Road in Sale , before moving to Edgeley Park in Stockport where they stayed until 2012 . Their traditional colours are blue and white . Sale have won three major trophies . They were English Champions in 2006 and won the European Rugby Challenge Cup in 2002 and 2005 . They also won the second division in 1994 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Sale finished 7th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Champions Cup . The current Director of Rugby is Steve Diamond who was appointed in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salford', 'summary': "Salford ( /ˈsɒlfərd/ ) is a district and the main component in the City of Salford , Greater Manchester , England , directly west of Manchester city centre in a meander of the River Irwell , which forms part of its boundary with Manchester . The wider City of Salford local government district is administered from Swinton . The former County Borough of Salford , which included Broughton , Pendleton and Kersal , was granted city status in 1926 . In 2011 , Salford had a population of 103,886 , and the City of Salford 233,933 . Historically in Lancashire , Salford was the judicial seat of the ancient hundred of Salfordshire . It was granted a charter by Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester , in about 1230 , making Salford a free borough of greater cultural and commercial importance than its neighbour Manchester , although since the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries that position has been reversed . Salford became a major cotton and silk spinning and weaving factory town and inland port on the Manchester Ship Canal in the 18th and 19th centuries . Industries declined in the 20th century , causing economic depression , and Salford became a place of contrasts , with regenerated inner-city areas like Salford Quays next to some of the most socially deprived and violent areas in England . Salford is home to the University of Salford , and has seen several firsts , including the world 's first free public library , and the first street to be lit by gas . Salford 's MediaCityUK became the headquarters of CBBC and BBC Sport in 2011 , joined by ITV Granada in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'AJ Bell Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AJ_Bell_Stadium', 'summary': "Salford City Stadium ( referred to as the AJ Bell Stadium for sponsorship purposes ) is a rugby stadium in Barton-upon-Irwell , Salford , England , built to replace Salford rugby league club 's ground the Willows for the 2012 season . Sale Sharks rugby union club have also played at the stadium since the 2012-13 season ."}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2006 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saracens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saracens_F.C.', 'summary': "Saracens Football Club ( /ˈsærəsənz/ ) are an English professional rugby union football club based in London , England . Established in 1876 , they play in Premiership Rugby , the top level of domestic rugby union in England . They are the current title holders of the European Rugby Champions Cup , a tournament which they have won more times than any other English team , with three titles , won in 2016 , 2017 and 2019 . Since 2012 , Saracens have played their home games at Allianz Park in Hendon , in the London Borough of Barnet ; previous grounds have included Vicarage Road in Watford , and Bramley Road . The club 's home playing colours are black and red . In November 2019 , they were handed a 35-point deduction and fined £5.3m after they were found to have breached Premiership Rugby salary cap regulations over the previous three seasons . On 18 January 2020 Premiership Rugby announced they would be relegated to the RFU Championship at the end of the season , following the 'conclusion of dialogue ' between Premiership Rugby and the team ."}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London ( Hendon )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hendon', 'summary': 'Hendon is a London urban area in the Borough of Barnet , 7 miles ( 11 km ) northwest of Charing Cross , between the A41 , A406 and the M1 motorway . Hendon was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex and has been part of Greater London since 1965 . It used to be the home for the London Aerodrome which later became RAF Hendon . From 1972 the site of the RAF station was gradually handed over to the RAF Museum London . Hendon had a population of 52,972 in 2011 which includes the West Hendon and Colindale wards .'}]}, {'value': 'Allianz Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnet_Copthall', 'summary': 'Barnet Copthall is a leisure complex on the Hendon-Mill Hill borders in London NW4 . The complex houses a local authority-owned swimming pool and gymnasium facilities , a golf-driving range with 9 hole pitch and putt run by Metro Golf , and a stadium , Allianz Park , used primarily for rugby and athletics . The stadium is the home of rugby union Premiership side Saracens .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 ( 2019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wasps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasps_RFC', 'summary': "Wasps Rugby Football Club is an English professional rugby union team based in Coventry , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . Founded in 1867 as Wasps Football Club , now a distinct amateur club , the club was originally London-based , but relocated to Coventry in December 2014 . Wasps now own and play at the Ricoh Arena . Prior to the move to the Midlands , Wasps had several homes ; from 1923 to 1996 they were based at Repton Avenue in Sudbury , London , from 1996 to 2002 they played at Loftus Road in Shepherd 's Bush and from 2002 to 2014 they played at Adams Park in High Wycombe , Buckinghamshire , 30 miles northwest of London . Wasps has won 12 major titles . They were European Champions twice , in 2004 and 2007 ; have won six English Championships including three in a row from 2003-05 ; and won three Anglo-Welsh Cups . They have also won the 2003 European Rugby Challenge Cup . Wasps most recent trophy is the 2008 Premiership . The 2017-18 season marked the 150th anniversary of Wasps Rugby Football Club . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Wasps finished 8th . This entitles them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1867', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coventry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coventry', 'summary': "Coventry ( /ˈkɒvəntri/ ( listen ) KOV-ən-tree or /ˈkʌv-/ KUV- ) is a city , administrative centre and metropolitan borough in England and the United Kingdom . It is built on the River Sherbourne , which remains largely hidden by infrastructure , although it can be seen by the canal . Coventry has been a large settlement for centuries , although it was n't founded and given its city status since the Middle Ages , since then it has been one of the most important and largest cities of the country . The conurbation consists of the Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area , being the 20th largest in the country , and the city is governed by Coventry City Council . Historically part of Warwickshire , at the 2011 census Coventry had a population of 316,915 , making it the 9th largest city in England only and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom . It is the second largest city in the West Midlands region , after Birmingham , and although proximate to the West Midlands conurbation , it is just outside it . Coventry is 19 miles ( 31 km ) east-southeast of Birmingham , 24 miles ( 39 km ) southwest of Leicester , 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of Warwick and 94 miles ( 151 km ) northwest of London . Coventry is also the most central city in England , being only 11 miles ( 18 km ) south-southwest of the country 's geographical centre in Leicestershire and is located in the West Midlands . The current Coventry Cathedral was built after the majority of the 14th century cathedral church of Saint Michael was destroyed by the Luftwaffe in the Coventry Blitz of 14 November 1940 . Coventry motor companies have contributed significantly to the British motor industry . The city has three universities , Coventry University in the city centre , the University of Warwick on the southern outskirts and the smaller private Arden University , with its headquarters close to Coventry Airport . On 7 December 2017 , the city won the title of UK City of Culture 2021 , after beating Paisley , Stoke-on-Trent , Swansea and Sunderland to the title ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricoh Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricoh_Arena', 'summary': "The Ricoh Arena in Coventry , England , is a complex which includes a 32,609-seater stadium , used by Wasps rugby union club , a 6,000 square metres ( 65,000 sq ft ) exhibition hall , a hotel and a casino . The site is also home to Arena Park Shopping Centre , containing one of UK 's largest Tesco Extra hypermarkets . Built on the site of the Foleshill gasworks , it is named after its sponsor , Japanese company Ricoh , which paid £10 million for the naming rights over 10 years . For the 2012 Summer Olympics , where stadium naming sponsorship was forbidden , the stadium was known as the City of Coventry Stadium . Originally built as a replacement for Coventry City 's Highfield Road ground , the stadium was initially operated by Arena Coventry Limited ( ACL ) , with Coventry City as tenants . ACL was owned jointly by Coventry City Council and the Higgs Charity . The stadium hosted its first football match in August 2005 . The official opening was performed by Dame Kelly Holmes and sports minister Richard Caborn on 24 February 2007 , by which time the arena had already hosted a sell-out England U21 football match against Germany as well as a full season of Coventry City matches . The Ricoh Arena was the first cashless stadium in the United Kingdom , with customers using a prepay smartcard system in the grounds bars and shops . However , the stadium now accepts cash at all kiosks . Following a protracted rent dispute between Coventry City and ACL , the football club left the Ricoh Arena in 2013 , playing home matches at Sixfields Stadium in Northampton for over a year before returning to the Ricoh in September 2014 . Within two months , both shareholders in ACL were bought out by rugby union Premiership club Wasps , who relocated to the stadium from their previous ground , Adams Park in High Wycombe ."}]}, {'value': '32,753', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester Warriors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_Warriors', 'summary': 'Worcester Warriors Rugby Football Club are an English rugby union club , playing in the English Premiership . Warriors also compete in the Premiership Rugby Cup , European Challenge Cup , and Premiership Rugby Shield competitions . Their home ground is Sixways Stadium , and the team colours are gold and blue .'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a cathedral city in Worcestershire , England , 30 miles ( 48 km ) south-west of Birmingham , 101 miles ( 163 km ) west-north-west of London , 27 miles ( 43 km ) north of Gloucester and 23 miles ( 37 km ) north-east of Hereford . The population is about 100,000 . The River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre , which is overlooked by Worcester Cathedral . The Battle of Worcester in 1651 was the final battle of the English Civil War , where Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army defeated King Charles II 's Royalists . Worcester is known as the home of Royal Worcester Porcelain , composer Edward Elgar , Lea & Perrins , makers of traditional Worcestershire sauce , University of Worcester , and Berrow 's Worcester Journal , claimed to be the world 's oldest newspaper ."}]}, {'value': 'Sixways Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sixways_Stadium', 'summary': "Sixways Stadium is a stadium in Worcester , England . It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches and is the home stadium of Worcester Warriors . The stadium is able to hold 11,499 with parking for 1,000 cars , Sixways has 60 modern meeting and event rooms . The ground opened 1975 and is located off junction 6 of the M5 motorway , which splits into six directions , hence the name Sixways . The Stadium commenced building on the site of the old 3rd team pitch and club house after a lottery grant in 1998 . On 7 April 2016 it was announced that Sixways ' pitch would be converted to the latest technology artificial grass ahead of the 2016-17 season . Sixways would become the third premiership venue with an artificial pitch after Allianz Park and Kingston Park but the first to feature organic infill rather than rubber crumb ."}]}, {'value': '11,499', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( N/A )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clubs -- Current clubs chart', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'English_Premiership_(rugby_union)_0', 'intro': "Premiership Rugby (officially known as Gallagher Premiership Rugby, or the Gallagher Premiership due to sponsorship reasons) is an English professional rugby union competition. The Premiership consists of twelve clubs, and is the top division of the English rugby union system. Premiership clubs qualify for Europe's two main club competitions, the European Rugby Champions Cup and the European Rugby Challenge Cup. The team finishing at the bottom of the Premiership each season is relegated to the second division, the RFU Championship; the winner of the Championship is promoted to the Premiership. The competition has been played since 1987, and has evolved into the current Premiership system. The current champions are Saracens. The most recently promoted side are London Irish, who returned to the top flight in 2019."}
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What is the capacity of the stadium where Rob Baxter 's team plays at ?
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13,593
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01df5590169e5e04
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBC_television_affiliates_(table)', 'title': 'List of NBC television affiliates (table)', 'header': ['City of license/Market', 'Station', 'Channel TV ( DT )', 'Year of affiliation', 'Ownership'], 'data': [{'value': 'Abilene - Sweetwater , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abilene,_Texas', 'summary': 'Abilene ( /ˈæbɪliːn/ AB-i-leen ) is a city in Taylor and Jones counties in Texas , United States . The population was 117,063 at the 2010 census , making it the 27th-most populous city in the state of Texas . It is the principal city of the Abilene Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a 2017 estimated population of 170,219 . It is the county seat of Taylor County . Dyess Air Force Base is located on the west side of the city . Abilene is located off Interstate 20 , between exits 279 on its western edge and 292 on the east . Abilene is 150 miles ( 240 km ) west of Fort Worth . The city is looped by I-20 to the north , US 83/84 on the west , and Loop 322 to the east . A railroad divides the city down the center into north and south . The historic downtown area is on the north side of the railroad .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweetwater,_Texas', 'summary': 'Sweetwater is a municipality in and the seat of Nolan County , Texas , United States . It is 236 miles southeast of Amarillo and 181 miles west of Fort Worth . The population was 10,906 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'KRBC-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KRBC-TV', 'summary': 'KRBC-TV , virtual channel 9 ( UHF digital channel 29 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Abilene , Texas , United States . The station is owned by Mission Broadcasting ; Nexstar Media Group , which owns CBS affiliate KTAB-TV ( channel 32 ) , operates KRBC under joint sales and shared services agreements ( JSA/SSA ) . The two stations share studios on South 14th Street in western Abilene , and transmitter facilities on Texas State Highway 36 in neighboring Callahan County .'}]}, {'value': '9 ( 29 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission Broadcasting ( operated by Nexstar Media Group )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_Broadcasting', 'summary': "Mission Broadcasting , Inc. is a television station group that owns 20 television stations in 17 markets in the United States . The group 's Chair is Nancie Smith , the widow of David S. Smith ( who died in March 2011 ) , who founded the company in 1996 . All of Mission 's stations are located in markets where the Nexstar Media Group also owns a station , and are managed by Nexstar through shared services and local marketing agreements - effectively creating duopolies between the top two stations in a market or in markets with too few stations or unique station owners to legally allow duopolies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group', 'summary': 'Nexstar Media Group , Inc. is a publicly traded American telecommunications company with headquarter offices in Irving , Texas , New York City , and Chicago . The company is the largest television station owner in the United States , owning 197 television stations across the U.S. , most of which are affiliates with the four major U.S. television networks located in small to medium-sized markets . It also operates all of the stations owned by an affiliated company , Mission Broadcasting , under local marketing agreements .'}]}, {'value': 'Ada , OK - Sherman , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Ada is a city in and the county seat of Pontotoc County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 16,810 at the 2010 census , an increase of 7.1 percent from 15,691 at the 2000 census . The city was named for Ada Reed , the daughter of an early settler , and was incorporated in 1901 . Ada is home to East Central University , and is the headquarters of the Chickasaw Nation . Ada is an Oklahoma Main Street City , an Oklahoma Certified City , and a Tree City USA member .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sherman,_Texas', 'summary': "Sherman is a U.S. city in and the county seat of Grayson County , Texas . The city 's population in 2010 was 38,521 . It is one of the two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area , and it is part of the Texoma region of North Texas and southern Oklahoma ."}]}, {'value': 'KTEN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KTEN', 'summary': "KTEN , virtual channel 10 ( UHF digital channel 26 ) , is a NBC/CW+/ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Ada , Oklahoma , United States and serving the Ada-Sherman television market . The station is owned by Lockwood Broadcast Group . KTEN 's primary studios are located on High Point Circle ( near Katy Memorial Expressway/U.S . Route 75 ) in northwestern Denison , Texas , with secondary studios at the Ardmore Energy Center on Merrick Drive ( near North Commerce Street ) in northwestern Ardmore , and business offices at the intersection of East Main Street and Rennie Avenue ( near the offices of the Ada Evening News ) in downtown Ada , Oklahoma . The station 's transmitter is located along State Highway 7 in rural northeastern Johnston County , Oklahoma ( west of Wapanucka and southwest of Bromide ) ."}]}, {'value': '10 ( 26 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lockwood Broadcast Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lockwood_Broadcast_Group', 'summary': 'Lockwood Broadcast Group is a television broadcasting company that owns stations in several markets . Lockwood Broadcast main offices are located in Hampton , Virginia with Operation Headquarters in Richmond , Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Albany , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Flint River , it is the seat of Dougherty County . Located in southwest Georgia , it is the principal city of the Albany , Georgia metropolitan area . The population was 77,434 at the 2010 U.S. Census , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . It became prominent in the nineteenth century as a shipping and market center , first served by riverboats and then by railroads . Seven lines met in Albany , and it was a center of trade in the Southeast . It is part of the Black Belt ( geological formation ) , the extensive area in the Deep South of cotton plantations . From the mid-20th century , it received military investment during World War II and after , that helped develop the region . Albany and this area were prominent during the civil rights era , particularly during the early 1960s as activists worked to regain voting and other civil rights . Railroad restructuring and reduction in the military here caused job losses , but the city has developed new businesses .'}]}, {'value': 'WALB-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WALB', 'summary': "WALB , virtual and VHF digital channel 10 , is a dual NBC/ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Albany , Georgia , United States and serving Southwestern Georgia . Owned by Gray Television , it is sister to low-powered CW+ affiliate WGCW-LD , channel 36 ( which WALB simulcasts on its fourth digital subchannel ) . The two stations share studios on Stuart Avenue in Albany ; WALB 's transmitter is located east of Doerun , along the Colquitt-Worth county line ."}]}, {'value': '10 ( 10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gray Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gray_Television', 'summary': 'Gray Television , Inc. is an American publicly traded television broadcasting company based in Atlanta , Georgia . Founded in 1946 by James Harrison Gray as Gray Communications Systems , the company owns or operates 145 stations across the United States , based primarily in markets as large as Cleveland and as small as North Platte , Nebraska .'}]}, {'value': 'Albany - Schenectady - Troy , N.Y', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_New_York', 'summary': 'Albany ( /ˈɔːlbəni/ ( listen ) AWL-bə-nee ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat and largest city of Albany County . Albany is located on the west bank of the Hudson River approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River and approximately 135 miles ( 220 km ) north of New York City . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state . As of the 2010 census , the population of Albany was 97,856 . The area that later became Albany was settled by Dutch colonists who , in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and , in 1624 , built Fort Orange . In 1664 , the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York in 1797 following formation of the United States . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and is the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York', 'summary': 'Schenectady ( /skəˈnɛktədi/ ) is a city in Schenectady County , New York , United States , of which it is the county seat . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 66,135 . The name Schenectady is derived from a Mohawk word , skahnéhtati , meaning beyond the pines . Schenectady was founded on the south side of the Mohawk River by Dutch colonists in the 17th century , many from the Albany area . They were prohibited from the fur trade by the Albany monopoly , which kept its control after the English takeover in 1664 . Residents of the new village developed farms on strip plots along the river . Connected to the west via the Mohawk River and Erie Canal , Schenectady developed rapidly in the 19th century as part of the Mohawk Valley trade , manufacturing and transportation corridor . By 1824 more people worked in manufacturing than agriculture or trade , and the city had a cotton mill , processing cotton from the Deep South . Numerous mills in New York had such ties with the South . Through the 19th century , nationally influential companies and industries developed in Schenectady , including General Electric and American Locomotive Company ( ALCO ) , which were powers into the mid-20th century . Schenectady was part of emerging technologies , with GE collaborating in the production of nuclear-powered submarines and , in the 21st century , working on other forms of renewable energy . Schenectady is in eastern New York , near the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Troy,_New_York', 'summary': "Troy is a city in the U.S. state of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County . The city is located on the western edge of Rensselaer County and on the eastern bank of the Hudson River . Troy has close ties to the nearby cities of Albany and Schenectady , forming a region popularly called the Capital District . The city is one of the three major centers for the Albany Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which has a population of 1,170,483 . At the 2010 census , the population of Troy was 50,129 . Troy 's motto is Ilium fuit . Troja est , which means Ilium was , Troy is . Today , Troy is home to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , the oldest private engineering and technical university in the US , founded in 1824 . Due to the confluence of major waterways and a geography that supported water power , the American industrial revolution took hold in this area , making Troy reputedly the fourth wealthiest city in America around the turn of the 20th century . Troy , therefore , is noted for a wealth of Victorian architecture downtown and elaborate private homes in various neighborhoods . Several churches boast a concentrated collection of stained glass windows by Louis Comfort Tiffany . Troy is also home to the world renowned Troy Music Hall , officially the Troy Savings Bank Music Hall , dating from the 1870s , which is said to have superb acoustics in a combination of restored and well preserved performance space ."}]}, {'value': 'WNYT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WNYT_(TV)', 'summary': "WNYT , virtual channel 13 ( VHF digital channel 12 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Albany , New York , United States and serving New York 's Capital District ( Albany-Schenectady-Troy ) as well as Berkshire County , Massachusetts . The station is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting , as part of a duopoly with Pittsfield , Massachusetts-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WNYA ( channel 51 ) . The two stations share studios at the WNYT Broadcast Center on North Pearl Street ( along NY 32 ) in Menands ( with an Albany postal address ) ; WNYT 's transmitter is located on the Helderberg Escarpment west of New Salem , a hamlet of New Scotland ."}]}, {'value': '13 ( 12 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubbard Broadcasting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubbard_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Hubbard Broadcasting , Inc. is an American television and radio broadcasting corporation based in St. Paul , Minnesota . It was founded by Stanley E. Hubbard . The corporation has broadcast outlets scattered across Minnesota , Wisconsin , New York , and New Mexico , but the flagship stations are KSTP radio , KSTP-FM and KSTP-TV , which serve the Twin Cities region of Minnesota and western Wisconsin .'}]}, {'value': 'Albuquerque - Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Albuquerque ( /ˈælbəkɜːrki/ ( listen ) AL-bə-kur-kee ; Navajo : Beeʼeldííl Dahsinil [ pèːʔèltíːl tɑ̀xsɪ̀nɪ̀l ] ; Eastern Keres : Arawageeki ; Jemez : Vakêêke ; Zuni : Alo : ke : k'ya ; Jicarilla Apache : Gołgéeki'yé ) , abbreviated as ABQ , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico , and the 32nd-most populous city in the United States . The city 's nicknames are The Duke City and Burque , both of which reference its 1706 founding by Nuevo México governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés as La Villa de Alburquerque , named in honor of then Viceroy the 10th Duke of Alburquerque , the Villa was an outpost on El Camino Real for the Tiquex and Hispano towns in the area ( such as Barelas , Corrales , Isleta Pueblo , Los Ranchos , and Sandia Pueblo ) . Since the city 's founding it has continued to be included on travel and trade routes including Santa Fe Railway ( ATSF ) , Route 66 , Interstate 25 , Interstate 40 , and the Albuquerque International Sunport . The population census-estimated population of the city as 560,218 in 2018 , it is the principal city of the Albuquerque metropolitan area , which has 915,927 residents as of July 2018 . The metropolitan population includes Rio Rancho , Bernalillo , Placitas , Zia Pueblo , Los Lunas , Belen , South Valley , Bosque Farms , Jemez Pueblo , Cuba , and part of Laguna Pueblo . This metro is included in the larger Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area , with a population of 1,171,991 as of 2016 . The CSA constitutes the southernmost point of the Southern Rocky Mountain Front megalopolis , including other major Rocky Mountain region cities such as Cheyenne , Wyoming , and Denver , Colorado , with a population of 5,467,633 according to the 2010 United States Census . Albuquerque serves as the county seat of Bernalillo County , and is in north-central New Mexico . The Sandia Mountains run along the eastern side of Albuquerque , and the Rio Grande flows north to south through its center , while the West Mesa and Petroglyph National Monument make up the western part of the city . Albuquerque has one of the highest elevations of any major city in the U.S. , ranging from 4,900 feet ( 1,490 m ) above sea level near the Rio Grande to over 6,700 feet ( 1,950 m ) in the foothill areas of Sandia Heights and Glenwood Hills . The civic apex is found in an undeveloped area within the Albuquerque Open Space ; there , the terrain rises to an elevation of approximately 6880+ feet ( 2,097 m ) . The economy of Albuquerque centers on science , medicine , technology , commerce , education , entertainment , and culture outlets ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe ( /ˌsæntə ˈfeɪ , ˈsæntə feɪ/ SAN-tə FAY , -\u2060 fay ; Tewa : Oghá P ' o'oge ; Navajo : Yootó ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is the fourth-largest city in New Mexico with a population of 84,612 in 2018 , the county seat of Santa Fe County , and its metropolitan area is part of the larger Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area which features a population of 1,178,664 as of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate . The city was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México , after it replaced Española as capital , which makes it the oldest state capital in the United States . It is considered one of the worlds great art cities , due to its many art galleries and installations , and is recognized by UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Cultural highlights include Santa Fe Plaza and the Palace of the Governors , and the Fiesta de Santa Fe , as well as distinct New Mexican cuisine restaurants and New Mexico music performances . Among the numerous art galleries and installations are , for example , Georgia O'Keefe Museum is located in the city , as is a gallery by cartoonist Chuck Jones , along with newer art collectives such as Meow Wolf . The area surrounding Santa Fe was occupied for at least several thousand years by indigenous peoples who built villages several hundred years ago on the current site of the city . It was known by the Tewa inhabitants as Ogha Po'oge ( White Shell Water Place ) . The name of the city of Santa Fe means holy faith in Spanish , and the city 's full name as founded remains La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís ( The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'KOB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KOB', 'summary': "KOB , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 26 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Albuquerque , New Mexico , United States and also serving the state capital of Santa Fe . The station is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting . KOB 's studios are located on Broadcast Plaza just west of downtown ( across the street from dual CBS/Fox affiliate KRQE , channel 13 ) , and its transmitter is located on Sandia Crest , east of Albuquerque ."}]}, {'value': '4 ( 26 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubbard Broadcasting', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Alexandria is the ninth-largest city in the state of Louisiana and is the parish seat of Rapides Parish , Louisiana , United States . It lies on the south bank of the Red River in almost the exact geographic center of the state . It is the principal city of the Alexandria metropolitan area ( population 153,922 ) which encompasses all of Rapides and Grant parishes . Its neighboring city is Pineville . In 2010 , the population was 47,723 , an increase of 3 percent from the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'KALB-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KALB-TV', 'summary': "KALB-TV , virtual channel 5 ( UHF digital channel 35 ) , is an NBC/CBS/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Alexandria , Louisiana , United States . The station is owned by Gray Television . KALB-TV 's studios are located on Washington Street in downtown Alexandria , and its transmitter is located in Forest Hill . Its over-the-air signal can also be seen in most of the Lake Charles and Lafayette markets . On cable , KALB-DT1 is available on Suddenlink channel 5 and in high definition on digital channel 730 . KALB-DT2 can be seen on Suddenlink channel 2 ( hence the CBS 2 branding ) and in high definition on digital channel 715 ."}]}, {'value': '5 ( 35 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gray Television', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amarillo , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas', 'summary': "Amarillo ( /ˌæməˈrɪloʊ/ AM-ə-RIL-oh ) is the 14th-most populous city in the state of Texas , United States . It is also the largest city in the Texas Panhandle , and the seat of Potter County . A portion of the city extends into Randall County . The estimated population was 199,826 as of 2017 . The Amarillo metropolitan area has an estimated population of 276,020 in four counties as of 2017 . The metro population is projected to surpass 310,000 in 2020 . Amarillo , originally named Oneida , is situated in the Llano Estacado region . The availability of the railroad and freight service provided by the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad contributed to the city 's growth as a cattle-marketing center in the late 19th century . The city was once the self-proclaimed Helium Capital of the World for having one of the country 's most productive helium fields . The city is also known as The Yellow Rose of Texas ( as the city takes its name from the Spanish word for yellow ) , and most recently Rotor City , USA for its V-22 Osprey hybrid aircraft assembly plant , as well as Bomb City . Amarillo operates one of the largest meat-packing areas in the United States . Pantex , the only nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility in the country , is also a major employer ."}]}, {'value': 'KAMR-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KAMR-TV', 'summary': 'KAMR-TV , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 19 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Amarillo , Texas , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , which also operates Fox affiliate KCIT ( channel 14 ) and low-powered MyNetworkTV affiliate KCPN-LP ( channel 33 ) under joint sales and shared services agreements ( JSA/SSA ) with owner Mission Broadcasting . The three stations share studios on Southeast 11th Avenue and South Fillmore Street in downtown Amarillo ( 500 feet [ 150 m ] northwest of the studios of ABC affiliate KVII-TV [ channel 7 ] ) ; KAMR and KCIT share transmitter facilities on Dumas Drive ( US 87/287 ) and Reclamation Plant Road in rural unincorporated Potter County . On cable , KAMR is available on Suddenlink Communications channel 5 in Amarillo , and on channel 4 on other cable systems in outlying areas of the market .'}]}, {'value': '4 ( 19 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nexstar_Media_Group', 'summary': 'Nexstar Media Group , Inc. is a publicly traded American telecommunications company with headquarter offices in Irving , Texas , New York City , and Chicago . The company is the largest television station owner in the United States , owning 197 television stations across the U.S. , most of which are affiliates with the four major U.S. television networks located in small to medium-sized markets . It also operates all of the stations owned by an affiliated company , Mission Broadcasting , under local marketing agreements .'}]}, {'value': 'Anchorage , Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska', 'summary': "Anchorage ( officially called the Municipality of Anchorage ; Dena'ina : Dgheyay Kaq ' ) is a unified home rule municipality in the U.S. state of Alaska , on the West Coast of the United States . With an estimated 291,538 residents in 2018 , it is Alaska 's most populous city and contains more than 40% of the state 's population ; among the 50 states , only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in its most populous city . The Anchorage metropolitan area , which includes Anchorage and the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough , had a population of 399,148 in 2018 , accounting for more than half the state 's population . At 1,706 square miles ( 4,420 km2 ) of land area , the city is the fourth-largest by area in the United States and larger than the smallest state , Rhode Island , which has 1,212 square miles ( 3,140 km2 ) . Anchorage is in Southcentral Alaska , at the terminus of the Cook Inlet , on a peninsula formed by the Knik Arm to the north and the Turnagain Arm to the south . The city limits span 1,961.1 square miles ( 5,079.2 km2 ) , encompassing the urban core , a joint military base , several outlying communities and almost all of Chugach State Park . Due to its location , almost equidistant from New York City and Tokyo , Anchorage lies within \u200b9 1⁄2 hours by air of nearly 90% of the industrialized world . For this reason , Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a common refueling stop for international cargo flights and home to a major FedEx hub , which the company calls a critical part of its global network of services . Anchorage has won the All-America City Award four times : in 1956 , 1965 , 1984-85 , and 2002 , from the National Civic League . Kiplinger has named it the United States ' most tax-friendly city ."}]}, {'value': 'KTUU-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KTUU-TV', 'summary': "KTUU-TV , virtual channel 2 ( VHF digital channel 10 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Anchorage , Alaska , United States . The station is owned by Gray Television , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate KYES-TV ( channel 5 ) . The two stations share studios on East 40th Avenue in Anchorage and transmitter facilities in Knik , Alaska . On cable , KTUU-TV is available on GCI channel 2 and in high definition on digital channel 652 . It is also carried on DirecTV and Dish Network in the Anchorage television market . Some of KTUU 's programming is broadcast to rural communities via low-power translators through the Alaska Rural Communications Service ( ARCS ) ."}]}, {'value': '2 ( 10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gray Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gray_Television', 'summary': 'Gray Television , Inc. is an American publicly traded television broadcasting company based in Atlanta , Georgia . Founded in 1946 by James Harrison Gray as Gray Communications Systems , the company owns or operates 145 stations across the United States , based primarily in markets as large as Cleveland and as small as North Platte , Nebraska .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'WXIA-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WXIA-TV', 'summary': "WXIA-TV , virtual channel 11 ( VHF digital channel 10 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Atlanta , Georgia , United States . The station is owned by Tegna Inc. , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate WATL , channel 36 ( which rebroadcasts WXIA-TV 's signal on UHF channel 25.6 using virtual channel 11.11 via PSIP ) . The two stations share studios at One Monroe Place on the north end of midtown Atlanta ; WXIA-TV 's transmitter is located in the city 's east section , near Kirkwood . On cable , the station is available on channel 6 on both Comcast Xfinity and Charter Spectrum . WXIA-TV is popularly known within the Atlanta metropolitan area by its longtime on-air brand , 11 Alive , which the station has used since 1976 ."}]}, {'value': '11 ( 10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tegna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tegna_Inc.', 'summary': "Tegna Inc. ( stylized as TEGNA ) is an American publicly traded broadcast , digital media and marketing services company headquartered in Tysons , Virginia . It was created on June 29 , 2015 , when the Gannett Company split into two publicly traded companies . Tegna comprised the more profitable broadcast television and digital media divisions of the old Gannett , while Gannett 's publishing interests were spun off as a new company that retained the Gannett name . Tegna owns or operates 66 television stations in 54 markets , is the largest group owner of stations affiliated with NBC and CBS , the fourth-largest group owner of stations affiliated with ABC ( after Sinclair Broadcast Group , E. W. Scripps Company , and Hearst Television ) , and holds properties in digital media ."}]}, {'value': 'Augusta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Augusta ( /əˈɡʌstə/ ) , officially Augusta-Richmond County , is a consolidated city-county on the central eastern border of the U.S. state of Georgia . The city lies across the Savannah River from South Carolina at the head of its navigable portion . Georgia 's second-largest city after Atlanta , Augusta is located in the Piedmont section of the state . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Augusta-Richmond County had a 2017 estimated population of 197,166 , not counting the unconsolidated cities of Blythe and Hephzibah . It is the 123rd largest city in the United States . The process of consolidation between the City of Augusta and Richmond County began with a 1995 referendum in the two jurisdictions . The merger was completed on July 1 , 1996 . Augusta is the principal city of the Augusta metropolitan area . In 2017 it had an estimated population of 600,151 , making it the second-largest metro area in the state . It is the 93rd largest metropolitan area in the United States . Augusta was established in 1736 and is named for Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha ( 1719-1772 ) , the bride of Frederick , Prince of Wales and the mother of the British monarch George III . During the American Civil War , Augusta housed the principal Confederate powder works ."}]}, {'value': 'WAGT-CD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WAGT-CD', 'summary': 'WAGT-CD , virtual channel 26 ( UHF digital channel 30 ) , is a low-powered , Class A NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Augusta , Georgia , United States . Owned by Atlanta-based Gray Television , it is a sister station to CBS affiliate WRDW-TV ( channel 12 ) . While the two stations are licensed to Augusta , their combined studio/office facility and transmitters are located across the Savannah River in South Carolina , respectively in North Augusta and Beech Island . Gray Television is planning to move both stations to new studios located in Augusta at The Village at Riverwatch development . There is no separate website for WAGT-CD ; instead , it is integrated with that of sister station WRDW-TV .'}]}, {'value': '26 ( 30 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gray Television', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin,_Texas', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'KXAN-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KXAN-TV', 'summary': "KXAN-TV , virtual channel 36 ( UHF digital channel 21 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Austin , Texas , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with Llano-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate KBVO ( channel 14 ) ; Nexstar also operates CW affiliate KNVA ( channel 54 ) under a local marketing agreement ( LMA ) with owner Vaughan Media . The three stations share studios on West Martin Luther King , Jr. Boulevard between the Old West Austin section of Austin and the University of Texas at Austin campus ( a setup which consists of the main studio and newsroom , and an unconnected auxiliary office building across the street ) ; KXAN 's transmitter is located at the West Austin Antenna Farm north of West Lake Hills . On cable , KXAN can be seen on Charter Spectrum , Suddenlink and Grande Communications channel 4 ."}]}, {'value': '36 ( 21 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bakersfield , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield,_California', 'summary': "Bakersfield is a charter city in Kern County , California , United States . It is the county seat and largest city of Kern County . The city covers about 151 sq mi ( 390 km2 ) near the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley and the Central Valley region . Bakersfield 's population is around 380,000 , making it the 52nd-most populous city in the United States of America and the 9th-most populous city in California . The Bakersfield-Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Kern County , had a 2010 census population of 839,631 , making it the 62nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States . The more built-up portion of the metro area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city , such as East Bakersfield , Oildale and Rosedale , has a population of about 520,000 . Bakersfield is a significant hub for both agriculture and energy production . Kern County is the most productive oil-producing county and the fourth-most productive agricultural county ( by value ) in the United States . Industries in and around Bakersfield include natural gas and other energy extraction , mining , petroleum refining , distribution , food processing , and corporate regional offices . The city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound ."}]}, {'value': 'KGET-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KGET-TV', 'summary': "KGET-TV , virtual channel 17 ( UHF digital channel 25 ) , is a dual NBC/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Bakersfield , California , United States . Owned by Nexstar Media Group , it is a sister station to low-power Telemundo affiliate KKEY-LP , channel 13 ( which is simulcast on KGET-TV 's third digital subchannel ) . The two stations share studios on L Street in downtown Bakersfield ; KGET 's transmitter is located atop Mount Adelaide ."}]}, {'value': '17 ( 25 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'WBAL-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WBAL-TV', 'summary': "WBAL-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 11 , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Baltimore , Maryland , United States . It is the flagship station of the Hearst Television subsidiary of Hearst Communications , and is co-owned with the company 's sole radio properties , WBAL ( 1090 AM ) and WIYY ( 97.9 FM ) . The three stations share studios and offices on Television Hill in the Woodberry section of Baltimore , near the transmitting tower that WBAL-TV shares with WIYY and several other Baltimore broadcast outlets . On cable , WBAL-TV is carried on Comcast Xfinity channels 21 ( standard definition ) and 811 ( high definition ) . On Verizon FiOS , DirecTV and Dish Network and in most outlying areas of the market , the station is carried on channel 11 ."}]}, {'value': '11 ( 11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hearst Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hearst_Television', 'summary': "Hearst Television , Inc. ( formerly Hearst-Argyle Television ) is a broadcasting company in the United States owned by Hearst Communications . From 1998 to mid-2009 , the company traded its common stock on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol HTV . Hearst-Argyle was formed in 1997 with the merger of Hearst Corporation 's broadcasting division and stations owned by Argyle Television Holdings II , which is partially related to the company of the same name who ( in 1994 ) sold its stations to New World Communications , stations that eventually became Fox-owned stations ( Hearst itself , unusual for any American broadcast group , has never held a Fox affiliation on any of their stations ) . Hearst 's involvement in broadcasting dates to the 1920s . In terms of audience reach , Hearst is the third-largest group owner of ABC-affiliated stations , behind the E. W. Scripps Company and Sinclair Broadcast Group , and ahead of Tegna Inc. , and the second-largest group owner of NBC affiliates , behind Tegna . Hearst-owned ABC affiliates in National Football League markets simulcast Monday Night Football games from ESPN that involve these teams - ESPN is 20% owned by Hearst , the rest being owned by ABC 's parent , The Walt Disney Company . Other Hearst-owned stations also carry ESPN-aired NFL games , even though they are affiliated with other networks ( like WBAL-TV , Baltimore 's NBC affiliate ) . Hearst also holds some joint ventures for syndicated programming with NBCUniversal Television Distribution . On June 3 , 2009 , the Hearst Corporation announced that it would purchase substantially all of the stock not held by Hearst . Hearst-Argyle Television then dropped Argyle from its name and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Bangor , Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor,_Maine', 'summary': "Bangor ( /ˈbæŋɡɔːr/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Maine , and the county seat of Penobscot County . The city proper has a population of 33,039 , making it the state 's 3rd largest settlement behind Portland ( 66,882 ) and Lewiston ( 36,221 ) . Modern Bangor was established in the mid-19th century with the lumber and shipbuilding industries . Lying on the Penobscot River , logs could be floated downstream from the Maine North Woods and processed at the city 's water-powered sawmills , then shipped from Bangor 's port to the Atlantic Ocean 30 miles ( 48 km ) downstream , and from there to any port in the world . Evidence of this is still visible in the lumber barons ' elaborate Greek Revival and Victorian mansions and the 31-foot-high ( 9.4 m ) statue of Paul Bunyan . Bangor is often credited for being the most successful music producing city . Today , Bangor 's economy is based on services and retail , healthcare , and education . Bangor has a port of entry at Bangor International Airport , also home to the Bangor Air National Guard Base . Historically Bangor was an important stopover on the great circle route air route between the U.S. East Coast and Europe . Bangor has a humid continental climate , with cold , snowy winters , and warm summers ."}]}, {'value': 'WLBZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WLBZ', 'summary': "WLBZ , virtual and VHF digital channel 2 , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Bangor , Maine , United States , serving Central and Eastern Maine . The station is owned by Tegna Inc. WLBZ 's studios are located on Mount Hope Avenue in Bangor , and its transmitter is located on Rider Bluff in Holden . On cable , WLBZ is available on Charter Spectrum channel 3 . Although identifying as a separate station in its own right , WLBZ is considered a semi-satellite of sister station WCSH ( channel 6 ) in Portland . WLBZ 's master control , as well as some internal operations , are housed at WCSH 's studios on Congress Square in Downtown Portland . WLBZ clears all network programming as provided through its parent , simulcasts most of WCSH 's newscasts ( with local weather inserts ) and airs most of its syndicated programming ( though in some cases at different times ) . There are also some programs that only air on WLBZ while some are only seen on WCSH . WLBZ also airs separate station identifications and commercial inserts . Although WLBZ and WCSH are based in different locations and technically serve separate markets , the two essentially operate as one station . With their combined resources , the stations provide statewide coverage not offered by any other outlet in Maine . WLBZ currently serves as the default NBC affiliate for the Presque Isle market , which does not have an affiliate of its own . It is carried in the local tier of Spectrum 's cable system in Presque Isle , and is also offered as the NBC affiliate in the Presque Isle Dish Network and DirecTV channel lineups ."}]}, {'value': '2 ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tegna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baton Rouge , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Baton Rouge ( /ˌbætən ˈruːʒ/ BAT-ən ROOZH ; from French , meaning 'red stick ' ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana . Located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River , it is the parish seat of East Baton Rouge Parish , the most populous parish in Louisiana . It is the 99th most populous city in the United States , and second-largest city in Louisiana after New Orleans . It is also the 16th most populous state capital . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 2018 estimate , Baton Rouge had a population of 221,599 , down from 229,493 at the 2010 census . Baton Rouge is the center of Greater Baton Rouge , the second-largest metropolitan area in Louisiana , with a population of 834,159 as of 2017 , up from 802,484 in 2010 and 829,719 in 2015 . The city of Baton Rouge is a major industrial , petrochemical , medical , research , motion picture , and growing technology center of the American South . It is the location of Louisiana State University , the LSU System 's flagship university and the largest institution of higher education in the state . It is also the location of Southern University , the flagship institution of the Southern University System , the only historically black college system in the nation . The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the 10th-largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped , and is the farthest upstream Mississippi River port capable of handling Panamax ships . This , as well as its status as a major port city , is largely due to the Huey P. Long - O.K . Allen Bridge , which was intentionally constructed under the governorship of Huey Long at a low height , preventing big tankers from making their way up-river , past Baton Rouge ."}]}, {'value': 'WVLA-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WVLA-TV', 'summary': 'WVLA-TV , virtual channel 33 ( UHF digital channel 34 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Baton Rouge , Louisiana , United States . Owned by White Knight Broadcasting , it is operated under joint sales and shared services agreements ( JSA/SSA ) by Nexstar Media Group , making it sister to Fox affiliate WGMB-TV ( channel 44 ) and two Class A outlets : CW affiliate WBRL-CD ( channel 21 ) and independent station KZUP-CD ( channel 19 ) . The four stations share studios on Perkins Road in Baton Rouge and transmitter facilities near Addis , Louisiana . On cable , WVLA is available on channel 3 on most cable systems , and on AT & T U-verse channel 33 ( in standard definition ) and digital channel 1033 ( in high definition ) . The station is also seen via satellite through DirecTV and Dish Network .'}]}, {'value': '33 ( 34 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Knight Broadcasting ( operated by Nexstar Media Group )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Knight_Broadcasting', 'summary': "White Knight Broadcasting is a company based in Lafayette , Louisiana owning seven stations , based in Louisiana , Texas , and Mississippi . It was founded in 1995 . On April 24 , 2013 , as part of the sale of White Knight Broadcasting 's partner Communications Corporation of America to the Nexstar Broadcasting Group , White Knight announced the sale of its entire group to Mission Broadcasting ( except for KSHV-TV , which would be sold to a female-controlled company called Rocky Creek Communications ) , with Nexstar taking over the operations of the stations through shared services agreements . [ citation needed ] The deal was later withdrawn , and White Knight retained ownership of the stations although Nexstar had inherited the SSAs ."}]}, {'value': 'Beaumont - Port Arthur , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas', 'summary': 'Beaumont ( /ˈboʊmɒnt/ BOH-mont ) is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County , Texas , in the United States , within the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area . Located in Southeast Texas on the Neches River about 85 miles ( 137 km ) east of Houston ( city center to city center ) , Beaumont had a population of 117,267 at the time of the 2010 census , making it the 30th most populous city in the state of Texas . Beaumont was founded as a town in 1835 . The pioneer settlement had an economy based on the development of lumber , farming , and port industries . In 1892 , Joseph Eloi Broussard opened the first commercially successful rice mill in the state , stimulating development of rice farming in the area ; he also started an irrigation company ( since 1933 established as the Lower Neches Valley Authority ) to support rice culture . Rice became an important commodity crop in Texas , and is now cultivated in 23 counties . A big change occurred in 1901 with the Spindletop gusher , which demonstrated that a huge oil field lay underneath and adjacent to the city . With Spindletop , several energy companies developed in Beaumont , and some continue . The area rapidly developed as one of the major petro-chemical refining areas in the country . Along with Port Arthur and Orange , Beaumont forms the Golden Triangle , a major industrial area on the Texas Gulf Coast . Beaumont is home of Lamar University , a national Carnegie Doctoral Research university with 14,966 students , including undergraduates and post graduates . Over the years , several corporations have been based in this city , including Gulf States Utilities which had its headquarters in Beaumont until its takeover by Entergy Corporation in 1993 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas', 'summary': 'Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont-Port Arthur metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Texas . A small , uninhabited portion extends into Orange County . It is 90 mi ( 140 km ) east of Houston . The largest oil refinery in the United States is located in Port Arthur . The population of Port Arthur was 53,818 at the 2010 census , down from 57,755 at the 2000 census . Early attempts at settlements in the area had all failed . However , in 1895 , Arthur Stilwell founded Port Arthur , and the town quickly grew . Port Arthur was incorporated as a city in 1898 and soon developed into a seaport . It eventually became the center of a large oil refinery network . The Rainbow Bridge across the Neches River connects Port Arthur to Bridge City .'}]}, {'value': 'KBMT-DT2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KBMT-DT2', 'summary': "KBMT , virtual and VHF digital channel 12 , is a dual ABC/NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Beaumont , Texas , United States and serving southeast Texas ' Golden Triangle region . Owned by Tegna Inc. , it is a sister station to low-powered MyNetworkTV affiliate KBMT-LD ( channel 12.5 ) . KBMT 's studios are located along I-10/US 69/US 96/US 287 in Beaumont , and its transmitter is located in Mauriceville , Texas . On cable , KBMT-DT1 is available on Charter Spectrum channel 5 and in high definition on digital channel 1200 ; KBMT-DT2 ( branded on-air as K-JAC : Your NBC ) is carried on Spectrum channel 11 and in high definition on digital channel 1203 ."}]}, {'value': '12.2 ( 12.2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tegna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bend , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bend,_Oregon', 'summary': "Bend is a city in and the county seat of Deschutes County , Oregon , United States . It is the principal city of the Bend-Redmond Metropolitan Statistical Area . Bend is Central Oregon 's largest city and , despite its modest size , is the de facto metropolis of the region , owing to the low population density of that area . Bend recorded a population of 76,693 at the time of the 2010 U.S. Census , up from 52,029 at the 2000 census . The estimated population of the city as of 2018 is 97,590 . The Bend-Redmond metro population was estimated at 197,488 as of July 16 , 2019 . It is the fifth largest metropolitan area in Oregon . Bend is located on the eastern edge of the Cascade Range along the Deschutes River . There the Ponderosa pine forest transitions into the high desert , characterized by arid land , junipers , sagebrush , and bitterbrush . Originally a crossing point on the river , settlement began in the early 1900s . Bend was incorporated as a city in 1905 . Economically , it started as a logging town but is now identified as a gateway for many outdoor sports , including mountain biking , fishing , hiking , camping , rock climbing , white-water rafting , skiing , paragliding , and golf ."}]}, {'value': 'KTVZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KTVZ', 'summary': "KTVZ , virtual and UHF digital channel 21 , is a dual NBC/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Bend , Oregon , United States and serving Central Oregon . Owned by the News-Press & Gazette Company ( NPG ) , it is sister to two low-powered stations : Class A Fox affiliate KFXO-CD ( channel 39 ) and low-powered Telemundo affiliate KQRE-LD ( channel 20 ) . The three stations share studios on Northwest O.B . Riley Road in Bend ; KTVZ 's transmitter is located on Awbrey Butte west of US 97 ."}]}, {'value': '21 ( 21 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'News-Press & Gazette Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News-Press_&_Gazette_Company', 'summary': "The News-Press & Gazette Company ( NPG ) is a media company based in St. Joseph , Missouri , wholly owned and operated by the Bradley family . It is presided by Brian Bradley and David R. Bradley , with Hank Bradley ( retired ) , Eric Bradley and Kit Bradley serving on its board of directors . All are descendants of family patriarch Henry D. Bradley and his son , David Bradley , Sr. News-Press & Gazette 's properties include daily and weekly newspapers in Missouri and Kansas , 15 radio and television stations in California , Idaho , Oregon , Colorado , Missouri and Texas . The NPG group generally concentrates on the Kansas City and St. Joseph areas for their newspapers , and the western United States for their broadcasting properties ."}]}, {'value': 'Billings , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billings,_Montana', 'summary': 'Billings is the largest city in the U.S. state of Montana , with a population estimated at 109,550 as of 2018 . Located in the south-central portion of the state , it is the seat of Yellowstone County and the principal city of the Billings Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 171,677 . It has a trade area of over 500,000 . Billings was nicknamed the Magic City because of its rapid growth from its founding as a railroad town in March 1882 . The city is named for Frederick H. Billings , a former president of the Northern Pacific Railroad . With one of the largest trade areas in the United States , Billings is the trade and distribution center for much of Montana east of the Continental Divide , Northern Wyoming , and western portions of North Dakota and South Dakota . Billings is also the largest retail destination for much of the same area . The city is experiencing rapid growth and a strong economy ; it has had and is continuing to have the largest growth of any city in Montana . Parts of the metro area are seeing hyper growth . From 2000 to 2010 Lockwood , an eastern suburb , saw growth of 57.8% , the largest growth rate of any community in Montana . Billings has avoided the economic downturn that affected most of the nation from 2008 to 2012 as well as the housing bust . With more hotel accommodations than any area within a five-state region , the city hosts a variety of conventions , concerts , sporting events , and other rallies .'}]}, {'value': 'KULR-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KULR-TV', 'summary': "KULR-TV , virtual channel 8 ( VHF digital channel 11 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Billings , Montana , United States . The station is owned by the Cowles Company . KULR 's studios are located on Overland Avenue in the Homestead Business Park section of Billings , and its transmitter is located on Coburn Hill southeast of downtown Billings . On cable , the station is available on Charter Spectrum channel 9 in both standard and high definition . KYUS-TV ( virtual and VHF digital channel 3 ) in Miles City operates as a full-time satellite station of KULR , covering areas of east-central Montana ; its transmitter is located northwest of Miles City . KYUS is owned by the Marks Radio Group , which also owns several radio stations in Montana , among other broadcasting properties . Cowles operates the station under a time brokerage agreement ( TBA ) . KYUS is a straight simulcast of KULR ; on-air references to KYUS are limited to Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) -mandated hourly station identifications during newscasts and other programming . Aside from the transmitter , KYUS does not maintain any physical presence locally in Miles City . At one point known as the smallest network affiliate in the country , KYUS has largely served as a satellite of other stations since 1984 , and has simulcast KULR since 1998 . In Miles City , KULR can also be seen on low-powered translator K06FE-D ( channel 6 ) , and in Cody , Wyoming , on K50MY-D ( channel 8 ) ; these translators are owned by Cowles , and not the Marks Radio Group . Marks Radio Group also owns KXGN-TV in Glendive , which broadcasts KULR 's newscasts on a digital subchannel ."}]}, {'value': '8 ( 11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cowles Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cowles_Company', 'summary': "The Cowles Company is a diversified media company in Spokane , Washington in the US . The company owns and operates The Spokesman-Review in Spokane , founded in 1894 , and owned the Spokane Daily Chronicle until it was shut down in 1992 . Built by William H. Cowles , the publishing business eventually constructed striking buildings in downtown Spokane for both papers . The Chronicle Building was eventually converted into offices and then residential . The company also owned several other papers and operates Inland Empire Paper Company , television stations , and interests in real estate , insurance , marketing and financial services . William Stacey Cowles , the publisher of The Spokesman-Review , is the great-grandson of the company 's founder , William H. Cowles , and the fourth generation of the Cowles family to run the paper . His sister , Elizabeth A. Cowles , is chairwoman of the parent company . Rob Curley is the editor ."}]}, {'value': 'Biloxi - Gulfport , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Biloxi ( /bɪˈlʌksi/ bi-LUK-see ; French : [ bilusi ] ) is a city and one of two county seats of Harrison County , Mississippi , United States ( the other seat being the adjoining city of Gulfport ) . The 2010 United States Census recorded the population as 44,054 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 45,968 . The area was first settled by French colonists . The city is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area and the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula , MS Combined Statistical Area . Pre-Katrina , Biloxi was the third-largest city in Mississippi , behind Jackson and Gulfport . Due to the widespread destruction and flooding , many refugees left the city . Post-Katrina , the population of Biloxi decreased , and it became the fifth-largest city in the state , being surpassed by Hattiesburg and Southaven . The beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound , with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico . Keesler Air Force Base lies within the city and is home to the 81st Training Wing and the 403d Wing of the U.S. Air Force Reserve .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Gulfport is the second-largest city in Mississippi after the state capital , Jackson . Along with Biloxi , Gulfport is the other county seat of Harrison County and the larger of the two principal cities of the Gulfport-Biloxi , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula , Mississippi Combined Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the city of Gulfport had a total population of 67,793 , with nearly 400,000 in the metro area as of 2018 . It is also home to the US Navy Atlantic Fleet Seabees .'}]}, {'value': 'WXXV-DT2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WXXV-TV', 'summary': "WXXV-TV , virtual channel 25 ( UHF digital channel 48 ) , is a Fox/NBC/CW-affiliated television station licensed to Gulfport , Mississippi , United States and serving the Mississippi Gulf Coast . The station is owned by Morris Multimedia . WXXV 's studios are located on US 49 in Lyman ( with a Gulfport postal address ) , and its transmitter is located on Wire Road East , in unincorporated Stone County , northeast of McHenry ."}]}, {'value': '25.2 ( 48.2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morris Multimedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_Multimedia', 'summary': 'Morris Multimedia , Inc. is a media company based in Savannah , Georgia , founded in 1970 by Charles H. Morris . Morris Multimedia is the parent company of Morris Newspaper Corporation and Morris Network .'}]}, {'value': 'Binghamton , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York', 'summary': "Binghamton /ˈbɪŋəmtən/ is a city in , and the county seat of , Broome County , New York , United States . It lies in the state 's Southern Tier region near the Pennsylvania border , in a bowl-shaped valley at the confluence of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers . Binghamton is the principal city and cultural center of the Binghamton metropolitan area ( also known as Greater Binghamton , or historically the Triple Cities ) , home to a quarter million people . The population of the city itself , according to the 2010 census , is 47,376 . From the days of the railroad , Binghamton was a transportation crossroads and a manufacturing center , and has been known at different times for the production of cigars , shoes , and computers . IBM was founded nearby , and the flight simulator was invented in the city , leading to a notable concentration of electronics- and defense-oriented firms . This sustained economic prosperity earned Binghamton the moniker of the Valley of Opportunity . However , following cuts made by defense firms after the end of the Cold War , the region has lost a significant portion of its manufacturing industry . Today , while there is a continued concentration of high-tech firms , Binghamton is emerging as a healthcare- and education-focused city , with the presence of Binghamton University acting as much of the driving force behind this revitalization ."}]}, {'value': 'WBGH-CD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WBGH-CD', 'summary': "WBGH-CD , virtual and UHF digital channel 20 , is a low-powered , Class A NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Binghamton , New York , United States and serving the Eastern Twin Tiers of Southern Upstate New York and Northern Pennsylvania . Owned by Nexstar Media Group , it is a sister station to ABC affiliate WIVT ( channel 34 ) . The two stations share studios and transmitter facilities on Ingraham Hill Road in the town of Binghamton . On cable , WBGH-CD is available on Charter Spectrum channel 5 ( hence the NBC 5 branding ) and in full 1080i high definition on digital channel 1203 . Even though WBGH-CD transmits a digital signal of its own , its broadcast range is limited to the immediate Binghamton area . However , in order to serve the entire market , WBGH has been carried in 720p high definition on WIVT 's second digital subchannel since February 9 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '20 ( 20 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nexstar Media Group', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Affiliate stations', 'section_text': 'Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by city of license . Affiliates broadcasting on digital subchannels are italicized .', 'uid': 'List_of_NBC_television_affiliates_(table)_1', 'intro': "The NBC Television Network is an American television network made up of 12 owned-and-operated stations and nearly 223 affiliates. This is a table listing of NBC's affiliates, with NBC-owned stations separated from privately-owned affiliates, and arranged in alphabetical order by city of license. There are links to and articles on each of the stations, describing their local programming, hosts and technical information, such as broadcast frequencies. The station's virtual (PSIP) channel number follows the call letters. The number in parentheses that follows is the station's actual digital channel number. Note: Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station that was built and signed-on by NBC."}
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Which cable companies carry the NBC affiliate in Austin ?
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Charter Spectrum , Suddenlink and Grande Communications
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01df9279d77a6d25
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology_people', 'title': 'List of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology people', 'header': ['Name', 'Association with RMIT', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ian Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Armstrong_(Australian_artist)', 'summary': 'Ian Armstrong ( 30 December 1923 - 2005 ) was an Australian artist . He was a classical modernist painter and print maker .'}]}, {'value': 'Dip Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'painter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irene Barberis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irene_Barberis', 'summary': 'Irene Barberis , is an Australian artist , based in Melbourne and London . She is a painter primarily , working also with installation , drawing , and new media art . She is also the founding director of an international arts research centre , and is an international curator and writer .'}]}, {'value': 'former Head of Drawing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'founder and Director of Metasenta® and the DrawingSpace , Melbourne , both of which have been based at RMIT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Billich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Billich', 'summary': 'Karlo Bilić , mostly known as Charles Carlo Billich ( 6 September 1934 ) is a Croatian artist . He is the recipient of the 2000 Sport Artist of the Year Award presented annually by the American Sport Art Museum and Archives . Charles Billich conceived a series of images based on the Bing Ma Yong Terracotta warriors . The Bing Ma Yong images are represented on a collection of 16 postage stamps currently in circulation in China .'}]}, {'value': 'art classes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'painter ; work held in the UN Headquarters , Vatican Museums and White House collections', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters', 'summary': 'The United Nations is headquartered in New York City , in a complex designed by a board of architects led by Wallace Harrison , and built by the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz . The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952 . It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan , on 17 to 18 acres ( 6.9 to 7.3 ha ) of grounds overlooking the East River . Its borders are First Avenue on the west , East 42nd Street to the south , East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east . The term Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as a whole . The headquarters holds the seats of the principal organs of the UN , including the General Assembly and the Security Council , but excluding the International Court of Justice , which is seated in the Hague . The United Nations has three additional , subsidiary , regional headquarters , or headquarters districts . These were opened in Geneva ( Switzerland ) in 1946 , Vienna ( Austria ) in 1980 , and Nairobi ( Kenya ) in 1996 . These adjunct offices help represent UN interests , facilitate diplomatic activities , and enjoy certain extraterritorial privileges , but do not contain the seats of major organs . Although it is situated in New York City , the land occupied by the United Nations Headquarters and the spaces of buildings that it rents are under the sole administration of the United Nations and not the U.S. government . They are technically extraterritorial through a treaty agreement with the U.S. government . However , in exchange for local police , fire protection and other services , the United Nations agrees to acknowledge most local , state , and federal laws .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vatican_Museums', 'summary': 'The Vatican Museums ( Italian : Musei Vaticani ; Latin : Musea Vaticana ) are the public art and sculpture museums in the Vatican City . They display works from the immense collection amassed by popes throughout the centuries including several of the most renowned Roman sculptures and most important masterpieces of Renaissance art in the world . The museums contain roughly 70,000 works , of which 20,000 are on display , and currently employ 640 people who work in 40 different administrative , scholarly , and restoration departments . Pope Julius II founded the museums in the early 16th century . The Sistine Chapel with its ceiling decorated by Michelangelo and the Stanze di Raffaello decorated by Raphael are on the visitor route through the Vatican Museums . In 2017 , they were visited by six million people , which combined makes them the 4th most visited art museum in the world . They are one of the largest museums in the world . There are 54 galleries , or sale , in total , [ citation needed ] with the Sistine Chapel , notably , being the very last sala within the Museum .'}, {'url': '/wiki/White_House', 'summary': 'The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States . It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington , D.C. and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800 . The term White House is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers . The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style . Hoban modelled the building on Leinster House in Dublin , a building which today houses the Oireachtas , the Irish legislature . Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white . When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801 , he ( with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe ) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage . In 1814 , during the War of 1812 , the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington , destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior . Reconstruction began almost immediately , and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817 . Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the North portico in 1829 . Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself , President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901 . Eight years later in 1909 , President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office , which was eventually moved as the section was expanded .'}]}, {'value': 'Godwin Bradbeer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Godwin_Bradbeer', 'summary': 'Godwin Bradbeer ( born 1950 in Dunedin , New Zealand ) is a New Zealand-born artist now living and working in Australia whose work has evolved from his photo-media ( incorporating photography , drawing and painting ) to pure drawing .'}]}, {'value': 'former Head of Drawing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'artist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Coleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Coleman_(artist)', 'summary': 'William ( Bill ) Coleman was an Australian artist born in Ballarat , Victoria , Australia in 1922 . He studied at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology ( RMIT ) , and then under George Bell for six years , before working as a photolithographic and cartographic artist for over 30 years . He died in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'art classes [ MTC ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'artist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David de Vries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_de_Vries', 'summary': "David ( Dave ) de Vries ( born 1961 ) is a film writer , director , and producer who also writes and illustrates comic books . He was born in New Zealand and emigrated with his family to Australia . De Vries was born in Wellington , New Zealand , in 1961 , and grew up in the inner suburb of Ngaio . He emigrated to Melbourne at an early age with his parents , where he lived until he was eighteen . After studying painting at RMIT he started his comic book career in the early 1980s with work for OzComics , Phantastique , MAD Magazine and Penthouse . Together with Gary Chaloner , Glenn Lumsden and Tad Pietrzykowski he established Cyclone Comics in 1985 , to ensure that their characters could be published while remaining under their control . de Vries and Lumsden entered the American market through First Comics , Nicotat and Malibu Graphics with The Southern Squadron , a superhero team that had taken over the Cyclone title . Together they have drawn a new look version of The Phantom for Marvel Comics , have worked on Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight Star Trek comics for DC Comics , The Eternal Warrior Yearbook for Valiant Comics , The Puppet Master for Eternity Comics and Planet of the Apes and Flesh Gordon for Malibu Comics . de Vries also worked on a number of projects as a writer , including The Thing From Another World for First Comics , Black Lightning and a Green Lantern annual for DC , as well as recreating the origin of Captain Boomerang with John Ostrander in an episode of the Suicide Squad . de Vries lives in South Australia where he founded the Barossa Studios with Lumsden , David Heinrich , Rod Tokely and David G. Williams , doing artwork for magazines like Picture , People , Ralph , The Australian Financial Review and The Bulletin . In 2009 de Vries wrote and directed a feature film , Carmilla Hyde , which won 'Best Feature ' at the South Australian Screen Awards in March 2010 after winning 'Best Guerilla Feature ' and 'Best Supporting Actress ' at the Melbourne Underground Film Festival . Carmilla Hyde has won nine awards , which also include 'Best International Feature ' Swansea Bay Film Festival , 'Best International Feature ' International Film Festival South Africa , 'Best Australian Feature ' Sexy International Film Festival and 'Best Foreign Film ' Minneapolis Underground Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'painting classes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'comic book artist and writer , previously with DC Comics and Mad Magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mad_(magazine)', 'summary': "Mad ( stylized as MAD ) is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines , launched as a comic book before it became a magazine . It was widely imitated and influential , affecting satirical media , as well as the cultural landscape of the 20th century , with editor Al Feldstein increasing readership to more than two million during its 1974 circulation peak . The magazine , which is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line , publishes satire on all aspects of life and popular culture , politics , entertainment , and public figures . Its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies , as well as freeform articles . Mad 's mascot , Alfred E. Neuman , is typically the focal point of the magazine 's cover , with his face often replacing that of a celebrity or character who is lampooned within the issue . From 1952 until 2018 , Mad published 550 regular issues , as well as hundreds of reprint Specials , original-material paperbacks , reprint compilation books and other print projects . The magazine 's numbering reverted to 1 with its June 2018 issue , coinciding with the magazine 's headquarters move to the West Coast . In July 2019 , it was widely reported that Mad would end its newsstand distribution after 67 years and be available only through the direct market and subscriptions . Future issues will primarily consist of reprinted material from the magazine 's archive . MAD would ultimately satirize people 's beliefs that the magazine would actually come to an end in issue # 11 ( December 2019 ) as part of its 20 Dumbest People , Events , and Things of 2019 feature of that issue : As such , the magazine introduced a new section titled Still Dumb After All These Years consisting of archived material ."}]}, {'value': 'Lindsay Edward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindsay_Edward', 'summary': "Lindsay M. Edward ( 1919-2007 ) was an Australian abstract artist , mosaicist and teacher . He was born in Victoria on 26 August 1919 . Edward studied at the National Gallery Art School from 1938-41 under Charles Wheeler and W.B . McInnes . For 31 years he was associated with the Art School at the Royal Melbourne Technical College ( and former Working Men 's College ) now known as RMIT , where he had been a student , and where he was teacher 1947-1954 , head of painting , 1954-67 and head of school 1967-79 . As head of the art department , Edward set up an initiative for systematically developing the RMIT Art Collection , and to make Australian art more accessible to staff and students . He retired from RMIT in August 1979 , after which he made many painting trips to Australia 's outback . His semi-abstract work was exhibited widely in Melbourne , Sydney and Perth and described by Professor Bernard Smith as a perceptive art with its own quiet distinction . He described his approach to abstraction as simply wanting to place sequences of shapes , colours and tones on a surface in an abstract manner , like the notes of a Bach fugue . Edward also undertook mural commissions for the Victoria Housing Commission , and for church mosaic panels . One of his murals made of glass mosaic tiles can be seen on the old State Library of Queensland building at 159 William St , Brisbane . This was the winning entry in an Australia-wide competition for a mural to adorn the walls of the Brisbane Public Library in time for the 100-year celebration of responsible government in Queensland in 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'attended , faculty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abstract artist , developed the Lindsay Edwards Fine Art Collection at RMIT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vincent Fantauzzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Fantauzzo', 'summary': "Vincent Fantauzzo ( born 1977 , Manchester , England ) , is a Melbourne-based Australian portrait artist known for his award winning portraits of Heath Ledger , Brandon Walters , Matt Moran , Emma Hack , Baz Luhrmann , Asher Keddie and his son Luca . He has won the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize , the Archibald Packing Room Prize , and the Archibald People 's Choice Award four times . Fantauzzo was born in England in 1977 and spent his very early years in Manchester . His family migrated to Australia when he was a child . He has a Bachelor of Fine Art ( Painting ) ( 2003 ) and a Master of Fine Art ( 2005 ) from RMIT University , Melbourne . He has had solo exhibitions at Dianne Tanzer Gallery in Melbourne in 2007 and 2008 and in Mumbai India in 2007 . He won the 2003 Tolarno RMIT Partnership Prize and was a finalist in the 2007 Shirley Hannan Portrait Prize , DLAP , Whyalla Art Award and Duke Gold Coast Art Prize . In 2008 he was awarded an artist 's residency at Chancery Lane Gallery in Hong Kong where he had a solo exhibition . He has also had solo exhibitions at the L. A . Art Fair and at Sydney 's Boutwell Draper Gallery , which coincided with the opening of the Archibald . He was a finalist in 2008 's Metro 5 Art Award , EMSC Award [ clarification needed ] and Duke Gold Coast Art Prize . Fantauzzo is known for his photorealistic style , which , according to the art critic for The Australian , Christopher Allen , is to painting what lip-syncing is to singing ."}]}, {'value': 'BFA , MFA , faculty', 'urls': []}, {'value': "portrait artist , four time winner of the Archibald People 's Choice Award", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archibald_Prize', 'summary': 'The Archibald Prize was the first major prize for portraiture in Australian art . It was first awarded in 1921 after the receipt of a bequest from J. F. Archibald , the editor of The Bulletin who died in 1919 . It is now administered by the trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales and awarded for the best portrait , preferentially of some man or woman distinguished in Art , Letters , Science or Politics , painted by an artist resident in Australia during the twelve months preceding the date fixed by the trustees for sending in the pictures . The Archibald Prize has been awarded annually since 1921 ( with two exceptions ) and since July 2015 the prize has been AU $ 100,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Harold Freedman , OAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Freedman', 'summary': 'Harold Emanuel Freedman ( 21 May 1915 - 16 July 1999 ) was an artist from Victoria , Australia renowned for his work in public murals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia , to recognise Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or meritorious service . Before the establishment of the order , Australian citizens received British honours . The Queen of Australia is sovereign head of the order , while the Governor-General of Australia is the principal companion/dame/knight ( as relevant at the time ) and chancellor of the order . The governor-general 's official secretary , currently Paul Singer , is secretary of the order ."}]}, {'value': 'art classes , former faculty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mural artist , former State Artist of Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mural', 'summary': 'A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall , ceiling or other permanent surfaces . A distinguishing characteristic of mural painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture . Some wall paintings are painted on large canvases , which are then attached to the wall ( e.g. , with marouflage ) , but the technique has been in common use since the late 19th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)', 'summary': "Victoria ( abbreviated as Vic ) is a state in south-eastern Australia . Victoria is Australia 's smallest mainland state and its second-most populous state ( after New South Wales ) , making it the most densely populated state . Most of its population lives concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay , which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city , Melbourne , Australia 's second-largest city . Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south , [ note 1 ] New South Wales to the north , the Tasman Sea ( a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean ) to the east , and South Australia to the west . The area that is now known as Victoria is the home of many Aboriginal people groups , including the Boon wurrung , the Bratauolung , the Djadjawurrung , the Gunai/Kurnai , the Gunditjmara , the Taungurong , the Wathaurong , the Wurundjeri , and the Yorta Yorta . There were more than 30 Aboriginal languages spoken in the area prior to the European settlement of Australia . The Kulin nation is an alliance of five Aboriginal nations which makes up much of the central part of the state . With Great Britain having claimed the half of the Australian continent that is east of the 135th meridian east in 1788 , Victoria formed part of the wider colony of New South Wales . The first European settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay , and much of what is now Victoria was included in 1836 in the Port Phillip District , an administrative division of New South Wales . Named in honour of Queen Victoria , who signed the division 's separation from New South Wales , the colony was officially established in 1851 and achieved self government in 1855 . The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony , and by the time of the Federation of Australia in 1901 , Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia . Melbourne served as federal capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927 , with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne 's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Geraldes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Geraldes', 'summary': 'Luís Pereira Geraldes ( born May 15 , 1957 ) , is a contemporary metaphysical Portuguese artist . He is more widely known for his oil painting [ citation needed ] although he has produced a vast amount of sculpture , drawings and large Ceramic murals . His art can be labelled as metaphysical/mysticism symbolism or magnetic spirituality . He has also produced a lengthy number of ceramic murals in Sydney and Melbourne , Australia . Which are on public display at Trafalgar Street metro station in the suburb of Petersham , and Audley street in Marrickville , Sydney'}]}, {'value': 'former faculty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'artist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Grayson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Grayson', 'summary': 'Virginia Grayson ( born 1967 ) , also known as Ginny Grayson , is a New Zealand-born Australian artist , and winner of the Dobell Prize for Drawing .'}]}, {'value': 'BFA ( Hon ) , MFA , faculty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'artist ; recipient of the Dobell Prize ( 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dobell_Prize', 'summary': 'The Dobell Drawing Prize is a biennial drawing prize and exhibition , held by the National Art School in association with the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation.The prize is an open call to all artists and aims to explore the enduring importance of drawing and the breadth and dynamism of contemporary approaches to drawing .'}]}, {'value': 'William Ellis Green , OAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Ellis_Green', 'summary': 'William Ellis Green OAM ( 12 August 1923 - 29 December 2008 ) , who signed his cartoons WEG , was an Australian editorial cartoonist and illustrator who drew the Australian Football League premiership posters from 1954 until his death .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia , to recognise Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or meritorious service . Before the establishment of the order , Australian citizens received British honours . The Queen of Australia is sovereign head of the order , while the Governor-General of Australia is the principal companion/dame/knight ( as relevant at the time ) and chancellor of the order . The governor-general 's official secretary , currently Paul Singer , is secretary of the order ."}]}, {'value': 'art classes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'newspaper cartoonist ; best known by the pen name WEG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Hill_(Australian_artist)', 'summary': "Robin Hill ( born 1932 ) is an Australian artist and writer , living in the United States and specialising in natural history subjects , especially birds . Hill was born in Brisbane , the capital of the Australian state of Queensland , and moved to England with his family a year later , where he lived for the next fifteen years ( until the age of 16 ) . He was trained at the Wimbledon School of Art and , after moving back to Australia in 1948 , at the National Gallery of Victoria Art School and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology . In the early to mid 1960s he worked for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation as the host on Bush Quest with Robin Hill . Helping to pioneer this television documentary on Australian wildlife with the producer Ken Taylor , Hill used his serious knowledge and love of birds to observe the local bird and wild life across various bush and wetlands of Victoria . Bush Quest with Robin Hill featured Hill describing the Victorian birdlife in an often improvised and poetic style as well as painting particular birds in water colours that he had observed during the making of each episode . The Australian Broadcasting Corporation produced a total of six thirty-minute episodes all in black and white . During this period of the 1960s as well as producing and exhibiting his paintings Hill was commissioned by a popular biscuit company to produce paintings for biscuit tins . These tins featured Hill 's paintings of birds and circulated commercially within Australia at the time . Robin Hill 's granddaughter is the Australian video artist Adelle Mills . Hill moved to the United States in 1971 , where he established studios in Virginia and Washington D.C . Since then he has had several exhibitions , including a solo show at the Corcoran Gallery of Art and an exhibition cosponsored by the World Wildlife Fund and the Australian Embassy ."}]}, {'value': 'art classes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'painter and naturalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Hollingworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Hollingworth', 'summary': 'Robert Hollingworth is an Australian artist and writer .'}]}, {'value': 'MA ( Fine Art ) , former faculty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'artist ; recipient of the Sir John Sulman Prize ( 1990 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sir_John_Sulman_Prize', 'summary': "The Sir John Sulman Prize is one of Australia 's longest-running art prizes , having been established in 1936 . It is now held concurrently with the Archibald Prize , Australia 's best-known art prize , and also with the Wynne Prize , at the Art Gallery of New South Wales ( AGNSW ) , Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Ingpen , AM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Ingpen', 'summary': "Robert Roger Ingpen AM , FRSA ( born 13 October 1936 ) is an Australian graphic designer , illustrator , and writer . For his lasting contribution as a children 's illustrator he received the biennial , international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1986 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia , to recognise Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or meritorious service . Before the establishment of the order , Australian citizens received British honours . The Queen of Australia is sovereign head of the order , while the Governor-General of Australia is the principal companion/dame/knight ( as relevant at the time ) and chancellor of the order . The governor-general 's official secretary , currently Paul Singer , is secretary of the order ."}]}, {'value': 'Dip Art ( Graphics ) , D Arts ( honoris causa )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'illustrator and writer ; designed the flag of the Northern Territory and many Australian postage stamps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'The current state flag of the Northern Territory was officially adopted by the Northern Territory , Australia , in 1978 . The Northern Territory has been in existence since 1911 , but did not hoist its first flag until self-government in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenneth Jack , AM , MBE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Jack', 'summary': 'Kenneth Jack AM MBE RWS , ( 5 October 1924-10 June 2006 ) was an Australian watercolour artist who specialised in painting the images of an almost forgotten outback life : old mine workings , ghost towns , decaying farm buildings . He became a professional painter at the age of 39 after giving up his job as senior instructor at the Caulfield Institute of Technology . In 1977 he was elected to The Royal Watercolour Society . In 1982 he was awarded the MBE , and the Order of Australia ( AM ) followed in 1987 . He continued as a prolific painter until his death in June 2006 . His son-in-law Fred Schmidt is also an Australian watercolour artist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia , to recognise Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or meritorious service . Before the establishment of the order , Australian citizens received British honours . The Queen of Australia is sovereign head of the order , while the Governor-General of Australia is the principal companion/dame/knight ( as relevant at the time ) and chancellor of the order . The governor-general 's official secretary , currently Paul Singer , is secretary of the order ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire', 'summary': 'The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences , work with charitable and welfare organisations , and public service outside the civil service . It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions , the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female . There is also the related British Empire Medal , whose recipients are affiliated with , but not members of the order . Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom , the self-governing Dominions of the Empire ( later Commonwealth ) and the Viceroy of India . Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British ( Imperial ) honours . Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours . [ a ]'}]}, {'value': 'art classes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'painter ; work held in the National Gallery of Australia and Windsor Castle Royal Collection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia', 'summary': 'The National Gallery of Australia ( originally the Australian National Gallery ) is the national art museum of Australia as well as one of the largest art museums in Australia , holding more than 166,000 works of art . Located in Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory , it was established in 1967 by the Australian government as a national public art museum .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Windsor_Castle', 'summary': "Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire . It is notable for its long association with the English and later British royal family and for its architecture . The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror . Since the time of Henry I , it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe . The castle 's lavish early 19th-century State Apartments were described by early 20th century art historian Hugh Roberts as a superb and unrivalled sequence of rooms widely regarded as the finest and most complete expression of later Georgian taste . Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century St George 's Chapel , considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be one of the supreme achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic design . Originally designed to protect Norman dominance around the outskirts of London and oversee a strategically important part of the River Thames , Windsor Castle was built as a motte-and-bailey , with three wards surrounding a central mound . Gradually replaced with stone fortifications , the castle withstood a prolonged siege during the First Barons ' War at the start of the 13th century . Henry III built a luxurious royal palace within the castle during the middle of the century , and Edward III went further , rebuilding the palace to make an even grander set of buildings in what would become the most expensive secular building project of the entire Middle Ages in England . Edward 's core design lasted through the Tudor period , during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment . Windsor Castle survived the tumultuous period of the English Civil War , when it was used as a military headquarters by Parliamentary forces and a prison for Charles I . At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , Charles II rebuilt much of Windsor Castle with the help of the architect Hugh May , creating a set of extravagant Baroque interiors that are still admired ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Royal_Collection', 'summary': "The Royal Collection of the British Royal family is the largest private art collection in the world . Spread among 13 occupied and historic royal residences in the United Kingdom , the collection is owned by Elizabeth II and overseen by the Royal Collection Trust . The Queen owns some of the collection in right of the Crown and some as a private individual . It is made up of over one million objects , including 7,000 paintings , over 150,000 works on paper , this including 30,000 watercolours and drawings , and about 450,000 photographs , as well as tapestries , furniture , ceramics , textiles , carriages , weapons , armour , jewellery , clocks , musical instruments , tableware , plants , manuscripts , books , and sculptures . Some of the buildings which house the collection , like Hampton Court Palace , are open to the public and not lived in by the Royal Family , whilst others , like Windsor Castle and Kensington Palace , are both residences and open to the public . The Queen 's Gallery at Buckingham Palace in London was built specially to exhibit pieces from the collection on a rotating basis . There is a similar art gallery next to the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh , and a Drawings Gallery at Windsor Castle . The Crown Jewels are on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London . About 3,000 objects are on loan to museums throughout the world , and many others are lent on a temporary basis to exhibitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Jacks , AO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Jacks', 'summary': "Robert Jacks AO ( 8 March 1943 , Melbourne - 14 August 2014 , Castlemaine ) was an Australian painter , sculptor and printmaker . Born in Melbourne , Australia . He studied sculpture from 1958 to 1960 at the Prahran Technical College , Melbourne , and painting in 1961 and 1962 at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology ( now RMIT University ) . In 1966 he had his first solo exhibition at Gallery A , Melbourne from which a work was purchased for the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria . In 1968 , he participated in The Field an extremely influential exhibition at the new National Gallery of Victoria , which effectively launched color field abstraction in Australia . He taught at Rochedale College , Toronto before moving to New York City in 1969 . He returned to Melbourne in 1978 to be artist-in-residence at the University of Melbourne . The winner of many art awards and prizes , he has exhibited consistently in Australia since 1966 in more than 50 solo exhibitions , including retrospectives . In 2001 the Bendigo Art Gallery established the Robert Jacks Drawing Prize . In 2006 , he was named an Officer of the Order of Australia ( AO ) . His mature work , while emerging out of the international abstract 'color field ' movement of the late '60s , retains an ambiguous link to the representation of appearances , especially of objects in space ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia , to recognise Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or meritorious service . Before the establishment of the order , Australian citizens received British honours . The Queen of Australia is sovereign head of the order , while the Governor-General of Australia is the principal companion/dame/knight ( as relevant at the time ) and chancellor of the order . The governor-general 's official secretary , currently Paul Singer , is secretary of the order ."}]}, {'value': 'BA ( Painting )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "artist ; recipient of the Sir John Sulman Prize ( 1998 ) and Bendigo Art Gallery 's Robert Jacks Prize named in his honour", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bendigo_Art_Gallery', 'summary': "Bendigo Art Gallery in Bendigo , founded in 1887 , is one of Australias oldest and largest regional art galleries . The Bendigo Art Gallery hosts Australia 's richest open painting prize , the Arthur Guy Memorial Painting Prize , worth $ 50,000 , which was launched in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jennifer Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Joseph', 'summary': "Jennifer Joseph ( born 1949 ) is a Melbourne-based artist whose work aligns closely with the aestheticism of the Abstract art movement . In 1971 Joseph received her diploma of Arts and Crafts from Melbourne Teachers ' College . She went on to study Fine Art part-time at RMIT University , Australia between 1977 until 1979 . Despite her foray with art school and education , Joseph considers herself essentially self-taught . In order to work within the realm of the abstract and lucid , Joseph lives nocturnally . The meditative quality of Josephs work is achieved through working with ephemeral materials and mediums , such as graphite , linen , wood , viscous acrylic paint , paper , and found objects , that she often combines together with elements of drawing and collage . Her creative process involves sitting for many hours contemplating materials , emotions and potential works , and when she is focused and deeply concentrated she executes each work at great speed . For Joseph the process of making art is synonymous with the instinctual nature of life ."}]}, {'value': 'fine art classes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'artist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne Judell , AO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Judell', 'summary': 'Anne Judell ( born 1942 ) is an Australian artist and winner of the 2011 Dobell Prize for drawing . Judell was born in Melbourne in 1942 , and studied at RMIT University . She moved to Sydney in 1977 and then to the New South Wales southern highlands in 1992 , returning to Melbourne in 2014 . The work of Judell was the subject of a 2002 exhibition at Campbelltown Arts Centre . A 2007 drawing executed in gesso and charcoal on Hahnemühle paper , First light , was selected for inclusion in the Blake Prize exhibition . In 2011 , after having been a finalist nine times , she won the Dobell Prize for a triptych , Breath , done in pastel on paper . Judge of the competition , Guy Warren , observed :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Order_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia , to recognise Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or meritorious service . Before the establishment of the order , Australian citizens received British honours . The Queen of Australia is sovereign head of the order , while the Governor-General of Australia is the principal companion/dame/knight ( as relevant at the time ) and chancellor of the order . The governor-general 's official secretary , currently Paul Singer , is secretary of the order ."}]}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'artist ; recipient of the Dobell Prize ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Kay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Kay', 'summary': "Barry Kay ( 1932 - 1985 ) was an Australian-born stage and costume designer of international renown . After having studied painting at the Académie Julian in Paris and theatre design in Melbourne , he settled in London in 1956 . In the course of his career , lasting almost four decades , he designed for the ballet , opera and theatre alike , working with established directors and choreographers at major theatres and opera houses and their companies worldwide . Kay 's emphasis lay in pioneering three-dimensional stage set designs for the ballet . By breaking away from the traditional use of flat wings scenery , in designing for the theatre he expanded on the revolutionary ideas of the Russian Constructivists and the Italian Futurists in the early part of the 20th century . Among others , he designed for the choreographers Walter Gore , Peter Darrell , Kenneth MacMillan and Rudolf Nureyev , as well as for ballet companies such as Western Theatre Ballet ( now Scottish Ballet ) , The Royal Ballet , The Australian Ballet , the Ballet of the Deutsche Oper Berlin , the Stuttgart Ballet , the Vienna State Opera Ballet , Le Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris and American Ballet Theatre . Some of the drama and opera directors for whom he worked included Margaret Webster , Colin Graham , John Copley , Peter Dews and Rudolf Hartmann - with productions staged by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Old Vic , London ; Sadler 's Wells Opera Company ( since 1974 English National Opera ) , Sadler 's Wells Theatre , London ; The Royal Opera at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , London ; and numerous other national and international houses . Later in his career Kay also became a photographer of subjects with socio-anthropological contents . His photo essay As a Woman , published in 1976 , is an extensive portrait of the unique transvestite and transsexual community of Sydney , Australia . Kay 's artistic contributions to the performing arts are well represented and documented at national museums , state galleries , art libraries , theatre collections and archives globally . Public collections include : the Performing Arts Collection , Arts Centre , Melbourne ; Victoria & Albert Museum Theatre Collections , London ; Royal Opera House Collections , London ; National Gallery of Australia , Canberra ; National Library of Australia , Canberra ; State Library of New South Wales , Mitchell Library , Sydney ; Lipperheidesche Kostümbibliothek , Staatliche Museen zu Berlin ; Österreichisches Theatermuseum , Vienna ; University of Calgary , Library , Special Collections , Alberta , Canada ; MacNay Museum , Tobin Collection of Theatre Arts , San Antonio , Texas . In November 2006 , the Barry Kay Archive website was archived by the National Library of Australia in its PANDORA web archive ."}]}, {'value': 'art classes , painting', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'painter , scenery and costume design for the theatre , photographer', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Art -- Drawing and painting', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_alumni_and_faculty_of_the_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology_0', 'intro': "This is a list of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology people. This list of people includes alumni as well as current and former students and faculty of the Australian (RMIT University) and Vietnamese (RMIT University Vietnam) branches of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT). It also includes alumni as well as former students and faculty from its antecedents: Melbourne Technical College (MTC) and Working Men's College (WMC); amalgamations with: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy (EMC), Melbourne College of Decoration, Melbourne College of Printing and Graphic Art and Melbourne College of Textiles; and merger with Phillip Institute of Technology (PIT)."}
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Florida_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Keisha Lance Bottoms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keisha_Lance_Bottoms', 'summary': 'Keisha Lance Bottoms ( born January 18 , 1970 ) is an American politician and lawyer who is the 60th and current Mayor of Atlanta , Georgia . She was elected mayor in 2017 . Prior to becoming mayor , she was a member of the Atlanta City Council , representing part of Southwest Atlanta .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'second female mayor of Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Atlanta', 'summary': "The Mayor is the highest elected official in Atlanta , Georgia . Since its incorporation in 1847 , the town has had 60 mayors . The current mayor is Keisha Lance Bottoms . This is a list of mayors of Atlanta in the state of Georgia in the United States . The term of office was one year until Cicero C. Hammock 's second term ( 1875-77 ) , when a new city charter changed it to two years . The term was changed to four years in 1929 , giving Isaac N. Ragsdale the modern stay in office . Though a political party is listed where known , the mayoral election is officially non-partisan , so candidates do not represent their party when elected . In recent history , the viable candidates in the race have primarily been Democrats ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Corrine Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corrine_Brown', 'summary': "Corrine Brown ( born November 11 , 1946 ) is a former American politician and convicted felon , who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida from 1993 to 2017 . She is a member of the Democratic Party . After a court-ordered redistricting significantly changed her district , and a federal indictment for corruption , Brown was defeated in the 2016 Democratic primary by Al Lawson , who went on to win Brown 's former seat . On December 4 , 2017 , she was sentenced to five years in prison and ordered to pay restitution ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former U.S. Congresswoman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Congress', 'summary': 'The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States , and consists of two chambers : the House of Representatives and the Senate . The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C . Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 representatives and 100 senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members representing Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the District of Columbia in addition to its 435 voting members . Although they can not vote in the full house , these members can address the house , sit and vote in congressional committees , and introduce legislation . The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a district . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election . To be eligible for election , a candidate must be aged at least 25 ( House ) or 30 ( Senate ) , have been a citizen of the United States for seven ( House ) or nine ( Senate ) years , and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent .'}]}, {'value': 'Melvin Carter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melvin_Carter_(politician)', 'summary': "Melvin W. Carter III ( born 1979 ) is an American politician who has served as Mayor of Saint Paul , Minnesota since 2018 . He was elected in November 2017 , and is the first African American mayor of the city . Melvin Carter was born in the Rondo Neighborhood of Saint Paul , Minnesota . He is the son of Toni Carter , a Ramsey County commissioner , and Melvin Carter , Jr. , a now-retired St. Paul police officer . He was an UMTYMP ( University of Minnesota Talented Youth in Mathematics Program ) student all through junior high and high school , studying math and staying at University of Minnesota 's Middlebrook Hall during the summer . He is an alumnus of Saint Paul Central High School . He obtained his bachelor 's degree in business administration from Florida A & M University and his Masters in Public Policy from the Humphrey School of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota . He was a member of the Saint Paul City Council from 2008 to 2013 . In his first term as Mayor , he has raised the minimum wage to $ 15 per hour , closed a generational deal on the Ford Site , and is launching a college savings account program for every baby born after January 1 , 2020 who lives in Saint Paul . Melvin was married to his first wife , Alecia Carter , from 2003 to 2011 ; the couple share two daughters together . Melvin remarried in July 2017 as his campaign was heating up . His second wife , Sakeena Futrell-Carter has three children from two previous relationships ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mayor of St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilkie D. Ferguson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilkie_D._Ferguson', 'summary': 'Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. ( May 11 , 1938 - June 9 , 2003 ) was an American lawyer and judge . He served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida , as well as serving on the Florida Third District Court of Appeal and the 11th Judicial Circuit Court of Florida .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former judge who served on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida , the Florida Third District Court of Appeal and the 11th Judicial Circuit Court of Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida', 'summary': 'The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ( in case citations , S.D . Fla. or S.D . Fl . ) is the federal United States district court with territorial jurisdiction over the southern part of the state of Florida . Appeals from cases brought in the Southern District of Florida are to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florida_Third_District_Court_of_Appeal', 'summary': 'The Florida Third District Court of Appeal is headquartered in Miami , Florida . Its ten judges have jurisdiction over cases arising from Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florida_Circuit_Courts', 'summary': 'The Florida circuit courts are state courts , and are trial courts of original jurisdiction for most controversies . In Florida , the circuit courts are one of four types of courts created by the Florida Constitution ( the other three being The Florida Supreme Court , Florida District Courts of Appeal , and Florida County Courts ) . The circuit courts primarily handle civil cases where the amount in controversy is greater than $ 15,000 , and felony criminal cases , as well as appeals from county courts .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Gillum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Gillum', 'summary': 'Andrew Gillum ( born July 26 , 1979 ) is an American politician who served as the 126th Mayor of Tallahassee from 2014 to 2018 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was its nominee for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election . He previously was a Tallahassee City Commissioner from 2003 until 2014 , first elected at the age of 23 . In 2018 , Gillum became the nominee of the Florida Democratic Party for Governor of Florida when he won the Democratic primary election over a field of five other candidates including former U.S. Representative Gwen Graham and former Miami Beach Mayor Philip Levine . He competed against and lost to Republican U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis in a close election . Gillum is considered to be a progressive Democrat .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mayor of Tallahassee , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida', 'summary': "Tallahassee ( /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County . Tallahassee became the capital of Florida , then the Florida Territory , in 1824 . In 2018 , the population was 193,551 , making it the 7th-largest city in the U.S state of Florida , and the 126th-largest city in the United States . The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 385,145 as of 2018 [ update ] . Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Big Bend and Florida Panhandle region , and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions . Tallahassee is home to Florida State University , ranked the nation 's eighteenth best public university by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to Florida A & M University , the fifth-largest historically black university by total enrollment . Tallahassee Community College is a large state college that serves mainly as a feeder school to Florida State and Florida A & M . Tallahassee qualifies as a significant college town , with a student population exceeding 70,000 . [ citation needed ] As the capital , Tallahassee is the site of the Florida State Capitol , Supreme Court of Florida , Florida Governor 's Mansion , and nearly 30 state agency headquarters . The city is also known for its large number of law firms , lobbying organizations , trade associations and professional associations , including the Florida Bar and the Florida Chamber of Commerce ."}]}, {'value': 'Alcee L. Hastings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcee_L._Hastings', 'summary': "Alcee Lamar Hastings /ˈælsiː/ ( born September 5 , 1936 ) is the U.S. Representative for Florida 's 20th congressional district . The district includes most of the majority-black precincts in and around Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach . A Democrat , Hastings served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida until his impeachment and removal . Following Senator Bill Nelson 's departure from office in January 2019 , Hastings became the dean ( or longest-serving member ) of Florida 's congressional delegation . In January 2019 , he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current U.S . Congressman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Woodrow Hatchett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Woodrow_Hatchett', 'summary': 'Joseph Woodrow Hatchett ( born September 17 , 1932 ) is an attorney in private practice and was formerly a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and later the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American to serve on the Supreme Court of Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of Florida is the highest court in the U.S. state of Florida . It consists of seven members - the chief justice and six justices . Five members are chosen from five districts around the state to foster geographic diversity and two are selected at-large . The justices are appointed by the governor to set terms that do not exceed six years . Immediately after appointment , the initial term is three years or less , because the justices must appear on the ballot in the next general election that occurs more than one year after their appointment . Afterward they serve six-year terms and remain in office if retained in the general election near the end of each term . Citizens vote on whether they want to retain each justice in office , or not . Chief justices are elected by the members of the Court to two-year terms that end in every even-numbered year . Chief justices can succeed themselves in office if re-elected by the other justices . The Court is the final arbiter of Florida law , and its decisions are binding authority for all other Florida state courts and for federal courts when they apply Florida law . In most instances , the only appeal from the Florida Supreme Court is to the U.S. Supreme Court on questions of federal law . Established upon statehood in 1845 , the court is headquartered across Duval Street from the state capitol in Tallahassee .'}]}, {'value': 'Mia L. Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mia_L._Jones', 'summary': 'Mia L. Jones ( born April 26 , 1968 ) was a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives , representing the 14th District , which includes parts of downtown Jacksonville in northern Duval County , from 2008 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current member of the Florida House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The Florida House of Representatives is the lower house of the Florida Legislature , the state legislature of the U.S. state of Florida , the Florida Senate being the upper house . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution of Florida , adopted in 1968 , defines the role of the Legislature and how it is to be constituted . The House is composed of 120 members , each elected from a single-member district with a population of approximately 157,000 residents . Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures , provided by the federal decennial census . Representatives ' terms begin immediately , upon their election . As of 2019 , Republicans hold the majority in the State House with 73 seats ; Democrats are in the minority with 47 seats ."}]}, {'value': 'Kwame Kilpatrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kwame_Kilpatrick', 'summary': 'Kwame Malik Kilpatrick ( born June 8 , 1970 ) is an American former politician , having served as a Democratic Michigan state representative and mayor of Detroit from 2002 to 2008 . Kilpatrick resigned as mayor in September 2008 after being convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice . He was sentenced to four months in jail and was released on probation after serving 99 days . On May 25 , 2010 , Kilpatrick was sentenced to eighteen months to five years in state prison for violating his probation , and served time at the Oaks Correctional Facility in northwest Michigan . On March 11 , 2013 , he was convicted on 24 federal felony counts , including mail fraud , wire fraud , and racketeering . On October 10 , 2013 , Kilpatrick was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former mayor of Detroit , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfred Lawson , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Lawson,_Jr.', 'summary': "Alfred James Lawson Jr. ( born September 23 , 1948 ) , is an American politician who is the U.S. Representative for Florida 's 5th congressional district , serving since 2017 . The district stretches across most of the border with Georgia , including most of the majority-black areas between Tallahassee and Jacksonville . A Democrat , Lawson served in the Florida Legislature for 28 years , rising to the rank of Dean of the Senate prior to his election to the U.S. House of Representatives . From 2000 to 2010 , Lawson served Florida Senate , representing the 6th District , where he was elected to serve as the Democratic Leader . From 1982 to 2000 , he was a member of the Florida House of Representatives ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current member of the U.S. House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Jesse J. McCrary , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_J._McCrary,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Jesse James McCrary Jr. ( September 16 , 1937 - October 29 , 2007 ) was an American lawyer from the U.S. state of Florida . A civil rights activist , he entered state politics and served as Secretary of State of Florida for five months from 1978-1979 , becoming the first black member of the Florida Cabinet since the end of Reconstruction .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'lawyer and civil rights activist , former Secretary of State of Florida , the first black member of the Florida Cabinet since Reconstruction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Cabinet', 'summary': 'The Florida Cabinet is a body of the government of Florida comprising the Attorney General , the Commissioner of Agriculture , and the Chief Financial Officer that engages in the collective governance of the state .'}]}, {'value': 'Carrie P. Meek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrie_P._Meek', 'summary': "Carrie Pittman Meek ( born April 29 , 1926 ) is a Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Florida . She served in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2003 , representing Florida 's 17th congressional district ."}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former U.S. Congresswoman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kendrick Meek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kendrick_Meek', 'summary': "Kendrick Brett Meek ( born September 6 , 1966 ) is an American politician who was the U.S. Representative for Florida 's 17th congressional district from 2003 to 2011 . He was the Democratic nominee in the 2010 Senate election for the seat of Mel Martinez , but he and independent candidate Charlie Crist lost in a three-way race to Republican Marco Rubio ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former U.S . Congressman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwendolyn M. Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwendolyn_M._Miller', 'summary': "Gwendolyn M. Miller is the former Chairwoman of the City Council in Tampa , Florida . An educator by training , Miller served four terms on the City Council . She was the first African-American woman elected to the Tampa City Council . Miller received her bachelor 's and master 's degrees from Florida A & M University . She was a longtime teacher and human resources specialist in the public schools of Hillsborough County . She was first elected to the City Council in 1995 as councilwoman for the 5th District , a position she was reelected to in 1999 . In 2003 she was elected as an at-large councilwoman . She first became council chairwoman in 2004 . During the March 27 , 2007 runoff election , Miller defeated Joe Redner in a heated contest for council chairperson . Miller is one of three Council Members to vote against the permanent wet-zoning of Cigar City Brewing and extension of operating hours . The company is related to her former council opponent Joe Redner , as it is owned by Redner 's son . Her husband is former State Senator Les Miller , who is now a Hillsborough County Commissioner ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairwoman of the City Council in Tampa , Florida , District 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diallo Vincent Rabain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diallo_Vincent_Rabain', 'summary': 'Diallo Vincent Rabain , JP , MP is the current Minister of Education and Workforce Development , and a member of the Bermuda Progressive Labour Party .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former Opposition Senate Leader ; current Member of Parliament and Minister of Education and Workforce Development Legislature of Bermuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legislature_of_Bermuda', 'summary': 'The Parliament of Bermuda is the bicameral legislature in the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda . The two houses are :'}]}, {'value': 'Alzo J. Reddick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alzo_J._Reddick', 'summary': 'Alzo J. Reddick was born November , 1937 in Alturas , Florida . Reddick previously served as a Representative in the House of Representatives of the U.S. state of Florida . He lives in Orlando , Florida with his family .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former member of the Florida House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The Florida House of Representatives is the lower house of the Florida Legislature , the state legislature of the U.S. state of Florida , the Florida Senate being the upper house . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution of Florida , adopted in 1968 , defines the role of the Legislature and how it is to be constituted . The House is composed of 120 members , each elected from a single-member district with a population of approximately 157,000 residents . Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures , provided by the federal decennial census . Representatives ' terms begin immediately , upon their election . As of 2019 , Republicans hold the majority in the State House with 73 seats ; Democrats are in the minority with 47 seats ."}]}, {'value': 'David Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)', 'summary': "David Albert Scott ( born June 27 , 1945 ) is the U.S. Representative for Georgia 's 13th congressional district , serving since 2003 . The district includes the southern fourth of Atlanta , as well as several of its suburbs to the south and west . He is a member of the Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "current U.S. Representative from Georgia 's 13th congressional district", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John W. Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_W._Williams_(Florida)', 'summary': 'John W. Williams is the current Inspector General of the South Florida Water Management District . Williams has been the Inspector General of the South Florida Water Management since April 2004 . He is a water resource attorney , and he has served in this capacity for over 25 years . Prior to this position he served as the St. Johns River Water Management Deputy General Counsel .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current Inspector General of the South Florida Water Management District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District', 'summary': "The South Florida Water Management District ( SFWMD ) is a regional governmental district that oversees water resources from Orlando to the Florida Keys . The mission of the SFWMD is to manage and protect water resources by balancing and improving water quality , flood control , natural systems and water supply , covering 16 counties in Central and Southern Florida . It is the largest water management district in the state , managing water needs for 7.7 million residents . A key initiative is the restoration of America 's Everglades - the largest environmental restoration project in the nation 's history . The District is also working to improve the Kissimmee River and its floodplain , Lake Okeechobee and South Florida 's coastal estuaries . The Governing Board consists of Daniel OKeefe , Chair ; Kevin Powers , Vice Chair ; Rick Barber , Sandy Batchelor , Mitch Hutchcraft , James Moran , Juan Portuondo , Timothy Sargent and Glenn Waldman ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Florida_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_University_alumni_2', 'intro': "The following is a list of notable people associated with Florida A&M University, located in the American city of Tallahassee, Florida. Florida A&M University is a public, four-year, historically black university located in Tallahassee, Florida. It is one of eleven institutions in Florida's State University System."}
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What position did the person who served on the Florida Cabinet take during that time ?
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Secretary of State of Florida
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01e0afc5350e9224
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Music_Resource_Center', 'title': 'Parents Music Resource Center', 'header': ['#', 'Artist', 'Song title', 'Lyrical content'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_(artist)', 'summary': "Prince Rogers Nelson ( June 7 , 1958 - April 21 , 2016 ) was an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , dancer , actor , and filmmaker . A guitar virtuoso and multi-instrumentalist known for his genre-crossing work , wide-ranging singing voice , and flamboyant stage appearances , he is regarded as one of the most influential musicians in the history of popular music . [ better source needed ] His innovative music integrated a wide variety of styles , including funk , R & B , rock , new wave , soul , psychedelia , and pop . Prince pioneered the late 1970s Minneapolis sound , a funk rock subgenre drawing from synth-pop and new wave . Born and raised in Minneapolis , Prince developed an interest in music as a young child and wrote his first song , Funk Machine , at the age of seven . He signed a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records at the age of 19 , and released his debut album For You in 1978 . Following up with his next four albums - Prince ( 1979 ) , Dirty Mind ( 1980 ) , Controversy ( 1981 ) , and 1999 ( 1982 ) - Prince gained critical success , prominently showcasing his explicit lyrics as well as his blending of funk , dance , and rock music . In 1984 , he began referring to his backup band as The Revolution and released his sixth album Purple Rain , which was also the soundtrack to his hugely successful film acting debut of the same name . It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful record , spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200 . The film itself was critically and commercially successful and also won the Academy Award for Best Original Song Score , the last film to receive the award . Following the disbandment of The Revolution , Prince released the critically acclaimed double album Sign o ' the Times ( 1987 ) . He released three more solo albums - Lovesexy ( 1988 ) , the Batman soundtrack ( 1989 ) , and the Graffiti Bridge soundtrack ( 1990 ) - before debuting his New Power Generation backing band in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Darling Nikki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darling_Nikki', 'summary': "Darling Nikki is a song produced , arranged , composed , and performed by American musician Prince and originally released on his Grammy Award-winning 1984 album Purple Rain . Though the song was not released as a single , it gained wide notoriety for its sexual lyrics and in particular an explicit reference to masturbation . Compared with the slick production of the other songs on the album , Darling Nikki was deliberately engineered to have a raw and live feel . The song tells the story of a sex fiend named Nikki who seduces the singer . In the film Purple Rain , the song is directed toward Apollonia Kotero 's character when she decides to work with Prince 's character 's rival , played by Morris Day . Near the end of the song , the music stops into the sound of rain and wind . There is singing , but played in reverse . The vocals , unreversed , are Prince singing ,"}]}, {'value': 'Sex/Masturbation', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheena Easton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheena_Easton', 'summary': "Sheena Shirley Easton ( née Orr ; born 27 April 1959 ) is a Scottish singer and songwriter . She is a dual British-American citizen . Easton came into the public eye in an episode of the first British musical reality television programme The Big Time : Pop Singer , which recorded her attempts to gain a record contract and her eventual signing with EMI Records . Easton 's first two singles , Modern Girl and 9 to 5 , both entered the UK Top Ten , and she was the first UK female artist to appear twice in the same Top Ten since Ruby Murray . In 1981 , 9 to 5 ( retitled Morning Train ( Nine to Five ) for the US market ) topped the US Hot 100 , making her the third UK female solo artist to achieve this , following Petula Clark and Lulu , and she became one of the most successful British female performers of the 1980s . A six-time Grammy nominee in the U.S. , Easton is a two-time Grammy Award winner , winning Best New Artist in 1982 and Best Mexican-American Performance in 1985 , for her duet with Luis Miguel on the song Me Gustas Tal Como Eres . She has received five U.S. Gold albums and one U.S . Platinum album . She has recorded 16 studio albums , released 45 singles total worldwide , and had 20 consecutive US singles , including 15 U.S. Top 40 singles , seven U.S. top tens and one U.S. No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 between 1981 and 1991 . She also had 25 top 40 hits in international territories around the world . In Canada , Easton scored three gold and two platinum albums . She has sold over 20 million records and singles worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Sugar Walls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sugar_Walls', 'summary': "Sugar Walls is the second single from Sheena Easton 's 1984 album A Private Heaven . It spent 16 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , nine of which were in the top 40 . It reached # 9 overall , as well as # 3 on the R & B chart and # 1 on the Dance chart . The song failed to chart well in Easton 's native UK . It was composed by Alexander Nevermind , a pseudonym used by Prince . The song title is presumed to be a euphemism for the lining of her vagina , which was perhaps sufficiently subtle by itself , but the general content was considered suggestive enough to qualify the song for the Filthy Fifteen . Although Easton 's music video for Sugar Walls did not in itself feature any controversial visual content , some broadcasters refused the video airplay because of the sexual imagery of the song 's lyrics . Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart and Tipper Gore 's PMRC criticized the song when it was first released . Sugar Walls was released on April 13 , 2019 as a 12 inch single picture disc by RT Industries for 2019 National Record Store Day ."}]}, {'value': 'Sex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judas Priest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judas_Priest', 'summary': "Judas Priest are an English heavy metal band formed in West Bromwich , West Midlands in 1969 . They have sold over 50 million copies of their albums , and are frequently ranked as one of the greatest metal bands of all time . Despite an innovative and pioneering body of work in the latter half of the 1970s , the band had struggled with indifferent record production and a lack of major commercial success or attention until 1980 , when they adopted a more simplified sound on the album British Steel . The band 's membership has seen much turnover , including a revolving cast of drummers in the 1970s and the departure of singer Rob Halford in 1992 . The American singer Tim Ripper Owens replaced Halford in 1996 and recorded two albums with Judas Priest , before Halford returned to the band in 2003 . The current line-up consists of Halford , guitarists Glenn Tipton and Richie Faulkner , bassist Ian Hill and drummer Scott Travis . The band 's best-selling album is 1982 's Screaming for Vengeance , with their most commercially successful line-up featuring Hill , Halford , Tipton , guitarist K. K. Downing , and drummer Dave Holland . Tipton and Hill are the only two members of the band to appear on every album . Halford 's operatic vocal style and the twin guitar sound of Downing and Tipton have been a major influence on heavy metal bands . Judas Priest 's image of leather , spikes , and other taboo articles of clothing were widely influential during the glam metal era of the 1980s . The Guardian referred to British Steel as the record that defines heavy metal . Despite a decline in exposure during the mid 1990s , the band has once again seen a resurgence , including worldwide tours , being inaugural inductees into the VH1 Rock Honors in 2006 , receiving a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2010 , and having their songs featured in video games such as Guitar Hero and the Rock Band series ."}]}, {'value': 'Eat Me Alive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Faith', 'summary': 'Defenders of the Faith is the ninth studio album by English heavy metal band Judas Priest , released on 4 January 1984 by Columbia Records . The album was certified platinum by the RIAA , and spawned the singles Freewheel Burning , Some Heads Are Gon na Roll , and Love Bites .'}]}, {'value': 'Sex/Violence', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanity_(performer)', 'summary': "Denise Katrina Matthews ( January 4 , 1959 - February 15 , 2016 ) , better known as Vanity , was a Canadian singer , songwriter , dancer , model , and actress who turned away from her music and acting career to concentrate on evangelism . Her career lasted from the early 1980s until the early/mid-1990s . She was the lead singer of the female trio Vanity 6 from 1981 until it disbanded in 1983 . They are known for their 1982 R & B/funk hit Nasty Girl . Vanity 's music career also included two solo albums on the Motown Records label , Wild Animal and Skin on Skin , as well as the minor hit singles Pretty Mess , Mechanical Emotion , Undress ( from the movie Action Jackson ) , and Under the Influence . She also had a successful film career , starring in the movies The Last Dragon , 52 Pick-Up , and Action Jackson . Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s , Vanity appeared in many magazines around the world . She died on February 15 , 2016 , at the age of 57 , due to kidney failure ."}]}, {'value': "Strap On 'Robbie Baby '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Strap_On_'Robbie_Baby'", 'summary': 'Wild Animal is the debut solo studio album by Canadian singer Vanity . It was released by Motown Records on November 10 , 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mötley Crüe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mötley_Crüe', 'summary': "Mötley Crüe is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1981 . The group was founded by bassist Nikki Sixx , drummer Tommy Lee , lead guitarist Mick Mars and lead singer Vince Neil . Mötley Crüe has sold over 100 million albums worldwide . They have also achieved seven platinum or multi-platinum certifications , nine Top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 chart ( including 1989 's Dr. Feelgood , which is Mötley Crüe 's only album to reach number one ) , twenty-two Top 40 mainstream rock hits , and six Top 20 pop singles . The band experienced several short-term lineup changes in the 1990s and 2000s ; these included the introduction of vocalist John Corabi ( who was Neil 's replacement from 1992 to 1996 ) and drummers Randy Castillo and Samantha Maloney , both of whom filled in for Lee during his absence from the band from 1999 to 2004 . The members of Mötley Crüe have often been noted for their hedonistic lifestyles and the androgynous personae they maintained . Following the hard rock and heavy metal origins on the band 's first two albums , Too Fast for Love ( 1981 ) and Shout at the Devil ( 1983 ) , the release of its third album Theatre of Pain ( 1985 ) saw Mötley Crüe joining the first wave of glam metal . The band has also been known for their elaborate live performances , which features flame thrower guitars , roller coaster drum kits , and heavy use of pyrotechnics . Mötley Crüe 's most recent studio album , Saints of Los Angeles , was released on June 24 , 2008 . What was planned to be the band 's final show took place on New Year 's Eve , December 31 , 2015 . The concert was filmed for a theatrical and Blu-ray release in 2016 . After two-and-a-half years of inactivity , Neil announced in September 2018 that Mötley Crüe had reunited and was working on new material ."}]}, {'value': 'Bastard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bastard_(song)', 'summary': "Shout at the Devil is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe , released on September 26 , 1983 . It was the band 's breakthrough album , establishing Mötley Crüe as one of the top selling heavy metal acts of the 1980s . The singles Looks That Kill and Too Young to Fall in Love were moderate hits for the band ."}]}, {'value': 'Violence/Language', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AC/DC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AC/DC', 'summary': "AC/DC are an Australian rock band formed in Sydney in 1973 by Scottish-born brothers Malcolm and Angus Young . Their music has been variously described as hard rock , blues rock , and heavy metal ; however , the band themselves describe their music as simply rock and roll . AC/DC underwent several line-up changes before releasing their first album , High Voltage , in 1975 . Membership subsequently stabilised around the Young brothers , singer Bon Scott , drummer Phil Rudd , and bass player Mark Evans . Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977 for the album Powerage . In February 1980 , a few months after recording the album Highway to Hell , lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died of acute alcohol poisoning . The group considered disbanding but stayed together , bringing in Brian Johnson as replacement for Scott . Later that year , the band released their first album with Johnson , Back in Black , which they dedicated to Scott 's memory . The album launched them to new heights of success and became one of the best selling albums of all time . The band 's next album , For Those About to Rock We Salute You , was their first album to reach number one in the United States . The band fired Phil Rudd as drummer in 1983 , and Simon Wright filled his place until quitting in 1989 , being in turn replaced by Chris Slade . The band experienced a commercial resurgence in the early 1990s with the release of The Razors Edge ."}]}, {'value': 'Let Me Put My Love Into You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Back_in_Black', 'summary': "Back in Black is the seventh studio album by Australian rock band AC/DC . It was released on 25 July 1980 by Albert Productions and Atlantic Records . It is the band 's first album to feature vocalist Brian Johnson , following the death of previous vocalist Bon Scott . After the commercial breakthrough of their 1979 album Highway to Hell , AC/DC was planning to record a follow-up , but in February 1980 , Scott died from alcohol poisoning after a drinking binge . Instead of disbanding , they decided to continue on and recruited Johnson , who was previously vocalist for Geordie . The album was composed by Johnson , Angus and Malcolm Young , and recorded over seven weeks in the Bahamas from April to May 1980 with producer Robert John Mutt Lange , who had worked on their previous album . Following its completion , the group mixed Back in Black at Electric Lady Studios in New York City . The album 's all-black cover was designed as a sign of mourning for Scott . As their sixth international studio release , Back in Black was an unprecedented success . It has sold an estimated 50 million copies worldwide . It is one of the best-selling albums in music history . The band supported the album with a yearlong world tour , cementing them among the most popular music acts of the early 1980s ."}]}, {'value': 'Sex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twisted Sister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twisted_Sister', 'summary': "Twisted Sister was an American heavy metal band originally from Ho-Ho-Kus , New Jersey , and later based in Long Island , New York . Twisted Sister 's best-known hits include We 're Not Gon na Take It from the movie Gung Ho and I Wan na Rock , which had music videos noted for their sense of slapstick humor . Although the band is sometimes regarded as glam metal due to its use of makeup , frontman Dee Snider considers the term to be inappropriate . Twisted Sister are also ranked No . 73 in VH1 's 100 greatest artists of hard rock ."}]}, {'value': "We 're Not Gon na Take It", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/We're_Not_Gonna_Take_It_(Twisted_Sister_song)", 'summary': "We 're Not Gon na Take It is a song by the American band Twisted Sister from their album Stay Hungry . It was first released as a single ( with You Ca n't Stop Rock & Roll as the B-side ) on April 27 , 1984 . The Stay Hungry album was released two weeks later , on May 10 , 1984 . The single reached No . 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , making it Twisted Sister 's only Top 40 single . The song was ranked No . 47 on 100 Greatest 80 's Songs and No . 20 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s . The single has been certificated gold in US since 1984 , selling more than 500,000 copies . We 're Not Gon na Take It was written by vocalist Dee Snider . As influences for the song , he cites the glam rock band Slade and the Christmas carol O Come , All Ye Faithful ."}]}, {'value': 'Violence', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madonna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( /tʃɪˈkoʊni/ , Italian : [ tʃikˈkoːne ] ; born August 16 , 1958 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman . Referred to as the Queen of Pop since the 1980s , Madonna is known for pushing the boundaries of songwriting in mainstream popular music and for the imagery she uses onstage and in music videos . She has frequently reinvented her music and image while maintaining autonomy within the recording industry . Her works have been praised by music critics and have sparked controversy . Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists . Born and raised in Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1978 to pursue a career in modern dance . After performing as a drummer , guitarist , and vocalist in the rock bands Breakfast Club and Emmy , Madonna signed with Sire Records in 1982 and released her eponymous debut album the next year . She followed it with a series of successful albums , including global bestsellers Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) and True Blue ( 1986 ) as well as Grammy Award winners Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) . Many of her songs have reached the top of record charts worldwide , including Like a Virgin , La Isla Bonita , Like a Prayer , Vogue , Take a Bow , Frozen , Music , Hung Up , and 4 Minutes . Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , and Evita ( 1996 ) . While Evita earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , many of her other films received poor reviews . As a businesswoman , Madonna founded an entertainment company called Maverick ( including the label Maverick Records ) in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dress You Up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dress_You_Up', 'summary': "Dress You Up is a song by American singer Madonna from her second studio album Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) . It was released on July 31 , 1985 as the album 's final single , by Sire Records . The song was the last track to be added to the album as it was submitted late by songwriters Andrea LaRusso and Peggy Stanziale . Madonna pushed for the song 's inclusion on Like a Virgin as she particularly liked its lyrics . Musically , the song is a drum beat driven dance track featuring instrumentation from guitars and vocals from a choir and a guitar solo played by Nile Rodgers , who also produced the song . The lyrics are an extended metaphor for fashion and lust , comparing dressing up with passion . A live performance from Madonna 's first tour was used as the music video . Critics reacted positively to the dance-pop nature of the track . Dress You Up became Madonna 's sixth consecutive top-five single in the United States . It also reached the top-ten in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . The song was performed on four of Madonna 's concert tours , most recently on the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015-2016 ) . Dress You Up was added to the Parents Music Resource Center 's Filthy Fifteen list due to its sexual lyrics ."}]}, {'value': 'Sex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W.A.S.P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W.A.S.P._(band)', 'summary': "W.A.S.P . is an American heavy metal band formed in 1982 . They emerged from the early 1980s Los Angeles heavy metal scene . The band 's popularity peaked that decade , yet they continue to record and tour , making them one of the most enduring of the West Coast heavy metal bands . W.A.S.P . gained notoriety for their shock rock-themed image , lyrics and live performances . They have sold over 12 million albums . W.A.S.P . was a prominent target in the mid-1980s of the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) , an organization that pushed for warning labels on recorded music . The band immortalized its fight with the PMRC on the song Harder , Faster from their 1987 live album , Live.In the Raw . Some of their most notable songs are Animal ( Fuck Like a Beast ) , I Wan na Be Somebody , L.O.V.E . Machine , Wild Child , Blind in Texas , Forever Free , Mean Man , Chainsaw Charlie ( Murders in the New Morgue ) and The Idol , as well as their cover versions of Ray Charles ' I Do n't Need No Doctor and The Who 's The Real Me ."}]}, {'value': 'Animal ( Fuck Like a Beast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animal_(Fuck_Like_a_Beast)', 'summary': "Animal ( Fuck Like a Beast ) is a song by heavy metal band W.A.S.P. , originally intended to be the opening track on their self-titled 1984 debut album , but was dropped before the album 's release , although it appears as a bonus track on the 1998 reissue . Written by Blackie Lawless , the song was released as the band 's first single . Due to his religious beliefs , Lawless performs a modified version of the song live , I Rock like a Priest In the United States , the song was first released in a live version in 1988 . The studio version was available in that region only in 1998 , on the reissue of W.A.S.P . 's debut album ."}]}, {'value': 'Sex/Language/Violence', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Def Leppard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Def_Leppard', 'summary': "Def Leppard are an English rock band formed in 1977 in Sheffield as part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement . Since 1992 , the band has consisted of Joe Elliott ( lead vocals ) , Rick Savage ( bass , backing vocals ) , Rick Allen ( drums , backing vocals ) , Phil Collen ( guitars , backing vocals ) , and Vivian Campbell ( guitars , backing vocals ) , which has been the band 's longest running line-up . The band 's strongest commercial success came between the early 1980s and the early 1990s . Their 1981 album , High ' n ' Dry , was produced by Robert John Mutt Lange , who helped them begin to define their style , and the album 's main track Bringin ' On the Heartbreak became one of the first rock videos played on MTV in 1982 . The band 's next studio album , Pyromania , was released in January 1983 , with Photograph and Rock of Ages as the lead singles . In the U.S. , Pyromania was certified diamond ( 10× platinum ) , making Def Leppard among the most popular music groups at the time . In 2003 , the album ranked number 384 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Def Leppard 's fourth album Hysteria , released in 1987 , topped the UK and U.S. album charts . As of 2009 , it has reached beyond the success of Pyromania , having been certified 12× platinum for sales of over 12 million in the U.S. and has gone on to sell over 25 million copies worldwide . The album spawned seven hit singles , including the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number one Love Bites , alongside Pour Some Sugar on Me , Hysteria , Armageddon It , Animal , Rocket , and Women . Their next studio album , Adrenalize ( the first following the death of guitarist Steve Clark ) , reached number one in UK and U.S. charts in 1992 , and contained several hits , including Let 's Get Rocked and Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad ."}]}, {'value': "High ' n ' Dry ( Saturday Night )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/High_'n'_Dry_(Saturday_Night)", 'summary': "High ' n ' Dry ( Saturday Night ) is the 1981 title track by British heavy metal band Def Leppard from their multi-platinum album High ' n ' Dry . It was ranked number 33 on VH1 's 40 Greatest Metal Songs . It is one of five songs by Def Leppard , which had a promotional video , but however were not single releases . This song was released as a single in Australia . This song made the Filthy Fifteen , a list of songs criticized by the Parents Music Resource Center ( PMRC ) , an American committee formed in 1985 , for having explicit lyrics . The group 's mission was to educate and inform parents about the growing trend in music towards lyrics that are sexually explicit , excessively violent , or glorify the use of drugs and alcohol , and to seek the censorship and rating of music . High ' n ' Dry ( Saturday Night ) made the list due to lyrics involving Drug and Alcohol Use . Although there are lines in the lyrics that describe alcohol use and intoxication , the song is generally perceived [ according to whom ? ] to be about having fun on a Saturday night in a rock and roll , albeit hedonistic , lifestyle [ citation needed ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Drug and alcohol use', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercyful Fate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercyful_Fate', 'summary': "Mercyful Fate is a Danish heavy metal band from Copenhagen , formed in 1981 by vocalist King Diamond and guitarist Hank Shermann . Influenced by progressive rock and hard rock , and with lyrics dealing with Satan and the occult , Mercyful Fate were part of the first wave of black metal in the early to mid-1980s . Many of the bands from this movement went on to influence later black metal musicians in the 1990s , particularly in Norway . Since the band 's inception in 1981 , Mercyful Fate have released seven studio albums , two extended plays , and four compilations . After several line-up changes and self-made demos , Mercyful Fate released their self-titled EP in 1982 , with the line-up of King Diamond ( vocals ) , Hank Shermann ( lead and rhythm guitars ) , Michael Denner ( rhythm and lead guitars ) , Timi Hansen ( bass ) and Kim Ruzz ( drums ) . With this line-up the group recorded their first two studio albums ( 1983 's Melissa and 1984 's Do n't Break the Oath ) , until 1985 when the band broke up due to musical differences . In 1993 , four out of the five members of Mercyful Fate reunited to record the album In the Shadows , which was released the same year . During the 1990s , the band released four more studio albums and went through several line-up changes . Since 1999 , Mercyful Fate have been on hiatus , but have reunited on occasion during the 2000s . On August 1 , 2019 , it was announced that Mercyful Fate will reunite for a tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Into the Coven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melissa_(Mercyful_Fate_album)', 'summary': 'Melissa is the debut studio album by Danish heavy metal band Mercyful Fate , released on 30 October 1983 . It was the first album released by Roadrunner Records . This was also the first Mercyful Fate effort to get an official release in the United States through Megaforce Records , as the self-titled EP was a highly sought after import , and the BBC sessions were only available on bootleg tapes . In 2005 , Roadrunner Records re-released this album with several bonus tracks and a bonus DVD . Music is credited to Hank Shermann and lyrics to King Diamond .'}]}, {'value': 'Occult', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Sabbath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sabbath', 'summary': "Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi , drummer Bill Ward , bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music . The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath ( 1970 ) , Paranoid ( 1970 ) , and Master of Reality ( 1971 ) . The band had multiple line-up changes following Osbourne 's departure in 1979 , with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history . After previous iterations of the group called the Polka Tulk Blues Band and Earth , the band settled on the name Black Sabbath in 1969 . They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars . Signing to Philips Records in November 1969 , they released their first single , Evil Woman in January 1970 . Their debut album , Black Sabbath , was released the following month . Though it received a negative critical response , the album was a commercial success , leading to a follow-up record , Paranoid , later in 1970 . The band 's popularity grew , and by 1973 's Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , critics were starting to respond favourably . Osbourne 's regular use of drugs and alcohol led to his firing in 1979 . He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio ."}]}, {'value': 'Trashed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trashed_(Black_Sabbath_song)', 'summary': 'Trashed is the opening song from Born Again , by English rock band Black Sabbath . It was one of the first songs created by the incarnation of Sabbath fronted by Ian Gillan .'}]}, {'value': 'Drug and alcohol use', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Jane Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Jane_Girls', 'summary': "The Mary Jane Girls are an American R & B , soul and funk group that gained popularity in the 1980s . They were protégées of singer Rick James . They are known for their hit songs In My House , All Night Long , Candy Man , and their cover version of Walk Like a Man . Joanne Jojo McDuffie was the lead singer , the others filling out the group 's style and appearance . On the studio recordings , McDuffie was backed by session vocalists rather than the other Mary Jane Girls . The Mary Jane Girls released two albums in the 1980s and recorded a third which was shelved for decades but finally released in 2014 as part of a larger retrospective of Rick James ' work ."}]}, {'value': 'In My House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_My_House_(song)', 'summary': "In My House is a song produced , written and arranged by American musician Rick James and recorded by his protégées , the Mary Jane Girls , for their second studio album Only Four You ( 1985 ) . It was released as the album 's lead single on October 1984 , by Gordy Records . In the United States , the single went to number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in April 1985 and remained atop the chart for two weeks . It was also a top-ten hit on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart , peaking at number seven on the Hot 100 in June 1985 and remained in the Top 40 for 12 weeks . It is the group 's biggest hit and their only Top 40 hit , although they have had other singles succeed on both the R & B and Dance singles charts . In 1984 , the Parents Music Resource Center was organized in the United States to draw attention to music which the group believed contained inappropriate content for children . In My House was chosen on the group 's Filthy Fifteen list due to its alleged sexual innuendo . However , during the VH1 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s program , the group went on record as saying the song is not about sex , but about love . The group 's follow-up single , Wild and Crazy Love , was even more suggestive in its lyrics content , but the PMRC was not known to have attacked it as openly as it condemned In My House . In 2009 , VH1 ranked In My House number 52 on its program 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s ."}]}, {'value': 'Sex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venom_(band)', 'summary': "Venom are an English extreme metal band formed in 1978 in Newcastle upon Tyne . Coming to prominence towards the end of the new wave of British heavy metal , Venom 's first two albums - Welcome to Hell ( 1981 ) and Black Metal ( 1982 ) - are considered a major influence on thrash metal and extreme metal in general . Venom 's second album proved influential enough that its title was used as the name of the extreme metal subgenre of black metal ."}]}, {'value': 'Possessed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Possessed_(Venom_album)', 'summary': "Possessed is the fourth album by English heavy metal band Venom . It is the band 's last studio album to feature guitarist Jeffrey Dunn before his first departure from the band in 1986 . At the time of its release , it received mixed reviews , even from critics who had liked Venom 's earlier albums ; Possessed was thought to be in another league as compared to the band 's earlier works , even though much of the material on Possessed was written before the release of its predecessor , At War with Satan . It was the first Venom album recorded outside of Impulse Studios . The song Possessed is ranked No . 14 on the Parents Music Resource Center 's Filthy Fifteen , a list of the 15 songs the group found to be most objectionable . The boy on the cover is the son of the band 's drummer , Abaddon . The girl is the niece of producer Keith Nichol ."}]}, {'value': 'Occult', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyndi Lauper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper', 'summary': "Cynthia Ann Stephanie Lauper ( born June 22 , 1953 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress and activist . Her career has spanned over 40 years . Her album She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) was the first debut album by a female artist to achieve four top-five hits on the Billboard Hot 100 - Girls Just Want to Have Fun , Time After Time , She Bop , and All Through the Night - and earned Lauper the Best New Artist award at the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985 . Her success continued with the soundtrack for the motion picture The Goonies and her second record True Colors ( 1986 ) . This album included the number one single True Colors and Change of Heart , which peaked at number three . Since 1983 , Lauper has released eleven studio albums and participated in many other projects . In 2010 , Memphis Blues became Billboard 's most successful blues album of the year , remaining at number one on the Billboard Blues Albums chart for 13 consecutive weeks . In 2013 , Lauper won the Tony Award for best original score for composing the Broadway musical Kinky Boots , making her the first woman to win the category by herself . The musical was awarded five other Tonys including Tony Award for Best New Musical . In 2014 , Lauper was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album for the cast recording . In 2016 , the West End production won Best New Musical at the Olivier Awards Lauper has sold over 50 million records worldwide . She has won awards at the Grammys , Emmys , Tonys , the New York 's Outer Critics Circle , MTV Video Music Awards ( VMAs ) , Billboard Awards , and American Music Awards ( AMAs ) ."}]}, {'value': 'She Bop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/She_Bop', 'summary': "She Bop is a song by American singer-songwriter Cyndi Lauper , released as the third single from her debut studio album She 's So Unusual . It reached number three on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1984 . Worldwide , the song is her most commercially successful single after Girls Just Want to Have Fun and Time After Time , and reached number 46 on the UK Singles Chart and number 6 on the ARIA Singles Chart . She Bop was her third consecutive Top 5 on the Hot 100 . The song is also featured in the film Never Been Kissed ."}]}, {'value': 'Sex/Masturbation', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'The Filthy Fifteen', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Parents_Music_Resource_Center_0', 'intro': "The Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) was an American committee formed in 1985 with the stated goal of increasing parental control over the access of children to music deemed to have violent, drug-related or sexual themes via labeling albums with Parental Advisory stickers. The committee was founded by four women known as the Washington Wives - a reference to their husbands' connections with government in the Washington, D.C. area. The women who founded the PMRC are Tipper Gore, wife of Senator and later Vice President Al Gore; Susan Baker, wife of Treasury Secretary James Baker; Pam Howar, wife of Washington realtor Raymond Howar; and Sally Nevius, wife of former Washington City Council Chairman John Nevius. The PMRC eventually grew to include 22 participants before shutting down in the mid-to-late 1990s."}
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What is the nickname of the artist with the single Dress You Up ?
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Queen of Pop
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01e1717abb2f02c7
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hybridqa
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{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_in_men's_road_cycling", 'title': "2013 in men's road cycling", 'header': ['Code', 'Official team name', 'License holder', 'Country', 'Groupset', 'Bicycles'], 'data': [{'value': 'ALM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Ag2r–La_Mondiale_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for the Ag2r-La Mondiale cycling team began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'EUSRL France Cyclisme', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'SRAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SRAM_Corporation', 'summary': "SRAM LLC is a privately owned bicycle component manufacturer based in Chicago , Illinois , United States , founded in 1987 . SRAM is an acronym comprising the names of its founders , Scott , Ray , and Sam , ( where Ray is the middle name of the company 's first CEO , Stan Day ) . The company is known for producing cycling components , including some internally developed , such as Grip Shift , EAGLE ( 1x12 ) , DoubleTap , dedicated 1x11 mountain and road drivetrains and SRAM Red eTap . The company grew organically and through acquisitions to become a high-end cycling component brand , selling under the brands SRAM , Avid , RockShox , Truvativ , Quarq , and Zipp . Their components are manufactured primarily in-house , in factories located in Portugal , Taiwan , China , and the U.S. , and distributed and sold as Original equipment manufacturer ( OEM ) equipment and aftermarket components in markets globally ."}]}, {'value': 'Focus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Focus_Bikes', 'summary': 'Focus Bikes is a bicycle manufacturer that has its administration in Filderstadt , Germany and production facilities based in Cloppenburg , Germany and builds sport bicycles such as e-bikes , racing bicycles and mountain bicycles .'}]}, {'value': 'ARG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argos-Shimano ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Team_Sunweb_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Team Sunweb ( UCI team code : SUN ) is a professional German cycling team at UCI WorldTeam level . The team is managed by Iwan Spekenbrink and uses Cervélo bicycles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Argos–Shimano_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for the Argos-Shimano began in January with the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'SMS Cycling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimano', 'summary': "Shimano , Inc. ( 株式会社シマノ , Kabushiki-gaisha Shimano ) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of cycling components , fishing tackle and rowing equipment . It produced golf supplies until 2005 and snowboarding gear until 2008 . Headquartered in Sakai , Japan , the company has 32 consolidated subsidiaries and 11 unconsolidated subsidiaries . Shimano 's primary manufacturing plants are in Kunshan , China ; Malaysia ; and Singapore . In 2017 , Shimano had net sales of US $ 3.2 billion , 38% in Europe , 35% in Asia , and 11% in North America . Bicycle components represented 80% , fishing tackle 19% , and other products 0.1% . The company is publicly traded , with 93 million shares of common stock outstanding ."}]}, {'value': 'Felt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felt_Bicycles', 'summary': 'Felt Racing is an American bicycle brand based in Irvine , California . Felt produces road , mountain , track , cyclocross , electric bicycles , and cruiser bikes . All design is completed in the USA and the majority of production comes from Asia . The company also has a strong reputation in the time trial/triathlon bike area . area and for several years provided bicycles to UCI teams in the Tour de France . Felt still supports several professional level race teams including Hincapie Racing and Team Twenty 16 .'}]}, {'value': 'AST', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astana ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astana_Pro_Team', 'summary': "Astana Pro Team ( UCI team code : AST ) is a professional road bicycle racing team sponsored by the Samruk-Kazyna , a coalition of state-owned companies from Kazakhstan and named after its capital city Astana ( which has since been renamed 'Nur-Sultan ' ) . Astana attained UCI ProTeam status in its inaugural year , 2007 . Following a major doping scandal involving Kazakhstani rider Alexander Vinokourov , team management was terminated and new management brought in for the 2008 season . The team was then managed by Johan Bruyneel , former team manager of U.S. Postal/Discovery Channel team . Under Bruyneel the ethical nature of the team did not improve , although Astana in this period was very successful . With a lineup including Grand Tour winner Alberto Contador , as well as runner-up Andreas Klöden the results were there , however the team was on the verge of financial collapse in May 2009 . A battle for control of the team led to the return of Vinokourov for the 2009 Vuelta a España caused Bruyneel and at least fourteen of its riders to leave at the end of the 2009 season , most for Team RadioShack . Only four Spanish riders , including Contador , and most of the Kazakhs remained with the rebuilt team for 2010 . Those four Spaniards all left the team for Saxo Bank-SunGard in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Astana_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for the Astana cycling team began in January with the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Olympus Sarl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Campagnolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campagnolo', 'summary': "Campagnolo is an Italian manufacturer of bicycle components with headquarters in Vicenza , Italy . The components are organised as groupsets ( gruppi ) , and are a near-complete collection of a bicycle 's mechanical parts . Campagnolo 's flagship components are the Super Record , Record , and Chorus groupsets with all three representing their recent shift to 12-speed drivetrains . Super Record and Record are the top groupsets , followed by Chorus , Potenza , Centaur and Veloce . Campagnolo also produces aluminum and carbon wheels , as well as other components ( like carbon fiber seat posts , and bottle-cages ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Specialized', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Specialized_Bicycle_Components', 'summary': 'Specialized Bicycle Components , Inc. , commonly called Specialized , is a United States-based company that designs , manufactures and markets bicycles , bicycle components and related products under the brand name Specialized . The Morgan Hill , California-based company was founded in 1974 by Mike Sinyard .'}]}, {'value': 'BMC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BMC Racing Team ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CCC_Pro_Team', 'summary': 'CCC Pro Team ( UCI team code : CCC ) is a UCI WorldTeam title sponsored by CCC , a Polish-based shoe retailer . The team is co-owned by American cyclist Jim Ochowicz , who founded the 7-Eleven Cycling Team , and is the team manager .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_BMC_Racing_Team_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for the BMC Racing Team began in January with the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Continuum Sports LLC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BMC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BMC_Trading', 'summary': 'BMC Switzerland AG ( abbreviation of Bicycle Manufacturing Company ) is a bicycle and cycling product manufacturer based in Grenchen , Switzerland . BMC designs , builds and distributes road bikes , mountain bikes , and commuter bikes primarily for sale to dealers in North America , Europe , South Africa , Australia , East Asia and the United Arab Emirates .'}]}, {'value': 'EUS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euskaltel-Euskadi ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euskaltel–Euskadi', 'summary': "Euskaltel-Euskadi ( UCI team code : EUS ) was a professional road bicycle racing team from Spain , Europe . The team was commercially sponsored , but was also partly funded by the Basque Government until the end of 2013 , with riders either from the Basque Country , Navarre , La Rioja , Cantabria and the French Basque Country , or who had grown up in the cycling culture of those regions : This policy was abandoned to enable retention of World Tour status . Its sponsor was Euskaltel , a Basque telecom company . Euskaltel-Euskadi was famous for its all-orange team kits . Whenever the Tour de France passed through the Basque Country many spectators lined the route dressed in the team 's orange or the colours of the Basque flag . The Euskaltel team also has a second team inside the Fundacion Euskadi , this team rode in a continental category , the name of the team was Orbea . This team was created with the aim of forming the young cyclist before going to the Euskaltel-Euskadi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Euskaltel–Euskadi_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Euskaltel-Euskadi began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Fundación Ciclista Euskadi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orbea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orbea', 'summary': "Orbea is a bicycle manufacturer based in Mallabia , Spain . It is part of the Mondragón Cooperative Corporation and Spain 's largest bicycle manufacturer . Orbea manufactures and assembles bikes at their own factory in Mallabia , with other models being made in Portugal and China ."}]}, {'value': 'FDJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FDJ.fr ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Groupama–FDJ', 'summary': 'Groupama-FDJ ( UCI team code : GFC ) is a French cycling team at UCI WorldTeam level . The team is managed by Marc Madiot , a former road bicycle racer and winner of the Paris-Roubaix classic in 1985 and 1991 . The team is predominantly French .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_FDJ.fr_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for FDJ.fr began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour . Having raced as FDJ-BigMat in 2012 , the team lost their sponsorship , and competed as FDJ for the first half of the season . Prior to the Tour de France , it was announced that the team would change name slightly , becoming FDJ.fr .'}]}, {'value': "Société de Gestion de L'Echappée", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lapierre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lapierre_Bikes', 'summary': 'Lapierre is a bicycle manufacturing company based in Dijon , France . Lapierre bicycles are ridden by French UCI ProTeam FDJ .'}]}, {'value': 'GRM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garmin-Sharp ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EF_Education_First_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "EF Education First Pro Cycling ( UCI Code : EF1 ) , is an American professional cycling team . Founded in 2003 , they have competed in the UCI World Tour since 2009 . Headquartered in Boulder , Colorado , United States , the team maintains an equipment and training facility in Girona , Catalonia , Spain . In 2018 , EF Education First , an international education company - founded in Sweden but headquartered and incorporated out of Switzerland - purchased a controlling equity stake in Slipstream Sports , the sports management company behind the team . The founder and CEO is American Jonathan Vaughters and the head sporting director is Briton Charly Wegelius . [ a ] Between the 2009 and the 2019 UCI World Tours , the team finished inside the top-ten on six occasions . Notable results include : the 2009 Vattenfall Cyclassics and the 2010 Vattenfall Cyclassics with American Tyler Farrar , the 2010 Tour de Pologne , the 2013 Volta a Catalunya , the 2013 Liège-Bastogne-Liège , and the 2014 Giro di Lombardia with Irishman Dan Martin , the 2011 Tour Down Under with Australian Cameron Meyer , the 2011 Paris-Roubaix with Belgian Johan Vansummeren , the 2012 Giro d'Italia with Canadian Ryder Hesjedal , the 2014 Critérium du Dauphiné with American Andrew Talansky , the 2019 Tour of Flanders with Italian Alberto Bettiol , and the 2019 Bretagne Classic Ouest-France with Belgian Sep Vanmarcke . Between 2008 and 2019 , the team claimed 25 Grand Tour stages - eight in the Giro d'Italia , eight in the Tour de France , and nine in the Vuelta a España . Colombian Rigoberto Urán and Briton Bradley Wiggins finished second and third , respectively , in the 2017 and 2009 Tours de France . In 2010 , Garmin-Transitions signed Norwegian Thor Hushovd , the reigning UCI Road World Race Champion . In 2010 , Briton David Millar won the silver medal at the UCI Road World Time Trial Championships . In 2015 and 2018 , Lithuanian Ramūnas Navardauskas and Canadian Michael Woods won the bronze medal at their respective UCI Road World Race Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Garmin–Sharp_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for the Garmin-Sharp cycling team began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Slipstream Sports , LLC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cervélo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cervélo', 'summary': 'Cervélo Cycles is a Canadian manufacturer of racing and track bicycles . Cervélo uses CAD , computational fluid dynamics , and wind tunnel testing at a variety of facilities including the San Diego Air and Space Technology Center , in California , US , to aid its designs . Frame materials include carbon fibre . Cervélo currently makes 5 series of bikes : the C series and R series of road bikes , the latter featuring multi-shaped , Squoval frame tubes ; the S series of road bikes and P series of triathlon/time trial bikes , both of which feature airfoil shaped down tubes ; and the T series of track bikes .'}]}, {'value': 'OGE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orica-GreenEDGE ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mitchelton–Scott_(men's_team)", 'summary': "Mitchelton-Scott ( UCI team code : MTS ) is an Australian professional road race cycling team . Launched in January 2011 , it competes at UCI WorldTeam level . The team is under the management of Andrew Ryan and Shayne Bannan with Neil Stephens and Matt White as Sporting Directors . The team ride Scott bikes , wear Giordana Cycling clothing , and wear Scott eyewear . The team has financial backing from Australian businessman Gerry Ryan who owns Jayco Australia . The team has a women 's team and supports its riders competing in track cycling . In 2017 they also established a development team , Mitchelton-BikeExchange . In June 2016 , ahead of the 2016 Tour de France the team announced BikeExchange , an Australian cycling retailer , was stepping up as a title sponsor of the team . Team owner , Gerry Ryan , had previously sought to secure further sponsorship after Orica announced they would stop sponsoring the team after the 2017 season . As of the 2018 season the team is known as Mitchelton-Scott , with Mitchelton Wines as a major sponsor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Orica–GreenEDGE_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for the Orica-GreenEDGE cycling team began in January at the Bay Classic Series . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Lachlan Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Sports', 'summary': "Scott Sports SA ( formerly Scott USA ) is a Swiss producer of bicycles , winter equipment , motorsports gear and sportswear . The company 's main office is in Givisiez , Switzerland , with branches located around Europe and in the United States , South Africa and India ."}]}, {'value': 'LAM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lampre-Merida ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates', 'summary': "UAE Team Emirates ( UCI team code : UAD ) is an Emirati road bicycle racing team . The team competes at UCI WorldTeam level and has done so since the UCI World Tour was formed as the top category of road cycling in 2005 . However the team was temporarily suspended from the ProTour in 2010 , missing one ProTour event . The general manager , Giuseppe Saronni , was himself a famous professional cyclist , a world champion and winner of two editions of the Giro d'Italia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Lampre–Merida_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Lampre-Merida began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour . For the 2013 season the team changed from using Wilier bikes to Merida bikes . Although Wilier had been contracted through to the end of the 2013 season , they cited that Lampre broke the terms and conditions of the contract , and terminated their technical sponsorship .'}]}, {'value': 'Total Cycling Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merida_Bikes', 'summary': "Merida Industry Co. , Ltd ( MIC ; Chinese : 美利達工業 ) is a Taiwan-based company with R & D headquarters in Germany that designs , manufactures and markets bicycles globally in over 77 countries . Founded in 1972 by Ike Tseng ( 1932-2012 ) , the company designs and manufactures over 2 million bicycles a year at its factories in Taiwan , China and Germany . After Tseng 's death in January 2012 , his son Michael Tseng became the company 's president . After making bicycles as an original equipment manufacturer for numerous other brands , the company established its own brand , Merida , in 1988 . The company currently designs and manufactures bicycles primarily for its own brand - and for brands with which it shares financial interest , including the now German brand Centurion . Merida has been a publicly-traded company on the Taiwanese stock exchange since 1992 and is valued as of 2012 at approximately £350 million , making it one of Taiwan 's largest companies . The name Merida derives roughly from the translation of its three syllables ma-ri-da , which mirror the company 's goal to manufacture bikes that enable the customer to reach their destination ."}]}, {'value': 'CAN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannondale ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquigas', 'summary': 'Cannondale Pro Cycling Team ( UCI team code : CAN ) , previously known as Liquigas , was an Italian professional road bicycle racing team in the UCI ProTour .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Cannondale_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Cannondale began in January with the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Brixia Sports', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'SRAM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannondale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannondale_Bicycle_Corporation', 'summary': 'The Cannondale Bicycle Corporation is an American division of Canadian conglomerate Dorel Industries that supplies bicycles . It is headquartered in Wilton , Connecticut with manufacturing and assembly facilities in China .'}]}, {'value': 'LTB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lotto-Belisol ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotto–Soudal', 'summary': "Lotto-Soudal ( UCI team code : LTS ) is a Belgian professional cycling team at UCI WorldTeam level sponsored by the Belgian lottery and Soudal , an adhesives and sealants manufacturer . For the 2016 and 2017 editions of Paris-Nice , the 2018 Giro d'Italia , and the 2019 Tour de Pologne , the team raced under the name Lotto Fix ALL , and in a different colour of kit , to promote a particular product from the Soudal range . The same organisations also sponsor a women 's cycling team , Lotto-Soudal Ladies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Lotto–Belisol_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Lotto-Belisol began in January at the La Tropicale Amissa Bongo . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgian Cycling Company sa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Campagnolo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ridley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ridley_(bicycles)', 'summary': 'Ridley Bikes was started in 1997 by Jochim Aerts , a frame builder and painter who had been producing frames for Belgian bicycle companies since 1990 . In a few years , Ridley became the market leader in Belgium for racing bikes . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'MOV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Movistar Team ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men's_team)", 'summary': "Movistar Team ( UCI team code : MOV ) is a professional road bicycle racing team which participates at UCI WorldTeam level and has achieved thirteen general classification ( GC ) victories in Grand Tours . The title sponsor is the Spanish mobile telephone company Telefónica , with the team riding under the name of the company 's brand Movistar . The team was formed as Reynolds , led by Ángel Arroyo and later by Pedro Delgado , who won a Tour de France and a Vuelta a España , and was subsequently sponsored by Banesto , under which name the team included 5-time Tour de France winner Miguel Indurain and Alex Zülle , twice winner of the Vuelta a España . The team offices are in Egüés , a municipality of Navarre , Spain , in the metropolitan area of Pamplona . A later sponsor was Caisse d'Epargne , a French semi-cooperative banking group . Having previously used Pinarello bikes , the team rode Canyon frames in 2014 , with Campagnolo parts . Since 2008 , Eusebio Unzué has been the manager of the team after the long running manager , José Miguel Echavarri , retired from the sport . The directeurs sportifs of the team are José Vicente García , Pablo Lastras , José Luis Jaimerena , José Luis Arrieta and Max Sciandri ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Movistar_Team_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Movistar Team began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Abarca Sports S.L', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Campagnolo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinarello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinarello', 'summary': 'Cicli Pinarello S.p.A. is an Italian bicycle manufacturer based in Treviso , Italy . Founded in 1952 , it supplies mostly handmade bicycles for the road , track and cyclo-cross . The company also produces bicycles under the Opera brand name , and has an in-house component brand - MOST . In December 2016 , the company was acquired by L Catterton , a private equity group associated with LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE , better known as LVMH .'}]}, {'value': 'OPQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omega Pharma-Quick-Step ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deceuninck–Quick-Step', 'summary': 'Deceuninck-Quick-Step ( UCI team code : DQT ) is a Belgian UCI WorldTeam cycling team led by team manager Patrick Lefevere . The directeurs sportifs are Davide Bramati , Wilfried Peeters , Rik Van Slycke , Tom Steels , Brian Holm and Jan Schaffrath .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Omega_Pharma–Quick-Step_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Omega Pharma-Quick-Step began in January at the Tour de San Luis . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obliged to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Esperanza bvba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'SRAM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Specialized', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BEL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belkin Pro Cycling ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Jumbo–Visma', 'summary': "Team Jumbo-Visma is a men 's professional bicycle racing team , successor of the former Rabobank . The team consists of three sections : ProTeam ( the UCI WorldTeam team ) , Continental ( a talent team racing in the UCI Europe Tour ) , and Cyclo-cross . The cycling team was founded for the 1984 season under the name Kwantum-Decosol , anchored by Jan Raas , with mostly cyclists coming from the TI-Raleigh cycling team . With Raas as directeur sportif from 1985 onwards , the head sponsor was succeeded by Superconfex , Buckler , Wordperfect and Novell , respectively , before Raas signed a contract with Rabobank , a Dutch association of credit unions , in 1996 . After Rabobank sponsorship ended in 2012 , it was known as Blanco , Belkin , and then Lotto-Jumbo . Since 1984 , the team has entered every Tour de France and since the introduction of divisions in 1998 , the team has always been in the first division . A 2012 investigation by Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant concluded that doping was at least tolerated , from the team 's 1996 beginnings as Rabobank until at least 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Belkin_Pro_Cycling_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for the Belkin Pro Cycling team began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour . Having lost the sponsorship of Rabobank after seventeen years in the sport , the team were able to compete during the 2013 season due to Rabobank funding . As a result , the team ran as the Blanco Pro Cycling team for the first half of the season . Prior to the Tour de France , it was announced that Belkin , an American manufacturer of consumer electronics , acquired title sponsorship of the team in a \u200b2 1⁄2-year deal .'}]}, {'value': 'Rabo Wielerploegen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giant_Bicycles', 'summary': "Giant Manufacturing Co. Ltd. ( commonly known as Giant ) is a Taiwanese bicycle manufacturer that is recognized as the world 's largest bicycle manufacturer . Giant has manufacturing facilities in Taiwan , the Netherlands , and China ."}]}, {'value': 'KAT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Katusha ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katusha–Alpecin', 'summary': "Katusha-Alpecin ( Russian : Катюша , UCI team code : TKA ) was a Swiss road bicycle racing team which competed at UCI WorldTeam level using Canyon bikes . The team was created in 2008 by Igor Makarov within the framework of the previously established Russian Global Cycling Project , which was intended to help cycling in Russia to move to a qualitatively new level . In 2017 the team took an international direction , still supported by Igor Makarov 's company ARETI International Group , clothing company Katusha Sports and German shampoo manufacturer Alpecin . The team competed as a UCI ProTeam/WorldTour team between 2009 and 2019 . Joaquim Rodríguez , Alexander Kristoff , Daniel Moreno , Simon Špilak , Filippo Pozzato , Luca Paolini , Ilnur Zakarin , and Tony Martin are some of the most successful riders who rode for Katusha . In 2019 , the team was taken over by Israel Cycling Academy , along with its UCI World Tour license ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Team_Katusha_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Team Katusha began in January at the Tour de San Luis . After the 2012 season , Katusha lost their UCI World Tour license , despite having in their ranks the champion of the 2012 season ( Joaquim Rodríguez ) and finishing the 2012 UCI World Tour team rankings in second position . The team appealed that decision before the Court of Arbitration for Sport and it was announced on 15 February 2013 that the decision of the UCI was overturned and that Katusha would be part of the 2013 UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Katusha Management SA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canyon_Bicycles', 'summary': 'Canyon Bicycles GmbH ( abbr . : Canyon ) is a German manufacturer of racing bikes , mountain bikes and triathlon bikes based in Koblenz , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'RLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RadioShack-Leopard ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trek–Segafredo_(men's_team)", 'summary': 'Trek-Segafredo ( UCI team code : TFS ) is a professional road bicycle racing team at UCI WorldTeam level licensed in the United States . Formerly RadioShack-Nissan , in 2014 , Trek took over the ownership of the team and its ProTeam License .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_RadioShack–Leopard_season', 'summary': 'As of 1 January 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Trek Bicycle Corporation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trek_Bicycle_Corporation', 'summary': 'Trek Bicycle Corporation is a bicycle and cycling product manufacturer and distributor under brand names Trek , Electra Bicycle Company , Bontrager , and Diamant Bikes . The company has previously manufactured bikes under the Gary Fisher , LeMond Racing Cycles , Klein , and Villiger Bikes brand names . With its headquarters in Waterloo , Wisconsin , Trek bicycles are marketed through 1,700 independently owned bicycle shops across North America , subsidiaries in Europe , Asia , South Africa , as well as distributors in 90 countries worldwide . Most Trek bicycles are manufactured outside the United States , in countries including the Netherlands , Germany , Taiwan and China .'}]}, {'value': 'SAX', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saxo-Tinkoff ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Saxo–Tinkoff_season', 'summary': "The 2013 season for Saxo-Tinkoff began in January with the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour . On 25 June 2012 , it was announced that the Russian Tinkoff Bank would join the team as co-sponsors for the rest of the 2012 season and through to the end of 2013 . Saxo Bank also renewed their sponsorship through 2013 , with the team 's name thus becoming Saxo-Tinkoff ."}]}, {'value': 'Riis Cycling A/S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'SRAM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Specialized', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SKY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Sky ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Ineos', 'summary': "Team Ineos ( UCI team code : INS ) ( formerly Team Sky from 2010-2019 ) is a British professional cycling team that competes at UCI WorldTeam level . The team is based at the National Cycling Centre in Manchester , England , with a logistics base in Deinze , Belgium . The team is managed by British Cycling 's former performance director , Sir Dave Brailsford . The team launched in 2010 with the ambition of winning the Tour de France with a British rider within five years , a goal achieved within just three years when Bradley Wiggins won the 2012 Tour de France , becoming the first British winner in its history , while teammate and fellow Briton Chris Froome finished as the runner up and then went on to win the 2013 Tour de France , thereby achieving the team 's primary aim twice over within the original five-year time period . Froome won Sky 's third Tour de France title in 2015 , fourth in 2016 and fifth in 2017 . Froome also went on to win the 2017 Vuelta a España and the 2018 Giro d'Italia , making him the champion of all three Grand Tours at once . Froome was also retrospectively awarded victory in the 2011 Vuelta a España , after the original victor Juan José Cobo was stripped of his title due to an anti-doping violation . Team Ineos also won the 2018 Tour de France with Geraint Thomas and the 2019 Tour de France with Egan Bernal , meaning that the team have won seven of the last eight editions of the Tour de France . Following the decision by British media company Sky UK not to renew sponsorship , the team secured financial support from the British chemicals group Ineos , with the team thereby renamed as Team Ineos from April 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Team_Sky_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Team Sky began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obliged to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Tour Racing Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinarello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VCD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacansoleil-DCM ( 2013 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vacansoleil–DCM', 'summary': 'Vacansoleil-DCM Pro Cycling Team was a Dutch professional road race cycling team . They were a UCI ProTeam and competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was established in 2005 , as the successor of P3 Transfer-Batavus , while also taking over many of the riders and staff of Cycle Collstrop , the former team of manager Van der Schueren . Neither Vacansoleil or DCM renewed their sponsorship of the program after the 2013 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Vacansoleil–DCM_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 season for Vacansoleil-DCM began in January at the Tour Down Under . As a UCI ProTeam , they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'STL-Pro Cycling B.V', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Shimano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bianchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bianchi_Bicycles', 'summary': "F.I.V . Edoardo Bianchi S.p.A , commonly known as Bianchi ( [ ˈbjaŋki ] ) is the world 's oldest bicycle manufacturing company in existence , having pioneered the use of equal-sized wheels with pneumatic rubber tires . [ citation needed ] The company was founded in Italy in 1885 and in addition to bicycles it produced motorcycles from 1897 to 1967 . In 1955 the joint-venture Autobianchi was created together with Fiat and Pirelli for the manufacturing of cars - Autobianchi was subsequently sold to Fiat in 1969 . Throughout its modern era , Bianchi has been associated with the Italian Giro d'Italia and Tour de France winners , Fausto Coppi , Marco Pantani and Felice Gimondi ."}]}], 'section_title': 'UCI Teams -- UCI ProTeams', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of 2013 UCI ProTeams', 'uid': "2013_in_men's_road_cycling_1", 'intro': 'The World Road Championships was held in Florence, Italy.'}
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What is the code of the team whose country also includes two archipelagos ?
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EUS
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01e1a47fe3a8ff92
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'title': 'Great Britain at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jade Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jade_Jones_(taekwondo)', 'summary': "Jade Louise Jones OBE ( born 21 March 1993 ) is a British taekwondo athlete . She is the 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medallist in the women 's 57 kg category , and the 2019 World champion , 2016 and 2018 European champion and 2015 European Games champion at the same weight . In 2012 , she won Britain 's first taekwondo Olympic gold medal in this category . Jones was at the time the reigning Youth Olympic champion in the girls ' 55 kg category , winning gold for Great Britain in 2010"}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place August 15-19 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre in Singapore .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 55 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place August 15-19 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre in Singapore .'}]}, {'value': '17 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiona Gammond Georgia Howard-Merrill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiona_Gammond', 'summary': "Fiona Gammond ( born 19 October 1992 ) is a British rower . In the 2016 World Rowing Championships , she won a gold medal in the women 's coxless four event ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Rowing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place at the Marina Reservoir between 15-18 August . There were races over a straight course over 1000m .'}]}, {'value': "Junior Women 's pair", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Rowing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place at the Marina Reservoir between 15-18 August . There were races over a straight course over 1000m .'}]}, {'value': '18 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carian Scudamore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Equestrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Equestrian competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place from August 18 to August 24 at the Singapore Turf Riding Club . There were two events , team jumping and individual jumping . The team jumping was between continents .'}]}, {'value': 'Team Jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Team_jumping', 'summary': "The team jumping event at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place from August 18 to August 20 at the Singapore Turf Riding Club . Riders competed in teams based on geographical origin where in two rounds of jumping the team with the fewest penalties would win . Only the best 3 rider 's score in each team will count towards the team score . A jump-off will be played should teams in medal positions be tied ."}]}, {'value': '20 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliver Golding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Golding', 'summary': "Oliver Golding ( born 29 September 1993 ) is a former British professional tennis player and former child actor . Showing promise in reaching a world junior ranking of number two and being the 2011 U.S. Open Boys ' Champion. , Golding failed to transition onto the men 's professional circuit , neither entering the top 300 nor winning a match on the ATP tour . Golding is a Youth Olympic Games gold medallist , having won gold in the boys ' doubles event in tennis at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics with Czech partner Jiří Veselý , with whom he also reached the final in the boys ' doubles at the 2010 U.S. Open ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "Tennis at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 18 until August 25 . For the Singles competitions , all matches were determined through a best-of-three tie-break sets . For the Doubles competitions , all matches were determined by two tie-break sets and a match tie-break game ( 10 points ) in place of a third set . There were competitions for boys ' singles , boys ' doubles , girls ' singles and girls ' doubles . It took place at the Kallang Tennis Centre . The acceptance lists for the event were released by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) on 29 June . 39 countries are represented in the event that involves both 32 players for the singles and 16 pairs for the doubles . Each National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) could submit a maximum of 2 boys and 2 girls to compete in both the singles and doubles events . 12 places in the singles events were given out based on a player 's junior world ranking . 16 places were given out basen on ranking by region , with the remaining four positions allocated by the IOC or given to the next highest ranked player ."}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_doubles", 'summary': "These are the results for the boys ' doubles event at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '20 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Oldham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Oldham', 'summary': "Sam Joshua Oldham ( born 17 February 1993 ) is an English artistic gymnast who represents Great Britain . He was part of the British men 's team at the 2012 Summer Olympics that won bronze in the team competition . He is also a three-time junior European champion and won individual horizontal bar gold at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore ."}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Gymnastics competition of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place at the Bishan Sports Hall . There were events in Artistic , Rhythmic and Trampoline Gymnastics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's horizontal bar", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Men's_horizontal_bar", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's horizontal bar competition , one of seven events for male competitors of the artistic gymnastics discipline contested in the gymnastics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . The qualification and final rounds took place on 16 August at the Bishan Sports Hall ."}]}, {'value': '22 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Oldham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Oldham', 'summary': "Sam Joshua Oldham ( born 17 February 1993 ) is an English artistic gymnast who represents Great Britain . He was part of the British men 's team at the 2012 Summer Olympics that won bronze in the team competition . He is also a three-time junior European champion and won individual horizontal bar gold at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore ."}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Gymnastics competition of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place at the Bishan Sports Hall . There were events in Artistic , Rhythmic and Trampoline Gymnastics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's pommel horse", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Men's_pommel_horse", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's pommel horse competition , one of seven events for male competitors of the artistic gymnastics discipline contested in the gymnastics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . The qualification and final rounds took place on 16 August at the Bishan Sports Hall ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bolarinwa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bolarinwa', 'summary': "David Bolarinwa ( born 20 October 1993 ) is a British sprinter . At the inaugural 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore , Bolarinwa won a bronze medal at the 100 metres , behind Odean Skeen and Masaki Nashimoto . He had entered the race as the favourite , since he ran a world leading 10.39 sec just two weeks earlier , and was the fastest in the qualifying heats . Competing for Woolwich Polytechnic School , Bolarinwa won 100 m at the 2010 UK School Games , breaking his own school games record to finish in 10.81 seconds . Bolarinwa 's personal best of 10.39 sec is the second-fastest by an under-17 year old ( Youth ) in the UK , second only to Mark Lewis-Francis ' 10.31 sec in 1999 . His twin brother Daniel is a semi-professional footballer , who played for Staines Town F.C. , Hitchin Town F.C . and Welling United F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Medley Relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_medley_relay", 'summary': "The boys ' medley relay competition at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 23 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium . The competitors were divided in 5 teams , each representing a different continent ."}]}, {'value': '23 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachael Kelly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Women 's 100m Butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_100_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The women 's 100 metre butterfly heats and semifinals at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 19 with the final on August 20 at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '20 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eleanor Faulkner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleanor_Faulkner', 'summary': "Eleanor Jane Faulkner ( born 5 January 1993 ) is an English competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain in the Olympic Games , and England in the Commonwealth Games . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she competed in the women 's 800-metre freestyle , finishing in 22nd place overall in the heats , and not advancing to the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Swimming competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics lasted from August 15 to 20 , at the Singapore Sports School .'}]}, {'value': "Youth Women 's 400m Freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_400_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The girls ' 400 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on August 20 at the Singapore Sports School ."}]}, {'value': '20 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bolarinwa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bolarinwa', 'summary': "David Bolarinwa ( born 20 October 1993 ) is a British sprinter . At the inaugural 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore , Bolarinwa won a bronze medal at the 100 metres , behind Odean Skeen and Masaki Nashimoto . He had entered the race as the favourite , since he ran a world leading 10.39 sec just two weeks earlier , and was the fastest in the qualifying heats . Competing for Woolwich Polytechnic School , Bolarinwa won 100 m at the 2010 UK School Games , breaking his own school games record to finish in 10.81 seconds . Bolarinwa 's personal best of 10.39 sec is the second-fastest by an under-17 year old ( Youth ) in the UK , second only to Mark Lewis-Francis ' 10.31 sec in 1999 . His twin brother Daniel is a semi-professional footballer , who played for Staines Town F.C. , Hitchin Town F.C . and Welling United F.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Boys ' 100 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_100_metres", 'summary': "The boys ' 100 metres competition at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 18-21 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '21 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlie Grice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Grice', 'summary': "Charles Da'Vall Grice ( born 7 November 1993 ) , informally known as Charlie Grice , is a British middle distance athlete ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Boys ' 1000m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_1000_metres", 'summary': "The boys ' 1,000 metres competition at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 18-22 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '22 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Annie Tagoe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , 36 athletics events were contested - 18 for boys and 18 for girls - on 17-19 and 21-23 August 2010 . The events took place in Bishan Stadium , Singapore . Athletes born between January 1 , 1993 and December 31 , 1994 were eligible to compete . Continents selected their athletes through Youth Continental Championships ( Continental Youth Olympic Trials ) . While most events mirrored those at the Summer Olympic Games , some events were distinct from the Games ' senior counterpart . A 1000 metres race was scheduled in place of the more traditional 800/1,500 metres races . The steeplechase was held over 2000 m , instead of the seniors ' 3000 m distance , and the competition featured a medley relay with legs of 100 m , 200 m , 300 m and 400 m ( in the Swedish style ) . Combined ( or multi-discipline ) events were not contested ."}]}, {'value': "Girls ' Medley Relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_medley_relay", 'summary': "The girls ' medley relay event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games was held on 23 August 2010 in Bishan Stadium . The competitors were divided in 5 teams , each representing a different continent ."}]}, {'value': '23 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kieran Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kieran_Martin', 'summary': 'Kieran Martin ( born 1990 in Drumraney , County Westmeath ) is an Irish sportsperson . A dual player , he plays both Gaelic football and hurling with his local club Maryland and has been a member of the Westmeath senior inter-county team in both codes since 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place between 17-25 August . The sailing competition comprised four medal events with Boys and Girls sailing in either the Byte CII boat ( one person dinghy ) or Techno 293 ( windsurfing ) .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' Windsurfing ( Techno 293 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_Techno_293", 'summary': "Boys ' Techno 293 class competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore took place from August 17 to August 25 at the National Sailing Centre . 21 sailors competed in this windsurfing competition . Sixteen races were scheduled however , due to bad weather conditions , only 10 races plus the Medal race were contested . Only the 9 best results along with the Medal race result were totaled for the final results ."}]}, {'value': '25 Aug', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Individual medallists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Great_Britain_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Great Britain participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, the inaugural Youth Olympic Games, held in Singapore. The British squad consisted of 40 athletes competing in 16 sports: aquatics (diving and swimming), archery, athletics, badminton, boxing, canoeing, equestrian, fencing, gymnastics, modern pentathlon, rowing, sailing, table tennis, taekwondo, tennis, and triathlon. On 13 July 2010, the British Olympic Association announced their YOG squad with many well known names, including Tom Daley who competed for Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and also won a world championship gold in Rome. Another well known name was Oliver Golding who reached the semi-finals of The Championships, Wimbledon in the boys singles of 2010.'}
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The winner of silver at the 2010 Youth Olympics ' event of Athletics Boys ' Medley Relay was born in what month ?
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October
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01e1df3d76fce649
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1985 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': 'The 1985 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchises 20th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . They finished last in the NFC West with a record of four wins and twelve losses . This season marked the first time since 1972 that the Falcons played the Kansas City Chiefs , and merely the second in team history . The reason for this is that before the admission of the Texans in 2002 , NFL scheduling formulas for games outside a teams division were much more influenced by table position during the previous season .'}]}, {'value': 'Rick Donnelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Donnelly', 'summary': 'Rick Donnelly ( born May 17 , 1962 in Miller Place , New York ) is a former punter in the National Football League . He played for the Atlanta Falcons and the Seattle Seahawks . He was an All-Pro in 1987 and 1988 . He led the NFL in punts in 1988 with 98 .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Wyoming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Wyoming_Cowboys_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1984 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season . Led by head coach Al Kincaid , the Cowboys finished the season with a record of 6-6 . The Cowboys offense scored 201 points while the defense allowed 182 points . Jay Novacek was in his senior season with the Cowboys . Novacek finished his Cowboys career with 83 career receptions for 1,536 yards and 10 touchdowns as a tight end .'}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': 'The 1985 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchises 20th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . They finished last in the NFC West with a record of four wins and twelve losses . This season marked the first time since 1972 that the Falcons played the Kansas City Chiefs , and merely the second in team history . The reason for this is that before the admission of the Texans in 2002 , NFL scheduling formulas for games outside a teams division were much more influenced by table position during the previous season .'}]}, {'value': 'Tiger Greene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiger_Greene', 'summary': 'George Everett Tiger Greene ( born February 15 , 1962 in Hendersonville , North Carolina ) is a former safety in the NFL . He played for the Atlanta Falcons and Green Bay Packers . Tiger was very good at blocking punts . Tiger is now a police officer in Metro Atlanta Georgia . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Carolina_Catamounts_football', 'summary': "The Western Carolina Catamounts football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Western Carolina University located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Southern Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1931 . The team plays its home games at the 13,742 seat Bob Waters Field at E. J. Whitmire Stadium . They are coached by Mark Speir ."}]}, {'value': 'SoCon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Buffalo_Bills_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise 's 16th season in the National Football League , and the 26th overall . It was Buffalo 's second-consecutive 2-14 season . Head coach Kay Stephenson was fired after an 0-4 start . Defensive coordinator Hank Bullough took over , going 2-10 for the remainder of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Norwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Norwood', 'summary': "Scott Allan Norwood ( born July 17 , 1960 ) is a former American football placekicker who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for seven seasons and spent the entirety of his career with the Buffalo Bills . He also played for the Birmingham Stallions in the United States Football League ( USFL ) . An integral part of Buffalo 's offense during the late 1980s and early 1990s , Norwood kicked in the team 's first two Super Bowl appearances . Despite his accomplishments , he is best known for missing a game-winning field goal attempt at the end of Super Bowl XXV ."}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_football', 'summary': 'The James Madison Dukes football team , founded in 1972 , plays at Bridgeforth Stadium and is coached by Curt Cignetti . The JMU football team has been the centerpiece of JMU sports since the early 1990s and the programs early runs into the National Playoffs against Marshall and Appalachian State . Notable Dukes include Charles Haley , one of two players to win five Super Bowl rings and is also an inductee of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame ; Scott Norwood , of the Buffalo Bills ; Gary Clark , an All-Pro wide receiver for the Washington Redskins ; and Arthur Moats , a linebacker for the Buffalo Bills and Pittsburgh Steelers who is known for delivering the sack that led to the end of the record streak of consecutive starts made by Brett Favre in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( I-AA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions in the United States whose football programs are not part of a football conference . This means that FCS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition as conference schools do . As of the next college football season of 2020 , three schools will play as FCS independents . Presbyterian will spend only the 2020 season as an independent . It began a transition to non-scholarship FCS football in 2017 and will play the final season of that transition as an FCS independent before joining the Pioneer Football League in 2021 . ( Presbyterian will remain a full but non-football Big South member . ) Also in 2020 , Dixie State and Tarleton State will move up from Division II , with both joining the non-football Western Athletic Conference . Both schools have announced they will play as FCS independents for the foreseeable future . The only school that had played as an FCS independent in the most recently completed 2019 season , North Dakota , will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in July 2020 . The Fighting Hawks left the Big Sky Conference for the non-football Summit League in July 2018 , but agreed to honor existing contracts to play Big Sky members in football , and thus played a full Big Sky football schedule in both 2018 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Buffalo_Bills_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise 's 16th season in the National Football League , and the 26th overall . It was Buffalo 's second-consecutive 2-14 season . Head coach Kay Stephenson was fired after an 0-4 start . Defensive coordinator Hank Bullough took over , going 2-10 for the remainder of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd Schlopy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Schlopy', 'summary': "Robert Todd Schlopy ( born June 17 , 1961 ) is a motion picture cameraman and former American football placekicker . Born in Bradford , Pennsylvania and raised in Buffalo , NY , Schlopy attended Orchard Park High School in Orchard Park , New York . He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines from 1981 to 1984 where he was a two-time Academic All-Big Ten placekicker . As a Western New York native , Schlopy , a barefoot placekicker , signed a contract with the Buffalo Bills in 1985 . In 1986 he signed with the Seattle Seahawks where he had an outstanding pre-season but failed to unseat incumbent Norm Johnson . A highly sought-after free agent , Schlopy again signed with Buffalo in 1987 feeling that was his best opportunity to win a job . The Bills were under new head coach Marv Levy and new quarterback Jim Kelly . After a spectacular pre-season Schlopy , did not get the opportunity to attempt any field goals in the regular season and was released . He was called upon several weeks later during the 1987 NFL Players Strike to fill in as placekicker for the Buffalo Bills , while Scott Norwood took part in the strike . Schlopy attempted no field goals in his first two games , made one extra point and another extra point blocked . Schlopy played a crucial role in the Bills ' win against the New York Giants , kicking two field goals for a 6-3 victory , the second coming with 19 seconds remaining in overtime . In doing so Schlopy became one of 3 barefoot kickers in NFL history to win a regular season game in overtime ."}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team', 'summary': "The 1984 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the 1984 Big Ten Conference football season . In their 16th season under head coach Bo Schembechler , the Wolverines compiled a 6-6 record ( 5-4 against conference opponents ) and outscored opponents by a total of 214 to 200 . It was the only team in Michigan 's 21 seasons under coach Schembechler that did not finish its season with a winning record . Michigan began the season under quarterback Jim Harbaugh . The Wolverines went 3-1 in their first four games under Harbaugh , but Harbaugh 's season ended with a broken arm in a loss to Michigan State . Michigan next turned to Russ Rein who started two games , including a 26-0 loss to Iowa , the worst loss for a Michigan team since Schembechler took over as head coach . Chris Zurbrugg took over as quarterback for the remaining five games in which the Wolverines won two and lost three . In the 1984 Holiday Bowl , Michigan lost to national champion BYU . BYU quarterback Robbie Bosco led a fourth-quarter comeback with two touchdown passes , including the game winner with 83 seconds remaining in the game . Linebacker Mike Mallory was selected as the most valuable player on the Michigan team . The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback Jim Harbaugh with 718 passing yards , tailback Jamie Morris with 573 rushing yards , tight end Sim Nelson with 459 receiving yards , and placekicker Bob Bergeron with 60 points scored ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1985 season was the Chicago Bears ' 66th in the National Football League the 16th post-season completed in the NFL , and their fourth under head coach Mike Ditka . The Bears entered 1985 looking to improve on their 10-6 record from 1984 and advance further than the NFC Championship Game , where they lost to the 15-1 San Francisco 49ers . Not only did the Bears improve on that record , but they also put together one of the greatest seasons in NFL history ."}]}, {'value': 'Keith Ortego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Ortego', 'summary': 'Bryant Keith Ortego ( born August 30 , 1963 ) is a former American football wide receiver for the Chicago Bears of the NFL . He was a member of the Bears team that won Super Bowl XX following the 1985 NFL season . He was also a member of the Shuffling Crew in the video The Super Bowl Shuffle . [ citation needed ] He attended McNeese State University .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'McNeese State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McNeese_State_Cowboys_football', 'summary': "The McNeese State Cowboys football program is the intercollegiate American football team for McNeese State University located in the U.S. state of Louisiana . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Southland Conference . McNeese State 's first football team was fielded in 1940 . The team plays its home games at the 17,410 seat Cowboy Stadium in Lake Charles , Louisiana ."}]}, {'value': 'Southland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland_Conference', 'summary': "The Southland Conference , abbreviated to SLC , is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the South Central United States ( specifically Texas , Louisiana , and Arkansas ) . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; for football , it participates in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . The Southland sponsors 18 sports , 10 for women and eight for men , and is governed by a presidential Board of Directors and an Advisory Council of athletic and academic administrators . Tom Burnett was named the Southland 's sixth commissioner on Dec. 23 , 2002 . From 1996 to 2002 , for football only , the Southland Conference was known as the Southland Football League . The conference 's offices are located in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1985 season was the Chicago Bears ' 66th in the National Football League the 16th post-season completed in the NFL , and their fourth under head coach Mike Ditka . The Bears entered 1985 looking to improve on their 10-6 record from 1984 and advance further than the NFC Championship Game , where they lost to the 15-1 San Francisco 49ers . Not only did the Bears improve on that record , but they also put together one of the greatest seasons in NFL history ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Taylor_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Kenneth Daniel Taylor ( born September 2 , 1963 ) is a former professional American football defensive back who played cornerback for two seasons for the Chicago Bears and the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League . He was a member of the Bears team that won Super Bowl XX following the 1985 NFL season . He was also a member of the Shuffling Crew in the video The Super Bowl Shuffle . Taylor is now a personal speed trainor for children athletes in Temecula , California .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Oregon State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Oregon_State_Beavers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1984 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season .'}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1985 season was the Chicago Bears ' 66th in the National Football League the 16th post-season completed in the NFL , and their fourth under head coach Mike Ditka . The Bears entered 1985 looking to improve on their 10-6 record from 1984 and advance further than the NFC Championship Game , where they lost to the 15-1 San Francisco 49ers . Not only did the Bears improve on that record , but they also put together one of the greatest seasons in NFL history ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Tomczak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Tomczak', 'summary': 'Michael John Tomczak ( born October 23 , 1962 ) is a former American football player . Tomczak played quarterback for several NFL teams from 1985 through 1999 , including the Chicago Bears , the Green Bay Packers , the Cleveland Browns , and the Pittsburgh Steelers . He was the offensive coordinator for the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League until 2014 when they ceased operations . He is of Polish descent .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1984 Big Ten Conference football season . The Buckeyes compiled a 9-3 record , including the 1985 Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California , where they lost , 20-17 , to the USC Trojans .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Cleveland_Browns_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Cleveland Browns season was the team 's 36th season with the National Football League . In Marty Schottenheimer 's first full year as head coach , the Browns bounced back from a horrible 5-11 season in 1984 to make the playoffs , despite a .500 season . Rookie quarterback Bernie Kosar led the Browns ' offense ; Ozzie Newsome 's 62 receptions earned him a trip to the Pro Bowl ; Earnest Byner and Kevin Mack each rushed for over 1,000 yards . In the Divisional Playoffs , the Browns led the Miami Dolphins 21-3 in the third quarter , but in a scene that would be repeated 4 more times in the 1980s , the Browns collapsed down the stretch as the Dolphins came back to score three touchdowns to win the game 24-21 . In 2004 , Football Outsiders named the 1985 Browns as one of the worst playoff teams ever : Opponents outscored them 287-294 , and they were blown out in two of their last three games ( 31-13 by the Seahawks and 38-10 by the Jets ) . They took a 21-3 lead over the Dolphins in the playoffs , only to watch Dan Marino and company score 21 unanswered points to win the game . The 1985 Browns are probably best known for having two 1,000-yard rushers in Earnest Byner and Kevin Mack . Despite that impressive feat , the Browns were only fourth in the AFC in team rushing yards . They were 13th in the conference in passing yards , thanks to rookie [ quarterback ] Bernie Kosar and journeyman Gary Danielson . What that team did very well was play defense and take advantage of a weak division . The Browns swept the 5-11 Oilers and split with the 7-9 Bengals and Steelers . A 28-21 win in Week 15 against the Oilers proved to be the division capper : Kosar threw three TDs to open up a 28-7 lead , and the defense withstood a Warren Moon comeback ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Collier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Collier', 'summary': 'Steve Collier is a former offensive tackle in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethune-Cookman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethune–Cookman_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Bethune-Cookman Wildcats football team represents Bethune-Cookman University in the sport of college football . The Wildcats compete in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the south division of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . They play their home games at Daytona Stadium . The Wildcats have won two black college football national championships and seven MEAC titles in the history of their football program .'}]}, {'value': 'MEAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose full members are historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southeastern and the Mid-Atlantic United States . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I , and in football , in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Currently , the MEAC has automatic qualifying bids for NCAA postseason play in baseball ( since 1994 ) , men 's basketball ( since 1981 ) , women 's basketball ( since 1982 ) , football ( 1996-2015 ) , softball ( since 1995 ) , men and women 's tennis ( since 1998 ) , and volleyball ( since 1994 ) . Bowling was officially sanctioned as a MEAC governed sport in 1999 . Before that season , the MEAC was the first conference to secure NCAA sanctioning for women 's bowling by adopting the club sport prior to the 1996-97 school year ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Cleveland_Browns_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Cleveland Browns season was the team 's 36th season with the National Football League . In Marty Schottenheimer 's first full year as head coach , the Browns bounced back from a horrible 5-11 season in 1984 to make the playoffs , despite a .500 season . Rookie quarterback Bernie Kosar led the Browns ' offense ; Ozzie Newsome 's 62 receptions earned him a trip to the Pro Bowl ; Earnest Byner and Kevin Mack each rushed for over 1,000 yards . In the Divisional Playoffs , the Browns led the Miami Dolphins 21-3 in the third quarter , but in a scene that would be repeated 4 more times in the 1980s , the Browns collapsed down the stretch as the Dolphins came back to score three touchdowns to win the game 24-21 . In 2004 , Football Outsiders named the 1985 Browns as one of the worst playoff teams ever : Opponents outscored them 287-294 , and they were blown out in two of their last three games ( 31-13 by the Seahawks and 38-10 by the Jets ) . They took a 21-3 lead over the Dolphins in the playoffs , only to watch Dan Marino and company score 21 unanswered points to win the game . The 1985 Browns are probably best known for having two 1,000-yard rushers in Earnest Byner and Kevin Mack . Despite that impressive feat , the Browns were only fourth in the AFC in team rushing yards . They were 13th in the conference in passing yards , thanks to rookie [ quarterback ] Bernie Kosar and journeyman Gary Danielson . What that team did very well was play defense and take advantage of a weak division . The Browns swept the 5-11 Oilers and split with the 7-9 Bengals and Steelers . A 28-21 win in Week 15 against the Oilers proved to be the division capper : Kosar threw three TDs to open up a 28-7 lead , and the defense withstood a Warren Moon comeback ."}]}, {'value': 'Herman Fontenot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herman_Fontenot', 'summary': 'Herman Joseph Fontenot Jr. ( born September 12 , 1963 ) is a former professional American football player who played running back in the National Football League . He played professionally for the Cleveland Browns and Green Bay Packers .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_LSU_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1984 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was led by Bill Arnsparger in his first season and finished with an overall record of 8-3-1 . During the season , Florida was placed on a postseason ban for violations , and despite finishing first , the SEC punished the program with an immediate postseason ban in addition to the two year ban imposed for the 1985 and 1986 seasons by the NCAA . The SEC also awarded LSU , as the highest placed eligible team , the automatic bid to the Sugar Bowl reserved for the conference champion . Under modern rules , a team ineligible for postseason is also ineligible for postseason awards .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Cleveland_Browns_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Cleveland Browns season was the team 's 36th season with the National Football League . In Marty Schottenheimer 's first full year as head coach , the Browns bounced back from a horrible 5-11 season in 1984 to make the playoffs , despite a .500 season . Rookie quarterback Bernie Kosar led the Browns ' offense ; Ozzie Newsome 's 62 receptions earned him a trip to the Pro Bowl ; Earnest Byner and Kevin Mack each rushed for over 1,000 yards . In the Divisional Playoffs , the Browns led the Miami Dolphins 21-3 in the third quarter , but in a scene that would be repeated 4 more times in the 1980s , the Browns collapsed down the stretch as the Dolphins came back to score three touchdowns to win the game 24-21 . In 2004 , Football Outsiders named the 1985 Browns as one of the worst playoff teams ever : Opponents outscored them 287-294 , and they were blown out in two of their last three games ( 31-13 by the Seahawks and 38-10 by the Jets ) . They took a 21-3 lead over the Dolphins in the playoffs , only to watch Dan Marino and company score 21 unanswered points to win the game . The 1985 Browns are probably best known for having two 1,000-yard rushers in Earnest Byner and Kevin Mack . Despite that impressive feat , the Browns were only fourth in the AFC in team rushing yards . They were 13th in the conference in passing yards , thanks to rookie [ quarterback ] Bernie Kosar and journeyman Gary Danielson . What that team did very well was play defense and take advantage of a weak division . The Browns swept the 5-11 Oilers and split with the 7-9 Bengals and Steelers . A 28-21 win in Week 15 against the Oilers proved to be the division capper : Kosar threw three TDs to open up a 28-7 lead , and the defense withstood a Warren Moon comeback ."}]}, {'value': 'Felix Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_Wright', 'summary': "Felix Carl Wright ( born June 22 , 1959 ) , is a former professional American football player who played defensive back from 1985-1992 for the Cleveland Browns and Minnesota Vikings in the National Football League . Undrafted out of Drake University , Wright played from 1982-84 in the Canadian Football League with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats , earning Eastern Division All-Star honors in his last two seasons . In his final year , he intercepted two passes in Hamilton 's 72nd Grey Cup game loss . In 1989 , Wright led the NFL in interceptions with 9 ."}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Drake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drake_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': 'The Drake Bulldogs are an NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision non-scholarship college football program representing Drake University . They currently compete in the non-scholarship Pioneer Football League and have been charter members of the conference since 1991 . Drake began playing intercollegiate football in 1893 .'}]}, {'value': 'MVC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference', 'summary': 'The Missouri Valley Conference ( also called MVC or simply The Valley ) is the third-oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States . Currently , its members are located in the midwestern United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 26th season in the National Football League . The Cowboys improved on their 9-7 record from 1984 and made the playoffs after a one-year absence . This marked the final postseason appearance for the Cowboys under Tom Landry , where they were shutout in the divisional playoff game to the Los Angeles Rams . The team holds the record for consecutive winning seasons with 20 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Wagner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Wagner_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Bryan Jeffrey Wagner ( born March 28 , 1962 in Escondido , California ) is a former American football punter in the National Football League for the Chicago Bears , Cleveland Browns , New England Patriots , Green Bay Packers , and San Diego Chargers . He played college football at California State University , Northridge .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Cal State Northridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Cal_State_Northridge_Matadors_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1984 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team represented Cal State Northridge during the 1984 NCAA Division II football season . Cal State Northridge competed in the Western Football Conference ( WFC ) . The 1984 Matadors were led by sixth-year head coach Tom Keele . They played home games at North Campus Stadium in Northridge , California . On the field , Cal State Northridge finished the season with a record of two wins and eight losses ( 2-8 , 0-3 WFC ) . However , San Francisco State later forfeited their win over the Matadors , so the adjusted record becomes ( 3-7 , 0-3 WFC ) . The Matadors were outscored by their opponents 119-248 for the season .'}]}, {'value': 'WFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Football_Conference_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Western Football Conference was an NCAA Division II scholarship-awarding football conference that existed from 1982 to 1993 . Among its member schools were ( from 1982-1992 unless otherwise noted ) :'}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Denver Broncos season was the team 's 26th year in professional football and its 16th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . Despite finishing with an impressive record of eleven wins and five losses , the Broncos failed to make the playoffs . The Broncos were coming off a loss to the Steelers in the divisional round , and were picked by many to make the Super Bowl at the end of the 1985 season . The Broncos would start out well , as they started 6-2 and 8-3 . However , two losses in overtime to arch rival Los Angeles resulted in the Broncos needing to win their final two games of the season to try to sneak into the playoffs . They did just that , beating Kansas City 14-13 and Seattle 27-24 . However , even though the Broncos finished 11-5 , they failed to reach the playoffs by virtue of a tiebreaker with the New England Patriots . The tiebreaker was based on the teams ' common opponents record ; and the Patriots beat the Broncos in that category by finishing 4-2 against the Raiders , Seahawks , Dolphins , and Colts , while the Broncos finished just 3-3 against the same four teams . The 1985 Broncos are one of two teams in NFL history since the 1970 merger to end the season with eleven or more wins and not qualify for the playoffs - the other is the 2008 Patriots ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Kragen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Kragen', 'summary': 'Gregory John Kragen ( born March 4 , 1962 ) is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League ( NFL ) including three Super Bowls and five championship games . He was selected for the Pro Bowl in 1989 and made the All-Madden team twice . Kragen went to high school at Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton , California and then played college football at Utah State University and went undrafted in the NFL draft . After trying out for the Denver Broncos , he was cut . The next year , he again was invited to training camp and this time he made the team . His career lasted thirteen years . He played nine seasons for the Broncos followed by a year for the Kansas City Chiefs . Then he was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the 1995 NFL Expansion Draft , and played his final three seasons with that team .'}]}, {'value': 'NT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_football', 'summary': "The Utah State Aggies are a college football team that competes in the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of NCAA Division I , representing Utah State University . The Utah State college football program began in 1892 and has played home games at Merlin Olsen Field at Maverik Stadium since 1968 . They have won twelve conference championships in four different conferences during their history , most recently in 2012 . Overall , the Aggies have a record of 540-540-31 ( .500 ) . In December 2012 , Matt Wells , previously the offensive coordinator , became the Aggies ' new head coach , replacing Gary Andersen . Andersen left the Aggies shortly after the final game of the 2012 season to become the new head coach for the University of Wisconsin . Andersen had replaced Brent Guy following the unsuccessful 2008 season . The Aggies have played in 14 bowl games in their history , winning five : the 2018 New Mexico Bowl against the North Texas Mean Green , the 2014 New Mexico Bowl against the UTEP Miners , the 2013 Poinsettia Bowl against the Northern Illinois Huskies , the 2012 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl against the Toledo Rockets and the 1993 Las Vegas Bowl against Ball State ."}]}, {'value': 'Big West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_West_Conference', 'summary': "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Los_Angeles_Rams_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Los Angeles Rams season was the franchise 's 48th season in the National Football League , their 38th overall , and their 40th in the Greater Los Angeles Area . In the playoffs , the Rams shutout the Dallas Cowboys 20-0 in the Divisional playoffs , advancing to the NFC Championship Game , but were shutout themselves by the eventual Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears 0-24 . Eric Dickerson rushed for 1,234 yards in 1985 while missing the first two games while in a contract dispute . He missed the Pro Bowl for the first time in his short NFL career . He did , however , go on to rush for a playoff record 248 yards against the Dallas Cowboys in post-season play . It was also the last time the Rams would win an NFC West divisional title when based in Los Angeles until 2017 , and the last NFC West title until 1999 while they were in St. Louis ."}]}, {'value': 'Dieter Brock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dieter_Brock', 'summary': 'Ralph Dieter Brock ( born February 12 , 1951 ) is a former Canadian Football League and National Football League player and now works as a coach . He is best remembered as the quarterback for the CFL Winnipeg Blue Bombers where he led the league in passing for four years .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Jacksonville State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville_State_Gamecocks_football', 'summary': "The Jacksonville State Gamecocks Football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Jacksonville State University located in the U.S. state of Alabama . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Ohio Valley Conference . Jacksonville State 's first football team was fielded in 1904 . The team plays its home games at the 24,000 seat Burgess-Snow Field at JSU Stadium in Jacksonville , Alabama . The Gamecocks are coached by John Grass ."}]}, {'value': 'Gulf South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference', 'summary': 'The Gulf South Conference ( GSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level which operates in the Southeastern United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Raiders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Los_Angeles_Raiders_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Los Angeles Raiders season was their 26th in the league . They improved upon their previous season 's output of 11-5 , winning 12 games . The team qualified for the playoffs for the fourth straight season . Two close victories over Denver towards the end of the season gave Los Angeles the division title , while Denver missed the playoffs despite an 11-5 record ."}]}, {'value': 'Rod Barksdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rod_Barksdale', 'summary': 'Rod Barksdale is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Los Angeles Raiders and Dallas Cowboys . He practiced track & field at the University of Arizona .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Arizona_Wildcats_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1984 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Wildcats were placed on NCAA probation in May 1983 following the discovery of cash payments to student-athletes . Arizona was banned from bowl games for the 1983 and 1984 seasons , and banned from live television appearances in 1984 and 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': "The 1985 New Orleans Saints season was the Saints 19th season . The offseason began with rampant rumors the franchise was on its way out of town . Original owner John W. Mecom Jr. was anxious to sell the team , and he threatened to move to Jacksonville , Florida if no suitable owner could be found . In May , local car magnate Tom Benson stepped up and pledged to meet Mecom 's asking price of $ 70 million . Mecom and Benson sat down with Louisiana governor Edwin W. Edwards and hammered out a deal , which was finalized May 31 . Prior to the sale to Benson , businessman Abram Nicholas Pritzker attempted to purchase the team , but he could not meet Mecom 's asking price , and Edwards was unable to secure a loan from the Louisiana Legislature to assist Pritzker . Benson moved training camp from Vero Beach , Florida to Louisiana Tech University in Ruston . The team quickly brought in local legend and United States Football League standout Bobby Hebert to compete with Richard Todd and Dave Wilson for the starting quarterback position . Hebert won the position late in the season and started the final five games . Coach Bum Phillips offered to resign when Benson completed his purchase , but Benson declined the offer . The season got off to a disastrous start , as the Saints were routed 47-27 at home by the Kansas City Chiefs , and an angry woman poured a cup of beer on Phillips as he exited the field . The Saints won three consecutive games following a week two loss at Denver , but the season quickly turned sour , thanks to a six-game losing streak that dropped the club to 3-8 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brett Maxie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_Maxie', 'summary': "Brett Derrell Maxie ( born January 13 , 1962 ) is an American football coach and former player who is a defensive backs coach of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He has been a defensive back for 13 seasons for the NFL 's New Orleans Saints , Atlanta Falcons , Carolina Panthers , and San Francisco 49ers . He spent the 2007-08 NFL season as a defensive assistant with the Miami Dolphins . On February 11 , 2008 Maxie was named the assistant defensive coach with the Dallas Cowboys under Dave Campo . Maxie played college football at Texas Southern University ."}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Southern_Tigers_football', 'summary': "The Texas Southern Tigers is the college football team representing Texas Southern University , a historically black university ( HBCU ) in Houston . The Tigers play in the NCAA 's Division I FCS as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) , a conference whose members are all HBCUs . In 2012 , the Tigers moved into the new BBVA Compass Stadium , built for the city 's Major League Soccer team , the Houston Dynamo . It replaced the Alexander Durley Sports Complex as the home of Tiger football . On December 3 , 2015 , Houston native Michael Haywood was hired as the Tigers ' 16th all-time head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': "The 1985 New Orleans Saints season was the Saints 19th season . The offseason began with rampant rumors the franchise was on its way out of town . Original owner John W. Mecom Jr. was anxious to sell the team , and he threatened to move to Jacksonville , Florida if no suitable owner could be found . In May , local car magnate Tom Benson stepped up and pledged to meet Mecom 's asking price of $ 70 million . Mecom and Benson sat down with Louisiana governor Edwin W. Edwards and hammered out a deal , which was finalized May 31 . Prior to the sale to Benson , businessman Abram Nicholas Pritzker attempted to purchase the team , but he could not meet Mecom 's asking price , and Edwards was unable to secure a loan from the Louisiana Legislature to assist Pritzker . Benson moved training camp from Vero Beach , Florida to Louisiana Tech University in Ruston . The team quickly brought in local legend and United States Football League standout Bobby Hebert to compete with Richard Todd and Dave Wilson for the starting quarterback position . Hebert won the position late in the season and started the final five games . Coach Bum Phillips offered to resign when Benson completed his purchase , but Benson declined the offer . The season got off to a disastrous start , as the Saints were routed 47-27 at home by the Kansas City Chiefs , and an angry woman poured a cup of beer on Phillips as he exited the field . The Saints won three consecutive games following a week two loss at Denver , but the season quickly turned sour , thanks to a six-game losing streak that dropped the club to 3-8 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chuck Pitcock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Pitcock', 'summary': "Charles Clayton Pitcock , Jr. ( February 20 , 1958 - January 11 , 2016 ) was a NFL and USFL Center and guard who played for both the Tampa Bay Bandits and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 1980s . He was known as the wild man when he played for the Bandits because of his extremely passionate play . He was interviewed by award-winning director Mike Tollin for the film Small Potatoes : Who Killed The USFL ? , a part of ESPN 's 30 for 30 film series . Pitcock was a graduate of Gulf High School in 1976 , where he was coached by Kevin White , now athletic director at Duke University . He died in 2016 at the age of 57 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team', 'summary': 'During the 1980s Tulane Green Wave , the American football team representing Tulane University in New Orleans , had as successive head coaches Vince Gibson , Wally English , Mack Brown and Greg Davis . The team had more losses than wins in most seasons in that decade , the only exceptions being 1980 , 1981 and 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Seattle_Seahawks_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's tenth season with the National Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Gale Gilbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gale_Gilbert', 'summary': 'Gale Reed Gilbert ( born December 20 , 1961 ) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks , Buffalo Bills , and the San Diego Chargers . Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams , none of which won .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_California_Golden_Bears_football_team', 'summary': "The 1984 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fourth year under head coach Joe Kapp , the Golden Bears compiled a 2-9 record ( 1-8 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in last place in the Pac-10 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 264 to 150 . The team 's statistical leaders included Gale Gilbert with 1,693 passing yards , Ed Barbero with 554 rushing yards , and Rance McDougald with 473 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Seattle_Seahawks_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's tenth season with the National Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Robinson', 'summary': 'Eugene Keefe Robinson ( born May 28 , 1963 ) is a former professional American football player who played free safety . He played collegiately at Colgate University . In his 16-year NFL career , Robinson played for the Seattle Seahawks from 1985 to 1995 , the Green Bay Packers from 1996 to 1997 , Atlanta Falcons from 1998 to 1999 , and Carolina Panthers in 2000 . He won Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers over the New England Patriots .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Colgate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_football', 'summary': 'The Colgate Raiders football team represents Colgate University in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) college football competition as a member of the Patriot League .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( I-AA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions in the United States whose football programs are not part of a football conference . This means that FCS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition as conference schools do . As of the next college football season of 2020 , three schools will play as FCS independents . Presbyterian will spend only the 2020 season as an independent . It began a transition to non-scholarship FCS football in 2017 and will play the final season of that transition as an FCS independent before joining the Pioneer Football League in 2021 . ( Presbyterian will remain a full but non-football Big South member . ) Also in 2020 , Dixie State and Tarleton State will move up from Division II , with both joining the non-football Western Athletic Conference . Both schools have announced they will play as FCS independents for the foreseeable future . The only school that had played as an FCS independent in the most recently completed 2019 season , North Dakota , will join the Missouri Valley Football Conference in July 2020 . The Fighting Hawks left the Big Sky Conference for the non-football Summit League in July 2018 , but agreed to honor existing contracts to play Big Sky members in football , and thus played a full Big Sky football schedule in both 2018 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Buccaneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise 's 9th season in the National Football League the 9th playing their home games at Tampa Stadium and the 1st season under head coach Leeman Bennett . The team failed to improve on a 6-10 season . And once again finishing at 2-14 , their worst since 1983 . In week 1 , Tampa Bay held a 28-17 halftime lead over the eventual Super Bowl winners the Chicago Bears . In fact , both games vs the Bears provided Tampa Bay halftime leads . Young won his first start against the Detroit Lions before the losses started to pile on , including playing in a foot of snow in Green Bay . The Buccaneers failed to improve on their 6-10 record , and finished 2-14 , the worst in the NFL . The Bucs lost their first 9 games before shutting out the Cardinals at home 16-0 to finally get in the win column . One week later , the Buccaneers were humiliated , 62-28 , in New York by the Jets . The 62 points allowed during the game were the most points allowed by any team during the 1980s and are the most allowed in franchise history . After a win in overtime against the Lions , the Buccaneers would then lose 3 straight games to end the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Calvin Magee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Magee', 'summary': "Calvin Magee ( born April 23 , 1963 ) is a former professional American football player who played tight end for four seasons for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1985 to 1988 . He was most recently the tight ends coach at the Ole Miss Shortly after a high school coaching career around the Tampa area , Calvin was a member of the University of South Florida 's first coaching staff in 1996 where he remained until 2001 when he joined Rich Rodriguez 's staff at West Virginia University . Magee followed Rodriguez to the University of Michigan in 2008 , where he served as offensive coordinator until Rodriguez and his staff were fired after the 2010 season . Rodriguez is widely credited with innovating the spread option offense , which Magee managed at West Virginia and Michigan . This offense is used by thousands of high schools and other collegiate programs throughout the country . Magee was a finalist for the Broyles Award in 2007 , given to the top college assistant coach . Following Rich Rodriguez 's termination as Michigan 's head football coach , Magee joined Todd Graham 's staff on the Pittsburgh Panthers football team . He served as offensive coordinator for the 2011 season . On December 5 , 2011 , Rich Rodriguez announced that Magee would join his staff at the University of Arizona as offensive coordinator . He is also the running backs coach . On January 20 , 2018 , Magee became the offensive coordinator and running backs coach at the University of New Mexico . On January 2 , 2019 , Magee became the tight ends coach University of Mississippi ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Jaguars_football', 'summary': 'The Southern Jaguars are the college football team representing the Southern University . The Jaguars play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The Jaguars started collegiate football in 1916 , and played in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference before joining the SWAC in 1934 . Every year , they play their last regular season game against Grambling in the Bayou Classic in New Orleans , Louisiana in late November .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Buccaneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season', 'summary': "The 1985 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise 's 9th season in the National Football League the 9th playing their home games at Tampa Stadium and the 1st season under head coach Leeman Bennett . The team failed to improve on a 6-10 season . And once again finishing at 2-14 , their worst since 1983 . In week 1 , Tampa Bay held a 28-17 halftime lead over the eventual Super Bowl winners the Chicago Bears . In fact , both games vs the Bears provided Tampa Bay halftime leads . Young won his first start against the Detroit Lions before the losses started to pile on , including playing in a foot of snow in Green Bay . The Buccaneers failed to improve on their 6-10 record , and finished 2-14 , the worst in the NFL . The Bucs lost their first 9 games before shutting out the Cardinals at home 16-0 to finally get in the win column . One week later , the Buccaneers were humiliated , 62-28 , in New York by the Jets . The 62 points allowed during the game were the most points allowed by any team during the 1980s and are the most allowed in franchise history . After a win in overtime against the Lions , the Buccaneers would then lose 3 straight games to end the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Veingrad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Veingrad', 'summary': 'Alan Stuart Veingrad ( born July 24 , 1963 ) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League . Veingrad played for the Green Bay Packers for five seasons , and for the Dallas Cowboys ( who won Super Bowl XXVII over the Buffalo Bills ) two seasons , playing in a total of 86 games .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'East Texas State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_East_Texas_State_Lions_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1984 East Texas State Lions football team represented East Texas State University in the 1984 NCAA Division II football season . They were led by head coach Ernest Hawkins , who was in his 20th season at East Texas State . The Lions played their home games at Memorial Stadium and were members of the Lone Star Conference . The Lions finished 4th in the Lone Star Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Lone Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference', 'summary': 'The Lone Star Conference ( LSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level . Member institutions are located in the southwestern United States , with schools in Texas , Oklahoma , New Mexico , and Arkansas . The conference was formed in 1931 when five schools withdrew from the old Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association . Charter members included East Texas State ( now Texas A & M-Commerce ) , North Texas State ( now University of North Texas ) , Sam Houston State , Southwest Texas State ( now Texas State ) , and Stephen F. Austin . Among the five charter members , only Texas A & M-Commerce remains in Division II and in the conference - the other four charter members moved up to Division I ( in football , North Texas and Texas State compete in NCAA Division I FBS , while Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston compete in NCAA Division I FCS ) . The Lone Star Conference operates from the same headquarters complex in the Dallas suburb of Richardson as the American Southwest Conference .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 4 ]', 'uid': '1985_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1985 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. The draft was held April 30 and May 1, 1985, at the Omni Park Central Hotel in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. The first six selections of the draft made at least one Pro Bowl, and three of the first 16 picks - Bruce Smith, Chris Doleman, and Jerry Rice - have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. [citation needed]\n For the second consecutive season, there were no quarterbacks chosen in the first round on draft day, although University of Miami quarterback Bernie Kosar was selected by the Browns in the supplemental draft several months later.'}
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What is the year of birth of the player drafted by the Chicago Bears out of McNeese State in the 1985 NFL Draft ?
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1963
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01e39e34de2d794b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_and_palaces_in_Sweden', 'title': 'List of castles and palaces in Sweden', 'header': ['Name', 'Swedish name', 'Location', 'Date', 'Condition'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fiholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Fiholm Manor is a Landed Estate located approximately 20 km West of Eskilstuna in Eskilstuna Municipality , Södermanland County , Sweden . It is privately owned . The Landed Estate of Fiholm was commissioned by the Swedish statesman Axel Oxenstierna in 1640 to the plans of the French architect Simon de Vallée . The two standing buildings ( wings ) were drawn up in a French-Dutch Renaissance style and completed in 1642 , representing some of the finest kept examples of fine Swedish architecture of that period . Construction works at Fiholm were overseen by the elder Nikodemus Tessin , then only 25 years old , and the intention was that the two standing buildings should become wings to a magnificent stately Manor House . Sadly the Manor House was never realised . The nearby located Jäder Church was built by Oxenstierna at the same time , and can through its grandeur indicate what might have been . Jäders kyrka remains to this day the burial church for the Oxenstierna family .'}]}, {'value': 'Fiholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södermanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södermanland', 'summary': 'Södermanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland ] or [ ˈsø̌ːdɛrmanland ] ( listen ) ) , locally Sörmland , sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania , is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Östergötland , Närke , Västmanland and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Södermanland means ( The ) Land of the Southern Men , where the southern men ( södermännen ) were the people living south of Uppland . Prince Alexander of Sweden is Duke of Södermanland .'}]}, {'value': '1642', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fjällnäs Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fjällnäs_Castle', 'summary': 'Fjällnäs Castle ( Swedish : Fjällnäs slott ) is a castle in Gällivare Municipality , Norrbotten County , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Fjällnäs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lapland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)', 'summary': "Lappland , often anglicised as Lapland ( Swedish : Lappland , Northern Sami : Sápmi , Finnish : Lappi , Latin : Lapponia ) , is a province in northernmost Sweden . It borders Jämtland , Ångermanland , Västerbotten , Norrbotten , Norway and Finland . Nearly a quarter of Sweden 's land area is in Lappland . Lappland originally extended eastward . However , in 1809 the Russian Empire annexed the eastern part of the Swedish realm , and created the Grand Duchy of Finland , which in effect split Lappland into a Swedish part and a Finnish part , both of which still exist today . The term Lappland is regarded a offensive , by some Sami people , who prefer the area 's name in their own language , Sápmi ."}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finspång Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finspång_Castle', 'summary': 'Finspång Castle is situated in Finspång , the province of Östergötland , Sweden . Work on the castle was begun in 1666 , by Louis de Geer . It is designed in the Architecture of the Netherlands Classicist style by Dutch architect Adriaan Dortsman .'}]}, {'value': 'Finspångs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Östergötland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Östergötland', 'summary': 'Östergötland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈœ̂sːtɛrˌjøːtland ] ( listen ) ; English exonym : East Gothland ) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish ) in the south of Sweden . It borders Småland , Västergötland , Närke , Södermanland and the Baltic Sea . In older English literature , one might also encounter the Latinized version , Ostrogothia . The corresponding administrative county , Östergötland County , covers the entire province and parts of neighbouring provinces .'}]}, {'value': '1685', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fullerö Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullerö_Castle', 'summary': 'Fullerö Castle is a castle in Barkarö , Sweden . Augustin Ehrensvärd , who was in charge of building the Suomenlinna ( Sveaborg ) fortress , was born in Fullerö Castle .'}]}, {'value': 'Fullerö slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Västmanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Västmanland', 'summary': 'Västmanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈvɛ̂sːtmanˌland ] or [ ˈvɛ̌sːtmanland ] ( listen ) ) , is a historical Swedish province , or landskap , in middle Sweden . It borders Södermanland , Närke , Värmland , Dalarna and Uppland . Västmanland means ( The ) Land of the Western Men , where the western men ( västermännen ) were the people living west of Uppland , the core province of early Sweden .'}]}, {'value': '17th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gåsevadholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gåsevadholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Gåsevadholm Castle is a castle on an island in the Rolfsån river in Halland , Sweden . Sir John Maclean , 1st Baronet was the Lord of Gåsevadholm .'}]}, {'value': 'Gåsevadholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halland', 'summary': 'Halland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈhǎlːand ] ( listen ) ) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden ( landskap ) , on the western coast of Sweden . It borders Västergötland , Småland , Scania and the sea of Kattegat . Until 1645 and the Second Treaty of Brömsebro , it was part of the Kingdom of Denmark .'}]}, {'value': '1757', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gärsnäs Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gärsnäs_Castle', 'summary': 'Gärsnäs Castle ( Swedish : Gärsnäs slott ) is a castle in Simrishamn Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden . The castle is mentioned in the 14th-century , and was originally a fortress surrounded by a moat , owned by the Drefelt family . The present castle was built by the landowner Falk Lykke , who acquired it from the Drefelt family in 1630 . In 1658 , it was acquired by Heinrich Rantzau . It was bought by the Swedish Baron Jöran Adlersteen in 1702 and inherited jointly by his three daughters , one of whom was Christina Beata Dagström , in 1713 . The castle still privately owned .'}]}, {'value': 'Gärsnäs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gävle Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gävle_Castle', 'summary': 'Gävle Castle is a palace in Gävle , Sweden , rebuilt several times since its foundation in 1583 . It is the official residence of the County Governor of Gävleborg County .'}]}, {'value': 'Gävle slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gästrikland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gästrikland', 'summary': 'Gästrikland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈjɛ̌sːtrɪkland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Uppland , Västmanland , Dalarna , Hälsingland and the Gulf of Bothnia . Gästrikland is the southernmost of the Norrland provinces . Other used forms of the name are Gestricia and Gastrikland . Before 1900 , the spelling was officially Gestrikland in Swedish .'}]}, {'value': '1754', 'urls': []}, {'value': "County Governor 's Official Residence", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glimmingehus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glimmingehus', 'summary': "Glimmingehus is a medieval era castle located at Simrishamn Municipality , Scania in southern Sweden . It is the best preserved medieval stronghold in Scandinavia . It was built 1499-1506 , during an era when Scania formed a vital part of Denmark , and contains many defensive arrangements of the era , such as parapets , false doors and dead-end corridors , 'murder-holes ' for pouring boiling pitch over the attackers , moats , drawbridges and various other forms of death traps to surprise trespassers and protect the nobles against peasant uprisings . The lower part of the castle 's stone walls are 2.4 meters ( 94 inches ) thick and the upper part 1.8 meters ( 71 inches ) ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '1499', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Göksholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Göksholm', 'summary': "Göksholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈjœ̌kshɔlm ] ) is a medieval Swedish castle located on the southern beach of lake Hjälmaren . It is the oldest privately owned building in Sweden that has been continuously inhabited . Göksholm 's oldest parts can be dated to the 13th century . It is located in Stora Mellösa , Örebro Municipality . Historically it is famous for the popular uprising 's leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson , the then leader of the government ( rikshövitsman ) , having been murdered on its lands in 1436 by Måns Bengtsson , the son and heir of the then owner of the castle ."}]}, {'value': 'Göksholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Närke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Närke', 'summary': 'Närke ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈnæ̌rːkɛ ] ( listen ) ) is a Swedish traditional province , or landskap , situated in Svealand in south central Sweden . It is bordered by Västmanland to the north , Södermanland to the east , Östergötland to the southeast , Västergötland to the southwest , and Värmland to the northwest . Närke has a surface area of 4,126 km² and a total population of 208,376 .'}]}, {'value': '13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gripsholm Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gripsholm_Castle', 'summary': 'Gripsholm Castle ( Swedish : Gripsholms slott ) is a castle in Mariefred , Södermanland , Sweden . It is located by lake Mälaren in south central Sweden , in the municipality of Strängnäs , about 60 km west of Stockholm . Since Gustav Vasa , Gripsholm has belonged to the Swedish Royal Family and was used as one of their residences until the 18th century . It is now a museum , but it is still considered to be a palace at the disposal of the King and as such it is part of the Crown palaces in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Gripsholms slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Södermanland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Södermanland', 'summary': 'Södermanland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland ] or [ ˈsø̌ːdɛrmanland ] ( listen ) ) , locally Sörmland , sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania , is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden . It borders Östergötland , Närke , Västmanland and Uppland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea . Södermanland means ( The ) Land of the Southern Men , where the southern men ( södermännen ) were the people living south of Uppland . Prince Alexander of Sweden is Duke of Södermanland .'}]}, {'value': '1537', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gråborg Fort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gråborg', 'summary': 'Gråborg is a castle in Öland , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Gråborg fornborg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Öland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Öland', 'summary': 'Öland ( UK : /ˈɜːlænd/ , US : /ˈɜːrlɑːnd , ˈʌl-/ ; Swedish : [ ˈø̌ːland ] ( listen ) ; sometimes written Øland in other Scandinavian languages , and often Oland internationally ; Latin : Oelandia ) is the second largest Swedish island and the smallest of the traditional provinces of Sweden . Öland has an area of 1,342 square kilometres ( 518 square miles ) and is located in the Baltic Sea just off the coast of Småland . The island has 26,000 inhabitants . It is separated from the mainland by the Kalmar Strait and connected to it by the 6-kilometre ( 3.7 mi ) Öland Bridge , which opened on 30 September 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '6th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granhammar Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Granhammar_Castle', 'summary': 'Granhammar Castle is a castle in Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Granhammars slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1752', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No function', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gränsö Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gränsö_Slott', 'summary': 'Gränsö Slott ( Gränsö Castle ) is a castle located near Västervik , Sweden . The site dates back to the medieval ages . The original castle consisted of a main hall made in wood , which was built in 1807 by Olof Johan Risselskiöld . The castle was extended many times during the 19th century . In 1992 , the castle was subject to an extensive renovation . In 1993 , when the renovation was nearly finished , a devastating fire destroyed the whole building . The castle was rebuilt again in 1994 , in only four months . Today , the castle is a part of a privately owned resort . Many different activities ( including festivals and concerts ) are held within the castle gardens .'}]}, {'value': 'Gränsö slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Småland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Småland', 'summary': 'Småland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsmǒːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province ( landskap ) in southern Sweden . Småland borders Blekinge , Scania ( Swedish : Skåne ) , Halland , Västergötland , Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea . The name Småland literally means Small Lands . The Latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages . The highest point in Småland is Tomtabacken , at 377 metres ( 1,237 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1807', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gripenberg Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gripenberg_Castle', 'summary': 'Gripenberg Castle ( Swedish : Gripenbergs slott ) is a wooden manor house near Tranås in Småland , Sweden . It is considered to be the biggest wooden castle in Sweden and one of the oldest that remain today as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Gripenbergs slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Småland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Småland', 'summary': 'Småland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsmǒːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province ( landskap ) in southern Sweden . Småland borders Blekinge , Scania ( Swedish : Skåne ) , Halland , Västergötland , Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea . The name Småland literally means Small Lands . The Latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages . The highest point in Småland is Tomtabacken , at 377 metres ( 1,237 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '1660s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grönsö Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grönsö_Castle', 'summary': 'Grönsö Manor ( older and alternative spelling Grönsöö ) is a manor on the island Grönsö in Lake Mälaren . It lies in Enköping Municipality , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Grönsöö slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1611', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Görvälns Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Görväln_House', 'summary': 'Görväln House ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈjœ̂rːvɛln ] ; Görvälns Slott ) is a manor house at Järfälla Municipality in Stockholm County , Sweden . Görväln House is located at Görväln , a bay of lake Mälaren . The manor is now owned by Järfälla Municipality and since 2008 has been used as a hotel and restaurant .'}]}, {'value': 'Görvälns slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uppland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uppland', 'summary': 'Uppland ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɵ̌pːland ] ( listen ) ) is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden , just north of Stockholm , the capital . It borders Södermanland , Västmanland and Gästrikland . It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea . On the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic , Uppland has a very short and unusually shaped land border with Åland , an autonomous province of Finland . The name literally means up land , a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature as Upland . Its Latinised form , which is occasionally used , is Uplandia . Uppland is famous for having the highest concentration of Runestones in the world , with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone left by the Vikings .'}]}, {'value': '1460', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gunnebo House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunnebo_House', 'summary': 'Gunnebo House ( Swedish : Gunnebo slott ) is a mansion located outside Gothenburg , in Mölndal Municipality , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Gunnebo slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gothenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothenburg', 'summary': "Gothenburg ( /ˈɡɒθənbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ; abbreviated Gbg ; Swedish : Göteborg [ jœtɛˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) is the second-largest city in Sweden , fifth-largest in the Nordic countries , and capital of the Västra Götaland County . It is situated by Kattegat , on the west coast of Sweden , and has a population of approximately 570,000 in the city proper and about 1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area . Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified , primarily Dutch , trading colony , by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus . In addition to the generous privileges ( e.g . tax relaxation ) given to his Dutch allies from the then-ongoing Thirty Years ' War , the king also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast . At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Göta älv , where Scandinavia 's largest drainage basin enters the sea , the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries . Gothenburg is home to many students , as the city includes the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology . Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927 . The original parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city . Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca . Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km ( 19 mi ) southeast of the city center . The smaller Göteborg City Airport , 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the city center , was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '1796', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gustav III 's Pavilion", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gustav_III's_Pavilion", 'summary': "Gustav III 's Pavilion ( Swedish : Gustav III : s paviljong ) is a royal pavilion at the Haga Park , 2 km north of Stockholm . As a highlight in Swedish art history , the Pavilion is a fine example of the European neoclassicism of the late 18th century in Northern Europe . Beside the Pavilion lie the Sultan 's Copper Tents , buildings designed to resemble big tents ."}]}, {'value': 'Gustav III : s paviljon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '1787', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gyllebo Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyllebo_Castle', 'summary': 'Gyllebo Manor ( Swedish : Gyllebo slott ) is a manor house in Simrishamn Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden . Adjacent to the castle is Gyllebohus , the ruins of a 16th-century stronghold . The fortress Gyllebohus was built by Laurids Lauridsen Knob in 1538-1544 . It was at the time one of the biggest fortresses in Scania . The fortress burnt down in the early 18th-century . Between 1713 and 1754 , the estate was owned by Christina Beata Dagström ; because of the law of the minority of married women it was formally owned by her husband Olof Dagström , who was sentenced to life imprisonment for treason , but she managed it alone without his interference . After her death in 1754 , it was owned by the Schönström family until 1904 . The current manor house was built in Classic style in 1813-1818 by Hedvig Sofia Schönström . In 1927 , the land of the manor was divided up to smaller farms , and the authorities bought the manor house itself and converted it to a resting home . It functioned this way until 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gyllebo slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '1818', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Häckeberga Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Häckeberga_Castle', 'summary': 'Häckeberga Castle ( Swedish : Häckeberga slott ) is a castle in Lund Municipality , Scania , in southern Sweden . The estate dates back to the 14th century but the present building is built in 1873-75 . It currently ( 2013 ) hosts a restaurant and hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'Häckeberga slott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scania', 'summary': "Scania , Swedish : Skåne ( Swedish : [ ˈskôːnɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is the southernmost province ( landskap ) of Sweden . Within Scania , there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Scania Regional Council . Scania 's largest city is Malmö , which is also the third largest in Sweden , as well as the fifth largest in Scandinavia . To the north , Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000 , a road and railway bridge , the Øresund Bridge , bridges the sound to Denmark . Scania is part of the transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km and covers less than 3% of Sweden 's total area . The population of over 1,320,000 represents 13% of the country 's population . With 121 inh/km2 Scania is the second most densely populated province of Sweden . Historically , Scania was part of the kingdom of Denmark , up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . Denmark regained control of the province during the Scanian War 1676-1679 and again briefly in 1711 . Scania was formally included in Sweden in 1720 ."}]}, {'value': '1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'F-H', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_castles_and_manor_houses_in_Sweden_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of castles and palaces in Sweden. In the Swedish language the word slott is used for both castles, châteaus and palaces; this article lists all of them as well as fortresses.'}
| null | null |
What current private residence is in a city bounded by Lake Malaren and the Baltic Sea ?
|
Fiholm Castle
|
01e592f794c9722c
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election', 'title': '2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election', 'header': ['Assembly Constituency', 'Party', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Party', 'Margin'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acharapakkam ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acharapakkam_(SC)_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Acharapakkam ( SC ) was a state assembly constituency in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It included the town , Acharapakkam . . Acharapakkam assembly constituency ( SC ) was part of Chengalpattu ( Lok Sabha constituency ) which is now defunct .'}]}, {'value': 'PMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. Selvaraj **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._Selvaraj', 'summary': 'A. Selvaraj is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu . He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Pattali Makkal Katchi candidate from Acharapakkam constituency in 2001 election .'}]}, {'value': 'T. D. R. Murugesan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15,478', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alandur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alandur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Alandur is a legislative assembly in Chennai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It consists of portions that includes the Alandur Zone of Chennai City and forms a part of Sriperumbudur constituency for elections to the Parliament of India .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B. Valarmathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B._Valarmathi', 'summary': 'B. Valarmathi is an Indian politician and was a member of the 14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Thousand Lights constituency . As a member of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , she was elected from Alandur constituency in the 2001 elections . [ citation needed ] The elections of 2016 resulted in her constituency being won by Ku . Ka . Selvam .'}]}, {'value': 'R. Veerappan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MGRK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12,596', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alangudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alangudi_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Alangudi is a state legislative assembly constituency in Pudukkottai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It includes the city , Alangudi and is part of the Sivaganga ( Lok Sabha constituency ) . The constituency is in existence since the 1957 election .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. Venkadachalam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._Venkadachalam', 'summary': "A. Venkatachalam ( 15 September 1955 - 7 October 2010 ) was a MLA from Alangudi , Tamil Nadu ; he represented the constituency for five year terms starting in 1984 , 1996 and 2001 . During this time , he was also the Minister for Tourism in Chief Minister J. Jayalalitha 's cabinet . Venkatachalam was from the village of Vadakadu , which is located in what was his constituency . Venkatachalam died on 7 October 2010 , reportedly murdered by sickle in his house by four people . Angry mobs blocked roads and damaged vehicles in protest ."}]}, {'value': 'S. A. Soosairaj', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,731', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alangulam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alangulam_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Alangulam is a state legislative assembly constituency in Tirunelveli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It includes the city , Alangulam ( Tirunelveli district ) . It is part of the Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P. G. Rajendran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P._G._Rajendran', 'summary': 'P. G. Rajendran is an Indian politician and incumbent Member of the Legislative Assembly from Alangulam constituency . He was previously elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from the same Alangulam constituency in 2001 election . He is called as PGR with the known people . He is from village called Thayarthoppu ( near surandai ) from Tirunelveli District . He contested for Assembly twice in Alangulam and won on both occasion .First time -2001 defeated Aladi Aruna ( former law minister ) , second time-2011 defeated Pongathai ( former IT minister as well daughter of Aladi Aruna )'}]}, {'value': 'Aladi Aruna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aladi_Aruna', 'summary': "Aladi Aruna ( alias ) V Arunachalam was an Indian politician .He was the Law Minister of Tamil Nadu . He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam from Alangulam constituency in 1967 , 1971 elections and 1996 elections . He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of India 's Parliament from Tirunelveli constituency in the 1977 elections .He was also a member of the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India 's Parliament as a member of the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . He came into limelight when he issued dissent note in the JPC report on the Bofors Scandal against a clean chit to Rajiv Gandhi government.He was murdered in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambasamudram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambasamudram_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. Sakthivel Murugan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M._Sakthivel_Murugan', 'summary': 'M. Sakthivel Murugan ( died January 3 , 2020 ) was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly . He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Ambasamudram constituency in 2001 election . He died from a heart attack on 3 January 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'R. Avudaiyappan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Avudaiyappan', 'summary': 'R. Avudaiyappan is an Indian politician and former speaker of Tamil Nadu Assembly . He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Ambasamudram constituency in 1996 and 2006 elections . In 2011 Tamil Nadu State Assembly election also he contested from Ambasamudram Constituency . However , he lost to E.Subaya ( AIADMK ) . In 2016 election he contested and lost to Murugaiah pandian of AIADMK . He served as speaker of Tamil Nadu state assembly from 2006 to 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaicut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaicut_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K. Pandurangan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K._Pandurangan', 'summary': 'K. Pandurangan is an Indian politician and incumbent Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu . He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Anaicut constituency in 2001 and 2006 elections .'}]}, {'value': 'G. Malarvizhi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,051', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andhiyur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andhiyur_(SC)_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'PMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R. Krishnan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Krishnan_(politician)', 'summary': 'R. Krishnan was a Tamil politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly . He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) candidate from Vasudevanallur constituency in 1977 and 1980 elections . He contested twice from Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency in 1984 and 1989 elections and lost both to M. Arunachalam .'}]}, {'value': 'P. Selvarasu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,062', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andimadam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andimadam_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'In the 2011 election , Andimadam Constituency merged with Jayankondam and Kunnam constituencies .'}]}, {'value': 'PMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Gurunathan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Gurunathan', 'summary': "Kaduvetti Guru , also known as J. Gurunathan and J. Guru and Maveeran J. Guru , ( 1 February 1961 - 25 May 2018 ) was an Indian politician who was twice elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Tamil Nadu . Maveeran Kaduvetti J Guru 's daughter Ms.Viruthambigai & His son Mr.Kanalarasan started a team called Manjal Padai to safegaurd whole tamilnadu vanniyar community especially teenage girls & their families ."}]}, {'value': 'M. Gnanamoorthy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andipatti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andipatti_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'AIADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thanga Tamil Selvan *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thanga_Tamil_Selvan', 'summary': 'Thanga Tamil Selvan an Indian politician was Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Andipatti constituency . Previously , he was a member of Parliament of India representing Tamil Nadu in the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian Parliament and Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Andipatti constituency in 2001-2002 period .'}]}, {'value': 'P. Asaiyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P._Asaiyan', 'summary': 'P. Asayan ( born 1957 ) was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu . He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Andipatti constituency in 1989 and 1996 elections .'}]}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Nagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Nagar_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcot N. Veeraswami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcot_N._Veeraswami', 'summary': 'Arcot N. Veeraswami was a former minister for electricity in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.He became the treasurer of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Party and emerged as No 3 in the party after Karunanidhi and K Anbazhagan in the early eighties . He is right hand man of Karunanidhi He is the main peace- maker in the party . He served as the Deputy Leader of the Opposition ( 2001 - 2006 ) . He was born in Kuppadichatham village in North Arcot district in Tamil Nadu on 21 April 1937 to Narayanasamy Naidu and Jeyammal couple . He has finished his school education before he actively engaged in politics .He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu assembly six times . During 1989 - 1991 DMK rule he was the Minister for Food and during 1996 - 2001 Minister for Health & Electricity and during 2006 - 2011 Minister for Electricity and Rural Industries'}]}, {'value': 'C. Arumugam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,578', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkonam ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arakkonam_(SC)_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K. Bhavani Karunakaran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K._Bhavani_Karunakaran', 'summary': 'K. Bhavani Karunakaran is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu . She was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Arakkonam constituency in 2001 election .'}]}, {'value': 'R. Ravishankar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,256', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arantangi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arantangi_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'MADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P. Arasan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. Chandrasekaran', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'INC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aravakurichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aravakurichi_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Aravakurichi is an assembly constituency in the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly , that includes the town , Aravakurichi and other neighbouring parts of Karur district . It is a part of the Karur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. A. Liyaudeen Sait', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakshmi Duraisamy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,326', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcot_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Arcot is a constituency in the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly , that includes the city , Arcot . It is part of the Arakkonam ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P. Neelakandan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. K. Sundaramoorthy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,707', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ariyalur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ariyalur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P. Elavazhagan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. A. Kathiravan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,379', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arni_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Arni is a state assembly constituency in Tiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu , India , which includes the city of Arni . Until and including the 2006 elections , the constituency was part of the Vellore constituency for national elections to the Parliament of India ; thereafter , it has been part of the Arani parliamentary constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K. Ramachandran', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. C. Shanmugam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PNK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,482', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aruppukottai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aruppukottai_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Aruppukottai is the legislative assembly in Virudhunagar district , which includes the city , Aruppukkottai . Until 2006 election , Aruppukottai assembly constituency was part of Ramanathapuram ( Lok Sabha constituency ) . After 2006 election , it is part of Virudhunagar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) . This is the constituency , held by popular actor-turned politician , M.G . Ramachandran , when he first became Chief Minister in 1977 assembly elections .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K. K. Sivasamy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K._K._Sivasamy', 'summary': 'K. K. Sivasamy is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu . He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Aruppukottai constituency in 2001 election .'}]}, {'value': 'Thangam Thennarasu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thangam_Thennarasu', 'summary': "Thangam Thennarasu ( born 3 June 1966 ) is an Indian politician and the minister for School Education of Tamil Nadu during 2006-2011 . He was born in Mallankinaru , Tamil Nadu . He has a bachelor 's degree in Engineering . He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu assembly two times . He is the son of the former Member of Legislative Assembly from Aruppukottai , V. Thangapandian He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Aruppukottai constituency in 1997/98 by-election , and 2006 election . He is the younger brother of recently elected Member of Parliament , Lok Sabha , from the Chennai South constituency , Thamizhachi Thangapandian ."}]}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,152', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athoor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athoor_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Athoor is the legislative assembly in Dindigul district , that includes the city , Athoor . Athoor assembly constituency was part of Dindigul ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P. K. T. Natarajaan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I. Periyasamy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I._Periyasamy', 'summary': 'I. Periyasamy is the former minister for revenue and housing in the Indian state of Tamil nadu under the DMK regime from 2006-2011 . He was born in Batlagundu on 6 January 1953 . His son I.P.Senthil Kumar is also an mla in palani constituency Tamil nadu'}]}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,606', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'Attur is a state legislative assembly constituency in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It comprises a portion of Attur taluk , which includes the city of Attur . The constituency is part of the wider Kallakurichi constituency for national elections to the Parliament of India . The seat is reserved for candidates from the Scheduled Castes .'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. K. Murugesan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mu . Ra . Karunanidhi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,745', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avanashi ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avanashi_(SC)_(State_Assembly_Constituency)', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'ADMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S. Mahalingam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M. Mohan Kumar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IND', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,012', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Tamil_Nadu_legislative_assembly_election,_2001_0', 'intro': 'The twelfth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on May 10, 2001. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK)-led front won the elections and its leader, J. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as Chief Minister, even though she could not legally run as MLA in this election. She was unanimously nominated as Chief Minister by her party and was ready to serve her second term. But due to criminal and corruption charges from her first term, on September 21, 2001, a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India ruled in a unanimous verdict that a person who is convicted for a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of not less than two years cannot be appointed the Chief Minister of a State under Article 164 (1) read with (4) and cannot continue to function as such. Thereby, the bench decided that in the appointment of Ms. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister there has been a clear infringement of a Constitutional provision and that a writ of quo warranto must issue. In effect her appointment as Chief Minister was declared null and invalid with retrospective effect. Therefore, technically, she was not the Chief Minister in the period between May 14, 2001 and September 21, 2001. After her resignation on September 21, 2001, she put in O. Panneerselvam, as the official 13th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, until she could clear up the charges from her first term, so she can take up the mantle of Chief Minister officially, on March 2, 2002.'}
| null | null |
Which assembly constituency governed by the PMK party is in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu ?
|
Acharapakkam ( SC )
|
01e6859a9f2cf353
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes', 'title': 'List of territorial disputes', 'header': ['Territory', 'Claimants', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Abkhazia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abkhazia', 'summary': "Abkhazia [ a ] ( /æbˈkɑːziə/ ( listen ) , /æbˈkeɪziə/ ; ) is a de facto sovereign state that is internationally recognized as an autonomous republic of Georgia . It lies in the South Caucasus on the eastern coast of the Black Sea , south of the Greater Caucasus mountains in northwestern Georgia . It covers 8,660 square kilometres ( 3,340 sq mi ) and has a population of around 240,000 . Its capital is Sukhumi . The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict and Georgia-Russia relations . The polity is recognised as a state by Russia , Venezuela , Nicaragua , Nauru and Syria . While Georgia lacks control over Abkhazia , the Georgian government and most United Nations member states consider Abkhazia legally part of Georgia , whose constitution designates the area as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia . The region had autonomy within Soviet Georgia at the time when the Soviet Union began to disintegrate in the late 1980s . Simmering ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz - the region 's titular ethnicity - and Georgians - the largest single ethnic group at that time - culminated in the 1992-1993 War in Abkhazia which resulted in Georgia 's loss of control of most of Abkhazia , the de facto independence of Abkhazia , and the ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia . Despite the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations , the dispute remains unresolved . The long-term presence of a United Nations Observer Mission and a Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions . In August 2008 , Abkhaz and Russian forces fought a war against Georgian forces , which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia , the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement , and the termination of the UN mission ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Abkhazia Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abkhazia', 'summary': "Abkhazia [ a ] ( /æbˈkɑːziə/ ( listen ) , /æbˈkeɪziə/ ; ) is a de facto sovereign state that is internationally recognized as an autonomous republic of Georgia . It lies in the South Caucasus on the eastern coast of the Black Sea , south of the Greater Caucasus mountains in northwestern Georgia . It covers 8,660 square kilometres ( 3,340 sq mi ) and has a population of around 240,000 . Its capital is Sukhumi . The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict and Georgia-Russia relations . The polity is recognised as a state by Russia , Venezuela , Nicaragua , Nauru and Syria . While Georgia lacks control over Abkhazia , the Georgian government and most United Nations member states consider Abkhazia legally part of Georgia , whose constitution designates the area as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia . The region had autonomy within Soviet Georgia at the time when the Soviet Union began to disintegrate in the late 1980s . Simmering ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz - the region 's titular ethnicity - and Georgians - the largest single ethnic group at that time - culminated in the 1992-1993 War in Abkhazia which resulted in Georgia 's loss of control of most of Abkhazia , the de facto independence of Abkhazia , and the ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia . Despite the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations , the dispute remains unresolved . The long-term presence of a United Nations Observer Mission and a Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions . In August 2008 , Abkhaz and Russian forces fought a war against Georgian forces , which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia , the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement , and the termination of the UN mission ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(country)', 'summary': "Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველო , translit . : sakartvelo , IPA : [ sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ ] ( listen ) ) , known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos resp'ublik ' a ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians officially adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . The Georgian Orthodox Church had enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states . The unified Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran ."}]}, {'value': 'Main article : Georgian-Abkhazian conflict', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgian–Abkhazian_conflict', 'summary': 'The Abkhaz-Georgian conflict involves ethnic conflict between Georgians and the Abkhaz people in Abkhazia , a de facto independent , partially recognized republic . In a broader sense , one can view the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict as part of a geopolitical conflict in the Caucasus region , intensified at the end of the 20th century with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The conflict , one of the bloodiest in the post-Soviet area , remains unresolved . The Georgian government has offered substantial autonomy to Abkhazia several times . However , both the Abkhaz government and the opposition in Abkhazia refuse any form of union with Georgia . Abkhaz regard their independence as the result of a war of liberation from Georgia , while Georgians believe that historically Abkhazia has always formed part of Georgia . Georgians formed the single largest ethnic group in pre-war Abkhazia , with a 45.7% plurality as of 1989 but as of 2014 [ update ] most Georgians left in Abkhazia want to remain independent of Georgia . During the war the Abkhaz separatist side carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign which resulted in the expulsion of up to 250,000 ethnic Georgians and in the killing of from 4,000 to 15,000 . The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) conventions of Lisbon , Budapest and Istanbul have officially recognized the ethnic cleansing of Georgians , which UN General Assembly Resolution GA/10708 also mentions . The UN Security Council has passed a series of resolutions in which it appeals for a cease-fire .'}]}, {'value': 'Village of Aibga and surrounding area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republic of Abkhazia Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abkhazia', 'summary': "Abkhazia [ a ] ( /æbˈkɑːziə/ ( listen ) , /æbˈkeɪziə/ ; ) is a de facto sovereign state that is internationally recognized as an autonomous republic of Georgia . It lies in the South Caucasus on the eastern coast of the Black Sea , south of the Greater Caucasus mountains in northwestern Georgia . It covers 8,660 square kilometres ( 3,340 sq mi ) and has a population of around 240,000 . Its capital is Sukhumi . The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict and Georgia-Russia relations . The polity is recognised as a state by Russia , Venezuela , Nicaragua , Nauru and Syria . While Georgia lacks control over Abkhazia , the Georgian government and most United Nations member states consider Abkhazia legally part of Georgia , whose constitution designates the area as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia . The region had autonomy within Soviet Georgia at the time when the Soviet Union began to disintegrate in the late 1980s . Simmering ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz - the region 's titular ethnicity - and Georgians - the largest single ethnic group at that time - culminated in the 1992-1993 War in Abkhazia which resulted in Georgia 's loss of control of most of Abkhazia , the de facto independence of Abkhazia , and the ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia . Despite the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations , the dispute remains unresolved . The long-term presence of a United Nations Observer Mission and a Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) peacekeeping force failed to prevent the flare-up of violence on several occasions . In August 2008 , Abkhaz and Russian forces fought a war against Georgian forces , which led to the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia , the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement , and the termination of the UN mission ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bakassi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakassi', 'summary': 'Bakassi is a peninsula on the Gulf of Guinea . It lies between the Cross River estuary , near the city of Calabar in the west of the Bight of Biafra , and the Rio del Ray estuary on the east . It is governed by Cameroon , following the transfer of sovereignty from neighbouring Nigeria as a result of a judgment by the International Court of Justice . On 22 November 2007 , the Nigerian Senate rejected the transfer , since the Greentree Agreement ceding the area to Cameroon was contrary to Section 12 ( 1 ) of the 1999 Constitution . Regardless , the territory was transferred to Cameroon on 14 August 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cameroon Ambazonia Nigeria ( elements )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameroon', 'summary': "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ambazonia', 'summary': 'Ambazonia , also known as Amba Land , is a proto-state in the territory also known as Southern Cameroons . In 2017 , the Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front ( SCACUF ) declared Ambazonia to be an independent nation , while the Cameroonian government stated that the declaration has no legal weight . Violence and war ensued to the declaration and this is known as the Anglophone Crisis . Currently Ambazonia is divided internally due to the 2019 Ambazonian leadership crisis . The Southern Cameroons was formerly the United Nations Trust Territory of Southern Cameroons under United Kingdom administration ( 1922-1961 ) , which in 1961 voted to become independent from the United Kingdom by federating with the French-speaking Republic of Cameroon . Ambazonia is admitted to the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'While Nigeria transferred Bakassi to Cameroon in 2008 , elements within Nigeria have declared the territorial cession unconstitutional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern part of Bhutan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhutan', 'summary': "Bhutan ( /buːˈtɑːn/ ( listen ) ; Dzongkha : འབྲུག་ཡུལ་ , romanized : Druk Yul [ ʈuk̚˩.yː˩ ] ) , officially the Kingdom of Bhutan ( Dzongkha : འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ , romanized : Druk Gyal Khap ) , is a landlocked country in South Asia . Located in the Eastern Himalayas , it is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north , the Indian state of Sikkim , the Chumbi Valley of Tibet , China in the west and south , the Arunachal Pradesh state of India in the east , and the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal in the south . Bhutan is geopolitically in South Asia and is the region 's second-least-populous nation after the Maldives . Thimphu is its capital and largest city , while Phuntsholing is its financial center . Bhutan 's independence has endured for centuries . It has never been colonized in its history . Situated on the ancient Silk Road between Tibet , the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia , the Bhutanese state developed a distinct national identity based on Buddhism . Headed by a spiritual leader known as the Zhabdrung Rinpoche , the territory comprised many fiefdoms and was governed as a Buddhist theocracy . Following a civil war in the 19th century , the House of Wangchuck reunited the country and established relations with the British Empire . Bhutan fostered a strategic partnership with India during the rise of Chinese communism and has a disputed border with China . In 2008 Bhutan transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and held the first election to the National Assembly of Bhutan . The National Assembly is part of the bicameral parliament of the Bhutanese democracy ."}]}, {'value': 'Bhutan Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhutan', 'summary': "Bhutan ( /buːˈtɑːn/ ( listen ) ; Dzongkha : འབྲུག་ཡུལ་ , romanized : Druk Yul [ ʈuk̚˩.yː˩ ] ) , officially the Kingdom of Bhutan ( Dzongkha : འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ , romanized : Druk Gyal Khap ) , is a landlocked country in South Asia . Located in the Eastern Himalayas , it is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north , the Indian state of Sikkim , the Chumbi Valley of Tibet , China in the west and south , the Arunachal Pradesh state of India in the east , and the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal in the south . Bhutan is geopolitically in South Asia and is the region 's second-least-populous nation after the Maldives . Thimphu is its capital and largest city , while Phuntsholing is its financial center . Bhutan 's independence has endured for centuries . It has never been colonized in its history . Situated on the ancient Silk Road between Tibet , the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia , the Bhutanese state developed a distinct national identity based on Buddhism . Headed by a spiritual leader known as the Zhabdrung Rinpoche , the territory comprised many fiefdoms and was governed as a Buddhist theocracy . Following a civil war in the 19th century , the House of Wangchuck reunited the country and established relations with the British Empire . Bhutan fostered a strategic partnership with India during the rise of Chinese communism and has a disputed border with China . In 2008 Bhutan transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and held the first election to the National Assembly of Bhutan . The National Assembly is part of the bicameral parliament of the Bhutanese democracy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus_dispute', 'summary': "The Cyprus dispute , also known as the Cyprus conflict , Cyprus issue , or Cyprus problem , is an ongoing dispute between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots . Initially , with the occupation of the island by the British Empire from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 and subsequent annexation in 1914 , the Cyprus dispute was identified as the conflict between the people of Cyprus and the British Crown regarding the Cypriots ' demand for self-determination . The British administration shifted the dispute from a colonial dispute to an ethnic dispute between the Turkish and Greek islanders . The international complications of the dispute stretch beyond the boundaries of the island of Cyprus itself and involve the guarantor powers under the Zürich and London Agreement ( Turkey , Greece , and the United Kingdom ) , the United Nations and the European Union , along with ( unofficially ) the United States . It entered its current phase in the aftermath of the 1974 Turkish military invasion and occupation of the northern third of Cyprus . Only Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , while there is broad recognition that the ongoing military presence constitutes occupation of territories that belong to the Republic of Cyprus . According to the European Court of Human Rights , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus should be considered a puppet state under effective Turkish control . Although the Republic of Cyprus is recognized by the international community as the sole legitimate state , the north is under the de facto administration of the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , on which the Turkish Armed Forces are stationed . The 1974 Cypriot coup d'état , initiated by the Greek military junta , was followed five days later by Turkey 's invasion , leading to the occupation of the northern part of the internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus . In 1983 , the Turkish Cypriot community unilaterally declared independence , forming the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , a sovereign entity that lacks international recognition with the exception of Turkey , with which Northern Cyprus enjoys full diplomatic relations , in violation of Resolution 550 , adopted on 11 May 1984 by the United Nations Security Council . As a result of the two communities and the guarantor countries committing themselves to finding a peaceful solution to the dispute , the United Nations maintains a buffer zone ( known as the Green Line ) to avoid any further intercommunal tensions and hostilities . This zone separates the southern areas of the Republic of Cyprus ( predominantly inhabited by Greek Cypriots ) , from the northern areas ( where Turkish Cypriots and Turkish settlers are a majority ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Cyprus', 'summary': "Northern Cyprus ( Turkish : Kuzey Kıbrıs ) , officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC ; Turkish : Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti , KKTC ) , is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus . Recognised only by Turkey , Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus . Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay , Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point , the Kokkina exclave in the west . Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina . A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia , the island 's largest city and capital of both sides . A coup d'état in 1974 , performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece , prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus . This resulted in the eviction of much of the north 's Greek Cypriot population , the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south , and the partitioning of the island , leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983 . Due to its lack of recognition , Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic , political and military support . Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful . The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus . While its presence is supported and approved by the TRNC government , the Republic of Cyprus , the European Union as a whole , and the international community regard it as an occupation force , and its presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions . Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential , democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Cyprus ( a state with limited recognition ) controls and administers the northern part of the island . Republic of Cyprus claims the whole island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Cyprus', 'summary': "Northern Cyprus ( Turkish : Kuzey Kıbrıs ) , officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC ; Turkish : Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti , KKTC ) , is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus . Recognised only by Turkey , Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus . Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay , Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point , the Kokkina exclave in the west . Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina . A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia , the island 's largest city and capital of both sides . A coup d'état in 1974 , performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece , prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus . This resulted in the eviction of much of the north 's Greek Cypriot population , the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south , and the partitioning of the island , leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983 . Due to its lack of recognition , Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic , political and military support . Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful . The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus . While its presence is supported and approved by the TRNC government , the Republic of Cyprus , the European Union as a whole , and the international community regard it as an occupation force , and its presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions . Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential , democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector ."}]}, {'value': 'Macclesfield Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macclesfield_Bank', 'summary': 'Macclesfield Bank is an elongated sunken atoll of underwater reefs and shoals in the South China Sea . It lies east of the Paracel Islands , southwest of the Pratas Islands and north of the Spratly Islands . Its length exceeds 130 km ( 81 mi ) southwest-northeast , with a maximal width of more than 70 km ( 43 mi ) . With an ocean area of 6,448 km2 ( 2,490 sq mi ) within the outer rim of the reef , although completely submerged without any emergent cays or islets , it is one of the largest atolls of the world . The Macclesfield Bank is part of what China calls the Zhongsha Islands , which includes a number of geographically separate submarine features , and also refers to a county-level administrative division .'}]}, {'value': 'China Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mainland China , Hainan , and other islands controlled by the PRC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mainland_China', 'summary': "Mainland China , also known as the Chinese mainland , is the geopolitical as well as geographical area under the direct jurisdiction of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . It includes Hainan island and strictly speaking , politically , does not include the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau , even though both are partially on the geographic mainland ( continental landmass ) . There are two terms in Chinese for mainland :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Hainan', 'summary': "Hainan ( 海南 ) is a province in South China located in the South China Sea . It is the smallest and southernmost province of Mainland China , consisting of various islands in the South Sea . Hainan Island , separated from Guangdong 's Leizhou Peninsula by the Qiongzhou Strait , is the largest and most populous island under PRC control [ note 1 ] and makes up the majority of the province . The name of the island and the province , Hainan , means South of the Sea , reflecting its position south of the Qiongzhou Strait . The province has an area of 33,920 square kilometers ( 13,100 sq mi ) , with Hainan Island making up 32,900 square kilometers ( 12,700 sq mi ) ( 97% ) and the rest divided among 200 islands scattered across three archipelagos . It was administered as part of Guangdong from 1950 to 1988 , when it became a separate province ; around the same time , it was made the largest Special Economic Zone established by Deng Xiaoping as part of the Chinese economic reform . The Li people , a Kra-Dai speaking ethnic group , are native to the island , and are a significant minority group in the province , comprising 15% of the population . Their native languages include the Hlai languages . They are recognized by the Chinese government as one of the country 's 56 ethnic groups . The Han population , who compose a majority of the population at 82% , speak a wide variety of languages including Mandarin , Min Hainanese , Yue Chinese , Lingaoese or Hakka Chinese . There are a total of ten major cities and ten counties in Hainan Province . The capital of the province is Haikou , on the northern coast of Hainan Island , while Sanya is a well-known tourist destination on the southern coast ."}]}, {'value': 'China Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Main article : Cross-Strait relations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations', 'summary': 'Cross-Strait relations , Mainland-Taiwan relations , or Taiwan-China relations refer to the relationship between the following two political entities , which are separated by the Taiwan Strait in the west Pacific Ocean :'}]}, {'value': 'Moldovan-controlled area of Dubăsari district', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubăsari', 'summary': "Dubăsari ( Romanian pronunciation : [ dubəˈsarʲ ] ; Moldovan Cyrillic : Дубэсарь ) or Dubossary ( Russian : Дубоссары ; Yiddish : דובאסאר ; Ukrainian : Дубоcсари ) is a city in Transnistria , with a population of 23,650 . Claimed by both the Republic of Moldova and the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic , the city is under the latter 's administration , and functions as the seat of the Dubăsari ( Dubossary ) District ."}]}, {'value': 'Moldova Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moldova', 'summary': "Moldova ( /mɒlˈdoʊvə/ ( listen ) , sometimes UK : /ˈmɒldəvə/ ) , officially the Republic of Moldova ( Romanian : Republica Moldova ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe , bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north , east , and south . The capital city is Chișinău . Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812 , when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire ( to which Moldavia was a vassal state ) and became known as Bessarabia . In 1856 , southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia , which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania , but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878 . During the 1917 Russian Revolution , Bessarabia briefly became an autonomous state within the Russian Republic , known as the Moldavian Democratic Republic . In February 1918 , the Moldavian Democratic Republic declared independence and then integrated into Romania later that year following a vote of its assembly . The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia , which in 1924 established , within the Ukrainian SSR , a Moldavian autonomous republic ( MASSR ) on partially Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of Bessarabia . In 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union , leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Moldavian SSR ) , which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR ( east of the Dniester River ) . On 27 August 1991 , as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was underway , the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova . The constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994 . The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990 . Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova 's economy and is over 60% of the nation 's GDP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Transnistria', 'summary': "Transnistria or Transdniestria , officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic [ a ] ( PMR ; Russian : Приднестровская Молдавская Республика ) , is a breakaway state in the narrow strip of land between the river Dniester and the Ukrainian border that is internationally recognized as part of Moldova . Its capital is Tiraspol . Transnistria has been recognised only by three other mostly non-recognised states : Abkhazia , Artsakh , and South Ossetia . Transnistria is designated by the Republic of Moldova as the Transnistria autonomous territorial unit with special legal status ( Romanian : Unitatea teritorială autonomă cu statut juridic special Transnistria ) , or Stînga Nistrului ( Left Bank of the Dniester ) . After the dissolution of the USSR , tensions between Moldova and the breakaway Transnistrian territory escalated into a military conflict that started in March 1992 and was concluded by a ceasefire in July of the same year . As part of that agreement , a three-party ( Russia , Moldova , Transnistria ) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarised zone , comprising twenty localities on both sides of the river . Although the ceasefire has held , the territory 's political status remains unresolved : Transnistria is an unrecognised but de facto independent semi-presidential republic with its own government , parliament , military , police , postal system , currency and vehicle registration . Its authorities have adopted a constitution , flag , national anthem and coat of arms . It is the only country still using the hammer and sickle on its flag , despite not being a communist state . After a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine , all Transnistrian companies that seek to export goods through the Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities . This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine ( EUBAM ) took force in 2005 . Most Transnistrians also have Moldovan citizenship , but many Transnistrians also have Russian and Ukrainian citizenship ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A small area of Gilgit-Baltistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan', 'summary': 'Gilgit-Baltistan ( Urdu : گِلگِت بَلتِستان , Balti : རྒྱལ་སྐྱིད་ སྦལྟི་ཡུལ། ) , formerly known as the Northern Areas , is a region administered by Pakistan as an administrative territory , and constituting the northern portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 , and between India and China from somewhat later . It is the northernmost territory administered by Pakistan . It borders Azad Kashmir to the south , the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west , the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan to the north , the Xinjiang region of China , to the east and northeast , and the Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the southeast . Gilgit-Baltistan is part of the greater Kashmir region , which is the subject of a long-running conflict between Pakistan and India . The territory shares a border with Azad Kashmir , together with which it is referred to by the United Nations and other international organisations as Pakistan administered Kashmir . [ note 1 ] Gilgit-Baltistan is six times the size of Azad Kashmir . The territory also borders Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir ( union territory ) and Ladakh to the south and is separated from it by the Line of Control , the de facto border between India and Pakistan . The territory of present-day Gilgit-Baltistan became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name Northern Areas . It was formed by the amalgamation of the former Gilgit Agency , the Baltistan district and several small former princely states , the larger of which being Hunza and Nagar . In 2009 , it was granted limited autonomy and renamed to Gilgit-Baltistan via the Self-Governance Order signed by President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari , which also aimed to empower the people of Gilgit-Baltistan . However , scholars state that the real power rests with the governor and not with chief minister or elected assembly . The population of Gilgit-Baltistan wants to be merged into Pakistan as a separate fifth province and opposes integration with Kashmir .'}]}, {'value': 'Pakistan Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan', 'summary': "Pakistan , [ b ] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , [ c ] is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.8 million . In area , it is the 33rd-largest country , spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre ( 650-mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the northeast . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent . The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Seleucid Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , the Gupta Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) and , most recently , the British Indian Empire . Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kokkina/Erenköy exclave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kokkina_exclave', 'summary': 'Kokkina ( Greek : Κόκκινα [ locally [ ˈkʰot͡ʃina ] ] ; Turkish : Erenköy or Koççina ) is a coastal exclave ( pene-exclave ) of the de facto Northern Cyprus , and a former Turkish Cypriot village and enclave in Cyprus . It is surrounded by mountainous territory , with the Morphou Bay on its northern flank . Kokkina sits several kilometres west of the Northern Cyprus mainland and is a place with symbolic significance to Turkish Cypriots , because of the events of August 1964 ( cf . Battle of Tillyria ) . In 1976 , all Kokkina inhabitants were transferred to Gialousa ( renamed Yeni Erenköy or New Erenköy in Turkish ) and the exclave has since functioned as a North Cyprus Defence Force military camp .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Cyprus', 'summary': "Northern Cyprus ( Turkish : Kuzey Kıbrıs ) , officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC ; Turkish : Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti , KKTC ) , is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus . Recognised only by Turkey , Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus . Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay , Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point , the Kokkina exclave in the west . Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina . A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia , the island 's largest city and capital of both sides . A coup d'état in 1974 , performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece , prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus . This resulted in the eviction of much of the north 's Greek Cypriot population , the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south , and the partitioning of the island , leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983 . Due to its lack of recognition , Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic , political and military support . Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful . The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus . While its presence is supported and approved by the TRNC government , the Republic of Cyprus , the European Union as a whole , and the international community regard it as an occupation force , and its presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions . Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential , democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Cyprus controls and administers Kokkina , an area separated from the rest of the main land on Northern Cyprus via the land controlled by the Republic of Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Cyprus', 'summary': "Northern Cyprus ( Turkish : Kuzey Kıbrıs ) , officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC ; Turkish : Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti , KKTC ) , is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus . Recognised only by Turkey , Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus . Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay , Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point , the Kokkina exclave in the west . Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina . A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia , the island 's largest city and capital of both sides . A coup d'état in 1974 , performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece , prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus . This resulted in the eviction of much of the north 's Greek Cypriot population , the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south , and the partitioning of the island , leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983 . Due to its lack of recognition , Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic , political and military support . Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful . The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus . While its presence is supported and approved by the TRNC government , the Republic of Cyprus , the European Union as a whole , and the international community regard it as an occupation force , and its presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions . Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential , democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island ( eastern half )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heixiazi', 'summary': "Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island ( Russian : о́стров Большо́й Уссури́йский Ostrov Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy ) , or Heixiazi Island ( simplified Chinese : 黑瞎子岛 ; traditional Chinese : 黑瞎子島 ; pinyin : Hēixiāzi Dǎo ; lit . black blind island [ note 1 ] ) , is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers . It is divided between the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and Russia . It has an area of about 327 to 350 km² and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island ( Tarabarov Island ) , and over ninety islets ( in Chinese , Heixiazi may refer only to the large island or to the island group collectively ) . Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk , has given it great strategic importance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bolshoy_Ussuriysky_Island', 'summary': "Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island ( Russian : о́стров Большо́й Уссури́йский Ostrov Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy ) , or Heixiazi Island ( simplified Chinese : 黑瞎子岛 ; traditional Chinese : 黑瞎子島 ; pinyin : Hēixiāzi Dǎo ; lit . black blind island [ note 1 ] ) , is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers . It is divided between the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and Russia . It has an area of about 327 to 350 km² and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island ( Tarabarov Island ) , and over ninety islets ( in Chinese , Heixiazi may refer only to the large island or to the island group collectively ) . Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk , has given it great strategic importance ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': "Generally held to have been resolved in October 2004 by the Complementary Agreement between the People 's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundary , but the ROC does not recognise any border settlements entered into by the PRC", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Complementary_Agreement_between_the_People's_Republic_of_China_and_the_Russian_Federation_on_the_Eastern_Section_of_the_China-Russia_Boundary", 'summary': "China-Russia relations , also known as Sino-Russian relations , refers to international relations between the People 's Republic of China and the Russian Federation . Diplomatic relations between China and Russia dramatically improved after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation in 1991 . American scholar Joseph Nye argues :"}]}, {'value': 'Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island ( western half )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heixiazi', 'summary': "Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island ( Russian : о́стров Большо́й Уссури́йский Ostrov Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy ) , or Heixiazi Island ( simplified Chinese : 黑瞎子岛 ; traditional Chinese : 黑瞎子島 ; pinyin : Hēixiāzi Dǎo ; lit . black blind island [ note 1 ] ) , is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers . It is divided between the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and Russia . It has an area of about 327 to 350 km² and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island ( Tarabarov Island ) , and over ninety islets ( in Chinese , Heixiazi may refer only to the large island or to the island group collectively ) . Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk , has given it great strategic importance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bolshoy_Ussuriysky_Island', 'summary': "Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island ( Russian : о́стров Большо́й Уссури́йский Ostrov Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy ) , or Heixiazi Island ( simplified Chinese : 黑瞎子岛 ; traditional Chinese : 黑瞎子島 ; pinyin : Hēixiāzi Dǎo ; lit . black blind island [ note 1 ] ) , is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers . It is divided between the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and Russia . It has an area of about 327 to 350 km² and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island ( Tarabarov Island ) , and over ninety islets ( in Chinese , Heixiazi may refer only to the large island or to the island group collectively ) . Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk , has given it great strategic importance ."}]}, {'value': 'China Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Main article : Cross-Strait relations Remnant portion of the island formerly claimed entirely by both the PRC and ROC , now part of the wider PRC-ROC dispute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations', 'summary': 'Cross-Strait relations , Mainland-Taiwan relations , or Taiwan-China relations refer to the relationship between the following two political entities , which are separated by the Taiwan Strait in the west Pacific Ocean :'}]}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'China Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': 'It is unclear whether the ROC actually claims Hong Kong . Former President Lee Teng-hui claimed that Hong Kong should have been returned to the ROC instead of the PRC because the ROC government had the original manuscript of the Treaty of Nanking . However , no president since Lee has made such claim . The ROC has never governed Hong Kong , and its constitution does not include Hong Kong as its territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui', 'summary': "Lee Teng-hui ( born 15 January 1923 ) is a Taiwanese statesman who was the President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang ( KMT ) from 1988 to 2000 . He was the first president of the Republic of China to be born in Taiwan . During his presidency , Lee oversaw the end of martial law , full democratization of the ROC , advocated the Taiwanese localization movement , and led an ambitious foreign policy to gain allies around the world . After leaving office Lee was expelled from the KMT for his role in founding the pro-independence Taiwan Solidarity Union ( TSU ) , which forms part of the Pan-Green Coalition alongside Taiwan 's Democratic Progressive Party . Lee is considered the spiritual leader of the TSU , and has recruited for the party in the past . Lee has been outspoken in support for Taiwanese Independence from China . At the age of 97 years , 32 days , he is the oldest living Taiwanese President and second longest living President of the Republic of China after Wellington Koo who lived to 97 years , 289 days ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking', 'summary': "The Treaty of Nanking ( Nanjing ) was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War ( 1839-1842 ) between the United Kingdom and China on 29 August 1842 . It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties . In the wake of China 's military defeat , with British warships poised to attack Nanking , British and Chinese officials negotiated on board HMS Cornwallis anchored at the city . On 29 August , British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives Qiying , Yilibu , and Niu Jian signed the treaty , which consisted of thirteen articles . The treaty was ratified by the Daoguang Emperor on 27 October and Queen Victoria on 28 December . Ratification was exchanged in Hong Kong on 26 June 1843 . A copy of the treaty is kept by the British government while another copy is kept by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of China at the National Palace Museum in Taipei ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern part of Kachin State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kachin_State', 'summary': "Kachin State ( Kachin : Wunpawng Mungdaw ( or ) Wunpawng Mungdan ; Burmese : ကချင်ပြည်နယ် ) is the northernmost state of Myanmar . It is bordered by China to the north and east ( Tibet and Yunnan , specifically and respectively ) ; Shan State to the south ; and Sagaing Region and India to the west . It lies between north latitude 23° 27 ' and 28° 25 ' longitude 96° 0 ' and 98° 44 ' . The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km2 ( 34,379 sq mi ) . The capital of the state is Myitkyina . Other important towns include Bhamo , Mohnyin and Putao . Kachin State has Myanmar 's highest mountain , Hkakabo Razi ( 5,889 metres ( 19,321 ft ) ) , forming the southern tip of the Himalayas , and a large inland lake , Indawgyi Lake ."}]}, {'value': 'Myanmar Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': 'North part west of the Gaoligong Mountains ( 高黎貢山 ) in western Yunnan , China , and the Division of Sagaing : Jiangxinpo ( 江心坡 ) and Nankan ( 南坎 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaoligong_Mountains', 'summary': 'The Gaoligong Mountains , ( Chinese : 高黎贡山 ; pinyin : Gāolígòng Shān ) , are a mountainous sub-range of the southern Hengduan Mountain Range , located in the western Yunnan highlands and straddling the border of southwestern China and northern Myanmar ( Burma ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yunnan', 'summary': "Yunnan ( 云南 ) is a province in Southwest China . The province spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres ( 152,000 sq mi ) and has a population of 48.300 million ( as of 2018 ) . The capital of the province is Kunming , formerly also known as Yunnan . The province borders the Chinese provinces Guangxi , Guizhou , Sichuan , and the Tibet Autonomous Region , as well as the countries Vietnam , Laos , and Myanmar . Yunnan is China 's fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014 . Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area , with high elevations in the northwest and low elevations in the southeast . Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province . In the west , the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys by as much as 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ) . Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China . Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China , Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more . Yunnan 's reserves of aluminium , lead , zinc and tin are the largest in China , and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel . The Han Empire first recorded diplomatic relation with the province at the end of the 2nd century BC ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sagaing', 'summary': "Sagaing is the capital of Myanmar 's Sagaing Region and located the Irrawaddy River , 20 km to the south-west of Mandalay on the opposite bank of the river , Sagaing , with numerous Buddhist monasteries is an important religious and monastic centre . The pagodas and monasteries crowd the numerous hills along the ridge running parallel to the river . The central pagoda , Soon U Ponya Shin Pagoda , is connected by a set of covered staircases that run up the 240 m hill . Today , with about 70,000 inhabitants , the city is part of Mandalay built-up area with more than 1,022,000 inhabitants estimated in 2011 . The city is a frequent tourist destination of day trippers . Within the city are the Sagaing Institute of Education , the Sagaing Education College , Sagaing University , Technological University ( Sagaing ) , and co-operative university ( Sagaing ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jiangxinpo', 'summary': "Jiangxinpo ( Chinese : 江心坡 ) is an area in Kachin State , Myanmar , located between the N'Mai and Mali Rivers , west of the Gaoligong Mountains of Yunnan , China . It was disputed territory between China and Myanmar until 1961 , when China 's government recognized Myanmar 's sovereignty over it . Some Chinese commentators , especially those in media in Taiwan and overseas which are outside the control of PRC government 's censorship , criticized the PRC government for signing the agreement , which they regarded as guaranteeing the permanent loss of former Chinese territory to Myanmar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Namhkam,_Shan_State', 'summary': 'Namhkam ( Burmese : နမ့်ခမ်းမြို့ ; Shan : ၼမ်ႉၶမ်း ) , also spelled Nam Kham is the principal town of Namhkam Township in northern Shan State , Myanmar , situated on the southern bank of the Shweli River near the border with Yunnan Province , China .'}]}, {'value': '106.40 square kilometres of formerly Chinese territory in Kazakhstan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kosovo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kosovo', 'summary': 'Kosovo ( /ˈkɒsəvoʊ , ˈkoʊ-/ ; Albanian : Kosova pronounced [ kɔˈsɔva ] or Kosovë pronounced [ kɔˈsɔvə ] ; Serbian Cyrillic : Косово pronounced [ kôsoʋo ] ) , officially the Republic of Kosovo ( Albanian : Republika e Kosovës ; Serbian Cyrillic : Република Косово , romanized : Republika Kosovo ) , is a partially-recognized state in Southeast Europe , subject to a territorial dispute with the Republic of Serbia . Defined in an area of 10,887 square kilometres ( 4,203 sq mi ) , Kosovo is landlocked in the center of the Balkans and bordered by the uncontested territory of Serbia to the north and east , North Macedonia to the southeast , Albania to the southwest and Montenegro to the west . It possesses varied and diverse landscapes for its size by climate along with geology and hydrology . Most of central Kosovo is dominated by the vast plains and fields of Metohija and Kosovo . The Albanian Alps and Šar Mountains rise in the southwest and southeast respectively . The earliest known human settlements in what is now Kosovo were the Paleolithic Vinča and Starčevo cultures . During the Classical period , it was inhabited by the Illyrian-Dardanian and Celtic people . In 168 BC , the area was annexed by the Romans . In the Middle Ages , it was conquered by the Byzantine , Bulgarian , and Serbian Empires . The Battle of Kosovo of 1389 is considered to be one of the defining moments in Serbian medieval history . The region was the core of the Serbian medieval state , which has also been the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church from the 14th century , when its status was upgraded to a patriarchate . Kosovo was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 15th to the early 20th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Kosovo Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kosovo', 'summary': 'Kosovo ( /ˈkɒsəvoʊ , ˈkoʊ-/ ; Albanian : Kosova pronounced [ kɔˈsɔva ] or Kosovë pronounced [ kɔˈsɔvə ] ; Serbian Cyrillic : Косово pronounced [ kôsoʋo ] ) , officially the Republic of Kosovo ( Albanian : Republika e Kosovës ; Serbian Cyrillic : Република Косово , romanized : Republika Kosovo ) , is a partially-recognized state in Southeast Europe , subject to a territorial dispute with the Republic of Serbia . Defined in an area of 10,887 square kilometres ( 4,203 sq mi ) , Kosovo is landlocked in the center of the Balkans and bordered by the uncontested territory of Serbia to the north and east , North Macedonia to the southeast , Albania to the southwest and Montenegro to the west . It possesses varied and diverse landscapes for its size by climate along with geology and hydrology . Most of central Kosovo is dominated by the vast plains and fields of Metohija and Kosovo . The Albanian Alps and Šar Mountains rise in the southwest and southeast respectively . The earliest known human settlements in what is now Kosovo were the Paleolithic Vinča and Starčevo cultures . During the Classical period , it was inhabited by the Illyrian-Dardanian and Celtic people . In 168 BC , the area was annexed by the Romans . In the Middle Ages , it was conquered by the Byzantine , Bulgarian , and Serbian Empires . The Battle of Kosovo of 1389 is considered to be one of the defining moments in Serbian medieval history . The region was the core of the Serbian medieval state , which has also been the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church from the 14th century , when its status was upgraded to a patriarchate . Kosovo was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 15th to the early 20th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': 'Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo . The latter declared independence on 17 February 2008 , while Serbia claims it as part of its own sovereign territory . Its independence is recognized by 89 UN member states', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kosovo', 'summary': 'Kosovo ( /ˈkɒsəvoʊ , ˈkoʊ-/ ; Albanian : Kosova pronounced [ kɔˈsɔva ] or Kosovë pronounced [ kɔˈsɔvə ] ; Serbian Cyrillic : Косово pronounced [ kôsoʋo ] ) , officially the Republic of Kosovo ( Albanian : Republika e Kosovës ; Serbian Cyrillic : Република Косово , romanized : Republika Kosovo ) , is a partially-recognized state in Southeast Europe , subject to a territorial dispute with the Republic of Serbia . Defined in an area of 10,887 square kilometres ( 4,203 sq mi ) , Kosovo is landlocked in the center of the Balkans and bordered by the uncontested territory of Serbia to the north and east , North Macedonia to the southeast , Albania to the southwest and Montenegro to the west . It possesses varied and diverse landscapes for its size by climate along with geology and hydrology . Most of central Kosovo is dominated by the vast plains and fields of Metohija and Kosovo . The Albanian Alps and Šar Mountains rise in the southwest and southeast respectively . The earliest known human settlements in what is now Kosovo were the Paleolithic Vinča and Starčevo cultures . During the Classical period , it was inhabited by the Illyrian-Dardanian and Celtic people . In 168 BC , the area was annexed by the Romans . In the Middle Ages , it was conquered by the Byzantine , Bulgarian , and Serbian Empires . The Battle of Kosovo of 1389 is considered to be one of the defining moments in Serbian medieval history . The region was the core of the Serbian medieval state , which has also been the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church from the 14th century , when its status was upgraded to a patriarchate . Kosovo was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 15th to the early 20th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo', 'summary': 'Kosovo ( /ˈkɒsəvoʊ , ˈkoʊ-/ ; Albanian : Kosova pronounced [ kɔˈsɔva ] or Kosovë pronounced [ kɔˈsɔvə ] ; Serbian Cyrillic : Косово pronounced [ kôsoʋo ] ) , officially the Republic of Kosovo ( Albanian : Republika e Kosovës ; Serbian Cyrillic : Република Косово , romanized : Republika Kosovo ) , is a partially-recognized state in Southeast Europe , subject to a territorial dispute with the Republic of Serbia . Defined in an area of 10,887 square kilometres ( 4,203 sq mi ) , Kosovo is landlocked in the center of the Balkans and bordered by the uncontested territory of Serbia to the north and east , North Macedonia to the southeast , Albania to the southwest and Montenegro to the west . It possesses varied and diverse landscapes for its size by climate along with geology and hydrology . Most of central Kosovo is dominated by the vast plains and fields of Metohija and Kosovo . The Albanian Alps and Šar Mountains rise in the southwest and southeast respectively . The earliest known human settlements in what is now Kosovo were the Paleolithic Vinča and Starčevo cultures . During the Classical period , it was inhabited by the Illyrian-Dardanian and Celtic people . In 168 BC , the area was annexed by the Romans . In the Middle Ages , it was conquered by the Byzantine , Bulgarian , and Serbian Empires . The Battle of Kosovo of 1389 is considered to be one of the defining moments in Serbian medieval history . The region was the core of the Serbian medieval state , which has also been the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church from the 14th century , when its status was upgraded to a patriarchate . Kosovo was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 15th to the early 20th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence', 'summary': "The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence was adopted on 17 February 2008 by the Assembly of Kosovo . In a meeting attended by 109 of the total 120 members , the assembly unanimously declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia , while all 11 representatives of the Serb minority boycotted the proceedings . This minority was found to be common in the northern District of Mitrovica , bordering Serbia . It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo 's Albanian-majority political institutions ; the first was proclaimed on 7 September 1990 . The legality of the declaration has been disputed . Serbia sought international validation and support for its stance that the declaration was illegal , and in October 2008 requested an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice . The Court determined that the declaration did not violate international law . As a result of the ICJ decision , a joint Serbia-EU resolution was passed in the United Nations General Assembly which called for an EU-facilitated dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia to promote cooperation , achieve progress on the path to the European Union and improve the lives of the people . The dialogue resulted in the 2013 Brussels deal between Serbia and Kosovo which abolished all of the Republic of Serbia 's institutions in Kosovo . Dejan Pavićević is the official representative of Serbia to Kosovo . Valdet Sadiku is the official representative of Kosovo to Serbia ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Serbia's_reaction_to_the_2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence", 'summary': 'Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008 , a move which Serbia rejects . Serbia does not recognize Kosovo as an independent state . Initially there were no relations between the two ; however , in the following years there has been increased dialogue and cooperation between the governments of Kosovo and Serbia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija', 'summary': 'The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija , [ a ] commonly known as Kosovo and Metohija [ b ] or Kosovo [ c ] for short and abbreviated as KiM [ d ] or Kosmet , [ e ] refers to the region of Kosovo as defined in the Constitution of Serbia . The territory of the province is disputed between Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo , [ f ] the latter of which has de facto control . The region had functioned as part of Serbia ( mainly while Serbia had been part of a Yugoslav state ) for most of the period between 1912 and 1999 . The territory of the province , as recognized by Serbian laws , lies in the southern part of Serbia and covers the regions of Kosovo and Metohija . The capital of the province is Pristina . The territory was previously an autonomous province of Serbia during Socialist Yugoslavia ( 1946-1990 ) , and acquired its current status in 1990 . The province was governed as part of Serbia until the Kosovo War ( 1998-99 ) , when it became a United Nations ( UN ) protectorate in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 , but still internationally recognized as part of Serbia . The control was then transferred to the UN administration of UNMIK . In 2008 , Kosovo authorities unilaterally declared independence , which is recognized by 98 UN members , but not by Serbia which still regards it as its province .'}]}, {'value': 'Kutuzov Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kutuzov_Island', 'summary': "Kutuzov Island ( Russian : остров Кутузов ) is the largest island along the Ussuri River . Under former Chinese possession it was known as Daxitong dao [ unreliable source ? ] . Control was transferred to the Soviet Union by the government of Manchukuo [ unreliable source ? ] . Under the terms of the agreement , the island remained in Russia 's possession with the fall of the Soviet Union [ unreliable source ? ] . The Republic of China ( Taiwan ) does not recognize this and other transfers to the USSR or Russia since 1931 [ unreliable source ? ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Ryanggang Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryanggang_Province', 'summary': 'Ryanggang Province ( Ryanggangdo ; Korean : 량강도 , Ryanggang-do , Korean pronunciation : [ ɾjaŋ.ɡaŋ.do ] ) is a province in North Korea . The province is bordered by China ( Jilin ) on the north , North Hamgyong on the east , South Hamgyong on the south , and Chagang on the west . Ryanggang was formed in 1954 , when it was separated from South Hamgyŏng . The provincial capital is Hyesan . In South Korean usage , Ryanggang is spelled and pronounced as Yanggang ( Korean : 양강도 , Yanggang-do , Korean pronunciation : [ jaŋ.ɡaŋ.do ] )'}]}, {'value': 'North Korea Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Korea', 'summary': "North Korea ( Korean : 조선 ; MR : Chosŏn or literally 북조선 ; MR : Pukchosŏn ) , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK or DPR Korea ; Korean : 조선민주주의인민공화국 , Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ) , is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula , with Pyongyang as its capital and the largest city in the country . To the north and northwest , the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok ( known as the Yalu in Chinese ) and Tumen rivers , and to the south , it is bordered by South Korea , with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) separating the two . Nevertheless , North Korea , like its southern counterpart , claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands . In 1910 , Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan . At the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945 , Korea was divided into two zones , with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States . Negotiations on reunification failed , and in 1948 , separate governments were formed : the socialist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in the north , and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south . An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) . The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire , but no peace treaty was signed . North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state , and formally holds elections , though they have been described by outside observers as sham elections . Outside observers also generally view North Korea as a Stalinist dictatorship , particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around the Kim dynasty . The Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) , led by a member of the ruling family , holds absolute power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members . Juche , an ideology of national self-reliance , was introduced into the constitution in 1972 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of the Rasŏn administrative division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rasŏn', 'summary': 'Rason ( formerly Rajin-Sŏnbong ; Korean pronunciation : [ ɾa.sʌn , ɾa.dʑin.sʌn.boŋ ] ) is a North Korean city and ice-free port in the East Sea ( Sea of Japan ) in the North Pacific Ocean on the northeast tip of North Korea . It is in the Kwanbuk region and location of the Rason Special Economic Zone . In South Korean pronunciation , the initial R of the name is pronounced as N , ( 나선 , Naseon ) as per standard Korean phonology . In 2000 , the name was shortened from Rajin-Sŏnbong to Rason . During the 1930s , the Japanese called it Rashin ; at that time , it was an important port at the end of a railroad line . It was liberated by the Red Army on 14 August 1945 . Before 1991 , Rason was used by the Soviet Union as an alternative warm-water port in case Vladivostok was unavailable . The Soviet naval facilities were built starting in 1979 . From 1993 to 2004 , it was administered separately from North Hamgyŏng as the directly governed city ( Chikhalsi ) of Rason . Prior to 1993 and from 2004 to 2009 , the city had been part of the North Hamgyŏng Province . Since 2010 , the city is a special city , again breaking from provincial control , but different from its older designation as a directly governed city . What this means in practice is unclear .'}]}, {'value': 'North Korea Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Korea', 'summary': "North Korea ( Korean : 조선 ; MR : Chosŏn or literally 북조선 ; MR : Pukchosŏn ) , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK or DPR Korea ; Korean : 조선민주주의인민공화국 , Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ) , is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula , with Pyongyang as its capital and the largest city in the country . To the north and northwest , the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok ( known as the Yalu in Chinese ) and Tumen rivers , and to the south , it is bordered by South Korea , with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) separating the two . Nevertheless , North Korea , like its southern counterpart , claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands . In 1910 , Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan . At the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945 , Korea was divided into two zones , with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States . Negotiations on reunification failed , and in 1948 , separate governments were formed : the socialist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in the north , and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south . An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) . The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire , but no peace treaty was signed . North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state , and formally holds elections , though they have been described by outside observers as sham elections . Outside observers also generally view North Korea as a Stalinist dictatorship , particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around the Kim dynasty . The Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) , led by a member of the ruling family , holds absolute power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members . Juche , an ideology of national self-reliance , was introduced into the constitution in 1972 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sixty-Four_Villages_East_of_the_Heilongjiang_River', 'summary': "In the summer of 1857 , the Russian Empire offered monetary compensation to China 's Qing dynasty government if they would remove the native inhabitants from the area ; however , their offer was rebuffed . The following year , in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun , the Qing ceded the north bank of the Amur to Russia . However , Qing subjects residing north of the Amur River were permitted to retain their domiciles in perpetuity under the authority of the Manchu government . The earliest known Russian estimate ( 1859 ) gives the population of Qing subjects in the Trans-Zeya District as 3,000 , without breakdown by ethnicity ; the next one ( 1870 ) gives it as 10,646 , including 5,400 ( Han ) Chinese , 4,500 Manchus and 1,000 Daurs . The estimates published between the late 1870s and early 1890s varied between 12,000 and 16,000 , peaking in 1894 , at 16,102 ( including 9,119 Han Chinese , 5,783 Manchus , and 1,200 Daurs ) . After that , reported numbers went down ( 7,000 to 7,500 residents reported each year from 1895 to 1899 ) ; by that time , however , the Trans-Zeya villagers constituted only a minority of the Chinese present in the region . For example , besides the Trans-Zeya villagers , in 1898 statistics reported 12,199 Chinese otkhodniki ( migrant workers ) and 5,400 Chinese miners in the Amur Oblast as it existed at the time , as well as 4,008 Chinese urban residents in Blagoveshchensk and probably elsewhere . During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 , Qing forces attempted to blockade Russian boat traffic on the Amur near Aigun , starting from 16 July , and attacked Blagoveshchensk along with Chinese Honghuzi bandits . In response to these attacks the military governor of the Amur region , Lieutenant-General Konstantin Nikolaevich Gribskii , ordered the expulsion of all Qing subjects who remained north of the river . This included the residents of the villages , and Chinese traders and workers who lived in Blagoveshchensk proper , where they numbered anywhere between one-sixth and one-half of the local population of 30,000 . They were taken by the local police and driven into the river to be drowned . Those who could swim were shot by the Russian forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Ongoing disputes involving states outside the UN', 'section_text': 'Further information : List of states with limited recognition', 'uid': 'List_of_territorial_disputes_8', 'intro': "Territorial disputes have occurred throughout history, over lands around the world. Bold indicates one claimant's full control; italics indicates one or more claimants' partial control."}
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What is the territory whose notes person is considered the spiritual leader of the TSU ?
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Hong Kong
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01e73da7d756db40
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Third_Battle_of_Winchester', 'title': 'List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Third Battle of Winchester', 'header': ['Name', 'Rank', 'Unit'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chester B. Bowen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_B._Bowen', 'summary': 'Chester Bennett Bowen ( April 1 , 1842 - March 16 , 1905 ) was a Union soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . Corporal Bowen was one of two members of the 1st New York Dragoons to receive the Medal of Honor for this action . The other was Sgt . Andrew J. Lorish .'}]}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': '1st New York Dragoons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Regiment_New_York_Dragoons', 'summary': 'The 1st New York Dragoons was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Gabriel Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriel_Cole_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Gabriel Cole ( March 22 , 1831 - January 9 , 1907 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry and the capture of the flag of the 45th Virginia Infantry Regiment during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 .'}]}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': '5th Michigan Cavalry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5th_Michigan_Cavalry', 'summary': 'The 5th Regiment Michigan Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was a part of the famed Michigan Brigade , commanded for a time by Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry W. Downs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_W._Downs', 'summary': 'Henry W. Downs ( August 29 , 1844 - July 2 , 1911 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . He is buried at Dayton National Cemetery in Dayton , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': '8th Vermont Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8th_Vermont_Infantry', 'summary': "The 8th Regiment , Vermont Volunteer Infantry was a three-year infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It served in both major theaters , first in Louisiana and then in Virginia , from February 1862 to June 1865 . It was a member of the XIX Corps . The regiment was mustered into Federal service on February 18 , 1862 , at Brattleboro , Vermont . It was engaged in , or present at , the Occupation of New Orleans , Raceland , Boutte Station , Bayou des Allemands , the Steamer Cotton , Bisland , and Port Hudson , in the Department of the Gulf , and Opequon , Fisher 's Hill , Cedar Creek , and Newtown in the Shenandoah Valley campaign . A notable member of this regiment is Captain Squire E. Howard , a recipient of the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry M. Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_M._Fox', 'summary': 'Henry M. Fox ( November 15 , 1844 - March 3 , 1923 ) was a Union soldier during the American Civil War , and a Medal of Honor recipient .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': '5th Michigan Cavalry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5th_Michigan_Cavalry', 'summary': 'The 5th Regiment Michigan Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It was a part of the famed Michigan Brigade , commanded for a time by Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew J. Lorish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_J._Lorish', 'summary': 'Andrew J. Lorish ( November 8 , 1832-August 11 , 1897 ) was a Commissary Sergeant in the Union Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the American Civil War . Lorish joined the 1st New York Dragoons from Attica , New York in August 1862 . He was promoted to regimental sergeant major the next month , but demoted to private before the end of the year . In October 1863 he became the regimental commissary sergeant . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in May 1865 , and mustered out with his regiment in June . Lorish is buried in Forest Hill Cemetery , Attica , New York . His grave can be found in Section 6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Commissary Sergeant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st New York Dragoons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Regiment_New_York_Dragoons', 'summary': 'The 1st New York Dragoons was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Alphonso M. Lunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alphonso_M._Lunt', 'summary': 'Alphonso Lunt ( September 6 , 1837 - December 18 , 1917 ) was a sergeant in the Union Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions at the First Battle of Lexington during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': '38th Massachusetts Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/38th_Regiment_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 38th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Companies A , B , and C organized at Camp Cameron in Cambridge , Massachusetts in July and August 1862 . The remaining seven companies were organized at Camp Stanton in Lynnfield , Massachusetts and mustered into service from August 20 to 22 . Colonel Timothy Ingraham initially commanded the regiment . After two months garrison duty in Baltimore , the regiment embarked for Louisiana , being assigned to the Army of the Gulf which was commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks . The regiment saw its first combat during the Battle of Fort Bisland in southern Louisiana . During May and June 1863 , the 38th Massachusetts took part in the Siege of Port Hudson and the assaults on that city on May 27 and June 14 , suffering considerable casualties . After the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9 , the regiment participated in the ill-fated Red River Campaign . In July 1864 , the XIX Corps , of which the 38th Massachusetts was a part , was transferred to the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia and were attached to the Army of the Shenandoah commanded by Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan . The 38th Massachusetts was engaged in several battles of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 , mostly notably the Third Battle of Winchester on September 19 , 1864 and the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19 , 1864 where they suffered significant casualties . In January 1865 , the 38th Massachusetts left the Shenandoah Valley , being transferred to North Carolina . They served guard duty in various locations during the spring of 1865 including Morehead City and Goldsboro .'}]}, {'value': 'Joel H. Lyman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_H._Lyman', 'summary': 'Joel H. Lyman ( May 11 , 1845-May 4 , 1922 ) was a Quartermaster sergeant in the Union Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the American Civil War . Lyman enlisted in the Army from East Randolph , New York in October 1861 . He was wounded at the Third Battle of Winchester , and mustered out the next month .'}]}, {'value': 'Quartermaster Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quartermaster_Sergeant', 'summary': 'Quartermaster sergeant ( QMS ) is a class of rank or appointment in some armed forces , especially those of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth , and formerly also in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '9th New York Cavalry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9th_Regiment_New_York_Volunteer_Cavalry', 'summary': 'The 9th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . It is also known as the Stoneman Cavalry , named after New York-born cavalry general George Stoneman .'}]}, {'value': 'Patrick H. McEnroe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_H._McEnroe', 'summary': 'Patrick H. McEnroe was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . Aged 39 , McEnroe enlisted in the Army from Schodack , New York in November 1862 . He was mustered out in June 1865 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': '6th New York Cavalry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George E. Meach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_E._Meach', 'summary': 'George E. Meach ( 1844 - March 21 , 1873 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . Meach enlisted in the Army from New York in November 1861 , and was assigned to the 6th New York Cavalry . He transferred to the 2nd New York Provisional Cavalry in June 1865 , and was discharged in August .'}]}, {'value': 'Farrier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farrier', 'summary': "A farrier is a specialist in equine hoof care , including the trimming and balancing of horses ' hooves and the placing of shoes on their hooves , if necessary . A farrier combines some blacksmith 's skills ( fabricating , adapting , and adjusting metal shoes ) with some veterinarian 's skills ( knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the lower limb ) to care for horses ' feet ."}]}, {'value': '6th New York Cavalry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Reynolds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Reynolds_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'George Reynolds ( 1839 - March 16 , 1889 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 .'}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '6th New York Cavalry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter J. Ryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_J._Ryan', 'summary': 'Peter J. Ryan ( 1841 - January 8 , 1908 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . Ryan joined the army from Indiana in July 1861 , and was mustered out in July 1865 .'}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '11th Indiana Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/11th_Indiana_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 11th Indiana Zouaves was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'James M. Schoonmaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_M._Schoonmaker', 'summary': 'James Martinus Schoonmaker , Sr. ( June 30 , 1842 - October 11 , 1927 ) , was a German American Colonel in the Union Army in the American Civil War and a vice-president of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the Third Battle of Winchester on September 19 , 1864 .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel', 'summary': 'Colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ kernel ; abbreviated Col. , Col or COL ) is a senior military officer rank below the general officer ranks . However , in some small military forces , such as those of Monaco or the Vatican , colonel is the highest rank . It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations . Historically , in the seventeenth , eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army . Modern usage varies greatly , and in some cases , the term is used as an honorific title that may have no direct relationship to military service . The rank of colonel is typically above the rank of lieutenant colonel . The rank above colonel is typically called brigadier , brigade general or brigadier general . Equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain . In the Commonwealth air force rank system , the equivalent rank is group captain .'}]}, {'value': '14th Pennsylvania Cavalry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conrad Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conrad_Schmidt_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Conrad Schmidt ( February 27 , 1830 - December 26 , 1908 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . Schmidt joined the army from Fort Leavenworth in February 1861 , and was discharged in December 1866 .'}]}, {'value': 'First Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Sergeant', 'summary': 'First sergeant is typically a senior non-commissioned officer rank , used in many countries . In NATO armed forces the rank is on OR8 level .'}]}, {'value': '2nd U.S. Cavalry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Cavalry', 'summary': "The United States Cavalry , or U.S. Cavalry , was the designation of the mounted force of the United States Army by an act of Congress on 3 August 1861 . This act converted the U.S. Army 's two regiments of dragoons , one regiment of mounted riflemen , and two regiments of cavalry into one branch of service . The cavalry branch transitioned to the Armored Forces with tanks in 1940 , but the term cavalry , e.g . armored cavalry , remains in use in the U.S. Army for mounted ( ground and aviation ) reconnaissance , surveillance , and target acquisition ( RSTA ) units based on their parent Combat Arms Regimental System ( CARS ) regiment . Cavalry is also used in the name of the 1st Cavalry Division for heraldic/lineage/historical purposes . Some combined arms battalions ( i.e. , consisting of a combination of tank and mechanized infantry companies ) are designated as armor formations , while others are designated as infantry organizations . These branch designations are again , heraldic/lineage/historical titles derived from the CARS regiments to which the battalions are assigned . [ citation needed ] The Mexican War ( 1846-1848 ) had resulted in adding a vast territory to our national domain , and the government was bound , in the interests of civilization , to open this immense area to settlement.the country between the Missouri River and California . was occupied by powerful and warlike tribes of Indians . But the size of the army had remained fixed . In 1855 , at the request of General Winfield Scott Congress added the 1st and 2nd Cavalry regiments to the U.S. Army . Congress originally created the 1st U.S. Dragoons in 1833 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles H. Seston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_H._Seston', 'summary': 'Charles H. Seston ( 1840 - September 19 , 1864 ) was a Union Army soldier killed in action during the American Civil War . He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . Seston joined the army from Indiana in August 1861 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': '11th Indiana Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/11th_Indiana_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 11th Indiana Zouaves was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'John T. Sterling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_T._Sterling', 'summary': 'John T. Sterling ( 1841 - February 2 , 1920 ) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War . He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Opequon more commonly called the Third Battle of Winchester , Virginia on September 19 , 1864 . Sterling joined the army from Indiana in August 1861 , and was mustered out in July 1865 .'}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '11th Indiana Infantry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/11th_Indiana_Infantry', 'summary': 'The 11th Indiana Zouaves was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Battle_of_Opequon_0', 'intro': 'The Third Battle of Winchester or Battle of Opequon, was fought in Winchester, Virginia, on September 19, 1864, during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War. Fourteen Union Army enlisted men and one officer were awarded the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the battle. The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.'}
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Who was the younger person from the Michigan Unit ?
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Henry M. Fox
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01e778dd2ee4be3b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco', 'title': 'List of cities in Morocco', 'header': ['Rank', 'City', 'Population ( 2014 census )', 'Region'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casablanca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casablanca', 'summary': "Casablanca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kasaˈβlaŋka ] ; Arabic : الدار البيضاء , romanized : Ad-dar Al Baidaa ' [ adˈdaːru ɫbajdˤaːʔ ] white house , Berber languages : ⴰⵏⴼⴰ , romanized : Anfa [ ænfæ ] incline ) is the largest city of Morocco . Located in the central-western part of Morocco bordering the Atlantic Ocean , it is the largest city in the Maghreb region and the eighth-largest in the Arab world . Casablanca is Morocco 's chief port and one of the largest financial centers in Africa . According to the 2014 population estimate , the city has a population of about 3.35 million in the urban area and over 6.8 million in the Casablanca-Settat region . Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco , although the national political capital is Rabat . The leading Moroccan companies and many international corporations doing business in the country have their headquarters and main industrial facilities in Casablanca . Recent industrial statistics show Casablanca holds its recorded position as the primary industrial zone of the nation . The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in the world , [ citation needed ] and the second largest port of North Africa , after Tanger-Med 40 km ( 25 mi ) east of Tangier . Casablanca also hosts the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy ."}]}, {'value': '3,359,818', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casablanca-Settat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casablanca-Settat', 'summary': 'Casablanca-Settat ( Arabic : الدار البيضاء - سطات , Berber languages : ⴰⵏⴼⴰ - ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ ) is one of the twelve administrative regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 20,166 km² and recorded a population of 6,861,739 in the 2014 Moroccan census , 69% of which lived in urban areas . The capital of the region is Casablanca .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fez,_Morocco', 'summary': "Fez or Fes ( Arabic : فاس [ faːs ] , Berber : ⴼⴰⵙ [ faːs ] , French : Fès ) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fas-Meknas administrative region . It is the second largest city in Morocco after Casablanca , with a population of 1.4 million ( 2014 ) . Located to the northeast of Atlas Mountains , Fez is situated at the crossroad of the important cities of all regions ; 206 km ( 128 mi ) from Tangier to the northwest , 246 km ( 153 mi ) from Casablanca , 169 km ( 105 mi ) from Rabat to the west , and 387 km ( 240 mi ) from Marrakesh to the southwest which leads to the Trans-Saharan trade route . It is surrounded by the high grounds , and the old city is penetrated by the River of Fez flowing from the west to east . Fez was founded under the Idrisid rule during the 8th-9th centuries C.E . It consisted of two autonomous and competing settlements . The migration of 2000 Arab families in the early 9th century gave the nascent city its Arabic character . After the downfall of the Idrisid dynasty , several empires came and went until the 11th century when the Almoravid Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin united the two settlements and rebuilt the city , which became today 's Fes el Bali quarter . Under the Almoravid rule , the city gained a reputation for the religious scholarship and the mercantile activity . Fez reached its zenith in the Marinid-era , regaining the status as the capital . Numerous madrasas , mosques , zawiyas and city gates were constructed which survived up until today . These buildings are considered the hallmarks of Moorish and Moroccan architectural styles ."}]}, {'value': '1,112,072', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fès-Meknès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fès-Meknès', 'summary': 'Fès-Meknès ( Arabic : فاس-مكناس , Berber languages : Fas-Meknas , ⴼⴰⵙ-ⵎⴻⴾⵏⴰⵙ ) is one of the twelve Regions of Morocco . It has a population of 4,236,892 ( 2014 census ) . Its capital is Fès and its current president is Mohand Laenser and its current Wali is Said Zniber . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tangier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tangier', 'summary': "Tangier ( /tænˈdʒɪər ( z ) / tan-JEER ( Z ) ; Arabic : طنجة , Berber languages : ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ , romanized : Ṭanja , Spanish : Tánger ) is a city in northwestern Morocco . It is on the Maghreb coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar , where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel . The town is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region , as well as the Tangier-Assilah prefecture of Morocco . Many civilisations and cultures have influenced the history of Tangier , starting from before the 10th century BCE . Between the period of being a strategic Berber town and then a Phoenician trading centre to the independence era around the 1950s , Tangier was a nexus for many cultures . In 1923 , it was considered as having international status by foreign colonial powers and became a destination for many European and American diplomats , spies , writers and businessmen . The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernisation . Projects include new tourism projects along the bay , a modern business district called Tangier City Centre , a new airport terminal , and a new football stadium . Tangier 's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port ."}]}, {'value': '947,952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima', 'summary': 'Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima ( Arabic : طنجة - تطوان - الحسيمة , Berber languages : ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ , French : Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 15,090 km² and recorded a population of 3,556,729 in the 2014 Moroccan census . The capital of the region is Tangier .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marrakesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marrakesh', 'summary': "Marrakesh ( /məˈrækɛʃ/ or /ˌmærəˈkɛʃ/ ; Arabic : مراكش Murrākuš ; Berber languages : ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ , romanized : Amurakuc , French : Marrakech ) is the fourth largest city in the Kingdom of Morocco . It is the capital of the mid-southwestern region of Marrakesh-Safi . It is located west of the foothills of the Atlas Mountains . Marrakesh is situated 580 km ( 360 mi ) southwest of Tangier , 327 km ( 203 mi ) southwest of the Moroccan capital of Rabat , 239 km ( 149 mi ) south of Casablanca , and 246 km ( 153 mi ) northeast of Agadir . The region has been inhabited by Berber farmers since Neolithic times . The city was founded in 1062 , by Abu Bakr ibn Umar , a chieftain and cousin of the Almoravid king , Yusuf ibn Tashfin . The city was one of Morocco 's four imperial cities . In the 12th century , the Almoravids built many madrasas ( Quranic schools ) and mosques in Marrakesh that bear Andalusian influences . The red walls of the city , built by Ali ibn Yusuf in 1122-1123 , and various buildings constructed in red sandstone during this period , have given the city the nickname of the Red City or Ochre City . Marrakesh grew rapidly and established itself as a cultural , religious , and trading center for the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa . Jemaa el-Fnaa is the busiest square in Africa . After a period of decline , the city was surpassed by Fez , but in the early 16th century , Marrakesh again became the capital of the kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '928,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marrakesh-Safi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marrakesh-Safi', 'summary': 'Marrakesh-Safi ( Arabic : مراكش آسفي ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . Its population in 2014 was 4,520,569 . The capital is Marrakesh .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salé', 'summary': "Salé ( Arabic : سلا Sala , Berber ⵙⵍⴰ Sla ) is a city in north-western Morocco , on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river , opposite the national capital Rabat , for which it serves as a commuter town . Founded in about 1030 by Arabic-speaking Berbers , the Banu Ifran , it later became a haven for pirates in the 17th century as an independent republic before being incorporated into Alaouite Morocco . The city 's name is sometimes transliterated as Salli or Sallee . The National Route 6 connects it to Fez and Meknes in the east and the N1 to Kénitra in the north-east . It recorded a population of 890,403 in the 2014 Moroccan census ."}]}, {'value': '890,403', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabat-Salé-Kénitra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabat-Salé-Kénitra', 'summary': 'Rabat-Salé-Kenitra ( Arabic : الرباط-سلا-القنيطرة ; Berber languages : Eṛṛbaṭ-Sla-Qniṭra ) is one of the twelve administrative regions of Morocco . It is situated in north-western Morocco and has a population of 4,580,866 ( 2014 census ) . The capital is Rabat .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meknes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meknes', 'summary': 'Meknes ( Arabic : مكناس , romanized : Məknas ; Berber languages : ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ , romanized : Amknas ; French : Meknès ) is one of the four Imperial cities of Morocco , located in northern central Morocco and the sixth largest city by population in the kingdom . Founded in the 11th century by the Almoravids as a military settlement , Meknes became capital of Morocco under the reign of Sultan Moulay Ismaïl ( 1672-1727 ) , son of the founder of the Alaouite dynasty . Moulay Ismaïl turned Meknes into an impressive city in Spanish-Moorish style , surrounded by high walls with great doors , where the harmonious blending of the Islamic and European styles of the 17th century Maghreb are still evident today . The city recorded a population of 632,079 in the 2014 Moroccan census . It is the seat of Meknès Prefecture and an important economic pole in the region of Fès-Meknès .'}]}, {'value': '632,079', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fès-Meknès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fès-Meknès', 'summary': 'Fès-Meknès ( Arabic : فاس-مكناس , Berber languages : Fas-Meknas , ⴼⴰⵙ-ⵎⴻⴾⵏⴰⵙ ) is one of the twelve Regions of Morocco . It has a population of 4,236,892 ( 2014 census ) . Its capital is Fès and its current president is Mohand Laenser and its current Wali is Said Zniber . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabat', 'summary': "Rabat ( /rəˈbɑːt/ , also UK : /rəˈbæt/ , US : /rɑːˈbɑːt/ ; Arabic : الرِّبَاط , romanized : ar-ribāṭ ; Berber languages : ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟ , romanized : Aṛṛbaṭ ) is the capital city of Morocco and the country 's seventh largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 ( 2014 ) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million . It is also the capital city of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region . Rabat is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg , opposite Salé , the city 's main commuter town . Rabat was founded in the 12th century by the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min as a military town . The city steadily grew but went into an extended period of decline following the collapse of the Almohads . In the 17th century Rabat became a haven for Barbary pirates . The French established a protectorate over Morocco in 1912 and made Rabat its administrative center . Morocco achieved independence in 1955 and Rabat became its capital . Rabat , Temara , and Salé form a conurbation of over 1.8 million people . Silt-related problems have diminished Rabat 's role as a port ; however , Rabat , and Salé still maintain important textile , food processing and construction industries . In addition , tourism and the presence of all foreign embassies in Morocco serve to make Rabat one of the most important cities in the country . The Moroccan capital was ranked at second place by CNN in its Top Travel Destinations of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '577,827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabat-Salé-Kénitra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabat-Salé-Kénitra', 'summary': 'Rabat-Salé-Kenitra ( Arabic : الرباط-سلا-القنيطرة ; Berber languages : Eṛṛbaṭ-Sla-Qniṭra ) is one of the twelve administrative regions of Morocco . It is situated in north-western Morocco and has a population of 4,580,866 ( 2014 census ) . The capital is Rabat .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oujda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oujda', 'summary': 'Oujda or Wejda ( Berber : Wejda , ⵡⴻⵊⴸⴰ ; Arabic : وجدة ) is a major Moroccan city in its northeast near the border with Algeria . Wejda is the capital city of the Oriental region of northeastern Morocco and has a population of about 500,000 people . It is located about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) west of the Moroccan-Algerian border and about 55 km ( 34 miles ) south of the Mediterranean Sea coast .'}]}, {'value': '494,252', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oriental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oriental_(Morocco)', 'summary': 'Oriental ( Arabic : الشرق , Ash-Sharq ; Berber : Tagmuḍant , ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco , located in the eastern part of the country . It covers an area of 90,127 km² and has a population of 2,314,346 ( 2014 census ) . The capital and the largest city is Oujda , and the second largest city is Nador . The region includes 7 provinces and one prefecture . Mohamed Mhidia became wali ( governor ) of the region in 2015 . A majority of the population of Oriental speak Moroccan Darija Arabic ( 86.2% ) as a first or second language . A large minority speak the Rif-Berber language ( 38.4% ) as a first language . Small numbers speak Eastern Middle Atlas Tamazight and Figuig Tamazight , principally in the south of Oriental .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenitra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenitra', 'summary': "Kenitra is a city in northern Morocco , formerly known as Port Lyautey from 1932 to 1956 . It is a port on the Sbu river , has a population in 2014 of 431,282 , is one of the three main cities of the Rabat-Sale-Quneitra region and the capital of Kenitra Province . During the Cold War Kenitra 's U.S . Naval Air Facility served as a stopping point in North Africa ."}]}, {'value': '431,282', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabat-Salé-Kénitra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabat-Salé-Kénitra', 'summary': 'Rabat-Salé-Kenitra ( Arabic : الرباط-سلا-القنيطرة ; Berber languages : Eṛṛbaṭ-Sla-Qniṭra ) is one of the twelve administrative regions of Morocco . It is situated in north-western Morocco and has a population of 4,580,866 ( 2014 census ) . The capital is Rabat .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agadir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agadir', 'summary': 'Agadir ( Amazigh : ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ; Arabic : أكادير or أݣادير or أغادير ) is a major city in Morocco . Agadir is located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean near the foot of the Atlas Mountains , just north of the point where the Souss River flows into the ocean and 509 kilometres ( 316 mi ) south of Casablanca . It is the capital of the Agadir Ida-U-Tanan Prefecture and of the Souss-Massa economic region . The majority of its inhabitants speak Amazigh language , one of the two official languages of Morocco .'}]}, {'value': '421,844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Souss-Massa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Souss-Massa', 'summary': 'Souss-Massa ( Berber languages : ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ , Arabic : سوس ماسة ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 51,642 km² and had a population of 2,676,847 as of the 2014 Moroccan census . The capital of the region is Agadir .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tetouan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetouan', 'summary': 'Tétouan ( Arabic : تطوان , Berber languages : ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ , romanized : Tiṭṭawin , Spanish : Tetuán ) , nicknamed the White Dove ( Arabic : الحمامة البيضاء ) , is a city located in northern Morocco . It lies along the Martil Valley and is one of the two major ports of Morocco on the Mediterranean Sea , a few miles south of the Strait of Gibraltar , and about 60 km ( 40 mi ) E.S.E . of Tangier . In the 2014 Moroccan census , the city recorded a population of 380,787 inhabitants . It is part of the administrative division Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima . The city has witnessed many development cycles spanning over more than 2,000 years . The first settlements , discovered a few miles outside of the modern city limits , belonged to Mauretanian Berbers and date back to the 3rd century BC . A century later , Phoenicians traded there and after them the site -known now as the ancient town of Tamuda- became a Roman colony under Emperor Augustus . In late 13th century , the Berber Marinids started by building a casbah and mosque in what is now the old city . Soon after in 1305 , the scale of the settlement was expanded by sultan Abu Thabit Amir , who fortified the place . Around the early 15th century , the Castilians destroyed the settlement in retaliation for piracy . The modern history of the city starts around the late 15th century .'}]}, {'value': '380,787', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanger-Tetouan-Al_Hoceima', 'summary': 'Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima ( Arabic : طنجة - تطوان - الحسيمة , Berber languages : ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ , French : Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 15,090 km² and recorded a population of 3,556,729 in the 2014 Moroccan census . The capital of the region is Tangier .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Temara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temara', 'summary': 'Temara ( Arabic : تمارة ; Berber languages : ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ ) is a coastal city in Morocco . It is located in the region of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra , directly south of Rabat on the Atlantic coast , in the suburban area of the capital . The city has 313,510 inhabitants as of 2014 and is the capital of Skhirate-Témara Prefecture . It is twinned with Saint Germain en Laye , France . The city has beaches and a small pleasure port .'}]}, {'value': '313,510', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabat-Salé-Kénitra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabat-Salé-Kénitra', 'summary': 'Rabat-Salé-Kenitra ( Arabic : الرباط-سلا-القنيطرة ; Berber languages : Eṛṛbaṭ-Sla-Qniṭra ) is one of the twelve administrative regions of Morocco . It is situated in north-western Morocco and has a population of 4,580,866 ( 2014 census ) . The capital is Rabat .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safi,_Morocco', 'summary': "Safi or Asfi ( Berber : Asfi , Arabic : أسفي , Portuguese : Safim ) is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean . It is the capital of Asfi Province . It recorded a population of 308,508 in the 2014 Moroccan census . The city was occupied by the Portuguese Empire from 1488 to 1541 , was the center of Morocco 's weaving industry , and became a fortaleza of the Portuguese Crown in 1508 . Safi is the main fishing port for the country 's sardine industry , and also exports phosphates , textiles and ceramics . During the Second World War , Safi was the site of Operation Blackstone , one of the landing sites for Operation Torch ."}]}, {'value': '308,508', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marrakesh-Safi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marrakesh-Safi', 'summary': 'Marrakesh-Safi ( Arabic : مراكش آسفي ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . Its population in 2014 was 4,520,569 . The capital is Marrakesh .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammedia', 'summary': 'Mohammedia ( Arabic : المحمدية , Berber : Fḍala ) is a port city on the west coast of Morocco between Casablanca and Rabat in the region of Casablanca-Settat . It hosts the most important oil refinery of Morocco , the Samir refinery , which makes it the center of the Moroccan petroleum industry . It has a population of 208,612 according to the 2014 Moroccan census .'}]}, {'value': '208,612', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casablanca-Settat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casablanca-Settat', 'summary': 'Casablanca-Settat ( Arabic : الدار البيضاء - سطات , Berber languages : ⴰⵏⴼⴰ - ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ ) is one of the twelve administrative regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 20,166 km² and recorded a population of 6,861,739 in the 2014 Moroccan census , 69% of which lived in urban areas . The capital of the region is Casablanca .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khouribga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khouribga', 'summary': 'Khouribga ( Berber languages : ⵅⵯⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ , Arabic : خريبكة ) is the capital of Khouribga Province in the Béni Mellal-Khénifra region of Morocco . With a population of 196,196 ( 2014 census ) , Khouribga owes its growth to the phosphate deposits nearby . Khouribga was also a large site of colonial French settlement , with many houses inspired by French Colonial architecture still standing today .'}]}, {'value': '196,196', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Béni Mellal-Khénifra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Béni_Mellal-Khénifra', 'summary': 'Béni Mellal-Khénifra ( Arabic : بني ملال - خنيفرة , Berber languages : ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ - ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 28,374 km2 and recorded a population of 2,520,776 in the 2014 Moroccan census . The capital of the region is Beni Mellal .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Jadida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Jadida', 'summary': 'El Jadida or al-Jadida ( Arabic : الجديدة , Berber : ⴰⵍ-ⵊⴰⴷⵉⴷⴰ , French : el-Jadida ) -- with former names Cap Soleis , Portus Rutilis , Rusibis , Mazighen ( Arabic : مازيغن , Berber : ⵎⴰⵣⵉⴳⴻⵏ ) , ( p240 ) ( p128 ) ( p71 ) al-Breyja ( Arabic : البريجة ) , Mazagão ( Arabic : مازاگاو , Berber : ⵎⴰⵣⴰⴳⴰⵡ ) , al-Mahdouma ( Arabic : المهدومة ) , and Mazagan ( Arabic : مازاگان , Berber : ⵎⴰⵣⴰⴳⴰⵏ ) -- is a port city on the Atlantic coast of Morocco , located 100 km south of the city of Casablanca , in the province of El Jadida and the region of Casablanca-Settat . It has a population of 194,934 ( 2014 census ) .'}]}, {'value': '194,934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casablanca-Settat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casablanca-Settat', 'summary': 'Casablanca-Settat ( Arabic : الدار البيضاء - سطات , Berber languages : ⴰⵏⴼⴰ - ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ ) is one of the twelve administrative regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 20,166 km² and recorded a population of 6,861,739 in the 2014 Moroccan census , 69% of which lived in urban areas . The capital of the region is Casablanca .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beni Mellal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beni_Mellal', 'summary': "Beni Mellal ( Arabic : بني ملال ) is a Moroccan city located in the country 's interior . It is the capital of the Béni Mellal-Khénifra Region and has a population of 192,676 ( 2014 census ) . It sits at the foot of Jbel Tassemit ( 2247m ) , and next to the plains of Beni Amir . The walls of the city go back to Moulay Ismail , in 1688 , as well as the Kasbah Bel-Kush but most of the city is quite modern and forms an important economic centre for the region particularly in the areas of petrochemical production as well as textile manufacturing which forms the backbone of the wider community . Local agricultural products as oranges , olives , figs etc . find their way to the market via Beni Mellal . [ citation needed ] The city has good connections via the road to Casablanca to the East and lies on the ancient route - now a national road - from Fez to Marrakech . The national rail-operator ONCF is also extending the railtrack from Casablanca to ( nearby ) Oued Zem to the city ."}]}, {'value': '192,676', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Béni Mellal-Khénifra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Béni_Mellal-Khénifra', 'summary': 'Béni Mellal-Khénifra ( Arabic : بني ملال - خنيفرة , Berber languages : ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ - ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 28,374 km2 and recorded a population of 2,520,776 in the 2014 Moroccan census . The capital of the region is Beni Mellal .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aït Melloul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aït_Melloul', 'summary': 'Aït Melloul ( Berber : ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴻⵍⵍⵓⵍ , Ayt Mellul ; Arabic : أيت ملول ) is a city in the south of Morocco . It is located in the suburban area of Agadir just southeast of Inezgane , on the southern bank of the Sous River . According to the 2014 population census , the city is home to 171,847 inhabitants and 39,697 households . The city is part of the Inezgane-Aït Melloul prefecture in the administrative subdivision of Ait Melloul .'}]}, {'value': '171,847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Souss-Massa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Souss-Massa', 'summary': 'Souss-Massa ( Berber languages : ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ , Arabic : سوس ماسة ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 51,642 km² and had a population of 2,676,847 as of the 2014 Moroccan census . The capital of the region is Agadir .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nador', 'summary': "Nador ( Berber : Ennaḍor , ⴻⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵔ ; Arabic : الناظور ) is a coastal city and provincial capital in the northeastern Rif region of Morocco with a population of about 161,726 ( 2014 census ) . It is separated from the Mediterranean Sea by a salt lagoon named Sebkha Bou Areq ( Arabic ) , Bḥar Ameẓẓyan ( Berber ) or Mar Chica ( Spanish ) and is 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) south of the Spanish city of Melilla . Nador was founded in the 19th century and was under Spanish rule until Morocco 's independence in 1956 . Nador Province has over 600,000 inhabitants , predominantly of Riff-Berber ethnicity . Nador is considered the second largest city in the Oriental East after Oujda ."}]}, {'value': '161,726', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oriental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oriental_(Morocco)', 'summary': 'Oriental ( Arabic : الشرق , Ash-Sharq ; Berber : Tagmuḍant , ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco , located in the eastern part of the country . It covers an area of 90,127 km² and has a population of 2,314,346 ( 2014 census ) . The capital and the largest city is Oujda , and the second largest city is Nador . The region includes 7 provinces and one prefecture . Mohamed Mhidia became wali ( governor ) of the region in 2015 . A majority of the population of Oriental speak Moroccan Darija Arabic ( 86.2% ) as a first or second language . A large minority speak the Rif-Berber language ( 38.4% ) as a first language . Small numbers speak Eastern Middle Atlas Tamazight and Figuig Tamazight , principally in the south of Oriental .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dar Bouazza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dar_Bouazza', 'summary': 'Dar Bouazza ( Arabic : دار بوعزة , house of Bouazza ) is a municipality in Nouaceur Province , Casablanca-Settat , Morocco . It is a rapidly growing suburb of Casablanca located about 20 km west of that city . Dar Bouazza covers an area of 48.36 km² and recorded a population of 151,373 in the 2014 Moroccan census .'}]}, {'value': '151,373', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casablanca-Settat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casablanca-Settat', 'summary': 'Casablanca-Settat ( Arabic : الدار البيضاء - سطات , Berber languages : ⴰⵏⴼⴰ - ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ ) is one of the twelve administrative regions of Morocco . It covers an area of 20,166 km² and recorded a population of 6,861,739 in the 2014 Moroccan census , 69% of which lived in urban areas . The capital of the region is Casablanca .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of cities with 50,000 or more inhabitants', 'section_text': ".mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner { display : flex ; flex-direction : column } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow { display : flex ; flex-direction : row ; clear : left ; flex-wrap : wrap ; width:100% ; box-sizing : border-box } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle { margin:1px ; float : left } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader { clear : both ; font-weight : bold ; text-align : center ; align-self : center ; background-color : transparent ; width:100% } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption { text-align : left ; background-color : transparent } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center { text-align : center ; background-color : transparent } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left { text-align : left } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right { text-align : right } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center { text-align : center } @ media all and ( max-width:720px ) { .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner { width:100% ! important ; box-sizing : border-box ; max-width : none ! important ; align-items : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow { justify-content : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle { float : none ! important ; max-width:100% ! important ; box-sizing : border-box ; text-align : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption { text-align : center } } Casablanca , the largest city in Morocco and in MaghrebRoyal Palace in Fes , the second largest city in Morocco and one of the country 's `` Imperial Cities '' Tangier 's bayThe 12th-century Koutoubia Mosque in MarrakeshSalé , the fifth largest city in the countryBab Mansour and El Hedime Place in MeknesRabat , Morocco 's capitalOujdaKenitraAgadir 's bay", 'uid': 'List_of_cities_in_Morocco_0', 'intro': 'The basic unit of local government in Morocco is the commune. At the time of the 2014 population census, Morocco was divided into 1538 communes, 256 of which were classified as urban and also called municipalities. The remaining 1282 communes were classified as rural. Urban centres were defined by the High Commission for Planning for some rural communes. The following list includes all Moroccan municipalities with 50,000 or more inhabitants according to the 2014 census,[a] as well as one urban centre of a rural commune whose population also exceeds 50,000 inhabitants. In its 2014 census report, the High Commission for Planning also published a list of the legal populations of seven major Moroccan cities, some of which comprise more than one administrative unit. Those legal population figures are incorporated into the list, and the city definitions they are based upon are provided in the notes.'}
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What part of Morocco contains the city of Morocco with more people than Fez ?
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central-western
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01eaa555490aad9d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Chicago_Marathon', 'title': '2012 Chicago Marathon', 'header': ['Position', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsegaye Kebede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsegaye_Kebede', 'summary': "Tsegaye Kebede Wordofa ( Amharic : ፀጋየ ከበደ ዎርዶፋ ; born 15 January 1987 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in road running events , including marathons . He quickly rose to become a prominent distance runner after his international debut at the Amsterdam Marathon in 2007 . In his second year of professional running , he won the Paris Marathon , the Fukuoka Marathon and won the marathon bronze medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . In the 2009 season he established himself as one of Ethiopia 's top athletes : he came second in the London Marathon and at his first World Championships in Athletics he took the bronze medal in the marathon . He retained his Fukuoka Marathon title at the end of 2009 , running the fastest ever marathon race in Japan . He won the 2010 London Marathon - his first World Marathon Major - and the 2013 London Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:04:38 CR/PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feyisa Lilesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feyisa_Lilesa', 'summary': "Feyisa Lilesa ( Afan Oromo : Fayyisaa Leellisaa ; Amharic : ፈይሳ ሌሊሳ ; born 1 February 1990 ) is a male long-distance runner from Ethiopia . A member of the Oromo people , he became the youngest man to run under 2:06 when he ran 2:05:23 in the men 's marathon at the 2010 Rotterdam Marathon . His set his personal best of 2:04:52 in the marathon when he came in second place at the 2012 Chicago Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:04:52 PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tilahun Regassa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tilahun_Regassa', 'summary': 'Tilahun Regassa Dabe ( born 18 January 1990 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who mainly competes in road running competitions . He has a half marathon best of 59:19 minutes and has won the Zayed International Half Marathon and Lille Half Marathon . He made his marathon debut at the 2012 Chicago Marathon and ran the third fastest ever debut of 2:05:27 hours . He has won a number of major road races in the United States including the Boilermaker Road Race , Bolder Boulder , Crescent City Classic , Monument Avenue 10K , the Cooper River Bridge Run , and the Falmouth Road Race . He represented Ethiopia at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and won the team bronze medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:05:27 PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sammy Kitwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sammy_Kitwara', 'summary': 'Sammy Kirop Kitwara ( born 26 November 1986 in Sagat , Marakwet District ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specialises in road running events . He is coached by Moses Kiptanui . As of January 2020 he is the 12th fastest half marathon runner in history .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2:05:54 PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wesley Korir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wesley_Korir', 'summary': 'Wesley Korir ( born 15 November 1982 ) is a Kenyan long distance runner , who specializes in road running competitions , and politician . On 16 April 2012 , he won the Boston Marathon with a time of 2 hours 12 minutes 40 seconds . He had previously won the Los Angeles Marathon in 2009 and 2010 , the first back-to-back winner there in eight years . He took second place in the 2011 Chicago Marathon in a personal-record time of 2 hours 6 minutes 15 seconds , and improved that personal record by 2 seconds in the 2012 Chicago Marathon . In the 2013 Kenyan general election , Korir was elected to a seat in the National Assembly .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2:06:13 PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernard Kipyego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernard_Kipyego', 'summary': 'Bernard Kiprop Kipyego ( born 16 July 1986 in Keiyo District ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in the marathon . His personal best for the event is 2:06:22 hours . He has reached the podium at the Amsterdam Marathon , Chicago Marathon , Boston Marathon , Paris Marathon and Tokyo Marathon . He was the bronze medallist at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and took the silver medal at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2:06:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Ndungu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Ndungu', 'summary': 'Samuel Ndungu Wanjiku ( born 4 April 1988 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specialises in the 10,000 metres and road running events . He has a half marathon best of 60:55 minutes and a marathon best of 2:07:04 hours . A Japan-based runner , he has won the Lake Biwa Marathon , the Marugame Half Marathon , and was the 2010 Japanese Corporate champion the half marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2:07:26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dadi Yami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dadi_Yami', 'summary': "Dadi Yami Gemeda ( born 1982 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in the marathon . His personal best for the distance is 2:05:41 hours . Born and raised in the rural areas to the north of Addis Ababa , Dadi 's birth date is unknown due to poor record keeping and is estimated to be in 1982 . He began working with athletics manager Jos Hermens and began training for the marathon with his group . He made his debut over the distance at the 2011 Eindhoven Marathon and managed ninth place with a time of 2:11:04 hours . The 2012 Dubai Marathon saw him make a significant breakthrough with a run of 2:05:41 hours . In the extremely fast race , this was only enough for sixth place , but still ranked him in the top twenty in the world that year and in the top forty on the all-time lists . In his next outing at the Hamburg Marathon he was a little slower with a run of 2:07:01 hours , but the field was much slower than the record-breaking Dubai race and he was the runner-up behind Shami Abdulahi . Returning to his homeland , he ran at and won the Abebe Bikila Marathon . Showing his sudden entrance into the elite ranks , he was invited to the 2012 Chicago Marathon and he came eighth . He returned to Dubai in 2013 but was not in contention in the fast race , ending up seventh with a time of 2:07:55 hours ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:07:43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dathan Ritzenhein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dathan_Ritzenhein', 'summary': 'Dathan Ritzenhein ( born December 30 , 1982 ) is an American long-distance runner . He held the American record in the 5,000 metres ( 12:56.27 ) from 2009-2010 , when it was broken by Bernard Lagat . He is a three-time national cross country champion with wins at the USA Cross Country Championships in 2005 , 2008 and 2010 . Formerly a Nike athlete for the majority of his professional career , Dathan joined the Hansons-Brooks Distance Project team in 2017 and has been sponsored by Brooks since then . Ritzenhein was a standout runner at Rockford High School in Michigan and the University of Colorado at Boulder . He was part of the stellar high school class of 2001 that also produced American mile record holder Alan Webb and American half-marathon record holder Ryan Hall .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2:07:47 PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shami Abdulahi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shami_Abdulahi', 'summary': 'Shami Abdulahi Dawit ( born 16 July 1984 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in marathon races . He won the 2012 Hamburg Marathon in a course record time and has a personal best of 2:05:42 hours for the distance .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:08:39', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Elite men', 'section_text': 'The large leading pack of elite men at mile six', 'uid': '2012_Chicago_Marathon_0', 'intro': "The 2012 Chicago Marathon was the 35th edition of the annual marathon race in Chicago, Illinois and was held on Sunday, October 7. An IAAF Gold Label Road Race, it was the fourth and final World Marathon Majors event to be held that year. Tsegaye Kebede won the men's race in a course record of 2:04:38 hours and Atsede Baysa was the women's winner in a personal best of 2:22:03. A total of 37455 runners finished the race (20688 men, 16767 women)."}
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What is the area of the home country of the 2012 Chicago Marathon 's number 6 finisher ?
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580,367 square kilometres
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01ec4d0c43307cf0
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Supersport_World_Championship', 'title': '2007 Supersport World Championship', 'header': ['No', 'Rider', 'Team', 'Motorcycle', 'Tyre'], 'data': [{'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jason O'Halloran", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jason_O'Halloran_(motorcycle_racer)", 'summary': "Jason O'Halloran ( born 30 December 1987 in Wollongong ) is an Australian motorcycle racer . He was the Australian Supersport champion in 2007 . He races in the British Superbike Championship aboard a Honda CBR1000RR ."}]}, {'value': 'Yamaha World SSP Racing T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamaha YZF-R6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R6', 'summary': 'The Yamaha YZF-R6 is a Yamaha 600 class sport bike motorcycle , first introduced in 1999 , updated in 2001 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , and revised in the years in between .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Alfonsi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Althea Honda Team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pere Riba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Gil Motor Sport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawasaki ZX-6R', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-6R', 'summary': 'The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R is a 600 cc class motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki . It was introduced in 1995 , and has been constantly updated throughout the years in response to new products from Honda , Suzuki , and Yamaha . The ZX series is what was known as the Ninja line of Kawasaki motorcycles in the 1980s and still carries the name today .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Peris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamaha-Moto 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamaha YZF-R6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R6', 'summary': 'The Yamaha YZF-R6 is a Yamaha 600 class sport bike motorcycle , first introduced in 1999 , updated in 2001 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , and revised in the years in between .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabien Foret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabien_Foret', 'summary': "Fabien Foret born ( 1973-01-29 ) 29 January 1973 ( age 47 ) in Angoulême , France , is a professional motorcycle racer currently competing in the FIM Endurance World Championship aboard a Kawasaki ZX-10R . He has spent most of his career in the Supersport World Championship . After taking part in the French national championships for a number of years Fabien Foret moved to the Supersport World Championship in 2000 . The same year he won the 24 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps , and the Bol d'Or endurance races . In 2001 he finished 8th in the Supersport World Championship with two race wins and also finished 2nd at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the Bol d'Or endurance races . He won the Supersport World Championship in 2002 for Ten Kate Honda , taking four race. , He continued racing in the Supersport World Championship from 2003 to 2005 , finishing 9th in 2003 , 7th in 2004 and 4th in 2005 with one race win each season . He moved to the Superbike World Championship in 2006 riding for Alstare Engineering Corona Extra Suzuki . After a poor first half of the season he was replaced by Max Neukirchner . He returned to the Supersport World Championship for the end of the season . He joined Kawasaki Gil Motor Sport for 2007 and he finished the season 3rd overall with a single win , at Philip Island . For 2008 he joined the official Yamaha o team managed by former Grand Prix racer Wilco Zeelenberg . He opened the year with pole position at Losail and took a win at Monza and finished fourth or better in each of the first six rounds , but a heavy crash at Brno caused him to miss several races he currently rides for Kawasaki Intermoto With Czech and Welsh technician 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Team Gil Motor Sport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawasaki ZX-6R', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-6R', 'summary': 'The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R is a 600 cc class motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki . It was introduced in 1995 , and has been constantly updated throughout the years in response to new products from Honda , Suzuki , and Yamaha . The ZX series is what was known as the Ninja line of Kawasaki motorcycles in the 1980s and still carries the name today .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arturo Tizón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arturo_Tizón', 'summary': "Arturo Tizón Ibáñez ( born 25 May 1984 in La Vall d'Uixó , Valencian Community ) is a Spanish motorcycle racer . From 2005 to 2007 , he competed in the 250cc Motorcycle World championship . He was the CEV Supersport champion in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Yamaha Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamaha YZF-R6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R6', 'summary': 'The Yamaha YZF-R6 is a Yamaha 600 class sport bike motorcycle , first introduced in 1999 , updated in 2001 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , and revised in the years in between .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Curtain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamaha World SSP Racing T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamaha YZF-R6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R6', 'summary': 'The Yamaha YZF-R6 is a Yamaha 600 class sport bike motorcycle , first introduced in 1999 , updated in 2001 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , and revised in the years in between .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Forés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Forés', 'summary': 'Javier Forés Querol ( born 16 September 1985 ) is a Spanish motorcycle racer . He currently competes in the British Superbike Championship aboard a Honda CBR1000RR . He won the CEV Stock Extreme Championship in 2010 and 2013 , the European Superstock 1000 Championship in 2013 and the IDM Superbike Championship in 2014 . He has also competed in the 125cc World Championship , the Supersport World Championship , the FIM Superstock 1000 Cup and the Moto2 World Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'HP Racing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_West_(motorcycle_racer)', 'summary': 'Anthony Ant Keith West , ( born 17 July 1981 in Maryborough , Queensland ) , is an Australian motorcycle road racer . He is currently racing in the 2019 Brazilian Superbike Championship for the Kawasaki Racing Team . In 2018 he competed in the Supersport World Championship , aboard a Kawasaki ZX-6R and in the Asia Road Race SS600 Championship , aboard a Yamaha YZF-R6 . During 2017 he has raced in the Supersport World Championship ( 600 cc ) and the Asia Road Race SS600 Championship initially aboard a Yamaha YZF-R6 followed by a Kawasaki ZX-6R , and also selected events in the Superbike World Championship on a Kawasaki ZX-10R as a stand-in rider for Puccetti Kawasaki . He has won two races in Grands Prix , the 2003 Dutch TT in the 250 cc class , and the 2014 Dutch TT in the Moto2 class . He is known as The Rain Man because of his ability to ride well in the extreme wet , which he attributes to a dirt track racing background .'}]}, {'value': 'Yamaha World SSP Racing T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamaha YZF-R6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R6', 'summary': 'The Yamaha YZF-R6 is a Yamaha 600 class sport bike motorcycle , first introduced in 1999 , updated in 2001 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , and revised in the years in between .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Pitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Pitt', 'summary': 'Andrew Pitt ( born ( 1976-02-19 ) 19 February 1976 in Kempsey , New South Wales , Australia ) is a retired motorcycle racer . He is a double World Supersport Champion , and has also won a World Superbike race and competed in MotoGP . He lives in Peel on the Isle of Man .'}]}, {'value': 'Hannspree Ten Kate Honda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sébastien Charpentier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Charpentier_(motorcycle_racer)', 'summary': "Sébastien Charpentier ( born 26 March 1973 in La Rochefoucauld , Charente ) is a French motorcycle road racer . He is the first man to have won the Supersport World Championship in successive years , 2005 and 2006 . He made his debut in 1996 , when he won the France Honda CB500 Cup . In 1997 he participated in the Supersport European Championship , and since 1998 he has participated in Supersport World Series ( that became the Supersport World Championship in 1999 ) with Honda . His 2006 title victory came after Yamaha Germany 's Kevin Curtain crashed in the final round while looking set for the crown . He opened 2006 with a victory in Qatar and took three successive poles early in this season . In 2000 he participated in the 24 Hours of Le Mans with William Costes and Sébastien Gimbert . In the 2007 Supersport world championship , an injury-induced absence in some races reduced his final standing to 11th overall , in stark contrast to his double championships victories in the previous two years . He did not race full-time in 2008 or 2009 , but did race the 2009 Le Mans motorcycle race , and mentored young Honda riders Gino Rea and Maxime Berger . For 2010 he returned to World Supersport racing with Triumph , but quit the team after just one unsuccessful race . He then joined Daffix Racing BMW for the Endurance World Championship , swapping rides with countryman Matthieu Lagrive ."}]}, {'value': 'Hannspree Ten Kate Honda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Praia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Praia', 'summary': 'Miguel Praia ( born 2 March 1978 ) is a retired Portuguese motorcycle racer . He now works on the broadcast team for MotoGP in Portugal .'}]}, {'value': 'Racing Team Parkalgar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Jones_(motorcycle_racer)', 'summary': 'Craig Jones ( 16 January 1985 - 4 August 2008 ) was an English motorcycle racer . He grew up in the town of Northwich in Cheshire and attended Charles Darwin Primary School , and later Hartford High School . He died in 2008 , shortly after a racing accident when he fell and was struck by another motorcycle .'}]}, {'value': 'Revè Ekerold Honda Racing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katsuaki Fujiwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katsuaki_Fujiwara', 'summary': 'Katsuaki Fujiwara ( born 27 March 1975 in Shimonoseki , Yamaguchi Prefecture , Japan ) is a former professional motorcycle racer . He last competed in the Asia Road Race Championship in the SS600 class aboard a Kawasaki ZX-6R , where he was champion in 2011 and runner-up behind Ryuichi Kiyonari in 2012 and 2013 behind Azlan Shah Kamaruzaman . He is mostly known for his time spent in the Supersport World Championship , a championship he gained his best result of second overall in 2002 . He has also raced in the Superbike World Championship , and in the All Japan Road Race Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Althea Honda Team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broc Parkes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broc_Parkes', 'summary': 'Broc Parkes is an Australian motorcycle racer , best known for his success in the Supersport World Championship . He currently races in the Endurance FIM World Championship aboard a Yamaha YZF-R1 . During 2015 he raced in British Superbikes for half the season , then competed in the Endurance FIM World Championship aboard a YART Yamaha YZF-R1 , before being drafted-in to MotoGP on the ART machine for the last race of the season at Valencia , held on 8 November at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo , Spain .'}]}, {'value': 'Yamaha World SSP Racing T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamaha YZF-R6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_YZF-R6', 'summary': 'The Yamaha YZF-R6 is a Yamaha 600 class sport bike motorcycle , first introduced in 1999 , updated in 2001 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2017 , and revised in the years in between .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatu Lauslehto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intermoto Czech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Lascorz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Lascorz', 'summary': 'Joan Lascorz Moreno ( born 27 February 1985 ) is a former Spanish motorcycle racer . He competed in the Supersport World Championship from 2005 to 2010 and in the Superbike World Championship in 2011 and 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Glaner Motocard.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vesa Kallio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pioneer Hoegee Suzuki Racing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suzuki GSX-R600', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suzuki_GSX-R600', 'summary': "The Suzuki GSX-R600 is a 600 cc class , or supersport , sport bike in Suzuki 's GSX-R series of motorcycles ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoann Tiberio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stiggy Motorsport Honda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda CBR600RR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_CBR600RR', 'summary': "The Honda CBR600RR is a 599 cc ( 36.6 cu in ) sport bike made by Honda since 2003 , part of the CBR series . The CBR600RR was marketed as Honda 's top-of-the-line middleweight sport bike , succeeding the 2002 Supersport World Champion 2001-2006 CBR600F4i , which was then repositioned as the tamer , more street-oriented sport bike behind the technically more advanced and uncompromising race-replica CBR600RR . It carried the Supersport World Championship winning streak into 2003 , and on through 2008 , and won in 2010 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davide Giugliano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davide_Giugliano', 'summary': 'Davide Giugliano ( born 28 October 1989 ) is a motorcycle racer from Italy , winner of the FIM Superstock 1000 Cup in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lightspeed Kawasaki Supp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawasaki ZX-6R', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-6R', 'summary': 'The Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R is a 600 cc class motorcycle in the Ninja sport bike series from the Japanese manufacturer Kawasaki . It was introduced in 1995 , and has been constantly updated throughout the years in response to new products from Honda , Suzuki , and Yamaha . The ZX series is what was known as the Ninja line of Kawasaki motorcycles in the 1980s and still carries the name today .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirelli', 'summary': "Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company based in Milan , Italy , listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922 , with a temporary privatization period by the consortium led by the Chinese state-owned enterprise ChemChina . The company is the 5th largest tire manufacturer behind Bridgestone , Michelin , Goodyear and Continental , and is focused on the consumer business ( tyres for cars , motorcycles and bicycles ) . It is present in Europe , the Asia-Pacific , Latin America , North America and ex-USSR , operating commercially in over 160 countries . It has 19 manufacturing sites in 13 countries and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers . Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008-2010 , FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011-2023 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship . Pirelli 's headquarters are located in Milan 's Bicocca district . Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company . In the past it has been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility . On 4 October 2017 , Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange after focusing its business on pure consumer products ( tyre for car , motorcycles , bicycles ) and related services , and separating the business of industrial tyre . Pirelli has published its Pirelli Calendar since 1964 , which has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton , Steve McCurry , Peter Lindbergh , Richard Avedon , Bruce Weber , Herb Rits and Annie Leibovitz ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2007_Supersport_World_Championship_season_0', 'intro': "The 2007 Supersport World Championship was the ninth F.I.M. Supersport World Championship season - the eleventh taking into account the two held under the name of Supersport World Series. The season started on 24 February at Losail and finished on 7 October at Magny-Cours after 13 rounds. Kenan Sofuoğlu won the riders' championship with a record 8 wins. Honda won the manufacturers' championship."}
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What is the nationality of Racing Team Parkalgar 's driver ?
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Portuguese
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01ed3ffabfa239a5
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan', 'title': 'List of ecoregions in Pakistan', 'header': ['Ecozone', 'Biome', 'Ecoregion', 'Region'], 'data': [{'value': 'Indomalayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indomalayan', 'summary': "The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms . It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia . Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers , Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China , and through Indonesia as far as Java , Bali , and Borneo , east of which lies the Wallace line , the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalayan from Australasia . Indomalaya also includes the Philippines , lowland Taiwan , and Japan 's Ryukyu Islands . Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest , mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests , with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia . The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are mostly dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family ( Dipterocarpaceae ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests', 'summary': "Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests are a tropical forest habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . These forests are found predominantly in North and Central America and experience low levels of precipitation and moderate variability in temperature . Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests are characterized by diverse species of conifers , whose needles are adapted to deal with the variable climatic conditions . Most tropical and subtropical coniferous forest ecoregions are found in the Nearctic and Neotropic ecozones , from the Mid-Atlantic states to Nicaragua and on the Greater Antilles , Bahamas , and Bermuda . Other tropical and subtropical coniferous forests ecoregions occur in Asia . Mexico harbors the world 's richest and most complex subtropical coniferous forests . The conifer forests of the Greater Antilles contain many endemics and relictual taxa . Many migratory birds and butterflies spend winter in tropical and subtropical conifer forests . This biome features a thick , closed canopy which blocks light to the floor and allows little underbrush . As a result , the ground is often covered with fungi and ferns . Shrubs and small trees compose a diverse understory ."}]}, {'value': 'Himalayan subtropical pine forests', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests', 'summary': "The Himalayan subtropical pine forests are a large subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion covering portions of Bhutan , India , Nepal , and Pakistan . This huge pine forest stretches for 3000 km across the lower elevations of the great Himalaya range for almost its entire length including parts of Pakistan 's Punjab Province in the west through Azad Kashmir , the northern Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand and Sikkim , Nepal and Bhutan , which is the eastern extent of the pine forest . Like so many Himalayan ecosystems the pine forests are split by the deep Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal , to the west of which the forest is slightly drier while it is wetter and thicker to the east where the monsoon rains coming off the Bay of Bengal bring more moisture . Along the stretch of the ganja hills of himachal can be seen rare varieties of leopard and tiger pine trees ( Pinus felicis ) characterized by their spotted and patterned bark"}]}, {'value': 'West Himalaya ( Azad Kashmir , north Punjab , north Khyber Pakhtunkhwa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himalaya', 'summary': "The Himalayas , or Himalaya ( /ˌhɪməˈleɪə , hɪˈmɑːləjə/ ) , is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau . The range has many of Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest ( Nepal/China ) . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m ( 23,600 ft ) in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia ( Aconcagua , in the Andes ) is 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) tall . Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River ( upper stream of the Brahmaputra River ) . The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges . To the north , the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50-60 km ( 31-37 mi ) wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture . Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain . The range varies in width from 350 km ( 220 mi ) in the west ( Pakistan ) to 150 km ( 93 mi ) in the east ( Arunachal Pradesh ) . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term 'Himalaya ' ( or 'Greater Himalayas ' ) is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Azad_Kashmir', 'summary': "Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( Urdu : آزاد جموں و کشمیر , romanized : āzād jammū̃ va kaśmīr , transl . 'Free Jammu and Kashmir ' ) , abbreviated as AJK and commonly known as Azad Kashmir , is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing jurisdiction , and constituting the western portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 , and between India and China since 1962 . The territory shares a border with Gilgit-Baltistan , together with which it is referred to by the United Nations and other international organisations as Pakistan administered Kashmir . [ note 1 ] Azad Kashmir is one-sixth of the size of Gilgit-Baltistan . The territory also borders Pakistan 's Punjab province to the south and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to the west . To the east , Azad Kashmir is separated from the Indian administered Kashmir by the Line of Control , the de facto border between India and Pakistan . Azad Kashmir has a total area of 13,297 square kilometres ( 5,134 sq mi ) , and a total population of 4,045,366 as per the 2017 Census . The territory has a parliamentary form of government modelled after the Westminster system , with its capital located at Muzaffarabad . The President is the constitutional head of state , while the Prime Minister , supported by a Council of Ministers , is the chief executive . The unicameral Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly elects both the Prime Minister and President . The state has its own Supreme Court and a High Court , while the Government of Pakistan 's Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan serves as a link with Azad Kashmir 's government , although Azad Kashmir is not represented in the Parliament of Pakistan . An earthquake in 2005 killed 100,000 people and left another three million people displaced , with widespread devastation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa', 'summary': "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( often abbreviated KP or KPK ) ( Pashto : خیبر پښتونخوا ; } ) , formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) ( Urdu : صوبہ سرحد ) , is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan , located in the northwestern region of the country along the International border with Afghanistan . It was previously known as the North-West Frontier Province until 2010 when the name was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by the 18th Amendment to Pakistan 's Constitution and is known colloquially by various other names . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third-largest province of Pakistan by the size of both population and economy , though it is geographically the smallest of four . Within Pakistan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shares a border with Punjab , Balochistan , Azad Kashmir , Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad . It is home to 17.9% of Pakistan 's total population , with the majority of the province 's inhabitants being Pashtuns and Hindko speakers . The province is the site of the ancient kingdom Gandhara , including the ruins of its capital Pushkalavati near modern-day Charsadda . Originally a stronghold of Buddhism , the history of the region was characterized by frequent invasions by various empires due to its geographical proximity to the Khyber Pass . Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 , the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been a major theatre of militancy and terrorism which intensified when the Taliban began an unsuccessful attempt to seize the control of the province in 2004 . With the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb against the Taliban insurgency , the casualty and crime rates in the country as a whole dropped by 40.0% as compared to 2011-13 , with even greater drops noted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . As of July 2014 , about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from North Waziristan to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb . On March 2 , 2017 , the Government of Pakistan considered a proposal to merge the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations , which are currently applicable to the tribal areas . However , some political parties have opposed the merger , and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Indomalayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indomalayan', 'summary': "The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms . It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia . Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers , Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China , and through Indonesia as far as Java , Bali , and Borneo , east of which lies the Wallace line , the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalayan from Australasia . Indomalaya also includes the Philippines , lowland Taiwan , and Japan 's Ryukyu Islands . Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest , mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests , with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia . The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are mostly dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family ( Dipterocarpaceae ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests', 'summary': 'Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature , with broadleaf tree ecoregions , and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions . These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern North America , with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the Caucasus , the Himalayas , Southern Europe , and the Russian Far East .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Himalayan broadleaf forests', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests', 'summary': 'The Western Himalayan broadleaf forests is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregion which is found in the middle elevations of the western Himalayas , including parts of Nepal , India , and Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'West Himalaya ( Azad Kashmir , north Punjab , north Khyber Pakhtunkhwa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himalaya', 'summary': "The Himalayas , or Himalaya ( /ˌhɪməˈleɪə , hɪˈmɑːləjə/ ) , is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau . The range has many of Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest ( Nepal/China ) . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m ( 23,600 ft ) in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia ( Aconcagua , in the Andes ) is 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) tall . Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River ( upper stream of the Brahmaputra River ) . The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges . To the north , the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50-60 km ( 31-37 mi ) wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture . Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain . The range varies in width from 350 km ( 220 mi ) in the west ( Pakistan ) to 150 km ( 93 mi ) in the east ( Arunachal Pradesh ) . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term 'Himalaya ' ( or 'Greater Himalayas ' ) is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Azad_Kashmir', 'summary': "Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( Urdu : آزاد جموں و کشمیر , romanized : āzād jammū̃ va kaśmīr , transl . 'Free Jammu and Kashmir ' ) , abbreviated as AJK and commonly known as Azad Kashmir , is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing jurisdiction , and constituting the western portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 , and between India and China since 1962 . The territory shares a border with Gilgit-Baltistan , together with which it is referred to by the United Nations and other international organisations as Pakistan administered Kashmir . [ note 1 ] Azad Kashmir is one-sixth of the size of Gilgit-Baltistan . The territory also borders Pakistan 's Punjab province to the south and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to the west . To the east , Azad Kashmir is separated from the Indian administered Kashmir by the Line of Control , the de facto border between India and Pakistan . Azad Kashmir has a total area of 13,297 square kilometres ( 5,134 sq mi ) , and a total population of 4,045,366 as per the 2017 Census . The territory has a parliamentary form of government modelled after the Westminster system , with its capital located at Muzaffarabad . The President is the constitutional head of state , while the Prime Minister , supported by a Council of Ministers , is the chief executive . The unicameral Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly elects both the Prime Minister and President . The state has its own Supreme Court and a High Court , while the Government of Pakistan 's Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan serves as a link with Azad Kashmir 's government , although Azad Kashmir is not represented in the Parliament of Pakistan . An earthquake in 2005 killed 100,000 people and left another three million people displaced , with widespread devastation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa', 'summary': "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( often abbreviated KP or KPK ) ( Pashto : خیبر پښتونخوا ; } ) , formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) ( Urdu : صوبہ سرحد ) , is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan , located in the northwestern region of the country along the International border with Afghanistan . It was previously known as the North-West Frontier Province until 2010 when the name was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by the 18th Amendment to Pakistan 's Constitution and is known colloquially by various other names . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third-largest province of Pakistan by the size of both population and economy , though it is geographically the smallest of four . Within Pakistan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shares a border with Punjab , Balochistan , Azad Kashmir , Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad . It is home to 17.9% of Pakistan 's total population , with the majority of the province 's inhabitants being Pashtuns and Hindko speakers . The province is the site of the ancient kingdom Gandhara , including the ruins of its capital Pushkalavati near modern-day Charsadda . Originally a stronghold of Buddhism , the history of the region was characterized by frequent invasions by various empires due to its geographical proximity to the Khyber Pass . Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 , the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been a major theatre of militancy and terrorism which intensified when the Taliban began an unsuccessful attempt to seize the control of the province in 2004 . With the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb against the Taliban insurgency , the casualty and crime rates in the country as a whole dropped by 40.0% as compared to 2011-13 , with even greater drops noted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . As of July 2014 , about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from North Waziristan to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb . On March 2 , 2017 , the Government of Pakistan considered a proposal to merge the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations , which are currently applicable to the tribal areas . However , some political parties have opposed the merger , and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Indomalayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indomalayan', 'summary': "The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms . It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia . Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers , Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China , and through Indonesia as far as Java , Bali , and Borneo , east of which lies the Wallace line , the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalayan from Australasia . Indomalaya also includes the Philippines , lowland Taiwan , and Japan 's Ryukyu Islands . Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest , mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests , with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia . The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are mostly dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family ( Dipterocarpaceae ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Temperate coniferous forests', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests', 'summary': 'Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . Temperate coniferous forests are found predominantly in areas with warm summers and cool winters , and vary in their kinds of plant life . In some , needleleaf trees dominate , while others are home primarily to broadleaf evergreen trees or a mix of both tree types . A separate habitat type , the tropical coniferous forests , occurs in more tropical climates . Temperate coniferous forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall , or inland in drier climates or montane areas . Many species of trees inhabit these forests including pine , cedar , fir , and redwood . The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species . Temperate coniferous forests sustain the highest levels of biomass in any terrestrial ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions in temperate rainforest regions . Structurally , these forests are rather simple , consisting of 2 layers generally : an overstory and understory . However , some forests may support a layer of shrubs . Pine forests support an herbaceous groundlayer that may be dominated by grasses and forbs that lend themselves to ecologically important wildfires . In contrast , the moist conditions found in temperate rain forests favor the dominance by ferns and some forbs .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests', 'summary': 'The Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests is a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the middle and upper elevations of the western Middle Himalayas of Nepal , India , and Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'West Himalaya ( Azad Kashmir , north Punjab , north Khyber Pakhtunkhwa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himalaya', 'summary': "The Himalayas , or Himalaya ( /ˌhɪməˈleɪə , hɪˈmɑːləjə/ ) , is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau . The range has many of Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest ( Nepal/China ) . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m ( 23,600 ft ) in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia ( Aconcagua , in the Andes ) is 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) tall . Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River ( upper stream of the Brahmaputra River ) . The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges . To the north , the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50-60 km ( 31-37 mi ) wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture . Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain . The range varies in width from 350 km ( 220 mi ) in the west ( Pakistan ) to 150 km ( 93 mi ) in the east ( Arunachal Pradesh ) . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term 'Himalaya ' ( or 'Greater Himalayas ' ) is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Azad_Kashmir', 'summary': "Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( Urdu : آزاد جموں و کشمیر , romanized : āzād jammū̃ va kaśmīr , transl . 'Free Jammu and Kashmir ' ) , abbreviated as AJK and commonly known as Azad Kashmir , is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing jurisdiction , and constituting the western portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 , and between India and China since 1962 . The territory shares a border with Gilgit-Baltistan , together with which it is referred to by the United Nations and other international organisations as Pakistan administered Kashmir . [ note 1 ] Azad Kashmir is one-sixth of the size of Gilgit-Baltistan . The territory also borders Pakistan 's Punjab province to the south and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to the west . To the east , Azad Kashmir is separated from the Indian administered Kashmir by the Line of Control , the de facto border between India and Pakistan . Azad Kashmir has a total area of 13,297 square kilometres ( 5,134 sq mi ) , and a total population of 4,045,366 as per the 2017 Census . The territory has a parliamentary form of government modelled after the Westminster system , with its capital located at Muzaffarabad . The President is the constitutional head of state , while the Prime Minister , supported by a Council of Ministers , is the chief executive . The unicameral Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly elects both the Prime Minister and President . The state has its own Supreme Court and a High Court , while the Government of Pakistan 's Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan serves as a link with Azad Kashmir 's government , although Azad Kashmir is not represented in the Parliament of Pakistan . An earthquake in 2005 killed 100,000 people and left another three million people displaced , with widespread devastation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa', 'summary': "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( often abbreviated KP or KPK ) ( Pashto : خیبر پښتونخوا ; } ) , formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) ( Urdu : صوبہ سرحد ) , is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan , located in the northwestern region of the country along the International border with Afghanistan . It was previously known as the North-West Frontier Province until 2010 when the name was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by the 18th Amendment to Pakistan 's Constitution and is known colloquially by various other names . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third-largest province of Pakistan by the size of both population and economy , though it is geographically the smallest of four . Within Pakistan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shares a border with Punjab , Balochistan , Azad Kashmir , Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad . It is home to 17.9% of Pakistan 's total population , with the majority of the province 's inhabitants being Pashtuns and Hindko speakers . The province is the site of the ancient kingdom Gandhara , including the ruins of its capital Pushkalavati near modern-day Charsadda . Originally a stronghold of Buddhism , the history of the region was characterized by frequent invasions by various empires due to its geographical proximity to the Khyber Pass . Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 , the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been a major theatre of militancy and terrorism which intensified when the Taliban began an unsuccessful attempt to seize the control of the province in 2004 . With the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb against the Taliban insurgency , the casualty and crime rates in the country as a whole dropped by 40.0% as compared to 2011-13 , with even greater drops noted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . As of July 2014 , about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from North Waziristan to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb . On March 2 , 2017 , the Government of Pakistan considered a proposal to merge the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations , which are currently applicable to the tribal areas . However , some political parties have opposed the merger , and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Indomalayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indomalayan', 'summary': "The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms . It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia . Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers , Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China , and through Indonesia as far as Java , Bali , and Borneo , east of which lies the Wallace line , the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalayan from Australasia . Indomalaya also includes the Philippines , lowland Taiwan , and Japan 's Ryukyu Islands . Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest , mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests , with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia . The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are mostly dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family ( Dipterocarpaceae ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Flooded grasslands and savannas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas', 'summary': 'Flooded grasslands and savannas is a terrestrial habitat type of the WWF biogeographical system , consisting of large expanses or complexes of flooded grasslands . These areas support numerous plants and animals adapted to the unique hydrologic regimes and soil conditions . Large congregations of migratory and resident waterbirds may be found in these regions . However , the relative importance of these habitat types for these birds as well as more vagile taxa typically varies as the availability of water and productivity annually and seasonally shifts among complexes of smaller and larger wetlands throughout a region . This habitat type is found on four of the continents on Earth . Some globally outstanding flooded savannas and grasslands occur in the Everglades , Pantanal , Sahelian flooded savannas , Zambezian flooded savannas , and the Sudd . The Everglades are the worlds largest rain-fed flooded grassland on a limestone substrate , and feature some 11,000 species of seed-bearing plants , 25 varieties of orchids , 300 bird species , and 150 fish species . The Pantanal , one of the largest continental wetlands on Earth , supports over 260 species of fish , 700 birds , 90 mammals , 160 reptiles , 45 amphibians , 1,000 butterflies , and 1,600 species of plants . The flooded savannas and grasslands are generally the largest complexes in each region .'}]}, {'value': 'Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch_seasonal_salt_marsh', 'summary': 'The Great Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh in the Thar Desert in the Kutch District of Gujarat , India . It is about 7500 km2 ( 2900 sq miles ) in area and is reputed to be one of the largest salt deserts in the world . This area has been inhabited by the Kutchi people . The Hindi word is derived from Sanskrit/Vedic word iriṇa ( इरिण ) attested in the Rigveda and Mahabharata .'}]}, {'value': 'East of coastal range of Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sindh,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': 'Indomalayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indomalayan', 'summary': "The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms . It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia . Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers , Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China , and through Indonesia as far as Java , Bali , and Borneo , east of which lies the Wallace line , the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalayan from Australasia . Indomalaya also includes the Philippines , lowland Taiwan , and Japan 's Ryukyu Islands . Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest , mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests , with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia . The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are mostly dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family ( Dipterocarpaceae ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Deserts and xeric shrublands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands', 'summary': "Deserts and xeric shrublands are a habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . Deserts and xeric shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome , covering 19% of Earth 's land surface area . Ecoregions in this habitat type vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive , usually less than 250 millimetres ( 10 in ) annually . Generally evaporation exceeds rainfall in these ecoregions . Temperature variability is also diverse in these lands . Many deserts , such as the Sahara , are hot year-round but others , such as Asia 's Gobi , become quite cold in winter . Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts . High daytime temperatures give way to cold nights because there is no insulation provided by humidity and cloud cover . The diversity of climatic conditions , though quite harsh , supports a rich array of habitats . Many of these habitats are ephemeral in nature , reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water . Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions . Above all , these plants have evolved to minimize water loss ."}]}, {'value': 'Indus Valley desert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert', 'summary': 'The Indus Valley Desert is an almost uninhabited desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'Punjab ( between Chenab and Indus rivers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chenab_river', 'summary': 'The Chenab River ( Hindi : चिनाब cināb ; Punjabi : ਚਨਾਬ cenab ; Urdu : چناب čanāb ) is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan , and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region . It rises in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh state , India , and flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of Punjab , Pakistan , before flowing into the Indus River near the city of Uch Sharif . The waters of the Chenab were allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty . The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers , Chandra and Bhaga , at Tandi , 8 km southwest of Keylong , in the Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake , which is situated a few kilometers east of the Bara-lacha la pass in Himachal Pradesh . The Chandra river originates from glaciers east of the same pass . This pass also acts as a water-divide between these two rivers . The Chandra river transverses 115 km ( 71 mi ) before the confluence . The Bhaga river transverses through narrow gorges a distance of 60 km ( 37 mi ) before the confluence at Tandi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Indus_river', 'summary': 'The Indus River ( locally called Sindhu ) is one of the longest rivers in Asia , originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar , the river runs a course through Ladakh towards the Gilgit-Baltistan region Hindukush ranges , and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh . It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan . The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 ( 450,000 sq mi ) . Its estimated annual flow stands at around 243 km3 ( 58 cu mi ) , twice that of the Nile River and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined , making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of annual flow . The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh . In the plains , its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries , namely , the Chenab , Jhelum , the Ravi , the Beas , and the Sutlej . Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok , the Gilgit , the Kabul , the Gomal , and the Kurram . Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan , Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges , the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests , plains and arid countryside . The northern part of the Indus Valley , with its tributaries , forms the Punjab region , while the lower course of the river is known as Sindh and ends in a large delta . The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region . The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age . During the 2nd millennium BC , the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda as Sapta Sindhu and the Zoroastrian Avesta as Hapta Hindu ( both terms meaning seven rivers ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Indomalayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indomalayan', 'summary': "The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms . It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia . Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers , Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China , and through Indonesia as far as Java , Bali , and Borneo , east of which lies the Wallace line , the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalayan from Australasia . Indomalaya also includes the Philippines , lowland Taiwan , and Japan 's Ryukyu Islands . Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest , mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests , with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia . The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are mostly dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family ( Dipterocarpaceae ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Deserts and xeric shrublands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands', 'summary': "Deserts and xeric shrublands are a habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . Deserts and xeric shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome , covering 19% of Earth 's land surface area . Ecoregions in this habitat type vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive , usually less than 250 millimetres ( 10 in ) annually . Generally evaporation exceeds rainfall in these ecoregions . Temperature variability is also diverse in these lands . Many deserts , such as the Sahara , are hot year-round but others , such as Asia 's Gobi , become quite cold in winter . Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts . High daytime temperatures give way to cold nights because there is no insulation provided by humidity and cloud cover . The diversity of climatic conditions , though quite harsh , supports a rich array of habitats . Many of these habitats are ephemeral in nature , reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water . Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions . Above all , these plants have evolved to minimize water loss ."}]}, {'value': 'Thar desert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thar_desert', 'summary': "The Thar Desert , also known as the Great Indian Desert , is a large arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent that covers an area of 200,000 km2 ( 77,000 sq mi ) and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan . It is the world 's 17th largest desert , and the world 's 9th largest subtropical desert . About 85% of the Thar Desert is located within India , with the remaining 15% in Pakistan . In India , it covers about 170,000 km2 ( 66,000 sq mi ) , and the remaining 30,000 km2 ( 12,000 sq mi ) of the desert is within Pakistan . The Thar desert forms approximately 5% ( ~4.56% ) of the total geographic area of India . More than 60% of the desert lies in the state of Rajasthan , and it extends into Sindh , Gujarat , Punjab , and Haryana . The desert comprises a very dry part , the Marusthali region in the west , and a semidesert region in the east with fewer sand dunes and slightly more precipitation ."}]}, {'value': 'East and south-east Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sindh,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': 'Indomalayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indomalayan', 'summary': "The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms . It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia . Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers , Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China , and through Indonesia as far as Java , Bali , and Borneo , east of which lies the Wallace line , the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalayan from Australasia . Indomalaya also includes the Philippines , lowland Taiwan , and Japan 's Ryukyu Islands . Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest , mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests , with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia . The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are mostly dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family ( Dipterocarpaceae ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mangrove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mangrove', 'summary': "A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water . The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species . Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics , mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres ( 53,200 sq mi ) , spanning 118 countries and territories . Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees , also called halophytes , and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions . They contain a complex salt filtration system and complex root system to cope with salt water immersion and wave action . They are adapted to the low oxygen conditions of waterlogged mud . The word is used in at least three senses : ( 1 ) most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal , [ page needed ] for which the terms mangrove forest biome , and mangrove swamp are also used , ( 2 ) to refer to all trees and large shrubs in a mangrove swamp , and ( 3 ) narrowly to refer just to true mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora of the family Rhizophoraceae . [ citation needed ] The mangrove biome , or mangal , is a distinct saline woodland or shrubland habitat characterized by depositional coastal environments , where fine sediments ( often with high organic content ) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action . The saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water , through pure seawater ( 3 to 4% ) , to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater ( up to 9% ) . Mangrove forests move carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into long-term storage in greater quantities than other forests , making them among the planet 's best carbon scrubbers according to a NASA-led study based on satellite data ."}]}, {'value': 'Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indus_River_Delta-Arabian_Sea_mangroves', 'summary': 'The Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves are a large mangrove ecoregion on the Arabian Sea coast of Sindh Province , Pakistan . The Indus River Delta forms a vast alluvial fan composed of mud flats interspersed with channels and fringed with mangrove forests . Much of the forested area has been destroyed and the remaining parts are threatened .'}]}, {'value': 'West of coastal range of Sindh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sindh,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population ."}]}, {'value': 'Palearctic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palearctic', 'summary': "The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on the Earth 's surface , first identified in the 19th century , and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification . The Palearctic is the largest of the eight realms . It stretches across all of Europe , Asia north of the foothills of the Himalayas , North Africa , and the northern and central parts of the Arabian Peninsula . The realm consists of several ecoregions : the Euro-Siberian region ; the Mediterranean Basin ; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts ; and Western , Central and East Asia . The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes , forming several freshwater ecoregions . Some of the rivers were the source of water for the earliest recorded civilizations that used irrigation methods ."}]}, {'value': 'Temperate coniferous forests', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests', 'summary': 'Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . Temperate coniferous forests are found predominantly in areas with warm summers and cool winters , and vary in their kinds of plant life . In some , needleleaf trees dominate , while others are home primarily to broadleaf evergreen trees or a mix of both tree types . A separate habitat type , the tropical coniferous forests , occurs in more tropical climates . Temperate coniferous forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall , or inland in drier climates or montane areas . Many species of trees inhabit these forests including pine , cedar , fir , and redwood . The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species . Temperate coniferous forests sustain the highest levels of biomass in any terrestrial ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions in temperate rainforest regions . Structurally , these forests are rather simple , consisting of 2 layers generally : an overstory and understory . However , some forests may support a layer of shrubs . Pine forests support an herbaceous groundlayer that may be dominated by grasses and forbs that lend themselves to ecologically important wildfires . In contrast , the moist conditions found in temperate rain forests favor the dominance by ferns and some forbs .'}]}, {'value': 'East Afghan montane conifer forests', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hindu Kush and Sulaiman ranges ( north Balochistan , FATA , west Punjab and south Khyber Pakhtunkhwa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindu_Kush', 'summary': 'The Hindu Kush ( Pashto and Persian : هندوکش , commonly understood to mean Hindu killers or killer of the Hindus in Persian ; /kʊʃ , kuːʃ/ ) is an 800-kilometre-long ( 500 mi ) mountain range that stretches through Afghanistan , from its centre to northern Pakistan and into Tajikistan . It forms the western section of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region ( HKH ) and is the westernmost extension of the Pamir Mountains , the Karakoram and the Himalayas . It divides the valley of the Amu Darya ( the ancient Oxus ) to the north from the Indus River valley to the south . The range has numerous high snow-capped peaks , with the highest point being Tirich Mir or Terichmir at 7,708 metres ( 25,289 ft ) in the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . To the north , near its northeastern end , the Hindu Kush buttresses the Pamir Mountains near the point where the borders of China , Pakistan and Afghanistan meet , after which it runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border . The eastern end of the Hindu Kush in the north merges with the Karakoram Range . Towards its southern end , it connects with the Spin Ghar Range near the Kabul River . The Hindu Kush range region was a historically significant centre of Buddhism with sites such as the Bamiyan Buddhas . It remained a stronghold of polytheistic faiths until the 19th century . The range and communities settled in it hosted ancient monasteries , important trade networks , and travellers between Central Asia and South Asia . The Hindu Kush range has also been the passageway during the invasions of the Indian subcontinent , and continues to be important during modern-era warfare in Afghanistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains', 'summary': "The Sulaiman Mountains ( Pashto : د كسي غرونه ; Balochi/Urdu/Persian : کوه سليمان ) , or Kōh-e Sulaymān , are the southern extension of the Hindu Kush mountain system , located in the Zabul , Kandahar and Loya Paktia regions of Afghanistan , and in northern Balochistan and some parts of southwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab in Pakistan . The Sulaimans form the eastern edge of the Iranian Plateau where the Indus River separates it from the Indian Subcontinent . Bordering the Sulaimans to the north are the arid highlands of Central Hindu Kush or Paropamisadae , whose heights extend up to 3,383 metres ( 11,099 ft ) . The most well known peak of the Sulaimans is Takht-e-Sulaiman or Throne of Solomon at 3,487 metres ( 11,440 ft ) , located in the Dera Ismail Khan region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan . The highest peak is Zarghun Ghar at 3,578 metres ( 11,739 ft ) near Quetta city in Balochistan , while Balochistan 's second-highest is Khilafat Hill at 3,475 metres ( 11,401 ft ) in Ziarat district , famous for large juniperus macropoda forests in its surroundings ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Balochistan', 'summary': 'Balochistan ( /bəˈlɒtʃɪstɑːn/ ; Balochi : بلوچِستْان ; also Baluchistan or Baluchestan , meaning the Land of the Baloch ) is an arid desert and mountainous region in south-western Asia . It comprises the Pakistani province of Balochistan , the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan , and the southern areas of Afghanistan , including Nimruz , Helmand and Kandahar provinces . Balochistan borders the Pashtunistan region to the north , Sindh and Punjab to the east , and Persian regions to the west . South of its southern coastline , including the Makran Coast , are the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas', 'summary': "The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ; Pashto : فدرالي قبايلي سيمې ; Urdu : وفاق کے زیر انتظام قبائلی علاقہ جات ) was a semi-autonomous tribal region in northwestern Pakistan that existed from 1947 until being merged with neighboring province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018 . It consisted of seven tribal agencies ( districts ) and six frontier regions , and were directly governed by Pakistan 's federal government through a special set of laws called the Frontier Crimes Regulations . It bordered Pakistan 's provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to the east and south , and Afghanistan 's provinces of Kunar , Nangarhar , Paktia , Khost and Paktika to the west and north . The territory is almost exclusively inhabited by the Pashtun , who also live in the neighbouring provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Balochistan , and straddle across the border into Afghanistan . They are mostly Muslim . Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 , the tribal areas are a major theatre of militancy and terrorism . Pakistan Army launched 10 operations against the Taliban since 2001 , most recently Operation Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan . The operations have displaced about two million people from the tribal areas , as schools , hospitals , and homes have been destroyed in the war . On 2 March 2017 , the federal government considered a proposal to merge the tribal areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations . However , some political parties have opposed the merger , and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan . On 24 May 2018 , the National Assembly of Pakistan voted in favour of an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan for the FATA-KP merger which was approved by the Senate the following day . Since the change was to affect the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , it was presented for approval in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly on 27 May 2018 , and passed with majority vote ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa', 'summary': "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( often abbreviated KP or KPK ) ( Pashto : خیبر پښتونخوا ; } ) , formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) ( Urdu : صوبہ سرحد ) , is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan , located in the northwestern region of the country along the International border with Afghanistan . It was previously known as the North-West Frontier Province until 2010 when the name was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by the 18th Amendment to Pakistan 's Constitution and is known colloquially by various other names . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third-largest province of Pakistan by the size of both population and economy , though it is geographically the smallest of four . Within Pakistan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shares a border with Punjab , Balochistan , Azad Kashmir , Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad . It is home to 17.9% of Pakistan 's total population , with the majority of the province 's inhabitants being Pashtuns and Hindko speakers . The province is the site of the ancient kingdom Gandhara , including the ruins of its capital Pushkalavati near modern-day Charsadda . Originally a stronghold of Buddhism , the history of the region was characterized by frequent invasions by various empires due to its geographical proximity to the Khyber Pass . Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 , the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been a major theatre of militancy and terrorism which intensified when the Taliban began an unsuccessful attempt to seize the control of the province in 2004 . With the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb against the Taliban insurgency , the casualty and crime rates in the country as a whole dropped by 40.0% as compared to 2011-13 , with even greater drops noted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . As of July 2014 , about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from North Waziristan to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb . On March 2 , 2017 , the Government of Pakistan considered a proposal to merge the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations , which are currently applicable to the tribal areas . However , some political parties have opposed the merger , and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Palearctic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palearctic', 'summary': "The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on the Earth 's surface , first identified in the 19th century , and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification . The Palearctic is the largest of the eight realms . It stretches across all of Europe , Asia north of the foothills of the Himalayas , North Africa , and the northern and central parts of the Arabian Peninsula . The realm consists of several ecoregions : the Euro-Siberian region ; the Mediterranean Basin ; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts ; and Western , Central and East Asia . The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes , forming several freshwater ecoregions . Some of the rivers were the source of water for the earliest recorded civilizations that used irrigation methods ."}]}, {'value': 'Montane grasslands and shrublands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands', 'summary': 'Montane grasslands and shrublands is a habitat type defined by the World Wildlife Fund . The biome includes high altitude grasslands and shrublands around the world . The term montane in the name of the biome refers to high altitude , rather than the ecological term which denotes the region below treeline . This habitat type includes high elevation ( montane and alpine ) grasslands and shrublands , including the puna and páramo in South America , subalpine heath in New Guinea and East Africa , steppes of the Tibetan plateaus , as well as other similar subalpine habitats around the world . The plants and animals of tropical montane páramos display striking adaptations to cool , wet conditions and intense sunlight . Around the world , characteristic plants of these habitats display features such as rosette structures , waxy surfaces , and abundant pilosity . The páramos of the northern Andes are the most extensive examples of this habitat type . Although ecoregion biotas are most diverse in the Andes , these ecosystems are distinctive wherever they occur in the tropics . The heathlands and moorlands of East Africa ( e.g. , Mount Kilimanjaro , Mount Kenya , Rwenzori Mountains ) , Mount Kinabalu of Borneo , and the Central Range of New Guinea are all limited in extent , isolated , and support endemic plants and animals . Drier subtropical montane grasslands , savannas , and woodlands include the Ethiopian Highlands , the Zambezian montane grasslands and woodlands , and the montane habitats of southeastern Africa . The montane grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau still support relatively intact migrations of Tibetan antelope ( Pantholops hodgsoni ) and kiang , or Tibetan wild ass ( Equus hemionus ) . A unique feature of many tropical páramos is the presence of giant rosette plants from a variety of plant families , such as Lobelia ( Africa ) , Puya ( South America ) , Cyathea ( New Guinea ) , and Argyroxiphium ( Hawaii ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppe', 'summary': 'The Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe is a montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregion found in parts of Pakistan , China , Afghanistan , and India .'}]}, {'value': 'North Himalaya ( Gilgit-Baltistan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himalaya', 'summary': "The Himalayas , or Himalaya ( /ˌhɪməˈleɪə , hɪˈmɑːləjə/ ) , is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau . The range has many of Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest ( Nepal/China ) . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m ( 23,600 ft ) in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia ( Aconcagua , in the Andes ) is 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) tall . Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River ( upper stream of the Brahmaputra River ) . The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges . To the north , the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50-60 km ( 31-37 mi ) wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture . Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain . The range varies in width from 350 km ( 220 mi ) in the west ( Pakistan ) to 150 km ( 93 mi ) in the east ( Arunachal Pradesh ) . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term 'Himalaya ' ( or 'Greater Himalayas ' ) is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gilgit–Baltistan', 'summary': 'Gilgit-Baltistan ( Urdu : گِلگِت بَلتِستان , Balti : རྒྱལ་སྐྱིད་ སྦལྟི་ཡུལ། ) , formerly known as the Northern Areas , is a region administered by Pakistan as an administrative territory , and constituting the northern portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 , and between India and China from somewhat later . It is the northernmost territory administered by Pakistan . It borders Azad Kashmir to the south , the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west , the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan to the north , the Xinjiang region of China , to the east and northeast , and the Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the southeast . Gilgit-Baltistan is part of the greater Kashmir region , which is the subject of a long-running conflict between Pakistan and India . The territory shares a border with Azad Kashmir , together with which it is referred to by the United Nations and other international organisations as Pakistan administered Kashmir . [ note 1 ] Gilgit-Baltistan is six times the size of Azad Kashmir . The territory also borders Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir ( union territory ) and Ladakh to the south and is separated from it by the Line of Control , the de facto border between India and Pakistan . The territory of present-day Gilgit-Baltistan became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name Northern Areas . It was formed by the amalgamation of the former Gilgit Agency , the Baltistan district and several small former princely states , the larger of which being Hunza and Nagar . In 2009 , it was granted limited autonomy and renamed to Gilgit-Baltistan via the Self-Governance Order signed by President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari , which also aimed to empower the people of Gilgit-Baltistan . However , scholars state that the real power rests with the governor and not with chief minister or elected assembly . The population of Gilgit-Baltistan wants to be merged into Pakistan as a separate fifth province and opposes integration with Kashmir .'}]}, {'value': 'Palearctic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palearctic', 'summary': "The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on the Earth 's surface , first identified in the 19th century , and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification . The Palearctic is the largest of the eight realms . It stretches across all of Europe , Asia north of the foothills of the Himalayas , North Africa , and the northern and central parts of the Arabian Peninsula . The realm consists of several ecoregions : the Euro-Siberian region ; the Mediterranean Basin ; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts ; and Western , Central and East Asia . The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes , forming several freshwater ecoregions . Some of the rivers were the source of water for the earliest recorded civilizations that used irrigation methods ."}]}, {'value': 'Montane grasslands and shrublands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands', 'summary': 'Montane grasslands and shrublands is a habitat type defined by the World Wildlife Fund . The biome includes high altitude grasslands and shrublands around the world . The term montane in the name of the biome refers to high altitude , rather than the ecological term which denotes the region below treeline . This habitat type includes high elevation ( montane and alpine ) grasslands and shrublands , including the puna and páramo in South America , subalpine heath in New Guinea and East Africa , steppes of the Tibetan plateaus , as well as other similar subalpine habitats around the world . The plants and animals of tropical montane páramos display striking adaptations to cool , wet conditions and intense sunlight . Around the world , characteristic plants of these habitats display features such as rosette structures , waxy surfaces , and abundant pilosity . The páramos of the northern Andes are the most extensive examples of this habitat type . Although ecoregion biotas are most diverse in the Andes , these ecosystems are distinctive wherever they occur in the tropics . The heathlands and moorlands of East Africa ( e.g. , Mount Kilimanjaro , Mount Kenya , Rwenzori Mountains ) , Mount Kinabalu of Borneo , and the Central Range of New Guinea are all limited in extent , isolated , and support endemic plants and animals . Drier subtropical montane grasslands , savannas , and woodlands include the Ethiopian Highlands , the Zambezian montane grasslands and woodlands , and the montane habitats of southeastern Africa . The montane grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau still support relatively intact migrations of Tibetan antelope ( Pantholops hodgsoni ) and kiang , or Tibetan wild ass ( Equus hemionus ) . A unique feature of many tropical páramos is the presence of giant rosette plants from a variety of plant families , such as Lobelia ( Africa ) , Puya ( South America ) , Cyathea ( New Guinea ) , and Argyroxiphium ( Hawaii ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuhrud-Kohbanan Mountains forest steppe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Balochistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balochistan', 'summary': 'Balochistan ( /bəˈlɒtʃɪstɑːn/ ; Balochi : بلوچِستْان ; also Baluchistan or Baluchestan , meaning the Land of the Baloch ) is an arid desert and mountainous region in south-western Asia . It comprises the Pakistani province of Balochistan , the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan , and the southern areas of Afghanistan , including Nimruz , Helmand and Kandahar provinces . Balochistan borders the Pashtunistan region to the north , Sindh and Punjab to the east , and Persian regions to the west . South of its southern coastline , including the Makran Coast , are the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman .'}]}, {'value': 'Palearctic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palearctic', 'summary': "The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on the Earth 's surface , first identified in the 19th century , and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification . The Palearctic is the largest of the eight realms . It stretches across all of Europe , Asia north of the foothills of the Himalayas , North Africa , and the northern and central parts of the Arabian Peninsula . The realm consists of several ecoregions : the Euro-Siberian region ; the Mediterranean Basin ; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts ; and Western , Central and East Asia . The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes , forming several freshwater ecoregions . Some of the rivers were the source of water for the earliest recorded civilizations that used irrigation methods ."}]}, {'value': 'Montane grasslands and shrublands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands', 'summary': 'Montane grasslands and shrublands is a habitat type defined by the World Wildlife Fund . The biome includes high altitude grasslands and shrublands around the world . The term montane in the name of the biome refers to high altitude , rather than the ecological term which denotes the region below treeline . This habitat type includes high elevation ( montane and alpine ) grasslands and shrublands , including the puna and páramo in South America , subalpine heath in New Guinea and East Africa , steppes of the Tibetan plateaus , as well as other similar subalpine habitats around the world . The plants and animals of tropical montane páramos display striking adaptations to cool , wet conditions and intense sunlight . Around the world , characteristic plants of these habitats display features such as rosette structures , waxy surfaces , and abundant pilosity . The páramos of the northern Andes are the most extensive examples of this habitat type . Although ecoregion biotas are most diverse in the Andes , these ecosystems are distinctive wherever they occur in the tropics . The heathlands and moorlands of East Africa ( e.g. , Mount Kilimanjaro , Mount Kenya , Rwenzori Mountains ) , Mount Kinabalu of Borneo , and the Central Range of New Guinea are all limited in extent , isolated , and support endemic plants and animals . Drier subtropical montane grasslands , savannas , and woodlands include the Ethiopian Highlands , the Zambezian montane grasslands and woodlands , and the montane habitats of southeastern Africa . The montane grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau still support relatively intact migrations of Tibetan antelope ( Pantholops hodgsoni ) and kiang , or Tibetan wild ass ( Equus hemionus ) . A unique feature of many tropical páramos is the presence of giant rosette plants from a variety of plant families , such as Lobelia ( Africa ) , Puya ( South America ) , Cyathea ( New Guinea ) , and Argyroxiphium ( Hawaii ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows', 'summary': 'The Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows is a montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregion of the elevations of the northwestern Himalaya of China , India , and Pakistan .'}]}, {'value': 'West Himalaya ( Azad Kashmir , north Punjab , north Khyber Pakhtunkhwa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himalaya', 'summary': "The Himalayas , or Himalaya ( /ˌhɪməˈleɪə , hɪˈmɑːləjə/ ) , is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau . The range has many of Earth 's highest peaks , including the highest , Mount Everest ( Nepal/China ) . The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m ( 23,600 ft ) in elevation , including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks . By contrast , the highest peak outside Asia ( Aconcagua , in the Andes ) is 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) tall . Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate , the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) long . Its western anchor , Nanga Parbat , lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river . Its eastern anchor , Namcha Barwa , is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River ( upper stream of the Brahmaputra River ) . The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges . To the north , the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50-60 km ( 31-37 mi ) wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture . Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain . The range varies in width from 350 km ( 220 mi ) in the west ( Pakistan ) to 150 km ( 93 mi ) in the east ( Arunachal Pradesh ) . The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia , although sometimes the term 'Himalaya ' ( or 'Greater Himalayas ' ) is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Azad_Kashmir', 'summary': "Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( Urdu : آزاد جموں و کشمیر , romanized : āzād jammū̃ va kaśmīr , transl . 'Free Jammu and Kashmir ' ) , abbreviated as AJK and commonly known as Azad Kashmir , is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing jurisdiction , and constituting the western portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 , and between India and China since 1962 . The territory shares a border with Gilgit-Baltistan , together with which it is referred to by the United Nations and other international organisations as Pakistan administered Kashmir . [ note 1 ] Azad Kashmir is one-sixth of the size of Gilgit-Baltistan . The territory also borders Pakistan 's Punjab province to the south and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to the west . To the east , Azad Kashmir is separated from the Indian administered Kashmir by the Line of Control , the de facto border between India and Pakistan . Azad Kashmir has a total area of 13,297 square kilometres ( 5,134 sq mi ) , and a total population of 4,045,366 as per the 2017 Census . The territory has a parliamentary form of government modelled after the Westminster system , with its capital located at Muzaffarabad . The President is the constitutional head of state , while the Prime Minister , supported by a Council of Ministers , is the chief executive . The unicameral Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly elects both the Prime Minister and President . The state has its own Supreme Court and a High Court , while the Government of Pakistan 's Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan serves as a link with Azad Kashmir 's government , although Azad Kashmir is not represented in the Parliament of Pakistan . An earthquake in 2005 killed 100,000 people and left another three million people displaced , with widespread devastation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa', 'summary': "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( often abbreviated KP or KPK ) ( Pashto : خیبر پښتونخوا ; } ) , formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) ( Urdu : صوبہ سرحد ) , is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan , located in the northwestern region of the country along the International border with Afghanistan . It was previously known as the North-West Frontier Province until 2010 when the name was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by the 18th Amendment to Pakistan 's Constitution and is known colloquially by various other names . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third-largest province of Pakistan by the size of both population and economy , though it is geographically the smallest of four . Within Pakistan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shares a border with Punjab , Balochistan , Azad Kashmir , Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad . It is home to 17.9% of Pakistan 's total population , with the majority of the province 's inhabitants being Pashtuns and Hindko speakers . The province is the site of the ancient kingdom Gandhara , including the ruins of its capital Pushkalavati near modern-day Charsadda . Originally a stronghold of Buddhism , the history of the region was characterized by frequent invasions by various empires due to its geographical proximity to the Khyber Pass . Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 , the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been a major theatre of militancy and terrorism which intensified when the Taliban began an unsuccessful attempt to seize the control of the province in 2004 . With the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb against the Taliban insurgency , the casualty and crime rates in the country as a whole dropped by 40.0% as compared to 2011-13 , with even greater drops noted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . As of July 2014 , about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from North Waziristan to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb . On March 2 , 2017 , the Government of Pakistan considered a proposal to merge the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations , which are currently applicable to the tribal areas . However , some political parties have opposed the merger , and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Palearctic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palearctic', 'summary': "The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on the Earth 's surface , first identified in the 19th century , and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification . The Palearctic is the largest of the eight realms . It stretches across all of Europe , Asia north of the foothills of the Himalayas , North Africa , and the northern and central parts of the Arabian Peninsula . The realm consists of several ecoregions : the Euro-Siberian region ; the Mediterranean Basin ; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts ; and Western , Central and East Asia . The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes , forming several freshwater ecoregions . Some of the rivers were the source of water for the earliest recorded civilizations that used irrigation methods ."}]}, {'value': 'Montane grasslands and shrublands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands', 'summary': 'Montane grasslands and shrublands is a habitat type defined by the World Wildlife Fund . The biome includes high altitude grasslands and shrublands around the world . The term montane in the name of the biome refers to high altitude , rather than the ecological term which denotes the region below treeline . This habitat type includes high elevation ( montane and alpine ) grasslands and shrublands , including the puna and páramo in South America , subalpine heath in New Guinea and East Africa , steppes of the Tibetan plateaus , as well as other similar subalpine habitats around the world . The plants and animals of tropical montane páramos display striking adaptations to cool , wet conditions and intense sunlight . Around the world , characteristic plants of these habitats display features such as rosette structures , waxy surfaces , and abundant pilosity . The páramos of the northern Andes are the most extensive examples of this habitat type . Although ecoregion biotas are most diverse in the Andes , these ecosystems are distinctive wherever they occur in the tropics . The heathlands and moorlands of East Africa ( e.g. , Mount Kilimanjaro , Mount Kenya , Rwenzori Mountains ) , Mount Kinabalu of Borneo , and the Central Range of New Guinea are all limited in extent , isolated , and support endemic plants and animals . Drier subtropical montane grasslands , savannas , and woodlands include the Ethiopian Highlands , the Zambezian montane grasslands and woodlands , and the montane habitats of southeastern Africa . The montane grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau still support relatively intact migrations of Tibetan antelope ( Pantholops hodgsoni ) and kiang , or Tibetan wild ass ( Equus hemionus ) . A unique feature of many tropical páramos is the presence of giant rosette plants from a variety of plant families , such as Lobelia ( Africa ) , Puya ( South America ) , Cyathea ( New Guinea ) , and Argyroxiphium ( Hawaii ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tian_Shan_montane_steppe_and_meadows', 'summary': 'The Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows ecoregion ( WWF ID : PA1019 ) covers a 2,000 km long stretch of grasslands of the isolated Tian Sham mountains of Central Asia . It is characterized by high-altitude flat and rolling grasslands .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindu Kush and Sulaiman ranges ( north Balochistan , FATA , west Punjab and south Khyber Pakhtunkhwa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindu_Kush', 'summary': 'The Hindu Kush ( Pashto and Persian : هندوکش , commonly understood to mean Hindu killers or killer of the Hindus in Persian ; /kʊʃ , kuːʃ/ ) is an 800-kilometre-long ( 500 mi ) mountain range that stretches through Afghanistan , from its centre to northern Pakistan and into Tajikistan . It forms the western section of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region ( HKH ) and is the westernmost extension of the Pamir Mountains , the Karakoram and the Himalayas . It divides the valley of the Amu Darya ( the ancient Oxus ) to the north from the Indus River valley to the south . The range has numerous high snow-capped peaks , with the highest point being Tirich Mir or Terichmir at 7,708 metres ( 25,289 ft ) in the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . To the north , near its northeastern end , the Hindu Kush buttresses the Pamir Mountains near the point where the borders of China , Pakistan and Afghanistan meet , after which it runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border . The eastern end of the Hindu Kush in the north merges with the Karakoram Range . Towards its southern end , it connects with the Spin Ghar Range near the Kabul River . The Hindu Kush range region was a historically significant centre of Buddhism with sites such as the Bamiyan Buddhas . It remained a stronghold of polytheistic faiths until the 19th century . The range and communities settled in it hosted ancient monasteries , important trade networks , and travellers between Central Asia and South Asia . The Hindu Kush range has also been the passageway during the invasions of the Indian subcontinent , and continues to be important during modern-era warfare in Afghanistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains', 'summary': "The Sulaiman Mountains ( Pashto : د كسي غرونه ; Balochi/Urdu/Persian : کوه سليمان ) , or Kōh-e Sulaymān , are the southern extension of the Hindu Kush mountain system , located in the Zabul , Kandahar and Loya Paktia regions of Afghanistan , and in northern Balochistan and some parts of southwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab in Pakistan . The Sulaimans form the eastern edge of the Iranian Plateau where the Indus River separates it from the Indian Subcontinent . Bordering the Sulaimans to the north are the arid highlands of Central Hindu Kush or Paropamisadae , whose heights extend up to 3,383 metres ( 11,099 ft ) . The most well known peak of the Sulaimans is Takht-e-Sulaiman or Throne of Solomon at 3,487 metres ( 11,440 ft ) , located in the Dera Ismail Khan region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan . The highest peak is Zarghun Ghar at 3,578 metres ( 11,739 ft ) near Quetta city in Balochistan , while Balochistan 's second-highest is Khilafat Hill at 3,475 metres ( 11,401 ft ) in Ziarat district , famous for large juniperus macropoda forests in its surroundings ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Balochistan', 'summary': 'Balochistan ( /bəˈlɒtʃɪstɑːn/ ; Balochi : بلوچِستْان ; also Baluchistan or Baluchestan , meaning the Land of the Baloch ) is an arid desert and mountainous region in south-western Asia . It comprises the Pakistani province of Balochistan , the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan , and the southern areas of Afghanistan , including Nimruz , Helmand and Kandahar provinces . Balochistan borders the Pashtunistan region to the north , Sindh and Punjab to the east , and Persian regions to the west . South of its southern coastline , including the Makran Coast , are the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas', 'summary': "The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ; Pashto : فدرالي قبايلي سيمې ; Urdu : وفاق کے زیر انتظام قبائلی علاقہ جات ) was a semi-autonomous tribal region in northwestern Pakistan that existed from 1947 until being merged with neighboring province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018 . It consisted of seven tribal agencies ( districts ) and six frontier regions , and were directly governed by Pakistan 's federal government through a special set of laws called the Frontier Crimes Regulations . It bordered Pakistan 's provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to the east and south , and Afghanistan 's provinces of Kunar , Nangarhar , Paktia , Khost and Paktika to the west and north . The territory is almost exclusively inhabited by the Pashtun , who also live in the neighbouring provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Balochistan , and straddle across the border into Afghanistan . They are mostly Muslim . Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 , the tribal areas are a major theatre of militancy and terrorism . Pakistan Army launched 10 operations against the Taliban since 2001 , most recently Operation Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan . The operations have displaced about two million people from the tribal areas , as schools , hospitals , and homes have been destroyed in the war . On 2 March 2017 , the federal government considered a proposal to merge the tribal areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations . However , some political parties have opposed the merger , and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan . On 24 May 2018 , the National Assembly of Pakistan voted in favour of an amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan for the FATA-KP merger which was approved by the Senate the following day . Since the change was to affect the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , it was presented for approval in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly on 27 May 2018 , and passed with majority vote ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan', 'summary': "Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa', 'summary': "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( often abbreviated KP or KPK ) ( Pashto : خیبر پښتونخوا ; } ) , formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) ( Urdu : صوبہ سرحد ) , is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan , located in the northwestern region of the country along the International border with Afghanistan . It was previously known as the North-West Frontier Province until 2010 when the name was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by the 18th Amendment to Pakistan 's Constitution and is known colloquially by various other names . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third-largest province of Pakistan by the size of both population and economy , though it is geographically the smallest of four . Within Pakistan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shares a border with Punjab , Balochistan , Azad Kashmir , Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad . It is home to 17.9% of Pakistan 's total population , with the majority of the province 's inhabitants being Pashtuns and Hindko speakers . The province is the site of the ancient kingdom Gandhara , including the ruins of its capital Pushkalavati near modern-day Charsadda . Originally a stronghold of Buddhism , the history of the region was characterized by frequent invasions by various empires due to its geographical proximity to the Khyber Pass . Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 , the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been a major theatre of militancy and terrorism which intensified when the Taliban began an unsuccessful attempt to seize the control of the province in 2004 . With the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb against the Taliban insurgency , the casualty and crime rates in the country as a whole dropped by 40.0% as compared to 2011-13 , with even greater drops noted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . As of July 2014 , about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from North Waziristan to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb . On March 2 , 2017 , the Government of Pakistan considered a proposal to merge the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and to repeal the Frontier Crimes Regulations , which are currently applicable to the tribal areas . However , some political parties have opposed the merger , and called for the tribal areas to instead become a separate province of Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': 'Palearctic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palearctic', 'summary': "The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on the Earth 's surface , first identified in the 19th century , and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification . The Palearctic is the largest of the eight realms . It stretches across all of Europe , Asia north of the foothills of the Himalayas , North Africa , and the northern and central parts of the Arabian Peninsula . The realm consists of several ecoregions : the Euro-Siberian region ; the Mediterranean Basin ; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts ; and Western , Central and East Asia . The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes , forming several freshwater ecoregions . Some of the rivers were the source of water for the earliest recorded civilizations that used irrigation methods ."}]}, {'value': 'Deserts and xeric shrublands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands', 'summary': "Deserts and xeric shrublands are a habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . Deserts and xeric shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome , covering 19% of Earth 's land surface area . Ecoregions in this habitat type vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive , usually less than 250 millimetres ( 10 in ) annually . Generally evaporation exceeds rainfall in these ecoregions . Temperature variability is also diverse in these lands . Many deserts , such as the Sahara , are hot year-round but others , such as Asia 's Gobi , become quite cold in winter . Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts . High daytime temperatures give way to cold nights because there is no insulation provided by humidity and cloud cover . The diversity of climatic conditions , though quite harsh , supports a rich array of habitats . Many of these habitats are ephemeral in nature , reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water . Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions . Above all , these plants have evolved to minimize water loss ."}]}, {'value': 'Baluchistan xeric woodlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xeric deserts of Balochistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balochistan', 'summary': 'Balochistan ( /bəˈlɒtʃɪstɑːn/ ; Balochi : بلوچِستْان ; also Baluchistan or Baluchestan , meaning the Land of the Baloch ) is an arid desert and mountainous region in south-western Asia . It comprises the Pakistani province of Balochistan , the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan , and the southern areas of Afghanistan , including Nimruz , Helmand and Kandahar provinces . Balochistan borders the Pashtunistan region to the north , Sindh and Punjab to the east , and Persian regions to the west . South of its southern coastline , including the Makran Coast , are the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman .'}]}, {'value': 'Palearctic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palearctic', 'summary': "The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on the Earth 's surface , first identified in the 19th century , and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification . The Palearctic is the largest of the eight realms . It stretches across all of Europe , Asia north of the foothills of the Himalayas , North Africa , and the northern and central parts of the Arabian Peninsula . The realm consists of several ecoregions : the Euro-Siberian region ; the Mediterranean Basin ; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts ; and Western , Central and East Asia . The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes , forming several freshwater ecoregions . Some of the rivers were the source of water for the earliest recorded civilizations that used irrigation methods ."}]}, {'value': 'Deserts and xeric shrublands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands', 'summary': "Deserts and xeric shrublands are a habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . Deserts and xeric shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome , covering 19% of Earth 's land surface area . Ecoregions in this habitat type vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive , usually less than 250 millimetres ( 10 in ) annually . Generally evaporation exceeds rainfall in these ecoregions . Temperature variability is also diverse in these lands . Many deserts , such as the Sahara , are hot year-round but others , such as Asia 's Gobi , become quite cold in winter . Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts . High daytime temperatures give way to cold nights because there is no insulation provided by humidity and cloud cover . The diversity of climatic conditions , though quite harsh , supports a rich array of habitats . Many of these habitats are ephemeral in nature , reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water . Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions . Above all , these plants have evolved to minimize water loss ."}]}, {'value': 'Registan-North Pakistan sandy desert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandy deserts of Balochistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balochistan', 'summary': 'Balochistan ( /bəˈlɒtʃɪstɑːn/ ; Balochi : بلوچِستْان ; also Baluchistan or Baluchestan , meaning the Land of the Baloch ) is an arid desert and mountainous region in south-western Asia . It comprises the Pakistani province of Balochistan , the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan , and the southern areas of Afghanistan , including Nimruz , Helmand and Kandahar provinces . Balochistan borders the Pashtunistan region to the north , Sindh and Punjab to the east , and Persian regions to the west . South of its southern coastline , including the Makran Coast , are the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wikimedia list article This is a list of ecoregions of Pakistan .', 'uid': 'List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of ecoregions of Pakistan.'}
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What is the biome that is in the ecoregion that forms a vast alluvial fan composed of mud flats interspersed with channels ?
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Mangrove
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01ed9c217cadf8e8
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazil_state_name_etymologies', 'title': 'List of Brazil state name etymologies', 'header': ['State name', 'Language of origin', 'Source word', 'Meaning and Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acre_(state)', 'summary': 'Acre ( [ ˈakɾi ] ( listen ) ) is a state located in the northern region of Brazil . Located in the westernmost part of the country with a two hour time difference from Brasília , Acre is bordered clockwise by the Brazilian states of Amazonas to the north and northeast , Rondônia to the east , the Bolivian department of Pando to the southeast , and the Peruvian regions of Madre de Dios , Ucayali and Loreto to the south and west . It occupies an area of 152,581.4 km2 . Its capital and largest city is Rio Branco . Other important places include Cruzeiro do Sul , Sena Madureira , Tarauacá and Feijó . Intense extractive activity , which reached its height in the 20th century , attracted Brazilians from many regions to the state . From the mixture of sulista , southeastern Brazil , nordestino , and indigenous traditions arose a diverse cuisine , which unites sun-dried meat ( carne-de-sol ) with pirarucu , a typical fish of the region . Such dishes are seasoned with tucupi , a sauce made from manioc . Fluvial transport , concentrated on the Juruá and Moa rivers , in the western part of the state , and the Tarauacá and Envira Rivers in the northwest , is the principal form of transportation , especially between November and June , when rain leaves impassable the BR-364 , which connects Rio Branco to Cruzeiro do Sul .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "a'quiri or a'kiru ,", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'from a misspelling of Aquiri , a local river , which meaning is green river ; not from acre ( a measurement of area )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acre', 'summary': "The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems . It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong ( 66 by 660 feet ) , which is exactly equal to 10 square chains , \u200b1⁄640 of a square mile , or 43,560 square feet , and approximately 4,047 m2 , or about 40% of a hectare . Based upon the International yard and pound agreement of 1959 , an acre may be declared as exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres . An internationally recognised symbol for the acre is ac . The acre is a statute measure in the United States , in the United Kingdom and in almost all countries of the former British Empire : in most it is lawful to 'use for trade ' if given as supplementary information and is not used for land registration . In the United States both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use , but they differ by only two parts per million : see below . The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land . Traditionally , in the Middle Ages , an acre was defined as the area of land that could be ploughed in one day by a yoke of oxen ."}]}, {'value': 'Alagoas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alagoas', 'summary': "Alagoas ( [ alɐˈɡoɐs ] ( listen ) , [ ɐlɐˈɡow.wɐs ] ) is one of the 27 states of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region . It borders : Pernambuco ( N and NW ) ; Sergipe ( S ) ; Bahia ( SW ) ; and the Atlantic Ocean ( E ) . It occupies an area of 27,767 km2 , being slightly larger than Haiti . Its capital is the city of Maceió . It is made up of 102 municipalities and its most populous cities are Maceió , Arapiraca , Palmeira dos Índios , Rio Largo , Penedo , União dos Palmares , São Miguel dos Campos , Santana do Ipanema , Delmiro Gouveia , Coruripe , Marechal Deodoro , and Campo Alegre . It is the second smallest Brazilian state in area ( larger only than Sergipe ) , and with Sergipe it is sometimes called the Rhode Island of Brazil . It is 16th in population . It is also one of the largest producers of sugarcane and coconuts in the country , and has an economy based on cattle raising . Land of the sururu ( or Charru Mussel ) , lagoon shellfish which serves as food for the coastal population , and of coconut water , Alagoas also possesses some of the country 's richest folklore . Initially , the Alagoano territory constituted the southern part of the Captaincy of Pernambuco and only gained its autonomy in 1817 . Its occupation pushed the expansion of the captaincy 's sugarcane farming , which required new areas of cultivation , southward . Thus arose Porto Calvo , Alagoas ( now Marechal Deodoro ) and Penedo , nuclei which guided the colonization , economic , and social life of the region for a long time ."}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'plural of alagoa , a flooded field or swamp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amapá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amapá', 'summary': "Amapá ( [ ɐmɐˈpa ] ( listen ) ) is a state located in the northern region of Brazil . It is the second least populous state and the eighteenth largest by area . Located in the far northern part of the country , Amapá is bordered clockwise by French Guiana to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Pará to the south and west , and Suriname to the northwest . The capital and largest city is Macapá . In the colonial period the region was called Portuguese Guiana and was part of Portugal 's State of Brazil . Later , the region was distinguished from the other Guianas . Amapá was once part of Pará , but became a separate territory in 1943 , and a state in 1990 . The dominant feature of the region , and 90 percent of its total area , is the Amazon Rainforest . Unexplored forests occupy 70 percent of Amapá , and Tumucumaque Mountains National Park , established in 2002 , is the largest tropical forest park in the world . The estuary of the River Oiapoque is the northernmost point of coastal Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Arawak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arawak', 'summary': 'The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of South America and of the Caribbean . Specifically , the term Arawak has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno , who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean . All these groups spoke related Arawakan languages .'}]}, {'value': 'amapá', 'urls': []}, {'value': "the land in the end ( documented in Sir Walter Raleigh 's account of Guyana as Land of Amapaia )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Raleigh', 'summary': "Sir Walter Raleigh ( /ˈrɔːli , ˈræli , ˈrɑːli/ ; c. 1552 ( or 1554 ) - 29 October 1618 ) , also spelled Ralegh , was an English landed gentleman , writer , poet , soldier , politician , courtier , spy and explorer . He was cousin to Sir Richard Grenville and younger half-brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert . He is also well known for popularising tobacco in England . Raleigh was one of the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era . Raleigh was born to a Protestant family in Devon , the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne . Little is known of his early life , though in his late teens he spent some time in France taking part in the religious civil wars . In his 20s he took part in the suppression of rebellion in Ireland participating in the Siege of Smerwick . Later , he became a landlord of property confiscated from the native Irish . He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585 . Raleigh was instrumental in the English colonisation of North America and was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia , paving the way for future English settlements . In 1591 , he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton , one of the Queen 's ladies-in-waiting , without the Queen 's permission , for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London . After his release , they retired to his estate at Sherborne , Dorset ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guyana', 'summary': "Guyana ( /ɡaɪˈɑːnə/ or /ɡaɪˈænə/ ) , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a country on the northern mainland of South America . It is the only English speaking country in South America , and is culturally considered part of the Anglophone-Caribbean sphere . In addition it is one of the founding member countries of the Caribbean Community organization ( CARICOM ) . Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , Brazil to the south and southwest , Venezuela to the west , and Suriname to the east . With an area of 215,000 square kilometres ( 83,000 sq mi ) , Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state on mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname . The region known as the Guianas consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the land of many waters . Major rivers in Guyana include the Essequibo , the Berbice , and the Demerara . Originally inhabited by many indigenous groups , Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century . It was governed as British Guiana , with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s . It gained independence in 1966 , and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 . The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country 's political administration and diverse population , which includes Indian , African , Amerindian , and multiracial groups . Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language ."}]}, {'value': 'Amazonas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)', 'summary': "Amazonas ( [ ɐmɐˈzõnɐs ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the North Region in the northwestern corner of the country . It is the largest Brazilian state by area and the 9th largest country subdivision in the world , and is greater than the areas of Uruguay , Paraguay , and Chile combined . Mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere , it is the third largest country subdivision in the Southern Hemisphere after the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland . It would be the sixteenth largest country in land area , slightly larger than Mongolia . Neighbouring states are ( from the north clockwise ) Roraima , Pará , Mato Grosso , Rondônia , and Acre . It also borders the nations of Peru , Colombia and Venezuela . This includes the Departments of Amazonas , Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia , as well as the Amazonas state in Venezuela , and the Loreto Region in Peru . Amazonas is named after the Amazon River , and was formerly part of the Spanish Empire 's Viceroyalty of Peru , a region called Spanish Guyana . It was settled by the Portuguese moving northwest from Brazil in the early 18th century and incorporated into the Portuguese empire after the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 . It became a state under the First Brazilian Republic in 1889 . Most of the state is tropical jungle ; cities are clustered along navigable waterways and are accessible only by boat or plane . The capital and largest city is Manaus , a modern city of 2.1 million inhabitants in the middle of the jungle on the Amazon River 1,500 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'after the Amazon river , which was named by Spanish explorers who heard rumors that Amazons ( female mounted warriors , possibly from the Iranian ethnonym *ha-mazan- , warriors ; former supposed etymology - Greek α-μαστός a- mastos , with no breasts - is considered false etymology ) guarded the legendary city of El Dorado in the middle of the forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazon_river', 'summary': "The Amazon River ( UK : /ˈæməzən/ , US : /ˈæməzɒn/ ; Spanish : Río Amazonas , Portuguese : Rio Amazonas ) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world , and by most accepted definitions it is the longest while others consider the Nile as the longest . [ n 2 ] The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon 's most distant source , until a 2014 study found it to be the headwaters of the Mantaro River on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in Peru . The Mantaro and Apurímac join , and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River , which in turn meets the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos , Peru , to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon . Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters ( Portuguese : Encontro das Águas ) at Manaus , the largest city on the river . At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft/s ; 209,000,000 L/s ; 55,000,000 USgal/s ) - approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum ( 1,581 cu mi/a ) , greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined - the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean . The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world , with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,720,000 sq mi ) . The portion of the river 's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river 's basin . The Amazon enters Brazil with only one-fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean , yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amazons', 'summary': 'In Greek mythology , the Amazons ( Ancient Greek : Ἀμαζόνες Amazónes , singular Ἀμαζών Amazōn ) were a tribe of warrior women believed to live in Asia Minor . Apollonius Rhodius , in his Argonautica , mentions that the Amazons were the daughters of Ares and Harmonia ( a nymph of the Akmonian Wood ) , that they were brutal and aggressive , and their main concern in life was war . Lysias , Isocrates , Philostratus the Elder also say that their father was Ares . Herodotus and Strabo place them on the banks of the Thermodon River . According to Diodorus , giving the account of Dionysius of Mitylene ( who in turn drew on Thymoetas ) , the Amazons inhabited Ancient Libya long before they settled along the Thermodon . Migrating from Libya , these Amazons passed through Egypt and Syria , and stopped at the Caïcus in Aeolis , near which they founded several cities . Later , Diodorus maintains , they established Mytilene a little way beyond the Caïcus . Aeschylus , in Prometheus Bound , places the original home of the Amazons in the country about Lake Maeotis , and from which they moved to Themiscyra on the Thermodon . Homer tells that the Amazons were sought and found somewhere near Lycia . Notable queens of the Amazons are Penthesilea , who participated in the Trojan War , and her sister Hippolyta , whose magical girdle , given to her by her father Ares , was the object of one of the labours of Heracles . The Amazons fought on the side of Troy against the Greeks during the Trojan War . Diodorus mentions that the Amazons traveled from Libya under Queen Myrina .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greek_language', 'summary': 'Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά , elliniká ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea . It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language , spanning at least 3,500 years of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems . The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world , West Asia and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , and Turkey and by the Greek diaspora . Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .'}, {'url': '/wiki/False_etymology', 'summary': 'A false etymology ( fake etymology , popular etymology , etymythology , pseudo-etymology , or par ( a ) etymology ) , sometimes called folk etymology - although the last term is also a technical term in linguistics - is a popularly held but false belief about the origin or derivation of a specific word . Such etymologies often have the feel of urban legends , and can be much more colorful and fanciful than the typical etymologies found in dictionaries , often involving stories of unusual practices in particular subcultures ( e.g . Oxford students from non-noble families being supposedly forced to write sine nobilitate by their name , soon abbreviated to s.nob. , hence the word snob ) . Many recent examples are backronyms ( acronyms made up to explain a term ) , as in snob , and posh for port outward , starboard homeward ; many other sourced examples are listed in the article on backronyms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado', 'summary': 'El Dorado ( pronounced [ el doˈɾaðo ] , English : /ˌɛl dəˈrɑːdoʊ/ ; Spanish for the golden one ) , originally El Hombre Dorado ( The Golden Man ) or El Rey Dorado ( The Golden King ) , was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief ( zipa ) of the Muisca people , an indigenous people of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of Colombia , who , as an initiation rite , covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita . The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time , as it went from being a man , to a city , to a kingdom , and then finally to an empire . A second location for El Dorado was inferred from rumors , which inspired several unsuccessful expeditions in the late 1500s in search of a city called Manõa on the shores of Lake Parime . Two of the most famous of these expeditions were led by Sir Walter Raleigh . In pursuit of the legend , Spanish conquistadors and numerous others searched what is today Colombia , Venezuela , and parts of Guyana and northern Brazil , for the city and its fabulous king . In the course of these explorations , much of northern South America , including the Amazon River , was mapped . By the beginning of the 19th century , most people dismissed the existence of the city as a myth . Several literary works have used the name in their titles , sometimes as El Dorado , and other times as Eldorado .'}]}, {'value': 'Bahia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahia', 'summary': "Bahia ( /bəˈhiːə/ ( listen ) ; locally [ baˈi.ɐ ] ) [ a ] is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast . It is the 4th-largest Brazilian state by population ( after São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio de Janeiro ) and the 5th-largest by area . Bahia 's capital is the city of Salvador ( formerly known as Cidade do São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos , lit . City of Holy Saviour of All Saints Bay ) , located on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic . Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural , slaving , and ranching interests , Bahia is now a major manufacturing center whose last four elections have been dominated by the Workers ' Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Portuguese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Portuguese', 'summary': 'Galician-Portuguese ( Galician : galego-portugués or galaico-portugués , Portuguese : galego-português or galaico-português ) , also known as Old Portuguese or as Medieval Galician when referring to the history of each modern language , was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages , in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula . Alternatively , it can be considered a historical period of the Galician and Portuguese languages . Galician-Portuguese was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and by the Douro River in the south , comprising Galicia and northern Portugal , but it was later extended south of the Douro by the Reconquista . It is the common ancestor of modern Portuguese , Galician , Eonavian and Fala varieties , all of which maintain a very high level of mutual intelligibility . The term Galician-Portuguese also designates the subdivision of the modern West Iberian group of Romance languages .'}]}, {'value': 'bahia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bay or harbor ; the colonial province was called Bahia de Todos os Santos ( All Saints Bay ) , because it was discovered on November 1 , All Saints Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ceará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceará', 'summary': "Ceará ( [ seaˈɾa ] ( listen ) , locally in Ceará or in Northeast Region of Brazil the pronunciation is [ sɪaˈɾa ] ) is one of the 27 states of Brazil , located in the northeastern part of the country , on the Atlantic coast . It is the eighth-largest Brazilian State by population and the 17th by area . It is also one of the main tourist destinations in Brazil . The state capital is the city of Fortaleza , the country 's fourth most populous city . Literally , the name Ceará means sings the jandaia . According to José de Alencar , one of the most important writers of Brazil and an authority in Tupi Guaraní , Ceará means turquoise or green waters . There are also theories that the state name would derive from Siriará , a reference to the crabs from the seashore . The state is best known for its extensive coastline , with 600 kilometers ( 370 mi ) of sand . There are also mountains and valleys producing tropical fruits . To the south , on the border of Paraíba , Pernambuco and Piauí , is the National Forest of Araripe ."}]}, {'value': 'Tupi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Tupi_language', 'summary': 'Old Tupi or classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the native Tupi people of Brazil , mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil . It belongs to the Tupi-Guarani language family , and has a written history spanning the 16th , 17th , and early 18th centuries . In the early colonial period , Tupi was used as a lingua franca throughout Brazil by Europeans and Amerindians , and had literary usage , but it was later suppressed almost to extinction , leaving only one modern descendant with an appreciable number of speakers , Nheengatu . The names Old Tupi or classical Tupi are used for the language in English and by modern scholars ( it is referred to as tupi antigo in Portuguese ) , but native speakers called it variously ñeengatú the good language , ñeendyba common language , abáñeenga human language , in Old Tupi , or língua geral general language , língua geral amazônica Amazonian general language , língua brasílica Brazilian language , in Portuguese .'}]}, {'value': 'sy ara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mother of the day or source of light , because it is a sunny land with sparse vegetation ( therefore , few shadows )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Espírito Santo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Espírito_Santo', 'summary': "Espírito Santo [ a ] ( UK : /ɛˌspɪrɪtuː ˈsæntuː/ , US : /əˌ- . ˈsɑːn-/ , Portuguese : [ esˈpiɾitu ˈsɐ̃tu ] ( listen ) ; [ b ] meaning Holy Spirit ) is a state in southeastern Brazil . Its capital is Vitória , and its largest city is Serra . With an extensive coastline , the state hosts some of the country 's main ports , and its beaches are significant tourist attractions . The capital , Vitória , is located on an island , next to Guarapari , which constitutes the state 's main metro area . In the northern extremes of Espírito Santo is Itaúnas , in the municipality of Conceição da Barra , which is a famed tourist location for its sand dunes and forró tradition . The Captaincy of Espírito Santo was carved out of the Captaincy of Bahia in the 18th century , during the colonial rule of Brazil , and named after a 16th century captaincy covering roughly the same area of coast . Following the elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves in 1815 , prompted by the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil , Espírito Santo was elevated to a province . After the independence of Brazil in 1822 , it became a province of the newly-established Empire of Brazil , and after Brazil became a republic in 1889 , it was granted statehood . In the early 20th century , its current state symbols were adopted ."}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Ghost/Spirit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Spirit', 'summary': 'In Abrahamic religions , the Holy Spirit is an aspect or agent of God , by means of which people become His messenger or servant . The term is also used to describe aspects of other religions and belief structures .'}]}, {'value': 'Goiás', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goiás', 'summary': "Goiás ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ɡojˈjas ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the Center-West region of the country . The name Goiás ( formerly , Goyaz ) comes from the name of an indigenous community . The original word seems to have been guaiá , a compound of gua e iá , meaning the same person or people of the same origin . It borders the Federal District and the states of ( from north clockwise ) Tocantins , Bahia , Minas Gerais , Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso . The most populous state of its region , Goiás is characterized by a landscape of chapadões ( plateaus ) . In the height of the drought season , from June to September , the lack of rain makes the level of the Araguaia River go down and exposes almost 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) of beaches , making it the main attraction of the State . At the Emas National Park in the municipality of Mineiros , it is possible to observe the typical fauna and flora from the region . At the Chapada dos Veadeiros the attractions are the canyons , valleys , rapids and waterfalls . Other attractions are the historical city of Goiás ( or Old Goiás ) , 132 km ( 82 mi ) from Goiânia , established in the beginning of 18th Century , and Caldas Novas , with its hot water wells attracting more than one million tourists per year . In Brazil 's geoeconomic division , Goiás belongs to the Centro-Sul ( Center-South ) , being the northernmost state of the southern portion of Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Tupi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'goyaz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apparently , the name originated from the name of Tupi goiaiase nation that occupied the region in the late 16th century the term gwa ya mean equal individual , and therefore able to be friends', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maranhão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maranhão', 'summary': "Maranhão ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ mɐɾɐˈɲɐ̃w ] ) is a state in Brazil . Located in the country 's Northeast Region , it has a population of about 7 million and an area of 332,000 km2 . Going clockwise from the north , it borders on the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Piauí , Tocantins and Pará . The people of Maranhão have a distinctive accent inside the common Northeastern Brazilian dialect . Maranhão is described in books such as The Land of the Palm Trees by Gonçalves Dias and Casa de Pensão by Aluísio Azevedo . The dunes of Lençóis are an important area of environmental preservation . Also of interest is the state capital of São Luís , designated a Unesco World Heritage Site . Another important conservation area is the Parnaíba River delta , between the states of Maranhão and Piauí , with its lagoons , desert dunes and deserted beaches or islands , such as the Caju island , which shelters rare birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguese spelling of Marañón , another name for the Amazon River ; from 1621 to 1709 , the north of Brazil was styled the State of Maranhão , with its capital at São Luís', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Luís,_Maranhão', 'summary': "São Luís ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ sɐ̃w luˈis ] , Saint Louis ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Maranhão . The city is located on Upaon-açu Island ( Big Island , in Tupi Language ) or Ilha de São Luís ( Saint Louis ' Island ) , in the Baía de São Marcos ( Saint Mark 's Bay ) , an extension of the Atlantic Ocean which forms the estuary of Pindaré , Mearim , Itapecuru and other rivers . Its coordinates are 2.53° south , 44.30° west . São Luís has the second largest maritime extension within Brazilian states . Its maritime extension is 640 km ( 397 miles ) . The city proper has a population of some 1,094,667 people ( 2018 IBGE estimate ) . The metropolitan area totals 1,605,305 , ranked as the 15th largest in Brazil . São Luís , created originally as Saint-Louis-de-Maragnan , is the only Brazilian state capital founded by France ( see France Équinoxiale ) and it is one of the three Brazilian state capitals located on islands ( the others are Vitória and Florianópolis ) . The city has two major sea ports : Madeira Port and Itaqui Port , through which a substantial part of Brazil 's iron ore , originating from the ( pre ) -Amazon region , is exported . The city 's main industries are metallurgical with Alumar , and Vale . São Luís is home of the Federal University of Maranhão . São Luís was the home town of famous Brazilian samba singer Alcione , Brazilian writers Aluísio Azevedo , Ferreira Gullar and Josué Montello , Belgian-naturalised soccer player Luís Oliveira , and the musician João do Vale , a Música popular brasileira ( MPB ) singer ."}]}, {'value': 'Mato Grosso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mato_Grosso', 'summary': "Mato Grosso ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈmatu ˈɡɾosu ] - lit . Thick Bush ) is one of the states of Brazil , the third largest by area , located in the western part of the country . Neighboring states ( from west clockwise ) are : Rondônia , Amazonas , Pará , Tocantins , Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul . The nation of Bolivia is located to the southwest . A state with a flat landscape that alternates between vast chapadas and plain areas , Mato Grosso contains three main ecosystems : the Cerrado , the Pantanal and the Amazon rainforest . Open pasture vegetation covers 40% of the state . The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park , with caves , grottoes , tracks , and waterfalls , is one of its tourist attractions . In the north is the biodiverse Amazonian forest , which originally covered half of the state . Much of this has been disrupted and cleared for logging , agricultural purposes and pastures . The Xingu Indigenous Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso . Further south , the Pantanal , the world 's largest wetland , is the habitat for nearly one thousand species of animals and many aquatic birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matto Grosso', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'thick grass or dense woods', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mato Grosso do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul', 'summary': 'Mato Grosso do Sul ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈmatu ˈɡɾosu du ˈsuw ] ) is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil . Its total area of 357,125 square kilometers , or 137,891 square miles , is roughly the same size as Germany . Neighboring Brazilian states are ( from north clockwise ) Mato Grosso , Goiás , Minas Gerais , São Paulo and Paraná . It also borders the countries of Paraguay , to the southwest , and Bolivia , to the west . The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising . Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn , Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm , sometimes hot , and humid climate , and is crossed by numerous tributaries of the Paraná River . The state is also known for its natural environment , and is a destination for domestic and international tourism . The Pantanal lowlands cover 12 municipalities and presents a variety of flora and fauna , with forests , natural sand banks , savannahs , open pasture , fields and bushes . The city Bonito , in the mountain of Bodoquena , has prehistoric caves , natural rivers , waterfalls , swimming pools and the Blue Lake cave . The name Mato Grosso do Sul is Portuguese for Thick Bushes of the South ; the name is inherited from its northern neighbour state of Mato Grosso , of which it was part until the 1970s . It is not uncommon for people to mistakenly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply Mato Grosso . Other names that were proposed , at the time of the split and afterwards , include Pantanal ( a reference to its best known geographical feature ) and Maracaju ( a reference to the Maracaju Mountain Range that crosses the state from north to south ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'a new state created in 1975 from the southern part of Mato Grosso state', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minas Gerais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minas_Gerais', 'summary': "Minas Gerais ( [ ˈminɐz ʒeˈɾajs ] ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in Southeastern Brazil . It ranks as the second most populous , the third by gross domestic product ( GDP ) , and the fourth largest by area in the country . The state 's capital and largest city , Belo Horizonte , is a major urban and finance center in Latin America , and the sixth largest municipality in Brazil , after the cities of São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Salvador , Brasilia and Fortaleza , but its metropolitan area is the third largest in Brazil with just over 5,800,000 inhabitants , after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . Nine Brazilian presidents were born in Minas Gerais , the most of any state . With an area of 586,528 square kilometres ( 226,460 sq mi ) - larger than Metropolitan France - it is the fourth most extensive state in Brazil . The main producer of coffee and milk in the country , Minas Gerais is known for its heritage of architecture and colonial art in historical cities such as São João del Rei , Congonhas , Ouro Preto , Diamantina , Tiradentes and Mariana . In the south , the tourist points are the hydro mineral spas , such as Caxambu , Lambari , São Lourenço , Poços de Caldas , São Thomé das Letras , Monte Verde and the national parks of Caparaó and Canastra . The landscape of the State is marked by mountains , valleys , and large areas of fertile lands . In the Serra do Cipó , Sete Lagoas , Cordisburgo and Lagoa Santa , the caves and waterfalls are the attractions . Some of Brazil 's most famous caverns are located there . In recent years , the state has emerged as one of the largest economic forces of Brazil , exploring its great economic potential , which up until now has not yet been exploited ."}]}, {'value': 'early modern Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minas Geraes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Mines ; separated from São Paulo in 1709 and placed under the direct control of the Portuguese Crown as the Captaincy of São Paulo and the Mines , after the discovery of gold , diamonds , and gems in the territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captaincy', 'summary': 'A captaincy ( Spanish : capitanía [ kapitaˈni.a ] , Portuguese : capitania [ kɐpitɐˈni.ɐ ] , Croatian : kapetanija ) is a historical administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires . It was instituted as a method of organization , directly associated with the home-rule administrations of medieval feudal governments in which the monarch delimited territories for colonization that were administered by men of confidence . The same term was or is used in some other countries , such as Croatia , Hungary , Italy , Ottoman Empire , Slovakia or Austria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gold', 'summary': 'Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au ( from Latin : aurum ) and atomic number 79 , making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally . In its purest form , it is a bright , slightly reddish yellow , dense , soft , malleable , and ductile metal . Chemically , gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element . It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions . Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native ) form , as nuggets or grains , in rocks , in veins , and in alluvial deposits . It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver ( as electrum ) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium . Less commonly , it occurs in minerals as gold compounds , often with tellurium ( gold tellurides ) . Gold is resistant to most acids , though it does dissolve in aqua regia , a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid , which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion . Gold is insoluble in nitric acid , which dissolves silver and base metals , a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects , giving rise to the term acid test . Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide , which are used in mining and electroplating . Gold dissolves in mercury , forming amalgam alloys , but this is not a chemical reaction . A relatively rare element , gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage , jewelry , and other arts throughout recorded history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Diamond', 'summary': "Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic . At room temperature and pressure , another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form , but diamond almost never converts to it . Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material , properties that are utilized in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools . They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth . Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid , few types of impurity can contaminate it ( two exceptions being boron and nitrogen ) . Small numbers of defects or impurities ( about one per million of lattice atoms ) color diamond blue ( boron ) , yellow ( nitrogen ) , brown ( defects ) , green ( radiation exposure ) , purple , pink , orange or red . Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion ( ability to disperse light of different colors ) . Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years . Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres ( 93 and 155 mi ) in the Earth 's mantle , although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) . Under high pressure and temperature , carbon-containing fluids dissolved minerals and replaced them with diamonds . Much more recently ( tens to hundreds of million years ago ) , they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites . Synthetic diamonds can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from hydrocarbon gas by chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gemstone', 'summary': 'A gemstone ( also called a gem , fine gem , jewel , precious stone , or semi-precious stone ) is a piece of mineral crystal which , in cut and polished form , is used to make jewelry or other adornments . However , certain rocks ( such as lapis lazuli and opal ) and occasionally organic materials that are not minerals ( such as amber , jet , and pearl ) are also used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well . Most gemstones are hard , but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value . Rarity is another characteristic that lends value to a gemstone . Apart from jewelry , from earliest antiquity engraved gems and hardstone carvings , such as cups , were major luxury art forms . A gem maker is called a lapidary or gemcutter ; a diamond cutter is called a diamantaire .'}]}, {'value': 'Pará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pará', 'summary': "Pará is a State of Brazil , located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River . It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá , Maranhão , Tocantins , Mato Grosso , Amazonas and Roraima . To the northwest are the borders of Guyana and Suriname , to the northeast of Pará is the Atlantic Ocean . The capital and largest city is Belém , which is located at the mouth of the Amazon . Pará is the most populous state of the northern region , with a population of over 7.5 million , being the ninth-most populous state in Brazil . It is the second-largest state of Brazil in area , with 1.2 million km² ( 460,000 square miles ) , second only to Amazonas upriver . Its most famous icons are the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest . Pará produces rubber ( extracted from natural rubber tree groves ) , tropical hardwoods such as mahogany , and minerals such as iron ore and bauxite . A new commodity crop is soy , cultivated in the region of Santarém . Every October , Belém receives tens of thousands of tourists for the year 's most important religious celebration : the procession of the Círio de Nazaré . Another important attraction of the capital is the Marajó-style ceramics , based on the extinct Marajoara culture , which developed on an island in the Amazon River ."}]}, {'value': 'Tupi-Guarani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pará', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'river ; probably because of the estuary of the Amazon River . The Pará River , near the state capital Belém , would be River River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belém', 'summary': "Belém ( [ beˈlẽj ] ; Portuguese for Bethlehem ) is a Brazilian city with 2,491,052 people residing in its Metropolitan Region . The capital city itself has 1,485,732 inhabitants ( for more details on its population see in Demographics below ) . It is the capital and largest city of the state of Pará in the country 's north . It is the gateway to the Amazon River with a busy port , airport , and bus/coach station . Belém lies approximately 100 km upriver from the Atlantic Ocean , on the Pará River , which is part of the greater Amazon River system , separated from the larger part of the Amazon delta by Ilha de Marajó ( Marajo Island ) . With an estimated population of 1,439,561 people - or 2,249,405 , considering its metropolitan area - it is the 11th most populous city in Brazil , as well as the 16th by economic relevance . It is the second largest in the North Region , second only to Manaus , in the state of Amazonas . Founded in 1616 by the Kingdom of Portugal , Belém was the first European colony on the Amazon but did not become part of Brazil until 1775 . The newer part of the city has modern buildings and skyscrapers . The colonial portion retains the charm of tree-filled squares , churches and traditional blue tiles . The city has a rich history and architecture from colonial times . Recently it witnessed a skyscraper boom ."}]}, {'value': 'Paraíba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraíba', 'summary': "Paraíba ( Tupi : pa'ra a'íba : bad for navigation ; Brazilian Portuguese : [ paɾaˈibɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil . It is located in the Brazilian Northeast , and it is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north , Ceará to the west , Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east . Paraíba is the third most densely populated state of the Northeast ; João Pessoa , the sea-bordered state capital , and Campina Grande , in the interior , rank among the fifteen-largest municipalities in the Northeast of Brazil . Paraíba is most populated along the Atlantic coast , which extends as far as Ponta do Seixas , the easternmost point of the Americas . The state is a tourist and industrial hotspot ; it is known for its cultural heritage , amenable climate and geographical features , ranging from the seaside beaches to the Borborema Plateau . It is named after the Paraíba river . Some of the most notable Brazilian writers and poets are from Paraíba like Augusto dos Anjos , José Américo de Almeida , José Lins do Rego , Ariano Suassuna and Pedro Américo , the last being also known for his historical paintings ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Tupi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Tupi_language', 'summary': 'Old Tupi or classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the native Tupi people of Brazil , mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil . It belongs to the Tupi-Guarani language family , and has a written history spanning the 16th , 17th , and early 18th centuries . In the early colonial period , Tupi was used as a lingua franca throughout Brazil by Europeans and Amerindians , and had literary usage , but it was later suppressed almost to extinction , leaving only one modern descendant with an appreciable number of speakers , Nheengatu . The names Old Tupi or classical Tupi are used for the language in English and by modern scholars ( it is referred to as tupi antigo in Portuguese ) , but native speakers called it variously ñeengatú the good language , ñeendyba common language , abáñeenga human language , in Old Tupi , or língua geral general language , língua geral amazônica Amazonian general language , língua brasílica Brazilian language , in Portuguese .'}]}, {'value': 'parahiba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pará ( river ) + aíba ( rough , bad ) , probably meaning rough river', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paraná', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraná_(state)', 'summary': 'Paraná ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ paɾaˈna ] ( listen ) ) is one of the 26 states of Brazil , in the south of the country , bordered on the north by São Paulo state , on the east by the Atlantic Ocean , on the south by Santa Catarina state and the province of Misiones , Argentina , and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay , with the Paraná River as its western boundary line . Its area is 199,307.9 km2 ( 76,953.2 sq mi ) , slightly smaller than Romania , a country with similar shape . It is subdivided into 399 municipalities . Its capital is the city of Curitiba . Other major cities are Londrina , Maringá , Ponta Grossa , Cascavel , São José dos Pinhais and Foz do Iguaçu . Crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn , Paraná has what is left of the araucaria forest , one of the most important subtropical forests in the world . At the border with Argentina is the National Park of Iguaçu , considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage site . At only 40 km ( 25 mi ) from there , at the border with Paraguay , the largest dam in the world was built , the Hidroelétrica de Itaipu ( Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam ) . The crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the state is one of the most developed ones in the nation , ranking 4th in gross domestic product , only behind the states of Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo and Minas Gerais .'}]}, {'value': 'Guarani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guarani_language', 'summary': "Guarani ( /ˌɡwɑːrəˈniː , ˈɡwɑːrəni/ ) specifically the primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani ( avañe ' ẽ [ aʋãɲẽˈʔẽ ] transl . the people 's language ) , is an indigenous language of South America that belongs to the Tupi-Guarani family of the Tupian languages . It is one of the official languages of Paraguay ( along with Spanish ) , where it is spoken by the majority of the population , and where half of the rural population is monolingual . It is spoken by communities in neighboring countries , including parts of northeastern Argentina , southeastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil , and is a second official language of the Argentine province of Corrientes since 2004 ; it is also an official language of Mercosur . Guarani is one of the most widely spoken indigenous languages of the Americas and the only one whose speakers include a large proportion of non-indigenous people . This represents a unique anomaly in the Americas , where language shift towards European colonial languages ( in this case , the other official language of Spanish ) has otherwise been a nearly universal cultural and identity marker of mestizos ( people of mixed Spanish and Amerindian ancestry ) . Jesuit priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya , who in 1639 published the first written grammar of Guarani in a book called Tesoro de la lengua guaraní ( Treasure of the Guarani Language / The Guarani Language Thesaurus ) , described it as a language so copious and elegant that it can compete with the most famous [ of languages ] . The name Guarani is generally used for the official language of Paraguay . However , this is part of a dialect chain , most of whose components are also often called Guarani ."}]}, {'value': 'paraná', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'wide river ; the words for river , large river , lagoon , sea and lake have different meanings in Tupi , leading to confusion that Paraná meant sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pernambuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pernambuco', 'summary': "Pernambuco ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ pɛʁnɐ̃ˈbuku ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the Northeast region of the country . The state of Pernambuco also includes the archipelago Fernando de Noronha . With an estimated population of 9.2 million people in 2013 , it is the seventh most populous state of Brazil , and is the sixth most densely populated and the 19th most extensive among the states and territories of the country . Its capital and largest city , Recife , is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country . As of 2013 estimates , Recife 's metropolitan area is the fifth most populous in the country , and the largest urban agglomeration in Northeast Brazil . In 1982 , the city of Olinda was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Recife , the state capital and Olinda have one of the most traditional Brazilian Carnivals . Both have Portuguese architecture , with centuries-old casarões ( colonial houses ) and churches , kilometers of beaches and much culture . The proximity of the equator guarantees sunshine throughout the year , with average temperatures of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tupi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'paranambuka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'paranã ( sea ) + mbuka ( hollow ) , referring to the coastal reefs ; the state capital , Recife , is derived from the Portuguese for reef', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Recife', 'summary': "Recife ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁeˈsifi ] ( listen ) ) is the fourth-largest urban agglomeration in Brazil with 4,054,866 inhabitants , the largest urban agglomeration of the North/Northeast Regions , and the capital and largest city of the state of Pernambuco in the northeast corner of South America . The population of the city proper was 1,625,583 in 2016 . The first slave port in the Americas , Recife was founded in 1537 , during the early Portuguese colonization of Brazil , as the main harbor of the Captaincy of Pernambuco , known for its large scale production of sugar cane . It was the former capital Mauritsstad of the 17th century colony of New Holland of Dutch Brazil , established by the Dutch West India Company . The city is located at the confluence of the Beberibe and Capibaribe rivers before they flow into the South Atlantic Ocean . It is a major port on the Atlantic . Its name is an allusion to the stone reefs that are present by the city 's shores . The many rivers , small islands and over 50 bridges found in Recife city centre characterise its geography and led to the city being called the Brazilian Venice . As of 2010 [ update ] , it is the capital city with the highest HDI in Northeast Brazil and second highest HDI in the entire North and Northeast Brazil ( second only to Palmas ) . The Metropolitan Region of Recife is the main industrial zone of the State of Pernambuco ; major products are those derived from cane ( sugar and ethanol ) , motor vehicles , ships , oil platforms , electronics , software , and others . With fiscal incentives by the government , many industrial companies were started in the 1970s and 1980s . Recife has a tradition of being the most important commercial hub of the North/Northeastern region of Brazil , with more than 52,500 business enterprises in Recife plus 32,500 in the Metro Area , totaling more than 85,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Reef', 'summary': "A reef is a bar of rock , sand , coral or similar material , lying beneath the surface of water . Many reefs result from natural , abiotic processes - deposition of sand , wave erosion planing down rock outcrops , etc . - but the best known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes dominated by corals and coralline algae . Artificial reefs ( e.g . shipwrecks ) sometimes have a role in enhancing the physical complexity of featureless sand bottoms , in order to attract a diverse assemblage of organisms , especially algae and fish . Earth 's largest reef system is the Great Barrier Reef in Australia , at a length of over 2,300 kilometres ( 1,400 miles ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Piauí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piauí', 'summary': "Piauí ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ piawˈwi ] , [ pjɐwˈi ] ( listen ) ) is one of the states of Brazil , located in the country 's Northeast Region . Piauí has the shortest coastline of any coastal Brazilian state at 66 km ( 41 mi ) , and the capital , Teresina , is the only state capital in the northeast to be located inland . The reason for this is , unlike the rest of the area , Piauí was first colonised inland and slowly expanded towards the ocean , rather than the other way around . In the southeast of the state , the National Park of Serra da Capivara is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The park has more than 400 archaeological sites and the largest concentration of rock paintings in the world , in a landscape dominated by canyons and caatinga ."}]}, {'value': 'Tupi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'piauhi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'piau ( a type of river fish ) and y ( river ) , so Piau Fish River', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒɐˈnejɾu ] River of January ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It has the second largest economy of Brazil , with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo . The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast ( assigned by IBGE ) . Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the other states in the same Southeast macroregion : Minas Gerais ( N and NW ) , Espírito Santo ( NE ) and São Paulo ( SW ) . It is bounded on the east and south by the South Atlantic Ocean . Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km2 ( 16,855 sq mi ) . Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro , which was the capital of the Portuguese Colony of Brazil from 1763 to 1815 , of the following United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves from 1815 to 1822 , and of later independent Brazil as a kingdom and republic from 1822 to 1960 . The state 's 22 largest cities are Rio de Janeiro , São Gonçalo , Duque de Caxias , Nova Iguaçu , Niterói , Campos dos Goytacazes , Belford Roxo , São João de Meriti , Petrópolis , Volta Redonda , Magé , Macaé , Itaboraí , Cabo Frio , Armação dos Búzios , Angra dos Reis , Nova Friburgo , Barra Mansa , Barra do Piraí , Teresópolis , Mesquita and Nilópolis . Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil . It is , however , the third most populous Brazilian state , with a population of 16 million of people in 2011 ( making it the most densely populated state in Brazil ) and has the third longest coastline in the country ( after those of the states of Bahia and Maranhão ) . In the Brazilian flag , the state is represented by Mimosa , the beta star in the Southern Cross ( β Cru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'River of January ; the city harbor was discovered on January 1 , 1502 , and was believed to be the mouth of a river ( such as the Tagus estuary which forms a bay by Lisbon ) . The state was named after the city , now its capital and formerly capital of Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tagus_estuary', 'summary': 'The Tagus ( /ˈteɪɡəs/ TAY-gəs ; Spanish : Tajo [ ˈtaxo ] ; Portuguese : Tejo [ ˈtɛʒu ] ; see below ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula . It is 1,007 km ( 626 mi ) long , 716 km ( 445 mi ) in Spain , 47 km ( 29 mi ) along the border between Portugal and Spain and 275 km ( 171 mi ) in Portugal , where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon . It drains an area of 80,100 square kilometers ( 30,927 sq mi ) ( the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro ) . The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course . Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to places of central Spain and Portugal , while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power . Between dams it follows a very constricted course , but after Almourol it enters a wide alluvial valley , prone to flooding . Its mouth is a large estuary near the port city of Lisbon . The source of the Tagus is the Fuente de García in the Frías de Albarracín municipal term , Montes Universales , Sistema Ibérico , Sierra de Albarracín Comarca . All its major tributaries enter the Tagus from the right ( north ) bank . The main cities it passes through are Aranjuez , Toledo , Talavera de la Reina and Alcántara in Spain , and Abrantes , Santarém , Almada and Lisbon in Portugal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisbon', 'summary': "Lisbon ( /ˈlɪzbən/ ; Portuguese : Lisboa [ liʒˈboɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2 . Lisbon 's urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people , being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area , which represents approximately 27% of the country 's population . It is mainland Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost portions of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe , which is known as Cabo da Roca , located in the Sintra Mountains . Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities ( alongside Porto ) to be recognised as a global city . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Additionally , Humberto Delgado Airport served 29 million passengers in 2018 , being the busiest airport in Portugal , the 3rd busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe . The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular links the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon . The city is the 9th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Rome , Istanbul , Barcelona , Milan , Venice , Madrid , Florence and Athens , with 3,320,300 tourists in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio Grande do Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte', 'summary': "Rio Grande do Norte ( UK : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrændi duː ˈnɔːrti/ , US : /- ˌɡrɑːn-/ , Portuguese : [ ˈɦi.u ˈɡɾɐ̃di du ˈnɔhti̥ ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] lit . Great Northern River , in reference to the mouth of the Potengi River ) is one of the states of Brazil , located in the northeastern region of the country , occupying the northeasternmost tip of the South American continent . Because of its geographic position , Rio Grande do Norte has a strategic importance . The capital and largest city is Natal . It is the land of the folklorist Luís da Câmara Cascudo . Its 410 km ( 254 mi ) of sand , much sun , coconut palms and lagoons are responsible for the fame of beaches . Rocas Atoll , the only such feature in the Atlantic Ocean , is part of the state . The main economic activity is tourism , followed by the extraction of petroleum ( the second largest producer in the country ) , agriculture , fruit growing and extraction of minerals , including considerable production of seasalt , among other economic activities . The state is famous for having many popular attractions such as the Cashew of Pirangi ( the world 's largest cashew tree ) , the dunes and the dromedaries of Genipabu , the famous beaches of Ponta Negra , Maracajaú and Pipa 's paradise , the Carnatal the largest off-season carnival in Brazil , the Forte dos Reis Magos is a sixteenth-century fortress , the hills and mountains of Martins , the Natal Dunes State Park the second largest urban park in the country , and several other attractions . The state is also closest to the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha . In 2000-17 the murder rate rose by 655% . In 2017 , Rio Grande do Norte was the state with the highest murder rate in Brazil : 63.9 per 100,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great River of the North', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio Grande do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul', 'summary': 'Rio Grande do Sul ( UK : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrændi duː ˈsʊl/ , US : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrɑːndi duː ˈsuːl/ , Portuguese : [ ˈʁiw ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi du ˈsuw ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] lit . Great Southern River ) is a state in the southern region of Brazil . It is the fifth-most-populous state and the ninth largest by area . Located in the southernmost part of the country , Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the Uruguayan departments of Rocha , Treinta y Tres , Cerro Largo , Rivera and Artigas to the south and southwest , and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest . The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre . The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil , and the crime rate is relatively low compared to Brazilian national average . Despite the high standard of living , unemployment is still high and according to census data , it is one of the most difficult states in Brazil for foreigners to find jobs . The state has a gaucho culture like its foreign neighbors . It was originally inhabited by Guarani people . The first Europeans there were Jesuits , followed by settlers from the Azores . In the 19th century it was the scene of conflicts including the Farroupilha Revolution and the Paraguayan War . Large waves of German and Italian migration have shaped the state .'}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great River of the South ; the long and narrow Patos Lagoon ( lagoon of the ducks ) was probably mistaken for a river ; thus the name of the first important settlement , the town of Rio Grande', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'The names of most Brazilian states are based on Portuguese placenames , while others are based on indigenous ( often Tupi–Guarani ) and a few European languages .', 'uid': 'List_of_Brazil_state_name_etymologies_0', 'intro': 'The names of most Brazilian states are based on Portuguese placenames, while others are based on indigenous (often Tupi-Guarani) and a few European languages.'}
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How many square kilometers is the state in Brazil with a name meaning wide river ?
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199,307.9
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01f020ae644188e7
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_attendance_figures', 'title': 'List of National Football League attendance figures', 'header': ['Team', 'Stadium', 'Home Games', 'Average Attendance', 'Total Attendance', 'Capacity Percentage'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys', 'summary': "The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record eleven Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers ; both are second to Pittsburgh 's and New England 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966-85 ) , in which they missed the playoffs only twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $ 4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes ."}]}, {'value': 'Cowboys Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cowboys_Stadium', 'summary': "AT & T Stadium , formerly Cowboys Stadium , is a retractable roof stadium in Arlington , Texas , United States . It serves as the home of the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) and was completed on May 27 , 2009 . It is also the home of the Cotton Bowl Classic and the Big 12 Championship Game . The facility , owned by the city of Arlington , can also be used for a variety of other activities such as concerts , basketball games , college and high school football contests , rodeos and motocross and Spartan races . It replaced the partially covered Texas Stadium , which served as the Cowboys ' home from 1971 through the 2008 season . The stadium is sometimes referred to as Jerry World after Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones , who originally envisioned it as a large entertainment mecca . The stadium seats 80,000 , making it the fourth largest stadium in the NFL by seating capacity . The maximum capacity of the stadium with standing room is 105,000 . The record attendance for an NFL game was set in 2009 with a crowd of 105,121 . The Party Pass ( open areas ) sections are behind seats in each end zone and on a series of six elevated platforms connected by stairways . It also has the world 's 29th largest high definition video screen , which hangs from 20-yard line to 20-yard line ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87,047', 'urls': []}, {'value': '696,377', 'urls': []}, {'value': '108.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Redskins', 'summary': 'The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 88 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . The Redskins were the first NFL franchise with an official marching band , the Redskins Band , and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the Braves in 1932 , and became the Redskins the following year . In 1937 , the team relocated to Washington , D.C. , where they have been based since . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner-up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23-18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots ( six each ) , San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) .'}]}, {'value': 'FedExField', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FedExField', 'summary': "FedExField , originally Jack Kent Cooke Stadium , is an American football stadium located near the Capital Beltway in Prince George 's County , Maryland , U.S. , 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) east of Washington , D.C. , near the site of the old Capital Centre arena . The stadium is the home of the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From 2004 until 2010 , it had the largest seating capacity in the NFL at over 91,000 . Currently , the capacity is 82,000 . FedEx Field is in the Summerfield census-designated place and has a Landover postal address ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83,172', 'urls': []}, {'value': '665,380', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants', 'summary': "The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and are the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre-Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 29 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y . A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the New York National League Football Company , Inc. in 1929 and changed to New York Football Giants , Inc. in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use New York Football Giants , Inc. as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the New York Football Giants . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including Big Blue , the G-Men , and the Jints , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York ."}]}, {'value': 'New Meadowlands Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Meadowlands_Stadium', 'summary': 'MetLife Stadium is an American sports stadium located at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford , New Jersey , 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of New York City . It is the home stadium of two National Football League ( NFL ) franchises , the New York Giants and the New York Jets , as well as the New York Guardians of the XFL . Originally known as New Meadowlands Stadium upon opening in 2010 , its naming rights were acquired in 2011 by New York City-based insurance company MetLife . The stadium is owned by the MetLife Stadium Company , a joint venture of the Giants and Jets , which privately financed the construction of the venue on land belonging to the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority . At an approximate cost of $ 1.6 billion , it was the most expensive stadium ever built at the time that it opened .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '79,019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '632,156', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Jets', 'summary': "The New York Jets are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Florham Park , New Jersey . In a unique arrangement for the league , the Jets share MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey with the New York Giants . The franchise is legally and corporately registered as New York Jets , LLC . The team was founded in 1959 as the Titans of New York , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ; later , the franchise joined the NFL in the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 . The team began play in 1960 at the Polo Grounds . Under new ownership , the current name was adopted in 1963 and the franchise moved to Shea Stadium in 1964 and then to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in 1984 . The Jets advanced to the playoffs for the first time in 1968 and went on to compete in Super Bowl III where they defeated the Baltimore Colts , becoming the first AFL team to defeat an NFL club in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game . Since 1968 , the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times , and in the AFC Championship Game four times , most recently losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2010 . However , the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl , making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance , along with the New Orleans Saints and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Apart from the Cleveland Browns and the Detroit Lions , who have never reached the Super Bowl ( although both won NFL championships prior to 1966 ) , the Jets ' drought is the longest among current NFL franchises ."}]}, {'value': 'New Meadowlands Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Meadowlands_Stadium', 'summary': 'MetLife Stadium is an American sports stadium located at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford , New Jersey , 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of New York City . It is the home stadium of two National Football League ( NFL ) franchises , the New York Giants and the New York Jets , as well as the New York Guardians of the XFL . Originally known as New Meadowlands Stadium upon opening in 2010 , its naming rights were acquired in 2011 by New York City-based insurance company MetLife . The stadium is owned by the MetLife Stadium Company , a joint venture of the Giants and Jets , which privately financed the construction of the venue on land belonging to the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority . At an approximate cost of $ 1.6 billion , it was the most expensive stadium ever built at the time that it opened .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78,596', 'urls': []}, {'value': '628,768', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Broncos', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete as a member club of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust and currently play home games at Empower Field at Mile High ( formerly known as Invesco Field at Mile High from 2001-2010 , Sports Authority Field at Mile High from 2011-2017 , and Broncos Stadium at Mile High from 2018-2019 ) . Prior to that , they played at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not have a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's most successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 ) , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) ) , and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 - tied with the New England Patriots ) . Thirteen players who have played for Denver are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Shannon Sharpe , Gary Zimmerman , Willie Brown , Tony Dorsett , Jerry Rice , Andre Reed , Terrell Davis , Brian Dawkins , Ty Law , Champ Bailey and Steve Atwater , along with late club owner Pat Bowlen ."}]}, {'value': 'Invesco Field at Mile High', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High', 'summary': "Empower Field at Mile High ( previously known as Broncos Stadium at Mile High , Invesco Field at Mile High and Sports Authority Field at Mile High , and commonly known as Mile High , New Mile High or Mile High Stadium ) is an American football stadium in Denver , Colorado , named Mile High due to the city 's elevation of 5,280 feet ( 1,610 m ) . The primary tenant is the Denver Broncos of the National Football League ( NFL ) . It opened in 2001 to replace Mile High Stadium and was largely paid for by taxpayers . Invesco paid $ 120 million for the original naming rights , before Sports Authority secured them in 2011 . Despite its sponsor 's liquidation and closure in 2016 , the Sports Authority name remained on the stadium for two years afterwards because of regulatory hurdles . Nevertheless , the Broncos announced on January 2 , 2018 that the stadium 's exterior signage would be removed . The stadium took on a temporary name , Broncos Stadium at Mile High , for the remainder of 2018 - including the 2018 NFL season - and part of 2019 before a new corporate naming rights agreement with Empower Retirement was announced on September 4 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74,908', 'urls': []}, {'value': '599,264', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carolina_Panthers', 'summary': "The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Panthers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The team is headquartered in Bank of America Stadium in uptown Charlotte ; the stadium also serves as the team 's home field . They are one of the few NFL teams to own the stadium they play in , which is legally registered as Panthers Stadium , LLC . The Panthers are supported throughout the Carolinas ; although the team has played its home games in Charlotte since 1996 , it played home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson , South Carolina during its first season . The team hosts its annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg , South Carolina . The Panthers were announced as the league 's 29th franchise in 1993 , and began play in 1995 under original owner and founder Jerry Richardson . The Panthers played well in their first two years , finishing 7-9 in 1995 ( an all-time best for an NFL expansion team 's first season ) and 12-4 the following year , winning the NFC West before ultimately losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game . They did not have another winning season until 2003 , when they won the NFC Championship Game and reached Super Bowl XXXVIII , losing 32-29 to the New England Patriots . After recording playoff appearances in 2005 and 2008 , the team failed to record another playoff appearance until 2013 , the first of three consecutive NFC South titles . After losing in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers in 2013 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2014 , the Panthers returned to the Super Bowl in 2015 , but lost to the Denver Broncos . The Panthers have reached the playoffs eight times , advancing to four NFC Championship Games and two Super Bowls ."}]}, {'value': 'Bank of America Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_of_America_Stadium', 'summary': 'Bank of America Stadium is a 75,523-seat football stadium located on 33 acres ( 13 ha ) in uptown Charlotte , North Carolina , United States . It is the home facility and headquarters of the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League , and is planned to be the home of the Charlotte MLS team . The stadium opened in 1996 as Ericsson Stadium before Bank of America purchased the naming rights in 2004 . Former Panthers president Danny Morrison called it [ A ] classic American stadium due to its bowl design and other features . In addition to the Panthers , the stadium hosts the annual Belk Bowl , which features teams from the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , and was supposed to host the annual ACC Championship Game through at least 2019 . The game was moved in 2016 but reinstated in 2017 . The largest crowd to ever attend a football game at the stadium was on September 9 , 2018 , when 74,532 fans watched the Panthers defeat the Dallas Cowboys 16-8 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72,620', 'urls': []}, {'value': '580,965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Ravens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens', 'summary': "The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at M & T Bank Stadium and is headquartered in Owings Mills . The Ravens were established in 1996 , after Art Modell , who was then the owner of the Cleveland Browns , announced plans to relocate the franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore in 1995 . As part of a settlement between the league and the city of Cleveland , Modell was required to leave the Browns ' history and records in Cleveland for a replacement team and replacement personnel that would take control in 1999 . In return , he was allowed to take his own personnel and team to Baltimore , where such personnel would then form an expansion team . The Ravens have been one of the more successful franchises since their inception , having qualified for the NFL playoffs 12 times since 2000 , with two Super Bowl championship titles ( Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII ) , two AFC Championship titles ( 2000 and 2012 ) , 15 playoff victories , four AFC Championship game appearances ( 2000 , 2008 , 2011 and 2012 ) , six AFC North division titles ( 2003 , 2006 , 2011 , 2012 , 2018 , and 2019 ) , and are currently the only team in the NFL to hold a perfect record in multiple Super Bowl appearances . The Ravens organization was led by general manager Ozzie Newsome from 1996 until his retirement following the 2018 season , and has had three head coaches : Ted Marchibroda , Brian Billick , and since 2008 , John Harbaugh . Starting with a record-breaking defensive performance in their 2000 season , the Ravens have established a reputation for strong defensive play throughout team history , featuring Hall of Fame players like middle linebacker Ray Lewis and safety Ed Reed as well as Pro Bowl players like defensive end Terrell Suggs and defensive tackle Haloti Ngata . The team is owned by Steve Bisciotti and valued at $ 2.59 billion , making the Ravens the 29th-most valuable sports franchise in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'M & T Bank Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M&T_Bank_Stadium', 'summary': 'M & T Bank Stadium is a multi-purpose football stadium located in Baltimore , Maryland . It is the home of the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League . The stadium is immediately adjacent to Oriole Park at Camden Yards , the home of the Baltimore Orioles . Often referred to as Ravens Stadium , M & T Bank Stadium officially opened in 1998 , and is currently one of the most praised stadiums in the NFL for fan amenities , ease of access , concessions and other facilities . The stadium was originally known as Ravens Stadium at Camden Yards , until PSINet acquired the naming rights in 1999 , naming it PSINet Stadium . It then reverted to Ravens Stadium in 2002 when PSINet filed for bankruptcy . M & T Bank bought the naming rights in 2003 and signed a 15-year , $ 75 million contract with the Ravens , which was brokered by Team Services , LLC . The naming rights deal for M & T Bank Stadium was renewed for $ 60M over 10 years in 2014 , extending the name through 2027 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71,227', 'urls': []}, {'value': '569,817', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Texans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Texans', 'summary': "The Houston Texans are a professional American football team based in Houston , Texas . The Texans compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . The team plays its home games at NRG Stadium . The club first played in 2002 as an expansion team , making them the youngest franchise currently competing in the NFL . The Texans replaced the city 's previous NFL franchise , the Houston Oilers who played from 1960 to 1996 , which moved to Nashville and are now known as the Tennessee Titans . The team was founded and owned by Bob McNair from 1999 until his death in 2018 . Following McNair 's death , the majority ownership of the team went to his wife , Janice McNair . While the team mainly struggled in their first decade of play , they found success in the 2011 season , winning their first division championship and clinching their first playoff berth . The Texans have gone on to win five more AFC South championships in 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 and 2019 . As of the 2019 season , they are the only franchise to have never appeared in a conference championship game ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reliant_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71,080', 'urls': []}, {'value': '568,643', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers', 'summary': "The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay , Wisconsin . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL , dating back to 1919 , and is the only non-profit , community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States . [ a ] Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957 . The Packers are the last of the small town teams which were common in the NFL during the league 's early days of the 1920s and 1930s . Founded in 1919 by Earl Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun , the franchise traces its lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896 . Between 1919 and 1920 , the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest , before joining the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , the forerunner of today 's NFL , in 1921 . Although Green Bay is by far the smallest major league professional sports market in North America , Forbes ranked the Packers as the world 's 27th most valuable sports franchise in 2019 , with a value of $ 2.63 billion . The Packers have won 13 league championships , the most in NFL history , with nine pre-Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories . The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the AFL-NFL merger . The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers ' coach Vince Lombardi , who guided them to their first two Super Bowls . Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambeau Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lambeau_Field', 'summary': "Lambeau Field is an outdoor athletic stadium in the north central United States , located in Green Bay , Wisconsin . The home field of the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League ( NFL ) , it opened in 1957 as City Stadium , replacing the original City Stadium at East High School as the Packers ' home field . Informally known as New City Stadium for its first eight seasons , it was renamed in August 1965 in memory of Packers founder , player , and long-time head coach , Curly Lambeau , who had died two months earlier . The stadium 's street address has been 1265 Lombardi Avenue since August 1968 , when Highland Avenue was renamed in honor of former head coach Vince Lombardi . It sits on a block bounded by Lombardi Avenue ( north ) ; Oneida Street ( east ) ; Stadium Drive and Valley View Road ( south ) ; and Ridge Road ( west ) . The playing field at the stadium has a conventional north-south alignment , at an elevation of 640 feet ( 195 m ) above sea level . The stadium completed its latest renovation in the summer of 2013 with the addition of 7,000 seats high in the south end zone . About 5,400 of the new seating is general , while the remaining 1,600 seats are club or terrace suite seating . With a capacity of 81,441 , Lambeau Field is the fifth-largest stadium in the NFL with standing room , but is fourth in normal capacity . It is now the largest venue in the state , edging out Camp Randall Stadium ( 80,321 ) at the University of Wisconsin in Madison . Lambeau Field is the oldest continually operating NFL stadium . In 2007 , the Packers completed their 51st season at Lambeau , breaking the all-time NFL record set by the Chicago Bears at Wrigley Field ( 1921-70 ) ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70,795', 'urls': []}, {'value': '566,362', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints', 'summary': "The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Saints currently compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The team was founded by John W. Mecom Jr. , David Dixon , and the city of New Orleans on November 1 , 1966 . The Saints began play in Tulane Stadium in 1967 where they remained until the 1974 NFL season , when they moved to the new Louisiana Superdome ( now the Mercedes-Benz Superdome ) . The name Saints is an allusion to November 1 being All Saints ' Day in the Catholic faith . New Orleans has a large Catholic population , and the spiritual When the Saints Go Marching In is strongly associated with New Orleans and is often sung by fans at games . The team 's primary colors are old gold and black ; their logo is a simplified fleur-de-lis . For most of their first 20 years , the Saints were barely competitive , only getting to .500 twice . In 1987 , they finished 12-3 - their first-ever winning season - and qualified for the NFL playoffs for the first time in franchise history , but lost to the Minnesota Vikings 44-10 . The next season in 1988 ended with a 10-6 record , but no playoff berth . Following the 2000 regular season , the Saints defeated the defending Super Bowl champion St. Louis Rams 31-28 to notch their first-ever playoff win . In 2005 , Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and much of the Gulf Coast region ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana Superdome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Superdome', 'summary': "The Mercedes-Benz Superdome , often referred to simply as the Superdome , is a domed sports and exhibition stadium located in the Central Business District of New Orleans , Louisiana , United States . It primarily serves as the home venue for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the home stadium for the Sugar Bowl , New Orleans Bowl in college football and the longtime rivalry football game of the SWAC Conferences Southern University and Grambling State University , known as the Bayou Classic ( held yearly , every Thanksgiving Weekend ) . It also houses their schools Battle of the Bands between The Southern University The Human Jukebox and Grambling States Tiger Marching Band . Plans were drawn up in 1967 by the New Orleans modernist architectural firm of Curtis and Davis and the building opened as the Louisiana Superdome in 1975 . Its steel frame covers a 13-acre ( 5.3 ha ) expanse and the 273-foot ( 83 m ) dome is made of a lamellar multi-ringed frame and has a diameter of 680 feet ( 210 m ) , making it the largest fixed domed structure in the world . It is adjacent to the Smoothie King Center . Because of the building 's size and location in one of the major tourist destinations of the United States , the Superdome routinely hosts major sporting events , including the Super Bowl , College Football Championship Game , and the Final Four in college basketball . The stadium was also the long-time home of the Tulane Green Wave football team of Tulane University until 2014 ( when they returned on-campus at Yulman Stadium ) and was the home venue of the New Orleans Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1975 until 1979 . The Superdome gained international attention of a different type in 2005 when it housed thousands of people seeking shelter from Hurricane Katrina . The building suffered extensive damage as a result of the storm , and was closed for many months afterward . It was eventually decided the building would be fully refurbished and reopened in time for the Saints ' 2006 home opener on September 25 . On October 3 , 2011 , it was announced that German automaker Mercedes-Benz purchased naming rights to the stadium ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70,038', 'urls': []}, {'value': '560,304', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football team based in Philadelphia . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . In the 2017 season the team won Super Bowl LII , their first Super Bowl win in franchise history and their fourth NFL title overall , after winning the Championship Game in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Harold Carmichael , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has had an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all-time , Sports Illustrated ranks it as the fourth-best rivalry in the NFL , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well-known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high-profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry known as the battle of Pennsylvania , roughly dating back to 1933 . It mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks among the best in the league in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln Financial Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_Financial_Field', 'summary': "Lincoln Financial Field is an American football stadium located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . It serves as the home stadium of the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Temple Owls football team of Temple University . It is located in South Philadelphia on Pattison Avenue between 11th and South Darien streets , also alongside I-95 as part of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex . It has a seating capacity of 69,176 . Many locals refer to the stadium simply as The Linc . The stadium opened on August 3 , 2003 after two years of construction that began on May 7 , 2001 , replacing Veterans Stadium . While total seating capacity is similar to that of The Vet , the new stadium contains double the number of luxury and wheelchair-accessible seats , along with more modern services . The field 's construction included several light emitting diode ( LED ) video displays , as well as more than 624 feet ( 190 m ) of LED ribbon boards . Naming rights were sold in June 2002 to the Lincoln Financial Group , for a sum of $ 139.6 million over 21 years . Together , the City of Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania contributed approximately $ 188 million to the stadium construction . Additional construction funding was raised from the sale of Stadium Builder 's Licenses to Eagles season ticket holders . The Army-Navy football game is frequently played at the stadium due to Philadelphia being located halfway between both service academies , the stadium being able to house the large crowds in attendance , and the historic nature of the city ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69,144', 'urls': []}, {'value': '553,152', 'urls': []}, {'value': '102.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee Titans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Titans', 'summary': "The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team based in Nashville , Tennessee . The Titans compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . Previously known as the Houston Oilers , the team began play in 1960 in Houston , Texas , as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Oilers won the first two AFL Championships , and joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 . The team relocated from Houston to Tennessee in 1997 , and played at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis for one season . The team then moved to Nashville in 1998 and played in Vanderbilt Stadium . For those two years , they were known as the Tennessee Oilers , but changed their name to Tennessee Titans for the 1999 season . The team currently plays at Nissan Stadium in Nashville , which opened in 1999 as Adelphia Coliseum . The Titans ' training facility is at Saint Thomas Sports Park , a 31-acre ( 13 ha ) site at the MetroCenter complex in Nashville . Throughout the club 's history , the Titans have played in the Super Bowl once ( XXXIV , at the end of the 1999 NFL season ) ; the Titans lost 23-16 to the St. Louis Rams ."}]}, {'value': 'LP Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LP_Field', 'summary': "Nissan Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . Owned by the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County , it is primarily used for football and is the home field of the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Tennessee State Tigers of Tennessee State University . The stadium is also the site of the Franklin American Mortgage Music City Bowl , a postseason college football bowl game played each December , and from 2020 until 2022 will be the home field of Nashville Soccer Club of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . Nissan Stadium is also used for large concerts , such as the CMA Music Festival nightly concerts , which take place for four days every June . Facilities are included to enable the stadium to host other public events , meetings , parties , and gatherings . Nissan Stadium is located on the east bank of the Cumberland River , directly across the river from downtown Nashville and has a listed seating capacity of 69,143 . Its first event was a preseason game between the Titans and the Atlanta Falcons on August 27 , 1999 . Since opening in 1999 , it has been known by multiple names , including Adelphia Coliseum ( 1999-2002 ) , The Coliseum ( 2002-2006 ) , and LP Field ( 2006-2015 ) . The stadium features three levels of seating , with the lower bowl completely encompassing the field . The club and upper levels form the stadium 's dual towers , rising above the lower bowl along each sideline . All of the stadium 's luxury suites are located within the towers . Three levels of suites are located in the stadium 's eastern tower : one between the lower and club levels , and two between the club and upper levels ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69,143', 'urls': []}, {'value': '553,144', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Patriots', 'summary': "The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston area . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 28 miles ( 45 km ) southwest of Boston , Massachusetts . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . Founded in 1959 as the Boston Patriots , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the team joined the NFL in the leagues ' 1970 merger , then changed its name when it moved to Foxborough in 1971 . The New England Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium through 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . Since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 , the Patriots have become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , claiming 16 AFC East titles as part of 18 consecutive winning seasons since 2001 . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten-year period ( 126 , in 2003-2012 ) , an undefeated 16-game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21-game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( eleven straight division titles from 2009 to 2019 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( nine ) and wins ( six ) by a head coach-quarterback tandem , most conference championships overall ( eleven ) , most Super Bowl appearances overall ( eleven ) . The Patriots are tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers for the most Super Bowl wins ( six ) , and with the Denver Broncos for the most Super Bowl losses ( five ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gillette Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gillette_Stadium', 'summary': "Gillette Stadium is a stadium in the northeastern United States , located in Foxborough , Massachusetts , 28 miles ( 45 km ) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of downtown Providence , Rhode Island . It opened 18 years ago in 2002 , replacing the adjacent Foxboro Stadium . The seating capacity is 65,878 , including 5,876 club seats and 89 luxury suites . It serves as the home stadium and administrative offices for both the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . It was also the home stadium for University of Massachusetts ( UMass ) Minutemen football in 2012 , while on-campus Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium underwent renovations . It continued to serve as a part-time home venue for higher attendance UMass games through 2018 . The stadium was originally known as CMGI Field before the naming rights were bought by Gillette after the dot-com bust . Although Gillette was acquired by Procter & Gamble ( P & G ) in 2005 , the stadium retains the Gillette name . Gillette and the Patriots jointly announced in September 2010 that their partnership , which includes naming rights to the stadium , will extend through the 2031 season . Additionally , uBid ( until April 2003 a wholly owned subsidiary of CMGI ) as of 2009 continues to sponsor one of the main entrance gates to the stadium . The stadium is owned and operated by Kraft Sports Group , a subsidiary of The Kraft Group , the company through which businessman Robert Kraft owns the Patriots and Revolution . The Town of Foxborough approved plans for the stadium 's construction on December 6 , 1999 , and work on the stadium began on March 24 , 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68,756', 'urls': []}, {'value': '550,048', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons', 'summary': "The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta , Georgia . The Falcons compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team , after the NFL offered then-owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League ( AFL ) . In their 53 years of existence ( through 2018 ) , the Falcons have compiled a record of 368-466-6 ( 358-452-6 in the regular season and 10-14 in the playoffs ) , winning division championships in 1980 , 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2016 . The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls , the first during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII , where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34-19 , and the second was 18 years later , a 34-28 overtime loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI . The Falcons ' current home field is Mercedes-Benz Stadium , which opened for the 2017 season ; the team 's headquarters and practice facilities are located at a fifty-acre ( 20 ha ) site in Flowery Branch , northeast of Atlanta in Hall County ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Dome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Dome', 'summary': 'The Georgia Dome was a domed stadium in the Southeastern United States . Located in Atlanta between downtown to the east and Vine City to the west , it was owned and operated by the State of Georgia as part of the Georgia World Congress Center Authority . Its successor , Mercedes-Benz Stadium , was built adjacent to the south and opened on August 26 , 2017 . The Georgia Dome was demolished on November 20 , 2017 . The Georgia Dome was the home stadium for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Georgia State University Panthers football team . It hosted two Super Bowls ( XXVIII and XXXIV ) , 25 editions of the Peach Bowl ( January 1993 through December 2016 ) and 23 SEC Championship Games ( 1994−2016 ) . In addition , the Georgia Dome also hosted several soccer matches since 2009 with attendances over 50,000 . In its 25 years of operation , the Georgia Dome hosted over 1,400 events attended by over 37 million people . The Georgia Dome was the only stadium in the United States to host the Olympics , Super Bowl and Final Four . At its debut in 1992 , the Georgia Dome was the second-largest covered stadium in the world by capacity , behind the Pontiac Silverdome ; it was also surpassed by AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , and Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , Wales .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '542,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Dolphins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Dolphins', 'summary': "The Miami Dolphins are a professional American football team based in the Miami metropolitan area . The Dolphins compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The Dolphins play their home games at Hard Rock Stadium , located in the northern suburb of Miami Gardens , Florida . The Dolphins are the oldest professional sports team in Florida . Of the four AFC East teams , they are the only team in the division that was not a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Dolphins were founded by attorney-politician Joe Robbie and actor-comedian Danny Thomas . They began play in the AFL in 1966 . The region had not had a professional football team since the days of the Miami Seahawks , who played in the All-America Football Conference in 1946 , before becoming the first incarnation of the Baltimore Colts . For the first few years , the Dolphins ' full-time training camp and practice facilities were at Saint Andrew 's School , a private boys boarding prep school in Boca Raton . In the 1970 AFL-NFL merger , the Dolphins joined the NFL . The team made its first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl VI , losing to the Dallas Cowboys , 24-3 . The following year , the Dolphins completed the NFL 's only perfect season , culminating in a Super Bowl win , winning all 14 of their regular season games , and all three of their playoff games , including Super Bowl VII ."}]}, {'value': 'Sun Life Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Life_Stadium', 'summary': 'Hard Rock Stadium is a football stadium located in Miami Gardens , Florida , a city north of Miami . It is the home stadium of the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Hard Rock Stadium also plays host to the Miami Hurricanes football team during their regular season . In addition , the facility hosts the Orange Bowl , an annual college football bowl game . It was the home to the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1993 to 2011 . From 2019 , the stadium is home to the Miami Open tennis tournament , played in March . The stadium has hosted six Super Bowls ( XXIII , XXIX , XXXIII , XLI , XLIV , and LIV ) , the 2010 Pro Bowl , two World Series ( 1997 and 2003 ) , four BCS National Championship Games ( 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ) , the second round of the 2009 World Baseball Classic , and WrestleMania XXVIII . The stadium will host the College Football Playoff National Championship in 2021 , as well as has agreed in principle to host the Formula 1 Miami Grand Prix in 2021 . The facility opened in 1987 as Joe Robbie Stadium and has been known by a number of names since : Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium , Dolphin Stadium , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . In August 2016 the team sold the naming rights to Hard Rock Cafe Inc. for $ 250 million over 18 years .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67,744', 'urls': []}, {'value': '541,959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs', 'summary': "The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) . ( It is not associated with the NFL Dallas Texans . ) In 1963 , the team moved to Kansas City and assumed its current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $ 2 billion . Hunt 's son , Clark , serves as chairman and CEO . While Hunt 's ownership stakes passed collectively to his widow and children after his death in 2006 , Clark is the operating head of the franchise ; he represents the Chiefs at all league meetings and has ultimate authority on personnel changes . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 . They became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , was the final such competition before the leagues ' merger went into full effect ."}]}, {'value': 'Arrowhead Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrowhead_Stadium', 'summary': 'Arrowhead Stadium is an American football stadium in Kansas City , Missouri , United States . It primarily serves as the home venue of the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League ( NFL ) . It is part of the Truman Sports Complex with adjacent Kauffman Stadium , the home of the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Arrowhead Stadium has a seating capacity of 76,416 , making it the 27th largest stadium in the United States and the sixth largest NFL stadium . It is also the largest sports facility by capacity in the state of Missouri . A $ 375 million renovation was completed in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '67,672', 'urls': []}, {'value': '541,380', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks', 'summary': "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team based in Seattle , Washington . The Seahawks compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . They joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Seahawks are coached by Pete Carroll . Since 2002 , they have played their home games at CenturyLink Field ( formerly Qwest Field ) , located south of downtown Seattle . They previously played home games in the Kingdome ( 1976-1999 ) and Husky Stadium ( 1994 , 2000-2001 ) . Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the 12th Man , 12th Fan , or 12s . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first registering 136.6 decibels during a game against the San Francisco 49ers in September 2013 , and later during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints a few months later , with a then record-setting 137.6 dB . The Seahawks are the only NFL franchise based in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and thus attract support from a wide geographical area , including some parts of Oregon , Montana , Idaho , and Alaska , as well as Canadian fans in British Columbia , Alberta and Saskatchewan . Steve Largent , Cortez Kennedy , Walter Jones , and Kenny Easley have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks . In addition to them , Dave Brown , Jacob Green , Dave Krieg , Curt Warner , and Jim Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross ( radio announcer ) and Chuck Knox ( head coach ) . The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Qwest Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qwest_Field', 'summary': "CenturyLink Field is a multi-purpose stadium located in Seattle , Washington , United States . It is the home field for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) , Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and the Seattle Dragons of XFL . Originally called Seahawks Stadium , it became Qwest Field in June 2004 , when telecommunications carrier Qwest acquired the naming rights . It received its current name in June 2011 after Qwest 's acquisition by CenturyLink . It is a modern facility with views of the Downtown Seattle skyline and can seat 68,740 people for NFL games and 37,722 for most MLS matches and XFL games . The complex also includes the Event Center with the Washington Music Theater ( WaMu Theater ) , a parking garage , and a public plaza . The venue hosts concerts , trade shows , and consumer shows along with sporting events . Located within a mile ( 1.6 km ) of Downtown Seattle , the stadium is accessible by multiple freeways and forms of mass transit . The stadium was built between 2000 and 2002 on the site of the Kingdome after voters approved funding for the construction in a statewide election held in June 1997 . This vote created the Washington State Public Stadium Authority to oversee public ownership of the venue . The owner of the Seahawks , Paul Allen , formed First & Goal Inc. to develop and operate the new facilities . Allen was closely involved in the design process and emphasized the importance of an open-air venue with an intimate atmosphere ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66,992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '539,141', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts', 'summary': "The Indianapolis Colts are an American football team based in Indianapolis , Indiana . The Colts compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . Since the 2008 season , the Colts have played their games in Lucas Oil Stadium . Previously , the team had played for over two decades ( 1984-2007 ) at the RCA Dome . Since 1987 , the Colts have been the host team for the NFL Scouting Combine . The Colts have been a member club of the NFL since their founding in Baltimore in 1953 . They were one of three NFL teams to join those of the American Football League ( AFL ) to form the AFC following the 1970 merger . While in Baltimore , the team advanced to the playoffs 10 times and won three NFL Championship games in 1958 , 1959 , and 1968 . The Colts played in two Super Bowls while they were based in Baltimore , losing to the New York Jets in Super Bowl III and defeating the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V. The Colts relocated to Indianapolis in 1984 and have since appeared in the playoffs 16 times , won two conference championships , and won one Super Bowl , in which they defeated the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucas Oil Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucas_Oil_Stadium', 'summary': "Lucas Oil Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Downtown Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . It replaced the RCA Dome as the home field of the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and opened on August 16 , 2008 . The stadium was constructed to allow the removal of the RCA Dome and expansion of the Indiana Convention Center on its site . The stadium is on the south side of South Street , a block south of the former site of the RCA Dome . In 2006 , prior to the stadium 's construction , Lucas Oil Products secured the naming rights for the stadium at a cost of $ 122 million over 20 years . The venue also serves as the current home for the United Soccer League 's Indy Eleven , as well as the home of the Drum Corps International Championships since 2009 . The architectural firm HKS , Inc. was responsible for the stadium 's design , with Walter P Moore working as the Structural Engineer of Record . The stadium features a retractable roof and a large retractable window on one end , thus allowing the Colts and the Eleven to play both indoors and outdoors . The field surface was originally FieldTurf but was replaced in 2018 with Shaw Sports Momentum Pro . The exterior of the new stadium is faced with a reddish-brown brick trimmed with Indiana limestone , similar to several other sports venues in the area , including Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Hinkle Fieldhouse , and the Fairgrounds Coliseum ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66,975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '535,942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Browns', 'summary': "The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team based in Cleveland . Named after original coach and co-founder Paul Brown , they compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . The Browns play their home games at FirstEnergy Stadium , which opened in 1999 , with administrative offices and training facilities in Berea , Ohio . The Browns ' official club colors are brown , orange , and white . They are unique among the 32 member franchises of the NFL in that they do not have a logo on their helmets . The franchise was founded in 1945 by Brown and businessman Arthur B. McBride as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . The Browns dominated the AAFC , compiling a 47-4-3 record in the league 's four seasons and winning its championship in each . When the AAFC folded after the 1949 season , the Browns joined the NFL along with the San Francisco 49ers and the original Baltimore Colts . The team won a championship in their inaugural NFL season , as well as in the 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 seasons , and in a feat unequaled in any of the North American major professional sports , played in their league championship game in each of the Browns ' first ten years of existence . From 1965 to 1995 , they qualified to play in the NFL playoffs 14 times , but did not win another championship or play in the Super Bowl during that period . In 1995 , owner Art Modell , who had purchased the Browns in 1961 , announced plans to move the team to Baltimore . After threats of legal action from the city of Cleveland and fans , a compromise was reached in early 1996 that allowed Modell to establish the Baltimore Ravens as a new franchise while retaining the contracts of all Browns personnel ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Browns_Stadium', 'summary': 'FirstEnergy Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , primarily for American football . It is the home field of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League ( NFL ) , and serves as a venue for other events such as college and high school football , soccer , and concerts . It opened in 1999 as Cleveland Browns Stadium and was renovated in two phases in early 2014 and 2015 . The initial seating capacity was listed at 73,200 people , but following the first phase of the renovation project in 2014 , seating capacity was reduced to 67,431 . Since 2017 , capacity is listed at 67,895 . The stadium sits on 31 acres ( 13 ha ) of land between Lake Erie and the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway in the North Coast Harbor area of downtown Cleveland , adjacent to the Great Lakes Science Center and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The site was previously the location of Cleveland Stadium from 1931 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66,116', 'urls': []}, {'value': '528,933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers', 'summary': "The professional American football team now known as the Los Angeles Chargers previously played in San Diego , California as the San Diego Chargers from 1961 to 2017 before relocating back to Los Angeles where the team played their inaugural season . The Chargers franchise relocated from Los Angeles to San Diego in 1961 . The Chargers ' first home game in San Diego was at Balboa Stadium against the Oakland Raiders on September 17 , 1961 . Their final game as a San Diego-based club was played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego on January 1 , 2017 against the Kansas City Chiefs , who defeated the Chargers , 37-27 ."}]}, {'value': 'Qualcomm Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qualcomm_Stadium', 'summary': "SDCCU Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in San Diego , California , United States . The stadium opened in 1967 as San Diego Stadium and was known as Jack Murphy Stadium from 1981 to 1997 . From 1997 to 2017 , the stadium 's naming rights were owned by San Diego-based telecommunications equipment company Qualcomm , and the stadium was known as Qualcomm Stadium . The naming rights expired on June 14 , 2017 and was purchased by San Diego County Credit Union renaming the facility as SDCCU Stadium on September 19 , 2017 . It is the home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team from San Diego State University . One college football bowl game , the Holiday Bowl , is held in the stadium every December . It was briefly also the home of the San Diego Fleet of the Alliance of American Football in early 2019 . The stadium was the longtime home of two professional franchises : the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The Chargers played at the stadium from 1967 through the 2016 season , after which they moved to Los Angeles to become the Los Angeles Chargers . The Padres played home games at the stadium from their founding in 1969 through the 2003 season , when they moved to Petco Park in downtown San Diego . The stadium was also home to a second college bowl game , the Poinsettia Bowl , from 2005 until its discontinuation following the 2016 edition . The stadium has hosted three Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXII in 1988 , Super Bowl XXXII in 1998 , and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65,530', 'urls': []}, {'value': '524,241', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91.9%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2010 attendance statistics', 'section_text': 'Soldier Field Gillette Stadium Qwest Field Cleveland Browns Stadium', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Football_League_attendance_figures_8', 'intro': 'The National Football League is the largest live spectator sporting league in the world (excluding auto racing) in terms of average attendance. As of 2018, the NFL averaged 67,100 live spectators per game, and 17,177,581 total for the season.'}
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The NFL team that calls Bank of America Stadium home is headquartered in what city ?
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Charlotte
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01f2edecc0e77391
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament', 'title': 'Vice-President of the European Parliament', 'header': ['', 'Members', 'Group', 'State', 'Votes'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Pittella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Pittella', 'summary': 'Giovanni Saverio Furio Pittella ( born 19 November 1958 ) is an Italian politician who served as Leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats Group from 2014 to 2018 and Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) from Italy from 1999 to 2018 . He previously served as First Vice President of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'S & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '360', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodi_Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou', 'summary': "Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou is a Greek politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014 , and served as First Vice-President of the European Parliament from 2007 to 2009 . She was born and brought up at the island of Zakynthos , Greece . She studied Sociology ( specialising in political sociology ) at the University of Geneva ( Switzerland ) . Her postgraduate studies followed at the Institute of European Studies of the same University . She was first elected as an MEP in 1999 . She was re-elected in 2004 and in 2009 . Her parliamentary work was rich and multifaceted with numerous interventions on issues like European integration , regional cohesion and economic development of Europe , the upgrading of women 's participation and the presence of the EU at international level ."}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': []}, {'value': '355', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stavros Lambrinidis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stavros_Lambrinidis', 'summary': 'Stavros Lambrinidis ( Greek : Σταύρος Λαμπρινίδης ; born 6 February 1962 ) is a Greek lawyer and politician who has served as the Ambassador of the European Union to the United States since March 2019 . He previously served as the European Union Special Representative for Human Rights from 2012 to 2019 and Minister for Foreign Affairs from June 2011 to November 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'S & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': []}, {'value': '346', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Angel_Martínez_Martínez', 'summary': "Miguel Ángel Martínez Martínez ( born 30 January 1940 , in Madrid ) is a Spanish politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party , part of the Party of European Socialists . Martínez Martínez is a Vice Chair of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly . He was the first full-time and paid Secretary General of the International Falcon Movement - Socialist Education International the children 's international of the Socialist Group ( 1966-1972 ) , Vice-President of the WEU Assembly ( 1986-1996 ) . Vice-President ( 1983-1992 ) and President ( 1992-1996 ) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe . He also represented Ciudad Real Province in the Spanish Congress of Deputies from 1977 to 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'S & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '327', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alejo Vidal-Quadras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejo_Vidal-Quadras', 'summary': "Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca ( born 20 May 1945 in Barcelona ) is a Spanish politician and radiation physicist who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014 , and served as First Vice President of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2007 . He was elected on the People 's Party ticket and sat with the European People 's Party group . In 2014 he announced that he was leaving the People 's Party for Vox . He was the front-runner for Vox in the 2014 European Election , but the party failed to win a seat . In addition to serving in the European parliament , he has occupied several elected positions in Spain : he was a member of the Barcelona City Council ( 1987-1991 ) , member of the Parliament of Catalonia ( 1988-1996 ) and Senator in the Spanish Senate ( 1996-1999 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '308', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dagmar Roth-Behrendt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dagmar_Roth-Behrendt', 'summary': 'Dagmar Roth-Behrendt ( born 21 February 1953 , in Frankfurt am Main ) is a German lawyer who served as Member of the European Parliament . She was elected on the SPD ticket and sat with the Party of European Socialists group .'}]}, {'value': 'S & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '287', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Libor Rouček', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libor_Rouček', 'summary': "Libor Rouček ( born 4 September 1954 in Kladno ) is a Czech politician and Member of the European Parliament with the Czech Social Democratic Party , part of the Socialist Group and sits on the European Parliament 's Committee on Foreign Affairs . He is a substitute for the Committee on Budgets and a member of the Delegation for relations with Iran ."}]}, {'value': 'S & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '278', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabelle Durant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Durant', 'summary': 'Isabelle A.J . Durant ( born 4 September 1954 ) is a Belgian politician , member of the Ecolo party . She has been serving as Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) since 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Greens/EFA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Greens–European_Free_Alliance', 'summary': 'The Greens/European Free Alliance ( Greens/EFA ) is the political group of the European Parliament composed primarily of green and regionalist political parties . Formed following the 1999 European elections for the 5th European Parliament , the Greens/EFA group now consists of three distinct European political parties , namely the larger European Green Party ( EGP ) and the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) and the smaller European Pirate Party . The EFA consists of parties representing stateless nations , regionalist and minority political interests . The group has generally limited its membership to progressive parties . These European parties are joined by MEPs from non-aligned national parties , which have included the Dutch Europe Transparent ( 2004-2009 ) and the Swedish ( 2009-2014 ) , German ( 2014- ) and Czech ( 2019- ) Pirate Parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '276', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberta Angelilli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberta_Angelilli', 'summary': 'Roberta Angelilli ( born 1 February 1965 in Rome ) is an Italian politician . She has been a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 2014 . She served also as Vice President of the European Parliament from 1 July 2009 to 1 July 2014 . In 2014 she was candidate for MEP with the New Centre-Right - Union of the Centre , but she was not re-elected . Roberta Angelilli was again a candidate for MEP in 2019 on the Brothers of Italy list , but she was not elected even on this occasion .'}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '274', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diana Wallis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diana_Wallis', 'summary': 'Diana Paulette Wallis , FCIL ( born 28 June 1954 in Hitchin , Hertfordshire ) is a British former Liberal Democrat Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for Yorkshire and the Humber . Wallis was first elected in 1999 and re-elected in 2004 and in 2009 . She resigned her seat in January 2012 and went on to pursue an extensive array of academic , legal and mediation-related activities . On 6 September 2013 , Wallis was elected President of the European Law Institute , an independent non-profit organisation established to initiate , conduct and facilitate research , make recommendations and provide practical guidance in the field of European legal development with a goal of enhancing the European legal integration . She was re-elected in 2015 for a second term , which lasted until 2017 . Wallis contested Haltemprice and Howden as a Yorkshire Party candidate in the 2015 and 2017 UK General Elections and subsequently left that party in March 2019 . She later joined Change UK and was selected as the lead candidate for Yorkshire and the Humber at the 2019 European Parliament elections .'}]}, {'value': 'ALDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe', 'summary': "The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ; French : Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe , ADLE ) is a transnational alliance between two European political parties , the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party and the European Democratic Party . ALDE has political groups in the European Parliament , the EU Committee of the Regions , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the NATO Parliamentary Assembly . There are assorted independents in these groups as well as national-level affiliate parties of the European-level parties . The pro-European platform of ALDE espouses liberal economics , and support for European integration and the European single market ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '272', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pál Schmitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pál_Schmitt', 'summary': 'Pál Schmitt ( Hungarian : [ ˈpaːl ˈʃmitt ] ; born 13 May 1942 ) is a Hungarian Olympic fencer and politician who served as President of Hungary from 2010 to 2012 . Schmitt was a successful fencer in his youth , winning two gold medals at the Summer Olympics . Later , he served as an ambassador during the 1990s and was a Vice President of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2010 . After briefly serving as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary in 2010 , Schmitt was elected as President of Hungary in a 263 to 59 vote in the Parliament of Hungary . He was sworn in as President on 6 August 2010 . On 2 April 2012 , Schmitt announced to the Hungarian Parliament his resignation as President , following the outbreak of a controversy surrounding his 1992 doctoral dissertation .'}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '257', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward McMillan-Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_McMillan-Scott', 'summary': "Edward Hugh Christian McMillan-Scott ( born 15 August 1949 ) is a British politician . He was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for Yorkshire and the Humber constituency . He was elected four times as European Parliament Vice-President , 2004-2014 : his main portfolio was Human Rights and Democracy . He was first elected as an MEP in 1984 . McMillan-Scott was a Conservative until his protest over the move of the Conservatives after the June 2009 European elections from the majority , centrist European People 's Party ( EPP ) to the eurosceptic parliamentary group , the European Conservatives and Reformists . After sitting as an Independent MEP ( non-attached ) he joined the Liberal Democrats in March 2010 . On 22 November 2014 he was voted a Patron of the UK 's only pro-European membership organisation , the non-party European Movement at its London AGM . [ citation needed ] In May 2017 he was invited to fight the West Worcestershire parliamentary seat during the snap General Election for the Liberal Democrats . His home is near Pershore , Worcestershire , where his family moved from Yorkshire in the 18th century . McMillan-Scott was leader of the Conservative MEPs 1997-2001 . He was re-elected top of the Yorkshire & Humber regional list in the 2009 election . McMillan-Scott is a lifelong pro-European ."}]}, {'value': 'Non-attached', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Non-attached', 'summary': 'Non-Inscrits ( [ nɔn.ɛ̃s.kʁi ] ; abbreviated NI ; non-attached members , abbreviated NA ) are Members of the European Parliament ( MEP ) who do not sit in one of the recognised political groups . These MEPs may be members of a national party , or of a European political party , but for a political grouping to be formed in the European Parliament there need to be 25 MEPs from seven different states . Being part of a group grants access to state funds and committee seats , but the group members must be ideologically tied . Groups of convenience , such as the Technical Group of Independents , previously existed , but are no longer allowed , and the minimum requirements for group formation have been raised , forcing less numerous elements to sit as NIs . [ clarification needed ] In the 6th European Parliament 23 right-wing NIs briefly formed the Identity , Tradition , Sovereignty group at the start of 2007 , but it collapsed on 14 November 2007 due to internal disagreements .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '244', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rainer Wieland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainer_Wieland', 'summary': "Rainer Wieland ( born 19 February 1957 ) is a German politician and member of the European Parliament for Germany . He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union , part of the European People 's Party ."}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '237', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silvana Koch-Mehrin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silvana_Koch-Mehrin', 'summary': "Esther Silvana Koch-Mehrin ( born 17 November 1970 , in Wuppertal ) is a German politician and former Member of the European Parliament with the Free Democratic Party of Germany . Until May 2011 , she was Vice Chairwoman of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe . She was a member of the European Parliament 's Committee on Budgets . She also was a substitute member of the Committee on Budgetary Control and a member of the Delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union ( including Libya ) . EU Representative to the Executive Board of W20 , Member of the Advisory Board of the Council of Women World Leaders ( CWWL ) , and Alumni of the Young Global Leaders Network of the World Economic Forum ."}]}, {'value': 'ALDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe', 'summary': "The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ; French : Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe , ADLE ) is a transnational alliance between two European political parties , the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party and the European Democratic Party . ALDE has political groups in the European Parliament , the EU Committee of the Regions , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the NATO Parliamentary Assembly . There are assorted independents in these groups as well as national-level affiliate parties of the European-level parties . The pro-European platform of ALDE espouses liberal economics , and support for European integration and the European single market ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '186', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '7th parliament', 'section_text': 'Further information : 7th European Parliament Vice-presidents elected by country in 2009 Three Two One None 14 July 2009 to 17 January 2012 Elected in order of precedence ; [ 4 ]', 'uid': 'Vice_President_of_the_European_Parliament_2', 'intro': 'There are fourteen Vice-Presidents of the European Parliament who sit in for the President in presiding over the plenary of the European Parliament.'}
| null | null |
What position did the person who received 360 votes hold in the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014 ?
|
First Vice President
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01f38d8858f7124f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_Application_Service', 'title': 'American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service', 'header': ['State', 'School', 'City', 'Est'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "The Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine is a private , non-profit medical school for osteopathic medicine located in the city of Dothan in the U.S. state of Alabama . It is the first osteopathic medical school in the state and is believed to be the first osteopathic medical school in the nation established by a regional not-for-profit hospital . On April 24 , 2017 , the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) , awarded ACOM full accreditation status . Graduates of the college receive a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree ( D.O. ) . The first class began study on 5 August 2013 , and graduated on 13 May 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dothan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama', 'summary': "Dothan /ˈdoʊθən/ is a city in Dale , Henry , and Houston counties in the U.S. state of Alabama . It is the county seat of Houston County and the seventh largest city in Alabama , with a population of 65,496 at the 2010 census . It is near the state 's southeastern corner , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the Georgia state line and 16 miles ( 26 km ) north of Florida . It is named after the biblical city , the place where Joseph 's brothers threw him into a cistern and sold him into slavery in Egypt . Dothan is the principal city of the Dothan , Alabama metropolitan area , which encompasses all of Geneva , Henry , and Houston counties ; the small portion in Dale County is part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area . The combined population of the entire Dothan metropolitan area in 2010 was 145,639 . The city serves as the main transportation and commercial hub for a significant part of southeastern Alabama , southwest Georgia , and nearby portions of the Florida Panhandle . Since approximately one-fourth of the U.S. peanut crop is produced nearby , much of it processed in the city , Dothan is known as The Peanut Capital of the World . It also hosts the annual National Peanut Festival at the dedicated Peanut Festival Fairgrounds ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.T . Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.T._Still_University_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_in_Arizona', 'summary': 'A.T . Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona ( ATSU-SOMA ) is an osteopathic medical school in the United States granting the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree . Established in 2007 , ATSU-SOMA is located at the Mesa , Arizona campus of A.T . Still University . A.T . Still University ( ATSU ) is the original founding institution of osteopathic healthcare , established in 1892 by Andrew Taylor Still in Kirksville , Missouri . SOMA is accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) of the American Osteopathic Association ( AOA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Mesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Mesa ( /ˈmeɪsə/ MAY-sə ) is a city in Maricopa County , in the U.S. state of Arizona . It is a suburb located about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Phoenix in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area . It is bordered by Tempe on the west , the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek , and Apache Junction on the east . Mesa is the largest suburban city by population in the United States , the third-largest city in Arizona after Phoenix and Tucson , the 35th-largest city overall in the US , and the largest city that is not a county seat . The city is home to 508,958 people as of 2018 according to the Census Bureau , which makes it more populous than major cities such as Minneapolis , St. Louis , or Miami . Mesa is home to numerous higher education facilities including the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University . It is also home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area , Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport , which is located in the southeastern corner of the city .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwestern_University', 'summary': "Midwestern University ( MWU ) is a private graduate medical and professional school with a main campus in Downers Grove , Illinois and an additional campus in Glendale , Arizona . Midwestern University offers degrees in osteopathic medicine , podiatry , dental medicine , optometry , nurse anesthesia , clinical psychology , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , pharmacy , occupational therapy , speech-language pathology , biomedical sciences , and veterinary medicine . As of 2019 , a total of 2,932 students were enrolled at the Downers Grove campus and 3,295 were enrolled at the Glendale campus . Founded in 1900 as the American College of Osteopathic Medicine and Surgery , the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is the fourth-oldest medical school currently active in the state of Illinois . Over the years , the university expanded , adding additional degrees and programs ; in 1993 , the school united these programs under the name Midwestern University . In 1995 , the school opened an additional campus in Glendale , Arizona , becoming the second and largest medical school to teach students in the state of Arizona . The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . The medical schools are also accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ."}]}, {'value': 'Glendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Glendale /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/ is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , located about nine miles ( 14 km ) northwest from Downtown Phoenix . According to the 2018 U.S. Census estimates , the population of the city is 250,702 .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touro_University_California', 'summary': "Established in 1997 , Touro University California was originally located in San Francisco with its inaugural class composed of 67 students . In 1999 , officials decided to relocate to the southern area of Mare Island due to its large capacity and restored two naval quarters buildings originally built in the 1930s and had the lease option to renovate ten other buildings intended to become diagnostic and research laboratories . Touro University California 's main buildings are Farragut Inn , named in honor of Commander David G. Farragut , Wilderman Hall in honor of Commander Alvin Wilderman , and Lander Hall named in honor of Dr. Bernard Lander , the founder of the Touro College system . After Western University of Health Sciences ' College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific received accreditation in 1982 , Touro University California 's College of Osteopathic Medicine became the second osteopathic medical school program to open in the state of California ."}]}, {'value': 'Vallejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallejo,_California', 'summary': "Vallejo ( /vəˈleɪ ( h ) oʊ/ və-LAY- ( h ) oh ; Spanish : [ baˈʎexo ] ) is a waterfront city in Solano County , California , located in the North Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area . Vallejo is geographically the closest North Bay city to the inner East Bay , so it is sometimes associated with that region . Its population was 115,942 at the 2010 census . It is the tenth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area , and the largest in Solano County . Vallejo sits on the northeastern shore of San Pablo Bay , 30 miles north of San Francisco , the northwestern shore of the Carquinez Strait and the southern end of the Napa River , 15 miles south of Napa . The city is named after General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , a native Californio , leading proponent of California 's statehood , and one of the first members of the California State Senate ; the neighboring city of Benicia is named for his wife , Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo . Vallejo is home to the Six Flags Discovery Kingdom theme park , the now-defunct Mare Island Naval Shipyard , and the regional office for Region 5 of the United States Forest Service . The colleges and universities in Vallejo are California Maritime Academy , the Vallejo Center campus of Solano Community College , and Touro University California . Vallejo 's public transit includes the San Francisco Bay Ferry , which regularly runs from downtown Vallejo to the San Francisco Ferry Building . SolTrans buses carry passengers around the cities of Vallejo and Benicia , as well as offer express services to Fairfield , California , and Bay Area Rapid Transit stations in El Cerrito , California and Walnut Creek , California . Evans Transportation buses provide daily service to Oakland International Airport from a Courtyard by Marriott hotel adjacent to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom . Vallejo has twice served as the capital of the state of California : once in 1852 and again in 1853 , both periods being brief ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_University_of_Health_Sciences', 'summary': 'Western University of Health Sciences ( WesternU ) is a United States private , non-profit graduate school for the health professions , with a main campus located on 22 acres ( 8.9 ha ) in downtown Pomona , California , and an additional medical school campus on 50 acres in Lebanon , Oregon . WesternU offers degrees in osteopathic medicine , dental medicine , optometry , podiatric medicine , nursing , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , pharmacy , biomedical sciences , and veterinary medicine . With an enrollment of 3,833 students ( 2018-19 ) , WesternU is one of the largest graduate schools for the health professions in California , offering 21 academic programs in nine colleges . Under the banner of WesternU Health , the university operates a variety of patient care facilities in California and Oregon . The Pomona and Portland ( Oregon ) campuses both include a medical center , dental center , eye care institute , pharmacy , and travel health center , all of which are open to the public . WesternU-Pomona also is home to the Pet Health Center , which provides a wide variety of veterinary services , including vaccinations , surgery , and dental care . Dental services are offered at the Rancho Mirage campus , while a Los Angeles campus provides optometry services . Several nonprofit organizations are based at the WesternU Pomona campus , including the Harris Family Center for Disability and Health Policy . The Center for Oral Health , an independent non-profit organization focusing on promoting oral health , moved from the Bay area to the WesternU Pomona campus in 2012 . In 2015 , the Southern California Medical Museum moved to the Pomona campus . Founded in 1977 , the first program at WesternU was its medical school , the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific ( COMP ) . Since that time , several additional programs have opened .'}, {'url': '/wiki/College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_of_the_Pacific', 'summary': 'The College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific ( COMP ) is a private , non-profit medical school for osteopathic medicine located in downtown Pomona , in the U.S. state of California . The college opened in 1977 as the only osteopathic medical school west of the Rocky Mountains . COMP was the founding program of Western University of Health Sciences ( WesternU ) , which now has 8 colleges in addition to COMP , each offering professional degrees in various fields of healthcare . COMP has a single 4-year program , conferring the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O . ) degree . Graduates are eligible to practice medicine in all 50 states and more than 85 countries . In 2011 , the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific opened a branch campus in Lebanon , Oregon called COMP-Northwest . COMP is accredited by the American Osteopathic Associations Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation .'}]}, {'value': 'Pomona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pomona,_California', 'summary': "Pomona ( /pəˈmoʊnə/ ) is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley , between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city 's population was 149,058 . The California State Polytechnic University , Pomona , also known as Cal Poly Pomona or merely as Cal Poly , main campus lies mostly within Pomona 's city limits ; some campus areas lie within San Dimas and Walnut 's city limits ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocky_Vista_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "Rocky Vista University ( RVU ) is a private , for-profit osteopathic medical school with campus locations in Parker , Colorado and Ivins , Utah . The school opened in 2006 as the only modern for-profit medical school in the United States , although several other for-profit schools have since opened . RVU 's College of Osteopathic Medicine ( RVUCOM ) grants the degree of Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine and admitted its inaugural class of medical students at the Parker , Colorado campus in August 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parker,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Parker is a home rule municipality in Douglas County , Colorado , United States . As a self-declared town under the Home Rule statutes , Parker is the second most populous town in the county ; Castle Rock is the most populous ( the community of Highlands Ranch , with a population of over 96,000 , is an unincorporated CDP ) . In recent years , Parker has become a commuter town at the southeasternmost corner of the Denver metropolitan area . As of the 2010 census the town population was 45,297 ; the estimated population in 2018 was 55,636 . Parker is now the 19th most populous municipality in the state of Colorado .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Erie_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "The Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine ( LECOM ) is a private graduate school of medicine , dentistry , and pharmacy with a main campus in Erie , Pennsylvania , and branch campuses located in Greensburg , Pennsylvania and Bradenton , Florida . Founded in 1992 , LECOM confers degrees in osteopathic medicine ( D.O . ) , pharmacy ( PharmD ) , and dentistry ( DMD ) , as well as master 's degrees in Health Services Administration , Biomedical Sciences , and Medical Education . LECOM operates one of the few accelerated three-year pharmacy programs in the country , and is one of 2 pharmacy schools in the country with a distance education program . With over 2,200 enrolled medical students , the College of Osteopathic Medicine at LECOM is the largest in the United States . LECOM is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education , the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation , the Commission on Dental Accreditation , and the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education ."}]}, {'value': 'Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida', 'summary': "Bradenton ( /ˈbreɪdəntən/ BRAY-dən-tən ) is a city in Manatee County , Florida , United States . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's 2018 population to be 57,644 . Bradenton is a principal city of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 821,573 . It is the county seat ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nova_Southeastern_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine is a private , non-profit medical school for osteopathic medicine located in Davie , in the U.S. state of Florida . Founded in 1979 as the only osteopathic medical school located in the Southeastern United States , the college is an academic division of Nova Southeastern University . The college confers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree , and is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ."}]}, {'value': 'Davie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davie,_Florida', 'summary': 'Davie is a town in Broward County , Florida , United States about 24 miles north of Miami . The town′s population was 91,992 at the 2010 census . Davie is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census . It is the most populous municipality labelled as a ″town in Florida , and the fourth most populous such community in the United States , trailing only Hempstead , New York ; Gilbert , Arizona ; and Cary , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - Georgia Campus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine ( PCOM ) is a private medical school with its main campus in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and additional locations in Suwanee , Georgia ( PCOM Georgia ) and Moultrie , Georgia ( PCOM South Georgia ) . Founded in 1899 , PCOM is one of the nation 's oldest osteopathic medical schools . PCOM also operates several healthcare centers in Philadelphia and an osteopathic care clinic in Suwanee , Georgia . Additionally , PCOM sponsors residency training programs , which train newly graduated physicians . The Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging , which aims to improve quality of life for elderly individuals , is located on the Philadelphia campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwestern_University', 'summary': "Midwestern University ( MWU ) is a private graduate medical and professional school with a main campus in Downers Grove , Illinois and an additional campus in Glendale , Arizona . Midwestern University offers degrees in osteopathic medicine , podiatry , dental medicine , optometry , nurse anesthesia , clinical psychology , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , pharmacy , occupational therapy , speech-language pathology , biomedical sciences , and veterinary medicine . As of 2019 , a total of 2,932 students were enrolled at the Downers Grove campus and 3,295 were enrolled at the Glendale campus . Founded in 1900 as the American College of Osteopathic Medicine and Surgery , the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is the fourth-oldest medical school currently active in the state of Illinois . Over the years , the university expanded , adding additional degrees and programs ; in 1993 , the school united these programs under the name Midwestern University . In 1995 , the school opened an additional campus in Glendale , Arizona , becoming the second and largest medical school to teach students in the state of Arizona . The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . The medical schools are also accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ."}]}, {'value': 'Downers Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Downers Grove is a village in DuPage County , Illinois , United States . It was founded in 1832 by Pierce Downer , whose surname serves as the eponym for the village . It is a southwestern suburb of Chicago in the I-55 Corridor .'}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marian_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "The Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine is a private , non-profit medical school for osteopathic medicine located in Indianapolis , in the U.S. state of Indiana . It is one of the colleges at Marian University , and the first osteopathic medical school to open at a Roman Catholic university . Founded in 2010 , the college holds accreditation status with the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) . Graduates of the college will receive a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O . ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines_University', 'summary': "Des Moines University ( DMU ) is an osteopathic medical school in Des Moines , Iowa . Founded in 1898 , Des Moines University is the second oldest osteopathic medical school and the fifteenth largest medical school in the United States . DMU offers eight academic degree degrees , including osteopathic medicine , podiatry , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , health care administration , public health , anatomy and biomedical sciences . There are over 14,000 total alumni . The university is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Higher Learning Commission ( HLC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Des Moines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa', 'summary': "Des Moines ( /dɪˈmɔɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is also the county seat of Polk County . A small part of the city extends into Warren County . It was incorporated on September 22 , 1851 , as Fort Des Moines , which was shortened to Des Moines in 1857 . It is on and named after the Des Moines River , which likely was adapted from the early French name , Rivière des Moines , meaning River of the Monks . The city 's population was 216,853 as of the 2018 population estimate . The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 89th in terms of population in the United States with 655,409 residents according to the 2018 estimate by the United States Census Bureau , and is the largest metropolitan area fully located within the state . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Des Moines is a major center of the US insurance industry and has a sizable financial services and publishing business base . The city was credited as the number one spot for U.S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article and named the third-largest insurance capital of the world . The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group , the Meredith Corporation , Ruan Transportation , TMC Transportation , EMC Insurance Companies , and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield . Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo , Voya Financial , Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , ACE Limited , Marsh , Monsanto , and DuPont Pioneer have large operations in or near the metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pikeville_Kentucky_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': 'The University of Pikeville - Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine ( UP-KYCOM ) is a private , non-profit , osteopathic medical school located in Pikeville , in the U.S. state of Kentucky . UP-KYCOM was established in 1997 , grants the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree , and is an academic division of the University of Pikeville . The college is accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . KYCOM places special emphasis on osteopathic manipulative medicine , community and behavioral medicine , ambulatory care , and rural medicine . The school is one of thirty osteopathic medical schools in the United States . Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine trains the second most primary care physicians of any medical school in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Pikeville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pikeville,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Pikeville ( /ˈpaɪkvəl/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pike County , Kentucky , United States . During the 2010 U.S. Census , the population within Pikeville 's city limits was 6,903 . In Kentucky 's current city classification system , Pikeville is a home rule-class city , a category that includes all of the state 's more than 400 cities except for the two largest , Louisville and Lexington ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "The Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine ( MSUCOM ) is the osteopathic medical school of Michigan State University located in East Lansing , Michigan . The college grants the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O . ) degree , as well as a DO-PhD combined degree for students interested in training as physician-scientists . MSUCOM operates two satellite campuses in Clinton Township and Detroit . The college is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools ."}]}, {'value': 'East Lansing , Detroit , Clinton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan', 'summary': 'East Lansing is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan directly east of Lansing , the state capital . Most of the city is within Ingham County , with the rest in Clinton County . The population was 48,579 at the 2010 census , an increase from 46,420 in 2000 . It is best known as the home of Michigan State University . It is part of the Lansing-East Lansing metropolitan area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit,_MI', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clinton_Township,_Macomb_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Clinton Charter Township is a charter township and a census-designated place ( CDP ) of Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is a part of Metro Detroit . As of the 2010 census , the township had a total population of 96,796 , and is Michigan 's most populous township . It is also the tenth largest municipality in Michigan . The township is socioeconomically diverse , a mix of middle class communities and also including many upscale and exclusive areas that many notable people , such as Eminem , call home . Clinton Township is home to many parks , notably George George Memorial Park . The main branch of the Clinton River , for which the township was named , runs through Clinton Township ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_New_England_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': 'The University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine ( UNECOM ) is a private , non-profit osteopathic medical school , located in Biddeford , Maine . Founded in 1978 , the school remains the only medical school in the U.S. state of Maine . The college is part of the University of New England , and grants two degrees : the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O . ) degree and a Master of Medical Education Leadership . According to U.S. News & World Report , UNECOM graduates the 6th most physicians of any U.S. medical school that go on to practice in a primary care specialty . UNECOM is accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges .'}]}, {'value': 'Portland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Maine', 'summary': "Portland is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine and the seat of Cumberland County . Portland 's population was 66,417 as of 2018 . The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to over half a million people , more than one-third of Maine 's total population , making it the most populous metropolitan area in northern New England ( an area comprising the states of Maine , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) and the 106th-largest in the United States . Portland 's economy relies mostly on the service sector and tourism . The Old Port district is known for its 19th-century architecture and nightlife . Marine industry still plays an important role in the city 's economy , with an active waterfront that supports fishing and commercial shipping . The Port of Portland is the largest tonnage seaport in New England . The city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes , which is a reference to the recoveries from four devastating fires . Portland was named after the English Isle of Portland , Dorset . In turn , the city of Portland , Oregon was named after Portland , Maine . Portland itself comes from the Old English word Portlanda , which literally means land surrounding a harbor ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Carey_University', 'summary': "William Carey University ( also known as Carey , William Carey , or WCU ) is a private Christian liberal arts college in Mississippi , affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention and the Mississippi Baptist Convention . The main campus is in Hattiesburg , and a second campus is in the Tradition community near Gulfport and Biloxi . William Carey University was founded by W. I. Thames in 1892 as Pearl River Boarding School in Poplarville , Mississippi . A disastrous fire destroyed the school in 1905 , and in 1906 , with the backing of a group of New Orleans businessmen , Thames reopened the school in Hattiesburg as South Mississippi College . Another fire destroyed the young institution , forcing it to close . In 1911 , W. S. F. Tatum acquired the property and offered it as a gift to the Baptists , and the school reopened as Mississippi Woman 's College . In 1953 , the Mississippi Baptist Convention voted to make the college coeducational , which necessitated a new name . In 1954 , the board of trustees selected the name William Carey College in honor of William Carey , the 18th-century English cordwainer-linguist whose decades of missionary activity in India earned him international recognition as the Father of Modern Missions . The gained official university status in 2006 . The university offers baccalaureate degrees in arts and letters , education , natural and behavioral sciences , business , religion , music , and nursing . It also offers M.B.A , M.Ed. , M.S . in psychology , M.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Hattiesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Hattiesburg is a city in the U.S. state of Mississippi , primarily in Forrest County ( where it is the county seat ) and extending west into Lamar County . The city population was 45,989 at the 2010 census , with an estimated population of 45,951 in 2018 . It is the principal city of the Hattiesburg , Mississippi , Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses Forrest , Lamar and Perry counties . Development of the interior of Mississippi by European Americans took place primarily after the American Civil War . Before that time , only properties along the major rivers were developed as plantations . Founded in 1882 by civil engineer William H. Hardy , Hattiesburg was named in honor of Hardy 's wife Hattie . The town was incorporated two years later with a population of 400 . Hattiesburg 's population first expanded as a center of the lumber and railroad industries , from which was derived the nickname The Hub City . It now attracts newcomers because of the diversity of its economy , strong neighborhoods , and the central location in South Mississippi . Hattiesburg is home to The University of Southern Mississippi ( founded as Mississippi Normal College , for the training of teachers ) and William Carey University ( formerly William Carey College ) . South of Hattiesburg is Camp Shelby , the largest US National Guard training base east of the Mississippi River ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. T. Still University Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._T._Still_University', 'summary': "A.T . Still University of Health Sciences ( ATSU ) is a non-profit , private , graduate school focusing on health sciences , as well as the world 's first osteopathic medical school . Founded in 1892 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still , the school is based in Kirksville , Missouri , United States , with a second campus in Arizona . ATSU is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools . ATSU includes two campuses on 200 acres with six schools that offer residential programs in athletic training , audiology , biomedical science , dentistry , occupational therapy , osteopathic medicine , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , and online programs in health science , public health , and transitional doctoral programs in various health professions . ATSU is made up of the following schools/colleges :"}]}, {'value': 'Kirksville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Kirksville is a city in and the county seat of Adair County , Missouri , United States . Located in the Benton Township , its population was 17,505 at the 2010 census . Kirksville is home to two colleges : Truman State University and A.T . Still University .'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_University_of_Medicine_and_Biosciences', 'summary': "Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences ( KCU ) is a private , non-profit , graduate school for the health professions , with a main campus located on 23 acres in Kansas City , in the U.S. state of Missouri . Founded in 1916 , KCU is one of the original osteopathic medical schools in the United States and has an excellent reputation for its rigorous curriculum . The University consists of both a College of Osteopathic Medicine and a College of Biosciences . KCU maintains one of the largest medical schools in the nation by enrollment . In 2017 , KCU began welcoming medical students onto a second , brand new campus in Joplin , Missouri . The University is also currently in the process of developing and constructing a College of Dental Medicine on their Joplin campus . KCU is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and recognized by the Coordinating Board of Higher Education for the Missouri Department of Higher Education . The College of Osteopathic Medicine is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nevada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touro_University_Nevada', 'summary': "Touro University Nevada was established to help address critical needs in health care and education , and as a resource for community service in Nevada . A non-profit , Jewish-sponsored , private institution affiliated with an international system of higher education , the university opened in 2004 with 78 medical students . Touro University Nevada is home to more than 1,300 students in a wide range of degree programs in osteopathic medicine , nursing , physical therapy , occupational therapy , physician assistant studies , camp administration and education . Many of these programs are the first of their kind in Nevada . The College of Osteopathic Medicine was Nevada 's first osteopathic medical school and the states second medical school ."}]}, {'value': 'Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada', 'summary': "Henderson is a city in Clark County , Nevada , United States , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) southeast of Las Vegas . It is the second-largest city in Nevada , after Las Vegas , with an estimated population of 310,390 in 2018 . The city is part of the Las Vegas metropolitan area , which spans the entire Las Vegas Valley . Henderson occupies the southeastern end of the valley , at an elevation of 1,864 feet ( 568 m ) . Henderson is known for its supply of magnesium during World War II . With the decline of magnesium production , the Nevada legislature approved a bill that gave Nevada 's Colorado River Commission the authority to purchase the industrial plants , and Henderson was incorporated in 1953 . Henderson is the location of Lake Las Vegas , and was ranked No . 66 in Best Places to Live by CNN Money . It was also ranked second in Forbes ' list of America 's Safest Cities in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - School of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UMDNJ-School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': 'The Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine ( also known as RowanSOM or SOM ) is a public medical school for osteopathic medicine located in Stratford , in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Founded in 1976 , RowanSOM is one of two medical schools associated with Rowan University . RowanSOM confers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree ( DO ) , and is one of the top medical schools for geriatric care and primary care as ranked by the U.S. News & World Report . RowanSOM is accredited by the American Osteopathic Associations Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation .'}]}, {'value': 'Stratford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stratford,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Stratford is a borough in Camden County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 7,040 , reflecting a decline of 231 ( -3.2% ) from the 7,271 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn declined by 343 ( -4.5% ) from the 7,614 counted in the 1990 Census . The Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine is located in Stratford . The Borough of Stratford was created on February 13 , 1925 , from portions of Clementon Township , one of seven municipalities created from the now-defunct township . The borough was named for Stratford-upon-Avon , England , by the owners of the Rural Land Improvement Company that developed the area in the 1880s ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Participating osteopathic medical schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_Application_Service_0', 'intro': 'The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service (AACOMAS) is a service run by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine through which prospective osteopathic medical students can apply to osteopathic medical schools in the United States that grant the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree. Medical schools in the United States that grant the Doctor of Medicine degree use either the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) or the Texas Medical & Dental Schools Application Service (TMDSAS). The University of North Texas is the only osteopathic medical school that does not use AACOMAS.'}
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A university named in honor of Dr. Kiran C. Patel located 24 miles north of Miami , is in a town with a population of how many people , as of 2010 ?
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91,992
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01f552b77da1a45f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Carbon County, Pennsylvania', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbon County Jail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbon_County_Jail', 'summary': 'The Carbon County Jail is a historic jail located in Jim Thorpe , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . The jail was built in 1869-1870 and is a two-story , fortress-like rusticated stone building . It has thick , massive walls and a square , one-story guard turret above the main entrance . It features arched windows on the main facade and on the turret . The building is most notable as the jail where a number of suspected Molly Maguires were imprisoned while awaiting trial in 1875-1876 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 8 , 1974 . It is located in the Old Mauch Chunk Historic District . The building is now operated as the Old Jail Museum . In one cell , there is a handprint left by Alexander Campbell , a Molly Maguire who was hanged in 1877 , to proclaim his innocence . Legend has it that despite many attempts to remove it , including building a new wall , the mark still remains today .'}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 1974 ( # 74001764 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '128 Broadway Street 40°51′50″N 75°44′49″W / 40.863889°N 75.746944°W / 40.863889 ; -75.746944 ( Carbon County Jail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 4,781 at the 2010 census . The town has been called the Switzerland of America due to the picturesque scenery , mountainous location , and architecture ; as well as the Gateway to the Poconos . It is in eastern Pennsylvania about 80 miles ( 130 km ) north of Philadelphia and 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of New York City . This town is also historically known as the burial site for the body of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbon County Section of the Lehigh Canal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lehigh_Canal', 'summary': 'The Lehigh Canal or the Lehigh Navigation Canal is a navigable canal , beginning at the mouth of Nesquehoning Creek on the Lehigh River in Eastern Pennsylvania . It was built in two sections over a span of twenty years , beginning in 1818 . The lower section spanned the distance between Easton , Pennsylvania and the town of Mauch Chunk , present-day Jim Thorpe , Pennsylvania . In Easton the canal met the Delaware and Morris Canals , with which goods could be brought further up the east coast . At its height , the Lehigh Canal was 72 miles ( 116 km ) long . Although the canal was used to transport a variety of products , its most significant cargoes were anthracite coal and pig iron . Cornerstones of the American Industrial Revolution , they defined the character of the towns surrounding the canal . The route consisted of the canals and dammed-off sections of the Lehigh River . Boatmen had to navigate their barges periodically from the canal through a lock onto the river or vice versa . This design saved time and money while the canal was being built , although it made for a slower , more difficult trip for canal-boat captains .'}]}, {'value': 'August 10 , 1979 ( # 79002179 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Along the Lehigh River 40°49′03″N 75°40′08″W / 40.8175°N 75.668889°W / 40.8175 ; -75.668889 ( Carbon County Section of the Lehigh Canal )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lehigh_River', 'summary': "The Lehigh River , a tributary of the Delaware River , is a 109-mile-long ( 175 km ) river located in eastern Pennsylvania , in the United States . Part of the Lehigh , along with a number of its tributaries , is designated a Pennsylvania Scenic River by the state 's Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Lehigh is an Anglicization of the Lenape name for the river , Lechewuekink , meaning where there are forks ."}]}, {'value': 'Bowmanstown , Franklin Township , Jim Thorpe , Lower Towamensing Township , Palmerton , Parryville , and Weissport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowmanstown,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Bowmanstown is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 937 at the 2010 census . Bowmanstown is at an elevation of 437 feet ( 133 m ) and is located 3 miles ( 5 km ) west of Palmerton and 4 miles ( 6 km ) south of Lehighton off Route 248 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Franklin_Township,_Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Franklin Township is a township in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,262 at the 2010 census . A portion of Beltzville State Park is in Franklin Township .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 4,781 at the 2010 census . The town has been called the Switzerland of America due to the picturesque scenery , mountainous location , and architecture ; as well as the Gateway to the Poconos . It is in eastern Pennsylvania about 80 miles ( 130 km ) north of Philadelphia and 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of New York City . This town is also historically known as the burial site for the body of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lower_Towamensing_Township,_Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Lower Towamensing Township is a township in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . The Delaware Peoples name is eponymous and was once applied by the natives to the whole region of Carbon County and bits of the Poconos to the north ( Luzerne County ) and to Schuylkill County ( southwest ) . The population was 3,228 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Palmerton,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Palmerton is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is located in the Coal Region of the state . It is a part of lower Carbon County , which is considered part of the Lehigh Valley by some . The borough 's population was 5,414 at the 2010 census ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Parryville,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Parryville is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 525 at the 2010 census . Parryville is located 3 miles ( 5 km ) southeast of Lehighton and 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) north of Bowmanstown off Route 248 and 4 miles ( 6 km ) northwest of Palmerton . Parryville 's elevation is 450 feet ( 140 m ) above sea level ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Weissport,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Weissport is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is considered part of the Lehigh Valley region of the state . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 412 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Railroad of New Jersey Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey_Station_(Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Central Railroad of New Jersey Station , also known as the Jersey Central Station and Jim Thorpe Station , is a historic railroad station located at Jim Thorpe , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . It was designed by Wilson Brothers & Company of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and built in 1888 by the Central Railroad of New Jersey . It is a 1 1/2-story , five bay , red brick building in the Queen Anne style . It features a 3 1/2-story , cylindrical corner tower with a cylindrical roof . It is owned by the Lehigh Gorge Scenic Railway and served as a visitor center . The station was one of two serving the community ; the Lehigh Valley Railroad had a station on the opposite side of the river . The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 1 , 1976 . It is located in the Old Mauch Chunk Historic District . Lehigh Gorge Scenic Railway operates passenger excursions out of the station .'}]}, {'value': 'January 1 , 1976 ( # 76001615 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susquehanna Street 40°51′46″N 75°44′19″W / 40.862778°N 75.738611°W / 40.862778 ; -75.738611 ( Central Railroad of New Jersey Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 4,781 at the 2010 census . The town has been called the Switzerland of America due to the picturesque scenery , mountainous location , and architecture ; as well as the Gateway to the Poconos . It is in eastern Pennsylvania about 80 miles ( 130 km ) north of Philadelphia and 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of New York City . This town is also historically known as the burial site for the body of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Grotto-Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 20 , 2019 ( # 11000923 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 E. Garibaldi Ave. 40°52′09″N 75°48′55″W / 40.8691°N 75.8152°W / 40.8691 ; -75.8152 ( The Grotto-Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nesquehoning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nesquehoning,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Nesquehoning is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States and is the largest Borough in Pennsylvania . The population was 3,349 at the 2010 census . The name is of Native American origin , commonly believed to signify narrow valley ; however native language scholars translate the name as at the black lick or at the dirty lick , referring to mineral licks frequented by deer or other animals . Nesquehoning was established as a result of the anthracite coal mining industry . It was incorporated as a borough in 1963 ( effective in 1964 ) , having previously been a part of Mauch Chunk Township west of the Lehigh River .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lansford Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lansford_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Lansford Historic District is a national historic district located at Lansford , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 4 , 2012 ( # 12000605 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Snyder Avenue , Cortright , East , and Water Streets 40°49′53″N 75°53′00″W / 40.831389°N 75.883333°W / 40.831389 ; -75.883333 ( Lansford Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lansford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lansford,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Lansford is a county-border borough ( town ) in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States , located 37 miles ( 60 km ) northwest of Allentown and 19 miles south of Hazleton in the Panther Creek Valley about 72 miles ( 116 km ) from Greater Philadelphia [ a ] and abutting the cross-county sister-city of Coaldale in Schuylkill County . The whole valley was owned and subdivided into separate lots by the historically important Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company ( locally called the Old Company ) which likely settled some structures on the lands by 1827 . [ b ] Lansford grew with the development of local anthracite coal mines , and was named after Asa Lansford Foster , who was an advocate for merging the small patch towns that developed in the area surrounding the anthracite coal mines . The population was 3,941 at the 2010 Census , a steep decline from a high of 9,632 at the 1930 census common to many mining towns in northeastern Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Gap Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Gap_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Little Gap Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located near Little Gap in Lower Towamensing Township , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . It was built about 1860 , and is a 73-foot , Burr truss span crosses the Aquashicola Creek . The bridge incorporates elements of the Howe truss in its construction . A nearby restaurant , the Covered Bridge Inn , takes its name from the bridge . In 2011 , the bridge was damaged by a hit and run driver .'}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 1980 ( # 80004294 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South of Little Gap on Township 376 40°49′52″N 75°31′22″W / 40.831111°N 75.522778°W / 40.831111 ; -75.522778 ( Little Gap Covered Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lower Towamensing Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lower_Towamensing_Township,_Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Lower Towamensing Township is a township in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . The Delaware Peoples name is eponymous and was once applied by the natives to the whole region of Carbon County and bits of the Poconos to the north ( Luzerne County ) and to Schuylkill County ( southwest ) . The population was 3,228 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauch_Chunk_Switchback_Railway', 'summary': "The Mauch Chunk and Summit Railroad was a coal-hauling railroad in the mountains of Pennsylvania that operated between 1828 and 1932 . It was the first operational US railway of any substantial length to carry paying passengers . A private line which moved coal for the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company on 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge track , it was not a common carrier which linked with other railroads . The rail line was laid on top of the company 's earlier 9 miles ( 14 km ) -constant-descent-graded wagon road . The railroad operated for over a hundred years until the middle of the Great Depression ."}]}, {'value': 'June 3 , 1976 ( # 76001616 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Between Ludlow Street in Summit Hill and F.A.P . 209 in Jim Thorpe 40°50′58″N 75°47′46″W / 40.849444°N 75.796111°W / 40.849444 ; -75.796111 ( Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Thorpe , Nesquehoning , and Summit Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 4,781 at the 2010 census . The town has been called the Switzerland of America due to the picturesque scenery , mountainous location , and architecture ; as well as the Gateway to the Poconos . It is in eastern Pennsylvania about 80 miles ( 130 km ) north of Philadelphia and 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of New York City . This town is also historically known as the burial site for the body of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nesquehoning,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Nesquehoning is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States and is the largest Borough in Pennsylvania . The population was 3,349 at the 2010 census . The name is of Native American origin , commonly believed to signify narrow valley ; however native language scholars translate the name as at the black lick or at the dirty lick , referring to mineral licks frequented by deer or other animals . Nesquehoning was established as a result of the anthracite coal mining industry . It was incorporated as a borough in 1963 ( effective in 1964 ) , having previously been a part of Mauch Chunk Township west of the Lehigh River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Summit_Hill,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Summit Hill is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,034 at the 2010 census . The hamlet has a storied history as the western terminus of the United States ' second operational railway , the Mauch Chunk & Summit Hill Railway , and some of the earliest coal mines developed in North America , where the Lehigh Coal Mining Company began mining in 1792 , establishing the town as little more than a mining camp with stables and paddocks ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nesquehoning High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nesquehoning_High_School', 'summary': 'Nesquehoning High School is a historic high school located at Nesquehoning , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . It was built between 1917 and 1919 , and is a four-story , seven bay , school building in the Classical Revival style . It is constructed of structural terra cotta and faced with Roman brick . It measures 75 feet wide and 135 feet deep . The school closed in the 1960s and was renovated into apartments in 1998 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 21 , 2003 ( # 03001187 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120-124 East Catawissa Street 40°51′55″N 75°48′35″W / 40.865278°N 75.809722°W / 40.865278 ; -75.809722 ( Nesquehoning High School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nesquehoning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nesquehoning,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Nesquehoning is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States and is the largest Borough in Pennsylvania . The population was 3,349 at the 2010 census . The name is of Native American origin , commonly believed to signify narrow valley ; however native language scholars translate the name as at the black lick or at the dirty lick , referring to mineral licks frequented by deer or other animals . Nesquehoning was established as a result of the anthracite coal mining industry . It was incorporated as a borough in 1963 ( effective in 1964 ) , having previously been a part of Mauch Chunk Township west of the Lehigh River .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Mauch Chunk Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Mauch_Chunk_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Old Mauch Chunk Historic District is a national historic district located at Jim Thorpe , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . The district includes 28 contributing buildings in the central business district of Jim Thorpe . It includes residential and commercial buildings in a number of popular architectural styles including Italianate . The original town was laid out in 1831 by noted civil engineer John A. Roebling . Notable buildings include The I.O.O.F . Hall ( 1844 ) , Lehigh Coal and Navigation Building ( 1882 ) , Jim Thorpe National Bank ( 1870s ) , Carbon county courthouse ( 1894 ) , Dimmick Memorial Library ( 1889 ) , Capitol Theater ( 1882 ) , 1855 School , Weiksner 's Taproom ( 1860s ) , Stone Row , Webster House , New American Hotel , and Hooven Mercantile Building . Located in the district and listed separately are the Asa Packer Mansion , Harry Packer Mansion , Carbon County Jail , Central Railroad of New Jersey Station , and St. Mark 's Episcopal Church . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 10 , 1977 ( # 77001134 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broadway , Susquehanna , Race , and High Streets 40°51′44″N 75°44′35″W / 40.862222°N 75.743056°W / 40.862222 ; -75.743056 ( Old Mauch Chunk Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 4,781 at the 2010 census . The town has been called the Switzerland of America due to the picturesque scenery , mountainous location , and architecture ; as well as the Gateway to the Poconos . It is in eastern Pennsylvania about 80 miles ( 130 km ) north of Philadelphia and 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of New York City . This town is also historically known as the burial site for the body of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asa Packer Mansion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asa_Packer_Mansion', 'summary': 'The Asa Packer Mansion is a historic house museum on Packer Road in Jim Thorpe , Pennsylvania , United States . Completed in 1861 , it was the home of Asa Packer ( 1805-1879 ) , a coal and railroad magnate and founder of Lehigh University . It is one of the best preserved Italianate Villa homes in the United States , with original Victorian furnishings and finishes . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 30 , 1974 ( # 74001765 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Packer Road 40°51′50″N 75°44′16″W / 40.863889°N 75.737778°W / 40.863889 ; -75.737778 ( Asa Packer Mansion )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 4,781 at the 2010 census . The town has been called the Switzerland of America due to the picturesque scenery , mountainous location , and architecture ; as well as the Gateway to the Poconos . It is in eastern Pennsylvania about 80 miles ( 130 km ) north of Philadelphia and 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of New York City . This town is also historically known as the burial site for the body of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Packer Mansion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Packer_Mansion', 'summary': 'The Harry Packer Mansion , is a historic home located at Jim Thorpe , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . The mansion was designed by architect Addison Hutton and built in 1874 . It is a \u200b2 1⁄2-story , three-bay-wide , red-brick dwelling in the Italianate style . The front facade features a verandah constructed of green Vermont sandstone and a bell tower attached to the two-story extension . It was given as a wedding gift to Harry Packer from his father Asa Packer . The residence was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20 , 1974 . It is located in the Old Mauch Chunk Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'November 20 , 1974 ( # 74001766 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Packer Road 40°51′53″N 75°44′17″W / 40.864722°N 75.738056°W / 40.864722 ; -75.738056 ( Harry Packer Mansion )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 4,781 at the 2010 census . The town has been called the Switzerland of America due to the picturesque scenery , mountainous location , and architecture ; as well as the Gateway to the Poconos . It is in eastern Pennsylvania about 80 miles ( 130 km ) north of Philadelphia and 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of New York City . This town is also historically known as the burial site for the body of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmerton Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmerton_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Palmerton Historic District is a national historic district located in Palmerton , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . Bordered roughly by Tomb Street , Avenue A , 8th Street , and Harvard Avenue , it encompasses 1,262 contributing buildings , seven contributing structures ( five railroad bridges , one road bridge , and one park gazebo ) , and four contributing sites ( three parks and a cemetery ) , as well as 475 noncontributing buildings and 13 noncontributing sites where previously demolished resources had been located . Usage functions range from commercial and industrial to institutional to residential in nature . This district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 19 , 2018 in recognition of its significance in community planning and development .'}]}, {'value': 'January 19 , 2018 ( # 13000743 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Ave. A , Harvard Ave. , 8th & Tomb Sts . 40°48′16″N 75°36′32″W / 40.804410°N 75.608971°W / 40.804410 ; -75.608971 ( Palmerton Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmerton,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Palmerton is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is located in the Coal Region of the state . It is a part of lower Carbon County , which is considered part of the Lehigh Valley by some . The borough 's population was 5,414 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mark 's Episcopal Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mark's_Episcopal_Church_(Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania)", 'summary': "St. Mark 's Episcopal Church , now the Episcopal Parish of St. Mark and St. John , is a historic Episcopal church at 21 Race Street in Jim Thorpe , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . Completed in 1869 , it is a prominent example of Gothic Revival architecture designed by that style 's leading proponent , Richard Upjohn . It is one of Upjohn 's last designs , and was largely funded by Asa Packer , a local millionaire whose fortunes were made in the coal fields . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 , and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 26 , 1977 ( # 77001135 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Race and Susquehanna Streets 40°51′46″N 75°44′21″W / 40.862778°N 75.739167°W / 40.862778 ; -75.739167 ( St. Mark 's Episcopal Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Jim Thorpe is a borough and the county seat of Carbon County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The population was 4,781 at the 2010 census . The town has been called the Switzerland of America due to the picturesque scenery , mountainous location , and architecture ; as well as the Gateway to the Poconos . It is in eastern Pennsylvania about 80 miles ( 130 km ) north of Philadelphia and 100 miles ( 160 km ) west of New York City . This town is also historically known as the burial site for the body of Native American sports legend Jim Thorpe .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summit Hill High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summit_Hill_High_School', 'summary': 'Summit Hill High School is a historic high school located at Summit Hill , Carbon County , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1911 , and is a three-story , H-shaped , school building in the Renaissance Revival style . It is constructed of structural terra cotta and faced with Roman brick . It measures approximately 122 feet wide and 82 feet deep . The school closed in the late 1960s and was renovated into apartments in 1997 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 16 , 2001 ( # 01000138 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '124 West Hazard Street 40°49′34″N 75°52′29″W / 40.826111°N 75.874722°W / 40.826111 ; -75.874722 ( Summit Hill High School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summit Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summit_Hill,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Summit Hill is a borough in Carbon County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,034 at the 2010 census . The hamlet has a storied history as the western terminus of the United States ' second operational railway , the Mauch Chunk & Summit Hill Railway , and some of the earliest coal mines developed in North America , where the Lehigh Coal Mining Company began mining in 1792 , establishing the town as little more than a mining camp with stables and paddocks ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Carbon County, Pennsylvania. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 14 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Two sites are further designated as National Historic Landmarks.'}
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What is the name of the Inn that is in the town with a population tha was 3,228 at the 2010 census ?
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Covered Bridge
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01f5bcb74ad4e478
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_by_prominence', 'title': 'List of mountain peaks by prominence', 'header': ['Peak', 'Location', 'Height ( m )', 'Prominence ( m )', 'Col ( m )', 'Parent/ Notable for'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mount Ruapehu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu', 'summary': "Mount Ruapehu ( /ˈruːəˌpeɪhuː/ ; Māori : [ ˈɾʉaˌpɛhʉ ] ) is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand . It is 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) northeast of Ohakune and 23 km ( 14 mi ) southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupo , within Tongariro National Park . The North Island 's major ski resorts and only glaciers are on its slopes . Ruapehu , the largest active volcano in New Zealand , is the highest point on the North Island and has three major peaks : Tahurangi ( 2,797 m ) , Te Heuheu ( 2,755 m ) and Paretetaitonga ( 2,751 m ) . The deep , active crater is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions , being known as Crater Lake ( Māori : Te Wai ā-moe ) ."}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '2,797', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,797', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none / HP North Island , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Island', 'summary': "The North Island , also officially named Te Ika-a-Māui , is one of the two main islands of New Zealand , separated from the larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait . The island 's area is 113,729 square kilometres ( 43,911 sq mi ) , making it the world 's 14th-largest island . It has a population of 3,702,300 ( June 2018 ) . Twelve main urban areas ( half of them officially cities ) are in the North Island . From north to south , they are Whangarei , Auckland , Hamilton , Tauranga , Rotorua , Gisborne , New Plymouth , Napier , Hastings , Whanganui , Palmerston North , and Wellington , the capital , located at the south-west extremity of the island . About 76% of New Zealand 's population lives in the North Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Cereme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Cereme', 'summary': 'Mount Ciremai/Cereme ( or Ciremay ) is a dominating symmetrical stratovolcano in West Java , Indonesia . It is located to the southwest of the major town of Cirebon . Mt Ciremai is strikingly visible towards the south from the main west-east corridor ( Jakarta-Surabaya ) rail link along the north coast of Java . It is the highest point of West Java . At the summit of Mt Ciremai there is a 4.5 × 5 km wide caldera . Eruptions are relatively infrequent in historical time but explosive activity and lahars from the summit have been recorded . Mount Ceremai is especially significant because it is the highest mountain in the province of West Java . The name Cereme or Ciremai is derived from Sundanese word for Otaheite gooseberry . There are numerous recreational and tourist sites on the slopes of Mt Ciremai . Various sites , including parks and cafes , attract crowds of visitors from Cirebon . The museum at Linggajati on the slopes of Mt Ceremai which records the important historical event of the Linggadjati Agreement during the struggle for Indonesian Independence in 1946 attracts many visitors during weekends . The Mt Ciremai National Park extends for a considerable distance around the slopes of the mountain .'}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '3,078', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,792', 'urls': []}, {'value': '286', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semeru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semeru', 'summary': "Semeru , or Mount Semeru ( Indonesian : Gunung Semeru ) , is an active volcano in East Java , Indonesia . It is located in the subduction zone , where the Indo-Australia plate subducts under the Eurasia plate . It is the highest mountain on the island of Java . This stratovolcano is also known as Mahameru , meaning 'The Great Mountain . The name derived from the Hindu cosmology 's mountain of Meru or Sumeru , the abode of gods . Mount Semeru is one of the most popular hiking destinations in Indonesia ."}]}, {'value': 'Huascarán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huascarán', 'summary': "Huascarán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ waskaˈɾan ] ) ( Quechua : Waskaran ) or Mataraju is a mountain in the Peruvian province of Yungay ( Ancash Region ) , situated in the Cordillera Blanca range of the western Andes . The highest southern summit of Huascarán ( Huascarán Sur ) is the highest point in Peru , the northern part of Andes ( north of Lake Titicaca ) and in all of the Earth 's Tropics . Huascarán is the fourth highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere and South America after Aconcagua , Ojos del Salado , and Monte Pissis ."}]}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '6,746', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,776', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ojos del Salado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado', 'summary': 'Nevado Ojos del Salado is an active stratovolcano in the Andes on the Argentina-Chile border and the highest active volcano in the world at 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) . It is also the second highest mountain in both the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere behind Aconcagua at approximately 7,000 meters ( 22,966 ft ) and it is the highest in Chile . Nevado Ojos del Salado is translated to Snowy Salty Eyes describing it being very snowy in the winter and salty with many lakes . Due to its location near the Atacama Desert , the mountain has very dry conditions , with snow usually only remaining on the peak during winter , though heavy storms can cover the surrounding area with a few feet of snow even in summer . Despite the generally dry conditions , there is a permanent crater lake about 100 m ( 330 ft ) in diameter at an elevation of 6,390 m ( 20,960 ft ) on the eastern side of the mountain . This is most likely the highest lake of any kind in the world . The ascent of Ojos del Salado is mostly a hike except for the final section to the summit which is a difficult scramble that may require ropes . The first ascent was made in 1937 by Jan Alfred Szczepański and Justyn Wojsznis , members of a Polish expedition in the Andes . Its name , meaning roughly Eyes of the Salty One in Spanish , comes from the enormous deposits of salt that , in the form of lagoons or eyes , appear in its glaciers . An international highway between Chile and Argentina runs north of the mountain .'}]}, {'value': 'Mount Arfak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Arfak', 'summary': "Mount Arfak is the highest point in the province of West Papua . It is located on north-east side of the Bird 's Head Peninsula . It is a popular hiking area and is the highest peak of the Arfak Mountains . From the summit , Manokwari can be seen . The summit of Mt . Arfak is temperate and dry with very hot , dry summer temperatures that average below 95 °F ( 35 °C ) and mild , humid winter temperatures that average above 38 °F ( 3 °C ) . During the winter months , the mountain 's summit receives frost usually and sometimes can get to 33 °F ( 0 °C ) every now and then . Sometimes snow can fall on the summit , but not every year . Average rain amount per year is about 45 inches ( 1150 mm ) . The mountain is part of the Pegunungan Arfak Nature Reserve , a 683-square-kilometer ( 264 sq mi ) protected area that protects parts of the Vogelkop Montane Rain Forests Ecoregion . The mountain is also the highest point in the Manokwari metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '2,955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '179', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Elbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Elbert', 'summary': 'Mount Elbert is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the U.S. state of Colorado and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . The ultra-prominent 14,440-foot ( 4401.2 m ) fourteener is the highest peak in the Sawatch Range and the second-highest summit in the contiguous United States after Mount Whitney . Mount Elbert is located in San Isabel National Forest , 12.1 miles ( 19.4 km ) southwest ( bearing 223° ) of the City of Leadville in Lake County , Colorado . The mountain was named in honor of a Colorado statesman , Samuel Hitt Elbert , who was active in the formative period of the state and Governor of the Territory of Colorado from 1873 to 1874 . Henry W. Stuckle of the Hayden Survey was the first to record an ascent of the peak , in 1874 . The easiest and most popular climbing routes are categorized as Class 1 to 2 or A+ in mountaineering parlance . Mount Elbert is therefore often referred to as the gentle giant that tops all others in the Rocky Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4,401', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,772', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,629', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Whitney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Whitney', 'summary': "Mount Whitney is the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States and the Sierra Nevada , with an elevation of 14,505 feet ( 4,421 m ) . It is located in East-Central California , on the boundary between California 's Inyo and Tulare counties , 84.6 miles ( 136.2 km ) west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 282 ft ( 86 m ) below sea level . The west slope of the mountain is in Sequoia National Park and the summit is the southern terminus of the John Muir Trail which runs 211.9 mi ( 341.0 km ) from Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley . The east slope is in the Inyo National Forest in Inyo County ."}]}, {'value': 'San Gorgonio Mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Gorgonio_Mountain', 'summary': 'San Gorgonio Mountain , also known locally as Mount San Gorgonio , or Old Greyback , is the highest peak in Southern California and the Transverse Ranges at 11,503 feet ( 3,506 m ) . It is in the San Bernardino Mountains , 27 miles ( 43 km ) east of the city of San Bernardino and 12 miles ( 19 km ) north-northeast of San Gorgonio Pass . It lies within the San Gorgonio Wilderness , part of the Sand to Snow National Monument managed by the San Bernardino National Forest . Spanish missionaries in the area during the early 17th century named the peak after Saint Gorgonius . Since it is the highest point in a region which is separated from higher peaks ( e.g . in the Sierra Nevada ) by relatively low terrain , San Gorgonio Mountain is one of the most topographically prominent peaks in the United States . It is ranked 7th among peaks in the 48 contiguous states and 18th among overall . Like other high peaks in the Transverse Ranges , the mountain has a pyramid shape , with a steep north face and a slightly shallower south face . The mountain is large and broad ; the summit plateau itself is one square-mile in area ( 2 km2 ) . In contrast to its spectacular but lower neighbor , San Jacinto Peak , San Gorgonio is not particularly craggy , and from a distance , it only appears to be an extremely high hill , earning it the name of greyback . Despite not being particularly striking in appearance during the summer , it is the only mountain in Southern California with a summit a significant distance above the tree line . As such its bright white winter snow cap , unobstructed by vegetation , makes the mountain noticeable from many miles away .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3,506', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,528', 'urls': []}, {'value': '978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olancha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olancha_Peak', 'summary': 'Olancha Peak is a mountain in the Sierra Nevada of California . It rises to an elevation of 12,132 feet ( 3,698 m ) on the Tulare-Inyo county line in the South Sierra Wilderness . It takes its name from the nearby town of Olancha . The mountain is also known as Indianhead and the Sleeping Maiden , as some think that parts of the ridgeline of the southern slope of the mountain , when viewed from certain angles , resembles either the face of a man or the figure of a woman lying on her back . The peak is one of the highest in the Sierra Nevada south of Mount Whitney . It is the southernmost peak that is significantly above treeline on the Sierra Nevada escarpment . Due to the high elevation , most of the precipitation the mountain receives consists of snow .'}]}, {'value': 'Anamudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anamudi', 'summary': "Anamudi is a mountain located in the Indian state of Kerala . It is the highest peak in the Western Ghats and South India , at an elevation of 2,695 metres ( 8,842 ft ) and a topographic prominence of 2,479 metres ( 8,133 ft ) . It lies on the border of Devikulam Taluk , Idukki district and Kothamangalam Taluk , Ernakulam district . The name Anamudi literally translates to elephant 's forehead , a reference to the resemblance of the mountain to an elephant 's head . The first recorded ascent of Anamudi was by General Douglas Hamilton of the Madras Army on 4 May 1862 , [ citation needed ] but it is likely that there had been earlier ascents by local people . Anamudi peak is one of only three ultra prominent peaks in South India . It is also the peak with the greatest topographic isolation within India.It is the highest point in India south of Himalayas . Thus it is known as Everest of South India ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '2,695', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,479', 'urls': []}, {'value': '216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Ghats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Ghats', 'summary': "The Western Ghats , also known as Sahyadri ( Benevolent Mountains ) , are a mountain range that covers an area of 140,000 square kilometres ( 54,000 sq mi ) in a stretch of 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula , traversing the states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Goa , Maharashtra and Gujarat . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight hottest hot-spots of biological diversity in the world . It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India . It contains a large proportion of the country 's flora and fauna , many of which are only found in India and nowhere else in the world . According to UNESCO , the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas . They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer . The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau , and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain , called Konkan , along the Arabian Sea . A total of thirty-nine areas in the Western Ghats , including national parks , wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests , were designated as world heritage sites in 2012 - twenty in Kerala , ten in Karnataka , five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra . The range starts near the Songadh town of Gujarat , south of the Tapti river , and runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) through the states of Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Marunthuvazh Malai , at Swamithope , near the southern tip of India . These hills cover 160,000 km2 ( 62,000 sq mi ) and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India . The Western Ghats block southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau . The average elevation is around 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Musala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Musala', 'summary': 'Musala ( Bulgarian : Мусала ) ; from Arabic through Ottoman Turkish : from Musalla , near God or place for prayer is the highest peak in Rila Mountain , also in Bulgaria and the entire Balkan Peninsula , standing at 2,925 metres ( 9,596 ft ) . With a topographic prominence of 2,473 metres ( 8,114 ft ) , Musala is also the 6th highest peak by topographic prominence in mainland Europe . Musala is also the 3rd most topographically isolated major peak in Continental Europe . Musala is situated within the Rila National Park , which is noted for its rich flora , including species such as Macedonian Pine and Bulgarian Fir in the forests on its middle slopes , and fauna ; it is one of the easiest places in Europe to see the wallcreeper . All major mountain ranges of Bulgaria can be seen from the top ; these include Vitosha to the northwest , Sredna Gora towards the northeast , the Balkan Mountains along most of the northern horizon behind Vitosha and Sredna Gora , the Rhodope Mountains to the southeast , Pirin to the south , Osogovo and Ruy Mountain to the west , and of course , the rest of Rila . A cosmic ray station was built on the peak in 1960 with cooperation from the Hungarian Academy of Science . The station conducted scientific experiments using a muon telescope . The station was destroyed by an electrical fire on October 29 , 1983 . With an average annual temperature of -2.3 °C Musala is the coldest place in Bulgaria and the entire Balkan Peninsula . [ citation needed ] Temperatures stay below 0 °C for about 8 months each year . [ citation needed ] Due to this about 45% of the annual precipitation on Musala is snow , and snow cover lasts for about 200 days ( more than six months ) . [ citation needed ] Three of the main rivers of Bulgaria , the Iskar , Maritsa and Mesta have their sources near Musala .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '2,925', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,473', 'urls': []}, {'value': '432', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Großglockner ¹ / Mont Blanc ² / HP Southeast Europe , Balkan Peninsula and Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Großglockner', 'summary': "The Grossglockner ( German pronunciation : [ ˈɡʀoːsˌɡlɔknɐ ] ( listen ) ; German : Großglockner or just Glockner ) is , at 3,798 metres above the Adriatic ( 12,461 ft ) , the highest mountain in Austria and the highest mountain in the Alps east of the Brenner Pass . It is part of the larger Glockner Group of the Hohe Tauern range , situated along the main ridge of the Central Eastern Alps and the Alpine divide . The Pasterze , Austria 's most extended glacier , lies on the Grossglockner 's eastern slope . The characteristic pyramid-shaped peak actually consists of two pinnacles , the Grossglockner and the Kleinglockner ( 3,770 m ( 12,370 ft ) , from German : groß , big , klein , small ) , separated by the Glocknerscharte col ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mont_Blanc', 'summary': 'Mont Blanc ( French : [ mɔ̃ blɑ̃ ] ; Italian : Monte Bianco [ ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko ] ; meaning White Mountain ) is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of the Caucasus peaks of Russia and Georgia . [ note 2 ] It rises 4,808 m ( 15,774 ft ) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence . The mountain stands in a range called the Graian Alps , between the regions of Aosta Valley , Italy , and Savoie and Haute-Savoie , France . The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie , and Arve in France , on the border between the two countries . The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking , climbing , trail running and winter sports like skiing , and snowboarding . The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley , Italy ; and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie , France . The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics . A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix , through the Col du Géant . The 11.6 km ( 7 1⁄4-mile ) Mont Blanc Tunnel , constructed between 1957 and 1965 , runs beneath the mountain and is a major trans-Alpine transport route .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Southeast_Europe', 'summary': 'Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe ( SEE ) is a geographical region of Europe , consisting primarily of the coterminous Balkan Peninsula . There are overlapping and conflicting definitions as to where exactly Southeastern Europe begins or ends or how it relates to other regions of the continent . Sovereign states and territories that are included in the region are , in alphabetical order : Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Greece , Kosovo , [ a ] Montenegro , North Macedonia , Romania , Serbia , and East Thrace ( part of Turkey ) . Sometimes , Moldova and Slovenia are also included . The largest city of the region is Istanbul ( which straddles the Bosporus strait between Southeast Europe and Western Asia ) , followed by Bucharest , Sofia , Belgrade , and Athens . The boundaries of the region can vary greatly and are widely disputed , due to political , economic , historical , cultural , and geographical considerations and point of view of the observer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Balkans', 'summary': "The Balkans /ˈbɔːlkənz/ BAWL-kənz , also known as the Balkan Peninsula , is a geographic area in Southeast Europe with various definitions and meanings , including geopolitical and historical . The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the whole of Bulgaria from the Serbian-Bulgarian border to the Black Sea coast . The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the northwest , the Ionian Sea in the southwest , the Aegean Sea in the south , the Turkish Straits in the east , and the Black Sea in the northeast . The northern border of the peninsula is variously defined . The highest point of the Balkans is Mount Musala , 2,925 metres ( 9,596 ft ) , in the Rila mountain range , Bulgaria . The concept of the Balkan peninsula was created by the German geographer August Zeune in 1808 , who mistakenly considered the Balkan Mountains the dominant mountain system of Southeast Europe spanning from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea . The term of Balkan Peninsula was a synonym for Rumelia ( European Turkey ) in the 19th century , the former provinces of the Ottoman Empire in Southeast Europe . It had a geopolitical rather than a geographical definition , further promoted during the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the early 20th century . The definition of the Balkan peninsula 's natural borders do not coincide with the technical definition of a peninsula and hence modern geographers reject the idea of a Balkan peninsula , while scholars usually discuss the Balkans as a region . The term has acquired a stigmatized and pejorative meaning related to the process of Balkanization , and hence the preferred alternative term used for the region is Southeast Europe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Bazardüzü', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Bazardüzü', 'summary': 'Mount Bazardüzü ( Azerbaijani : Bazardüzü dağı , Azerbaijani pronunciation : [ bɑzɑrdyˈzy ] ; Lezgian : Кичӏен сув [ kiˈtʃʼe suv ] ; Russian : Базардюзю , Russian pronunciation : [ bəzərdʲʉˈzʲu ] ) is a mountain peak in the Greater Caucasus range on the border between Daghestan and Azerbaijan . At 4,467 metres ( 14,656 ft ) above sea level , it is the highest peak in Azerbaijan and is located in Qusar region . The southernmost point of Daghestan is located about seven kilometers southwest of the peak .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '4,466', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,454', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qurnat as Sawda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qurnat_as_Sawda', 'summary': 'Qurnat as Sawdā ( Arabic : القرنة السوداء , Syriac : Mountain of the martyrs or Qornet Sodé ܩܪܢܬ ܣܗܕ̈ܐ ) , in reference to the Maronites killed by the Mamluk army in the year 1283 . It is the highest point in Lebanon and the Levant , at 3,088 meters above sea level . It is found in Bsharri in North of Lebanon .'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanon ( /ˈlɛbənɒn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : لبنان , romanized : Lubnān , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ lɪbˈneːn ] ) , officially known as the Lebanese Republic [ nb 3 ] ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ elˈʒʊmhuːrɪjje lˈlɪbneːnɪjje ] ; French : République libanaise ) , is a country in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 mi2 ) , it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent . [ nb 4 ] The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for almost three thousand years ( c. 3200-539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era ."}]}, {'value': '3,093', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,393', 'urls': []}, {'value': '700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galdhøpiggen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galdhøpiggen', 'summary': 'Galdhøpiggen is the tallest mountain in Norway , Scandinavia and Northern Europe , at 2,469 m ( 8,100 ft ) above sea level . It is in the municipality of Lom ( in Oppland ) , in the Jotunheimen mountain area .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '2,469', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,372', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sauyr Zhotasy ¹ / Everest ²/ HP Scandinavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauyr_Zhotasy', 'summary': 'Sauyr Zhotasy ( Kazakh : Сауыр жотасы , Saýyr jotasy ) , also known as Muz Tau ( Chinese : 木斯岛山 ; pinyin : Mùsīdǎo Shān ) , is the highest point in the Saur Range , and of the entire Saur-Tarbagatai mountain system , part of the Tien Shan , on the border between Kazakhstan and China . It lies 100 kilometres ( 60 mi ) southeast of Zaysan Lake . Despite its low elevation , it is well separated from higher ranges in its area ( the Saur-Tarbagatai System being separated from the Altai Mountains by the Irtysh River valley , and from the Dzungarian Alatau , by the Dzungarian Gate ) ; it is therefore ranked highly by topographic prominence . There have been two documented ascents to sub-summits of Zauyer Zhotasy , occurring in 2017 and 2018 by Ed Hannam and his team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Everest', 'summary': "Mount Everest ( Nepali : Sagarmatha सगरमाथा ; Tibetan : Chomolungma ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ ; Chinese : Zhumulangma 珠穆朗玛 ) is Earth 's highest mountain above sea level , located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas . The international border between Nepal ( Province No . 1 ) and China ( Tibet Autonomous Region ) runs across its summit point . The current official elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) , recognised by China and Nepal , was established by a 1955 Indian survey and subsequently confirmed by a Chinese survey in 1975 . In 1865 , Everest was given its official English name by the Royal Geographical Society , as recommended by Andrew Waugh , the British Surveyor General of India , who chose the name of his predecessor in the post , Sir George Everest , despite Everest 's objections . Mount Everest attracts many climbers , some of them highly experienced mountaineers . There are two main climbing routes , one approaching the summit from the southeast in Nepal ( known as the standard route ) and the other from the north in Tibet . While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the standard route , Everest presents dangers such as altitude sickness , weather , and wind , as well as significant hazards from avalanches and the Khumbu Icefall . As of 2019 [ update ] , over 300 people have died on Everest , many of whose bodies remain on the mountain . The first recorded efforts to reach Everest 's summit were made by British mountaineers . As Nepal did not allow foreigners to enter the country at the time , the British made several attempts on the north ridge route from the Tibetan side . After the first reconnaissance expedition by the British in 1921 reached 7,000 m ( 22,970 ft ) on the North Col , the 1922 expedition pushed the north ridge route up to 8,320 m ( 27,300 ft ) , marking the first time a human had climbed above 8,000 m ( 26,247 ft ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scandinavia', 'summary': 'Scandinavia [ b ] ( /ˌskændɪˈneɪviə/ SKAN-dih-NAY-vee-ə ) is a region in Northern Europe , with strong historical , cultural , and linguistic ties . The term Scandinavia in local usage covers the three kingdoms of Denmark , Norway , and Sweden . The majority national languages of these three belong to the Scandinavian dialect continuum , and are mutually intelligible North Germanic languages . In English usage , Scandinavia also sometimes refers more narrowly to the Scandinavian Peninsula , or more broadly so as to include Finland , the Faroe Islands , and Iceland . [ a ] The broader definition is similar to what are locally called the Nordic countries , which also include the remote Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen and Greenland , a constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Gerlachovský štít', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerlachovský_štít', 'summary': 'Gerlachovský štít ( Slovak pronunciation ( help·info ) , translated into English as Gerlachov Peak ) , informally referred to as Gerlach , is the highest peak in the High Tatras , in Slovakia , and in the whole 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) long Carpathian mountain chain . Usually listed at 2,655 metres AMSL ( 8,711 ft ) , its exact elevation is actually 0.6 metres ( 2.0 feet ) lower . [ citation needed ] The pyramidal shape of the massif is marked by a huge cirque . Despite its relatively low elevation , the about 2,000 m vertical rise from the valley floor makes Gerlachovský štít soar . Mistaken for an average mountain in the rugged High Tatras range in the more distant past , it has since played a symbolic role in the eyes of the rulers and populations of several Central European nations , to the point that between the 19th and mid-20th century , it had four different names with six name reversals . It managed to be the highest mountain of the Kingdom of Hungary , and of the countries of Czechoslovakia , Slovakia and then Czechoslovakia again within the span of less than three decades of the 20th century . Gerlachovský štít shares its geology and ecology with the rest of the High Tatras , but provides a worthwhile environment for biologists as the highest ground anywhere in Europe north of the parallel linking approximately Munich , Salzburg , and Vienna . With the travel restrictions imposed by the Eastern Bloc , the mountain was particularly treasured as the loftiest point available to climb to by Czechs , East Germans , Hungarians , Poles , and Slovaks . It continues to attract its share of visitors although the local authorities have been continually adding new restrictions on access .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2,655', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,355', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mont Blanc / HP Hight Tatras and Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mont_Blanc', 'summary': 'Mont Blanc ( French : [ mɔ̃ blɑ̃ ] ; Italian : Monte Bianco [ ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko ] ; meaning White Mountain ) is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of the Caucasus peaks of Russia and Georgia . [ note 2 ] It rises 4,808 m ( 15,774 ft ) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence . The mountain stands in a range called the Graian Alps , between the regions of Aosta Valley , Italy , and Savoie and Haute-Savoie , France . The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie , and Arve in France , on the border between the two countries . The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking , climbing , trail running and winter sports like skiing , and snowboarding . The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley , Italy ; and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie , France . The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics . A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix , through the Col du Géant . The 11.6 km ( 7 1⁄4-mile ) Mont Blanc Tunnel , constructed between 1957 and 1965 , runs beneath the mountain and is a major trans-Alpine transport route .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tatra_Mountains', 'summary': "The Tatra Mountains , Tatras , or Tatra ( Tatry either in Slovak ( pronounced [ ˈtatri ] ) or in Polish ( pronounced [ ˈtatrɨ ] ) - plurale tantum ) , is a mountain range that forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland . They are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains . The Tatras should not be confused with the Low Tatras ( Slovak : Nízke Tatry ) , which are located south of the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia . The Tatra Mountains occupy an area of 785 square kilometres ( 303 sq mi ) , of which about 610 square kilometres ( 236 sq mi ) ( 77.7% ) lie within Slovakia and about 175 square kilometres ( 68 sq mi ) ( 22.3% ) within Poland . The highest peak , called Gerlach , at 2,655 m ( 8710 ft ) , is located north of Poprad , entirely in Slovakia . The highest point in Poland , Rysy , at 2,499 m ( 8200 ft ) , is located south of Zakopane , on the border with Slovakia . The Tatras ' length , measured from the eastern foothills of the Kobylí vrch ( 1109 m ) to the southwestern foot of Ostrý vrch ( 1128 m ) , in a straight line , is 57 km ( 35 mi ) ( or 53 km ( 33 mi ) according to some ) , and strictly along the main ridge , 80 km ( 50 mi ) . The range is only 19 km ( 12 mi ) wide . The main ridge of the Tatras runs from the village of Huty at the western end to the village of Ždiar at the eastern end . The Tatras are protected by law by the establishment of the Tatra National Park , Slovakia and the Tatra National Park , Poland , which are jointly entered in UNESCO 's World Network of Biosphere Reserves . In 1992 , UNESCO jointly designated the Polish and Slovak parks a transboundary biosphere reserve in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves , under its Man and the Biosphere Programme ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Olympos ( Mytikas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Olympos', 'summary': 'Mount Olympus ( /oʊˈlɪmpəs , əˈlɪm-/ ; Greek : Όλυμπος Olympos , for Modern Greek also transliterated Olimbos , [ ˈolimbos ] or [ ˈolibos ] ) is the highest mountain in Greece . It is located in the Olympus Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia , between the regional units of Pieria and Larissa , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) southwest from Thessaloniki . Mount Olympus has 52 peaks and deep gorges . The highest peak , Mytikas ( Μύτικας Mýtikas ) , meaning nose , rises to 2,917 metres ( 9,570 ft ) . It is one of the highest peaks in Europe in terms of topographic prominence . Olympus is notable in Greek mythology as the home of the Greek gods , on Mytikas peak . It is also noted for its exceptional biodiversity and rich flora . It has been a National Park , the first in Greece , since 1938 . It is also a World Biosphere Reserve . Every year , thousands of visitors admire its fauna and flora , tour its slopes , and climb its peaks . Organized mountain refuges and various mountaineering and climbing routes are available . The usual starting point for climbing Olympus is the town of Litochoro , on the eastern foothills of the mountain , 100 km ( 62 mi ) from Thessaloniki .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '2,917', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,353', 'urls': []}, {'value': '564', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Großglockner ¹ / Mont Blanc ²/ HP Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Großglockner', 'summary': "The Grossglockner ( German pronunciation : [ ˈɡʀoːsˌɡlɔknɐ ] ( listen ) ; German : Großglockner or just Glockner ) is , at 3,798 metres above the Adriatic ( 12,461 ft ) , the highest mountain in Austria and the highest mountain in the Alps east of the Brenner Pass . It is part of the larger Glockner Group of the Hohe Tauern range , situated along the main ridge of the Central Eastern Alps and the Alpine divide . The Pasterze , Austria 's most extended glacier , lies on the Grossglockner 's eastern slope . The characteristic pyramid-shaped peak actually consists of two pinnacles , the Grossglockner and the Kleinglockner ( 3,770 m ( 12,370 ft ) , from German : groß , big , klein , small ) , separated by the Glocknerscharte col ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mont_Blanc', 'summary': 'Mont Blanc ( French : [ mɔ̃ blɑ̃ ] ; Italian : Monte Bianco [ ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko ] ; meaning White Mountain ) is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of the Caucasus peaks of Russia and Georgia . [ note 2 ] It rises 4,808 m ( 15,774 ft ) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence . The mountain stands in a range called the Graian Alps , between the regions of Aosta Valley , Italy , and Savoie and Haute-Savoie , France . The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie , and Arve in France , on the border between the two countries . The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking , climbing , trail running and winter sports like skiing , and snowboarding . The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley , Italy ; and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie , France . The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics . A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix , through the Col du Géant . The 11.6 km ( 7 1⁄4-mile ) Mont Blanc Tunnel , constructed between 1957 and 1965 , runs beneath the mountain and is a major trans-Alpine transport route .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Taranaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Taranaki', 'summary': "Mount Taranaki is an active stratovolcano in the Taranaki region on the west coast of New Zealand 's North Island . Although the mountain is more commonly referred to as Taranaki , it has two official names under the alternative names policy of the New Zealand Geographic Board . The 2,518 metres ( 8,261 ft ) mountain has a secondary cone , Fanthams Peak ( Māori : Panitahi ) , 1,966 metres ( 6,450 ft ) , on its south side . Because of its resemblance to Mount Fuji , Taranaki provided the backdrop for the movie The Last Samurai ."}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '2,518', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,308', 'urls': []}, {'value': '210', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Ruapehu , North Island , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu', 'summary': "Mount Ruapehu ( /ˈruːəˌpeɪhuː/ ; Māori : [ ˈɾʉaˌpɛhʉ ] ) is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand . It is 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) northeast of Ohakune and 23 km ( 14 mi ) southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupo , within Tongariro National Park . The North Island 's major ski resorts and only glaciers are on its slopes . Ruapehu , the largest active volcano in New Zealand , is the highest point on the North Island and has three major peaks : Tahurangi ( 2,797 m ) , Te Heuheu ( 2,755 m ) and Paretetaitonga ( 2,751 m ) . The deep , active crater is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions , being known as Crater Lake ( Māori : Te Wai ā-moe ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Island', 'summary': "The North Island , also officially named Te Ika-a-Māui , is one of the two main islands of New Zealand , separated from the larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait . The island 's area is 113,729 square kilometres ( 43,911 sq mi ) , making it the world 's 14th-largest island . It has a population of 3,702,300 ( June 2018 ) . Twelve main urban areas ( half of them officially cities ) are in the North Island . From north to south , they are Whangarei , Auckland , Hamilton , Tauranga , Rotorua , Gisborne , New Plymouth , Napier , Hastings , Whanganui , Palmerston North , and Wellington , the capital , located at the south-west extremity of the island . About 76% of New Zealand 's population lives in the North Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Kosciuszko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko', 'summary': "Mount Kosciuszko ( /ˌkɒsiˈʌskoʊ/ KOSS-ee-US-koh , previously spelled Mount Kosciusko ) is mainland Australia 's highest mountain , at 2,228 metres ( 7,310 ft ) above sea level . It is located on the Main Range of the Snowy Mountains in Kosciuszko National Park , part of the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves , in New South Wales , Australia , and is located west of Crackenback and close to Jindabyne ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '2,228', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,228', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none / HP mainland Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mainland_Australia', 'summary': "Mainland Australia is the main landmass of the Australian continent excluding Tasmania and other offshore islands . The land mass also constitutes the mainland of the territory governed by the Commonwealth of Australia , and the term , along with continental Australia , can be used in a geographic sense to exclude surrounding continental islands and external territories ( such as the Australian Antarctic Territory ) . Generally , the term is applied to the states of New South Wales , Victoria , Queensland , Western Australia , and South Australia , as well as the Northern Territory , Australian Capital Territory , and Jervis Bay Territory . The term is typically used when referring to the relationship between Tasmania and the other Australian states , in that people not from Tasmania are referred to as mainlanders . Tasmania has been omitted on a number of occasions from maps of Australia , reinforcing the divide between Tasmania and the mainland . The 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane left Tasmania off the map of Australia during the opening ceremony , as did the designs of the Australian Swim Team uniform for the 2014 Commonwealth Games . The land mass covers 7,595,342 km2 ( 2,932,578 sq mi ) , about 98.7% of the area of the country of Australia and covering 1.5% of the Earth 's surface . Its population is about 24.5 million , 98% of Australia 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Monte Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Rosa', 'summary': 'Monte Rosa ( Italian : massiccio del Monte Rosa ; German : Monte Rosa-Massiv ; French : massif du Mont Rose ) is a mountain massif located in the eastern part of the Pennine Alps . It is located between Italy ( Piedmont and Aosta Valley ) and Switzerland ( Valais ) . Monte Rosa is the second highest mountain in the Alps and western Europe , after Mont Blanc . The group is located on the watershed between central and southern Europe . The Monte Rosa massif has four faces . Three in Italy : the Liskamm heading above the Val de Gressoney , the Valsesian face above Alagna Valsesia at the upper part of the Valle della Sesia , and the steep , big east wall above Macugnaga in the Valle Anzasca . And the Swiss north-western face with several glaciers ( with one of the largest Alpine glaciers ) flowing towards the Mattertal with Zermatt . Its main summit , named Dufourspitze in honor of the surveyor Guillaume-Henri Dufour and wholly located in Switzerland , culminates at 4,634 m ( 15,203 ft ) above sea level and is followed by the five nearly equally high subsidiary summits of Dunantspitze , Grenzgipfel , Nordend , Zumsteinspitze and Signalkuppe . Some other over 4000 m peaks such as Piramide Vincent , Punta Giordani , and Corno Nero are wholly in Italy . Monte Rosa is the highest mountain of both Switzerland and the Pennine Alps and is also the second-highest mountain of the Alps and Europe outside the Caucasus . The north-west side of the central Monte Rosa massif , with its enormous ice slopes and seracs , constitutes the boundary and upper basin of the large Gorner Glacier , which descends towards Zermatt and merges with its nowadays much larger tributary , the Grenzgletscher ( English : Border Glacier ) , right below the Monte Rosa Hut on the lower end of the visible western wing . The Grenzgletscher is an impressive glacier formation between the western wing of the mountain and Liskamm , a ridge on its southwestern side on the Swiss-Italian border .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '4,634', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,469', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mont Blanc / HP Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mont_Blanc', 'summary': 'Mont Blanc ( French : [ mɔ̃ blɑ̃ ] ; Italian : Monte Bianco [ ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko ] ; meaning White Mountain ) is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of the Caucasus peaks of Russia and Georgia . [ note 2 ] It rises 4,808 m ( 15,774 ft ) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence . The mountain stands in a range called the Graian Alps , between the regions of Aosta Valley , Italy , and Savoie and Haute-Savoie , France . The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie , and Arve in France , on the border between the two countries . The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking , climbing , trail running and winter sports like skiing , and snowboarding . The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley , Italy ; and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie , France . The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics . A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix , through the Col du Géant . The 11.6 km ( 7 1⁄4-mile ) Mont Blanc Tunnel , constructed between 1957 and 1965 , runs beneath the mountain and is a major trans-Alpine transport route .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Hvannadalshnúkur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hvannadalshnúkur', 'summary': 'Hvannadalshnúkur or Hvannadalshnjúkur ( pronounced [ ˈkvanːatalsˌn̥juːkʏr ] ) is a pyramidal peak on the northwestern rim of the summit crater of the Öræfajökull volcano in Iceland . Its summit is the highest point in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': '2,110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none / HP Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': 'Barre des Écrins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barre_des_Écrins', 'summary': 'The Barre des Écrins ( 4,102 m ) is a mountain in the French Alps with a peak at 4102m altitude . It is the highest peak of the Massif des Écrins and the Dauphiné Alps and the most southerly alpine peak in Europe that is higher than 4,000 m. It is the only 4,000 m mountain in France that lies outside the Mont Blanc Massif . Before the annexation of Savoy in 1860 it was the highest mountain in France .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '4,102', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,045', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2057', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mont Blanc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mont_Blanc', 'summary': 'Mont Blanc ( French : [ mɔ̃ blɑ̃ ] ; Italian : Monte Bianco [ ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko ] ; meaning White Mountain ) is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of the Caucasus peaks of Russia and Georgia . [ note 2 ] It rises 4,808 m ( 15,774 ft ) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence . The mountain stands in a range called the Graian Alps , between the regions of Aosta Valley , Italy , and Savoie and Haute-Savoie , France . The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie , and Arve in France , on the border between the two countries . The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking , climbing , trail running and winter sports like skiing , and snowboarding . The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley , Italy ; and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie , France . The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics . A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix , through the Col du Géant . The 11.6 km ( 7 1⁄4-mile ) Mont Blanc Tunnel , constructed between 1957 and 1965 , runs beneath the mountain and is a major trans-Alpine transport route .'}]}, {'value': 'Hermon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermon', 'summary': 'Mount Hermon ( Arabic : جبل الشيخ or جبل حرمون / ALA-LC : Jabal al-Shaykh ( Mountain of the Sheikh ) or Jabal Haramun ; Hebrew : הַר חֶרְמוֹן , Har Hermon ) is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range . Its summit straddles the border between Syria and Lebanon and , at 2,814 m ( 9,232 ft ) above sea level , is the highest point in Syria . On the top , in the United Nations buffer zone between Syrian and Israeli-occupied territories , is the highest permanently manned UN position in the world , known as Hermon Hotel , located at 2814 metres altitude . The southern slopes of Mount Hermon extend to the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights , where the Mount Hermon ski resort is located with a top elevation of 2,040 metres ( 6,690 ft ) . A peak in this area rising to 2,236 m ( 7,336 ft ) is the highest elevation in Israeli-controlled territory . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanon Syria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanon ( /ˈlɛbənɒn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : لبنان , romanized : Lubnān , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ lɪbˈneːn ] ) , officially known as the Lebanese Republic [ nb 3 ] ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ elˈʒʊmhuːrɪjje lˈlɪbneːnɪjje ] ; French : République libanaise ) , is a country in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 mi2 ) , it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent . [ nb 4 ] The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for almost three thousand years ( c. 3200-539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Syria', 'summary': "Syria ( Arabic : سوريا , romanized : Sūriyā ) , officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon to the southwest , the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Kurds , Turkemens , Assyrians , Armenians , Circassians , Mandeans and Greeks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Isma'ilis , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , Yazidis , and Jews . Arabs are the largest ethnic group , and Sunnis the largest religious group . Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism . It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . The name Syria historically referred to a wider region , broadly synonymous with the Levant , and known in Arabic as al-Sham . The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt . The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces . It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 , when Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate - although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '2,814', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,804', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1010', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Qurnat as Sawda ' / HP Lebanon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Qurnat_as_Sawda'", 'summary': 'Qurnat as Sawdā ( Arabic : القرنة السوداء , Syriac : Mountain of the martyrs or Qornet Sodé ܩܪܢܬ ܣܗܕ̈ܐ ) , in reference to the Maronites killed by the Mamluk army in the year 1283 . It is the highest point in Lebanon and the Levant , at 3,088 meters above sea level . It is found in Bsharri in North of Lebanon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanon ( /ˈlɛbənɒn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : لبنان , romanized : Lubnān , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ lɪbˈneːn ] ) , officially known as the Lebanese Republic [ nb 3 ] ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ elˈʒʊmhuːrɪjje lˈlɪbneːnɪjje ] ; French : République libanaise ) , is a country in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 mi2 ) , it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent . [ nb 4 ] The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for almost three thousand years ( c. 3200-539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era ."}]}, {'value': 'Vihren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vihren', 'summary': "Vihren ( Bulgarian : Вихрен ) is the highest peak of Bulgaria 's Pirin Mountains . Reaching 2,914 metres ( 9,560 ft ) , it is Bulgaria 's second and the Balkans ' third highest , after Musala and Mount Olympus . Although due to the karst topography Vihren is deprived of lakes and streams , a number of Pirin 's lakes are located around the peak , as is Europe 's southernmost glacial mass , the Snezhnika glacielet . Until 1942 Vihren was known as Eltepe ( peak of storms ) ; it was also called Buren ( stormy ) and Malnienosets ( lightning-bringer ) . The UNESCO World Heritage Site Pirin National Park was originally known as the Vihren National Park . Vihren is included in the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria under No . 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '2,914', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,784', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,131', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musala / HP Pirin Mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirin', 'summary': "The Pirin Mountain ( Bulgarian : Пирин ) is a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria , with Vihren at an altitude of 2,914 m being the highest peak . One hypothesis is the mountain was named after Perun , the highest god of the Slavic pantheon and the god of thunder and lightning . Another version is that the etymology of the range derives from the Thracian word Perinthos , meaning Rocky Mountain . The range extends about 80 km from the north-west to the south-east and is about 40 km wide , spanning a territory of 2,585 km2 ( 998 sq mi ) . To the north Pirin is separated from Bulgaria 's highest mountain range , the Rila Mountain , by the Predel saddle , while to the south it reaches the Slavyanka Mountain . To the west is located the valley of the river Struma and to the east the valley of the river Mesta separates it from the Rhodope Mountains . Pirin is dotted with more than a hundred glacial lakes and is also the home of Europe 's southernmost glaciers , Snezhnika and Banski Suhodol . The northern part of the range , which is also the highest one , is protected by the Pirin National Park , declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 . Pirin is noted for its rich flora and fauna , as well as for the presence of a number of relict species . Much of the area is forested , with some of the best preserved conifer woods in Bulgaria , holding important populations of the Balkan endemic species Macedonian pine , Bosnian pine and Bulgarian fir . Animals include many species of high conservation value , such as brown bear , gray wolf , wildcat , European pine marten , wild boar , red deer , roe deer , chamois , etc . The combination of favourable natural conditions and varied historical heritage contribute makes Pirin an important tourist destination ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Additional peaks', 'section_text': 'All peaks with a prominence of more than 1,500 metres rank as an Ultra . For a complete listing of all 1,524 peaks with prominence greater than this level , see the lists of Ultras .', 'uid': 'List_of_peaks_by_prominence_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of mountain peaks ordered by their topographic prominence.'}
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What municipality of Norway contains the mountain with a prominence of 2,372 m ?
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Lom
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01f76968a7cdb338
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_Phillies_team_records', 'title': 'List of Philadelphia Phillies team records', 'header': ['Statistic', 'Record', 'Season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Home runs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_run', 'summary': 'In baseball , a home run ( abbreviated HR ) is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team in the process . In modern baseball , the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles ( or making contact with either foul pole ) without first touching the ground , resulting in an automatic home run . There is also the inside-the-park home run where the batter reaches home safely while the baseball is in play on the field . A home run with a high exit velocity and good launch angle is sometimes called a no-doubter , because it leaves no doubt that it is going to leave the park when it leaves the bat . When a home run is scored , the batter is also credited with a hit and a run scored , and an RBI for each runner that scores , including himself . Likewise , the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit and a run , with additional runs charged for each runner that scores other than the batter . Home runs are among the most popular aspects of baseball and , as a result , prolific home run hitters are usually the most popular among fans and consequently the highest paid by teams - hence the old saying , Home run hitters drive Cadillacs , and singles hitters drive Fords ( coined , circa 1948 , by veteran pitcher Fritz Ostermueller , by way of mentoring his young teammate , Ralph Kiner ) .'}]}, {'value': '224', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': "The 2009 Major League Baseball season began on April 5 , 2009 , the regular season was extended two days for a one-game playoff between the Detroit Tigers and the Minnesota Twins to decide the American League Central Division champion . The postseason began the next day with the Division Series . The World Series began on October 28 , and ended on November 4 , with the New York Yankees defeating the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . This was the second time the season was completed in November . The only other occasion was the 2001 World Series , because of the delaying of the end of that season due to the September 11 attacks as November baseball would be guaranteed when Game 4 was played on Sunday , November 1 . Had the 2009 World Series gone the full seven games , Game 7 would 've been played on November 5 , the latest date ever scheduled for a World Series game . American League champion had home field advantage for the World Series by virtue of winning the All-Star Game on July 14 at Busch Stadium in St. Louis , Missouri , 4-3 . In addition , the annual Civil Rights Game became a regular season game , and was played June 20 at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati , Ohio , when the host Cincinnati Reds lost to the Chicago White Sox in an interleague game , 10-8 . Both teams wore replicas of their 1965 uniforms in the contest ."}]}, {'value': 'Runs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a run is scored when a player advances around first , second and third base and returns safely to home plate , touching the bases in that order , before three outs are recorded and all obligations to reach base safely on batted balls are met or assured . A player may score by hitting a home run or by any combination of plays that puts him safely on base ( that is , on first , second , or third ) as a runner and subsequently brings him home . The object of the game is for a team to score more runs than its opponent . The Official Baseball Rules hold that if the third out of an inning is a force out of a runner advancing to any base then , even if another baserunner crosses home plate before that force out is made , his run does not count . However , if the third out is not a force out , but a tag out , then if that other baserunner crosses home plate before that tag out is made , his run will count . In baseball statistics , a player who advances around all the bases to score is credited with a run ( R ) , sometimes referred to as a run scored . While runs scored is considered an important individual batting statistic , it is regarded as less significant than runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Both individual runs scored and runs batted in are heavily context-dependent ; however , the sabermetric statistic runs created provides a more sophisticated assessment of a player 's contribution toward producing runs for his team . A pitcher is likewise assessed runs surrendered in his statistics , which differentiate between standard earned runs ( for which the pitcher is statistically assigned full responsibility ) and unearned runs scored due to fielding errors , which do not count in his personal statistics . Specifically , if a fielding error occurs which affects the number of runs scored in an inning , the Official Scorer - the official in-game statistician - in order to determine how many of the runs should be classified as earned , will reconstruct the inning as if the error had not occurred . For example , with two outs , suppose a runner reaches base because of a fielding error , and then the next batter hits a two-run home run , and then the following batter then makes the third out , ending the inning . If the inning is reconstructed without the error , and if that third batter , instead of reaching on an error , registered an out , the inning would have ended there without any runs scoring ."}]}, {'value': '944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1930 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hit_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , a hit ( denoted by H ) , also called a base hit , is credited to a batter when the batter safely reaches first base after hitting the ball into fair territory , without the benefit of an error or a fielder 's choice ."}]}, {'value': '1,783', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1930 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a double is the act of a batter striking the pitched ball and safely reaching second base without being called out by the umpire , without the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) or another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A double is a type of hit ( the others being the single , triple and home run ) and is sometimes called a two-bagger or two-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 2B ."}]}, {'value': '345', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1930 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Triples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triple_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a triple is the act of a batter safely reaching third base after hitting the ball , with neither the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) nor another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A triple is sometimes called a three-bagger or three-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 3B . Triples have become somewhat rare in Major League Baseball . It often requires a ball hit to a distant part of the field , or the ball taking an unusual bounce in the outfield . It also usually requires that the batter hit the ball solidly , and be a speedy runner . It also often requires that the batter 's team have a good strategic reason for wanting the batter on third base , as a double will already put the batter in scoring position and there will often be little strategic advantage to taking the risk of trying to stretch a double into a triple . ( The inside-the-park home run is much rarer than a triple ) . The trend for modern ballparks is to have smaller outfields ( often increasing the number of home runs ) ; it has ensured that the career and season triples leaders mostly consist of those who played early in Major League Baseball history , generally in the dead-ball era . A walk-off triple ( one that ends a game ) occurs very infrequently . For example , the 2016 MLB season saw only three walk-off triples , excluding one play that was actually a triple plus an error ."}]}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1905_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1905 Major League Baseball season , had the second modern World Series . The New York Giants defeated the Philadelphia Athletics to win the World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Total bases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Total_bases', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , total bases is the number of bases a player has gained with hits . It is a weighted sum for which the weight value is 1 for a single , 2 for a double , 3 for a triple and 4 for a home run . Only bases attained from hits count toward this total . Reaching base by other means ( such as a base on balls ) or advancing further after the hit ( such as when a subsequent batter gets a hit ) does not increase the player 's total bases . In box scores and other statistical summaries , total bases is often denoted by the abbreviation TB . The total bases divided by the number of at bats is the player 's slugging average ."}]}, {'value': '2,594', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1930 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Runners left on base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_on_base', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '1,281', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1993 Major League Baseball season was the final season of two-division play in each league , before the Central Division was added the following season , giving both the NL and AL three divisions each . Sixteen years after the American League expanded from 12 to 14 teams , the National League finally followed suit , with the Colorado Rockies and the Florida Marlins ( now the Miami Marlins ) joining the NL . It was also the first season since 1976 that both leagues had the same number of teams . The Toronto Blue Jays capped off the season by winning their second consecutive World Series title , beating the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . The World Series was clinched when , in one of the most famous moments in baseball , Joe Carter hit a three-run walk off home run in the 9th to seal the victory at home .'}]}, {'value': 'Strikeouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strikeouts', 'summary': 'In baseball or softball , a strikeout ( or strike-out ) occurs when a batter racks up three strikes during a time at bat . It usually means the batter is out . A strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters , and is denoted by K. A strikeout looking - in which the batter does not swing and the third strike is called by the umpire - is usually denoted by a ꓘ . Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter , the free-swinging style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out . Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time - such as Alex Rodriguez , Reggie Jackson , and Jim Thome - were notorious for striking out .'}]}, {'value': '1,155', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2003 Major League Baseball season ended when the Florida Marlins defeated the New York Yankees in a six-game World Series . The Detroit Tigers set the American League record for losses in a season , with 119 , and the Marlins became the first team to win the championship twice as a wild card .'}]}, {'value': 'Stolen bases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stolen_base', 'summary': 'In baseball , a stolen base occurs when a runner advances to a base to which he is not entitled and the official scorer rules that the advance should be credited to the action of the runner . The umpires determine whether the runner is safe or out at the next base , but the official scorer rules on the question of credit or blame for the advance under Rule 10 . A stolen base most often occurs when a base runner advances to the next base while the pitcher is pitching the ball to home plate . Successful base stealers are not only fast but have good baserunning instincts and timing .'}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1908_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1908 Major League Baseball season . The Chicago Cubs defeated the Detroit Tigers 4-1 to win the World Series .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Team season records -- Season batting', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Philadelphia_Phillies_team_records_5', 'intro': "The Philadelphia Phillies have participated in 127 seasons in Major League Baseball since their inception in 1883. Through 2009, they have played 19,035 games, winning 9,035 and losing 10,162, for a winning their tenure as members of Major League Baseball's National League. Chuck Klein, the franchise's only batting Triple Crown winner, holds the most franchise records as of the end of the 2009 season, with eight, including career slugging percentage, career on-base plus slugging (OPS), and single-season extra-base hits. He is followed by Billy Hamilton, who holds seven records, including career batting average and the single-season runs record. Several Phillies hold National League and major league records. Pitcher/outfielder John Coleman is the most decorated in this category, holding three major league records, all from the franchise's inaugural season. Coleman set records for losses, earned runs allowed, and hits allowed, all in 1883 when he also set three additional franchise pitching records. Shortstop Jimmy Rollins broke Willie Wilson's record for at-bats in a single season with 716 in 2007, and first baseman Ryan Howard also set the major league record for strikeouts in a single season that same year with 199, before it was broken by Mark Reynolds of the Arizona Diamondbacks the following year. The 1930 Phillies, who went 52-102, set two more National League records, allowing 1,993 hits and 1,193 runs in the regular season."}
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What is the statistic of the season year in which the Detroit Tigers set the American League record for losses in a season ?
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Strikeouts
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01f8a47b933b4c6c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_yaylas_in_Turkey', 'title': 'List of yaylas in Turkey', 'header': ['Name', 'Region', 'Province', 'District'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anzer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anzer', 'summary': 'Anzar ( Persian : انذر , also Romanized as Anz̄ar and Anzer ) is a village in Chavarzaq Rural District , Chavarzaq District , Tarom County , Zanjan Province , Iran . At the 2006 census , its population was 785 , in 199 families .'}]}, {'value': 'Black Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sea_Region', 'summary': 'The Black Sea Region ( Turkish : Karadeniz Bölgesi ) is a geographical region of Turkey . It is bordered by the Marmara Region to the west , the Central Anatolia Region to the south , the Eastern Anatolia Region to the southeast , the Republic of Georgia to the northeast , and the Black Sea to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'Rize Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rize_Province', 'summary': 'Rize Province ( Turkish : Rize ili ) is a province of northeast Turkey , on the eastern Black Sea coast between Trabzon and Artvin . The province of Erzurum is to the south . It was formerly known as Lazistan , the designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926 , by Kemalists . Its capital is the city of Rize . The province is home to Laz , Hemshin , Turkish people and Georgian communities . Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan spent his early childhood in Rize , where his father was a member of the Turkish Coast Guard .'}]}, {'value': 'İkizdere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/İkizdere', 'summary': 'İkizdere is a town and district of Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayder', 'summary': 'Ayder is a yayla ( summer resort ) in Rize Province , Turkey . ( The word yayla may also means Alpine pasture . )'}]}, {'value': 'Black Sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rize Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Çamlıhemşin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Çamlıhemşin', 'summary': 'Çamlıhemşin ( Laz : ვიჯა Vica or ვიჯე Vice ; Georgian : ვიჯა Vija ) is a small town and district of Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey . With its mountains and valleys in all shades of green , Çamlıhemşin has a reputation as one of the most attractive parts of the eastern Black Sea region , particularly with the autumn foliage .'}]}, {'value': 'Uzungöl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzungöl', 'summary': "Uzungöl ( Long Lake ) , or in the local Romeyka language : Şeraho , is a lake situated to the south of the city of Trabzon , in the Çaykara district of Trabzon Province , Turkey . Uzungöl is also the name of the village on the lake 's coast . Over the years , the picturesque lake , its village and the surrounding valley have become popular tourist attractions . The lake is at a distance of 99 km from Trabzon 's city center , and 19 km from Çaykara 's district center . It was formed by a landslide , which transformed the stream bed into a natural dam , in the valley of the Haldizen Stream . The area is most famous for its natural environment . [ citation needed ] Located in a valley between high rising mountains , the lake and village at first appear inaccessible . The surrounding mountain forests and fog , occasionally enveloping the lake at night , also add to the scenery . [ citation needed ] The tourist boom of the recent years [ when ? ] has attracted investors , who opened a number of hotels , restaurants , and souvenir shops in the village . The transport infrastructure has also been improved . In 2008 , the government built a concrete barrier along the lake 's shoreline , so that its waves would not wet the coastal roads around it ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trabzon Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trabzon_Province', 'summary': 'Trabzon Province ( Turkish : Trabzon ili ) is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast . Located in a strategically important region , Trabzon is one of the oldest trade port cities in Anatolia . Neighbouring provinces are Giresun to the west , Gümüşhane to the southwest , Bayburt to the southeast and Rize to the east . The provincial capital is Trabzon city , and the traffic code is 61 . The major ethnic groups are Turks , but the province is also home to a minority of Muslim Pontic Greek speakers , though younger speakers are not always fluent in this language .'}]}, {'value': 'Çaykara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Çaykara', 'summary': "Çaykara ( Romeyika : Kadahor ) is a town and district of Trabzon Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey . As of 2014 , the District Mayor of Çaykara is Hanefi Tok ( AKP ) . Çaykara village lies in a V-shaped valley along the Solaklı River in the Pontic Mountains , at an elevation of around 300 metres . Çaykara district lies to the south of Dernekpazarı ( Kondu ) and forms the upper part of the Of-valley system ( 'Solaklı Vadisi ' in Turkish ) , with peaks reaching to over 3300 meters . The western half of İkizdere district - which lies just east of Çaykara and is now part of Rize province - was historically also part of the same administrative and cultural region . Large swathes of the district are made up of old-growth temperate broadleaf and mixed forest , gradually making way for alpine tundra at higher altitudes ."}]}, {'value': 'Çambaşı', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordu Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ordu_Province', 'summary': 'Ordu Province ( Turkish : Ordu ili ) is a province of Turkey , located on the Black Sea coast . Its adjacent provinces are Samsun to the northwest , Tokat to the southwest , Sivas to the south , and Giresun to the east . Its license-plate code is 52 . The capital of the province is the city of Ordu .'}]}, {'value': 'Kabadüz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kabadüz', 'summary': 'Kabadüz is a town and district of Ordu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey . According to the 2000 census , population of the district is 11,049 of which 4,018 live in the town of Kabadüz . The district covers an area of 352 km2 ( 136 sq mi ) , and the town lies at an elevation of 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) . Kabadüz is a district of green hillsides , 21 km inland from the city of Ordu . The villages of Kabadüz district include Akgüney , Derinçay , Dişkaya , Esenyurt , Gelinkaya , Gülpınar , Gümüşdere , Harami , Karakiraz , Kirazdere , Özlükent , and Yeşilada .'}]}, {'value': 'Boraboy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boraboy', 'summary': 'Borabay is a town in Amasya Province , Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Black Sea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amasya Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amasya_Province', 'summary': 'Amasya Province ( Turkish : Amasya ili ) is a province of Turkey , situated on the Yeşil River in the Black Sea Region to the north of the country . Its provincial capital is Amasya , the antique Amaseia mentioned in documents from the era of Alexander the Great and the birthplace of the geographer and historian Strabo . In Ottoman times Amasya was well known for its madrassas , especially as a centre for the Khalwati Sufi order .'}]}, {'value': 'Taşova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taşova', 'summary': 'Taşova is a town and a district of Amasya Province of the central Black Sea region of Turkey . It covers an area of 1041 km² , and the population ( 2010 ) is 33,138 , of which 10,759 live in the town of Taşova , the majority spread throughout the surrounding countryside . The altitude of the town is 230 meters . The mayor is Bayram Öztürk ( AKP ) . Taşova stands on a green and fertile plain , on the banks of the River Yeşilırmak .'}]}, {'value': 'Gölcük', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gölcük,_İzmir', 'summary': 'Gölcük is a little town and a summer resort in İzmir Province , Turkey . The name of the town means Little lake .'}]}, {'value': 'Aegean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aegean_Region', 'summary': 'The Aegean Region ( Turkish : Ege Bölgesi ) is one of the 7 geographical regions of Turkey . Located in western Turkey , it is bordered by the Aegean Sea to the west , the Marmara Region to the north , the Central Anatolia Region to the east , and the Mediterranean Region to the south . Among the four coastal regions , the Aegean Region has the longest coastline .'}]}, {'value': 'İzmir Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/İzmir_Province', 'summary': "İzmir Province ( Turkish : İzmir ili ) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in western Anatolia , situated along the Aegean coast . Its capital is the city of İzmir , which is in itself composed of the province 's central 11 districts out of 30 in total . To the west , it is surrounded by the Aegean Sea , and it encloses the Gulf of Izmir . Its area is 11,973 square kilometres ( 4,623 square miles ) , with a population of 4,279,677 in 2017 . The population was 3,370,866 in 2000 . Neighboring provinces are Balıkesir to the north , Manisa to the east , and Aydın to the south . The traffic code of the province is 35 . Major rivers of the province include the Küçük Menderes river , Koca Çay ( with Güzelhisar dam ) , and Bakırçay ."}]}, {'value': 'Ödemiş', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ödemiş', 'summary': 'Ödemiş is a district of İzmir Province of Turkey , as well as the name of its central town ( urban population 75,577 as of 2012 ) , located 113 km southeast of the city of İzmir . About 4 km north of Ödemiş town are the ruins of Hypaepa . The historical importance of the region is also reflected by the small town of Birgi , east of Ödemiş , which was the capital of the Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Aydın and it has outstanding examples of Seljuq and Ottoman architecture . Birgi has been on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list since 1994 , and points of interest here include Çakırağa Mansion , İmam-i Birgivi Medrese and Sultanşah Mausoleum . Ödemiş is famous for its potatoes , which has the best quality in Turkey , as well as its Ödemiş Kebab . The city is the biggest potato grower of Turkey with its annual 350.000 tons of potato production .'}]}, {'value': 'İbradı', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/İbradı', 'summary': 'İbradı is a district of Antalya Province of Turkey . İbradı is a high plain in the Taurus Mountains . In summer the weather is dry and cooler than the nearby Mediterranean coast with a daytime temperature of 30 degrees C and 10 degrees C at night . The mountains are covered with forests of juniper , cedar and pine , watered by mountain streams that eventually form the Manavgat River . The people of İbradı mainly live from grazing goats on the hillsides and from forestry ; there is no commercial farming although people have gardens , vineyards and fruit trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey', 'summary': 'The Mediterranean Region ( Turkish : Akdeniz Bölgesi ) is a geographical region of Turkey . It is bordered by the Aegean Region to the west , the Central Anatolia Region to the north , the Eastern Anatolia Region to the northeast , the Southeastern Anatolia Region to the east , Syria to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Antalya Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antalya_Province', 'summary': "Antalya Province ( Turkish : Antalya ili ) is located on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey , between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean sea . Antalya Province is the centre of Turkey 's tourism industry , attracting 30% of foreign tourists visiting Turkey . Its capital city of the same name was the world 's third most visited city by number of international arrivals in 2011 , displacing New York . Antalya is Turkey 's biggest international sea resort . The province of Antalya corresponds to the lands of ancient Pamphylia to the east and Lycia to the west . It features a shoreline of 657 km ( 408 mi ) with beaches , ports , and ancient cities scattered throughout , including the World Heritage Site Xanthos . The provincial capital is Antalya city with a population of 1,001,318 . Antalya is the fastest-growing province in Turkey ; with a 4.17% yearly population growth rate between years 1990-2000 , compared with the national rate of 1.83% . This growth is due to a fast rate of urbanization , particularly driven by tourism and other service sectors on the coast ."}]}, {'value': 'İbradı', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/İbradı', 'summary': 'İbradı is a district of Antalya Province of Turkey . İbradı is a high plain in the Taurus Mountains . In summer the weather is dry and cooler than the nearby Mediterranean coast with a daytime temperature of 30 degrees C and 10 degrees C at night . The mountains are covered with forests of juniper , cedar and pine , watered by mountain streams that eventually form the Manavgat River . The people of İbradı mainly live from grazing goats on the hillsides and from forestry ; there is no commercial farming although people have gardens , vineyards and fruit trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Yeşilöz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeşilöz,_Alanya', 'summary': "Yeşilöz ( previously Domalan ) is a beach resort village located in Turkey , part of the seaside resort of Alanya on the south Mediterranean coast , in Antalya Province . Yeşilöz has a large sandy beach that stretches for about 3 km . There are several small shops , a variety of restaurants , a barber , 2 hotels and some of Turkey 's most exclusive private Villas . Situated on the coast road between the Alanya town center and Antalya Gazipaşa Airport , the village also has a regular bus service . The buses run every 15 minutes and are available from early morning until late night . The road is dotted with fish restaurants , hotels , and shops . Many of the restaurants along the beach have private sections of the beaches reserved for guests . Yeşilöz is about 15 minutes from Gazipaşa going south and 15 minutes from Alanya going north . The new international airport , Gazipaşa Airport , is 15 minutes from Yeşilöz . There are major development plans for a golf course above Yeşilöz . The Taurus Mountains behind the village are the source of the river that flows into the sea , and the mountains are covered with trees planted by the Turkish government . The main economic activities are farming and tourism , and the village is in a protected development area which has restricted all developments to single villas ."}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antalya Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alanya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alanya', 'summary': "Alanya ( /əˈlɑːnjə/ ( listen ) ; Turkish pronunciation : [ aˈɫanja ] ) , formerly Alaiye , is a beach resort city and a component district of Antalya Province on the southern coast of Turkey , in the country 's Mediterranean Region , 138 kilometres ( 86 mi ) east of the city of Antalya . As of Turkey 's 2010 Census , the city had a population of 98,627 , while the district that includes the city and its built-up region had an area of 1,598.51 km2 and 248,286 inhabitants . Because of its natural strategic position on a small peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea below the Taurus Mountains , Alanya has been a local stronghold for many Mediterranean-based empires , including the Ptolemaic , Seleucid , Roman , Byzantine , and Ottoman Empires . Alanya 's greatest political importance came in the Middle Ages , with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under the rule of Alaeddin Kayqubad I , from whom the city derives its name . His building campaign resulted in many of the city 's landmarks , such as the Kızıl Kule ( Red Tower ) , Tersane ( Shipyard ) , and Alanya Castle . The Mediterranean climate , natural attractions , and historic heritage make Alanya a popular destination for tourism , and responsible for nine percent of Turkey 's tourism sector and thirty percent of foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey . Tourism has risen since 1958 to become the dominant industry in the city , resulting in a corresponding increase in city population . Warm-weather sporting events and cultural festivals take place annually in Alanya . In 2014 Mayor Adem Murat Yücel , of the Nationalist Movement Party unseated Hasan Sipahioğlu , of the Justice and Development Party , who had previously led the city since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Abanoz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abanoz,_Mersin', 'summary': 'Abanoz is a yayla ( summer resort ) in Mersin Province , Turkey'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mersin_Province', 'summary': 'The Mersin Province ( Turkish : Mersin ili ) is a province in southern Turkey , on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana . The provincial capital is the city of Mersin and the other major town is Tarsus , birthplace of St Paul . The province is part of Çukurova , a geographical , economical and cultural region , that covers the provinces of Mersin , Adana , Osmaniye and Hatay .'}]}, {'value': 'Anamur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anamur', 'summary': "Anamur is a town and district of the province of Mersin , on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey , between Antalya and the city of Mersin . Anamur is Anatolia 's southernmost point , a coastal resort famous for its bananas and peanuts ."}]}, {'value': 'Balandız', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balandız', 'summary': 'Balandız ( Gümüşlü ) is a village in the Silifke district of Mersin Province , Turkey . It is situated in the Taurus Mountains . It is 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) from Silifke and 105 kilometres ( 65 mi ) from Mersin . The population of Balandız is 175 as of 2011 . Balandız is an agricultural village . But during summers it is also a yayla ( resort ) . Now an unused building is under renovation to be put into service as a village museum and a library .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silifke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silifke', 'summary': 'Silifke ( Greek : Σελεύκεια , Seleukeia , Latin : Seleucia ad Calycadnum ) is a town and district in south-central Mersin Province , Turkey , 80 km ( 50 mi ) west of the city of Mersin , on the west end of Çukurova . Silifke is near the Mediterranean coast , on the banks of the Göksu River , which flows from the nearby Taurus Mountains , surrounded by attractive countryside along the river banks .'}]}, {'value': 'Sorgun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sorgun,_Erdemli', 'summary': 'Sorgun ( Also called Büyüksorgun ) is a village in Erdemli district of Mersin Province , Turkey . Its distance to Erdemli is 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) and to Mersin is 84 kilometres ( 52 mi ) . The village is situated in the Taurus Mountains , and in summers , it is used as a summer resort , also known as a yayla . The population of Sorgun was 903 as of 2012 . The village is one of the oldest Turkmens villages around . The traditional Yörük articles are exhibited by the muhtar of the village . Around Sorgun there are ruins dated back to Roman and Byzantine era and tombstones from Ottoman era . Main economic activities of the village are agriculture , animal breeding and beehiving . Tomato , cucumber , apple , cherry and hickory nut are among the crops .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erdemli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erdemli', 'summary': 'Erdemli is a town and district of Mersin Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey , 35 km ( 22 mi ) west of the city of Mersin .'}]}, {'value': 'Fındıkpınarı', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fındıkpınarı', 'summary': 'Fındıkpınarı is a town in Mersin Province , Turkey . Fındıkpınarı is in Mezitli ilçe ( district ) , of Greater Mersin . It is mountainous town with an altitude of 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) . It is 46 kilometres ( 29 mi ) from Mersin . Situated among pine forests it is a popular summer resort . ( Mountain resort towns are usually called yayla ) Traditionally , people from Mersin used to spend their summer vacations in Fındıkpınarı . Although the yayla tradition is on the decline , the settled population of the town was 2818 as of 2012 . Above and east of the town is a small garrison fortress consisting of three towers and a single wall which block access to the summit of an outcrop . The masonry and plan of this site date from the 12th or 13th century during the period of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia . The fortification was surveyed in 1981 . Directly below the outcrop are the traces of a medieval settlement . On 15 December 1954 , Fındıkpınar was declared village and in 1993 the village was declared township .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mersin', 'summary': "Mersin ( pronounced [ ˈmæɾsin ] ) is a large city and a port on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey . It is part of an interurban agglomeration - the Adana-Mersin Metropolitan Area - and lies on the western part of Çukurova , a geographical , economic , and cultural region . The city was named after the aromatic plant Myrsine ( Greek : Μυρσίνη ) in the family Primulaceae , a myrtle that grows in abundance in the area ( Turkish : mersin ) ; the 17th-century traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote that there was also a clan named Mersinoğulları Mersin is an important hub of Turkey 's economy , and Turkey 's largest seaport is located in the city . Mersin 's nickname within Turkey is Pearl of the Mediterranean ( Turkish : Akdeniz'in İncisi ) and the city hosted the 2013 Mediterranean Games . Mersin is the provincial capital of the eponymous Mersin Province of Turkey . As of 2014 , the population of the city is 955,106"}]}, {'value': 'Gözne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gözne', 'summary': 'Gözne is a small town in Mersin Province , Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Güzelyayla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Güzelyayla', 'summary': 'Güzelyayla is a town in Mersin Province , Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gülek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gülek', 'summary': 'Gülek is a town in Mersin Province , Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarsus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin', 'summary': 'Tarsus is a historic city in south-central Turkey , 20 km ( 12 miles ) inland from the Mediterranean . It is part of the Adana-Mersin metropolitan area , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Turkey with a population of 3 million people . Tarsus forms an administrative district in the eastern part of the Mersin Province and lies in the core of Çukurova region . With a history going back over 6,000 years , Tarsus has long been an important stop for traders and a focal point of many civilizations . During the Roman Empire , Tarsus was the capital of the province of Cilicia . It was the scene of the first meeting between Mark Antony and Cleopatra , and the birthplace of Paul the Apostle .'}]}, {'value': 'Çamlıyayla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Çamlıyayla', 'summary': 'Çamlıyayla is a town and district of Mersin Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey . The district has a population of 10,558 of which 3335 lives in the town of Çamlıyayla . Çamlıyayla is a small district high in the Taurus Mountains . In summer the lakes , streams and pine forests of Çamlıyayla attract many visitors , people from Adana , Mersin and Tarsus escaping from the extreme heat on the coast to summer homes up in the hills . ( see yayla ) Çamlıyayla is a quiet rural area without the wild nightlife to entertain young people and is therefore popular with families and the retired , typically children stay in the hills with their grandparents while their parents are at work in the city ; in the school holiday period the population of the district rises to over 100,000 . The cuisine includes a slushed ice called karsambaç , which antecessor of icecream , very refreshing in summer . There is a mountain goat breeding centre in Çamlıyayla and people go there for hunting wild boar , rabbits and sandgrouse . At higher altitudes the district is bare mountainside , above the tree line .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mersin Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Çamlıyayla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Çamlıyayla', 'summary': 'Çamlıyayla is a town and district of Mersin Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey . The district has a population of 10,558 of which 3335 lives in the town of Çamlıyayla . Çamlıyayla is a small district high in the Taurus Mountains . In summer the lakes , streams and pine forests of Çamlıyayla attract many visitors , people from Adana , Mersin and Tarsus escaping from the extreme heat on the coast to summer homes up in the hills . ( see yayla ) Çamlıyayla is a quiet rural area without the wild nightlife to entertain young people and is therefore popular with families and the retired , typically children stay in the hills with their grandparents while their parents are at work in the city ; in the school holiday period the population of the district rises to over 100,000 . The cuisine includes a slushed ice called karsambaç , which antecessor of icecream , very refreshing in summer . There is a mountain goat breeding centre in Çamlıyayla and people go there for hunting wild boar , rabbits and sandgrouse . At higher altitudes the district is bare mountainside , above the tree line .'}]}, {'value': 'Akçatekir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akçatekir', 'summary': 'Akçatekir is a town in Adana Province , Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adana Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pozantı', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pozantı', 'summary': 'Pozantı ( Ancient Greek : Πενδοσις , Pendhòsis , formerly Arab : El Bedendum ) is a town and a district in the Adana Province of Turkey . The town is the at the highlands of Çukurova , and is the major gateway to the Mediterranean coasts . Pozantı stands in the foothills , at the bottom of a rare pass through these high mountains . The mayor is Mustafa Çay ( MHP ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Pozantı', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pozantı', 'summary': 'Pozantı ( Ancient Greek : Πενδοσις , Pendhòsis , formerly Arab : El Bedendum ) is a town and a district in the Adana Province of Turkey . The town is the at the highlands of Çukurova , and is the major gateway to the Mediterranean coasts . Pozantı stands in the foothills , at the bottom of a rare pass through these high mountains . The mayor is Mustafa Çay ( MHP ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adana Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pozantı', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horzum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adana Province', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kozan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kozan,_Adana', 'summary': "Kozan ( formerly Sis Armenian : Սիս ) is a city in Adana Province , Turkey , 68 kilometres ( 42 miles ) northeast of Adana , in the northern section of the Çukurova plain . The city is the capital of the ilçe ( district ) of Kozan . The Kilgen River , a tributary of the Ceyhan , flows through Kozan and crosses the plain south into the Mediterranean . The Taurus Mountains rise up sharply behind the town . Sis was the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , today 's Sis ( ancient city ) , now called Kozan Kalesi , was built on a long rocky ridge in the center of the modern city . The population of the city has grown rapidly in recent years , from 15,159 in 1960 , to 54,451 in 1990 , to 72,463 in 2007 and to 74,521 in 2009 ( census figures ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Zorkun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zorkun', 'summary': 'Zorkun is a yayla ( summer resort ) in Osmaniye Province , Turkey . Zorkun is at 36°58′N 36°21′E / 36.967°N 36.350°E / 36.967 ; 36.350 on the Nur Mountains , a chain mountain running in north-south direction , parallel to East Mediterranean coast . It is at an average altitude of about 1,550 metres ( 5,090 ft ) and surrounded by forests of pine and juniper . Zorkun is on the south east of Osmaniye , the distance being 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) . On the way to Zorkun there are a number of minor settlements like Olukbaşı which are also used as yayla . At the present Zorkun is a summer resort . The area around Zorkun is suitable for winter sports and in the future Zorkun may also be a center of winter tourism .'}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Osmaniye Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osmaniye_Province', 'summary': 'Osmaniye Province ( Turkish : Osmaniye ili ) is a Turkish province located in southern Turkey . It existed as a province by the name Cebel-i Bereket ( meaning Fertile Mountain ) in the early republic until 1933 , when it was incorporated into Adana Province . It was made a province again in 1996 . It covers an area of 3,767 km2 and has a population of 479,221 ( 2010 est ) . The province is situated in Çukurova , a geographical , economical and cultural region . The capital of the province is Osmaniye ( Population : 194,000 ) . The next largest towns are Kadirli ( Population : 83,618 ) and Düziçi ( Population : 42,000 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Osmaniye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osmaniye', 'summary': 'Osmaniye ( pronounced [ osˈmaːnije ] ) is a city in the Çukurova region of Turkey , the capital of Osmaniye Province . Area 3,767 km² . Population of Osmaniye city : 219,339 . Osmaniye Province : 512,804 ( 2014 ) . Osmaniye is at an elevation of 125 meters ( 410.1 feet ) . Located on the eastern edge of the Çukurova plain in the foothills of the Nur Mountains , the gateway between Anatolia and the Middle East , Osmaniye is on the Silk Road , a place of strategic importance and has been a settlement for various civilizations including the Hittites , Persians , Romans and Armenians . The Islamic presence in the area was first established by the Abbasid Caliph Harun Rashid , auxiliaries in his army being the first Turks to fight in Anatolia . They obviously took a shine to the place and following the Turkish victory over the Byzantines at Malazgirt in 1071 waves of Turkish conquest began . The Nur Mountains were settled by the Ulaşlı tribe of the Turkmens . The Ulaşlı remained the local power through into the period of the Ottoman Empire and were even involved in the Celali uprisings , during a period of uncertain Ottoman rule in the 17th century . Eventually , in 1865 the Ottoman general Derviş Paşa was charged with bringing law and order to Çukurova . He established his headquarters in the Osmaniye villages of Dereobası , Fakıuşağı , Akyar and brought the Ulaşlı down from the high mountains to the village of Hacıosmanlı .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Yayla means mountain resort in Turkish ; see yayla ( resort ) . In the table below , some of the famous yaylas are listed ( in geographical order ) :', 'uid': 'List_of_yaylas_in_Turkey_0', 'intro': 'Yayla means mountain resort in Turkish; see yayla (resort). In the table below, some of the famous yaylas are listed (in geographical order):'}
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What is the name of the district in which is located village with population of 903 residents ?
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Erdemli
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01f94770b466fdb7
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_victims_of_Nazism', 'title': 'List of victims of Nazism', 'header': ['Name', 'Lifespan', 'Nationality', 'Achievements', 'Cause of death'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hana Brady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hana_Brady', 'summary': "Hanička Hana Brady ( born Hana Bradyová ; 16 May 1931 - 23 October 1944 ) was a Czechoslovakian Jewish girl murdered in the gas chambers at German concentration camp at Auschwitz , located in the occupied territory of Poland , during the Holocaust . She is the subject of the 2002 non-fiction children 's book Hana 's Suitcase , written by Karen Levine ."}]}, {'value': '1931-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Portrayed in Hana 's Suitcase : A True Story", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gassed at Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gas_chamber', 'summary': 'A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas , consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced . Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide . Gas chambers were used as a method of execution for condemned prisoners in the United States beginning in the 1920s and continue to be a legal execution method in three states . During the Holocaust , large-scale gas chambers designed for mass killing were used by Nazi Germany as part of their genocide program . The use of gas chambers in North Korea has also been reported .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'René Blum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/René_Blum_(ballet)', 'summary': "René Blum ( 13 March 1878 - September 1942 ) was a French theatrical impresario . He was the founder of the Ballet de l'Opéra at Monte Carlo and was the younger brother of the Socialist Prime Minister of France , Léon Blum . A Jew , he was interned in various camps from 1941 until he was murdered by the Nazis at the Auschwitz concentration camp in late September 1942 . While at the camps , he was known for keeping up the spirits of his fellow prisoners with tales of his life in the arts ."}]}, {'value': '1878-1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Founder of the Ballet de l'Opéra à Monte Carlo", 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Bergen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Bergen', 'summary': 'Arthur Bergen ( 24 October 1875 - 1943 ) was an Austrian actor [ citation needed ] and film director . He died at Auschwitz concentration camp during the Holocaust .'}]}, {'value': '1875-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , director', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'Egon Friedell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egon_Friedell', 'summary': 'Egon Friedell ( born Egon Friedmann ; 21 January 1878 , in Vienna ; died 16 March 1938 , in Vienna ) was a prominent Austrian philosopher , historian , journalist , actor , cabaret performer ( Kabarettist ) and theatre critic . Friedell has been described as a polymath .'}]}, {'value': '1878-1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , cabaret performer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide to avoid arrest by Sturmabteilung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturmabteilung', 'summary': "The Sturmabteilung ( SA ; German pronunciation : [ ˈʃtʊɐ̯mʔapˌtaɪlʊŋ ] ( listen ) ) , literally Storm Detachment , was the Nazi Party 's original paramilitary wing . It played a significant role in Adolf Hitler 's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s . Its primary purposes were providing protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies , disrupting the meetings of opposing parties , fighting against the paramilitary units of the opposing parties , especially the Red Front Fighters League ( Rotfrontkämpferbund ) of the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) , and intimidating Romani , trade unionists , and , especially , Jews - for instance , during the 1933 Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses . The SA were also called the Brownshirts ( Braunhemden ) , from the color of their uniform shirts , similar to Benito Mussolini 's blackshirts . The SA developed pseudo-military titles for its members , with ranks that were later adopted by several other Nazi Party groups , chief amongst them the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . This had originated as a branch of the SA before being separated . Brown-colored shirts were chosen as the SA uniform because a large number of them were cheaply available after World War I , having originally been ordered during the war for colonial troops posted to Germany 's former African colonies . After Adolf Hitler ordered the blood purge of 1934 , he withdrew support from the SA . This event became known as the Night of the Long Knives ( die Nacht der langen Messer ) . The SA continued to exist , but was effectively superseded by the SS , although the paramilitary forces were not formally dissolved until after Nazi Germany 's final capitulation to the Allies in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugen Burg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugen_Burg', 'summary': 'Eugen Burg ( January 6 , 1871 - April 17 , 1944 ) was a German film actor . His daughter was Hansi Burg . Burg was a close friend of the actor Hans Albers . Burg was born Eugen Hirschburg into a Jewish family , but later converted to Protestantism . He was banished from the film industry when the Nazi Party came to power in Germany . He later died in Theresienstadt concentration camp .'}]}, {'value': '1871-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Film actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died at an unknown concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Concentration_camp', 'summary': "Internment is the imprisonment of people , commonly in large groups , without charges or intent to file charges , and thus no trial . The term is especially used for the confinement of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects . Thus , while it can simply mean imprisonment , it tends to refer to preventive confinement rather than confinement after having been convicted of some crime . Use of these terms is subject to debate and political sensitivities . Interned persons may be held in prisons or in facilities known as internment camps , also known as concentration camps . This involves internment generally , as distinct from the subset , the Nazi extermination camps , commonly referred to as death camps . Internment also refers to a neutral country 's practice of detaining belligerent armed forces and equipment on its territory during times of war under the Hague Convention of 1907 . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights restricts the use of internment . Article 9 states that No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest , detention or exile ."}]}, {'value': 'Ernst Arndt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Arndt_(actor)', 'summary': 'Ernst Arndt ( 3 February 1861 - c. September 1942 ) was a German stage and film actor notable for his later career in Austria .'}]}, {'value': '1861-1942/3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'gas chamber at Treblinka concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treblinka_concentration_camp', 'summary': "Treblinka ( pronounced [ trɛˈblʲinka ] ) was an extermination camp , [ b ] built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II . It was located in a forest north-east of Warsaw , 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) south of the Treblinka train station in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship . The camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard , the deadliest phase of the Final Solution . During this time , it is estimated that between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews were killed in its gas chambers , along with 2,000 Romani people . More Jews were killed at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp apart from Auschwitz . Managed by the German SS and the Trawniki guards - enlisted voluntarily from among Soviet POWs to serve with the Germans - the camp consisted of two separate units . [ c ] Treblinka I was a forced-labour camp ( Arbeitslager ) whose prisoners worked in the gravel pit or irrigation area and in the forest , where they cut wood to fuel the cremation pits . Between 1941 and 1944 , more than half of its 20,000 inmates died from summary executions , hunger , disease and mistreatment . The second camp , Treblinka II , was an extermination camp ( Vernichtungslager ) , referred to euphemistically as the SS-Sonderkommando Treblinka by the Nazis . A small number of Jewish men who were not killed immediately upon arrival became its Jewish slave-labour units called Sonderkommandos , forced to bury the victims ' bodies in mass graves . These bodies were exhumed in 1943 and cremated on large open-air pyres along with the bodies of new victims . Gassing operations at Treblinka II ended in October 1943 following a revolt by the Sonderkommandos in early August ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Bard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Bard', 'summary': "Maria Bard ( 7 July 1900 - April 1944 ) was a German stage actress , who made a handful of films in the silent era for Rimax , her first husband Wilhelm Graaff 's company . By 1930 , her marriage with Graaff was over , and she appeared with Werner Krauss in the stage production Der Kaiser von Amerika or The King of America and the two became involved . Unfortunately , Krauss ' wife discovered their affair and committed suicide ; a year later , in 1931 , Maria Bard married Werner Krauss . Her third husband was actor Hannes Stelzer . Bard committed suicide in April 1944 , reportedly for political reasons ."}]}, {'value': '1900-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide in Berlin for political reasons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suicide', 'summary': "Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one 's own death . Mental disorders , including depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , personality disorders , anxiety disorders , and substance abuse - including alcoholism and the use of benzodiazepines - are risk factors . Some suicides are impulsive acts due to stress , such as from financial difficulties , relationship problems such as breakups , or bullying . Those who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future attempts . Effective suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to methods of suicide - such as firearms , drugs , and poisons ; treating mental disorders and substance misuse ; careful media reporting about suicide ; and improving economic conditions . Even though crisis hotlines are common , they have not been well studied . The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries , and is partly related to the availability of effective means . Common methods of suicide include hanging , pesticide poisoning , and firearms . Suicides resulted in 828,000 global deaths in 2015 , an increase from 712,000 deaths in 1990 . This makes suicide the 10th leading cause of death worldwide . Approximately 1.5% of people die by suicide . In a given year this is roughly 12 per 100,000 people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Lea Deutsch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lea_Deutsch', 'summary': 'Lea Deutsch ( Croatian pronunciation : [ lêa dâjtʃ ] ; 18 March 1927 - May 1943 ) was a Yugoslavian Jewish child actress who died during the Holocaust .'}]}, {'value': '1927-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Child actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heart failure en route to the Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_failure', 'summary': "Heart failure ( HF ) , also known as congestive heart failure ( CHF ) and congestive cardiac failure ( CCF ) , is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body 's needs . Signs and symptoms of heart failure commonly include shortness of breath , excessive tiredness , and leg swelling . The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise or while lying down , and may wake the person at night . A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature . Chest pain , including angina , does not typically occur due to heart failure . Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease , including a previous myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excess alcohol use , infection , and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause . These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the function of the heart . The two types of left ventricular heart failure - heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ( HFrEF ) , and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HFpEF ) - are based on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract , or to relax , is affected . The severity of the heart failure is graded by the severity of symptoms with exercise . Heart failure is not the same as heart attack ( in which part of the heart muscle dies ) or cardiac arrest ( in which blood flow stops altogether ) . Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity , kidney failure , liver problems , anemia , and thyroid disease . Diagnosis is based on symptoms , physical findings , and echocardiography ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Ehrlich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Ehrlich', 'summary': 'Max Michaelis Ehrlich ( 7 December 1892 , Berlin - 1 October 1944 , Auschwitz concentration camp ) was a German actor , screenwriter , and director on the German theater , comedy and cabaret scene of the 1930s . Ehrlich began his career in the 1920s at various theatres , including leading roles in Max Reinhardt productions and revues . He appeared in 42 films , ten of which he directed , and on eight records . He wrote several books , including From Adelbert to Zilzer , his best-selling humorous collection of stories and anecdotes about sixty-two of his best known show business friends and colleagues .'}]}, {'value': '1892-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , screenwriter , director , best-selling author', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gassed at Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Forescu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Forescu', 'summary': 'Maria Forescu ( 15 January 1875 - 23 November 1943 ) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian opera singer and film actress . During the silent and talkies era of the German cinema , she appeared in several movies as a supporting actress . When Adolf Hitler came to power , Forescu , like other Jews of that period , was barred from her profession . She died in the Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany .'}]}, {'value': '1875-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austro-Hungarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Opera singer and actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buchenwald concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp', 'summary': "Buchenwald ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbuːxənvalt ] ; literally beech forest ) was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg [ de ] hill near Weimar , Germany , in July 1937 . It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany 's 1937 borders . Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees . Prisoners from all over Europe and the Soviet Union - Jews , Poles and other Slavs , the mentally ill and physically disabled , political prisoners , Romani people , Freemasons , and prisoners of war . There were also ordinary criminals and sexual deviants . All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories . The insufficient food and poor conditions , as well as deliberate executions , led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps . The camp gained notoriety when it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945 ; Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower visited one of its subcamps . From August 1945 to March 1950 , the camp was used by the Soviet occupation authorities as an internment camp , NKVD special camp Nr . 2 , where 28,455 prisoners were held and 7,113 of whom died . Today the remains of Buchenwald serve as a memorial and permanent exhibition and museum ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisl Frank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisl_Frank', 'summary': "Lisl Frank ( 22 January 1911 - October 4 , 1944 ) achieved success as a singer , dancer and actress before World War II . Born Alice Frankl in Prague , she met her future husband , Otto Aufrichtig ( stage name Otto Aurich ) in 1933 when he took over as director of the Neues Stadttheater in Teplitz-Schonau [ Teplice ] where she was appearing as a singer , dancer and actress . Their Teplice stage partnership proved to be a winning combination and after marrying in Czechoslovakia , she and Otto moved to his home city of Vienna . With the Nazis rise to power , they curtailed their own success in Vienna and made the decision to move to the Netherlands , where they became members of the Fritz Hirsch Operetta in Den Haag . They were an instant success , staying on with the company until 1938 . When they left , it was to become members of a new opera company , the Plaza Theater in the Hollandsche Schouwburg , which had been founded in Amsterdam . They were the stars of the company but their success could not prevent the Plaza Theater from going bankrupt . They immediately bounced back with a new opera company in the Hollandsche Schouwburg in The Capital , led by Otto Frohn Knecht , in which they co-starred with celebrated artists of the period , Sylvain Poons and Kurt Gerron . This , too , was destined not to last . Following German occupation of the Netherlands and the tight restrictions forced upon Jews , the Nazis decreed in November 1941 that the Hollandsche Schouwburg would be renamed the Joodsche Schouwburg [ Jewish Theatre ] , and star Jewish performers no longer permitted to appear before non-Jewish audiences . In March 1939 , she and Otto joined the Rudolf Nelson Revue , and it was with Rudolf 's piano accompaniment that the pair cut their own recorded titles - Die Damenschuhe von Zimmer Nr . 20 ( Aurich ) and Männer , Männer , Männer !"}]}, {'value': '1911-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dancer , cabaret singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forced death march from Auschwitz to Christianstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_march', 'summary': 'A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way . It is distinguished in this way from simple prisoner transport via foot march . Article 19 of the Geneva Convention requires that prisoners must be moved away from a danger zone such as an advancing front line , to a place that may be considered more secure . It is not required to evacuate prisoners that are too sick or injured to move . In times of war such evacuations are not carried out without difficulty . Death marches usually feature harsh physical labor and abuse , neglect of prisoner injury and illness , deliberate starvation and dehydration , humiliation and torture , and execution of those unable to keep up the marching pace . The march may end at a prisoner-of-war camp or internment camp , or it may continue until all the prisoners are dead ( a form of execution by labor , as seen in the Armenian genocide , among other examples ) . General Masaharu Homma was charged with failure to control his troops in 1945 in connection with the Bataan Death March .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christianstadt', 'summary': 'Kristianstad ( UK : /ˈkrɪstʃənstɑːd/ , Swedish : [ krɪˈɧǎnːsta , -ɑːd ] ; older spelling Christianstad ) is a city and the seat of Kristianstad Municipality , Skåne County , Sweden with 40,145 inhabitants in 2016 . During the last 15 years , it has gone from a garrison town to a developed commercial city , today attracting visitors in the summertime mainly from Germany , Denmark and The Netherlands . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Kurt Gerron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Gerron', 'summary': 'Kurt Gerron ( 11 May 1897 - 28 October 1944 ) was a German Jewish actor and film director .'}]}, {'value': '1897-1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Performer , actor , film director', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gassed at Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'Dora Gerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dora_Gerson', 'summary': 'Dora Gerson ( born Dorothea Gerson , 23 March 1899 - 14 February 1943 ) was a German cabaret singer and stage and motion picture actress of the silent film era who died with her family at Auschwitz concentration camp .'}]}, {'value': '1899-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress , cabaret singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gassed at Auschwitz concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp', 'summary': "The Auschwitz concentration camp ( Konzentrationslager Auschwitz ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust . It consisted of Auschwitz I , the main camp ( Stammlager ) in Oświęcim ; Auschwitz II-Birkenau , a concentration and extermination camp built with several gas chambers ; Auschwitz III-Monowitz , a labor camp created to staff a factory for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben ; and dozens of subcamps . The camps became a major site of the Nazis ' Final Solution to the Jewish Question . After Germany sparked World War II by invading Poland in September 1939 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) converted Auschwitz I , an army barracks , into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish political prisoners . The first inmates , German criminals brought to the camp in May 1940 as functionaries , established the camp 's reputation for sadism , beating , torturing , and executing prisoners for the most trivial reasons . The first gassings - of Soviet and Polish prisoners - took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941 . Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month , and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers . Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz , 1.1 million died . The death toll includes 960,000 Jews ( 865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival ) , 74,000 non-Jewish Poles , 21,000 Roma , 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war , and up to 15,000 other Europeans . Those not gassed died of starvation , exhaustion , disease , individual executions , or beatings . Others were killed during medical experiments . At least 802 prisoners tried to escape , 144 successfully , and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units , consisting of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers , launched an unsuccessful uprising ."}]}, {'value': 'John Gottowt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gottowt', 'summary': "John Gottowt ( 15 June 1881 - 29 August 1942 ) was an Austrian actor , stage director and film director for theatres and silent movies . He was born as Isidor Gesang in Lemberg , Austria-Hungary . After his education in Vienna , he joined the Deutsches Theater in Berlin in 1905 , working for Max Reinhardt as an actor and director . Gottowt was mainly active in different theatres in Berlin as a character actor and director . His first silent film appearance was in Paul Wegeners Der Student von Prag ( The Student of Prague ) ( 1913 ) . In 1920 he appeared in Robert Wiene 's Genuine and took the main role in the early science fiction film Algol . In 1921 he played Professor Bulwer ( Abraham van Helsing ) in the classic silent film Nosferatu directed by F.W . Murnau . Gottowt made also several films with his brother-in-law Henrik Galeen but , as a Jew , was banned in 1933 from working as a professional actor . After a few years in Denmark he moved to Kraków in Poland . He was murdered in 1942 by the SS in Wieliczka ."}]}, {'value': '1881-1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austro-Hungarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murdered by SS in Wieliczka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schutzstaffel', 'summary': "The Schutzstaffel ( SS ; also stylized as ᛋᛋ with Armanen runes ; German pronunciation : [ ˈʃʊtsˌʃtafl̩ ] ( listen ) ; literally 'Protection Squadron ' ) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) in Nazi Germany , and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II . It began with a small guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz ( Hall Security ) made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich . In 1925 , Heinrich Himmler joined the unit , which had by then been reformed and given its final name . Under his direction ( 1929-1945 ) it grew from a small paramilitary formation during the Weimar Republic to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany . From 1929 until the regime 's collapse in 1945 , the SS was the foremost agency of security , surveillance , and terror within Germany and German-occupied Europe . The two main constituent groups were the Allgemeine SS ( General SS ) and Waffen-SS ( Armed SS ) . The Allgemeine SS was responsible for enforcing the racial policy of Nazi Germany and general policing , whereas the Waffen-SS consisted of combat units within Nazi Germany 's military . A third component of the SS , the SS-Totenkopfverbände ( SS-TV ) , ran the concentration camps and extermination camps . Additional subdivisions of the SS included the Gestapo and the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) organizations . They were tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi state , the neutralization of any opposition , policing the German people for their commitment to Nazi ideology , and providing domestic and foreign intelligence . The SS was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of an estimated 5.5 to 6 million Jews and millions of other victims during the Holocaust . Members of all of its branches committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II ( 1939-45 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wieliczka', 'summary': 'Wieliczka [ vʲɛˈlʲit͡ʂka ] ( German : Groß Salze ) is a town ( 2006 population : 19,128 ) in southern Poland in the Kraków metropolitan area , and situated ( since 1999 ) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship ; previously , it was in Kraków Voivodeship ( 1975-1998 ) . The town was founded in 1290 by Duke Premislas II of Poland . Nowadays , it is mostly known for the Wieliczka Salt Mine , which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Joachim Gottschalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joachim_Gottschalk', 'summary': 'Joachim Gottschalk ( 10 April 1904 - 6 November 1941 ) was a German stage and film actor during the late 1930s , a romantic lead in the style of Leslie Howard .'}]}, {'value': '1904-1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide in Berlin to avoid arrest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Leslie Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leslie_Howard_(actor)', 'summary': "Leslie Howard Steiner ( 3 April 1893 - 1 June 1943 ) was an English stage and film actor , director , and producer . He also wrote many stories and articles for The New York Times , The New Yorker , and Vanity Fair and was one of the biggest box-office draws and movie idols of the 1930s . Howard is probably best remembered for playing Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . He had roles in many other notable films , including Berkeley Square ( 1933 ) , Of Human Bondage ( 1934 ) , The Scarlet Pimpernel ( 1934 ) , The Petrified Forest ( 1936 ) , Pygmalion ( 1938 ) , Intermezzo ( 1939 ) , Pimpernel Smith ( 1941 ) , and The First of the Few ( 1942 ) . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for Berkeley Square and Pygmalion . Howard 's World War II activities included acting and filmmaking . He was active in anti-German propaganda and rumoured to have been involved with British or Allied Intelligence , sparking conspiracy theories regarding his death in 1943 when the Luftwaffe shot down BOAC Flight 777 over the Bay of Biscay ( in Cedeira , A Coruña ) , on which he was a passenger ."}]}, {'value': '1893-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'airplane shot down by Luftwaffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luftwaffe', 'summary': "The Luftwaffe [ N 2 ] ( German pronunciation : [ ˈlʊftvafə ] ( listen ) ) was the aerial warfare branch of the Wehrmacht during World War II . Germany 's military air arms during World War I , the Luftstreitkräfte of the Imperial Army and the Marine-Fliegerabteilung of theImperial Navy had been disbanded in May 1920 as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which stated that Germany was forbidden to have any air force . During the interwar period , German pilots were trained secretly in violation of the treaty at Lipetsk Air Base in Soviet Union . With the rise of the Nazi Party and the repudiation of the Versailles Treaty , the Luftwaffe 's existence was publicly acknowledged on 26 February 1935 , just over two weeks before open defiance of the Versailles Treaty through German re-armament and conscription would be announced on 16 March . The Condor Legion , a Luftwaffe detachment sent to aid Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War , provided the force with a valuable testing ground for new tactics and aircraft . Partially as a result of this combat experience , the Luftwaffe had become one of the most sophisticated , technologically advanced , and battle-experienced air forces in the world when World War II broke out in 1939 . By the summer of 1939 , the Luftwaffe had twenty-eight Geschwader ( wings ) . The Luftwaffe also operated Fallschirmjäger paratrooper units . The Luftwaffe proved instrumental in the German victories across Poland and Western Europe in 1939 and 1940 . During the Battle of Britain , however , despite inflicting severe damage to the RAF 's infrastructure and , during the subsequent Blitz , devastating many British cities , the German air force failed to batter the beleaguered British into submission . From 1942 , Allied bombing campaigns gradually destroyed the Luftwaffe 's fighter arm . From late 1942 , the Luftwaffe used its surplus ground support and other personnel to raise Luftwaffe Field Divisions ."}]}, {'value': 'Georg John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georg_John', 'summary': 'Georg John ( 23 July 1879 - 18 November 1941 ) was a German stage and film actor .'}]}, {'value': '1879-1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Łódź Ghetto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Łódź_Ghetto', 'summary': 'The Łódź Ghetto or Litzmannstadt Ghetto ( after the Nazi German name for Łódź ) was a Nazi ghetto established by the German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma following the Invasion of Poland . It was the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto . Situated in the city of Łódź , and originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the Judenfrei province of Warthegau , the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre , manufacturing war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the Wehrmacht . The number of people incarcerated in it was increased further by the Jews deported from the Third Reich territories . On 30 April 1940 , when the gates closed on the ghetto , it housed 163,777 residents . Because of its remarkable productivity , the ghetto managed to survive until August 1944 . In the first two years , it absorbed almost 20,000 Jews from liquidated ghettos in nearby Polish towns and villages , as well as 20,000 more from the rest of German-occupied Europe . After the wave of deportations to Chełmno death camp beginning in early 1942 , and in spite of a stark reversal of fortune , the Germans persisted in eradicating the ghetto : they transported the remaining population to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camps , where most were murdered upon arrival . It was the last ghetto in occupied Poland to be liquidated . A total of 210,000 Jews passed through it ; but only 877 remained hidden when the Soviets arrived . About 10,000 Jewish residents of Łódź , who used to live there before the invasion of Poland , survived the Holocaust elsewhere .'}]}, {'value': 'Salomon Meyer Kannewasser', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916-1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jazz singer . Part of the duo ' Johnny & Jones '", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_&_Jones', 'summary': "Johnny & Jones is the name of the Amsterdam jazz-duo Nol ( Arnold Siméon ) van Wesel ( Johnny ) ( 3 August 1918 - 20 March 1945 ) and Max ( Salomon Meyer ) Kannewasser ( Jones ) ( 24 September 1916 - 15 April 1945 ) . Van Wesel and Kannewasser worked together at the De Bijenkorf department store . In 1934 they were discovered while they were playing during a company party with the quartet The Bijko Rhythm Stompers . Two years later they quit their jobs and began performing under the name Johnny & Jones . Their biggest hit was Mijnheer Dinges weet niet wat swing is ( Mister Dingus does n't know what swing is ) . They made jazz music accompanied by the guitar , and their lyrics , invariably pronounced with an American accent , were characterized by humorous , topical parodies . Beginning in 1937 they were regularly played on the VARA-radio and became immensely popular . Because they were Jews , during the German occupation , Johnny & Jones could only play for Jewish audiences , and after 1941 were not allowed to play at all . In 1943 they and their wives were arrested and sent to the Westerbork transit camp . In the camp they performed once under the name Jonny und Jones since in the revue only the German language was allowed . In 1944 they were sent on a day 's work assignment from Westerbork to Amsterdam , during which they managed to clandestinely record the song Westerbork Serenade . In the camp their job was to dismantle crashed warplanes ."}]}, {'value': 'Died of exhaustion in Bergen-Belsen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurt Lilien', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1882-1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sobibór extermination camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sobibór_extermination_camp', 'summary': 'Sobibor ( /soʊˈbiːbɔːr/ ) was a Nazi German extermination camp built and operated by the SS as part of Operation Reinhard . It was located in the forest next to the railway station of Sobibór within the semi-colonial territory of the General Government in occupied Poland . Unlike many other Nazi concentration camps , Sobibor existed for the sole purpose of exterminating Jews . Most new arrivals were immediately sent to the gas chambers , with rare exceptions being made for those who were forced to serve as slave labourers who assisted in the operation of the camp . Some 200,000 to 250,000 people were murdered at Sobibor , making it the fourth deadliest extermination camp after Belzec , Treblinka , and Auschwitz . Sobibor is notable for the prisoner revolt which occurred on 14 October 1943 , an event which is often described as the most successful revolt ever to have taken place in a Nazi extermination camp . The plan for the revolt , which was developed by Alexander Pechersky and Leon Feldhendler , involved two phases . In the first phase , teams of prisoners were to assassinate all of the on-duty SS officers in discrete locations . In the second phase , all 600 prisoners would assemble for roll call and walk to freedom out the front gate . However , the revolt did not go as planned . The operation was discovered while several SS officers were still alive and prisoners ended up having to escape by climbing over barbed wire fences and running through a mine field under heavy machine gun fire . Even so , about 300 prisoners made it out of the camp , of whom roughly 60 survived to the end of the war .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Morgan_(actor)', 'summary': 'Paul Morgan ( October 1 , 1886 - December 10 , 1938 ) was a Jewish Austrian actor and Kabarett performer . He died in Buchenwald concentration camp in 1938 .'}]}, {'value': '1886-1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , cabaret performer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buchenwald concentration camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp', 'summary': "Buchenwald ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbuːxənvalt ] ; literally beech forest ) was a Nazi concentration camp established on Ettersberg [ de ] hill near Weimar , Germany , in July 1937 . It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany 's 1937 borders . Many actual or suspected communists were among the first internees . Prisoners from all over Europe and the Soviet Union - Jews , Poles and other Slavs , the mentally ill and physically disabled , political prisoners , Romani people , Freemasons , and prisoners of war . There were also ordinary criminals and sexual deviants . All prisoners worked primarily as forced labor in local armaments factories . The insufficient food and poor conditions , as well as deliberate executions , led to 56,545 deaths at Buchenwald of the 280,000 prisoners who passed through the camp and its 139 subcamps . The camp gained notoriety when it was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945 ; Allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower visited one of its subcamps . From August 1945 to March 1950 , the camp was used by the Soviet occupation authorities as an internment camp , NKVD special camp Nr . 2 , where 28,455 prisoners were held and 7,113 of whom died . Today the remains of Buchenwald serve as a memorial and permanent exhibition and museum ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Performing arts', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_victims_of_Nazism_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of victims of Nazism who were noted for their achievements. Many on the lists below were of Jewish and Polish origin, although Soviet POWs, Jehovahs Witnesses, Serbs, Catholics, Roma and dissidents were also murdered. This list includes people from public life who, owing to their origins, their political or religious convictions, or their sexual orientation, lost their lives as victims of the Nazi regime. It includes those whose deaths were part of the Holocaust as well as individuals who died in other ways at the hands of the Nazis during World War II. Those who died in concentration camps are listed alongside those who were murdered by the Nazi Party or those who chose suicide for political motives or to avoid being murdered. The list is sorted by occupation and by nationality.'}
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What is the birth date of this Yugoslavian Jewish child actress who died at this complex with the main part in Oświęcim ?
|
24 October 1875
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01fa45fe9438601e
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Monaco_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1991 Monaco Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JJ Lehto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JJ_Lehto', 'summary': 'Jyrki Juhani Järvilehto ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈjyrki ˈjærvilehto ] ; born 31 January 1966 ) , better known as JJ Lehto , is a Finnish racing driver . He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans twice , in 1995 and 2005 . He is also a former Formula One driver . He was a protégé of Finnish 1982 Formula One World Champion Keke Rosberg , who first suggested that Jyrki Järvilehto should abbreviate his name to the more manageable JJ Lehto , much as Rosberg had done before him ( Keke being derived from Keijo , his own given name ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallara - Judd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallara', 'summary': 'Dallara Automobili is an Italian chassis manufacturer for various motor racing series , being most notable for its near-monopoly in Formula Three since 1993 . Dallara also produces the chassis used by the IndyCar Series , Indy Lights , FIA Formula 2 Championship , Renault Sport Series , GP3 Series , Super Formula , Formula E and ADAC Formel Masters and is one of the manufacturers in the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series . In recent years their engineering activities have expanded considerably ( now represents 40% of total sales ) , both in terms of the racing cars and high performance road cars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Judd_(engine)', 'summary': "Judd is a name brand of engines produced by Engine Developments Ltd. , a company founded in 1971 by John Judd and Jack Brabham in Rugby , Warwickshire , England . Engine Developments was intended to build engines for Brabham 's racing efforts , and became one of the first firms authorised by Cosworth to maintain and rebuild its DFV engines , but has since expanded into various areas of motorsport . Judd has provided engines for many major series , including Formula One and other smaller formula series , sports car racing , and touring car racing . They have been associated with manufacturers such as Yamaha , MG , and Honda , although they have mainly been a privateer-engine supplier ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.260', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea de Cesaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_de_Cesaris', 'summary': "Andrea de Cesaris ( 31 May 1959 - 5 October 2014 ) was an Italian racing driver . He started 208 Formula One Grands Prix but never won . As a result , he holds the record for the most races started without a race victory . A string of accidents early in his career earned him a reputation for being a fast but wild driver . In 2005 and 2006 he competed in the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired F1 drivers . De Cesaris died on 5 October 2014 after losing control of his motorcycle on Rome 's Grande Raccordo Anulare motorway ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:23.538', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.278', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emanuele Pirro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emanuele_Pirro', 'summary': 'Emanuele Pirro ( born 12 January 1962 ) is an Italian racing driver who has raced in Formula One , touring cars and in endurance races such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans which he has won a total of five times . Two times Italian Karting Champion ( 1976 , 1979 ) , Formula Fiat Abarth Champion ( 1980 ) , two times Italian Touring Car Champion ( 1994 , 1995 ) , two times Italian Overall Champion ( 1995 , 1996 ) , German Touring Car Champion ( 1996 ) , he also achieved records in endurance racing that place him amongst the best in the discipline , including ; five wins in the 24 Hours of Le Mans ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 ) , two times ALMS Champion ( 2001 , 2005 ) , two times winner of the 12 Hours of Sebring ( 2000 , 2007 ) , three times winner of Petit Le Mans ( 2001 , 2005 , 2008 ) , winner of the 24 Hours Nürburgring ( 1989 ) , two times winner of the Macau Guia Race ( 1991 , 1992 ) and two times winner of the Goodwood RAC Historic TT . He has taken part in over 500 official national and international races .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallara - Judd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallara', 'summary': 'Dallara Automobili is an Italian chassis manufacturer for various motor racing series , being most notable for its near-monopoly in Formula Three since 1993 . Dallara also produces the chassis used by the IndyCar Series , Indy Lights , FIA Formula 2 Championship , Renault Sport Series , GP3 Series , Super Formula , Formula E and ADAC Formel Masters and is one of the manufacturers in the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series . In recent years their engineering activities have expanded considerably ( now represents 40% of total sales ) , both in terms of the racing cars and high performance road cars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Judd_(engine)', 'summary': "Judd is a name brand of engines produced by Engine Developments Ltd. , a company founded in 1971 by John Judd and Jack Brabham in Rugby , Warwickshire , England . Engine Developments was intended to build engines for Brabham 's racing efforts , and became one of the first firms authorised by Cosworth to maintain and rebuild its DFV engines , but has since expanded into various areas of motorsport . Judd has provided engines for many major series , including Formula One and other smaller formula series , sports car racing , and touring car racing . They have been associated with manufacturers such as Yamaha , MG , and Honda , although they have mainly been a privateer-engine supplier ."}]}, {'value': '1:24.421', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.161', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bertrand Gachot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertrand_Gachot', 'summary': 'Bertrand Gachot ( born 23 December 1962 ) is a French former racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:24.802', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.542', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicola Larini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicola_Larini', 'summary': 'Nicola Larini ( born 19 March 1964 ) is an Italian racing driver . He participated in 75 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on 6 September 1987 . He finished second in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix on a substitute outing for Ferrari , but only scored points once more in his career . He enjoyed greater success in touring car racing , primarily for Alfa Romeo .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambo - Lamborghini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modena_(racing_team)', 'summary': 'Modena Team SpA was a Formula One team from Italy that contested a single season in 1991 . The team had a rather confused history , and is often referred to as the Lambo or Lamborghini team because of its connections to the Italian automotive manufacturer . It competed in 16 World Championship Grands Prix ( 6 starts ) but scored no Championship points . Its best result was seventh in the 1991 United States Grand Prix .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lamborghini', 'summary': "Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. ( Italian pronunciation : [ lamborˈɡiːni ] ) is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese . The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi . Ferruccio Lamborghini , an Italian manufacturing magnate , founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with established marques , including Ferrari . The company was noted for using a rear mid-engine , rear-wheel drive . Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade , but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis . The firm 's ownership changed three times after 1973 , including a bankruptcy in 1978 . American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994 . In 1998 , Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group 's Audi division . New products and model lines were introduced to the brand 's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand . In the late 2000s , during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis , Lamborghini 's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent . Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán , along with the Urus SUV powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine . In addition , the company produces V12 engines for offshore powerboat racing ."}]}, {'value': '1:25.893', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.633', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric van de Poele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_van_de_Poele', 'summary': 'Eric van de Poele ( born 30 September 1961 in Verviers ) is a Belgian racing driver and former Formula One driver . He participated in 29 Grands Prix , debuting on 10 March 1991 . He scored no championship points and failed to make the grid 24 times . After a difficult 1984 season in French Formula Three , van de Poele then won the Belgian and Benelux Formula Ford titles , also racing in the Belgian Touring Car Championship . He subsequently raced in German Touring Cars Championships , winning the 1987 championship despite not winning a race all season . He also won the 1987 Spa 24 Hours , sharing a car with Didier Theys and Jean-Michel Martin . He also dabbled in British Formula 3 . For 1989 , he moved up to Formula 3000 , finishing fourth , and then runner-up in 1990 . After this , he signed for the Modena Formula One team for 1991 , driving their Lamborghini cars thanks to backing from long-time sponsors Lease Plan . He was unsuccessful in the first two races , failing to pre-qualify , but made it onto the grid for the 1991 San Marino Grand Prix . There he impressed in the rain , running fifth in the last lap before the car ran out of fuel , dropping him to ninth . The team , in financial difficulties , failed to build on this success , and van de Poele would not race again that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambo - Lamborghini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modena_(racing_team)', 'summary': 'Modena Team SpA was a Formula One team from Italy that contested a single season in 1991 . The team had a rather confused history , and is often referred to as the Lambo or Lamborghini team because of its connections to the Italian automotive manufacturer . It competed in 16 World Championship Grands Prix ( 6 starts ) but scored no Championship points . Its best result was seventh in the 1991 United States Grand Prix .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lamborghini', 'summary': "Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. ( Italian pronunciation : [ lamborˈɡiːni ] ) is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese . The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi . Ferruccio Lamborghini , an Italian manufacturing magnate , founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with established marques , including Ferrari . The company was noted for using a rear mid-engine , rear-wheel drive . Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade , but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis . The firm 's ownership changed three times after 1973 , including a bankruptcy in 1978 . American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994 . In 1998 , Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group 's Audi division . New products and model lines were introduced to the brand 's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand . In the late 2000s , during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis , Lamborghini 's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent . Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán , along with the Urus SUV powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine . In addition , the company produces V12 engines for offshore powerboat racing ."}]}, {'value': '1:26.282', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Chaves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Chaves', 'summary': 'Pedro António Matos Chaves ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾu ˈmatuʃ ˈʃavɨʃ ] ; born in Oporto , 27 February 1965 ) is a Portuguese racing driver . Chaves was the second Portuguese Formula Ford Champion , in 1986 , starting an international career in 1987 in the British Formula Ford Championship . In 1990 he won the British F3000 Championship with the Madgwick Motorsport outfit , also racing in a few rounds of the FIA F3000 series . In 1991 , he suffered a disastrous season in Formula One , failing to pre-qualify for 13 Grands Prix with an under-financed and uncompetitive Coloni . After failing to pre-qualify for the Portuguese Grand Prix , Chaves left the team , taking the remainder of his sponsorship money with him . At the end of that year Chaves had an agreement with Leyton House ( which would be renamed to March F1 ) to compete in 1992 , however the sponsorship money came too late , and Karl Wendlinger took the place . In 1992 , Chaves returned to F3000 , first with GJ Racing and later in the season moving to the more competitive Il Barone Rampante , with no results . Chaves then spent three years in the American Indy Lights series with Brian Stewart Racing , winning one race , in Vancouver in 1995 . Chaves and Robbie Buhl were the only drivers to win that season other than Greg Moore , who won the rest of the events . In 1996 , he moved to touring car racing and was second in the Spanish Touring Car Championship in a BMW , before racing a Porsche in the FIA GT Championship . Chaves moved to the Portuguese Rally Championship in 1998 , winning the title in 1999 and 2000 , with his co-driver Sérgio Paiva , in a works-supported Toyota Corolla WRC . In 2001 , he took the Spanish GT Championship title , in a Saleen S7-R co-driven by Miguel Ramos .'}]}, {'value': 'Coloni - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Coloni', 'summary': "Coloni Motorsport , also known as Scuderia Coloni , is an auto racing team from Italy . Formed by Enzo Coloni in 1982 , the team participated in Formula Three between 1983 and 1986 , before racing in Formula One as Enzo Coloni Racing Car Systems between 1987 and 1991 . They made 82 attempts to take part in a Formula One race but only qualified 14 times . Since then , under the management of Enzo Coloni 's son Paolo , the team has been successful in Formula Three , Formula 3000 and GP2 Series . Between 2006 and 2009 the team ran under the name of Fisichella Motor Sport , with support from Formula One driver Giancarlo Fisichella and his manager Enrico Zanarini ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:27.389', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.129', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Grouillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Grouillard', 'summary': 'Olivier Grouillard ( born 2 September 1958 , in Fenouillet ) is a racing driver from France . He started racing go-karts from the age of fourteen competing in events such as the Volant Elf . He progressed to Formula Renault winning the title before Grouillard competed in F3000 from 1985 to 1988 taking two wins . He also participated in the Birmingham Superprix but did not start the race . In 1989 , Grouillard joined the Ligier Formula One team before joining the Osella team for 1990 and 1991 when the team was renamed Fondmetal . His last season came in 1992 , when Grouillard drove for Tyrrell . He left the sport following the year without receiving offers for a drive in 1993 . After leaving Formula One , Grouillard raced in the CART PPG World Series , competing in the Indianapolis 500 for which he did not qualify but showed consistency . Grouillard became well known for driving in Sports Cars between 1994 and 2001 having success . During his time in Sports Cars , he raced in the BPR Global GT Series , the FIA GT Championship , the Daytona 24 Hours , the Le Mans 24 Hours and the American Le Mans Series . He retired from motorsport at the end of 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fondmetal - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fondmetal', 'summary': 'Fondmetal S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of alloy wheels , founded in 1972 by Gabriele Rumi . A Formula One constructor of the same name , also owned by Rumi , competed in the 1991 and 1992 seasons , scoring no championship points . The company also sponsored , and supplied wheels to , numerous other constructors from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s . In 2014 the Fondmetal brand expanded to the United States and became known as Fondmetal USA . All wheels continue to be made in Italy and are TUV approved .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:27.759', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.499', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Pre-Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1991_Monaco_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 1991 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on 12 May 1991.'}
| null | null |
Of Andrea de Cesaris and Bertrand Gachot , which one is from further west ?
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Bertrand Gachot
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01fa4af2c6ac97fb
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hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Greece', 'title': 'List of football clubs in Greece', 'header': ['Club', 'Greek name', 'Settlement', 'Regional unit', 'Region'], 'data': [{'value': 'Apollon Larissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apollon_Larissa_F.C.', 'summary': 'Apollon Larissa Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Απόλλων Λάρισας ) is a Greek professional football club based in Filippoupoli , Larissa , Greece . The club plays in the Super League 2 , the second tier of the Greek football league system . It plays its home matches at the Apollon Ground .'}]}, {'value': 'Απόλλων Λάρισας', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larissa', 'summary': 'Larissa ( /ləˈrɪsə/ ; Greek : Λάρισα , romanized : Lárissa [ ˈlarisa ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Thessaly region in Greece . It is the fourth-most populous city in Greece with a population of 144,651 according to the 2011 census ( 181,713 est . 2018 ) . It is also capital of the Larissa regional unit . It is a principal agricultural centre and a national transport hub , linked by road and rail with the port of Volos , the cities of Thessaloniki and Athens . The municipality of Larissa has 162,591 inhabitants , while the regional unit of Larissa reached a population of 284,325 ( in 2011 [ update ] ) . Legend has it that Achilles was born here . Hippocrates , the Father of Medicine , died here . Today , Larissa is an important commercial , transportation , agricultural and industrial centre of Greece .'}]}, {'value': 'Larissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Larissa ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Λάρισας ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Thessaly . Its capital is the city of Larissa . Total population 284,325 ( 2011 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Thessaly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thessaly', 'summary': "Thessaly ( Greek : Θεσσαλία , Thessalía ; ancient Thessalian : Πετθαλία , Petthalía ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece , comprising most of the ancient region of the same name . Before the Greek Dark Ages , Thessaly was known as Aeolia ( Greek : Αἰολία , Aiolía ) , and appears thus in Homer 's Odyssey . Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881 , after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule . Since 1987 it has formed one of the country 's 13 regions and is further ( since the Kallikratis reform of 2010 ) sub-divided into 5 regional units and 25 municipalities . The capital of the region is Larissa . Thessaly lies in northern Greece and borders the regions of Macedonia on the north , Epirus on the west , Central Greece on the south and the Aegean Sea on the east . The Thessaly region also includes the Sporades islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Apollon Pontos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apollon_Pontou_FC', 'summary': 'Apollon Pontou Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in Kalamaria , Thessaloniki , Greece . The club currently competes in the Super League 2 , the second tier of Greek football .'}]}, {'value': 'Απόλλων Πόντου', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalamaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalamaria', 'summary': 'Kalamariá ( Greek : Καλαμαριά , Good Side or Port Side ) is an affluent municipality ( Borough ) of the Thessaloniki Urban Area , located about 7 kilometres ( 4 miles ) southeast of downtown Thessaloniki . It is the second largest municipality ( with a population of 91,279 as of 2011 [ update ] ) of the Thessaloniki Urban Area as well as one of the largest in Greece , with a population increase of 13% since the 1991 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Thessaloniki ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Θεσσαλονίκης ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia and its capital is the city of Thessaloniki .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Macedonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Macedonia', 'summary': 'Central Macedonia ( Greek : Κεντρική Μακεδονία , romanized : Kentrikí Makedonía , Greek pronunciation : [ ce̞n.dɾiˈci mɐ.ce̞.ðo̞ˈni.ɐ ] ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece , consisting of the central part of the geographical and historical region of Macedonia . With a population of almost 1.9 million , it is the second most populous in Greece after Attica .'}]}, {'value': 'Apollon Smyrni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apollon_Smyrni_F.C.', 'summary': 'Apollon Smyrnis Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Απόλλων Σμύρνης ) , or in its full name Gymnasticos Syllogos Apollon Smyrnis ( Greek : Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Απόλλων Σμύρνης , Gymnastics Society Apollon of Smyrna ) is a Greek professional football club based in Rizoupoli in the city of Athens , that plays in the Super League 2 . It was founded in Smyrna in 1891 and is one of the oldest sports clubs in Greece . Apollon Smyrnis has departments in football , basketball , volleyball , water polo and other sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Απόλλων Σμύρνης', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rizoupoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rizoupoli', 'summary': 'Rizoupoli ( Greek : Ριζούπολη pronounced [ ɾiˈzu.po.li ] ) is a neighborhood of Athens , Greece . It is the northernmost neighborhood of Athens municipality along with the small district Probonas . The district is located between Patissia and Nea Philadelphia and is home to the Georgios Kamaras Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Athens_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Central Athens ( Greek : Κεντρικός Τομέας Αθηνών ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Attica . The regional unit covers the central part of the agglomeration of Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Attica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attica_(region)', 'summary': "Attica Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Αττικής , Periféria Attikís ; IPA : [ atiˈci ] ) is an administrative region of Greece , that encompasses the entire metropolitan area of Athens , the country 's capital and largest city . The region is coextensive with the former Attica Prefecture of Central Greece , but covers a greater area than the historical region of Attica ."}]}, {'value': 'Doxa Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doxa_Drama_F.C.', 'summary': "Doxa Drama Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in the city of Drama , Macedonia , Greece . The club currently competes in the Super League 2 , the second tier of the Greek football league system . Founded in 1918 , the club 's home ground since then has been Doxa Drama Stadium . Doxa Drama is considered one of the most historic and major teams of Greece , and was one of the founding members of the Super League , the first tier of Greek football ."}]}, {'value': 'Δόξα Δράμας', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama,_Greece', 'summary': "Drama ( Greek : Δράμα [ ˈðrama ] ) is a city and municipality in northeastern Greece in Macedonia . Drama is the capital of the regional unit of Drama which is part of the East Macedonia and Thrace region . The city ( pop . 44,823 in 2011 ) is the economic center of the municipality ( pop . 58,944 ) , which in turn comprises 60 percent of the regional unit 's population . The next largest communities in the municipality are Choristi ( pop . 2,725 ) , Χiropótamos ( 2,554 ) , Kallífytos ( 1,282 ) , Kalós Agrós ( 1,178 ) , and Koudoúnia ( 996 ) . Built at the foot of mount Falakro , in a verdant area with abundant water sources , Drama has been an integral part of the Hellenic world since the classical era ; under the Byzantine Empire , Drama was a fortified city with a castle and rose to great prosperity under the Komnenoi as a commercial and military junction . In the modern era , tobacco production and trade , the operation of the railway ( 1895 ) and improvement of the road network towards the port of Kavala , led to an increase in the population of the city and to the enhancement of commercial activity . Drama hosts the Eleftheria , cultural events in commemoration of the city 's liberation , at the end of June or beginning of July , and an annual film festival in September ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Drama ( Greek : Περιφερειακή Ενότητα Δράμας , Perifereiakí Enótita Drámas ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the Region of East Macedonia and Thrace . Its capital is the town of Drama . The regional unit is the northernmost within the geographical region of Macedonia and the westernmost in the administrative region of East Macedonia and Thrace . The northern border with Bulgaria is formed by the Rhodope Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'East Macedonia and Thrace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Macedonia_and_Thrace', 'summary': 'Eastern Macedonia and Thrace ( Greek : Ανατολική Μακεδονία και Θράκη , Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thráki ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece . It consists of the northeastern parts of the country , comprising the eastern part of the region of Greek Macedonia along with the region of Western Thrace , and the islands of Thasos and Samothrace .'}]}, {'value': 'Ergotelis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ergotelis_F.C.', 'summary': "The Gymnastics Club « Ergotelis » Heraklion Crete ( Greek : Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος « O Εργοτέλης » Ηρακλείου Κρήτης , Γ.Σ . Εργοτέλης ) , commonly known simply as Ergotelis ( Greek : Εργοτέλης ) , is a Greek professional football club , department of the multi-sport club Gymnastics Club Ergotelis , which is based in Heraklion , Crete . It is the club 's oldest and most successful department , officially established in 1929 and named after the famous ancient Cretan expatriate Olympic runner Ergoteles of Himera . The club currently competes in the Super League 2 , the second tier of the Greek football league system , and hosts its home games at the Pankritio Stadium , the city 's largest and most modern sports venue . Ergotelis is one of the two Heraklion-based football clubs to have competed in the Greek Superleague , the country 's top-level football competition , having made a total of 9 appearances during 2004-2015 . The club 's best finish in the competition is 7th place during the 2013-14 season . It has also won the Beta Ethniki ( second tier of the Greek football league system ) once , in 2006 , as well as the Greek Football Amateur Cup in 1983 . Its traditional colors are yellow and black ."}]}, {'value': 'Εργοτέλης', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heraklion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heraklion', 'summary': 'Heraklion or Iraklion ( /hɪˈrækliən/ ; Greek : Ηράκλειο , Irákleio , pronounced [ iˈraklio ] ) is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit . It is the fifth largest city in Greece with a population of 140,730 according to the 2011 census . The population of the municipality was 173,993 . The Bronze Age palace of Knossos , also known as the Palace of Minos , is located nearby . Heraklion was Europes fastest growing tourism destination for 2017 , according to Euromonitor , with an 11.2% growth in international arrivals . According to the ranking , Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe , as the 66th area on the Planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017 , with 3.2 million visitors and the 19th in Europe for 2018 , with 3,4 million visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'Heraklion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Heraklion ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ηρακλείου ) is one of the four regional units of Crete . The capital is the city of Heraklion .'}]}, {'value': 'Crete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crete', 'summary': "Crete ( Greek : Κρήτη , Kríti [ 'kriti ] ; Ancient Greek : Κρήτη , Krḗtē ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands , the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea , after Sicily , Sardinia , Cyprus , and Corsica . It bounds the southern border of the Aegean sea . Crete lies approximately 160 km ( 99 mi ) south of the Greek mainland . It has an area of 8,336 km2 ( 3,219 sq mi ) and a coastline of 1,046 km ( 650 mi ) . Crete and a number of surrounding islands and islets constitute the region of Crete ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Κρήτης ) , the southernmost of the 13 top-level administrative units of Greece ; the region is the fifth most populous region of Greece . Its capital and largest city is Heraklion , located on the northern shore of the island . As of 2011 [ update ] , the region had a population of 623,065 . The Dodecanese are located to the northeast of Crete , while the Cyclades are situated to the north , separated by the Sea of Crete . The Peloponnese is to the region 's northwest . Humans have inhabited the island since at least 130,000 years ago , during the Paleolithic age . Crete was the centre of Europe 's first advanced civilization , the Minoans , from 2700 to 1420 BC ; the Minoan civilization was overrun by the Mycenaean civilization from mainland Greece . Later , Crete fell under Roman rule , and afterwards the Byzantine Empire , Andalusian Arabs , the Venetian Republic , and the Ottoman Empire successively ruled Crete ."}]}, {'value': 'Karaiskakis Arta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.E._Karaiskakis_F.C.', 'summary': 'A.E . Karaiskakis Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in Arta , Greece . Founded in 2012 , they compete in the Super League 2 , the second division of Greek football . Their home ground is Municipal Agiοi Anargirοi Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Καραϊσκάκης Άρτας', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arta,_Greece', 'summary': "Arta ( Greek : Άρτα ) is a city in northwestern Greece , capital of the regional unit of Arta , which is part of Epirus region . The city was known in ancient times as Ambracia ( Ancient Greek : Ἀμβρακία ) . Arta is known for the medieval bridge over the Arachthos River . Arta is also known for its ancient sites from the era of Pyrrhus of Epirus and its well-preserved 13th-century castle . Arta 's Byzantine history is reflected in its many Byzantine churches ; perhaps the best known is the Panagia Paregoretissa ( Mother of God the Consoling ) , built about 1290 by Despot Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas . The city is the seat of the Technological Educational Institute of Epirus ."}]}, {'value': 'Arta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Arta ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Άρτας ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the Epirus region . Its capital is the town of Arta .'}]}, {'value': 'Epirus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epirus_(region)', 'summary': 'Epirus ( /ɪˈpaɪrəs/ ; Greek : Ήπειρος , Ípeiros [ ˈipiɾos ] ) , is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region in northwestern Greece . It borders the regions of West Macedonia and Thessaly to the east , West Greece to the south , the Ionian Sea and Ionian Islands to the west and Albania to the north . The region has an area of about 9,200 km2 ( 3,600 sq mi ) . It is part of the wider historical region of Epirus , which overlaps modern Albania and Greece but lies mostly within Greek territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Levadiakos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Levadiakos_F.C.', 'summary': 'Levadiakos Football Club is a Greek professional football club that plays in the Super League Greece 2 . Based in Livadeia , Greece , the club was promoted to the Alpha Ethniki , forerunner of the Super League , after ten seasons in minor divisions in the 2005-06 season , as runner-up of the Football League in 2004-05 . It was then relegated to the Beta Ethniki again in 2006-07 and returned to the top tier in 2008-09 . The club finished one level above relegation that year but was relegated back to the second division by finishing 14th in 2009-10 .'}]}, {'value': 'Λεβαδειακός', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Livadeia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Livadeia', 'summary': 'Livadeia ( Greek : Λιβαδειά Livadiá , pronounced [ livaˈðʝa ] ; Ancient Greek : Λεβάδεια , romanized : Lebadeia or Λεβαδία , Lebadia ) is a town in central Greece . It is the capital of the Boeotia regional district . Livadeia lies 90 km ( 56 mi ) north-west of Athens , 64 km ( 40 mi ) west of Chalkida , 63 km ( 39 mi ) south-east of Lamia , 44 km ( 27 mi ) east-south-east of Amfissa , and 91 km ( 57 mi ) east-north-east of Nafpaktos . The town lies some five kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) west of Greek National Road 3 , to which it is linked by National Road 48 . The area around Livadeia is mountainous , with farming activities mainly confined to the valleys . The area has traditionally been associated with the production and processing of cotton and tobacco , as well as the cultivation of cereal crops and the raising of livestock . Livadeia is home to Levadiakos FC , members of the Greek Superleague .'}]}, {'value': 'Boeotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeotia', 'summary': 'Boeotia , sometimes alternatively Latinised as Boiotia , or Beotia ( /biˈoʊʃiə , -ʃə/ ; Greek : Βοιωτία , Modern Greek : [ vi.oˈti.a ] , Ancient Greek : [ boj.jɔː.tí.a ] ; modern transliteration Voiotía , also Viotía , formerly Cadmeis ) , is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Central Greece . Its capital is Livadeia , and its largest city is Thebes . Boeotia was also a region of ancient Greece , since before the 6th century BC .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Greece_(region)', 'summary': 'Central Greece ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Στερεάς Ελλάδας , Periféreia Stereás Elládas , properly translated as Region of Central Greece , colloquially known as Roúmeli ( Ρούμελη ) ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece . The region occupies the eastern half of the traditional region of Central Greece , including the island of Euboea . To the south it borders the regions of Attica and the Peloponnese , to the west the region of West Greece and to the north the regions of Thessaly and Epirus . Its capital city is Lamia .'}]}, {'value': 'PAE Chania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAE_Chania', 'summary': 'Chania Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in Mournies , Greece . They were established in 2017 , as a result of a merger between the two regional clubs representing the Chania district in the Greek Second Division , PGS Kissamikos and AO Chania . The club currently plays in the Super League 2 , the second tier of the Greek football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Π.Α.Ε . Χανιά', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mournies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mournies', 'summary': 'Mournies ( Greek : Μουρνιές ) is a village in Crete , in the regional unit of Chania . Between 1997 and 2010 , it was the seat of the former municipality of Eleftherios Venizelos . Mournies is famous for being the place of birth of the statesman Eleftherios Venizelos .'}]}, {'value': 'Chania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Chania ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Χανίων ) is one of the four regional units of Crete ; it covers the westernmost quarter of the island . Its capital is the city of Chania . Chania borders only one other regional unit : that of Rethymno to the east . The western part of Crete is bounded to the north by the Cretan Sea , and to the west and south by the Mediterranean Sea . The regional unit also includes the southernmost island of Europe , Gavdos .'}]}, {'value': 'Crete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crete', 'summary': "Crete ( Greek : Κρήτη , Kríti [ 'kriti ] ; Ancient Greek : Κρήτη , Krḗtē ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands , the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea , after Sicily , Sardinia , Cyprus , and Corsica . It bounds the southern border of the Aegean sea . Crete lies approximately 160 km ( 99 mi ) south of the Greek mainland . It has an area of 8,336 km2 ( 3,219 sq mi ) and a coastline of 1,046 km ( 650 mi ) . Crete and a number of surrounding islands and islets constitute the region of Crete ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Κρήτης ) , the southernmost of the 13 top-level administrative units of Greece ; the region is the fifth most populous region of Greece . Its capital and largest city is Heraklion , located on the northern shore of the island . As of 2011 [ update ] , the region had a population of 623,065 . The Dodecanese are located to the northeast of Crete , while the Cyclades are situated to the north , separated by the Sea of Crete . The Peloponnese is to the region 's northwest . Humans have inhabited the island since at least 130,000 years ago , during the Paleolithic age . Crete was the centre of Europe 's first advanced civilization , the Minoans , from 2700 to 1420 BC ; the Minoan civilization was overrun by the Mycenaean civilization from mainland Greece . Later , Crete fell under Roman rule , and afterwards the Byzantine Empire , Andalusian Arabs , the Venetian Republic , and the Ottoman Empire successively ruled Crete ."}]}, {'value': 'PAE Kerkyra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAE_Kerkyra', 'summary': 'AOK PAE Kerkyra ( Greek : ΑΟΚ ΠΑΕ Κέρκυρα ) , is a Greek professional football club based in Corfu , Greece . The club plays in the Super League 2 , the second tier of the Greek football league system , following changes to the league structure in 2019 . It plays its home matches at Kerkyra Stadium . The club was founded in 2013 following a merger between AO Kerkyra and AO Kassiopi .'}]}, {'value': 'Α.Ο.Κ . Κέρκυρα', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corfu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corfu_(city)', 'summary': 'Corfu ( /kɔːrˈf ( j ) uː/ , also US : /ˈkɔːrf ( j ) uː/ ) or Kerkyra ( Greek : Κέρκυρα , romanized : Kérkyra , pronounced [ ˈcercira ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Κόρκυρα , romanized : Kórkyra , pronounced [ kórkyra ] ; Medieval Greek : Κορυφώ , romanized : Koryfó ; Latin : Corcyra ; ) is a city and a former municipality on the island of Corfu , Ionian Islands , Greece . Since the 2019 local government reform , it is part and capital of the municipality of Central Corfu and Diapontia Islands [ el ] . It is also the capital of the island and of the Corfu regional unit . The city also serves as a capital for the region of the Ionian Islands . The city ( population in 2011 : 39,674 residents and the whole island 111,975 ) is a major tourist attraction and Greek regional centre and has played an important role in Greek history since antiquity .'}]}, {'value': 'Corfu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corfu_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Corfu ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Κερκύρας ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Ionian Islands . The capital of the regional unit is the town of Corfu . The regional unit consists of the islands of Corfu , Paxoi , Othonoi , Ereikoussa , Mathraki and several smaller islands , all in the Ionian Sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Ionian Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionian_Islands_(region)', 'summary': 'The Ionian Islands Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Ιονίων Νήσων , romanized : Periféria Ioníon Níson ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece , and the smallest of the thirteen by area . The administrative region does not include all of the Ionian Islands ; the island of Kythera , which historically was part of the island group , was separated and integrated to the ( far away ) Attica Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Panachaiki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panachaiki_F.C.', 'summary': 'Panachaiki 1891 Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Παναχαϊκή 1891 ) is a Greek professional football club based in Patras , Greece . Founded in 1891 , they have reached the Greek Cup semi-finals twice ( 1979 , 1997 ) , as well as the quarter-finals on ten occasions . Moreover , they were the first Greek club outside Athens ( including Piraeus ) and Thessaloniki to represent Greece in a European competition , the 1973-74 UEFA Cup . Panachaiki FC is the football department of Panachaiki Gymnastiki Enosi ( P.G.E . ) , a multi-sport club . In 1979 , the department became professional and independent . They have played their home games in various grounds since their first official game in 1899 , mainly the Kostas Davourlis Stadium , their traditional home ground , and the Pampeloponnisiako Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Παναχαϊκή', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patras', 'summary': "Patras ( Greek : Πάτρα , romanized : Pátra , IPA : [ ˈpatɾa ] ; Katharevousa and Ancient Greek : Πάτραι , romanized : Pátrai , Ancient Greek : [ pátrai̯ ] , Katharevousa : [ ˈpatɾe̞ ] ; Latin : Patrae , [ ˈpatrae̯ ] ) is Greece 's third-largest city and the regional capital of Western Greece , in the northern Peloponnese , 215 km ( 134 mi ) west of Athens . The city is built at the foot of Mount Panachaikon , overlooking the Gulf of Patras . According to the results of the 2011 census , Patras had a population of 167,446 , while the municipality had 213,984 inhabitants . The core settlement has a history spanning four millennia . In the Roman period , it had become a cosmopolitan center of the eastern Mediterranean whilst , according to the Christian tradition , it was also the place of Saint Andrew 's martyrdom . Dubbed as Greece 's Gate to the West , Patras is a commercial hub , while its busy port is a nodal point for trade and communication with Italy and the rest of Western Europe . The city has two public universities and one technological institute , hosting a large student population and rendering Patras an important scientific centre [ citation needed ] with a field of excellence in technological education . The Rio-Antirio Bridge connects Patras ' easternmost suburb of Rio to the town of Antirrio , connecting the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece . Every year , in February , the city hosts one of Europe 's largest carnivals . Notable features of the Patras Carnival include its mammoth satirical floats and balls and parades , enjoyed by hundreds of thousands of visitors in a Mediterranean climate . Patras is also famous for supporting an indigenous cultural scene active mainly in the performing arts and modern urban literature . It was European Capital of Culture in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Achaea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Achaea', 'summary': 'Achaea ( /əˈkiːə/ ) or Achaia ( /əˈkaɪə/ ) , sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia ( Αχαΐα , Akhaïa [ axaˈia ] ) , is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula . The capital is Patras . Its population surpassed 300,000 for the first time in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Greece', 'summary': 'Western Greece Region ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Δυτικής Ελλάδας ) is one of the thirteen regions of Greece . It comprises the western part of continental Greece and the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula . The capital of the Western Greece is Patras , the third-largest-city in the country with a population of about 280,000 inhabitants'}]}, {'value': 'PAS Giannina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAS_Giannina_F.C.', 'summary': 'PAS Giannina Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα 1966 ) , or with its full name Panepirotikos Athlitikos Syllogos Giannina ( Greek : Πανηπειρωτικός Αθλητικός Σύλλογος Γιάννινα , Panepirotic Athletic Club Giannina ) is a Greek professional football club based in the city of Ioannina , the capital of Epirus region . PAS Giannina was formed in 1966 as a result of the union of the two local teams - AO Ioanninon ( union of Atromitos Ioanninon and Olympiacos Ioanninon in 1962 ) and PAS Averof . As emblem of the new team was chosen the bull , as appeared on the ancient coin of the Epirote League . The club have competed several times in the Super League . The club is probably best known among Greek football fans for its loyal support and its status as the most successful football club in Epirus region .'}]}, {'value': 'Π.Α.Σ . Γιάννινα', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ioannina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ioannina', 'summary': "Ioannina ( Greek : Ιωάννινα [ i.oˈanina ] ( listen ) ) , often called Yannena ( Γιάννενα Giannena Greek pronunciation : [ ˈʝanena ] ) within Greece , is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus , an administrative region in north-western Greece . Its population is 65,574 , according to 2011 and the metropolitan area reached about 123,345 census . It lies at an elevation of approximately 500 metres ( 1,640 feet ) above sea level , on the western shore of lake Pamvotis ( Παμβώτις ) . Ioannina is located 410 km ( 255 mi ) northwest of Athens , 260 kilometres ( 162 miles ) southwest of Thessaloniki and 80 km ( 50 miles ) east of the port of Igoumenitsa in the Ionian Sea . The city 's foundation has traditionally been ascribed to the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in the 6th century AD , but modern archaeological research has uncovered evidence of Hellenistic settlements . Ioannina flourished in the late Byzantine period ( 13th-15th centuries ) . It became part of the Despotate of Epirus following the Fourth Crusade and many wealthy Byzantine families fled there following the sack of Constantinople , with the city experiencing great prosperity and considerable autonomy , despite the political turmoils . Ioannina surrendered to the Ottomans in 1430 and until 1868 it was the administrative center of the Pashalik of Yanina . In the period between the 18th and 19th centuries , the city was a major center of the modern Greek Enlightenment . Ioannina was ceded to Greece in 1913 following the Balkan Wars . The city has two hospitals , the General Hospital of Ioannina G. Hatzikosta , and the University Hospital of Ioannina . It is also the seat of the University of Ioannina and of several departments of the Τechnological Educational Institute of Epirus , the headquarters of which are located in Arta ."}]}, {'value': 'Ioannina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Ioannina ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ιωαννίνων ) is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the Epirus region . Its capital is the city of Ioannina . It is the largest regional unit in Epirus , and one of the largest regional units of Greece , with population 167,901 , according to 2011 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Epirus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epirus_(region)', 'summary': 'Epirus ( /ɪˈpaɪrəs/ ; Greek : Ήπειρος , Ípeiros [ ˈipiɾos ] ) , is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region in northwestern Greece . It borders the regions of West Macedonia and Thessaly to the east , West Greece to the south , the Ionian Sea and Ionian Islands to the west and Albania to the north . The region has an area of about 9,200 km2 ( 3,600 sq mi ) . It is part of the wider historical region of Epirus , which overlaps modern Albania and Greece but lies mostly within Greek territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Platanias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Platanias_F.C.', 'summary': 'Platanias Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in Platanias , Chania , Greece . The club currently competes in the Super League 2 , the second tier of the Greek football league system , and hosts its home games at the Perivolia Municipal Stadium . Platanias is the first , and to this day only club to have represented Chania in the Super League , having made a total of 6 appearances during 2012-2018 . Their colors are red and white .'}]}, {'value': 'Πλατανιάς', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Platanias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Platanias', 'summary': 'Platanias ( Greek : Πλατανιάς ) is a village and municipality on the Greek island of Crete . It is located about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) west from the city of Chania and east of Kastelli-Kissamos , on Chania Bay . The seat of the municipality is the village Gerani . Platanias is a popular tourism village with a beach , several hotels , restaurants and souvenir shops . Not far from the coast is the island of Agioi Theodoroi .'}]}, {'value': 'Chania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)', 'summary': 'Chania ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Χανίων ) is one of the four regional units of Crete ; it covers the westernmost quarter of the island . Its capital is the city of Chania . Chania borders only one other regional unit : that of Rethymno to the east . The western part of Crete is bounded to the north by the Cretan Sea , and to the west and south by the Mediterranean Sea . The regional unit also includes the southernmost island of Europe , Gavdos .'}]}, {'value': 'Crete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crete', 'summary': "Crete ( Greek : Κρήτη , Kríti [ 'kriti ] ; Ancient Greek : Κρήτη , Krḗtē ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands , the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea , after Sicily , Sardinia , Cyprus , and Corsica . It bounds the southern border of the Aegean sea . Crete lies approximately 160 km ( 99 mi ) south of the Greek mainland . It has an area of 8,336 km2 ( 3,219 sq mi ) and a coastline of 1,046 km ( 650 mi ) . Crete and a number of surrounding islands and islets constitute the region of Crete ( Greek : Περιφέρεια Κρήτης ) , the southernmost of the 13 top-level administrative units of Greece ; the region is the fifth most populous region of Greece . Its capital and largest city is Heraklion , located on the northern shore of the island . As of 2011 [ update ] , the region had a population of 623,065 . The Dodecanese are located to the northeast of Crete , while the Cyclades are situated to the north , separated by the Sea of Crete . The Peloponnese is to the region 's northwest . Humans have inhabited the island since at least 130,000 years ago , during the Paleolithic age . Crete was the centre of Europe 's first advanced civilization , the Minoans , from 2700 to 1420 BC ; the Minoan civilization was overrun by the Mycenaean civilization from mainland Greece . Later , Crete fell under Roman rule , and afterwards the Byzantine Empire , Andalusian Arabs , the Venetian Republic , and the Ottoman Empire successively ruled Crete ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Superleague Greece 2', 'section_text': 'Main article : 2019–20 Superleague Greece 2 Apollon Sm.Apollon P.Apollon L.PAE KerkyraDoxaErgotelisKaraiskakisLevadiakosPAE ChaniaPanachaikiPASPlatanias Location of clubs for the 2019–20 Superleague Greece 2 season', 'uid': 'List_of_football_clubs_in_Greece_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of football clubs located in Greece and the leagues and divisions they are playing in for 2019-20 season.'}
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What sea borders the northern side of the team whose colors are red and white ?
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Cretan Sea
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01fab72dc7015da9
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indiana_state_historical_markers_in_Montgomery_County', 'title': 'List of Indiana state historical markers in Montgomery County', 'header': ['Marker title', 'Year placed', 'Location', 'Topics'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lane Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_S._Lane_House', 'summary': "The Lane Place was the home of Sen. Henry S. Lane ( 1811- 1881 ) and Joanna Lane ( 1826-1914 ) . It is located at 212 South Water Street in Crawfordsville , Indiana . Helen Elston Smith , the Lanes ' niece , inherited the house after Joanna 's death . She willed the house and its contents to the Montgomery County Historical Society on February 26 , 1931 . 85-90% of all of the furnishings are either original to the house or belonged to the Elston Family . The house has been a museum since 1931 even though Helen continued to live in the home until the mid-1930s . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 . It is located in the Elston Grove Historic District ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '212 S. Water Street at Wabash Avenue in Crawfordsville 40°2′24″N 86°53′51″W / 40.04000°N 86.89750°W / 40.04000 ; -86.89750 ( Lane Place )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Crawfordsville is a city in Montgomery County in west central Indiana , U.S. , 49 mi . west by northwest of Indianapolis . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 15,915 . The city is the county seat of Montgomery County , the only chartered city and largest populated place in the county . Crawfordsville is part of a broader Indianapolis combined statistical area , although the Lafayette metropolitan statistical area is only thirty miles north . It is home to Wabash College , which was ranked by Forbes as # 12 in the United States for undergraduate studies in 2008 . The city was founded in 1823 on the bank of Sugar Creek , a southern tributary of the Wabash River and named for U.S. Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford .'}]}, {'value': 'Politics , Buildings and Architecture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major General Lew Wallace 1827-1905', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lew_Wallace', 'summary': "Lewis ( Lew ) Wallace ( April 10 , 1827 - February 15 , 1905 ) was an American lawyer , Union general in the American Civil War , governor of the New Mexico Territory , politician , diplomat , and author from Indiana . Among his novels and biographies , Wallace is best known for his historical adventure story , Ben-Hur : A Tale of the Christ ( 1880 ) , a bestselling novel that has been called the most influential Christian book of the nineteenth century . Wallace 's military career included service in the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War . He was appointed Indiana 's adjutant general and commanded the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment . Wallace , who attained the rank of major general , participated in the Battle of Fort Donelson , the Battle of Shiloh , and the Battle of Monocacy . He also served on the military commission for the trials of the Lincoln assassination conspirators , and presided over the trial of Henry Wirz , the Confederate commandant of the Andersonville prison camp . Wallace resigned from the U.S. Army in November 1865 and briefly served as a major general in the Mexican army , before returning to the United States . Wallace was appointed governor of the New Mexico Territory ( 1878-81 ) and served as U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire ( 1881-85 ) . Wallace retired to his home in Crawfordsville , Indiana , where he continued to write until his death in 1905 ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '501 Pike Street at the Wallace Avenue junction in Crawfordsville 40°2′26.6″N 86°53′43″W / 40.040722°N 86.89528°W / 40.040722 ; -86.89528 ( Major General Lew Wallace 1827-1905 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Crawfordsville is a city in Montgomery County in west central Indiana , U.S. , 49 mi . west by northwest of Indianapolis . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 15,915 . The city is the county seat of Montgomery County , the only chartered city and largest populated place in the county . Crawfordsville is part of a broader Indianapolis combined statistical area , although the Lafayette metropolitan statistical area is only thirty miles north . It is home to Wabash College , which was ranked by Forbes as # 12 in the United States for undergraduate studies in 2008 . The city was founded in 1823 on the bank of Sugar Creek , a southern tributary of the Wabash River and named for U.S. Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford .'}]}, {'value': 'Military , Arts and Culture', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Chief Cornstalk 's Village", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Junction of U.S. Route 231 and County Road 1150S , adjacent to Parkersburg Spring near Parkersburg 39°52′23″N 86°54′11″W / 39.87306°N 86.90306°W / 39.87306 ; -86.90306 ( Chief Cornstalk 's Village )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_231', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 231 ( US 231 ) is a parallel route of US 31 . It runs for 912 miles ( 1,468 km ) from St. John , Indiana , at US 41 to south of US 98 in downtown Panama City , Florida . One of its most notable landmarks is the William H. Natcher Bridge , a nearly mile-long cable-stayed bridge that connects Rockport , Indiana , to Owensboro , Kentucky , spanning the Ohio River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Parkersburg,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Parkersburg is an unincorporated community in Scott Township , Montgomery County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'American Indian/Native American , Early Settlement and Exploration', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darlington Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darlington_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Darlington Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located in Franklin Township , Montgomery County , Indiana . It was built in 1868 , and is a single span , Howe truss covered bridge that spans Sugar Creek . It measures 166 feet long and has an overall width of 22 feet . :2 It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Roads 500N and 600E at the southwestern corner of this bridge over Sugar Creek , near Darlington 40°6′27″N 86°47′37″W / 40.10750°N 86.79361°W / 40.10750 ; -86.79361 ( Darlington Covered Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darlington,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Darlington is a town in Franklin Township , Montgomery County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 843 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Transportation , Buildings and Architecture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Speed Cabin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '310 N. Grant St. in Crawfordsville 40°2′41.2″N 86°54′15″W / 40.044778°N 86.90417°W / 40.044778 ; -86.90417 ( Speed Cabin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Crawfordsville is a city in Montgomery County in west central Indiana , U.S. , 49 mi . west by northwest of Indianapolis . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 15,915 . The city is the county seat of Montgomery County , the only chartered city and largest populated place in the county . Crawfordsville is part of a broader Indianapolis combined statistical area , although the Lafayette metropolitan statistical area is only thirty miles north . It is home to Wabash College , which was ranked by Forbes as # 12 in the United States for undergraduate studies in 2008 . The city was founded in 1823 on the bank of Sugar Creek , a southern tributary of the Wabash River and named for U.S. Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford .'}]}, {'value': 'Underground Railroad ; African American ; Black History', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montgomery County Rotary Jail', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Montgomery_County_Jail_and_Sheriff's_Residence", 'summary': "Montgomery County Jail and Sheriff 's Residence is a historic jail and sheriff 's residence located at Crawfordsville , Montgomery County , Indiana . It was built in 1882 in two sections , and is a 2 1/2-story , red brick and limestone building in a combination of Italianate , Gothic Revival , and Romanesque Revival style architecture . The jail is a rotary jail ; it is the only example of this type in Indiana and one of two left in the United States . :2-3 The building houses a local history and prison museum . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . It is located in the Crawfordsville Commercial Historic District ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Jail Museum at 225 N. Washington Street ( U.S. Route 231 ) by the Spring Street junction in Crawfordsville 40°2′38″N 86°54′6″W / 40.04389°N 86.90167°W / 40.04389 ; -86.90167 ( Montgomery County Rotary Jail )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_231', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 231 ( US 231 ) is a parallel route of US 31 . It runs for 912 miles ( 1,468 km ) from St. John , Indiana , at US 41 to south of US 98 in downtown Panama City , Florida . One of its most notable landmarks is the William H. Natcher Bridge , a nearly mile-long cable-stayed bridge that connects Rockport , Indiana , to Owensboro , Kentucky , spanning the Ohio River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Crawfordsville is a city in Montgomery County in west central Indiana , U.S. , 49 mi . west by northwest of Indianapolis . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 15,915 . The city is the county seat of Montgomery County , the only chartered city and largest populated place in the county . Crawfordsville is part of a broader Indianapolis combined statistical area , although the Lafayette metropolitan statistical area is only thirty miles north . It is home to Wabash College , which was ranked by Forbes as # 12 in the United States for undergraduate studies in 2008 . The city was founded in 1823 on the bank of Sugar Creek , a southern tributary of the Wabash River and named for U.S. Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford .'}]}, {'value': 'Government Institutions , Buildings and Architecture', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Bratton , Lewis and Clark Expedition Member', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition', 'summary': "The Lewis and Clark Expedition from May 1804 to September 1806 , also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition , was the first American expedition to cross the western portion of the United States . It began in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , made its way westward , and passed through the Continental Divide of the Americas to reach the Pacific coast . The Corps of Discovery was a selected group of US Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark . President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to explore and to map the newly acquired territory , to find a practical route across the western half of the continent , and to establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it . The campaign 's secondary objectives were scientific and economic : to study the area 's plants , animal life , and geography , and to establish trade with local American Indian tribes . The expedition returned to St. Louis to report its findings to Jefferson , with maps , sketches , and journals in hand ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern side of the junction of U.S. Route 136 and State Road 25 at Old Pioneer Cemetery on the eastern edge of Waynetown 40°5′16″N 87°3′33″W / 40.08778°N 87.05917°W / 40.08778 ; -87.05917 ( William Bratton , Lewis and Clark Expedition Member )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_136', 'summary': 'U.S. Highway 136 is a spur of U.S. Highway 36 . It runs from Edison , Nebraska , at U.S. Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 34 to the Interstate 74/Interstate 465 interchange in Speedway , Indiana . This is a distance of 804 miles ( 1,294 km ) . US 136 never meets its parent , US 36 . However , it does come within 2 miles of it at its interchange with I-465/I-74 at its eastern terminus .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_25', 'summary': 'State Road 25 is a highway in the U. S. state of Indiana . Although it is designated a north-south road , in practice it travels generally northeast from its southern terminus at State Road 32 ( south of Waynetown and north of Shades State Park ) to its northern terminus at State Road 15 in Warsaw .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waynetown,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Waynetown is a town in Wayne Township , Montgomery County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 958 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Early Settlement and Exploration , Cemetery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crawfordsvilles Carnegie Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Montgomery_County', 'summary': "The Carnegie Museum of Montgomery County is located in Crawfordsville , Indiana , United States . Opening in 1902 , it was the first Carnegie Library in Indiana . The museum 's exhibits focus on the history , art , natural history and culture of Montgomery County . Gallery themes include business & industry ; literature , learning , arts & culture , military and democracy ; sports & pop culture ; Montgomery County highlights ; and early history . History of the loyal pasts . More information about this library building is in Mary Johnson 's The History of Libraries in Montgomery County ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Carnegie Museum of Montgomery County , 222 S. Washington Street ( U.S. Route 231 ) in Crawfordsville 40°2′23″N 86°54′4″W / 40.03972°N 86.90111°W / 40.03972 ; -86.90111 ( Crawfordsville 's Carnegie Library )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_231', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 231 ( US 231 ) is a parallel route of US 31 . It runs for 912 miles ( 1,468 km ) from St. John , Indiana , at US 41 to south of US 98 in downtown Panama City , Florida . One of its most notable landmarks is the William H. Natcher Bridge , a nearly mile-long cable-stayed bridge that connects Rockport , Indiana , to Owensboro , Kentucky , spanning the Ohio River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Crawfordsville is a city in Montgomery County in west central Indiana , U.S. , 49 mi . west by northwest of Indianapolis . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 15,915 . The city is the county seat of Montgomery County , the only chartered city and largest populated place in the county . Crawfordsville is part of a broader Indianapolis combined statistical area , although the Lafayette metropolitan statistical area is only thirty miles north . It is home to Wabash College , which was ranked by Forbes as # 12 in the United States for undergraduate studies in 2008 . The city was founded in 1823 on the bank of Sugar Creek , a southern tributary of the Wabash River and named for U.S. Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford .'}]}, {'value': 'Education & Libraries , Buildings & Architecture , Women', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Historical markers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Indiana_state_historical_markers_in_Montgomery_County_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Montgomery County. This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Montgomery County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 8 historical markers located in Montgomery County.'}
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What is the Year placed for the Marker title at the location with a distance of 804 miles ?
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2002
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01fb26ebaf725369
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Davenport', 'title': 'Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport', 'header': ['Name', 'Year', 'Location', 'Style', 'Architect', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Church of All Saints , Keokuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_All_Saints_(Keokuk,_Iowa)', 'summary': "The Church of All Saints is a parish of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Davenport . The church is located in Keokuk , Iowa , United States . The church building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Peter Church , the name of the congregation that built it . The parish of All Saints was established in 1982 as the result of the consolidation of the parishes of St. Peter 's ( 1856 ) , St. Mary 's ( 1867 ) , and St. Francis de Sales ( 1870 ) . All three contributed furniture and fixtures to the newly constituted All Saints . The parish church is the former St. Peter 's ; St. Francis de Sales was subsequently demolished ."}]}, {'value': '1879-1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '301 S. 9th Street Keokuk 40°23′50″N 91°23′25″W / 40.39722°N 91.39028°W / 40.39722 ; -91.39028 ( Church of All Saints ( Keokuk , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keokuk,_Iowa', 'summary': "Keokuk /ˈkiːəkʌk/ is a city in and a county seat of Lee County , Iowa , United States , along with Fort Madison . It is Iowa 's southernmost city . The population was 10,780 at the 2010 census . The city is named after the Sauk chief Keokuk , who is thought to be buried in Rand Park . It is in the extreme southeast corner of Iowa , where the Des Moines River meets the Mississippi . It is at the junction of U.S . Routes 61 , 136 and 218 . Just across the rivers are the towns of Hamilton and Warsaw , Illinois , and Alexandria , Missouri . Keokuk , along with the city of Fort Madison , is a principal city of the Fort Madison-Keokuk micropolitan area , which includes all of Lee County , Iowa , Hancock County , Illinois and Clark County , Missouri ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'William John Dillenburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Built as St. Peters Church and became the Church of All Saints when the three Keokuk parishes consoloidated into one parish in 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambrose Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambrose_Hall_(Davenport,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'Ambrose Hall , located in Davenport , Iowa , United States , is the first building constructed on the campus of St. Ambrose University . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '518 W. Locust Street Davenport 41°32′20″N 90°34′51″W / 41.53889°N 90.58083°W / 41.53889 ; -90.58083 ( Ambrose Hall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Second Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Empire_(architecture)', 'summary': "The Napoleon III style , also known as the Second Empire style , was a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts , which used elements of many different historical styles , and also made innovative use of modern materials , such as iron frameworks and glass skylights . It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France ( 1852-1871 ) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States . Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier ( 1862-1871 ) in Paris by Charles Garnier , the Bibliothèque nationale de France , and the Church of Saint Augustine ( 1860-1871 ) . The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann 's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire ; the new buildings , such as the opera , were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards ."}]}, {'value': 'Victor Huot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Administrative building at Saint Ambrose University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Democrat Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democrat_Building', 'summary': 'Democrat Building is a historic building located in downtown Davenport , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The historic newspaper building is now an apartment building known as The Democrat Lofts .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '407-411 Brady Street Davenport 41°31′26″N 90°34′26″W / 41.52389°N 90.57389°W / 41.52389 ; -90.57389 ( Democrat Building )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th and Early 20th Century American Movements', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudolph J.Clausen', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Owned by The Catholic Messenger in the mid 20th century and housed the paper 's headquarters , newsroom and printing operations", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Kahl House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Kahl_House', 'summary': 'The Henry Kahl House is a historic building located on a bluff overlooking the West End of Davenport , Iowa , United States . What was a private residence was converted into a nursing home in 1955 , and a senior apartment facility in 2016 . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1101 W. 9th Street Davenport 41°31′41″N 90°35′18″W / 41.52806°N 90.58833°W / 41.52806 ; -90.58833 ( Henry Kahl House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Mission Revival Spanish Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_Revival_Style_architecture', 'summary': "The Mission Revival Style was an architectural movement that began in the late 19th century for a colonial style 's revivalism and reinterpretation , which drew inspiration from the late 18th and early 19th century Spanish missions in California . It is sometimes termed California Mission Revival , particularly when used elsewhere , such as in New Mexico where historically there were other Spanish missions that were not the same architecturally . The Mission Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1890 and 1915 , in numerous residential , commercial , and institutional structures - particularly schools and railroad depots - which used this easily recognizable architectural style ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Spanish Colonial Revival Style ( Spanish : Arquitectura neocolonial española ) is an architectural stylistic movement arising in the early 20th century based on the Spanish Colonial architecture of the Spanish colonization of the Americas . The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego , highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue , is credited with giving the style national exposure . Embraced principally in California and Florida , the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Ebeling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of what was the Kahl Home for the Aged and Infirm , operated by the Carmelite Sisters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_for_the_Aged_and_Infirm', 'summary': 'The Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm are a religious institute begun in 1929 by Mother Angeline Teresa ( Bridget Teresa McCrory ) . The order is there to discern the differing needs of the aged , and to satisfy those needs to the best of their ability . At the Jubilee of Mother Angeline Teresa in 1964 , she said that in the 1920s , while working among the aged in Brooklyn and Pittsburgh , she came to dislike the institutional flavor of existing homes , and sought to provide greater freedom for the residents .'}]}, {'value': 'Antoine LeClaire House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire_House', 'summary': "The Antoine LeClaire House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport , Iowa , United States . It is a community center that was built as a private home by one of the founders of the city of Davenport . It also housed two of Davenport 's Catholic bishops . The home was constructed in 1855 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 , and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': '1855', 'urls': []}, {'value': '630 E. 7th Street Davenport 41°31′37″N 90°33′54″W / 41.52694°N 90.56500°W / 41.52694 ; -90.56500 ( Antoine LeClaire House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Italianate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antoine LeClaire was instrumental in establishing St. Anthonys and the Cathedral parishes in Davenport . The house became the residence of Bishops McMullen and Cosgrove ( 1881-1906 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F.H . Miller House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.H._Miller_House', 'summary': "The F. H. Miller House is a historic building located in the central part of Davenport , Iowa , United States . The house served as the official residence for two of Davenport 's Catholic bishops and as a bed and breakfast . The building now houses the Office of Advancement and Alumni Relations for St. Ambrose University , and is called Alumni House . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983 ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1527 Brady Street Davenport 41°32′9″N 90°34′26″W / 41.53583°N 90.57389°W / 41.53583 ; -90.57389 ( F.H . Miller House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Italianate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': 'W.L . Carroll', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence of Bishops Davis and Rohlman and the Novitiate for the Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi of Clinton . The building is currently owned by Saint Ambrose University', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regina Coeli Monastery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regina_Coeli_Monastery', 'summary': 'Regina Coeli Monastery is an historic building located in Bettendorf , Iowa , United States . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1994 . The building currently houses an addictions rehabilitation facility called The Abbey Center . The Discalced Carmelite nuns who built the building relocated to a new monastery in Eldridge , Iowa in 1975 . The monastery was originally established in Davenport , Iowa by the Rt . Rev . James Davis of the Catholic Diocese of Davenport .'}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1401 Central Avenue Bettendorf 41°31′51″N 90°30′45″W / 41.53083°N 90.51250°W / 41.53083 ; -90.51250 ( Regina Coeli Monastery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Bettendorf is a city in Scott County , Iowa , United States . It is the 15th largest city of Iowa and the fourth largest city in the Quad Cities . It is part of the Davenport-Moline-Rock Island , IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 33,217 at the 2010 U.S. Census and was estimated to be 36,543 by July 2018 . Bettendorf is one of the Quad Cities , along with neighboring Davenport and the Illinois cities of Moline , East Moline and Rock Island . The Quad Cities have a population estimate of 382,630 . In 2011 , Bettendorf was named U.S. 95th Best Town by CNNMoney .'}]}, {'value': 'Mission Revival Spanish Revival Romanesque Revival Late Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_Revival_Style_architecture', 'summary': "The Mission Revival Style was an architectural movement that began in the late 19th century for a colonial style 's revivalism and reinterpretation , which drew inspiration from the late 18th and early 19th century Spanish missions in California . It is sometimes termed California Mission Revival , particularly when used elsewhere , such as in New Mexico where historically there were other Spanish missions that were not the same architecturally . The Mission Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1890 and 1915 , in numerous residential , commercial , and institutional structures - particularly schools and railroad depots - which used this easily recognizable architectural style ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Spanish Colonial Revival Style ( Spanish : Arquitectura neocolonial española ) is an architectural stylistic movement arising in the early 20th century based on the Spanish Colonial architecture of the Spanish colonization of the Americas . The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego , highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue , is credited with giving the style national exposure . Embraced principally in California and Florida , the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Ebeling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The building housed the Carmelite Nuns from 1916-1975 , and was later a residence for a community of Franciscan Brothers . It became a four star hotel and is now a drug and alcohol rehab facility called The Abbey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marycrest College Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marycrest_College_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Marycrest College Historic District is located on a bluff overlooking the West End of Davenport , Iowa , United States . The district encompasses the campus of Marycrest College , which was a small , private collegiate institution . The school became Teikyo Marycrest University and finally Marycrest International University after affiliating with a private educational consortium during the 1990s . The school closed in 2002 because of financial shortcomings . The campus has been listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties and on the National Register of Historic Places since 2004 . At the time of its nomination , the historic district consisted of 13 resources , including six contributing buildings and five non-contributing buildings . Two of the buildings were already individually listed on the National Register .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portions of the 1500 and 1600 blocks of W. 12th Street , Davenport 41°31′48″N 90°35′52″W / 41.53000°N 90.59778°W / 41.53000 ; -90.59778 ( Marycrest College Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Queen Anne , others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}]}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The campus of the former Marycrest College . Included is the former Petersen Mansion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_(Davenport,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'Sacred Heart Cathedral , located in Davenport , Iowa , United States , is a Catholic cathedral and a parish church in the Diocese of Davenport . The cathedral is located on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River to the east of Downtown Davenport . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Cathedral Complex . This designation includes the church building , rectory , and the former convent , which was torn down in 2012 . The cathedral is adjacent to the Cork Hill Historic District , also on the National Register . Its location on Cork Hill , a section of the city settled by Irish immigrants , gives the cathedral its nickname Cork Hill Cathedral .'}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': '406 and 422 E. 10th Street and 419 E. 11th Street , Davenport 41°31′49″N 90°34′8″W / 41.53028°N 90.56889°W / 41.53028 ; -90.56889 ( Sacred Heart Cathedral ( Davenport , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals , Gothic Revival , Tudor Gothic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'James J. Egan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_J._Egan', 'summary': 'James J. Egan , FAIA , ( 1839 , Cork , Ireland - December 2 , 1914 , Chicago , Illinois ) was an Irish-American architect and fellow of the American Institute of Architects practicing in Chicago , Illinois . He was a partner of the Chicago architectural firms Armstrong & Egan , Egan & Kirkland and Egan & Prindeville , which gained prominence designing Roman Catholic structures .'}]}, {'value': 'The designation includes the cathedral church , rectory and the former convent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Anthonys Church , Davenport', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Anthony's_Catholic_Church_(Davenport,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Anthony 's Catholic Church is a parish church in the Diocese of Davenport . The parish complex is located in downtown Davenport , Iowa , United States , at the corner of Fourth and Main Streets . It is the first church congregation organized in the city of Davenport and the second Catholic congregation , after St. Raphael 's Cathedral in Dubuque , in the state of Iowa . The parish buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Anthony 's Roman Catholic Church Complex . The designation includes the church and the former school building , which is the parish 's original church building and the oldest standing church building in Iowa . The designation also included the rectory , which was torn down in 2009 . The complex was also listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1992 as St. Anthony 's Church Square . The property has been known historically as Church Square ."}]}, {'value': 'Original church : 1838 Present church : 1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': '407 and 417 Main Street Davenport 41°31′26″N 90°34′31″W / 41.52389°N 90.57528°W / 41.52389 ; -90.57528 ( St. Anthonys Catholic Church ( Davenport , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_Revival', 'summary': 'The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries , predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States . It revived the style of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the Greek temple , with varying degrees of thoroughness and consistency . A product of Hellenism , it may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture , which had for long mainly drawn from Roman architecture . The term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy of Arts , London in 1842 . With a newfound access to Greece , or initially the books produced by the few who had actually been able to visit the sites , archaeologist-architects of the period studied the Doric and Ionic orders . In each country it touched , the style was looked on as the expression of local nationalism and civic virtue , and freedom from the lax detail and frivolity that was thought to characterize the architecture of France and Italy , two countries where the style never really took hold . This was especially the case in Britain , Germany and the United States , where the idiom was regarded as being free from ecclesiastical and aristocratic associations . The taste for all things Greek in furniture and interior design , sometimes called Neo-Grec , was at its peak by the beginning of the 19th century , when the designs of Thomas Hope had influenced a number of decorative styles known variously as Neoclassical , Empire , Russian Empire , and Regency architecture in Britain . Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries , lasting until the Civil War in America ( 1860s ) and even later in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First parish established in the Diocese of Davenport . Its original building is still in use on the church property and is the oldest church building in use in Iowa . The NRHP designation includes both the original and current church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Boniface Church , Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Boniface_Church_(Clinton,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'St. Boniface Church is a former parish church of the Diocese of Davenport . The church was founded in the town of Lyons , which is now the north side of Clinton , Iowa , United States . The church building is now a museum named The Catholic Historical Center at St. Boniface , with exhibits about the history of the Clinton area Catholic community , and an archive of local Catholic church artifacts and records . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2500 N. Pershing Blvd Clinton 41°52′27″N 90°10′50″W / 41.87417°N 90.18056°W / 41.87417 ; -90.18056 ( St. Boniface Church ( Clinton , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Clinton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 26,885 as of 2010 . Clinton , along with DeWitt , Iowa ( also located in Clinton County ) , was named in honor of the sixth governor of New York , DeWitt Clinton . Clinton is the principal city of the Clinton Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is coterminous with Clinton County . Clinton was incorporated on January 26 , 1857 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin Heer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former parish of the diocese . Merged with the other four Clinton parishes in 1990 to form Jesus Christ , Prince of Peace . The parish continued to use the building until 2007 . St. Boniface now houses The Catholic Historical Center at St. Boniface', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Irenaeus Church , Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Irenaeus_Catholic_Church_(Clinton,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'Saint Irenaeus Church is a former parish of the Diocese of Davenport . The church was founded in the town of Lyons , which now the north side of Clinton , Iowa , United States . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2811 N. 2nd Street Clinton 41°52′42″N 90°10′39″W / 41.87833°N 90.17750°W / 41.87833 ; -90.17750 ( St. Irenaeus Church ( Clinton , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Clinton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 26,885 as of 2010 . Clinton , along with DeWitt , Iowa ( also located in Clinton County ) , was named in honor of the sixth governor of New York , DeWitt Clinton . Clinton is the principal city of the Clinton Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is coterminous with Clinton County . Clinton was incorporated on January 26 , 1857 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'W.W. Sanborn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former parish of the diocese . Merged with the other four Clinton parishes in 1990 to form Jesus Christ , Prince of Peace . The parish continued to use the building until 2008 when they built a new church . St. Irenaeus is now vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of St. John the Baptist , Burlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Burlington,_Iowa)', 'summary': "The Church of St. John the Baptist is an historic church building located in Burlington , Iowa , United States . Together with St. Paul 's Church in Burlington and St Mary 's Church in West Burlington it forms Divine Mercy parish , which is a part of the Diocese of Davenport . The parish maintains the former parish church buildings as worship sites . St. John 's was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '712 Division Street Burlington 40°48′28″N 91°6′31″W / 40.80778°N 91.10861°W / 40.80778 ; -91.10861 ( Church of St. John the Baptist ( Burlington , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Burlington is a city and the county seat of Des Moines County , Iowa , United States . The population was 25,663 in the 2010 census , a decline from the 26,839 population in the 2000 census . Burlington is the center of a micropolitan area including West Burlington , Iowa , and Middletown , Iowa , and Gulfport , Illinois . Burlington is the home of Snake Alley , once labelled the crookedest alley in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'William John Dillenburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of Divine Mercy parish after all of the Burlington-area parishes consolidated in 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's Church , Bauer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_Catholic_Church_(Bauer,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Joseph 's Catholic Church is a former parish of the Diocese of Davenport . The church is located in Dallas township in rural Marion County , Iowa , United States . It was part of the now defunct village of Bauer . The closest communities are Melcher-Dallas and Lacona . The church building still stands and together with the adjacent cemetery comprises an historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1 mile east of the junction of County Road G76 and SE . 97th Street ( Marion County ) 41°12′12″N 93°18′29″W / 41.20333°N 93.30806°W / 41.20333 ; -93.30806 ( St. Joseph 's Roman Catholic Church and Cemetery Historic District )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_County,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa . As of the 2010 census , the population was 33,309 . The county seat is Knoxville . It is named for Francis Marion , a brigadier general from South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War .'}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival , Late Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of a historic district that also includes the cemetery . The parish was closed in the 1990s', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's Church , Davenport", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_Catholic_Church_(Davenport,_Iowa)", 'summary': 'St. Joseph Catholic Church is a former Catholic parish in the Diocese of Davenport . Its former parish church is located in the west end of Davenport , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The church and the rectory were listed together on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1999 . After serving as the location of a Reformed Baptist congregation and a private elementary school named Marquette Academy , the parish property now houses a fundamentalist Christian ministry named One Eighty .'}]}, {'value': '1883', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Marquette and 6th Street Davenport 41°31′33″N 90°35′24″W / 41.52583°N 90.59000°W / 41.52583 ; -90.59000 ( St. Joseph 's Catholic Church ( Davenport , Iowa ) )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Victor Hout', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former parish church of the diocese and now part of an Evangelical Christian outreach ministry', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's Church , Fort Madison", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_Church_Complex_(Fort_Madison,_Iowa)", 'summary': "The St. Joseph 's Church Complex is a collection of historic buildings located in Fort Madison , Iowa , United States . At one time the complex housed a Catholic parish in the Diocese of Davenport . St. Joseph and St. Mary of the Assumption parishes merged in the 1990s to form Saints Mary and Joseph Parish . In 2007 when that parish merged with Sacred Heart on the west side to form Holy Family Parish , St. Joseph 's Church was closed . The former church , chapel , rectory , convent , and school were included as contributing properties in the Park-to-Park Residential Historic District that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': "509 Avenue F Fort Madison 40°37′54.03″N 91°18′24.2″W / 40.6316750°N 91.306722°W / 40.6316750 ; -91.306722 ( St. Joseph 's Church Complex ( Fort Madison , Iowa ) )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Madison,_Iowa', 'summary': "Fort Madison is a city and a county seat of Lee County , Iowa , United States along with Keokuk . Of Iowa 's 99 counties , Lee County is the only one with two county seats . The population was 11,051 at the 2010 census . Located along the Mississippi River in the state 's southeast corner , it lies between small bluffs along one of the widest portions of the river ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former parish church of the diocese and now a wedding chapel . The former church , rectory , convent and school are contributing properties in an historic district', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Joseph Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph_Hospital_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The St. Joseph Hospital Historic District is a former Catholic hospital campus and nationally recognized historic district located in Ottumwa , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 . At the time of its nomination it contained three resources , which included two contributing buildings , and one contributing structure . Previously , the hospital building was included as a contributing property in the Vogel Place Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': '312 E. Alta Vista & 317 Vanness Aves . Ottumwa 41°02′13.83″N 92°23′56.84″W / 41.0371750°N 92.3991222°W / 41.0371750 ; -92.3991222 ( St. Joseph Hospital Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottumwa,_Iowa', 'summary': "Ottumwa ( /əˈtʌmwə/ ; ə-TUM-wə ) is a city in and the county seat of Wapello County , Iowa , United States . The population was 25,023 at the 2010 U.S. Census . Located in the state 's southeastern part , the city is split into northern and southern halves by the Des Moines River ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former hospital campus operated of the Sisters of Humility', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Marys Academy', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_Academy_(Davenport,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Mary 's Academy is a historic building located in a residential area of the West End of Davenport , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . The building was built as a school building for St. Mary 's Catholic Church , which is listed separately on the National Register ."}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1334 W. 8th Street Davenport 41°31′40″N 90°35′38″W / 41.52778°N 90.59389°W / 41.52778 ; -90.59389 ( St Marys Academy ( Davenport , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former school building for St. Marys parish . It became a residence for clergy who taught at St. Ambrose Academy and later Assumption High School . It is no longer owned by the diocese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Marys Church , Davenport', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_Catholic_Church_(Davenport,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Mary 's Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Davenport . The church is located in the west end of Davenport , Iowa , United States , at the corner of Fillmore and W. 6th Streets . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Church Complex . The designation includes the church building and rectory on the west side of Fillmore Street , and the former parochial school building and convent on the east side . A former school building operated by the parish two blocks north on West Eighth Street is also on the National Register and is listed as St. Mary 's Academy ."}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '516 , 519 , 522 , and 525 Fillmore Street Davenport 41°31′30″N 90°35′39″W / 41.52500°N 90.59417°W / 41.52500 ; -90.59417 ( St. Marys Catholic Church ( Davenport , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival , Colonial Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Revival', 'summary': "The Colonial Revival architectural style seeks to revive elements of American colonial architecture . The beginnings of the Colonial Revival style are often attributed to the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 , which reawakened Americans to the architectural traditions of their colonial past . Fairly small numbers of Colonial Revival homes were built c. 1880-1910 , a period when Queen Anne-style architecture was dominant in the United States . From 1910-1930 , the Colonial Revival movement was ascendant , with about 40% of U.S. homes built during this period in the Colonial Revival style . In the immediate post-war period ( c. 1950s-early 1960s ) , Colonial Revival homes continued to be constructed , but in simplified form . In the present-day , many New Traditional homes draw from Colonial Revival styles . While the dominant influences in Colonial Revival style are Georgian and Federal architecture , Colonial Revival homes also draw , to a lesser extent , from the Dutch Colonial style and post-medieval English styles . Colonial Revival homes are often eclectic in style , freely combining aspects from several of these prototypes . Although associated with the architectural movement , Colonial Revival also refers to historic preservation , landscape architecture and garden design , and decorative arts movements that emulate or draw inspiration from colonial forms . Cyril M. Harris 's American Architecture : An Illustrated Encyclopedia noted that Colonial Revival houses are usually the result of a rather free interpretation of their prototypes ; they tend to be larger , may differ significantly from the houses they seek to emulate , and often exaggerate architectural details ."}]}, {'value': 'Victor Hout , Clause & Burrows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The NRHP designation includes the church , rectory , convent , and school building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Mary of the Assumption Church , Fort Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Family_Catholic_Church_(Fort_Madison,_Iowa)', 'summary': "Holy Family Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Davenport . The parish is the result of a merger between Saints Mary and Joseph Parish and Sacred Heart Parish in the city of Fort Madison , Iowa , United States . It maintains both of the former parish church buildings as worship sites . The oldest parish in town , St. Joseph , and St. Mary of the Assumption had merged in the 1990s . St. Mary of the Assumption Church , which became Saints Mary and Joseph , is located at 11th Street and Avenue E. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . Sacred Heart Church is located at 23rd Street and Ave I . In 2014 St. Mary 's Church , rectory and convent were included as contributing properties in the Park-to-Park Residential Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1031 Avenue E Fort Madison 40°38′0″N 91°19′0″W / 40.63333°N 91.31667°W / 40.63333 ; -91.31667 ( St. Mary of the Assumption Catholic Church ( Fort Madison , Iowa ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Madison,_Iowa', 'summary': "Fort Madison is a city and a county seat of Lee County , Iowa , United States along with Keokuk . Of Iowa 's 99 counties , Lee County is the only one with two county seats . The population was 11,051 at the 2010 census . Located along the Mississippi River in the state 's southeast corner , it lies between small bluffs along one of the widest portions of the river ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Walch & Schmidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The church building is now part of Holy Family parish , which is a merger between St. Joseph 's , St. Mary 's and Sacred Heart Churches in Fort Madison", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Historic Structures', 'section_text': 'The following structures are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Some of the structures are no longer part of the diocese but are listed here because of their historical significance to the church .', 'uid': 'Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Davenport_0', 'intro': "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport (Latin: Dioecesis Davenportensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church for the southeastern quarter of the U.S. state of Iowa. There are 11,438 square miles (29,620 km2) within the diocese. The diocese's eastern border is at the Mississippi River; the northern border comprises the counties of Jasper, Poweshiek, Iowa, Johnson, Cedar, and Clinton; the western border is made up of the counties of Jasper, Marion, Monroe, and Appanoose; and the southern border is the Iowa-Missouri border. The current bishop of the diocese is Bishop Thomas Zinkula. It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The See city for the diocese is Davenport. Sacred Heart Cathedral is the cathedral church."}
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What was the 1925 structure formerly included in ?
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The Vogel Place Historic District
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01fb94fac71c1ad6
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University_(disambiguation)', 'title': 'Wesleyan University (disambiguation)', 'header': ['Institution', 'Founded', 'Location', 'Affiliation & notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Allegheny Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Allegheny Wesleyan College ( AWC ) is a private four-year liberal arts college in Salem , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salem , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salem,_Ohio', 'summary': "Salem is a city almost entirely in northern Columbiana County , Ohio , United States , with a small district in southern Mahoning County . At the 2010 census , the city 's population was 12,303 . Salem is the principal city of the Salem , OH Micropolitan Statistical Area , although the small portion of the city that extends into Mahoning County is considered part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman , OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Salem is 25 miles ( 40 km ) southwest of Youngstown and 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Canton . Founded by the Quaker society in 1806 , Salem was notably active in the abolitionist movement of the early- to mid-19th century as a hub for the American Underground Railroad . Through the 20th century , Salem served as one of many industrial towns in the Mahoning Valley . Today , the city enjoys being an exurb of Youngstown and is the commercial hub of northwestern Columbiana County , home to Allegheny Wesleyan College and Kent State University at Salem ."}]}, {'value': 'Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Central Wesleyan College was a private college sponsored by the Methodist Church in Warrenton , Missouri from 1864 to 1941 .'}]}, {'value': '1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warrenton , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrenton,_Missouri', 'summary': "Warrenton is a city in Warren County , Missouri , United States . The population was 7,880 according to the 2010 Census . It is the county seat of Warren County . Warrenton is located in the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area . Warrenton 's slogan is A City for All Seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Methodist Church . Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dakota Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dakota_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Dakota Wesleyan University ( DWU ) is a four-year university in Mitchell , South Dakota . It was founded in 1885 and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . The student body averages slightly fewer than 800 students . The campus of the university is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitchell , South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitchell,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Mitchell is a city in and the county seat of Davison County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 15,254 at the 2010 census . Mitchell is the principal city of the Mitchell Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Davison and Hanson counties .'}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evangelical Wesleyan Bible Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Bible_Institute', 'summary': 'Evangelical Wesleyan Bible Institute ( EWBI ) , also informally known as the Evangelical Wesleyan Bible College , is a private four-year Methodist Bible college in Cooperstown , Pennsylvania . It is affiliated with the Evangelical Wesleyan Church ( EWC ) and was founded to preserve and propagate that revival of New Testament Christianity - historic Methodism .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cooperstown , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cooperstown,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Cooperstown is a borough in Venango County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 460 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Evangelical Wesleyan Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genesee Wesleyan Seminary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genesee_Wesleyan_Seminary', 'summary': 'The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was the name of two institutions located on the same site in Lima , New York . The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary ( I ) was founded in 1831 by the Genesee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church . The plan for its establishment dates to 1829 when the Conference appointed a committee for this purpose . In 1849 , there was a substantive attempt to upgrade the institution to a truly college-level entity , and Genesee College was created to replace the seminary . By the end of the Civil War , the location at Lima was seen as too limiting , and plans by civic leaders in Syracuse for a new university in that city led to the removal of Genesee College to Syracuse in 1870 , where it became the basis of Syracuse University . The facilities at Lima remained open as the second Genesee Wesleyan Seminary ( II ) from 1870 through to 1941 . Although vacant through the war years , in 1947 , Genessee Junior College opened in the grounds in 1947 , again under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church , ( The Methodist Church ? ) . The junior college closed in 1951 . The Elim Bible Institute has operated on the grounds since that time . Two seminary / college buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '1831-1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lima , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Lima is a village in Livingston County , New York , United States . The population was 2,139 at the 2010 census . The Village of Lima is in the Town of Lima and is nineteen miles south of the city of Rochester , NY .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Not strictly college level', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Illinois Wesleyan University is an independent , exclusively undergraduate liberal arts college in Bloomington , Illinois . Founded in 1850 , the central portion of the present campus was acquired in 1854 with the first building erected in 1856 .'}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloomington , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Bloomington is a city in and the county seat of McLean County , Illinois , United States . It is adjacent to Normal , and is the more populous of the two principal municipalities of the Bloomington-Normal metropolitan area . The 2010 Census showed the city had a population of 76,610 , making it the 12th most populated city in Illinois , and the fifth-most populous city in the state outside the Chicago Metropolitan Area . Combined with Normal , the twin cities have a population of roughly 130,000 . Bloomington is home to the corporate headquarters of State Farm Insurance and Country Financial .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent . Liberal arts college', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Indiana Wesleyan University ( IWU ) is a private Christian university headquartered in Marion , Indiana . It is the largest private university in Indiana . The university system includes IWU - Marion , where nearly 3,000 students are enrolled in traditional programs on the main campus in Marion , Ind . ; IWU-National & Global , which includes more than 8,000 adult learners throughout the world who study online or onsite at 15 education centers in Indiana , Kentucky and Ohio ; and Wesley Seminary . IWU offers more than 80 undergraduate degrees , 57 graduate degrees and 9 doctorate degrees and students represent more than 80 Christian denominations and 10 foreign countries .'}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marion , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_Indiana', 'summary': "Marion is a city in Grant County , Indiana , United States . The population was 29,948 as of the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Grant County . It is named for Francis Marion , a Brigadier General from South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War . The city is the home of Indiana Wesleyan University , the largest evangelical Christian university in the Midwest and largest private university in Indiana - if including online and regional campuses in Indiana , Kentucky , Ohio , and Illinois . The traditional campus enrolls approximately 2800 students . Since 2016 , Jess Alumbaugh has been Marion 's mayor . Marion is the birthplace of actor James Dean , and cartoonist Jim Davis . It was the location of the wedding of actress Julia Roberts and singer Lyle Lovett in 1993 . In August 1930 , the spectacle lynching of two African-American men , Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith , was committed by a mob of 5,000 whites at the courthouse square . These were the last two lynchings in Indiana . James Cameron was threatened with hanging , but spared ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Wesleyan Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': "Iowa Wesleyan University is a private four-year liberal arts college in Mount Pleasant , Iowa . Founded in 1842 , it ranks as Iowa 's first co-educational institution of higher learning and the oldest of its type west of the Mississippi River . The university is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . Two campus buildings , Old Main and the Harlan-Lincoln House , are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The latter , the former summer home of Robert Todd Lincoln , is now a museum featuring various artifacts from the Harlan and Lincoln families ."}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Pleasant , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt._Pleasant,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Mount Pleasant is a city in and the county seat of Henry County , Iowa , in the United States . The population was 8,668 in the 2010 census , a decline from 8,751 in the 2000 census . It was founded in 1835 by pioneer Presley Saunders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa ( /ˈaɪəwə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west . It is bordered by six states : Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east and southeast , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north . In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital , most populous city , and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Kansas Wesleyan University is a private Christian college in Salina , Kansas . Founded in 1886 , it is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . About 800 students attend KWU , with approximately 700 of them studying on the 28-acre campus . The university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools .'}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salina , Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salina,_Kansas', 'summary': "Salina /səˈlaɪnə/ is a city in and the county seat of Saline County , Kansas , United States . As of the 2010 census [ update ] , the city population was 47,707 . Located in one of the world 's largest wheat-producing areas , Salina is a regional trade center for north-central Kansas . It is home to multiple colleges ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Kentucky Wesleyan College ( KWC ) is a private Methodist college in Owensboro , Kentucky . The college is known for its liberal arts programs . Fall 2016 enrollment was 785 students .'}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owensboro , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owensboro,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Owensboro is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Daviess County , Kentucky , United States . It is the fourth-largest city in the state by population . Owensboro is located on U.S. Route 60 and Interstate 165 about 107 miles ( 172 km ) southwest of Louisville , and is the principal city of the Owensboro metropolitan area . The 2015 population was 59,042 . [ failed verification ] The metropolitan population was estimated at 116,506 . The metropolitan area is the sixth largest in the state as of 2018 , and the seventh largest population center in the state when including micropolitan areas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagasaki Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagasaki_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Nagasaki Wesleyan University ( 長崎ウエスレヤン大学 , Nagasaki uesureyan daigaku ) is a private university in Isahaya , Nagasaki , Japan . The predecessor of the school was the Cobleigh Seminary School founded in 1881 at Higashi-yamate in Nagasaki , which was founded as a missionary project of the Methodist Church . In 1906 the institution was renamed Chinzei Gakuin , and the institution was chartered as a junior college in 1966 . In 2002 it became a four-year college . The vision that Methodist minister Dr. C.S . Long had when he began the Chinzei Academy in Nagasaki and how Methodist clergyman Dr. Chiba endeavored to rebuild the academy in Isahaya city after the academy , only 500 meters from the hypocenter , was destroyed in the bombing of Nagasaki speaks to the rich heritage of the university . The history of Nagasaki Wesleyan University and the Chinzei Academy embodies the human spirit and motivation needed for rebuilding the institute after World War II . The funding of the academy is celebrated each year in November in a festival known as the Two-Dollar Festival . This annual event commemorates the $ 2 pledge by Mollie V. Cobleigh , the widowed wife of Dr. Nelson E. Cobleigh who initiated funding for the institute . This donation of two dollars has been a commemoration honored by celebration as Nagasaki Wesleyan University calls its school festival the Two-Dollar Festival . In response to the spirit of Ms. Mollie V. Cobleighs two-dollar donation , Nagasaki Wesleyan University is active in promoting volunteer activities for young people to serve others in the community and around the world .'}]}, {'value': '1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isahaya , Nagasaki , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isahaya,_Nagasaki', 'summary': 'Isahaya ( 諫早市 , Isahaya-shi ) is a city located in Nagasaki Prefecture , Japan . The city was founded on September 1 , 1940 . As of July 1 , 2018 , the city has an estimated population of 135,546 and a population density of 397 persons per km² . The total area is 341.79 km2 ( 131.97 sq mi ) . On March 1 , 2005 , the towns of Tarami , Moriyama , Iimori , Takaki and Konagai ( all from Kitatakaki District ) were merged to create the new and expanded city of Isahaya . The city was once part of Kitatakaki District , but due to this merger , the district has no more municipalities left and the district was officially dissolved as a result of this merger .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Nebraska Wesleyan University ( NWU ) is a private Methodist university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It was founded in 1887 by Nebraska Methodists . As of 2017 , it has approximately 2,100 students including 1,500 full-time students and 300 faculty and staff . The school teaches in the tradition of a liberal arts college education . The university has 119 undergraduate majors , minors , and pre-professional programs in addition to three graduate programs .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska', 'summary': "Lincoln is the capital of the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Lancaster County . The city covers 96.194 square miles ( 249.141 km2 ) with a population of 287,401 in 2018 . It is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 70th-largest in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state called the Lincoln Metropolitan and Lincoln-Beatrice Combined Statistical Areas . The statistical area is home to 356,083 people , making it the 105th-largest combined statistical area in the United States . The city was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt marshes of what was to become Lancaster County . In 1869 , the village of Lancaster became Nebraska 's state capital and was renamed Lincoln . The Bertram G. Goodhue-designed state capitol building was completed in 1932 and is the second tallest capitol in the United States . As the city is the seat of government for the state of Nebraska , the state and the United States government are major employers . The University of Nebraska was founded in Lincoln in 1869 . The university is the largest in Nebraska with 26,079 students enrolled and is the city 's third-largest employer . Other primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries , including a growing high-tech sector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nebraska', 'summary': "Nebraska /nəˈbræskə/ ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 square miles ( 200,000 km2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples , including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes , lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails , including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consist of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains region , occupying most of western Nebraska , is characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle-grazing ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'North Carolina Wesleyan College ( NCWC ) is a private Methodist liberal arts college in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . Founded in 1956 , the school offers a number of degree programs in the arts and sciences and selected professional disciplines . North Carolina Wesleyan also offers evening courses at its main Rocky Mount campus , as well as satellite locations in Morrisville , Goldsboro , Greenville , North Carolina , Whiteville , North Carolina , Washington , North Carolina , and Wilmington , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocky Mount , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Rocky Mount is a city in Edgecombe and Nash counties in the Atlantic coastal plain region of the U.S. state of North Carolina . Incorporated on February 19 , 1867 , the community at the falls of the Tar River that became the city of Rocky Mount dates from the middle of the 18th century . The city 's population is estimated to be 54,242 as of 2018 , making it the 17th-most populous city in North Carolina . Rocky Mount is the principal city of the Rocky Mount metropolitan area , which includes Edgecombe and Nash counties , often called the Twin Counties , and had an estimated population of 146,021 in 2018 . Rocky Mount is also an anchor city of the Rocky Mount-Wilson-Roanoke Rapids Combined Statistical Area in northeast North Carolina with a total population of 297,726 as of 2018 . While historically strong in rail transportation , textiles and agriculture , the economy of Rocky Mount has diversified into biomedical pharmaceuticals and manufacturing in recent decades . Being at the juncture of a number of important highways and railway , distribution and logistics also play a key role in local business . The city also has a strong service sector as the home to a number of financial and customer support centers . Rocky Mount 's location less than an hour away from Raleigh and the Research Triangle has attracted new companies looking to balance a skilled labor force with significantly lower costs of living and doing business . Forbes ranked the city as number six for cost of doing business on its list of Best Small Places For Business And Careers in 2018 . Rocky Mount has also twice received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League in 1969 and 1999 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Ohio Wesleyan University ( OWU ) is a private liberal arts university in Delaware , Ohio . It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution , and is a member of the Ohio Five - a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles . The 200-acre ( 81 ha ) site is 27 miles ( 44 km ) north of Columbus , Ohio . It includes the main academic and residential campus , the Perkins Observatory , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve . In 2010 , Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ranked Ohio Wesleyan the 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U.S. liberal arts colleges in its 2018 edition .'}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Delaware is a city in and the county seat of Delaware County , Ohio , United States . Delaware was founded in 1808 and was incorporated in 1816 . It is located near the center of Ohio , is about 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Columbus , and is part of the Columbus , Ohio Metropolitan Area . The population was 34,753 at the 2010 census , while the Columbus-Marion-Chillicothe , OH Combined Statistical Area has 2,002,604 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Oklahoma Wesleyan University ( OKWU ) is a private Wesleyan university in Bartlesville , Oklahoma . In 2018 , the school had 1006 undergraduate students , with approximately 600 of those on its main campus in Bartlesville .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bartlesville , Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bartlesville,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Bartlesville is a city mostly in Washington County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The population was 35,750 at the 2010 census , with a 2018 estimate of 36,423 according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Bartlesville is 47 miles ( 76 km ) north of Tulsa and 18 miles ( 29 km ) south of the Kansas border . It is the county seat of Washington County . The Caney River runs through Bartlesville . Bartlesville is the primary city of the Bartlesville Micropolitan area , which consists of Washington County and had a population of 51,843 in 2018 . A small portion of the city is in Osage County . The city is also part of the Tulsa Combined Statistical Area , with a population of 1,151,172 in 2015 . Bartlesville is notable as the longtime home of Phillips Petroleum Company . Frank Phillips founded Phillips Petroleum in Bartlesville in 1905 when the area was still an Indian Territory . The company merged with Conoco as ConocoPhillips and later split into the two independent companies , Phillips 66 and ConocoPhillips . Both companies have retained some operations in Bartlesville , but they have moved their corporate headquarters to Houston .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'The Wesleyan Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberts Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberts_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Roberts Wesleyan College is a private Christian liberal arts college in Rochester , New York . It was the first educational institution established for Free Methodists in North America . Roberts is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools , is a member of the Association of Colleges and Universities of the State of New York , the Rochester Area Colleges , the Association of Free Methodist Educational Institutions , the Council of Independent Colleges ( CIC ) , and the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities ( CCCU ) . Northeastern Seminary ( NES ) is a graduate school of theology located on the campus of Roberts Wesleyan College . Northeastern has been fully accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada since 2003 . It is also accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the New York State Board of Regents University of the State of New York .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Chili , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Chili,_New_York', 'summary': 'North Chili is a hamlet in Monroe County , New York , United States . The community is located at the intersection of New York State Route 33 and New York State Route 259 10.3 miles ( 16.6 km ) west-southwest of downtown Rochester . North Chili has a post office with ZIP code 14514 , which opened on July 10 , 1829 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Free Methodists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': "Southern Wesleyan University is a private Christian university in Central , South Carolina . It was founded in 1906 by what is now the Wesleyan Church . The institution is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees . The university offers approximately 35 major areas of study for undergraduates and also offers graduate and doctoral degrees in the areas of business and education . The university serves approximately 1,600 students . There are more than 800 undergraduates enrolled at the main campus in Central , South Carolina . In addition , undergraduate , graduate , and doctoral programs are offered in a fully online format . The school has 18 intercollegiate athletic teams that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II as well as the National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) . Since 2007 , the university 's athletic teams have won 17 National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) national championship titles including titles in men 's baseball , women 's basketball , men 's soccer , individual men 's golf , women 's indoor track and field events , women 's outdoor track and field events , and men 's outdoor track and field events ."}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Central is a town in Pickens County , South Carolina , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 5,159 , roughly 3,000 of which were considered permanent residents . Contrary to its name , it is not near the center of South Carolina . It received its name from its geographic location , being the halfway or central point between Atlanta and Charlotte along the former Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway line . The primary campus of Southern Wesleyan University is located east of the downtown area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina', 'summary': 'South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .'}]}, {'value': 'The Wesleyan Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee Wesleyan College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Wesleyan_College', 'summary': 'Tennessee Wesleyan University ( TWU ) is a private Methodist university in Athens , Tennessee . It was founded in 1857 and is affiliated with the Holston Conference of the United Methodist Church . It maintains a branch campus in Knoxville , where it offers evening programs in business administration . It also conducts its nursing classes in Knoxville . Tennessee Wesleyan offers ten varsity sports . The Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs compete in the Appalachian Athletic Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics .'}]}, {'value': '1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Athens is a city in McMinn County , Tennessee , United States . It is the county seat of McMinn County and the principal city of the Athens Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Chattanooga-Cleveland-Athens Combined Statistical Area . The city is located almost equidistantly between the major cities of Knoxville and Chattanooga . The population was 13,220 at the 2000 census and 13,458 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Texas Wesleyan University is a private Methodist university in Fort Worth , Texas . It was founded 1890 and its mascot is the ram .'}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Worth , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas', 'summary': "Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States . It is the county seat of Tarrant County , covering nearly 350 square miles ( 910 km2 ) into three other counties : Denton , Parker , and Wise . According to the 2018 census estimates , Fort Worth 's population was 898,919 . Fort Worth is the second-largest city in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , which is the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the United States . The city of Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River . Fort Worth has historically been a center of the longhorn cattle trade . It still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design . USS Fort Worth ( LCS-3 ) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city . Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition and several world-class museums designed by internationally known contemporary architects . The Kimbell Art Museum , considered to have one of the best art collections in Texas , is housed in what is widely regarded as one of the outstanding architectural achievements of the modern era . The museum was designed by the American architect Louis Kahn , with an addition designed by world-renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano opening November 2013 . Also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , designed by Tadao Ando ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Virginia Wesleyan University ( VWU ) is a private university in Virginia Beach , Virginia . The university is nonsectarian but historically affiliated with The United Methodist Church . It enrolls approximately 1,600 students annually in undergraduate , graduate , and online programs . Virginia Wesleyan transitioned from a college to a university in 2017 . The Virginia Wesleyan University campus is also home to the Chesapeake Bay Academy , an educational institution founded in 1989 that educates and guides students with learning disabilities , including attention disorders ( ADHD ) , dyslexia , and dysgraphia , and the Tidewater Collegiate Academy , an innovative laboratory for teaching and learning that extends from the primary grades through high school . Through academic collaboration with local arts and sciences partners , on-site learning experiences are also provided at the Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center in Virginia Beach ( the university and aquarium jointly own and operate The Ocean Explorer , a marine science research vessel ) ; The Chrysler Museum of Art in Norfolk ; Busch Gardens Williamsburg ; and the Norfolk Botanical Garden .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Beach , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 437,994 ; in 2018 , it was estimated to be 450,138 . Although mostly suburban in character , it is the most populous city in Virginia and the 44th most populous city in the nation . Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , Virginia Beach is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area . This area , known as America 's First Region , also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Norfolk , Portsmouth , and Suffolk , as well as other smaller cities , counties , and towns of Hampton Roads . Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels , motels , and restaurants along its oceanfront . Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship , a beach soccer tournament . It is also home to several state parks , several long-protected beach areas , three military bases , a number of large corporations , Virginia Wesleyan University and Regent University , International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson 's Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) , Edgar Cayce 's Association for Research and Enlightenment , and numerous historic sites . Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet , Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists , who eventually settled in Jamestown , on April 26 , 1607 . The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world . It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel , the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'United Methodist Church', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wesleyan University and Wesleyan College are the names of educational institutions derived from the adjective Wesleyan . Colleges and universities named Wesleyan include : Colleges and universities with Wesleyan in their name include :', 'uid': 'Wesleyan_University_(disambiguation)_0', 'intro': 'Wesleyan University and Wesleyan College are the names of educational institutions derived from the adjective Wesleyan. Colleges and universities named Wesleyan include:'}
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Which county contains the city which contains Illinois Wesleyan University ?
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McLean
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01fbd3b734d8447a
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'Latin American migration to the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Country of birth', 'Population ( 2011 census )', 'Corresponding article'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '52,148', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazilians in the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazilians_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Brazilians in the United Kingdom ( Portuguese : Brasileiros no Reino Unido ) including Brazilian-born immigrants to the UK and their British-born descendants form the single largest Latin American group in the country . The community has seen a rapid growth in size over recent years , with the number of people born in Brazil resident in the UK increasing by almost 700% between 1991 and 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '25,761', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombians in the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombians_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Colombians in the United Kingdom ( Spanish : Colombianos en el Reino Unido ) include British citizens or residents who are of Colombian ancestry . According to the 2011 UK Census , the Colombian-born population of England was 25,016 , Wales 166 , Scotland 507 and Northern Ireland 72 .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '10,550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '9,771', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexicans in the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexicans_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Mexicans in the United Kingdom or Mexican Britons include Mexican-born immigrants to the United Kingdom and their British-born descendants . Although a large percentage of Mexican-born people in the UK are international students , many are also permanently settled and work in the UK as the community expands into its second generation .'}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': '9,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecuador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecuador', 'summary': "Ecuador ( /ˈɛkwədɔːr/ ( listen ) EK-wə-dor ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ekwaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Ikwayur ; Shuar : Ecuador or Ekuatur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( Spanish : República del Ecuador , which literally translates as Republic of the Equator ; Quechua : Ikwadur Ripuwlika ; Shuar : Ekuatur Nunka ) , is a country in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland . The capital city is Quito , which is also its largest city . The territories of modern-day Ecuador were once home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 17.1 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The sovereign state of Ecuador is a middle-income representative democratic republic with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . It is governed as a democratic presidential republic . One of 18 megadiverse countries in the world , Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . In recognition of its unique ecological heritage , the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . It also has the fifth lowest homicide rate in the Americas ."}]}, {'value': '8,767', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecuadorians_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom ( Spanish : Ecuatorianos en el Reino Unido ) include people of Ecuadorian ancestry living in the United Kingdom , who have been born or raised in the UK . They can be either British citizens or non-citizen immigrants .'}]}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '7,246', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peruvians in the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peruvians_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Peruvians in the United Kingdom ( Spanish : Peruanos en el Reino Unido ) are Peruvian immigrants to the United Kingdom , who form part of the larger Latin American community in the UK . In 2001 , the stock of Peruvian-born immigrants was the sixth largest amongst all Latin American immigrants to the UK .'}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '7,130', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chileans in the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chileans_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Chileans in the United Kingdom are people of Chilean origin living in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Bolivia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolivia', 'summary': "Bolivia ( /bəˈlɪviə/ ( listen ) Spanish pronunciation : [ bo.ˈli.βja ] ) , officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia ( Spanish : Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðo pluɾinasjoˈnal de βoˈliβja ] ( listen ) ) , is a landlocked country located in western-central South America . The capital is Sucre , while the seat of government and financial center is located in La Paz . The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra , located on the Llanos Orientales ( tropical lowlands ) , a mostly flat region in the east of the country . The sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state , divided into nine departments . Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West , to the Eastern Lowlands , situated within the Amazon Basin . It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil , to the southeast by Paraguay , to the south by Argentina , to the southwest by Chile , and to the northwest by Peru . One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range . With 1,098,581 km2 ( 424,164 sq mi ) of area , Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America , after Brazil , Argentina , Peru and Colombia ( and alongside Paraguay , one of the only two landlocked countries in the Americas ) , the 27th largest in the world , the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere and the world 's seventh largest landlocked country , after Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Chad , Niger , Mali and Ethiopia . The country 's population , estimated at 11 million , is multiethnic , including Amerindians , Mestizos , Europeans , Asians and Africans . Spanish is the official and predominant language , although 36 indigenous languages also have official status , of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani , Aymara and Quechua languages . Before Spanish colonization , the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire , while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent tribes . Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century ."}]}, {'value': '3,765', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolivians in the United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolivians_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Bolivians in the United Kingdom ( Spanish : Bolivianos en el Reino Unido ) form a fairly small group , with 3,765 Bolivian-born people living in the UK according to the 2011 Census . However , recent estimates suggest that as many as 15,000-25,000 Bolivians now call the UK home .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '2,481', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '1,377', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uruguay', 'summary': 'Uruguay ( /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ uɾuˈɣwai ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( Spanish : República Oriental del Uruguay ; Portuguese : República Oriental do Uruguai ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.45 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers ( 68,000 sq mi ) , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , after Suriname . Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4,000 years before the Portuguese established Colónia do Sacramento in 1680 ; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans relatively late compared with neighboring countries . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain , and later Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics . A series of economic crises put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the early 20th century , culminating in a 1973 coup , which established a civic-military dictatorship . The military government persecuted leftists , socialists , and political opponents , resulting in several deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military ; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985 . Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , low perception of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity .'}]}, {'value': '1,364', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Demographics and population -- Official statistics on Latin American-born residents', 'section_text': 'Latin American-born people in the United Kingdom in 2001', 'uid': 'Latin_American_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom_0', 'intro': "Latin American migration to the United Kingdom dates back to the early 19th century. However, up until the 1970s, when political and civil unrest became rife in many Latin American countries, the United Kingdom's Latin American community was not particularly large. Economic migration to the United Kingdom has since increased. Brazilian and Colombian-born residents are the two largest groups standing at 95,000 and 36,000 respectively as of 2019. A number of refugees and asylum seekers moved to the UK during the late 20th century, however, since the turn of the millennium, Latin Americans have been migrating to the UK for a wide range of reasons and at present the community consists of people from all walks of life. The UK is also home to British-born people of Latin American ancestry, as well as some Hispanic and Latino Americans. In recent years, Britain has also become one of the favourite European destinations for some of the roughly 1.4 million Latin Americans who have acquired Spanish citizenship, seeking to escape their adopted country's prolonged economic crisis."}
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What Pacific islands belong to the Latin American country with fewer than 9,150 but more than 7,246 migrants to the UK in 2011 ?
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Galápagos Islands
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01fd104af302e88b
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hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland', 'title': 'Municipalities of Switzerland', 'header': ['Rank', 'City', 'Canton', 'Pop'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corippo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corippo', 'summary': 'Corippo is a municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland . With a population of just 12 inhabitants , July 2018 , it is the smallest municipality in Switzerland . Despite this , it possesses the trappings of communities many times its size : an official website ( www.corippo.ch ) , its own coat of arms , a village church , a restaurant , and a mayor who leads a town council consisting of three local citizens . The village has maintained its status as an independent entity since its incorporation in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ticino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino', 'summary': "The canton of Ticino ( /tɪˈtʃiːnoʊ/ ) , formally the Republic and Canton of Ticino , [ a ] is the southernmost canton of Switzerland . Ticino borders the canton of Uri to the north , the canton of Valais to the west ( through the Novena Pass ) , the canton of Graubünden to the northeast , Italy 's regions of Piedmont and Lombardy to the south and it surrounds the small Italian enclave of Campione d'Italia . Named after the river Ticino , it is the only canton where Italian is the sole official language and represents the bulk of the Italian-speaking area of Switzerland along with the southern parts of Graubünden . The land now occupied by the canton was annexed from Italian cities in the 15th century by various Swiss forces in the last transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy . In the Helvetic Republic , established 1798 , it was divided between the two new cantons of Bellinzona and Lugano . The creation of the Swiss Confederation in 1803 saw these two cantons combine to form the modern canton of Ticino ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martisberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martisberg', 'summary': 'Martisberg is a former municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland . On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Martisberg and Betten merged into the new municipality of Bettmeralp .'}]}, {'value': 'Valais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Valais', 'summary': 'The canton of Valais ( UK : /ˈvæleɪ/ VAL-ay , US : /væˈleɪ/ val-AY , French : [ valɛ ] ( listen ) ; German : ( Kanton ) Wallis [ ˈvalɪs ] ( listen ) ; Italian : ( Canton ) Vallese [ valˈleːze , -eːse ] ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland , situated in the southwestern part of the country , around the valley of the Rhône from its headwaters to Lake Geneva , separating the Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps . The canton is simultaneously one of the driest regions of Switzerland in its central Rhône valley and among the wettest , having large amounts of snow and rain up on the highest peaks found in Switzerland . The canton of Valais is widely known for the Matterhorn and resort towns such as Crans-Montana , Saas Fee , Verbier and Zermatt . It is composed of 13 districts ( hence the 13 stars on the flag ) and its capital is Sion .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mulegns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mulegns', 'summary': 'Mulegns is a village and a former municipality in the Sursés in the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland . On 1 January 2016 the former municipalities of Bivio , Cunter , Marmorera , Mulegns , Riom-Parsonz , Salouf , Savognin , Sur and Tinizong-Rona merged to form the new municipality of Surses .'}]}, {'value': 'Graubünden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Graubünden', 'summary': "The canton of ( the ) Grisons , or canton of Graubünden , [ a ] is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland . It has international borders with Italy , Austria , and Liechtenstein . Its German name , Graubünden , translates as the Grey Leagues , referring to the canton 's origin in three local alliances , the League of God 's House , the Grey League , and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions . Grisons is the only officially trilingual canton and the only one where the Romansh language has official status . Swiss German , Italian , and Romansh are all native to the canton ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Martin,_Graubünden', 'summary': 'St. Martin ( German : Sankt Martin , Romansh : Sogn Martin ) is a municipality in the district of Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden . On 1 January 2015 the former municipality of St. Martin merged into the municipality of Vals .'}]}, {'value': 'Graubünden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Graubünden', 'summary': "The canton of ( the ) Grisons , or canton of Graubünden , [ a ] is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland . It has international borders with Italy , Austria , and Liechtenstein . Its German name , Graubünden , translates as the Grey Leagues , referring to the canton 's origin in three local alliances , the League of God 's House , the Grey League , and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions . Grisons is the only officially trilingual canton and the only one where the Romansh language has official status . Swiss German , Italian , and Romansh are all native to the canton ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bister,_Switzerland', 'summary': 'Bister is a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': 'Valais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Valais', 'summary': 'The canton of Valais ( UK : /ˈvæleɪ/ VAL-ay , US : /væˈleɪ/ val-AY , French : [ valɛ ] ( listen ) ; German : ( Kanton ) Wallis [ ˈvalɪs ] ( listen ) ; Italian : ( Canton ) Vallese [ valˈleːze , -eːse ] ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland , situated in the southwestern part of the country , around the valley of the Rhône from its headwaters to Lake Geneva , separating the Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps . The canton is simultaneously one of the driest regions of Switzerland in its central Rhône valley and among the wettest , having large amounts of snow and rain up on the highest peaks found in Switzerland . The canton of Valais is widely known for the Matterhorn and resort towns such as Crans-Montana , Saas Fee , Verbier and Zermatt . It is composed of 13 districts ( hence the 13 stars on the flag ) and its capital is Sion .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pigniu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pigniu', 'summary': 'Pigniu ( German : Panix ) is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland . Its official language is Romansh . On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Pigniu , Castrisch , Ilanz , Ladir , Luven , Pitasch , Riein , Ruschein , Schnaus , Sevgein , Duvin , Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion .'}]}, {'value': 'Graubünden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Graubünden', 'summary': "The canton of ( the ) Grisons , or canton of Graubünden , [ a ] is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland . It has international borders with Italy , Austria , and Liechtenstein . Its German name , Graubünden , translates as the Grey Leagues , referring to the canton 's origin in three local alliances , the League of God 's House , the Grey League , and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions . Grisons is the only officially trilingual canton and the only one where the Romansh language has official status . Swiss German , Italian , and Romansh are all native to the canton ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selma,_Switzerland', 'summary': 'Selma is a former municipality in Moesa District in the Swiss canton of Graubünden . On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Arvigo , Braggio , Cauco and Selma merged to form the new municipality of Calanca . The local language is Italian . With a population at the end of 2008 of only 36 , it was one of the smallest communities in Switzerland . The village had however declared its intention to remain an independent entity .'}]}, {'value': 'Graubünden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Graubünden', 'summary': "The canton of ( the ) Grisons , or canton of Graubünden , [ a ] is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland . It has international borders with Italy , Austria , and Liechtenstein . Its German name , Graubünden , translates as the Grey Leagues , referring to the canton 's origin in three local alliances , the League of God 's House , the Grey League , and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions . Grisons is the only officially trilingual canton and the only one where the Romansh language has official status . Swiss German , Italian , and Romansh are all native to the canton ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gresso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gresso', 'summary': 'Gresso is a former municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland . The municipality was formed in 1882 by splitting from Vergeletto . On 10 April 2016 the former municipalities of Vergeletto , Gresso , Mosogno and Isorno merged into the municipality of Onsernone .'}]}, {'value': 'Ticino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino', 'summary': "The canton of Ticino ( /tɪˈtʃiːnoʊ/ ) , formally the Republic and Canton of Ticino , [ a ] is the southernmost canton of Switzerland . Ticino borders the canton of Uri to the north , the canton of Valais to the west ( through the Novena Pass ) , the canton of Graubünden to the northeast , Italy 's regions of Piedmont and Lombardy to the south and it surrounds the small Italian enclave of Campione d'Italia . Named after the river Ticino , it is the only canton where Italian is the sole official language and represents the bulk of the Italian-speaking area of Switzerland along with the southern parts of Graubünden . The land now occupied by the canton was annexed from Italian cities in the 15th century by various Swiss forces in the last transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy . In the Helvetic Republic , established 1798 , it was divided between the two new cantons of Bellinzona and Lugano . The creation of the Swiss Confederation in 1803 saw these two cantons combine to form the modern canton of Ticino ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cauco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cauco', 'summary': 'Cauco is a former municipality in the district of Moesa in the Swiss canton of Graubünden . On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Arvigo , Braggio , Cauco and Selma merged to form the new municipality of Calanca .'}]}, {'value': 'Graubünden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Graubünden', 'summary': "The canton of ( the ) Grisons , or canton of Graubünden , [ a ] is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland . It has international borders with Italy , Austria , and Liechtenstein . Its German name , Graubünden , translates as the Grey Leagues , referring to the canton 's origin in three local alliances , the League of God 's House , the Grey League , and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions . Grisons is the only officially trilingual canton and the only one where the Romansh language has official status . Swiss German , Italian , and Romansh are all native to the canton ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monible', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monible', 'summary': 'Monible is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland . It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura ( Jura Bernois ) . On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Châtelat , Monible , Sornetan and Souboz merged to form the new municipality of Petit-Val .'}]}, {'value': 'Bern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Bern', 'summary': 'The canton of Bern or Berne ( German : Kanton Bern ; French : canton de Berne ) is the second-largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population . Located in west-central Switzerland , it borders the canton of Jura and the canton of Solothurn to the north . To the west lie the canton of Neuchâtel , the canton of Fribourg and canton of Vaud . To the south lies the canton of Valais . East of the canton of Bern lie the cantons of Uri , Nidwalden , Obwalden , Lucerne and Aargau . The canton of Bern is bilingual and has a population ( as of 31 December 2018 ) of 1,034,977 . As of 2007 [ update ] , the population included 119,930 ( or 12.45% ) foreigners . The cantonal capital , also the federal city of Switzerland , is Bern . Other major cities are Thun and Biel/Bienne .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Municipalities_of_Switzerland_1', 'intro': 'Municipalities (German: Gemeinden, Einwohnergemeinden or politische Gemeinden; French: communes; Italian: comuni; Romansh: vischnancas) are the lowest level of administrative division in Switzerland. Each municipality is part of one of the Swiss cantons, which form the Swiss Confederation. In most cantons municipalities are also part of districts or other sub-cantonal administrative divisions. There are 2,212 municipalities as of January 2019[update]. Their populations range between several hundred thousand (Zürich), and a few dozen people (Bister), and their territory between 0.32 km² (Kaiserstuhl and Rivaz) and 439 km² (Scuol).'}
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In the canton that is the only officially trilingual canton , what city on the list merged with others to form the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion ?
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Pigniu
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01fddb1adcd4d034
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hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_NFL_Draft', 'title': '2013 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arizona Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Arizona_Cardinals_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Arizona Cardinals season was the franchise 's 94th season in the National Football League , the 26th in Arizona and the first under head coach Bruce Arians . The team finished with a 10-6 record , which was the second time in 37 years that the team finished with at least 10 wins . The Cardinals doubled their win total from 2012 , and were in playoff contention heading into the Week 17 regular season finale , but missed the playoffs for a fourth consecutive season ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Jefferson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Jefferson', 'summary': 'Tony Lemar Jefferson Jr. ( born January 27 , 1992 ) is an American football strong safety who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Oklahoma and signed with the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team', 'summary': "The 2012 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season , the 118th season of Sooner football . The team was led by two-time Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award winner , Bob Stoops , in his 14th season as head coach . They played their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman , Oklahoma . They were a charter member of the Big 12 Conference . Conference play began with an upset loss at home to the Kansas State Wildcats on September 22 and concluded with a win against the TCU Horned Frogs in Fort Worth , Texas on December 1 . The Sooners finished the regular season with a 10-2 record overall ( 8-1 in the Big 12 ) , and shared the Big 12 Conference championship with K-State to win their eighth Big 12 title and 44th conference title overall . They faced former Big 12 member Texas A & M in the Cotton Bowl Classic , where they lost , 13-41 . The Sooners were also the first team since Florida in 1993 to play against the top 3 Heisman vote-getters in the same season : Collin Klein of Kansas State , Manti Te ' o of Notre Dame , and Johnny Manziel of Texas A & M ( the Sooners only 3 losses on the season ) . Following the season , Lane Johnson was selected 4th overall in the 2013 NFL Draft , along with Landry Jones in the 4th round , Kenny Stills in the 5th , Justin Brown and Stacy McGee in the 6th , and David King in the 7th ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's 48th season in the National Football League and the sixth under head coach Mike Smith . An expected Super Bowl contender riddled with injuries , the Falcons had a tough start to the season , finishing with a 4-12 record and failing to improve their 13-3 record from 2012 . Thus missing the playoffs for the first time since 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Schraeder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Schraeder', 'summary': 'Ryan Schraeder ( born May 4 , 1988 ) is an American football offensive tackle who is currently a free agent . He was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2013 . He played college football at Valdosta State .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Valdosta State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valdosta_State_Blazers_football', 'summary': 'The Valdosta State football team represents Valdosta State University in football . The Blazers are a member of the Gulf South Conference ( GSC ) in NCAA Division II . Valdosta State University has had a football team since 1981 . The Blazers play in Bazemore-Hyder Stadium in Valdosta , Georgia , which has a capacity of 11,249 . The stadium is also the home of the historical Valdosta High School Wildcats . The Blazers have won a total of four Division II National Championship titles ( 2004 , 2007 , 2012 and 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gulf South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference', 'summary': 'The Gulf South Conference ( GSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level which operates in the Southeastern United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's 48th season in the National Football League and the sixth under head coach Mike Smith . An expected Super Bowl contender riddled with injuries , the Falcons had a tough start to the season , finishing with a 4-12 record and failing to improve their 13-3 record from 2012 . Thus missing the playoffs for the first time since 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Worrilow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Worrilow', 'summary': "Paul Eric Worrilow ( /ˈwɔːrloʊ/ ; born May 1 , 1990 ) is an American football linebacker for the New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the University of Delaware where he was recognized as an All-American , and became one of the program 's most decorated athletes . The Atlanta Falcons signed him as an undrafted free agent following the 2013 NFL Draft ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012_Delaware_Fightin'_Blue_Hens_football_team", 'summary': "The 2012 Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens football team represented the University of Delaware in the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season . They were led by 11th-year head coach K. C. Keeler and played their home games at Delaware Stadium in Newark , Delaware . They were a member of the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . They finished the season 5-6 , 2-6 in CAA play to finish in eighth place . Following the season , the school fired Keeler ."}]}, {'value': 'CAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Ravens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Baltimore_Ravens_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Baltimore Ravens season was the franchise 's 18th season in the National Football League and the sixth under head coach John Harbaugh . The Ravens entered the season as the defending Super Bowl champions from the previous year , but failed to improve on their 10-6 record from 2012 , and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2007 and for the first time in the Harbaugh/Flacco era . For the first time in franchise history , Ray Lewis was not on the roster , as he announced his retirement before the playoffs began the year prior . He retired as a champion of Super Bowl XLVII and was the last remaining player from the team 's inaugural season . Lewis also helped the Ravens win Super Bowl XXXV over the New York Giants and is believed by many as the greatest Baltimore Raven of all time . Including Lewis , the team parted ways with a record eight starters from the Super Bowl-winning squad ; no other defending Super Bowl champion had lost more than five ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan Devey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Devey', 'summary': 'Jordan Devey ( born January 11 , 1988 ) is an American football offensive guard for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Memphis . He was signed as an undrafted free agent with the Baltimore Ravens . Devey has also played for the New England Patriots , San Francisco 49ers , and Kansas City Chiefs . He played the tuba in high school and planned on becoming a music teacher prior to football .'}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Memphis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Memphis_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Memphis Tigers football team represented the University of Memphis in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The Tigers were led by first year head coach Justin Fuente and played their home games at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis , Tennessee . They played in their final season as a member East Division of Conference USA in 2012 and moved to the Big East Conference in 2013 . They finished the season 4-8 , 4-4 in C-USA play to finish in a tie for third place in the East Division .'}]}, {'value': 'C-USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Ravens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Baltimore_Ravens_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Baltimore Ravens season was the franchise 's 18th season in the National Football League and the sixth under head coach John Harbaugh . The Ravens entered the season as the defending Super Bowl champions from the previous year , but failed to improve on their 10-6 record from 2012 , and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2007 and for the first time in the Harbaugh/Flacco era . For the first time in franchise history , Ray Lewis was not on the roster , as he announced his retirement before the playoffs began the year prior . He retired as a champion of Super Bowl XLVII and was the last remaining player from the team 's inaugural season . Lewis also helped the Ravens win Super Bowl XXXV over the New York Giants and is believed by many as the greatest Baltimore Raven of all time . Including Lewis , the team parted ways with a record eight starters from the Super Bowl-winning squad ; no other defending Super Bowl champion had lost more than five ."}]}, {'value': 'Brynden Trawick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brynden_Trawick', 'summary': 'Brynden George Trawick ( born October 23 , 1989 ) is an American football safety for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Troy .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Troy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy', 'summary': 'Troy ( Ancient Greek : Τροία , Troía , Ἴλιον , Ílion or Ἴλιος , Ílios ; Latin : Troia and Ilium ; [ note 1 ] Hittite : 𒌷𒃾𒇻𒊭 Wilusa or 𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 Truwisa ; Turkish : Truva or Troya ) was a city in the far northwest of the region known in late Classical antiquity by its Roman provincial or regional names , Asia Minor ( lesser Asia ) , or Anatolia ( place of the rising sun ) now Anadolu in modern Turkey , just south of the southwest mouth of the Dardanelles strait and northwest of Mount Ida . The location in the present day is the hill of Hisarlik and its immediate vicinity . In modern scholarly nomenclature , the Ridge of Troy ( including Hisarlik ) borders the Plain of Troy , flat agricultural land , which conducts the lower Scamander River to the strait . Troy was the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle , in particular in the Iliad , one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer . Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey suggests that the name Ἴλιον ( Ilion ) formerly began with a digamma : Ϝίλιον ( Wilion ) ; [ note 2 ] this is also supported by the Hittite name for what is thought to be the same city , Wilusa . After a destruction at the end of the Bronze Age , believed to represent the end of the Trojan War , and a period of abandonment or near-abandonment during the subsequent Dark Age , the site acquired a new population of Greek-speakers , who built a classical city that became along with the rest of Anatolia a part of the Persian Empire . The Troad was liberated by Alexander the Great , an admirer of Achilles , who he believed had the same type of glorious ( but short-lived ) destiny . After the Roman conquest of this now Hellenistic Greek-speaking world , a new capital called Ilium ( from Greek : Ἴλιον , Ilion ) was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus . It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople , became a bishopric , was abandoned , repopulated for a few centuries in the Byzantine era , was abandoned again , and is now a Latin Catholic titular see . Most recently it has risen to prominence as an archaeological site . In the mid-19th century the Calvert family , wealthy Levantine English settlers of the Troad , occupying a working farm a few miles from Hisarlik , purchased much of the hill in the belief that it contained the ruins of Troy . They were antiquarians .'}]}, {'value': 'Sun Belt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference', 'summary': "The Sun Belt Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that has been affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I since 1976 . Originally a non-football conference , the Sun Belt began sponsoring football in 2001 . Its football teams participate in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) . The 12 member institutions of the Sun Belt are distributed primarily across the southern United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Buffalo_Bills_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise 's 44th season in the National Football League and the first under head coach Doug Marrone . It was also the final season under the ownership of Ralph Wilson , who died in March 2014 at the age of 95 . The team equaled their record from 2012 and missed the playoffs , increasing their playoff drought to 14 seasons . This was the first year of renewed leases on Ralph Wilson Stadium and for the Bills Toronto Series , both of which were signed in the preceding offseason . The Toronto series was originally set to expire in 2017 , but was cancelled in December 2014 ; the lease on Ralph Wilson Stadium expires in 2022 and will presumably be the last agreement with the aging stadium , as the lease specifies that the process of exploring a new stadium begins during the lease period . The Bills also started the 2013 season with a new starting quarterback , first-round draft pick EJ Manuel , after previous starter Ryan Fitzpatrick refused a pay cut and was subsequently released ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickell Robey-Coleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickell_Robey-Coleman', 'summary': 'Nickell Earl Robey-Coleman ( born January 17 , 1992 ) is an American football cornerback for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent in 2013 after playing college football at USC .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_USC_Trojans_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS college football season . The Trojans were led by third-year head coach Lane Kiffin , played their home games at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , and were members of the South Division of the Pac-12 Conference . USC returned 18 starters and 13 All-Conference performers from a team that finished the 2011 season ranked No . 6 in the AP Poll with a 10-2 record overall , and finished first in the South Division with a 7-2 record in Pac-12 play . However , as part of a two-year-post-season ban mandated by the NCAA , the Trojans could not claim the 2011 Pac-12 South Division title , participate in the conference championship game or play in a bowl game . The 2012 season was the first year under Kiffin that the Trojans were eligible for post-season play . They started the season ranked # 1 in the AP Poll , but finished unranked - the first team to do so since the 1964 Ole Miss Rebels and the first to do so in the BCS-era . The Trojans finished the season 7-6 , 5-4 in Pac-12 play , tied for second in the Pac-12 South Division . They were invited to the Sun Bowl where they were defeated 21-7 by Georgia Tech .'}]}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Buffalo_Bills_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise 's 44th season in the National Football League and the first under head coach Doug Marrone . It was also the final season under the ownership of Ralph Wilson , who died in March 2014 at the age of 95 . The team equaled their record from 2012 and missed the playoffs , increasing their playoff drought to 14 seasons . This was the first year of renewed leases on Ralph Wilson Stadium and for the Bills Toronto Series , both of which were signed in the preceding offseason . The Toronto series was originally set to expire in 2017 , but was cancelled in December 2014 ; the lease on Ralph Wilson Stadium expires in 2022 and will presumably be the last agreement with the aging stadium , as the lease specifies that the process of exploring a new stadium begins during the lease period . The Bills also started the 2013 season with a new starting quarterback , first-round draft pick EJ Manuel , after previous starter Ryan Fitzpatrick refused a pay cut and was subsequently released ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Tuel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Tuel', 'summary': "Jeffrey Victor Tuel ( born February 12 , 1991 ) is a former American football quarterback . He played college football for Washington State . He was signed by the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent in 2013 and spent most of 2013 and 2014 as the Bills ' third-string quarterback . He was also a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Washington_State_Cougars_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Washington State Cougars football team represented Washington State University during the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The team was coached by first-year head coach Mike Leach and played their home games at Martin Stadium in Pullman , Washington . They were members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference . They finished the season 3-9 , 1-8 in Pac-12 play to finish in last place in the North Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Chicago Bears season was the franchise 's 94th season in the National Football League . The season was the first year under head coach Marc Trestman , as Lovie Smith was fired on December 31 , 2012 . The team played at Soldier Field for the 11th season since its reconstruction in 2001 . The Bears failed to qualify for the playoffs with an 8-8 record , the sixth time in seven years since the Super Bowl XLI loss in 2006 . The Bears started the regular season by winning their first three games before losing in weeks four and five to the Detroit Lions and New Orleans Saints , respectively . The following game after winning against the New York Giants , quarterback Jay Cutler suffered a groin injury against the Washington Redskins , as the Bears entered the bye week at 4-3 . With Cutler out , Josh McCown stepped in against the Green Bay Packers in week nine , leading the Bears to victory . Cutler returned in the next game against the Lions , but injured his ankle in the loss , and McCown filled in for the next four games ; during the four-game span under McCown , the Bears went 2-2 , while McCown excelled , throwing thirteen touchdowns and one interception . When Cutler returned in week fourteen against the Cleveland Browns , controversy arose over who should be the starter . After winning against Cleveland , the Lions lost the following day , allowing the Bears the opportunity to clinch the NFC North in week sixteen with Packers and Lions losses grouped with a victory over the Philadelphia Eagles . However , the Bears lost 54-11 against the Eagles , and in week seventeen against the Packers , the Bears were eliminated from playoff contention with a 33-28 loss ."}]}, {'value': 'Tress Way', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tress_Way', 'summary': 'Tressler William Tress Way ( born April 18 , 1990 ) is an American football punter for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Oklahoma . He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team', 'summary': "The 2012 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season , the 118th season of Sooner football . The team was led by two-time Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award winner , Bob Stoops , in his 14th season as head coach . They played their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman , Oklahoma . They were a charter member of the Big 12 Conference . Conference play began with an upset loss at home to the Kansas State Wildcats on September 22 and concluded with a win against the TCU Horned Frogs in Fort Worth , Texas on December 1 . The Sooners finished the regular season with a 10-2 record overall ( 8-1 in the Big 12 ) , and shared the Big 12 Conference championship with K-State to win their eighth Big 12 title and 44th conference title overall . They faced former Big 12 member Texas A & M in the Cotton Bowl Classic , where they lost , 13-41 . The Sooners were also the first team since Florida in 1993 to play against the top 3 Heisman vote-getters in the same season : Collin Klein of Kansas State , Manti Te ' o of Notre Dame , and Johnny Manziel of Texas A & M ( the Sooners only 3 losses on the season ) . Following the season , Lane Johnson was selected 4th overall in the 2013 NFL Draft , along with Landry Jones in the 4th round , Kenny Stills in the 5th , Justin Brown and Stacy McGee in the 6th , and David King in the 7th ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 2013 season was the Dallas Cowboys ' 54th in the National Football League , their fifth playing home games at AT & T Stadium ( formerly known as Cowboys Stadium ) and the third full season under head coach Jason Garrett . The Cowboys finished 8-8 for a third consecutive season , but missed the playoffs for a fourth consecutive season after losing their final game for the third straight season , this time to the Philadelphia Eagles ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Heath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Heath_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Jeff Heath ( born May 14 , 1991 ) is an American football safety for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) He played college football at Saginaw Valley State University . Heath signed with the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Saginaw Valley State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saginaw_Valley_State_Cardinals_football', 'summary': 'The Saginaw Valley State Cardinals ( SVSU Cardinals ) are the athletic teams that represent Saginaw Valley State University , located in University Center , Michigan , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sporting competitions . The Cardinals compete as members of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for all 16 varsity sports . The Cardinals have been members of the GLIAC since it was founded in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'GLIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Lakes_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) is a competitive collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division II . The GLIAC was founded in June 1972 . Member institutions are located in the midwestern United States in the States of Michigan , Wisconsin , Indiana , and Ohio , with affiliate members in Minnesota and Iowa . Charter members include Ferris State , Grand Valley State , Lake Superior State , Northwood , and Saginaw Valley State . Former members include Oakland ( 1972-1997 ) and Westminster ( 1997-2000 ) . Sponsorship of football was dropped by the GLIAC after the 1989 season . Conference schools sponsoring football joined with members of the Heartland Football Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference ( MIFC ) , which began play in 1990 . The MIFC merged with the GLIAC in July 1999 and the GLIAC resumed sponsorship of football that fall . Tiffin University joined the GLIAC on July 1 , 2008 . Gannon University and Mercyhurst College left the GLIAC for the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference on July 1 , 2008 . July 1 , 2016 . Malone University left the GLIAC for the Great Midwest Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 2013 season was the Denver Broncos ' 44th in the National Football League and 54th overall . It also marked their 30th season under the ownership of Pat Bowlen , the second with Peyton Manning as the team 's starting quarterback and the third under head coach John Fox . Following a loss to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens in the divisional round of the 2013 playoffs , the Broncos entered the 2013 season as favorites to win Super Bowl XLVIII . However , the team underwent a tumultuous offseason that was dominated by the suspension of All-Pro linebacker Von Miller as well as several injuries to the offensive line . Notable offseason additions include the free agent acquisitions of wide receiver Wes Welker , linebacker Shaun Phillips , safety Quentin Jammer and cornerback Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie . Roster departures include wide receiver Brandon Stokley , linebackers Elvis Dumervil and D. J. Williams , and running back Willis McGahee . Throughout the regular season , numerous individual , league and franchise records were set , including Peyton Manning setting new NFL records for passing touchdowns and passing yardage , as well as the team setting new NFL records for touchdowns and points scored in a single season . During the team 's mid-season bye week , head coach John Fox received a health scare that resulted in Fox missing four games due to recuperation from heart surgery . Defensive coordinator Jack Del Rio served as the team 's interim head coach during Fox 's absence . The Broncos won their third consecutive AFC West division title , as well as earning a first-round bye and homefield advantage throughout the playoffs for a second consecutive season . The Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers 24-17 in the Divisional round , the New England Patriots 26-16 in the AFC championship game , and faced the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII - the Broncos ' first Super Bowl berth since winning back-to-back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 . However , the Broncos were unable to recover from a 22-0 halftime deficit , and the Seahawks ' No ."}]}, {'value': 'C. J. Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C._J._Anderson', 'summary': 'Cortrelle Javon C. J. Anderson ( born February 10 , 1991 ) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent . He played college football at California and was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2013 . With Denver he made one Pro Bowl and won Super Bowl 50 . He also played for the Los Angeles Rams , where he played in Super Bowl LIII .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_California_Golden_Bears_football_team', 'summary': "The 2012 California Golden Bears football team represented University of California , Berkeley in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS college football season . The Bears were led by eleventh-year head coach Jeff Tedford and played their home games at Memorial Stadium after having played at home the previous season at AT & T Park due to reconstruction on Memorial Stadium . They were members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference . Coming off a 7-5 previous season , the Bears fell to 3-9 ( 2-7 in the Pac-12 ) , the second losing season in three years and the worst of the Tedford era . Despite a decisive win over eventual Pac-12 South winner UCLA , Cal closed out the season with five consecutive losses . While wide receiver Keenan Allen became the team 's all time leader in career receptions , no receiver posted a 1,000 yard season and no running backs broke the 1,000-yard rushing mark . Tedford was subsequently fired as head coach on November 20 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'summary': "The 2013 season was the Green Bay Packers ' 95th season overall , 93rd in the National Football League and eighth under head coach Mike McCarthy . The Packers came into the 2013 season looking to win the NFC North for the 3rd year in a row . They came off a 45-31 loss to the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs the previous season . The Packers started the 2013 season in a rematch with the 49ers , to whom they lost 28-34 . After winning their home opener against the Redskins , Green Bay lost 34-30 in Cincinnati to the Bengals after holding a 30-14 lead in the 3rd quarter . Following the loss in Cincinnati , the Packers won 4 games in a row to sit at 5-2 before losing a Monday Night game at home to the Bears , 20-27 . In that game , the Packers lost star quarterback Aaron Rodgers to a broken collarbone in the 1st quarter . He would be replaced by backups Scott Tolzien and Matt Flynn during recovery . In Week 12 , the Packers tied the Vikings 26-26 ; it was Green Bay 's first tie since 1987 . The Packers would lose the next game 40-10 to the Lions on Thanksgiving to sit at 5-6-1 , threatening to miss the postseason for the first time since 2008 . The Packers then rallied to beat the Falcons 22-21 to even their record at 6-6-1 . The following week , the Packers defeated the Dallas Cowboys 37-36 in Dallas after they had trailed 26-3 at halftime ."}]}, {'value': 'Lane Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lane_Taylor', 'summary': 'Lane Dominick Taylor ( born November 22 , 1989 ) is an American football guard for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Oklahoma State . Taylor was signed by the Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma State University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The Cowboys were led by eighth-year head coach Mike Gundy and played their home games at Boone Pickens Stadium in Stillwater , Oklahoma . They were a member of the Big 12 Conference . They finished the season 8-5 , 5-4 in Big 12 play to finish in a tie for third place . They were invited to the Heart of Dallas Bowl where they defeated Purdue .'}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Texans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Houston_Texans_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Houston Texans season was the franchise 's 12th season in the National Football League . The Texans failed to improve upon their 12-4 record from 2012 , suffering through a season-ending 14-game losing streak following a 2-0 start and missing the playoffs for the first time since 2010 . Head coach Gary Kubiak was fired after eight seasons following their eleventh loss ( Week 14 vs. the Jacksonville Jaguars ) . Defensive coordinator Wade Phillips was named the interim head coach for the final three games of the season . Their 14-game losing streak is the worst in team history . Coming off a franchise-best 12-4 record just the year before , the Texans tie a league record with the Houston Oilers ( who , coincidentally , also went 12-4 in 1993 and 2-14 in 1994 ) for the biggest season-to-season decline in win total . On January 3 , 2014 , claiming that I 'm ready to kick 2013 the hell out the door , Texans owner Robert McNair announced that former Penn State head coach Bill O'Brien would be the Texans ' third head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'A.J . Bouye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.J._Bouye', 'summary': 'Arlandus Jacob A. J. Bouye ( born August 16 , 1991 ) is an American football cornerback for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at UCF , and was signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'UCF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_UCF_Knights_football_team', 'summary': "The 2012 UCF Knights football team represented the University of Central Florida in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The Knights played in the Eastern Division of Conference USA and played their home games at Bright House Networks Stadium in Orlando , Florida . The Knights were led by head coach George O'Leary , who was in his ninth season with the team . The 2012 season marked UCF 's last as a member of Conference USA , as the Knights moved to the American Athletic Conference in 2013 . UCF was originally barred from postseason play for the season due to recruiting violations in both football and basketball under previous athletic director Keith Tribble . The university had its appeal delayed until 2013 and was bowl-eligible for 2012 . For the fourth time as C-USA members , UCF won the Conference USA Eastern Division , though the Knights lost the Conference USA Championship game to Tulsa . As a result , the Knights appeared in the Beef ' O ' Brady 's Bowl , in which they defeated Ball State , 38-17 , for the second bowl victory in program history . The Knights finished the season receiving votes both in the AP and Coaches polls . All games were broadcast live on the UCF-IMG radio network . The Knights ' flagship station was WYGM 740 The Game in Orlando ."}]}, {'value': 'C-USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Indianapolis_Colts_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Indianapolis Colts season was the franchise 's 61st season in the National Football League , the 30th in Indianapolis and the second season under head coach Chuck Pagano , who missed most of the 2012 season due to treatment for leukemia . The Colts matched their 2012 record of 11-5 , and went undefeated within the division during the season . The Colts hoped to advance further than the Wild Card round in the playoffs than in 2012 , where they lost to the Ravens . They did so after falling behind by 28 points against the Chiefs , but came back and won 45-44 . However , the Colts were defeated by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round , by a score of 43-22 . On March 7 , 2013 , Jeff Saturday signed a one-day contract in order to retire as a member of the Indianapolis Colts . For the second consecutive season , the Colts held the final pick in the NFL Draft , number 254 , which is famously known as Mr . Irrelevant . In 2012 , the final player selected was Chandler Harnish . The 2013 season 's Mr . Irrelevant was Justice Cunningham . Throughout the season , the Colts wore a patch to recognize the 30th season since their move to Indianapolis ."}]}, {'value': 'Brandon McManus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_McManus', 'summary': 'Brandon Tyler McManus ( born July 25 , 1991 ) is an American football placekicker for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was a member of their Super Bowl 50 championship team , beating the Carolina Panthers . He played college football at Temple and was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2013 . McManus has also been a member of the New York Giants .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Temple_Owls_football_team', 'summary': "The 2012 Temple Owls football team represented Temple University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The Owls were led by second-year head coach Steve Addazio and played their home games at Lincoln Financial Field . This season marked the Owls ' first season as members of the Big East Conference since they were forced out of the conference following the 2004 season . They finished the season 4-7 , 2-5 in Big East play to finish in a tie for sixth place ."}]}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacksonville Jaguars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Jacksonville_Jaguars_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise 's 19th season in the National Football League , the first under general manager David Caldwell , and the first under head coach Gus Bradley . Although they missed the playoffs and started 0-8 , the Jaguars improved upon their franchise-worst 2-14 record from 2012 ; but failed to improve their 1-7 home record from last year . Much like 2012 , the root of their victories were intra-division . The Jaguars also gained a close non-divisional victory over the Browns to finish 4-12 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Myers', 'summary': 'Jason Myers ( born May 12 , 1991 ) is an American football placekicker for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Marist .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Marist_Red_Foxes_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Marist Red Foxes football team represented Marist College in the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season . They were led by 21st year head coach Jim Parady and played their home games at Leonidoff Field . They were a member of the Pioneer Football League . They finished the season 4-7 , 3-5 in PFL play to finish in a tie for sixth place .'}]}, {'value': 'Pioneer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pioneer_Football_League', 'summary': "The Pioneer Football League ( PFL ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a football-only conference . It has member schools that range from New York , North Carolina , and Florida in the east to California in the west . It is headquartered in St. Louis , in the same complex that also contains the offices of the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference . Unlike most other Division I FCS conferences , the Pioneer League consists of institutions that choose not to award athletic scholarships ( grants-in-aid ) to football players . Most of the PFL 's members are private schools . Morehead State University is currently the only public school in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Vikings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Minnesota_Vikings_season', 'summary': "The 2013 season was the Minnesota Vikings ' 53rd in the National Football League . It also marked the Vikings ' final season playing their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ; the team played their home games at TCF Bank Stadium for the 2014 and 2015 seasons while construction of U.S. Bank Stadium , which opened in 2016 , took place on the site of the Metrodome . Following a Week 9 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , the Vikings were no longer able to match their 10-6 record from 2012 , and their loss to the Baltimore Ravens five weeks later sealed their elimination from playoff contention . The Vikings failed to win a road game ( 0-7-1 ) for the first time since 2001 . Much like in 2001 , the Vikings did moderately well ( 13th ) on offensive yardage ( 344.2 yards per game ) despite a quarterback carousel not present in 2001 , but ranked among the worst in defensive yardage ( 397.6 yards per game ) ; only the Dallas Cowboys gave up more yards on defense with 415.3 per game . The Vikings ' defense also allowed the most points in the NFL in 2013 at 480 ( 30.0 points per game ) , four points shy of matching the most points the team ever allowed in a single season . It took until Week 10 for the Vikings to record their first win on American soil , their only other victory up to that point having come in the NFL International Series game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at London 's Wembley Stadium in Week 4 . Despite winning their last four home games to finish with an overall record of 5-10-1 , the Vikings fired head coach Leslie Frazier after just over three seasons with the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Zach Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zach_Line', 'summary': 'Zach Line ( born April 26 , 1990 ) is a former American football fullback who played seven seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2013 . He played college football at Southern Methodist University .'}]}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'SMU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_SMU_Mustangs_football_team', 'summary': "The 2012 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season as members of Conference USA in the West Division . June Jones led the Mustangs in his fifth season . The Mustangs played home games in University Park , Texas ( an enclave of Dallas , Texas ) at Gerald J. Ford Stadium . This was SMU 's last year as a member of Conference USA as they will join the Big East Conference in 2013 . They finished the season 7-6 , 5-3 in C-USA play to finish in second place in the West Division . They were invited to the Hawaii Bowl where they defeated Fresno State ."}]}, {'value': 'C-USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Vikings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Minnesota_Vikings_season', 'summary': "The 2013 season was the Minnesota Vikings ' 53rd in the National Football League . It also marked the Vikings ' final season playing their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ; the team played their home games at TCF Bank Stadium for the 2014 and 2015 seasons while construction of U.S. Bank Stadium , which opened in 2016 , took place on the site of the Metrodome . Following a Week 9 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , the Vikings were no longer able to match their 10-6 record from 2012 , and their loss to the Baltimore Ravens five weeks later sealed their elimination from playoff contention . The Vikings failed to win a road game ( 0-7-1 ) for the first time since 2001 . Much like in 2001 , the Vikings did moderately well ( 13th ) on offensive yardage ( 344.2 yards per game ) despite a quarterback carousel not present in 2001 , but ranked among the worst in defensive yardage ( 397.6 yards per game ) ; only the Dallas Cowboys gave up more yards on defense with 415.3 per game . The Vikings ' defense also allowed the most points in the NFL in 2013 at 480 ( 30.0 points per game ) , four points shy of matching the most points the team ever allowed in a single season . It took until Week 10 for the Vikings to record their first win on American soil , their only other victory up to that point having come in the NFL International Series game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at London 's Wembley Stadium in Week 4 . Despite winning their last four home games to finish with an overall record of 5-10-1 , the Vikings fired head coach Leslie Frazier after just over three seasons with the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Thielen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Thielen', 'summary': 'Adam John Thielen ( born August 22 , 1990 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Minnesota State University , Mankato and signed with the Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2013 . Thielen holds several NFL records , including eight straight games over 100+ yards receiving , and 74 receptions in the first half of a season .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Mavericks_football', 'summary': "The Minnesota State Mavericks are the college athletic teams of Minnesota State University , Mankato . More than 600 students participate each year in athletics for the university . Most of the university 's athletic teams compete at the NCAA Division II level in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference ( NSIC ) . The men 's and women 's ice hockey teams compete at the Division I level in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) . Minnesota State began competition in the NSIC in 2008-09 , due to the dissolution of the North Central Conference . The university has won 6 team and 49 individual national championships . The combined teams have won the NSIC US Bank All-Sports Award 4 times . Since 1993 the Mavericks have been awarded the most National Championships out of all sixteen colleges and universities in the Northern Sun Conference . The Mavericks also participate in the Division II Learfield Sports Directors Cup national competition ."}]}, {'value': 'NSIC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Sun_Intercollegiate_Conference', 'summary': "The Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference ( NSIC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the western Midwestern United States . Nine of its members are in Minnesota , with three members in South Dakota , two members in North Dakota , and one member each in the states of Iowa and Nebraska . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . It was founded in 1932 . With the recent NSIC expansion , the original six member schools have been reunited . With the inclusion of the several new member institutions , it is one of the largest Division II conferences in the country with 16 members . The conference sponsors 18 sports ; ten for women and eight for men . Both men and women compete in basketball , cross country , golf , and indoor and outdoor track and field . Men compete in baseball , football , and wrestling . Women compete in soccer , softball , swimming & diving , tennis , and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_New_England_Patriots_season', 'summary': "The 2013 New England Patriots season was the franchise 's 44th season in the National Football League and the 54th overall . The Patriots finished 12-4 and with the AFC 's No . 2 seed for a second consecutive season . Along with their seeding , New England was awarded a first-round bye in the playoffs for the fourth season in a row , only the second such occurrence for any team since the league switched to a 6-team playoff format in 1990 ( the others being the 1992-95 Dallas Cowboys ) . The Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts 43-22 in the Divisional round of the playoffs , but lost in the AFC Championship game to the Denver Broncos by a score of 26-16 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Allen_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Ryan Allen ( born February 28 , 1990 ) is an American football punter for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs . Allen won the 2011 and 2012 Ray Guy Awards and was a consensus All-American in 2012 . He has also played for the New England Patriots .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team represented Louisiana Tech University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The Dawgs were led by third-year head coach Sonny Dykes as a member of the Western Athletic Conference . The Bulldogs played their home games at Joe Aillet Stadium in Ruston , Louisiana and one home game at Independence Stadium in Shreveport , Louisiana . This was the Bulldogs last season as members of the WAC . Louisiana Tech joined Conference USA for the 2013 season . The Bulldogs finished the season 9-3 , 4-2 in WAC play to finish in third place . Despite having one of the most successful seasons in school history , the Bulldogs did not play in a bowl game . They were initially invited to the Independence Bowl but asked for more time to decide to see if other options opened up . No other bowl invited them and the Independence Bowl selected Ohio instead .'}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_New_York_Jets_season', 'summary': "The 2013 New York Jets season was the franchise 's 44th season in the National Football League and the 54th overall . The Jets improved their 6-10 regular season record from 2012 and attempted to make history as the first host team to play the Super Bowl on their own home turf , alongside the New York Giants , whom they share the same home field , MetLife Stadium . However , they missed the playoffs for a third consecutive season ."}]}, {'value': 'Brett Maher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_Maher_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Brett Maher ( born November 21 , 1989 ) is an American football placekicker for the New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was signed by the Jets as an undrafted free agent in 2013 . He played college football at the University of Nebraska . He has also been a member of the Dallas Cowboys , Winnipeg Blue Bombers , Ottawa Redblacks , Hamilton Tiger-Cats , and Cleveland Browns .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The team was coached by Bo Pelini and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln , Nebraska . The Cornhuskers finished with 10-4 overall , 7-1 Legends , to become Big Ten Legends Division champions . In the postseason , the team was invited to their first 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game , where they lost to Wisconsin , and lost to Georgia in the 2013 Capital One Bowl . The Cornhuskers became known for their comebacks this year , as they came back after trailing by double digits during four conference games . These wins included a 30-27 victory over Wisconsin ( Nebraska down 27-10 early in 3rd quarter ) , Northwestern ( down 28-16 with 5 minutes to go ) , Michigan State ( down 24-14 early in 4th quarter ) , and Penn State ( down 20-6 at halftime ) . No spring scrimmage game was played prior to the season , cancelled due to weather concerns and player conflicts . It was the first year that Nebraska did not hold a spring scrimmage since they started playing them in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Philadelphia_Eagles_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 81st season in the National Football League , and the first under head coach Chip Kelly . The Eagles improved on their 4-12 record from 2012 , finishing 10-6 and clinching the NFC East division title and the playoffs for the first time since 2010 , but after a close game , they lost to the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round of the playoffs , by a score of 26-24 . The season was noted for LeSean McCoy winning the NFL rushing title , and the extremely successful season by Nick Foles where he produced 27 touchdowns to only 2 interceptions . Foles also threw seven touchdowns against the Oakland Raiders , tying an NFL record for most touchdowns in a single game . The Eagles had a three-way quarterback competition with Nick Foles , Michael Vick and Matt Barkley , with Vick winning the job . After Vick got injured , however , Foles took over as quarterback and was eventually named the new starting quarterback despite Vick 's return . It took 62 weeks overall for the Eagles to win a home game ; they continued the home losing streak that lasted throughout the rest of the 2012 season and extended it to 10 games , but they ended the streak by winning 24-16 against Washington at the Linc in Week 11 ."}]}, {'value': 'James Winchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Winchester_(American_football)', 'summary': 'James Winchester ( born August 6 , 1989 ) is an American football long snapper for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at University of Oklahoma .'}]}, {'value': 'LS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_snapper', 'summary': "In gridiron football , the long snapper ( or deep snapper ) is a special teams specialist whose duty is to snap the football over a longer distance , typically around 15 yards during punts , and 7-8 yards during field goals and extra point attempts . During field goal and point after touchdown attempts , the snap is received by the holder , typically 7-8 yards away . During punts , the snap is delivered to the punter from 13-15 yards away . Following a punt snap , the snapper often executes a blocking assignment and then must cover the kick by running downfield and attempting to stop the opposing team 's punt returner from advancing the ball in the opposite direction . If the punt goes uncaught , it is the snapper 's responsibility to make sure the ball does not enter the end zone or bounce backward resulting in loss of yards . The majority of snappers at the highest levels of competition are specialized , meaning that they uniquely play the position of snapper , or have limited responsibilities elsewhere . A good punt snap should hit the target -- the punter 's hands at the abdomen or waistline -- between .65 and .75 seconds and with a tight spiral for easy handling . A bad snap is an off-target snap which causes the delay or failure of a kick or forces the punter into some other potentially compromising situation ."}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team', 'summary': "The 2012 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season , the 118th season of Sooner football . The team was led by two-time Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award winner , Bob Stoops , in his 14th season as head coach . They played their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman , Oklahoma . They were a charter member of the Big 12 Conference . Conference play began with an upset loss at home to the Kansas State Wildcats on September 22 and concluded with a win against the TCU Horned Frogs in Fort Worth , Texas on December 1 . The Sooners finished the regular season with a 10-2 record overall ( 8-1 in the Big 12 ) , and shared the Big 12 Conference championship with K-State to win their eighth Big 12 title and 44th conference title overall . They faced former Big 12 member Texas A & M in the Cotton Bowl Classic , where they lost , 13-41 . The Sooners were also the first team since Florida in 1993 to play against the top 3 Heisman vote-getters in the same season : Collin Klein of Kansas State , Manti Te ' o of Notre Dame , and Johnny Manziel of Texas A & M ( the Sooners only 3 losses on the season ) . Following the season , Lane Johnson was selected 4th overall in the 2013 NFL Draft , along with Landry Jones in the 4th round , Kenny Stills in the 5th , Justin Brown and Stacy McGee in the 6th , and David King in the 7th ."}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Philadelphia_Eagles_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 81st season in the National Football League , and the first under head coach Chip Kelly . The Eagles improved on their 4-12 record from 2012 , finishing 10-6 and clinching the NFC East division title and the playoffs for the first time since 2010 , but after a close game , they lost to the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round of the playoffs , by a score of 26-24 . The season was noted for LeSean McCoy winning the NFL rushing title , and the extremely successful season by Nick Foles where he produced 27 touchdowns to only 2 interceptions . Foles also threw seven touchdowns against the Oakland Raiders , tying an NFL record for most touchdowns in a single game . The Eagles had a three-way quarterback competition with Nick Foles , Michael Vick and Matt Barkley , with Vick winning the job . After Vick got injured , however , Foles took over as quarterback and was eventually named the new starting quarterback despite Vick 's return . It took 62 weeks overall for the Eagles to win a home game ; they continued the home losing streak that lasted throughout the rest of the 2012 season and extended it to 10 games , but they ended the streak by winning 24-16 against Washington at the Linc in Week 11 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brad Wing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Wing', 'summary': "Bradley Thomas Wing ( born 27 January 1991 ) is an Australian professional American football punter who is currently a free agent . He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2013 . He played college football at LSU . Wing achieved fame during several nationally televised games for his accuracy and leg strength in LSU 's punting game . He was also the first college football player to be penalized under a new rule regarding on-field taunting during scoring plays ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_LSU_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season . The Tigers were led by eighth-year head coach Les Miles and played their home games at Tiger Stadium . They were a member of the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference . They finished the season 10-3 , 6-2 in SEC play to finish in a tie for second place in the West Division . They were invited to the Chick-fil-A Bowl where they were defeated by Clemson .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ N 1 ]', 'uid': '2013_NFL_Draft_1', 'intro': 'The 2013 NFL Draft was the 78th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible football players. The draft, which is officially called the NFL Player Selection Meeting, was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, New York, on April 25 through April 27. Eric Fisher was chosen first overall by the Kansas City Chiefs, becoming the fourth offensive lineman ever to be selected with the top pick (all of them being tackles), since the first Common draft in 1967. Players who attended high school in 39 of the 50 states were selected in this draft; Florida and California led with 27 draftees each. South Carolina contributed the most drafted players on a per capita basis with 13 players, or one of every 355,798 residents of the state. Among colleges, Florida State led with 11 players selected. :31\n A record 11 players from countries other than the United States were selected (Ghanaians Ezekiel Ansah and Edmund Kugbila, Tongan Star Lotulelei, German Björn Werner, Englishman Menelik Watson, Estonian Margus Hunt, Liberian Sio Moore, Jamaican Trevardo Williams, Australian Jesse Williams, Canadian Luke Willson and Zimbabwean Stansly Maponga), breaking the record set by the 2012 NFL Draft. Meanwhile, nine offensive linemen were selected in the first round which ties a record previously set in 1968. The following is the breakdown of the 254 players selected by position:'}
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What was the record of the college of Tony Jefferson in 2012 ?
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10-2
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01fe6adc3690cb75
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Methodist churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'City , State'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fulton United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fulton_United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Fulton United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located near Advance , Davie County , North Carolina . It was built in 1888 , and is a one-story , brick building with vernacular Gothic Revival and Italianate design elements . It features a steeply pitched gable roof , bracket cornices , a large pointed arch window , and engaged five-stage tower . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Advance , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Advance,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Advance ( pronounced with the stress on the first syllable [ citation needed ] ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Davie County , North Carolina , United States . It is seventy-five miles northeast of Charlotte . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,138 . It is located along North Carolina Highway 801 just south of Bermuda Run . Advance is part of the Piedmont Triad region of North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Ebenezer Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ebenezer_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Ebenezer Methodist Church is an historical Methodist church based in Freetown , Sierra Leone which was founded by the original African American founders of the Colony of Sierra Leone . Ebenezer Primary School was located in the basement of the church . Ebenezer was founded by wealthy Nova Scotian settler merchants who had broken away from the Rawdon Street Methodist Church following a dispute .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bells , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bells,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Chapel A.M.E. Zion Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Chapel_A.M.E._Zion_Church', 'summary': "Thomas Chapel A.M.E. Zion Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church located at Black Mountain , Buncombe County , North Carolina . It was built in 1922 by descendants of freed slaves , and is a one-story , frame building with Gothic Revival design influences . It is sheathed in weatherboard and features a tall , pyramidal-roof bell tower . This church may have always been called Thomas Chapel , but a predecessor Tom 's Chapel , named for one of its builders , was built around 1892.:12 It was deemed locally significant as an intact example of a Gothic Revival-influenced church and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Mountain , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Mountain,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Black Mountain is a town in Buncombe County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 7,848 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The town is named for the old train stop at the Black Mountain Depot and is located at the southern end of the Black Mountain range of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Southern Appalachians .'}]}, {'value': "Carver 's Creek Methodist Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Carver's_Creek_Methodist_Church", 'summary': "Carver 's Creek Methodist Church , also known as Carver 's Creek United Methodist Church , is a historic Methodist church located near Council , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built in 1859 , and is a frame Greek Revival-style church with a pedimented front portico , and a two-story rear addition . It measures 40 feet across and 60 feet deep . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Council , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Council,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Council is an unincorporated community in Bladen County , North Carolina , United States . The community is located on North Carolina Highway 211 7.9 miles ( 12.7 km ) north-northwest of Bolton . Council has a post office with ZIP code 28434 . Carver 's Creek Methodist Church , located at Council , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': 'Mount Zion United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Zion_United_Methodist_Church_(Crabtree,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'The Mount Zion United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located near Crabtree , Haywood County , North Carolina . It was built in 1883 , and is a three bay by four bay rectangular gable front brick church . The church has been altered significantly during three separate rehabilitation projects undertaken since 1950 . It is probably the oldest church building remaining in Haywood County . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crabtree , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crabtree,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Crabtree is an unincorporated community in Haywood County , North Carolina . It is located North of Lake Junaluska along the Pigeon River . The Davis Family House and Mount Zion United Methodist Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Mount Ebal Methodist Protestant Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Ebal_Methodist_Protestant_Church', 'summary': 'Mount Ebal Methodist Protestant Church is a historic property of the Methodist Protestant Church located at the end of SR 2518 near Denton in Davidson County , North Carolina . It was built in 1883 , and is a one-story , gabled frame building , 36 feet wide and 48 feet deep . The building rests on fieldstone piers . The building had ceased to be in regular use by about 1940 , although an annual homecoming takes place in June each year . Also on the property is a contributing church cemetery . The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denton , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denton,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Denton is a town in Davidson County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 1,636 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Duke Memorial United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_Memorial_United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': "Duke Memorial United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church at 504 W. Chapel Hill Street in Durham , North Carolina . It was originally established in 1886 . The congregation 's growth paralleled Durham 's growth as a manufacturing center in the textile and tobacco industries and has maintained a close connection with Duke University ( formerly Trinity College ) . From its beginning , the church has counted among its members many of Durham 's educational and industrial elite . It is named in honor of tobacco magnate and philanthropist Washington Duke and his sons , who were instrumental in the building of the church ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durham , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Durham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Small portions of the city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population to be 274,291 as of July 1 , 2018 , making it the 4th-most populous city in North Carolina , and the 79th-most populous city in the United States . The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along the Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 542,710 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . The US Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle , which has a population of 2,037,430 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . A railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849 , the namesake of the city . Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly , in part due to the tobacco industry . The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , on April 1869 . The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later , in 1881 . It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role ."}]}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's African Methodist Episcopal Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church", 'summary': "St. Joseph 's African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church building located at Fayetteville Street and Durham Expressway in the Hayti District , now a neighborhood of Durham , Durham County , North Carolina . Started soon after the American Civil War by black workers , the Hayti District became a well-developed and self-sufficient black community , complete with a variety of businesses and services , including theatre , hospital and hotel . The church was built in 1891 , by a congregation that had organized in 1869 , brought together in meetings in a brush arbor organized by Edian Markham , a former slave and AME missionary . After building a couple of wooden structures , the congregation raised money for this brick church , including funds donated by white philanthropists . Edian Markham is buried in Geer Cemetery . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is now used by the St. Joseph Historic Foundation as the Hayti Heritage Centre for cultural and community activities ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durham , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Durham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Small portions of the city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population to be 274,291 as of July 1 , 2018 , making it the 4th-most populous city in North Carolina , and the 79th-most populous city in the United States . The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along the Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 542,710 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . The US Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle , which has a population of 2,037,430 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . A railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849 , the namesake of the city . Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly , in part due to the tobacco industry . The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , on April 1869 . The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later , in 1881 . It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role ."}]}, {'value': 'Trinity Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Methodist_Church_(Elizabethtown,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Trinity Methodist Church , also known as Old Trinity Methodist Church , is a historic Methodist church and national historic district located at Broad and Lower Streets in Elizabethtown , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built about 1848 , and is a two-story , rectangular , frame Federal-style church . Surrounding the church on three sides is the church cemetery . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabethtown , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabethtown,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Elizabethtown is a town in Bladen County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 3,583 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Bladen County .'}]}, {'value': 'Eureka United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka_United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Eureka United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located on Church Street in Eureka , Wayne County , North Carolina . It was built in 1884 , and is a one-story , three bays wide and four bays deep , vernacular Carpenter Gothic style church . It has steeply pitched gable front roof and bell tower with lancet windows . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1884 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Eureka is a town in Wayne County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 197 at the 2010 census . It is included in the Goldsboro , North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Camp Ground Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Ground_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Camp Ground Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church on Camp Ground Road in Fayetteville , Cumberland County , North Carolina . It was built between 1858 and 1862 , and is a two-story , four bay by five bay , gable-end frame building with double front entrances in the vernacular Greek Revival style . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fayetteville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Fayetteville ( /ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 209,468 in 2018 . It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth-largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term ."}]}, {'value': 'Hay Street Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hay_Street_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Hay Street United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located in Fayetteville , Cumberland County , North Carolina . It was the first Methodist church constructed in the city . The congregation was received into the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1808 by Bishop Francis Asbury and it was completed on June 23 , 1835 . The current structure was built in 1908 , one hundred years after the official organization of the church . It is a brick church with three corner towers in the Late Gothic Revival style . The building is known for its elaborate stained glass windows , which feature the lost art of the robing glass technique . Renovations to the structure last took place in 1978 , including the installation of a Holkamp Organ . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The church constructed a new Family Life Center which was completed in 2007 . The Rev . David J. Blackman currently serves as pastor .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fayetteville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Fayetteville ( /ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 209,468 in 2018 . It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth-largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term ."}]}, {'value': 'Garysburg United Methodist Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garysburg_United_Methodist_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Garysburg United Methodist Church and Cemetery , also known as Chapel Grove Church , is a historic Methodist church and cemetery located on SR 1207 in Garysburg , Northampton County , North Carolina . It was built about 1853 , and is a one-story , three bay , temple-form Greek Revival style frame church . It features a projecting vestibule and a tall , graceful bell tower added in 1905 . Adjacent to the church is the cemetery . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garysburg , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garysburg,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Garysburg is a town in Northampton County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 1,057 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Roanoke Rapids , North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Germanton Methodist Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germanton_Methodist_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Germanton Methodist Church and Cemetery is a historic Methodist church and cemetery located on Main Street at the junction of Main Street and Willow Street in Germanton , Stokes County , North Carolina . It was built in 1856 , and is a simple two-story , rectangular brick building with a front gable roof , with Greek Revival detailing . It features a central three-part belfry atop the roof . The cemetery contains markers dated to the 1820s . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germanton , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germanton,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Germanton is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Forsyth and Stokes counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina , primarily in Stokes County . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 827 . It is located 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of the Stokes County seat of Danbury , on North Carolina State Highways 8 and 65 at an altitude of 662 feet ( 202 m ) . Downtown Winston-Salem is 13 miles ( 21 km ) to the south . Germanton was the county seat of Stokes County prior to Forsyth County being created from southern Stokes . Before the creation of Forsyth County , Germanton was centrally located within the Stokes County limits .'}]}, {'value': 'Tabernacle Methodist Protestant Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tabernacle_Methodist_Protestant_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Tabernacle Methodist Protestant Church and Cemetery is a historic Methodist church building and cemetery and national historic district located at 5601 Liberty Road in Greensboro , Guilford County , North Carolina . The church was built in 1891 , and is a one-story , frame building with a gable roof topped by a belfry . It features Gothic Revival style design elements . The associated cemetery was established about 1822 . The parish is now known as Tabernacle United Methodist Church , with its new sanctuary being built in 1994 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greensboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'West Market Street Methodist Episcopal Church , South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Market_Street_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South', 'summary': 'West Market Street United Methodist Church is one of the oldest churches in Greensboro North Carolina , over 175 years old ; West Market is located in downtown Greensboro across from the courthouse . West Market is a relatively large church with approximately 2000 members , though not all are active . The current sanctuary was completed in 1893 , the third sanctuary built by the congregation . Today the church has grown , with a larger wing adjacent to the sanctuary , and other properties held at other locations . The current Pastor is Dan Martin , with associate pastors Jill Aventosa-Brown , Rhiannon Kelly , Ginger Shields , Erin Althaus , and Bill Ellison .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greensboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Snow Creek Methodist Church and Burying Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snow_Creek_Methodist_Church_and_Burying_Ground', 'summary': 'Snow Creek Methodist Church and Burying Ground is a historic Methodist church building and cemetery located near Statesville , Iredell County , North Carolina . The church was established in 1801 . The existing church building was built in 1884-1885 , and is a one-story , one bay by four bay , rectangular frame church in the late Greek Revival style . It has a steep gable roof and vestibule added in the mid-20th century . Also on the property is the contributing church cemetery , which dates from 1780 . Graves in the cemetery include that of William Sharpe . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmony , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmony,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Harmony is a town in Iredell County , North Carolina , United States . The town was incorporated in 1927 and is located in northeastern Iredell County and lies in the eastern portion of the North Carolina High Country . It is primarily located in Turnersburg Township , with its northernmost portion in Eagle Mills Township . The population was 531 at the 2010 census . The Gaither House , Holland-Summers House , Morrison-Campbell House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places are located in or near Harmony .'}]}, {'value': 'Salem Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salem_Methodist_Church_(Huntsboro,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Salem Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located near Huntsboro , Granville County , North Carolina . It was likely designed by noted regional architect Jacob W. Holt and constructed by slaves in 1860-1861 . It is a one-story , three bay , heavy timber frame , church building with Greek Revival , Italianate , and Gothic Revival style design elements . Also on the property is the contributing church cemetery . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huntsboro , North Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Toxaway Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Toxaway_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Lake Toxaway Methodist Church , also known as Methodist Episcopal Church South , is a historic Methodist church on Cold Mountain Road on the north side , 0.1 miles norwest of the junction with NC 281 in Lake Toxaway , Transylvania County , North Carolina . It was built in 1912 , and is a small one-story , Late Gothic Revival style frame structure . It has a six-sided louvered bell tower and a tin roof . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Toxaway , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Toxaway,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Lake Toxaway is an unincorporated community in western Transylvania County , North Carolina on U.S. Route 64 , and North Carolina Highway 281 . It lies at an elevation of 2979 feet ( 908 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Frances Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Frances_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'St. Frances Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located off NC 308 near Lewiston , Bertie County , North Carolina . It was built in 1845 and moved near its present site in 1896 . It is a one-story , rectangular frame church , three bays by two bays , with a Greek Revival style interior . It features a projecting narthex and two-story tower topped by an octagonal steeple . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewiston , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewiston,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Lewiston Woodville is a town in Bertie County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 549 at the 2010 census . It is the location of Perdue Farms , one of the largest chicken-producing companies in North Carolina .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Selected salient ones -- North Carolina', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States_32', 'intro': 'This is a list of Methodist churches in the United States. It includes notable churches either where a church means a congregation (in the New Testament definition) or where a church means a building (in the colloquial sense). It also includes campgrounds and conference centers and retreats that are significant Methodist gathering places, including a number of historic sites of camp meetings. This very limited list includes only historically or architecturally significant buildings, and omits many of the currently very largest and influential congregations which do not meet that standard. Methodism was founded with a large component being a rejection of past churches and was developed by John Wesley and others in large open-air gatherings in Great Britain. In the United States, Methodists (along with Baptists and other Protestants) were major participants in the Second Great Awakening wherein people would travel from a large area to a particular site to camp out, listen to itinerant preachers, and pray. The list also includes selected notable Methodist theological buildings. In the United States, numerous Methodist churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and on state and local historic registers, many reflecting the values of plainness, of Gothic architecture, of simple adornment. The Greek Revival style is also simple and came to be adopted for numerous American Methodist churches.'}
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How many years older is the church in Crabtree than the one in Advance ?
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5
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0200174a12a313b9
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_19)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 19)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'June 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Fantasia Barrino , Becki Newton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantasia_Barrino', 'summary': 'Fantasia Monique Barrino-Taylor ( born June 30 , 1984 ) , known professionally by her mononym Fantasia , is an American R & B singer , songwriter , actress and author . She rose to fame as the winner of the third season of the reality television series American Idol in 2004 . Following her victory , she released her debut single , I Believe , which debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Subsequently , she released her debut album , Free Yourself , which went on to be certified Platinum by the RIAA and earned Barrino three Grammy nominations in 2006 . In 2006 , she released her second album , Fantasia , which featured the single When I See U which topped the Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for eight weeks . This album was certified Gold by the RIAA and received three Grammy nominations in 2008 . She then played the part of Celie in the Broadway musical The Color Purple , for which she won a 2007 Theatre World Award . Her third studio album , Back to Me , was released worldwide on August 24 , 2010 and features the single Bittersweet , which peaked in the top ten on the R & B chart . The single won her a Grammy for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance . As of February 2012 , Barrino has sold 3,842,000 albums and 2,425,000 tracks in the United States . In 2012 , VH1 ranked her number 32 out of the 100 Greatest Women in Music . On April 18 , 2013 , Barrino returned to American Idol singing Lose to Win .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Becki_Newton', 'summary': 'Rebecca Sara Newton ( born July 4 , 1978 ) is an American actress , known for her roles as Amanda Tanen on Ugly Betty and Quinn Garvey on How I Met Your Mother .'}]}, {'value': 'June 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Bryant Gumbel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bryant_Gumbel', 'summary': "Bryant Charles Gumbel ( born September 29 , 1948 ) is an American television journalist and sportscaster , best known for his 15 years as co-host of NBC 's Today . He is the younger brother of sportscaster Greg Gumbel . Since 1995 , he has hosted HBO 's acclaimed investigative series Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel , which has been rated as flat out TV 's best sports program by the Los Angeles Times . It won a Peabody Award in 2012 . Gumbel was hired by NBC Sports in the fall of 1975 as co-host of its National Football League pre-game show GrandStand with Jack Buck . From 1975 until January 1982 ( when he left to do The Today Show ) , he hosted numerous sporting events for NBC including Major League Baseball , college basketball and the National Football League . He returned to sportscasting for NBC when he hosted the prime time coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics from Seoul and the PGA Tour in 1990 . NBC News made Gumbel the principal anchor of Today beginning September 27 , 1982 , and broadcast from Vietnam , Vatican City , Europe , South America , and much of the United States followed between 1984 and 1989 . Gumbel 's work on Today earned him several Emmys and a large fanbase . He is the third longest serving co-host of Today , after former hosts Matt Lauer and Katie Couric . He stepped down from the show on January 3 , 1997 , after 15 years . Gumbel moved to CBS , where he hosted various shows before becoming co-host of the network 's morning show The Early Show on November 1 , 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyler Perry , Miss Universe 2007 , Broadway Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Perry', 'summary': "Tyler Perry ( born Emmitt Perry Jr. ; September 13 , 1969 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , comedian and director . In 2011 , Forbes listed him as the highest paid man in entertainment , earning US $ 130 million between May 2010 and May 2011 . Perry created and performs the Madea character , a tough elderly black woman . Perry 's films vary in style from orthodox filmmaking techniques to filmed productions of live stage plays . Many of Perry 's stage-play films have been subsequently adapted as films . Perry wrote and produced many stage plays during the 1990s and early 2000s . Perry has developed several television series , most notably Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , which ran for eight seasons on TBS from June 21 , 2006 , to August 10 , 2012 . On October 2 , 2012 , Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network . The partnership was largely for the sake of bringing scripted television to OWN , based on Perry 's previous success in this area . Perry has created multiple scripted series for the network , The Haves and the Have Nots being its most successful . The Haves and the Have Nots has given OWN its highest ratings to date as of 2014 , with the series also referred to as one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , and manipulations . Perry has additionally acted in films not directed or produced by himself , including as Admiral Barnett in Star Trek ( 2009 ) , the titular character in Alex Cross ( 2012 ) , Tanner Bolt in Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , Baxter Stockman in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) and Colin Powell in Vice ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_Universe_2007', 'summary': 'Miss Universe 2007 , the 56th Miss Universe pageant , was held on 28 May 2007 at the National Auditorium in Mexico City , Mexico . Riyo Mori from Japan was crowned by Zuleyka Rivera of Puerto Rico as her successor at the end of the event . 77 contestants competed in this year .'}]}, {'value': 'June 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Bryant Gumbel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bryant_Gumbel', 'summary': "Bryant Charles Gumbel ( born September 29 , 1948 ) is an American television journalist and sportscaster , best known for his 15 years as co-host of NBC 's Today . He is the younger brother of sportscaster Greg Gumbel . Since 1995 , he has hosted HBO 's acclaimed investigative series Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel , which has been rated as flat out TV 's best sports program by the Los Angeles Times . It won a Peabody Award in 2012 . Gumbel was hired by NBC Sports in the fall of 1975 as co-host of its National Football League pre-game show GrandStand with Jack Buck . From 1975 until January 1982 ( when he left to do The Today Show ) , he hosted numerous sporting events for NBC including Major League Baseball , college basketball and the National Football League . He returned to sportscasting for NBC when he hosted the prime time coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics from Seoul and the PGA Tour in 1990 . NBC News made Gumbel the principal anchor of Today beginning September 27 , 1982 , and broadcast from Vietnam , Vatican City , Europe , South America , and much of the United States followed between 1984 and 1989 . Gumbel 's work on Today earned him several Emmys and a large fanbase . He is the third longest serving co-host of Today , after former hosts Matt Lauer and Katie Couric . He stepped down from the show on January 3 , 1997 , after 15 years . Gumbel moved to CBS , where he hosted various shows before becoming co-host of the network 's morning show The Early Show on November 1 , 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marg Helgenberger , Jerry Springer , Broadway Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marg_Helgenberger', 'summary': "Mary Marg Helgenberger ( born November 16 , 1958 ) is an American actress . She began her career in the early 1980s and first came to attention for playing the role of Siobhan Ryan on the daytime soap opera Ryan 's Hope from 1982 to 1986 . She is best known for her roles as Catherine Willows in the CBS police procedural drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2000-12 , 2013 , 2015 ) and the subsequent TV movie Immortality ( 2015 ) and as K.C . Koloski in the ABC drama China Beach ( 1988-91 ) , which earned her the 1990 Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She is also known for roles in the TV series Under the Dome and Intelligence , and the films Species ( 1995 ) , Species II ( 1998 ) , Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and Mr. Brooks ( 2007 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Springer', 'summary': 'Gerald Norman Springer ( born 13 February 1944 ) is a British-American television presenter , former lawyer , politician , news presenter , actor , producer , and musician . He hosted The Jerry Springer Show , a tabloid talk show , between September 30 , 1991 and July 26 , 2018 and debuted the Jerry Springer Podcast in 2015 . He currently hosts a courtroom show called Judge Jerry .'}]}, {'value': 'June 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Ted McGinley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ted_McGinley', 'summary': "Theodore Martin McGinley ( born May 30 , 1958 ) is an American actor . He is known for his roles as Jefferson D'Arcy on the television sitcom Married . with Children and as Charley Shanowski on the ABC sitcom Hope & Faith . He was also a late regular on Happy Days , Dynasty and The Love Boat . He is also known for playing the villainous role of Stan Gable in the film Revenge of the Nerds and several made-for-television sequels ."}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Alba , Bindi Irwin , Broadway Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Alba', 'summary': "Jessica Marie Alba ( /ˈælbə/ ; born April 28 , 1981 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in Camp Nowhere and The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 ) , but rose to prominence at 19 , as the lead actress of the television series Dark Angel ( 2000-2002 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her big screen breakthrough came in Honey ( 2003 ) . She soon established herself as a Hollywood actress , and has starred in numerous box office hits throughout her career , including Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) , Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) , Good Luck Chuck ( 2007 ) , The Eye ( 2008 ) , Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , Little Fockers ( 2010 ) , and Mechanic : Resurrection ( 2016 ) . She is a frequent collaborator of director Robert Rodriguez , having starred in Sin City ( 2005 ) , Machete ( 2010 ) , Spy Kids : All the Time in the World ( 2011 ) , Machete Kills ( 2013 ) , and Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) . Since 2019 , Alba stars in the Spectrum action crime series L.A. 's Finest . Alba co-founded The Honest Company , a consumer goods company that sells baby , personal and household products . Magazines including Men 's Health , Vanity Fair and FHM have included her on their lists of the world 's most beautiful women ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bindi_Irwin', 'summary': "Bindi Sue Irwin ( born 24 July 1998 ) is an Australian television personality and conservationist . When she was 9 , Irwin hosted Bindi the Jungle Girl , a children 's wildlife documentary TV series . She has also been involved in acting , singing , dancing , rapping , game show hosting , and has created two instructional fitness DVDs . She is also known for winning season 21 of Dancing with the Stars ( US ) . Bindi Irwin is one of the two children of the late conservationist and television personality Steve Irwin and his conservationist wife Terri Irwin , who is currently the owner of the Australia Zoo . Bindi 's younger brother is Robert Irwin , a television personality and photographer , and she is the granddaughter of naturalist and herpetologist Bob Irwin . In July 2019 , she became engaged to Chandler Powell , an American professional wakeboarder from Florida ."}]}, {'value': 'June 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Neil Patrick Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris', 'summary': "Neil Patrick Harris ( born June 15 , 1973 ) is an American actor , comedian , filmmaker , philanthropist , magician , and singer . He is known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles . On television , he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser , M.D . ( 1989-1993 ) , Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother ( 2005-2014 , for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards ) , and Count Olaf in A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2017-2019 ) . Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon 's musical Dr. Horrible 's Sing-Along Blog ( 2008 ) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series ( 2004-2011 ) . His other films include Starship Troopers ( 1997 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) , A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , he starred in the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch on Broadway , for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical . Harris has hosted the Tony Awards in 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , for which he won four special class Emmy Awards . He also hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2013 , and hosted the 87th Academy Awards in 2015 , thus making him the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards . Harris was named one of Time magazine 's 100 Most Influential People in 2010 . He is married to David Burtka . In 2010 , they had twins via surrogacy ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmie Johnson , Broadway Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson', 'summary': 'Jimmie Kenneth Johnson ( born September 17 , 1975 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . A seven-time champion in the NASCAR Cup Series , he currently competes full-time in the series , driving the No . 48 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Hendrick Motorsports . Johnson was born in El Cajon , California , and began racing motorcycles at the age of four . After graduating from Granite Hills High School he competed in off-road series . He raced in Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group ( MTEG ) , Short-course Off-road Drivers Association ( SODA ) and SCORE International , winning rookie of the year in each series . In 1998 , Johnson and his team , Herzog Motorsports , began stock car racing . He moved to the national American Speed Association ( ASA ) series for late model touring cars , and won another rookie of the year title . In 2000 , he switched to the NASCAR Busch Series ( now Xfinity Series ) . He moved to Hendrick Motorsports in the Winston Cup Series in 2002 . After finishing fifth in the points in his first full season , he was second in 2003 and 2004 , and fifth in 2005 . Johnson won his first Cup Series championship in 2006 and with further wins in 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 , he became the first and only driver in NASCAR history to win five consecutive championships .'}]}, {'value': 'June 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Neil Patrick Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris', 'summary': "Neil Patrick Harris ( born June 15 , 1973 ) is an American actor , comedian , filmmaker , philanthropist , magician , and singer . He is known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles . On television , he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser , M.D . ( 1989-1993 ) , Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother ( 2005-2014 , for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards ) , and Count Olaf in A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2017-2019 ) . Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon 's musical Dr. Horrible 's Sing-Along Blog ( 2008 ) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series ( 2004-2011 ) . His other films include Starship Troopers ( 1997 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) , A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , he starred in the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch on Broadway , for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical . Harris has hosted the Tony Awards in 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , for which he won four special class Emmy Awards . He also hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2013 , and hosted the 87th Academy Awards in 2015 , thus making him the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards . Harris was named one of Time magazine 's 100 Most Influential People in 2010 . He is married to David Burtka . In 2010 , they had twins via surrogacy ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicole Richie , Broadway Week , Grill Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Richie', 'summary': "Nicole Camille Richie ( née Escovedo ; born September 21 , 1981 ) is an American television personality , fashion designer , author , socialite and actress . Richie rose to prominence for her role in the Fox reality television series The Simple Life , alongside her childhood best friend and fellow socialite Paris Hilton , which lasted five seasons . The Simple Life was a hit for the Fox network , premiering with 13 million viewers . Richie 's personal life attracted significant media attention during The Simple Life 's five-year run , and she was a constant fixture of tabloid journalism before and after her appearance . Richie appeared as one of the three mentors on NBC 's Fashion Star . In July 2014 , Richie 's reality series Candidly Nicole premiered on VH1 and ran for two seasons . From 2017 to 2018 , Richie appeared in her first series regular role as Portia Scott-Grifith in the NBC sitcom Great News ."}]}, {'value': 'June 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Mario Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Lopez', 'summary': "Mario Lopez Jr. ( born October 10 , 1973 ) is an American actor and entertainment journalist . He has appeared on several television series , in films , and on Broadway . He is known for his portrayal of A.C. Slater on Saved by the Bell and Saved by the Bell : The College Years . He has appeared in numerous projects since , including the third season of Dancing with the Stars and as host for the syndicated entertainment news magazine show Extra . He has also hosted America 's Best Dance Crew for MTV . In 2012 , he co-hosted the second season of American version of The X Factor with Khloé Kardashian , and was the sole host for the third and final season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Paxton , Matt Dallas , Top Dog Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Paxton', 'summary': "William Paxton ( May 17 , 1955 - February 25 , 2017 ) was an American actor and director . He appeared in films such as The Terminator ( 1984 ) , Commando ( 1985 ) , Weird Science ( 1985 ) , Aliens ( 1986 ) , Near Dark ( 1987 ) , Predator 2 ( 1990 ) , Tombstone ( 1993 ) , True Lies ( 1994 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Twister ( 1996 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) , Mighty Joe Young ( 1998 ) , U-571 ( 2000 ) , Vertical Limit ( 2000 ) , Frailty ( 2001 ) , Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) , Nightcrawler ( 2014 ) , and Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2014 ) . He also starred in the HBO drama series Big Love ( 2006-2011 ) , earning three Golden Globe Award nominations during the show 's run . He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for portraying Randall McCoy in the History channel miniseries Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) . His final film appearance was in The Circle ( 2017 ) , released two months after his death ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matt_Dallas', 'summary': 'Matthew Joseph Dallas ( born October 21 , 1982 ) is an American actor , best known for playing the title character on the ABC Family series Kyle XY .'}]}, {'value': 'June 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Connolly , Vanessa L. Williams , Top Dog Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Connolly_(actor)', 'summary': 'Kevin Connolly ( born March 5 , 1974 ) is an American actor and director . He is best known for his role as Eric Murphy in the HBO series Entourage , and his role as the eldest son Ryan Malloy in the 1990s television sitcom Unhappily Ever After . Connolly is also a director , having directed many episodes of television as well as the films Gardener of Eden , Dear Eleanor and Gotti .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_L._Williams', 'summary': "Vanessa Lynn Williams ( born March 18 , 1963 ) is an American singer , actress , and fashion designer . She initially gained recognition as the first woman of African-American descent to receive the Miss America title when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in 1983 . However , a scandal arose the following year when , a few weeks prior to the end of her reign , Williams learned that Penthouse magazine would be publishing , now iconic , unauthorized nude photographs of her in an upcoming issue . Amid growing media controversy and scrutiny , Williams resigned as Miss America in July 1984 ( under pressure from the Miss America Organization ) , and was replaced by first runner-up Miss New Jersey Suzette Charles . Thirty-two years later , Miss America CEO Sam Haskell offered her a public apology ( during the Miss America 2016 pageant ) for the events of 1984 . Williams rebounded from the scandal with a successful career as a singer and actress . In 1988 , she released her debut studio album The Right Stuff whose title single saw moderate success before Dreamin ' peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the United States in 1989 . With her second and third studio albums , The Comfort Zone ( 1991 ) and The Sweetest Days ( 1994 ) , she saw continued commercial success and received multiple Grammy Award nominations - this included her number-one hit ( in early 1992 ) and signature song , Save the Best for Last , which she performed live at the 1993 Grammy Awards ceremonies . Her later studio albums include Everlasting Love ( 2005 ) and The Real Thing ( 2009 ) . As an actress , Williams enjoyed success on both stage and screen , receiving an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for her portrayal of Teri Joseph in the film Soul Food ( 1997 ) . Her best known television roles are that of Wilhelmina Slater on Ugly Betty ( 2006-10 ) , for which she was nominated three times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , and Renee Perry on Desperate Housewives ( 2010-12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyra Sedgwick , Emma Roberts , Top Dog Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyra_Sedgwick', 'summary': "Kyra Minturn Sedgwick ( born August 19 , 1965 ) is an American actress , producer , and director . She is best known for her starring role as Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson on the TNT crime drama The Closer . For her portrayal of Johnson , Sedgwick won a Golden Globe Award in 2007 and an Emmy Award in 2010 . The series ended on August 13 , 2012 , following the completion of its seventh season . Sedgwick is also known for her recurring role as Madeline Wuntch on the sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine . Sedgwick was nominated for a Golden Globe award for her performance in Something to Talk About ( 1995 ) . Sedgwick 's other film roles include Oliver Stone 's Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) , Cameron Crowe 's Singles ( 1992 ) , Heart and Souls ( 1993 ) , Phenomenon ( 1996 ) , What 's Cooking ( 2000 ) , Secondhand Lions ( 2003 ) , The Game Plan ( 2007 ) , and The Possession ( 2012 ) . She also had a starring role in the critically acclaimed 2016 comedy-drama movie The Edge of Seventeen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emma_Roberts', 'summary': "Emma Rose Roberts ( born February 10 , 1991 ) is an American actress and singer . After making her film debut as Kristina Jung in the crime film Blow ( 2001 ) , Roberts gained recognition for her lead role as Addie Singer on the Nickelodeon television series Unfabulous ( 2004-2007 ) . She released her debut studio album Unfabulous and More in 2005 . Roberts then appeared in numerous films , including Aquamarine ( 2006 ) , Nancy Drew ( 2007 ) , Wild Child ( 2008 ) , Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) , Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , It 's Kind of a Funny Story ( 2010 ) , and The Art of Getting By ( 2011 ) . Looking for more mature roles , Roberts obtained starring roles in the films Lymelife ( 2008 ) , 4.3.2.1 . ( 2010 ) , Scream 4 ( 2011 ) , Adult World ( 2013 ) , We 're the Millers ( 2013 ) , Palo Alto ( 2013 ) , The Blackcoat 's Daughter ( 2015 ) , Nerve ( 2016 ) , Who We Are Now ( 2017 ) , and Paradise Hills ( 2019 ) . Roberts gained further recognition for her starring roles in multiple seasons of the FX anthology horror series American Horror Story ( 2013-present ) and for the lead role of Chanel Oberlin on the Fox comedy horror series Scream Queens ( 2015-2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Chiklis , Joan Rivers , Top Dog Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Chiklis', 'summary': 'Michael Charles Chiklis ( born August 30 , 1963 ) is an American actor , director and television producer . He is perhaps best known for his role as LAPD Detective Vic Mackey on the FX police drama The Shield , for which he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . He is also known for playing Commissioner Tony Scali on the ABC police drama The Commish , The Thing in two Fantastic Four films , and Jim Powell on the ABC science-fiction comedy-drama No Ordinary Family . Additionally , he co-starred as Vincent Savino in the CBS crime drama Vegas . In 2014 Chiklis joined the cast of American Horror Story for its fourth season , American Horror Story : Freak Show . The following year he was cast as Nathaniel Barnes , in the second season of Gotham , as a series regular .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joan_Rivers', 'summary': "Joan Alexandra Molinsky ( June 8 , 1933 - September 4 , 2014 ) , known professionally as Joan Rivers , was an American comedian , actress , writer , producer , and television host . She was noted for her often controversial comedic persona - heavily self-deprecating and sharply acerbic , especially towards celebrities and politicians . Rivers rose to prominence in 1965 as a guest on The Tonight Show . Hosted by her mentor , Johnny Carson , the show established Rivers ' comedic style . In 1986 , with her own rival program , The Late Show with Joan Rivers , Rivers became the first woman to host a late night network television talk show . She subsequently hosted The Joan Rivers Show ( 1989-1993 ) , winning a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk Show Host . From the mid-1990s , she became known for her comedic red carpet awards show celebrity interviews , and in 2009 , she was the Celebrity Apprentice Winner . Rivers co-hosted the E ! celebrity fashion show Fashion Police from 2010 to 2014 and starred in the reality series Joan & Melissa : Joan Knows Best ? ( 2011-2014 ) with daughter Melissa Rivers . She was the subject of the documentary Joan Rivers : A Piece of Work ( 2010 ) . In addition to marketing a line of jewelry and apparel on the QVC shopping channel , Rivers authored 12 best-selling books and three LP comedy albums under her own name : Mr. Phyllis And Other Funny Stories ( Warner Bros 1965 ) , The Next To Last Joan Rivers Album ( Buddah 1969 ) , and What Becomes A Semi-Legend Most ?"}]}, {'value': 'June 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeremy Piven , Joss Stone , Top Dog Week , Grill Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Piven', 'summary': "Jeremy Samuel Piven ( born July 26 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , and producer . He is known for his role as Ari Gold in the comedy series Entourage , for which he won a Golden Globe Award and three consecutive Emmy Awards . He also starred in the British period drama Mr Selfridge , which tells the story of the man who created the luxury English department store chain Selfridges , and portrayed Spence Kovak on Ellen DeGeneres 's sitcom Ellen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joss_Stone', 'summary': "Joscelyn Eve Stoker ( born 11 April 1987 ) , better known by her stage name Joss Stone , is an English singer , songwriter , and actress . She rose to fame in late 2003 with her multi-platinum debut album , The Soul Sessions , which made the 2004 Mercury Prize shortlist . Her second album , the similarly multi-platinum Mind Body & Soul ( 2004 ) , topped the UK Albums Chart for one week and spawned the top ten hit You Had Me , Stone 's most successful single on the UK Singles Chart to date . Both the album and single received one nomination at the 2005 Grammy Awards , while Stone herself was nominated for Best New Artist , and in an annual BBC poll of music critics , Sound of 2004 , was ranked fifth as a predicted breakthrough act of 2004 . She became the youngest British female singer to top the UK Albums Chart . Stone 's third album , Introducing Joss Stone , released in March 2007 , achieved gold record status by the RIAA and yielded the second-ever highest debut for a British female solo artist on the Billboard 200 , and became Stone 's first top five album in the US . She released her fourth album , Colour Me Free ! , on 20 October 2009 , which reached the top 10 on Billboard . Stone released her fifth album , LP1 , on 22 July 2011 , which reached the top 10 on Billboard . Throughout her career , Stone has sold 15 million records worldwide , establishing herself as one of the best-selling soul artists of the 2000s , and the best-selling British artists of her time . Her first three albums have sold over 2,722,000 copies in the US , while her first two albums have sold over 2 million copies in the UK . Stone has earned numerous accolades , including two Brit Awards and one Grammy Award out of five nominations . She also made her film acting debut in 2006 with the fantasy adventure film Eragon , and made her television debut portraying Anne of Cleves in the Showtime series The Tudors in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Mark Consuelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Consuelos', 'summary': 'Mark Andrew Consuelos ( born March 30 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his portrayal of Mateo Santos on the ABC soap opera All My Children ( 1995-2001 ; 2010 ) and supporting actor Hiram Lodge on The CW drama Riverdale ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Enrique Iglesias , Tyrese Gibson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias', 'summary': "Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler ( Spanish pronunciation : [ enˈrike miˈɣel iˈɣlesjas ˈpɾeizleɾ ] ; born 8 May 1975 ) is a Spanish-Filipino singer , songwriter , composer , actor , record producer and model who is widely regarded as the King of Latin Pop . Iglesias began his career during the mid-1990s on American Spanish-language record label Fonovisa Records under the stage name Enrique Martinez , before switching to his notable surname Iglesias . By the turn of the millennium , after becoming one of the biggest stars in Latin America and the Hispanic market in the United States , he made a successful crossover into the US mainstream market . He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US $ 68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums . In 2010 , he parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label , Republic Records , to release bilingual albums . In 2015 , Iglesias parted ways with Universal Music Group after being there for over a decade . He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English . He has sold over 70 million records ( albums and singles combined ) worldwide , making him one of the best-selling latin music artists . Iglesias has scored over 150 number-one songs across all of the Billboard charts . He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles , including two number-ones , and holds the record for producing 27 number-one Spanish-language singles on the Billboard 's Hot Latin Tracks . He also holds the record for most number-one hits and the longest-running number-one hit on that chart . Iglesias also has 14 number-ones on Billboard 's Dance charts , more than any other male artist ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tyrese_Gibson', 'summary': 'Tyrese Gibson ( born December 30 , 1978 ) , also known mononymously as Tyrese , is an American singer , songwriter , author , rapper , actor , model , VJ and screenwriter . He played Joseph Jody Summers in Baby Boy , Angel Mercer in Four Brothers , Roman Pearce in the Fast Saga films , and Robert Epps in the Transformers film series . After releasing several albums , he transitioned into films , with lead roles in several major Hollywood releases . According to Billboard Tyrese has sold 3.69 million albums in the U.S .'}]}, {'value': 'June 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Steve Carell , Mandy Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Carell', 'summary': "Steven John Carell ( /kəˈrɛl/ ; born August 16 , 1962 ) is an American actor , comedian , producer , writer and director . He is well known for his portrayal of boss Michael Scott on the NBC sitcom The Office ( 2005-2013 ) , on which he also worked as an occasional producer , writer and director . Carell was a correspondent on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 to 2005 . He has starred in Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) and its 2013 sequel , The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Evan Almighty ( 2007 ) , Get Smart ( 2008 ) , Crazy , Stupid , Love ( 2011 ) , The Incredible Burt Wonderstone and The Way , Way Back ( both 2013 ) . He has also voice acted in Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) and the Despicable Me franchise ( 2010-present ) . In 2016 , Carell co-created the TBS comedy series Angie Tribeca with his wife , Nancy Carell . Carell was nominated as America 's funniest man by Life magazine , and received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy for his work on the first season of The Office . In the 2010s , Carell received attention for more dramatic roles . His role as wrestling coach and convicted murderer John Eleuthère du Pont in the drama film Foxcatcher ( 2014 ) earned him , among various honors , nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . He also received acclaim for his roles in Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) , The Big Short ( 2015 ) , and Battle of the Sexes ( 2017 ) , the latter two earning him his eighth and ninth Golden Globe Award nominations , respectively . In 2018 , he re-teamed with Anchorman and The Big Short director Adam McKay for the Dick Cheney biopic Vice , in which he portrayed Donald Rumsfeld , and played journalist David Sheff in the drama Beautiful Boy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mandy_Moore', 'summary': "Amanda Leigh Moore ( born April 10 , 1984 ) is an American singer , songwriter and actress . She signed with Epic Records in 1999 and came to fame with the release of her debut single Candy , which peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Her debut studio album , So Real ( 1999 ) , received a platinum certification from the RIAA . The title single from her second studio album , I Wan na Be With You ( 2000 ) , became Moore 's first top 30 song in the U.S. , peaking at number 24 on the Hot 100 . Moore subsequently released the studio albums Mandy Moore ( 2001 ) , Coverage ( 2003 ) , Wild Hope ( 2007 ) , and Amanda Leigh ( 2009 ) . Her upcoming seventh album , Silver Landings , is set to be released in March 2020 . Moore made her feature film debut in 2001 , with a minor voice role in the comedy film Dr. Dolittle 2 , before starring as Lana Thomas in the comedy film The Princess Diaries . She received recognition for her starring role as Jamie Sullivan in the romantic drama film A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) , and starred in the films Chasing Liberty ( 2004 ) , Racing Stripes ( 2005 ) , Because I Said So ( 2007 ) , License to Wed ( 2007 ) , Love , Wedding , Marriage ( 2011 ) , 47 Meters Down ( 2017 ) , The Darkest Minds ( 2018 ) , and Midway ( 2019 ) . Moore also voiced Princess Rapunzel in the Disney animated fantasy musical comedy film Tangled ( 2010 ) , the short film Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) , and the Disney Channel television series Tangled : The Series ( 2017-present ) . Since 2016 , Moore has starred as Rebecca Pearson in the NBC family comedy-drama series This Is Us . For her performance , she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , and won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . In 2019 , Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'June 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cusack , Jeanne Tripplehorn , DJ JS-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cusack', 'summary': 'John Paul Cusack ( /ˈkjuːsæk/ ; born June 28 , 1966 ) is an American actor , producer , and screenwriter . He began acting in films during the 1980s and has since starred in a number of movies , including Better Off Dead ( 1985 ) , Say Anything . ( 1989 ) , Bullets over Broadway ( 1994 ) , Grosse Pointe Blank ( 1997 ) , Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) , High Fidelity ( 2000 ) , 1408 ( 2007 ) , Igor ( 2008 ) , 2012 ( 2009 ) , The Raven ( 2012 ) and Love & Mercy ( 2014 ) . The son of filmmaker Dick Cusack , his sisters are actresses Joan and Ann Cusack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeanne_Tripplehorn', 'summary': "Jeanne Marie Tripplehorn ( born June 10 , 1963 ) is an American actress . She began her career in theatre , acting in several plays throughout the early 1990s , including Anton Chekov 's Three Sisters on Broadway . Her film career began with the role of a police psychologist in the erotic thriller Basic Instinct ( 1992 ) . Her other film roles include The Firm ( 1993 ) , Waterworld ( 1995 ) and Sliding Doors ( 1998 ) . On television , she starred as Barbara Henrickson on the HBO drama series Big Love ( 2006-11 ) and as Dr. Alex Blake on the CBS police drama Criminal Minds ( 2012-14 ) , and she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her performance as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 2009 HBO movie Grey Gardens ."}]}, {'value': 'June 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Elisha Cuthbert , Lisa Rinna & Harry Hamlin , Drake Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elisha_Cuthbert', 'summary': "Elisha Ann Cuthbert Phaneuf ( born November 30 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actress and model . She played Kim Bauer in the series 24 , Darcie Goldberg in the 2003 college comedy Old School , Danielle in the 2004 teen comedy film The Girl Next Door , and Carly Jones in the 2005 remake of House of Wax . As of June 2019 [ update ] , she plays Abby Phillips in the Netflix Original Series The Ranch . In 2013 , Maxim magazine named her TV 's most beautiful woman . At the age of 14 , Cuthbert made her feature film debut in the 1997 family-drama Dancing on the Moon . Her first major lead role came in the 1998 drama film Airspeed ( No Control ) alongside Joe Mantegna . In 2001 , she starred in the movie Lucky Girl , in which she received her first award , the Gemini Awards , but her career began in earnest in the 2000s when she played Kim Bauer , daughter of Jack Bauer in the action series 24 . Subsequently , Cuthbert appeared in the lead role in the films The Quiet ( 2005 ) and Captivity ( 2007 ) . From 2011 to 2013 , Cuthbert starred as Alex Kerkovich in the three seasons of the ABC comedy Happy Endings . Beginning in 2016 , Cuthbert had a recurring role on the Netflix series The Ranch , before becoming a main cast member in the series ' second season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Rinna', 'summary': "Lisa Deanna Rinna ( born July 11 , 1963 ) is an American actress , author and television personality . As an actress , she is best known for her roles as Billie Reed on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives and Taylor McBride on Fox 's television drama Melrose Place . Since 2014 , Rinna has reached new levels of fame for her starring role on Bravo 's hit reality television series The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills . Other television credits include being a contestant on NBC 's The Celebrity Apprentice and ABC 's Dancing with the Stars , as well as guest starring roles on Entourage , The Middle , Veronica Mars , Community , and 8 Simple Rules . Rinna made her Broadway debut in Chicago as Roxie Hart in June 2007 . She was the host of Soapnet 's talk show Soap Talk ( 2002-2006 ) , for which she earned four Emmy nominations for Outstanding Talk Show Host . Rinna has also written three books : Starlit , The Big , Fun , Sexy Sex Book , and The New York Times best-seller Rinnavation . In 2012 , she debuted her fashion line Lisa Rinna Collection for QVC ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Hamlin', 'summary': 'Harry Robinson Hamlin ( born October 30 , 1951 ) is an American actor , author , and entrepreneur . Hamlin is known for his roles as Perseus in the 1981 fantasy film Clash of the Titans and as Michael Kuzak in the legal drama series L.A. Law , for which he received three Golden Globe nominations . For his recurring role on the AMC drama series Mad Men , Hamlin received a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drake_Bell', 'summary': "Jared Drake Bell ( born June 27 , 1986 ) is an American actor , voice actor , singer , songwriter , and musician . Born in Newport Beach , California , he began his career as an actor in the early 1990s at the age of five with his first televised appearance on Home Improvement . Bell also appeared in several commercials , such as one for Pokémon Red and Blue , but is best known for his starring roles on Nickelodeon 's The Amanda Show and Drake & Josh . Bell starred in a trilogy of The Fairly OddParents movies on Nickelodeon . Bell was the voice of Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the animated series Ultimate Spider-Man on Disney XD . In addition to acting , Bell has a career in music starting in the early 2000s , at the time of his appearances on The Amanda Show , with a band named Drake 24/7 . He also co-wrote and performed the theme song to Drake & Josh , entitled Found a Way . In 2005 he independently released his debut album , Telegraph , released under Bell 's own name . His second album , It 's Only Time , was released in 2006 after signing with Universal Motown Records and debuted at # 81 on the Billboard 200 , selling over 23,000 copies during its first week of release . It 's Only Time has sold 178,000 copies in the United States as of 2012 . His first video album , Drake Bell in Concert , was released in 2008 . It debuted at # 81 on the Top 100 Mexican Albums Chart ."}]}, {'value': 'June 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Téa Leoni , John Krasinski , Grill Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Téa_Leoni', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Téa Pantaleoni ( /ˈteɪ.ə pɑːntəleɪˈoʊni/ ; born February 25 , 1966 ) , better known by her stage name Téa Leoni , is an American actress and producer . In her early career , she starred in the television sitcoms Flying Blind ( 1992-93 ) and The Naked Truth ( 1995-98 ) . Her breakthrough role was in the 1995 action comedy film Bad Boys . In later years , Leoni had lead roles in films such as Deep Impact ( 1998 ) , The Family Man ( 2000 ) , Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) , Spanglish ( 2004 ) and Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) . In 2014 , she returned to television in the leading role in the CBS political drama series Madam Secretary .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Krasinski', 'summary': "John Burke Krasinski ( /krəˈzɪnski/ ; born October 20 , 1979 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . Besides appearing in and making feature films , he is best known for his role as Jim Halpert on the NBC sitcom The Office . He also served as a producer and occasional director of the series throughout its nine-season run . Educated in theatre arts at Brown University and the National Theater Institute , Krasinski is the recipient of a number of accolades , including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations and two Screen Actors Guild Awards . Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018 . His film credits include License to Wed ( 2007 ) , Leatherheads ( 2008 ) , Away We Go ( 2009 ) , It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) , Something Borrowed ( 2011 ) , Big Miracle ( 2012 ) , Promised Land ( 2012 ) , Aloha ( 2015 ) , and 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi ( 2016 ) . Krasinski directed and starred in the drama Brief Interviews with Hideous Men ( 2009 ) and the comedy-drama film The Hollars ( 2016 ) . In 2018 , Krasinski co-wrote , directed , and starred in the critically and commercially acclaimed horror film A Quiet Place . That year , he began portraying the title character in the Amazon thriller series Jack Ryan , which he also produced . He was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the Screen Actors Guild Awards for his role . In addition to acting in television series and films , Krasinski has performed voice-over work in both animated and documentary films such as Monsters University and a small role in Shrek the Third . He established a production company , Sunday Night Productions , in 2013 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'June 2007', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_19)_9', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 19th season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."}
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On which date did A Simple Life 's star make a guest appearance ?
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June 8
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020173d369bc48b9
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_College_Football_Hall_of_Fame_inductees', 'title': '2007 College Football Hall of Fame inductees', 'header': ['Name', 'School ( s )', 'Position', 'Last year played'], 'data': [{'value': 'Troy Aikman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Aikman', 'summary': 'Troy Kenneth Aikman ( born November 21 , 1966 ) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The first overall pick of the 1989 NFL Draft , Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as the starting quarterback with the Cowboys , the most number of seasons by any Cowboy quarterback . During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection , led the team to three Super Bowl victories , and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII . Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9 , 2008 in New York City . Currently he works as a television sportscaster for the Fox network . He was also a former joint owner of the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series racing team Hall of Fame Racing along with fellow former Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach , and was a part-owner of the San Diego Padres .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': "The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trev Alberts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trev_Alberts', 'summary': "Trev Kendall Alberts ( born August 8 , 1970 ) is an American sports administrator and the director of athletics at the University of Nebraska Omaha . In 2014 Alberts was selected to be Vice Chancellor in addition to his current duties as Director of Athletics . Alberts is a former American college and professional football player . He played college football for the University of Nebraska , and earned All-American honors at linebacker . He played professionally for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League ( NFL ) for three seasons , after having been fifth overall pick in the 1994 NFL Draft . Later , he became a television and print college football commentator , most notably working alongside Mark May on ESPN 's College GameDay Scoreboard show . In January 2015 , Alberts was among 15 players and two coaches selected to the College Football Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otis Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otis_Armstrong', 'summary': 'Otis Armstrong ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is a former American football running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was selected in the 1st round ( 9th overall ) in the 1973 NFL Draft . He played for the Denver Broncos for his entire career from 1973 to 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue_University', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pervis Atkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pervis_Atkins', 'summary': 'Pervis R. Atkins Jr. ( November 24 , 1935 - December 22 , 2017 ) was an American football player .'}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University', 'summary': "New Mexico State University ( NMSU or NM State ) is a public research university , with a main campus in Las Cruces , New Mexico . Founded in 1888 , it is the oldest public institution of higher education in the state of New Mexico , and is one of two flagship universities in New Mexico . Total enrollment across all campuses as of 2017 was 21,874 , with branch campuses in Alamogordo , Carlsbad , Doña Ana County and Grants , and with extension and research centers across New Mexico . It was founded in 1888 as the Las Cruces College , and the following year became New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and designated as a Land Grant college . It received its present name in 1960 . NMSU had 24,580 students enrolled as of Fall 2017 and had a faculty-to-student ratio of about 1 to 16 . NMSU offers a wide range of programs and awards associate , bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through its main campus and four community colleges . NMSU offers 28 doctoral degree programs , 58 master 's degree programs , and 96 baccalaureate majors . New Mexico State 's athletic teams compete at the NCAA Division I level , competing in the Western Athletic Conference , except for football ."}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Boselli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Boselli', 'summary': "Don Anthony Boselli Jr. ( born April 17 , 1972 ) is a former American football offensive tackle of the National Football League ( NFL ) for eight seasons . He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars second overall in the 1995 NFL Draft , becoming the team 's first-ever draft pick . He played college football at USC , where he was honored as an All-American . Boselli played with the Jaguars until 2002 , proving to be one of the franchise 's most successful and popular players . He was then drafted by the Houston Texans as the first overall pick in the 2002 expansion draft , but was unable to play with them due to injuries ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_tackle', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Brahaney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Brahaney', 'summary': 'Thomas Brahaney ( born October 23 , 1951 ) is a former American football center who played nine seasons in the National Football League for the St. Louis Cardinals . He played college football at Oklahoma , where he was an All-American . Most notably in 1971 when he anchored the Sooners NCAA record breaking Wishbone offense that averaged over 472 yards per game and whose only loss was 35-31 , to eventual national champion Nebraska in the Game of the Century . In 2007 , he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': "The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Brown_(cornerback)', 'summary': 'David Steven Brown ( January 16 , 1953 - January 10 , 2006 ) was an American football player and coach . Brown played 15 seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) at the cornerback position for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1975 , the Seattle Seahawks from 1976 to 1986 and the Green Bay Packers from 1987 to 1989 . He was selected as a second-team All-NFL player in 1984 and a second-team All-AFC player in 1985 . His 62 career interceptions ranks ninth in NFL history , and his 50 interceptions with the Seahawks remains a club record . Brown also played college football as a safety and punt returner for the University of Michigan from 1972 to 1974 . While playing for Michigan , compiled 526 punt return yards ( 11.7 yards per return ) , three punt returns for touchdowns , 174 tackles , nine interceptions , 202 interception return yards , and 15 pass breakups . He was selected as a consensus first-team defensive back on the 1973 College Football All-America Team and a unanimous first-team pick on the 1974 College Football All-America Team . He was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2007 . In his later years , Brown pursued a career in coaching . He was the defensive backs coach for the Seattle Seahawks from 1992 to 1998 and for the Texas Tech Red Raiders football team from 2001 until his death in January 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Defensive back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_back', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , defensive backs ( DBs ) are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage ; they are distinguished from the defensive line players and linebackers , who take positions directly behind or close to the line of scrimmage . The defensive backs , in turn , generally are classified into several different specialized positions :'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Brown_(American_football)', 'summary': "Timothy Donell Brown ( born July 22 , 1966 ) is a former American football wide receiver who played professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for Notre Dame , where he won the Heisman Trophy . He spent sixteen years with the Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders , during which he established himself as one of the NFL 's most prolific wide receivers . Brown has also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . In 2015 , he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame', 'summary': "The University of Notre Dame du Lac ( or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM , or ND ) is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame , Indiana , outside the city of South Bend . It was founded in 1842 by Rev . Edward Sorin . The main campus covers 1,261 acres ( 510 ha ) in a suburban setting ; it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the Word of Life mural ( commonly known as Touchdown Jesus ) , Notre Dame Stadium , and the Basilica . Notre Dame has consistently been recognized as one of the top universities in the United States , in particular for its undergraduate education . Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges . The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the annual Driehaus Architecture Prize . The university offers over 50 yearlong study programs abroad and over 15 summer programs . Notre Dame 's graduate program has more than 50 master , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the six schools , including the Notre Dame Law School and an MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of Medicine . It maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art . The majority of the university 's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events , and intramural sports teams . The university 's approximately 134,000 alumni are considered one of the strongest college alumni networks in the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Wide receiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Carrier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Carrier_(safety)', 'summary': "Mark Anthony Carrier III ( born April 28 , 1968 ) is a retired American football safety who played in the National Football League . He was the former defensive backs ' coach for the Cincinnati Bengals ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Safety', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Casper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Casper', 'summary': 'David John Casper ( born February 2 , 1952 ) nicknamed the Ghost , is an American former football player best known for being a prominent member of the Oakland Raiders in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was a tight end and also played as an offensive lineman . Casper has been inducted into both the College Football Hall of Fame ( 2012 ) and the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2002 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame', 'summary': "The University of Notre Dame du Lac ( or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM , or ND ) is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame , Indiana , outside the city of South Bend . It was founded in 1842 by Rev . Edward Sorin . The main campus covers 1,261 acres ( 510 ha ) in a suburban setting ; it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the Word of Life mural ( commonly known as Touchdown Jesus ) , Notre Dame Stadium , and the Basilica . Notre Dame has consistently been recognized as one of the top universities in the United States , in particular for its undergraduate education . Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges . The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the annual Driehaus Architecture Prize . The university offers over 50 yearlong study programs abroad and over 15 summer programs . Notre Dame 's graduate program has more than 50 master , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the six schools , including the Notre Dame Law School and an MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of Medicine . It maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art . The majority of the university 's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events , and intramural sports teams . The university 's approximately 134,000 alumni are considered one of the strongest college alumni networks in the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle / Tight end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_tackle', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronnie Caveness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronnie_Caveness', 'summary': "Ronald Glen Caveness ( March 6 , 1943 - May 10 , 2014 ) was an American football linebacker for the American Football League 's Houston Oilers and Kansas City Chiefs from 1965 to 1968 . Caveness played college football for the University of Arkansas where he was a Football News first-team All-American in 1963 . In his senior season in 1964 , he was selected first-team All-America by the American Football Coaches Association , the Associated Press , the Football Writers Association of America , the Newspaper Enterprise Association and The Sporting News . Caveness led the Razorbacks to an undefeated season in 1964 ( 11-0 ) , winning the Southwest Conference championship , and defeated Nebraska in the 1965 Cotton Bowl , 10-7 . Caveness was the Defensive MVP of the Cotton Bowl . Arkansas was the only undefeated team left after the bowl games , and was named the 1964 national champions by seven different selectors . Alabama was awarded the AP Poll and UPI Coaches Poll national titles , but only because , at that time , both polls gave out their championships before the bowl games . Alabama lost in the Orange Bowl to the Texas Longhorns , a team Arkansas beat . Caveness also spent the 1973 season as a linebacker coach for the Houston Oilers . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2010 . He died of melanoma at the age of 71 on 10 May 2014 . After death he was diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ."}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Crable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Crable', 'summary': "Robert Edward Crable ( born September 22 , 1959 ) is an American former college and professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League ( NFL ) for six seasons during the 1980s . He played college football for the University of Notre Dame , and twice earned consensus All-American honors . A first-round pick in the 1982 NFL Draft , he played professionally for the NFL 's New York Jets ."}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame', 'summary': "The University of Notre Dame du Lac ( or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM , or ND ) is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame , Indiana , outside the city of South Bend . It was founded in 1842 by Rev . Edward Sorin . The main campus covers 1,261 acres ( 510 ha ) in a suburban setting ; it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the Word of Life mural ( commonly known as Touchdown Jesus ) , Notre Dame Stadium , and the Basilica . Notre Dame has consistently been recognized as one of the top universities in the United States , in particular for its undergraduate education . Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges . The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the annual Driehaus Architecture Prize . The university offers over 50 yearlong study programs abroad and over 15 summer programs . Notre Dame 's graduate program has more than 50 master , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the six schools , including the Notre Dame Law School and an MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of Medicine . It maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art . The majority of the university 's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events , and intramural sports teams . The university 's approximately 134,000 alumni are considered one of the strongest college alumni networks in the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Cross', 'summary': 'Randall Laureat Cross ( born April 25 , 1954 ) is an American football analyst and former player . He was a right guard and center in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for the UCLA Bruins and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Offensive guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randall Cunningham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randall_Cunningham', 'summary': 'Randall Wade Cunningham Sr. ( born March 27 , 1963 ) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played in the NFL for 16 seasons , primarily with the Philadelphia Eagles . Cunningham is also known for his tenure with the Minnesota Vikings . He is the younger brother of former college and professional football player Sam Cunningham and the father of Randall Cunningham II and world champion high jumper Vashti Cunningham . Cunningham was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2016 . After playing college football at the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , Cunningham was selected in the second round of the 1985 NFL Draft by the Eagles , with whom he remained through the 1995 season . Following 11 seasons with the team , he announced his retirement from football , but returned after a year away from the game to join the Vikings . In 1998 , Cunningham enjoyed the strongest season of his career and helped the team set the NFL record for most points in a regular season at the time , although the Vikings would be upset in the NFC Championship Game . He was released by the Vikings following the 1999 season after failing to match his success during the previous year . In his final two seasons , he played for the Dallas Cowboys and the Baltimore Ravens for one year each , primarily as a backup . Upon retiring for a second and final time , Cunningham became an ordained Protestant minister and a coach at Silverado High School .'}]}, {'value': 'UNLV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise , Nevada . The 332-acre ( 134 ha ) campus is about 1.6 mi ( 2.6 km ) east of the Las Vegas Strip . It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969 . The university includes the Shadow Lane Campus , just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , which houses both School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine . UNLV 's law school , the William S. Boyd School of Law , is also the only law school in the state . UNLV is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration is annually ranked among the top hospitality programs in the United States due in part to the university 's proximity to the Las Vegas Strip . Its Thomas & Mack Center hosted the 2007 NBA All-Star Game , concerts and lectures by Bill Clinton and Mikhail Gorbachev as part of various UNLV-affiliated lecture series ."}]}, {'value': 'Punter / Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football_position)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Cunningham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Cunningham', 'summary': 'Samuel Lewis Cunningham Jr ( born August 15 , 1950 ) is a retired American football fullback . The media referred to him as Sam Bam Cunningham .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Davis_(American_football)', 'summary': "Jeffrey Eugene Davis ( born January 26 , 1960 ) is a former American college and professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League ( NFL ) for six seasons during the 1980s . He played college football for Clemson University , and received All-American honors . He played professionally for the NFL 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers ."}]}, {'value': 'Clemson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Dickerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Dickerson', 'summary': "Eric Demetric Dickerson ( born September 2 , 1960 ) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for eleven seasons . Dickerson played college football for the SMU Mustangs of Southern Methodist University and was recognized as an All-American . He was selected in the first round of the 1983 NFL Draft and played professionally for the Los Angeles Rams , Indianapolis Colts , Los Angeles Raiders , and Atlanta Falcons of the NFL . During his NFL career , he rushed for over 13,000 yards . He holds the NFL 's single-season rushing record with 2,105 yards , set in 1984 . Dickerson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1999 . He wore prescription goggles throughout his career due to myopia ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern Methodist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University', 'summary': 'Southern Methodist University ( SMU ) is a private research university in University Park , Texas , with satellite campuses in Plano , Texas and Taos , New Mexico . SMU was founded in April 17 , 1911 by the Methodist Episcopal Church , South - now part of the United Methodist Church - in partnership with Dallas civic leaders . However , it is nonsectarian in its teaching and enrolls students of all religious affiliations . As of fall 2018 , the university had 11,824 students , including 6,710 undergraduates and 5,114 postgraduates , from all 50 states and 85 countries . Its instructional faculty is 1,151 , with 754 being full time . The student-faculty ratio is 11:1 . The university grants degrees from eight schools ; Edwin L. Cox School of Business , Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences , Dedman School of Law , Bobby B. Lyle School of Engineering , Algur H. Meadows School of the Arts , Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies , Perkins School of Theology , Annette Caldwell Simmons School of Education and Human Development ; as well as a Master of Interactive Technology ( MIT ) in Digital Game Development from SMU Guildhall .'}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Dombrowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Dombrowski', 'summary': "James Matthew Dombrowski ( born October 19 , 1963 ) is a former American college and professional football player who was a guard and offensive tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for eleven seasons . Dombrowski played college football for the University of Virginia , and earned All-American honors . A first-round pick in the 1986 NFL Draft , he played his entire eleven-year pro career for the NFL 's New Orleans Saints . He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008 and the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Virginia', 'summary': "The University of Virginia ( U.Va . or UVA ) is a public research university in Charlottesville , Virginia . It was founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson . It is the flagship university of Virginia and home to Jefferson 's Academical Village , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . UVA is known for its historic foundations , student-run honor code and secret societies . The original governing Board of Visitors included Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe . Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation and earlier Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVA 's first two rectors . Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study and original architecture . UVA was the first university of the American South elected to the research-driven Association of American Universities in 1904 . More than a century later , the journal Science credited UVA faculty with two of the top ten global scientific breakthroughs of 2015 . The University of Virginia offers 121 majors across the eight undergraduate and three professional schools . Its alumni have founded many companies , such as Reddit and CNET , which together produce more than $ 1.6 trillion in annual revenue and have created 2.3 million jobs ."}]}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_tackle', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D. J. Dozier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D._J._Dozier', 'summary': "William Henry D.J . Dozier , Jr. ( born September 21 , 1965 ) is a retired American National Football League running back and Major League Baseball outfielder . He played five seasons with the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings and Detroit Lions from 1987 to 1991 , and played one season with the MLB 's New York Mets in 1992 . He currently resides in Virginia Beach , Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Penn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) is a state-related , land-grant , doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania . Founded in 1855 as the Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania , Penn State conducts teaching , research , and public service . Its instructional mission includes undergraduate , graduate , professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery . Its University Park campus , the flagship campus , lies within the Borough of State College and College Township . It has two law schools : Penn State Law , on the school 's University Park campus , and Dickinson Law , located in Carlisle , 90 miles south of State College . The College of Medicine is located in Hershey . Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state . Penn State has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . Annual enrollment at the University Park campus totals more than 46,800 graduate and undergraduate students , making it one of the largest universities in the United States . It has the world 's largest dues-paying alumni association . The university 's total enrollment in 2015-16 was approximately 97,500 across its 24 campuses and online through its World Campus . The university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses ."}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Dyas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Dyas', 'summary': 'Edmund C. Dyas ( November 11 , 1939 - January 23 , 2011 ) was an American football player , who played college football from 1958 to 1960 for the Auburn Tigers . He finished fourth for the Heisman Trophy his senior season . He was an integral member on the 1958 team that finished 9-0-1 . Dyas was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2009 . After his college football career , Dyas became an orthopedic surgeon in Mobile , Alabama . He died on January 23 , 2011 , aged 71 , from stomach cancer .'}]}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_University', 'summary': "Auburn University ( AU or Auburn ) is a public research and land-grant university in Auburn , Alabama . With more than 23,000 undergraduate students and a total enrollment of more than 30,000 with 1,260 faculty members , Auburn is the second largest university in Alabama . It is one of the state 's two public flagship universities . The university is classified as an R1 : Doctoral Research - Very High Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . Auburn was chartered on February 1 , 1856 , as East Alabama Male College , a private liberal arts school affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church , South . In 1872 , under the Morrill Act , it became the state 's first land-grant university and was renamed as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama . In 1892 , it became the first four-year coeducational school in Alabama , and in 1899 was renamed Alabama Polytechnic Institute ( API ) to reflect its changing mission . In 1960 , its name was changed to Auburn University to acknowledge the varied academic programs and larger curriculum of a major university ."}]}, {'value': 'Fullback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(American_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players', 'section_text': "To be eligible for the ballot , players must have : Been named a First Team All-America by a major/national selector as recognized and utilized by the NCAA for their consensus All-America teams ; Played their last year of intercollegiate football at least ten years prior ; Played within the last 50 years ( since 1957 for the 2007 ballot , making three candidates , Don Stephenson , Jim Taylor , and Clendon Thomas their last year eligible to be voted in ) ; Can not be currently playing professional football . The candidate ’ s post-football record as a citizen was also weighed . The University of Notre Dame led this year 's ballot with 8 nominations followed by the University of Southern California with 5 and the Ohio State University and University of Oklahoma tied with 3 each .", 'uid': '2007_College_Football_Hall_of_Fame_ballot_0', 'intro': 'The 2007 College Football Hall of Fame inductees were chosen by a ballot which consisted of 75 players and 8 coaches who were voted on by more than twelve-thousand voters for inclusion into the College Football Hall of Fame. The 2007 class was announced at a press conference in New York City at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on May 9, 2007, and was inducted at The National Football Foundations 50th Awards Dinner on December 4, 2007, also at the Waldorf-Astoria. They were then enshrined into the hall of fame in South Bend, Indiana in the summer of 2008. Once nominated for consideration, all player candidates were submitted to one of eight District Screening Committees, depending on their geographic location, which conducted a vote to determine who appeared on the ballot and represented their respective districts. Each year, 15 candidates, who are not selected for the Hall of Fame, will be named automatic holdovers and will bypass the district screening process and automatically appear on the ballot the following year. Joe Paterno was inducted this year as well, despite not being on this ballot. He was voted in on the 2006 ballot but was unable to attend the induction due to a sideline injury.'}
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What was the last year played for the inductee born November 15 , 1950 and attending a university where the first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students ?
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Otis Armstrong
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02019ca343de016b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Myanmar', 'title': 'List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar', 'header': ['Rank', 'City', 'State/Region', '2014 Census', '1993 Estimate', 'Change'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yangon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yangon', 'summary': "Yangon ( pronunciation [ jàɰ̃ɡòʊɰ̃ mjo̰ ] , lit . 'End of Strife ' ) , formerly known as Rangoon , is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar ( also known as Burma ) . Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006 , when the military government relocated the administrative functions to the purpose-built city of Naypyidaw [ nèpjìdɔ̀ ] in central Myanmar . With over 7 million people , Yangon is Myanmar 's most populous city and its most important commercial centre . Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in Southeast Asia , and has a unique colonial-era urban core that is remarkably intact . The colonial-era commercial core is centered around the Sule Pagoda , which is reputed to be over 2,000 years old . The city is also home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda - Myanmar 's most sacred Buddhist pagoda . The mausoleum of the last Mughal Emperor is located in Yangon , where he had been exiled following the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . Yangon suffers from deeply inadequate infrastructure , especially compared to other major cities in Southeast Asia . Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon , most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure ."}]}, {'value': 'Yangon Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yangon_Region', 'summary': 'Yangon Region is an administrative region of Myanmar . Located in the heart of Lower Myanmar , the division is bordered by Bago Region to the north and east , the Gulf of Martaban to the south , and Ayeyarwady Region to the west . Yangon Region is dominated by its capital city of Yangon , the former national capital and the largest city in the country . Other important cities are Thanlyin and Twante . The division is the most developed region of the country and the main international gateway . The division measures 10,170 km2 ( 3,930 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '5,160,512', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,361,741', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+53.51%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mandalay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandalay', 'summary': "Mandalay is the second-largest city in Myanmar , after Yangon . Located on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River , 716 km ( 445 mi ) north of Yangon , the city has a population of 1,225,553 ( 2014 census ) . Mandalay was founded in 1857 by King Mindon , replacing Amarapura as the new royal capital of the Konbaung dynasty . It was Burma 's final royal capital before the kingdom 's annexation by the British Empire in 1885 . Under British rule , Mandalay remained commercially and culturally important despite the rise of Yangon , the new capital of British Burma . The city suffered extensive destruction during the Japanese conquest of Burma in the Second World War . In 1948 , Mandalay became part of the newly independent Union of Burma . Today , Mandalay is the economic centre of Upper Myanmar and considered the centre of Burmese culture . A continuing influx of Chinese immigrants , mostly from Yunnan , in the past 20 years , has reshaped the city 's ethnic makeup and increased commerce with China . Despite Naypyidaw 's recent rise , Mandalay remains Upper Burma 's main commercial , educational and health center ."}]}, {'value': 'Mandalay Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandalay_Region', 'summary': "Mandalay Region ( Burmese : မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ máɰ̃dəlé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , formerly Mandalay Division ) is an administrative division of Myanmar . It is located in the center of the country , bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west , Shan State to the east , and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south . The regional capital is Mandalay . To the south of the region lies the national capital of Nay Pyi Taw . The division consists of seven districts , which are subdivided into 30 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts . Mandalay Region is important in Myanmar 's economy , accounting for 15% of the national economy . It is under the administration of the Mandalay Region Government ."}]}, {'value': '1,319,452', 'urls': []}, {'value': '885,287', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+49.04%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naypyidaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naypyidaw', 'summary': "Naypyidaw , officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw , is the capital city of Myanmar . The city is located at the center of the Naypyidaw Union Territory . It is unusual among Myanmar 's cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state or region , similar to Canberra in Australia , Brasília in Brazil , Washington , D.C. in the United States , Islamabad in Pakistan or Abuja in Nigeria . The city officially replaced Yangon as the administrative capital of Myanmar in 2006 . As the seat of the government of Myanmar , Naypyidaw is the site of the Union Parliament , the Supreme Court , the Presidential Palace , the official residences of the Cabinet of Myanmar and the headquarters of government ministries and military . Naypyidaw is notable for its unusual combination of large size and very low population density . The city hosted the 24th and 25th ASEAN Summit , the 3rd BIMSTEC Summit , the Ninth East Asia Summit , and the 2013 Southeast Asian Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Naypyidaw Union Territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naypyidaw_Union_Territory', 'summary': 'Naypyidaw Union Territory ( Burmese : နေပြည်တော် ပြည်တောင်စုနယ်မြေ ; also spelled Nay Pyi Taw ) is an administrative division in central Myanmar ( Burma ) . It contains Naypyidaw , the capital city of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': '375,189', 'urls': []}, {'value': '375,189', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.00%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taunggyi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taunggyi', 'summary': 'Taunggyi is the capital and largest city of Shan State , Myanmar ( Burma ) and lies on the Thazi-Kyaingtong road at an elevation of 4,712 feet , just north of Shwenyaung and Inle Lake within the Myelat region . Taunggyi is the fifth largest city of Myanmar , and has an estimated population of 380,665 as of 2014.The city is famous for its hot air balloon festival held annually on the full moon day of Tazaungmon .'}]}, {'value': 'Shan State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shan_State', 'summary': "Shan State ( Shan : မိူင်းတႆး ; Burmese : ရှမ်းပြည်နယ် , pronounced [ ʃáɰ̃ pjìnɛ̀ ] ) is a state of Myanmar . Shan State borders China to the north , Laos to the east , and Thailand to the south , and five administrative divisions of Burma in the west . Largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area , Shan State covers 155,800 km2 , almost a quarter of the total area of Burma . The state gets its name from Burmese name for the Tai people : Shan people . The Shan constitute the majority among several ethnic groups that inhabit the area . Shan is largely rural , with only three cities of significant size : Lashio , Kengtung , and the capital , Taunggyi . Taunggyi is 150.7 km northeast of the nation 's capital Naypyitaw . Shan State , with many ethnic groups , is home to several armed ethnic armies . While the military government has signed ceasefire agreements with most groups , vast areas of the state , especially those east of the Salween River , remain outside the central government 's control , and in recent years have come under heavy ethnic-Han-Chinese economic and political influence . Other areas are under the control of military groups such as the Shan State Army ."}]}, {'value': '264,804', 'urls': []}, {'value': '131,483', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+101.40%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mawlamyine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mawlamyine', 'summary': 'Mawlamyine , formerly Moulmein , is the fourth largest city of Myanmar ( Burma ) , 300 km south east of Yangon and 70 km south of Thaton , at the mouth of Thanlwin ( Salween ) River . The city is the capital and largest city of Mon State and the main trading center and seaport in south eastern Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Mon State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mon_State', 'summary': "Mon State ( Burmese : မွန်ပြည်နယ် , pronounced [ mʊ̀ɴ pjìnɛ̀ ] ; Mon : တွဵုရးဍုၚ်မန်၊ ရာမညဒေသ ) is an administrative division of Myanmar . It lies between Kayin State to the east , the Andaman Sea to the west , Bago Region to the north and Tanintharyi Region to the south , also having a short border with Thailand 's Kanchanaburi Province at its south-eastern tip . The land area is 12,155 km2 . The Dawna Range , running along the eastern side of the state in a NNW-SSE direction , forms a natural border with Kayin State . Mon State includes some small islands , such as Kalegauk , Wa Kyun and Kyungyi Island , along its 566 km of coastline . The state 's capital is Mawlamyine ."}]}, {'value': '253,734', 'urls': []}, {'value': '307,615', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−17.52%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar', 'summary': 'Bago , formerly known as Hanthawaddy ( Burmese : ဟံသာဝတီ ; Mon : ဟံသာဝတဳ Hongsawatoi ; Pali : Haṃsāvatī ; meaning She Who Has Sheldrake ) , is a city and the capital of the Bago Region in Myanmar . It is located 91 kilometres ( 57 mi ) north-east of Yangon .'}]}, {'value': 'Bago Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bago_Region', 'summary': "Bago Region ( Burmese : ပဲခူးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ bəɡó táɪɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] ; formerly Pegu Division and Bago Division ) is an administrative region of Myanmar , located in the southern central part of the country . It is bordered by Magway Region and Mandalay Region to the north ; Kayin State , Mon State and the Gulf of Martaban to the east ; Yangon Region to the south and Ayeyarwady Region and Rakhine State to the west . It is located between 46°45 ' N and 19°20 ' N and 94°35 ' E and 97°10 ' E . It has a population of 4,867,373 ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': '254,424', 'urls': []}, {'value': '190,930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+33.26%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myitkyina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myitkyina', 'summary': "Myitkyina Jinghpaw : Myitkyina , [ mjìtkjí̠ná ] ) is the capital city of Kachin State in Myanmar ( Burma ) , located 1,480 kilometers ( 920 mi ) from Yangon , and 785 kilometers ( 488 mi ) from Mandalay . In Burmese it means near the big river , and Myitkyina is on the west bank of the Ayeyarwady River , just below 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) from Myit-son ( Burmese for confluence ) of its two headstreams ( the Mali and N'mai rivers ) . It is the northernmost river port and railway terminus in Myanmar . The city is served by Myitkyina Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Kachin State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kachin_State', 'summary': "Kachin State ( Kachin : Wunpawng Mungdaw ( or ) Wunpawng Mungdan ; Burmese : ကချင်ပြည်နယ် ) is the northernmost state of Myanmar . It is bordered by China to the north and east ( Tibet and Yunnan , specifically and respectively ) ; Shan State to the south ; and Sagaing Region and India to the west . It lies between north latitude 23° 27 ' and 28° 25 ' longitude 96° 0 ' and 98° 44 ' . The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km2 ( 34,379 sq mi ) . The capital of the state is Myitkyina . Other important towns include Bhamo , Mohnyin and Putao . Kachin State has Myanmar 's highest mountain , Hkakabo Razi ( 5,889 metres ( 19,321 ft ) ) , forming the southern tip of the Himalayas , and a large inland lake , Indawgyi Lake ."}]}, {'value': '243,031', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71,320', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+240.76%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monywa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monywa', 'summary': "Monywa is the largest cities in Sagaing Region , Myanmar , located 136 km north-west of Mandalay on the eastern bank of the River Chindwin . It is also known as Neem city because many of the city 's streets are lined with Neem trees . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Sagaing Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sagaing_Region', 'summary': "Sagaing Region ( Burmese : စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်းဒေသ , pronounced [ zəɡáɪ̯ɰ̃ táɪ̯ɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , formerly Sagaing Division ) is an administrative region of Myanmar , located in the north-western part of the country between latitude 21° 30 ' north and longitude 94° 97 ' east . It is bordered by Indias Nagaland , Manipur , and Arunachal Pradesh States to the north , Kachin State , Shan State , and Mandalay Region to the east , Mandalay Region and Magway Region to the south , with the Ayeyarwady River forming a greater part of its eastern and also southern boundary , and Chin State and India to the west . The region has an area of 93,527 km2 . In 1996 , it had a population of over 5,300,000 while its population in 2012 was 6,600,000 . The urban population in 2012 was 1,230,000 and the rural population was 5,360,000 . The capital city of Sagaing Region is Sagaing ."}]}, {'value': '207,489', 'urls': []}, {'value': '138,576', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+49.73%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pathein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathein', 'summary': 'Pathein , formerly called Bassein , is the largest city and the capital of the Ayeyarwady Region , Myanmar ( Burma ) . It is located 190 km ( 120 mi ) west of Yangon on the bank of the Pathein River ( Pathein ) , which is a western branch of the Irrawaddy River , the city has a population of 237,089 ( 2017 census ) . Although once part of the Mon kingdom , Pathein has few ethnic Mon residents today . The majority are of Bamar , Burmese Indians and Karen ethnicity . There are , however , notable minority Rakhine .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayeyarwady Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region', 'summary': "Ayeyarwady Region ( Burmese : ဧရာဝတီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ ʔèjàwədì táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , S'gaw Karen : ထံထၣ်စွ့ ; formerly Ayeyarwady Division and Irrawaddy Division ) , is a region of Myanmar , occupying the delta region of the Ayeyarwady River ( Irrawaddy River ) . It is bordered by Bago Region to the north , Bago Region and Yangon Region to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the south and west . It is contiguous with the Rakhine State in the northwest . The region lies between approximately latitude 15° 40 ' and 18° 30 ' north and between longitude 94° 15 ' and 96° 15 ' east . It has an area of 35,140 square kilometres ( 13,566 sq mi ) . The population is more than 6.5 million , making it the most populous of Burmas states and regions . According to the 2014 Burmese National Census the population of the Ayeyarwady Region was 6,184,829 . Ayeyarwady Region is flanked by the Rakhine Yoma ( Arakan Mountains ) range in the west . Large areas have been cleared for paddy cultivation , leading to its preeminent position as the main rice producer in the country , a position it has retained into the 21st century . It has also a number of lakes . Of the rivers branching out from the mighty Ayeyarwady , Ngawun , Pathein and Toe are famous . The capital city of Ayeyarwady division is Pathein ."}]}, {'value': '169,773', 'urls': []}, {'value': '183,903', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−7.68%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pyay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pyay', 'summary': "Pyay is principal town of Pyay Township in the Bago Region in Myanmar . Pyay is located on the bank of the Irrawaddy River , 260 km ( 160 mi ) north-west of Yangon . It is an important trade center for the Ayeyarwady Delta , Central and Upper Myanmar and the Rakhine ( Arakan ) State . The British Irrawaddy Flotilla Company established the current town in the late 19th century on the Irrawaddy as a transshipment point for cargo between Upper and Lower Burma . The district of Pyay encompasses the valley of the Irrawaddy , located between Thayetmyo , Hinthada and Tharrawaddy districts . Along the western side of Pyay District are the Arakan Mountains and along the eastern side are the Pegu Range . Pyay District 's main towns are Pyay , Shwe Taung , and Paungde ."}]}, {'value': 'Bago Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bago_Region', 'summary': "Bago Region ( Burmese : ပဲခူးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ bəɡó táɪɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] ; formerly Pegu Division and Bago Division ) is an administrative region of Myanmar , located in the southern central part of the country . It is bordered by Magway Region and Mandalay Region to the north ; Kayin State , Mon State and the Gulf of Martaban to the east ; Yangon Region to the south and Ayeyarwady Region and Rakhine State to the west . It is located between 46°45 ' N and 19°20 ' N and 94°35 ' E and 97°10 ' E . It has a population of 4,867,373 ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': '134,861', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105,698', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+27.59%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myeik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myeik,_Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myeik .rít ] ; formerly Mergui , /mɜːrˈɡwiː/ ) , is a city in Tanintharyi Region in Myanmar ( Burma ) , located in the extreme south of the country on the coast of an island on the Andaman Sea . As of 2010 [ update ] the estimated population was over 209,000 . The area inland from the city is a major smuggling corridor into Thailand . The Singkhon Pass , also known as the Maw-daung Pass , has an international cross-border checkpoint .'}]}, {'value': 'Tanintharyi Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region', 'summary': 'Tanintharyi Region ( Burmese : တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ tənɪ́ɴθàjì táɪɴ dèθa̰ dʑí ] ; Mon ကွာန်ရတ်တၟး : ဏၚ်ကသဳ or ရးတၞင်သြဳ ; Malay : Tanah Sari ; formerly Tenasserim Division and subsequently Tanintharyi Division , Thai : ตะนาวศรี , RTGS : Tanao Si , pronounced [ tənaːw sǐː ] ; formerly known as Tanao Si ) is an administrative region of Myanmar , covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the Kra Isthmus . It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and the Tenasserim Hills , beyond which lie Thailand , to the east . To the north is the Mon State . There are many islands off the coast , the large Mergui Archipelago in the southern and central coastal areas and the smaller Moscos Islands off the northern shores . The capital of the division is Dawei ( Tavoy ) . Other important cities include Myeik ( Mergui ) and Kawthaung . The division covers an area of 43,344.9 km² , and had a population of 1,406,434 at the 2014 Census .'}]}, {'value': '115,141', 'urls': []}, {'value': '122,670', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−6.14%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meiktila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meiktila', 'summary': "Meiktila is a city in central Burma on the banks of Meiktila Lake in the Mandalay Region at the junctions of the Bagan-Taunggyi , Yangon-Mandalay and Meiktila-Myingyan highways . Because of its strategic position , Meiktila is home to Myanmar Air Force 's central command and Meiktila Air Force Base . The country 's main aerospace engineering university , Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University is also located in Meiktila ."}]}, {'value': 'Mandalay Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandalay_Region', 'summary': "Mandalay Region ( Burmese : မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ máɰ̃dəlé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , formerly Mandalay Division ) is an administrative division of Myanmar . It is located in the center of the country , bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west , Shan State to the east , and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south . The regional capital is Mandalay . To the south of the region lies the national capital of Nay Pyi Taw . The division consists of seven districts , which are subdivided into 30 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts . Mandalay Region is important in Myanmar 's economy , accounting for 15% of the national economy . It is under the administration of the Mandalay Region Government ."}]}, {'value': '111,522', 'urls': []}, {'value': '129,674', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−14.00%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pakokku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakokku', 'summary': 'Pakokku ( Burmese : ပခုက္ကူမြို့ , [ pəkʰoʊʔkù ] ) is a largest city in the Magway Region in Myanmar , also known as Burma . It is situated about 30 km north-east of Bagan on the Irrawaddy River . It is the administration seat of Pakokku Township , Pakokku District and Gangaw District . Pakokku Bridge is part of the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and is the longest bridge in Myanmar.It is home of the Pakokku airport . The city is the location of Computer University , Pakokku , Pakokku Education College , Technological University , Pakokku , and Pakokku University . Thiho Shin Pagoda ( The Lord of Sri Lanka Pagoda ) , Shwe Ku Pagoda , Shwe Mothtaw Pagoda , Shwe Tant Tit , and Phaung Taw Oo Pagoda are famous pagodas which locate at Pakokku . Irrawaddy Bridge ( Pakokku ) is the longest bridge in Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Magway Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magway_Region', 'summary': "Magway Region ( Burmese : မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ məɡwé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , formerly Magway Division ) is an administrative division in central Myanmar . Magway Region is the second largest of Myanmar 's seven divisions , with an area of 44,820 square kilometres ( 17,306 sq mi ) . Pa Del Dam ( ပဒဲဆည် ) is one of the Dam in Aung Lan Township , Magway Division . Capital and second largest city of the Magway Division is Magway and largest city of the Magway Division is Pakokku . . Major Cities of Magway Division are Magway , Pakokku , Yenangyaung , Minbu , Aunglan , Chauk and Gangaw ."}]}, {'value': '110,842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94,783', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+16.94%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taungoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taungoo', 'summary': 'Taungoo is a district-level city in the Bago Region of Myanmar , 220 km from Yangon , towards the north-eastern end of the division , with mountain ranges to the east and west . The main industry is in forestry products , with teak and other hardwoods extracted from the mountains . The city is known for its areca palms , to the extent that a Burmese proverb for unexpected good fortune is equated to a betel lover winning a trip to Taungoo . The city is famous in Burmese history for the Toungoo dynasty which ruled the country for over 200 years between the 16th and 18th centuries . Taungoo was the capital of Burma in 1510-1539 and 1551-1552 . Kaytumadi new city ( new city of Taungoo ) is the central command of the southern command division region of Armed Forces ( Tatmadaw ) . Hanthawaddy United Football Club is based in Taungoo .'}]}, {'value': 'Bago Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bago_Region', 'summary': "Bago Region ( Burmese : ပဲခူးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ bəɡó táɪɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] ; formerly Pegu Division and Bago Division ) is an administrative region of Myanmar , located in the southern central part of the country . It is bordered by Magway Region and Mandalay Region to the north ; Kayin State , Mon State and the Gulf of Martaban to the east ; Yangon Region to the south and Ayeyarwady Region and Rakhine State to the west . It is located between 46°45 ' N and 19°20 ' N and 94°35 ' E and 97°10 ' E . It has a population of 4,867,373 ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': '108,589', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83,538', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+29.99%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sittwe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sittwe', 'summary': 'Sittwe is the capital of Rakhine State , Myanmar ( Burma ) . Sittwe , pronounced site-tway in the Rakhine language , is located on an estuarial island created at the confluence of the Kaladan , Mayu , and Lay Mro rivers emptying into the Bay of Bengal . The city has 181,000 inhabitants ( 2006 ) . It is the administrative seat of Sittwe Township and Sittwe District .'}]}, {'value': 'Rakhine State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rakhine_State', 'summary': "Rakhine State is a state in Myanmar ( Burma ) . Situated on the western coast , it is bordered by Chin State to the north , Magway Region , Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region to the east , the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh to the northwest . It is located approximately between latitudes 17°30 ' north and 21°30 ' north and longitudes 92°10 ' east and 94°50 ' east . The Arakan Mountains or Rakhine Yoma separated Rakhine State from central Burma from North to South . Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as Ramree island , Cheduba and Myingun Island . Rakhine State has an area of 36,762 square kilometres ( 14,194 sq mi ) and its capital is Sittwe . Rakhine state is the centre of Rohingyan crisis ."}]}, {'value': '100,748', 'urls': []}, {'value': '137,608', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−26.79%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magway,_Myanmar', 'summary': 'Magway ( Burmese : မကွေးမြို့ , pronounced [ məɡwé mjo̰ ] ) is the capital city of Magway Region ( formerly Magway Division ) of Myanmar , and situated on the banks of the Irrawaddy River . The Myathalun Pagoda , the beauty of Magway , located at the north of the city , is the landmark of Magway . Magway Region is famous for the cultivation of sesame and many kinds of nuts . It is also the second largest city of Magway Region and it is home to Magway Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Magway Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magway_Region', 'summary': "Magway Region ( Burmese : မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ məɡwé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , formerly Magway Division ) is an administrative division in central Myanmar . Magway Region is the second largest of Myanmar 's seven divisions , with an area of 44,820 square kilometres ( 17,306 sq mi ) . Pa Del Dam ( ပဒဲဆည် ) is one of the Dam in Aung Lan Township , Magway Division . Capital and second largest city of the Magway Division is Magway and largest city of the Magway Division is Pakokku . . Major Cities of Magway Division are Magway , Pakokku , Yenangyaung , Minbu , Aunglan , Chauk and Gangaw ."}]}, {'value': '90,038', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72,388', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+24.38%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myingyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myingyan', 'summary': 'Myingyan is a city and district in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar , previously , it was a district in the Meiktila Division of Upper Burma . It is currently the capital of Myingyan Township and lies along the National Highway 2 . As of 2014 [ update ] , the city had a population of 276,096 and the district had 1,055,957 . It lies in the valley of the Ayeyarwady River , to the south of Mandalay , on the east bank of the river . The area around the town is flat , especially to the north and along the banks of the Ayeyarwady . Inland the country rises in gently undulating slopes . The most noticeable feature is Popa Hill , an extinct volcano , to the south-east . The highest peak is 4,962 ft. above sea-level . The climate is dry , with high south winds from March until September . The annual rainfall averages about 35 in . The temperature varies between 106 and 70 Fahrenheit . The ordinary crops are millet , sesame , cotton , maize , rice and a great variety of peas and beans .'}]}, {'value': 'Mandalay Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandalay_Region', 'summary': "Mandalay Region ( Burmese : မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ máɰ̃dəlé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , formerly Mandalay Division ) is an administrative division of Myanmar . It is located in the center of the country , bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west , Shan State to the east , and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south . The regional capital is Mandalay . To the south of the region lies the national capital of Nay Pyi Taw . The division consists of seven districts , which are subdivided into 30 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts . Mandalay Region is important in Myanmar 's economy , accounting for 15% of the national economy . It is under the administration of the Mandalay Region Government ."}]}, {'value': '87,708', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103,555', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−15.30%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thanlyin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thanlyin', 'summary': 'Thanlyin is a major port city of Myanmar , located across Bago River from the city of Yangon . Thanlyin Township comprises 17 quarters and 28 village tracts . It is home to the largest port in the country , Thilawa port .'}]}, {'value': 'Yangon Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yangon_Region', 'summary': 'Yangon Region is an administrative region of Myanmar . Located in the heart of Lower Myanmar , the division is bordered by Bago Region to the north and east , the Gulf of Martaban to the south , and Ayeyarwady Region to the west . Yangon Region is dominated by its capital city of Yangon , the former national capital and the largest city in the country . Other important cities are Thanlyin and Twante . The division is the most developed region of the country and the main international gateway . The division measures 10,170 km2 ( 3,930 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '86,065', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56,654', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+51.91%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hinthada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hinthada', 'summary': 'Hinthada ( Burmese : ဟင်္သာတမြို့ ; formerly Henzada ) is a city located on the Irrawaddy River in Ayeyarwady Region , Burma ( Myanmar ) . In the 1983 census the city itself had a population of 82,005 . By 2010 it had grown to 170,312 . The trade of locally grown rice and grain goes through the port of Hinthada .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayeyarwady Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region', 'summary': "Ayeyarwady Region ( Burmese : ဧရာဝတီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး , pronounced [ ʔèjàwədì táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , S'gaw Karen : ထံထၣ်စွ့ ; formerly Ayeyarwady Division and Irrawaddy Division ) , is a region of Myanmar , occupying the delta region of the Ayeyarwady River ( Irrawaddy River ) . It is bordered by Bago Region to the north , Bago Region and Yangon Region to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the south and west . It is contiguous with the Rakhine State in the northwest . The region lies between approximately latitude 15° 40 ' and 18° 30 ' north and between longitude 94° 15 ' and 96° 15 ' east . It has an area of 35,140 square kilometres ( 13,566 sq mi ) . The population is more than 6.5 million , making it the most populous of Burmas states and regions . According to the 2014 Burmese National Census the population of the Ayeyarwady Region was 6,184,829 . Ayeyarwady Region is flanked by the Rakhine Yoma ( Arakan Mountains ) range in the west . Large areas have been cleared for paddy cultivation , leading to its preeminent position as the main rice producer in the country , a position it has retained into the 21st century . It has also a number of lakes . Of the rivers branching out from the mighty Ayeyarwady , Ngawun , Pathein and Toe are famous . The capital city of Ayeyarwady division is Pathein ."}]}, {'value': '83,762', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104,660', 'urls': []}, {'value': '−19.97%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sagaing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sagaing', 'summary': "Sagaing is the capital of Myanmar 's Sagaing Region and located the Irrawaddy River , 20 km to the south-west of Mandalay on the opposite bank of the river , Sagaing , with numerous Buddhist monasteries is an important religious and monastic centre . The pagodas and monasteries crowd the numerous hills along the ridge running parallel to the river . The central pagoda , Soon U Ponya Shin Pagoda , is connected by a set of covered staircases that run up the 240 m hill . Today , with about 70,000 inhabitants , the city is part of Mandalay built-up area with more than 1,022,000 inhabitants estimated in 2011 . The city is a frequent tourist destination of day trippers . Within the city are the Sagaing Institute of Education , the Sagaing Education College , Sagaing University , Technological University ( Sagaing ) , and co-operative university ( Sagaing ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sagaing Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sagaing_Region', 'summary': "Sagaing Region ( Burmese : စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်းဒေသ , pronounced [ zəɡáɪ̯ɰ̃ táɪ̯ɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí ] , formerly Sagaing Division ) is an administrative region of Myanmar , located in the north-western part of the country between latitude 21° 30 ' north and longitude 94° 97 ' east . It is bordered by Indias Nagaland , Manipur , and Arunachal Pradesh States to the north , Kachin State , Shan State , and Mandalay Region to the east , Mandalay Region and Magway Region to the south , with the Ayeyarwady River forming a greater part of its eastern and also southern boundary , and Chin State and India to the west . The region has an area of 93,527 km2 . In 1996 , it had a population of over 5,300,000 while its population in 2012 was 6,600,000 . The urban population in 2012 was 1,230,000 and the rural population was 5,360,000 . The capital city of Sagaing Region is Sagaing ."}]}, {'value': '81,432', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59,937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+35.86%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of cities by population', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cities_in_Burma_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of cities and largest towns in Myanmar 5,000 & bigger by UNFPA Myanmar. The capitals of states and regions in Myanmar are Bold.'}
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What is the 1993 population estimate of the city that is located 91 kilometres ( 57 mi ) north-east of Yangon ?
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190,930
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0202187def3b142c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands', 'title': 'Canary Islands', 'header': ['Island', 'Capital', 'Area ( km )', 'Population ( 2010 )', 'Population Density ( people/km )'], 'data': [{'value': 'El Hierro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Hierro', 'summary': 'El Hierro , nicknamed Isla del Meridiano ( the Meridian Island ) , is the second smallest and farthest south and west of the Canary Islands ( an Autonomous Community of Spain ) , in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa , with a population of 10,798 ( 2018 ) . Its capital is Valverde . At 268.51 square kilometres , it is the second smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries .'}]}, {'value': 'Valverde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valverde,_El_Hierro', 'summary': "Valverde ( Spanish meaning green valley ) is a municipality in the Canary Islands in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . It is located on the north-east part of El Hierro ( the rest of the island being the municipalities of Frontera and El Pinar ) . The town of the same name serves as the island 's official capital . It is both the smallest Canarian capital and the only one not located by the sea . The town 's airport and seaport are both several kilometres away on the island 's east coast . Pastureland and smallholdings dominate the central plateau area with pine and cloud forest at progressively higher elevations . The coastal areas and lower slopes are arid and mainly left to unimproved scrub and sparse grassland . Volcanism is prominent , with several cinder cones and areas of lava flow to be seen ."}]}, {'value': '268.71', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40.79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fuerteventura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuerteventura', 'summary': 'Fuerteventura ( pronounced [ ˌfweɾteβenˈtuɾa ] ) is one of the Canary Islands , in the Atlantic Ocean and is part of the North Africa region , politically part of Spain . At 1,660 square kilometres ( 640 sq mi ) , it is the second largest of the Canary Islands , after Tenerife . As of 2018 , Fuerteventura has 113,275 inhabitants . It was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in May 2009 . Its capital is Puerto del Rosario .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto del Rosario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_del_Rosario', 'summary': "Puerto del Rosario ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpweɾto ðel roˈsaɾjo ] ) is a town and a municipality in the eastern part of the island of Fuerteventura in the Las Palmas province in the Canary Islands . It has been the capital of Fuerteventura since 1860 . The town 's population is 29,160 ( 2013 ) , the administrative district 's ( municipio de Puerto del Rosario ) population is 36,744 and its area is 289.95 km² ."}]}, {'value': '1,660', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103,492', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62.34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gran Canaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gran_Canaria', 'summary': 'Gran Canaria ( UK : /ˌɡræn kəˈnɛəriə , -ˈnɑːr-/ , US : /ˌɡrɑːn kəˈnɑːriə , -ˈnɛər-/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ɡɾaŋ kaˈnaɾja ] also Grand Canary Island is the second most populous of the Canary Islands , an archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa which is part of Spain . As of 2018 [ update ] the island had a population of 846,717 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago . Gran Canaria is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) off the northwestern coast of Africa and about 1,350 km ( 840 mi ) from Europe . With an area of 1,560 km2 ( 602 sq . mi ) and an altitude of 1,956 m ( 6,417 ft ) at the Pico de las Nieves , Gran Canaria is the third largest island of the archipelago in both area and altitude . Gran Canaria is also the third most populated island in Spain after Tenerife and Mallorca .'}]}, {'value': 'Las Palmas de Gran Canaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria', 'summary': 'Las Palmas ( UK : /ˌlæs ˈpælməs , - ˈpɑːl-/ , US : /ˌlɑːs ˈpɑːlməs , -mɑːs/ ; Spanish : [ las ˈpalmas ] ) , officially Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , [ a ] is a city and capital of Gran Canaria island , in the Canary Islands , on the Atlantic Ocean . It is the capital ( jointly with Santa Cruz de Tenerife ) , the most populous city in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands , and the ninth-largest city in Spain with a population of 383,308 in 2010 . It is also the fifth-most populous urban area in Spain and ( depending on sources ) ninth- or tenth-most populous metropolitan area in Spain . Las Palmas is located in the northeastern part of the island of Gran Canaria , about 150 km ( 93 mi ) off the Moroccan coast in the Atlantic Ocean . Las Palmas experiences a hot desert climate , [ note 1 ] offset by the local cooler Canary Current , with warm temperatures throughout the year . It has an average annual temperature of 21.2 °C ( 70.2 °F ) . According to a study carried out by Thomas Whitmore , director of research on climatology at Syracuse University in the U.S. , Las Palmas enjoys the best climate in the world . The city was founded in 1478 , and considered the de facto ( without legal recognition ) capital of the Canary Islands until the seventeenth century . It is the home of the Canarian Ministry of Presidency ( shared in a four-year term with Santa Cruz de Tenerife ) , as well as half of the ministries and boards of the Canarian government , and the High Court of Justice of the Canary Islands .'}]}, {'value': '1,560.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '845,676', 'urls': []}, {'value': '542.07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Gomera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Gomera', 'summary': "La Gomera ( pronounced [ la ɣoˈmeɾa ] ) is one of Spain 's Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa . With an area of 370 square kilometres ( 140 sq mi ) , it is the third smallest of the eight main islands of this archipelago . It belongs to the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . La Gomera is the third least populous of the eight main Canary Islands with 21,136 inhabitants . Its capital is San Sebastián de La Gomera , where the cabildo insular ( island council ) is located ."}]}, {'value': 'San Sebastián', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Sebastián_de_La_Gomera', 'summary': 'San Sebastián de La Gomera is the capital and a municipality of La Gomera in the Canary Islands , Spain . It also hosts the main harbour . The population was 8,699 in 2013 , and the area is 113.59 square kilometres ( 43.86 sq mi ) . The port serves ferry routes to the islands of Tenerife , La Palma and El Hierro . Streets include Calle Real and F. Olsen . A bus station named Estación de Guaguas is used for bus lines throughout the island ; it is located on Avenida Del Quinto Centenario .'}]}, {'value': '369.76', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,776', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lanzarote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lanzarote', 'summary': "Lanzarote ( UK : /ˌlænzəˈrɒti/ , Spanish : [ lanθaˈɾote ] , locally [ lansaˈɾote ] ) is a Spanish island , the northernmost and easternmost of the autonomous Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean . It is located approximately 125 kilometres ( 78 miles ) off the north coast of Africa and 1,000 kilometres ( 621 miles ) from the Iberian Peninsula . Covering 845.94 square kilometres ( 326.62 square miles ) , Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago . With 149183 inhabitants , it is the third most populous Canary Island , after Tenerife and Gran Canaria . Located in the centre-west of the island is Timanfaya National Park , one of its main attractions . The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1993 . The island 's capital is Arrecife . The first recorded name for the island , given by Italian-Majorcan cartographer Angelino Dulcert , was Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus , after the Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello , from which the modern name is derived . The island 's name in the native language was Tyterogaka or Tytheroygaka , which may mean one that is all ochre ( referring to the island 's predominant colour ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Arrecife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrecife', 'summary': "Arrecife ( /ˌærəˈsiːfeɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ areˈθife ] ; locally [ areˈsife ] ) is a city and municipality in the Canary Islands ( Spain ) situated in the centre-east of the island of Lanzarote , of which it has been the capital since 1852 . The city owes its name to the rock reef ( 'Arrecife ' is Spanish for 'reef ' ) which covers the beach located in the city . The city also gives its name to the nearby Arrecife Airport . The population of the municipality is 61351 ( 2018 ) , its area is 22.72 square kilometres ( 8.77 sq mi ) . It is south of Teguise , east of San Bartolomé and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to its southeast . Arrecife is a port town on the east coast , served by ferries to the other islands and also Europe and mainland Africa . The LZ1 road connects Arrecife to the northeast of the island , the LZ2 road connects the capital to the island 's southwest , and the LZ3 road serves as the city 's beltway . The tallest building in Lanzarote is the Arrecife Gran Hotel , which is located on the seafront alongside the harbour ."}]}, {'value': '845.94', 'urls': []}, {'value': '141,437', 'urls': []}, {'value': '167.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Palma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Palma', 'summary': 'La Palma ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la ˈpalma ] ) , also San Miguel de La Palma , is the most north-westerly island of the Canary Islands , Spain . La Palma has an area of 708 square kilometres ( 273 sq mi ) making it the fifth largest of the seven main Canary Islands . The total population at the start of 2018 was 81,863 , of which 15,674 lived in the capital , Santa Cruz de la Palma and about 20,171 in Los Llanos de Aridane . La Palma has sister city status with El Dorado Hills , California . Its highest mountain is the Roque de los Muchachos , at 2,423 metres ( 7,949 ft ) , being second among the peaks of the Canaries only to the peaks of the Teide massif on Tenerife . In 1815 , the German geologist Leopold von Buch visited the Canary Islands . It was as a result of his visit to Tenerife , where he visited the Las Cañadas caldera , and then later to La Palma , where he visited the Taburiente caldera , that the Spanish word for cauldron or large cooking pot - caldera - was introduced into the geological vocabulary . In the center of the island is the Caldera de Taburiente National Park ; one of four national parks in the Canary Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz de La Palma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_La_Palma', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz de la Palma ( Spanish for Holy Cross of La Palma ) is a city and a municipality in the eastern part of the island of La Palma in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife of the Canary Islands . It is situated on the east coast . Santa Cruz de la Palma is the second largest city ( after Los Llanos de Aridane ) and is the capital of the island . It is located along an old lava flow coming out from the Caldereta ( small caldera ) , a volcano located just south of the city . The population of the municipality is 16,330 ( 2013 ) , its area is 43.38 km² . Around 13,000 people live within the city limits , with the remaining population residing in other settlements .'}]}, {'value': '708.32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86,324', 'urls': []}, {'value': '121.87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tenerife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tenerife', 'summary': "Tenerife ( /ˌtɛnəˈriːf/ ; Spanish : [ teneˈɾife ] ) is the largest and most populated island of the eight Canary Islands . It is also the most populated island of Spain , with a land area of 2,034.38 square kilometres ( 785 sq mi ) and 904,713 inhabitants , 43 percent of the total population of the Canary Islands . Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of Macaronesia . Approximately five million tourists visit Tenerife each year , making it the most visited island of the archipelago . It is one of the most important tourist destinations in Spain , hosting one of the world 's largest carnivals , the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife . Tenerife is served by two airports , Tenerife North Airport ( site of the Tenerife disaster , which killed 583 people ) and Tenerife South Airport . Tenerife is the economic capital of the Canary Islands . The capital of the island , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , is also the seat of the island council ( cabildo insular ) . The city is the capital of the autonomous community of Canary Islands ( shared with Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ) , sharing governmental institutions such as presidency and ministries . Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 , Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands . In 1927 the Crown ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared , as it remains at present . Santa Cruz contains the modern Auditorio de Tenerife , the architectural symbol of the Canary Islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz de Tenerife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife', 'summary': "Santa Cruz de Tenerife , commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz ( /ˌsæntə ˈkruːz/ , Spanish : [ santa ˈkɾuθ ] ) , is a major city , capital of the island of Tenerife , Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , and capital ( jointly with Las Palmas ) of the Canary Islands . Santa Cruz has a population of 206,593 ( 2013 ) within its administrative limits . The urban zone of Santa Cruz extends beyond the city limits with a population of 507,306 and 538,000 within urban area . It is the second largest city in the Canary Islands and the main city on the island of Tenerife , with nearly half of the island 's population living in or around it . Santa Cruz is located in the northeast quadrant of Tenerife , 210 kilometres ( 130 mi ) off the northwestern coast of Africa within the Atlantic Ocean . The distance to the nearest point of mainland Spain is 1,300 kilometres ( 810 mi ) . Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 , Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands , until 1927 when a decree ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared , as it remains at present . The port is of great importance and is the communications hub between Europe , Africa and Americas , with cruise ships arriving from many nations . The city is the focus for domestic and inter-island communications in the Canary Islands . The city is home to the Parliament of the Canary Islands , the Canarian Ministry of the Presidency ( shared on a four-year cycle with Las Palmas ) , one half of the Ministries and Boards of the Canarian Government , ( the other half being located in Gran Canaria ) , the Tenerife Provincial Courts and two courts of the Superior Court of Justice of the Canary Islands . There are several faculties of the La Laguna University in Santa Cruz , including the Fine Arts School and the Naval Sciences Faculty . Its harbour is one of Spain 's busiest ."}]}, {'value': '2,034.38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '906,854', 'urls': []}, {'value': '445.76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Graciosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Graciosa', 'summary': 'Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa ( pronounced [ la ɣɾaˈθjosa ] ; Spanish for graceful ) is a volcanic island in the Canary Islands of Spain , located 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) north of the island of Lanzarote across the Strait of El Río . It was formed by the Canary hotspot . The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago and the Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park ( Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo ) . It is administrated by the municipality of Teguise . In 2018 La Graciosa officially became the eighth Canary Island . The only two settlements on the island are Caleta de Sebo in the southeastern part of the island and summer-residence Casas de Pedro Barba . The population is about 700 . Tourism is the main industry along with fishing . Every year , tourists flock to the island for its tempered climate and its sandy volcanic coasts . The island has a school , lyceum , post office , supermarkets , medical center , pharmacy , a Bankia bank branch ( in danger of closure as of September 2013 but still there in July 2019 ) , port , beaches , bar-restaurants and a square . Streets and roads on La Graciosa are unpaved sand . Motor vehicles are strictly limited to a handful of licensed vehicles for special purposes .'}]}, {'value': 'Caleta de Sebo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caleta_de_Sebo', 'summary': 'Caleta de Sebo is the main settlement and capital community of La Graciosa , Canary Islands . With a population of 730 ( INE , 2018 ) , Caleta de Sebo , together with the rest of the island of La Graciosa , is included in the municipality of Teguise on Lanzarote . Tourism is the main industry along with fishing . Every year , tourists visit the island for its temperate climate and its sandy volcanic coasts . The island has a school , a lyceum , a post office , supermarkets , a port , beaches , the only bank in the island ( a Bankia bank branch in danger of elimination as of September 2013 ) and a square ( plaza ) where bicycles can be hired . The town is the only port of entry to the island , offering regular ferry services to Órzola , Lanzarote .'}]}, {'value': '29.05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '658', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22.65', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alegranza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alegranza', 'summary': 'Alegranza ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aleˈɣɾanθa ] ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean , located off the coast of Africa and is in the province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands , Spain . It is the northernmost point in the Canary Islands , and part of the Chinijo Archipelago . The island is part of the municipality of Teguise on Lanzarote .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isla de Lobos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lobos_Island', 'summary': "Lobos ( Spanish : Isla de Lobos , pronounced [ ˈizla ðe ˈloβos ] ) is a small island of the Canary Islands ( Spain ) located just 2 kilometres ( 1 mile ) north of the island of Fuerteventura . Politically it belongs to the municipality of La Oliva on the island of Fuerteventura . It has an area of 4.68 square kilometres ( 1.8 sq mi ) . It has been a nature reserve ( Parque Natural del Islote de Lobos ) since 1982 . The island is accessible to tourists via a short ferry ride from Corralejo , in the north of Fuerteventura . It has day facilities and weekend homes of local fishermen . At the northeastern end of the island is the Punta Martiño Lighthouse , the lighthouse keeper and his family were the last permanent inhabitants of Lobos , until the light was automated in the 1960s . In 1405 , Lobos Island served as resupply base for Jean de Béthencourt 's conquest of Fuerteventura ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montaña Clara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montaña_Clara', 'summary': 'Montaña Clara ( pronounced [ monˈtaɲa ˈklaɾa ] ) ( Spanish meaning light-colored mountain ) is a small uninhabited islet belonging to the Chinijo Archipelago , in the northeastern part of the Canary Islands , only a short distance ( about 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) ) northwest of La Graciosa . The islet area is only 1.33 km² . The highest point of the island is 256 m ( 840 ft ) above sea level . Being a refuge for marine birds , the island is part of the integral nature reserve Los Islotes , which is part of the natural park Chinijo Archipelago . In August 2007 the island was offered for sale by the heirs to the last owner , Mariano López Socas , who was mayor of a small Lanzarote town ; asking price : 9 million euros .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roque del Este', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roque_del_Este', 'summary': 'Roque del Este ( Spanish for rock of the east ) is a small uninhabited island in the Canary Islands , located 11 kilometres ( 7 miles ) northeast of the island of Lanzarote . The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago , which is administratively part of the municipality of Teguise . Roque del Este is the easternmost island of the Chinijo archipelago , and it is the second smallest . Like the rest of the Canary Islands , it is of volcanic origin . Its highest point is 84 m. The island is part of the integral nature reserve Los Islotes , which is part of the natural park Chinijo Archipelago .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roque del Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roque_del_Oeste', 'summary': 'Roque del Oeste ( pronounced [ ˈroke ðel oˈeste ] ; Spanish for rock of the west ) , also referred to as Roque del Infierno , is an uninhabited islet located 0.6 km northeast of the island of Montaña Clara , in the northeasternmost part of the Canary Islands , the Chinijo Archipelago . The highest point of the island is 41 m above sea level . The island is part of the integral nature reserve Los Islotes , which is part of the natural park Chinijo Archipelago .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Data', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Canary_Islands_1', 'intro': 'The Canary Islands (/kəˈnɛəri/; Spanish: Islas Canarias, pronounced [ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas]) are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean, in a region known as Macaronesia, 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of Morocco at the closest point. The Canary Islands, which are also known informally as the Canaries, are among the outermost regions (OMR) of the European Union proper. It is also one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish Government. The Canary Islands belong to the African Plate like the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla, the two on the African mainland. The eight main islands are (from largest to smallest in area) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro and La Graciosa. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets: Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este. It also includes a series of adjacent roques (those of Salmor, Fasnia, Bonanza, Garachico and Anaga). In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles. The Canary Islands are the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of Macaronesia. Historically, the Canary Islands have been considered a bridge between four continents: Africa, North America, South America and Europe. The Canary Islands currently have a population of 2,127,685 inhabitants and a density of 283.08 inhabitants/km², being the eighth most populous autonomous community. The population of the archipelago is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands, around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria.'}
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What is the rough annual count of people who are visitors to the Canary Island whose capital is Santa Cruz de Tenerife ?
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five million
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02025d89c4bd7ac9
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hardaker_Trophy', 'title': 'Alan Hardaker Trophy', 'header': ['Club', 'Win ( s )', 'Year ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liverpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.', 'summary': "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won six European Cups , more than any other English club , three UEFA Cups , four UEFA Super Cups ( both also English records ) , one FIFA Club World Cup , eighteen League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , fifteen FA Community Shields and one Football League Super Cup . Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 , before a sixth title was added under Jürgen Klopp in 2019 . Liverpool was the seventh highest-earning football club in the world in 2019 , with an annual revenue of €513.7 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at $ 2.183 billion . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people - mostly Italians and Juventus fans - dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896 . The club 's anthem is You 'll Never Walk Alone ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.', 'summary': "Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham , London . Founded in 1905 , they compete in the Premier League , the top division of English football . Chelsea are among England 's most successful clubs ; they have been league champions six times and won over thirty competitive honours , including six European trophies . Their home ground is Stamford Bridge . Chelsea won their first major honour , the League Championship , in 1955 . They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1970 and their first European honour , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1971 . After a period of decline in the late 1970s and 1980s , the club enjoyed a revival in the 1990s and had more success in cup competitions . The past two decades have been the most successful in Chelsea 's history : they won five of their six league titles and the UEFA Champions League during this period . Chelsea are one of five clubs to have won all three of UEFA 's main club competitions , and the only London club to have won the Champions League . Chelsea 's home kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest features a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff . The club have rivalries with neighbouring teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur , and a historic rivalry with Leeds United ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 , 2005 , 2007 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester City Football Club is an English football club based in Manchester that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Founded in 1880 as St. Mark 's ( West Gorton ) , it became Ardwick Association Football Club in 1887 and Manchester City in 1894 . The club 's home ground is the City of Manchester Stadium in east Manchester , to which it moved in 2003 , having played at Maine Road since 1923 . Manchester City entered the Football League in 1899 , and won their first major honour with the FA Cup in 1904 . It had its first major period of success in the late 1960s , winning the League , FA Cup and League Cup under the management of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison . After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final , the club went through a period of decline , which eventually saw them relegated as far down as third tier of English football by the end of the 1997-98 season . They since regained promotion to the top tier in 2001-02 and have remained a fixture in the Premier League since 2002-03 . In 2008 , Manchester City was purchased by Abu Dhabi United Group for £210 million and received considerable financial investment . The club have won six domestic league titles . Under the management of Pep Guardiola they won the Premier League in 2018 becoming the only Premier League team to attain 100 points in a single season . In 2019 , they won four trophies , completing an unprecedented sweep of all domestic trophies in England and becoming the first English men 's team to win the domestic treble . Manchester City 's revenue was the fifth highest of a football club in the world in the 2018-19 season at €568.4 million ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 , 2016 , 2018 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aston Villa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C.', 'summary': "Aston Villa Football Club ( nicknamed Villa ) is an English professional football club based in Aston , Birmingham . The club competes in the Premier League , the top tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1874 , they have played at their home ground , Villa Park , since 1897 . Aston Villa were one of the founder members of the Football League in 1888 and of the Premier League in 1992 . Villa are one of only five English clubs to have won the European Cup , in 1981-82 . They have also won the Football League First Division seven times , the FA Cup seven times , the League Cup five times , and the UEFA Super Cup once . Villa have a fierce local rivalry with Birmingham City and the Second City derby between the teams has been played since 1879 . The club 's traditional kit colours are claret shirts with sky blue sleeves , white shorts and sky blue socks . Their traditional club badge is of a rampant lion . The club is currently owned by the NSWE group , a company owned by the Egyptian billionaire Nassef Sawiris and the American billionaire Wes Edens ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leicester City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Leicester City Football Club is an English professional football club based in Leicester in the East Midlands . The club competes in the Premier League , England 's top division of football , and plays its home games at the King Power Stadium . The club was founded in 1884 as Leicester Fosse F.C. , playing on a field near Fosse Road . They moved to Filbert Street in 1891 , were elected to the Football League in 1894 and adopted the name Leicester City in 1919 . They moved to the nearby Walkers Stadium in 2002 , which was renamed the King Power Stadium in 2011 . Leicester won the 2015-16 Premier League , their first top-level football championship . They are one of only six clubs to have won the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . A number of newspapers described Leicester 's title win as the greatest sporting shock ever , multiple bookmakers had never paid out at such long odds for any sport . As a result , the team was dubbed The Unbelievables , a spin-off harking back to Arsenal 's undefeated team The Invincibles . The club 's previous highest finish was second place in the top flight , in 1928-29 , then known as the First Division . Throughout their history , Leicester have spent all but one season in the top two divisions of English football . They hold a joint-highest seven second-tier titles ( six Second Division and one Championship ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tottenham Hotspur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C.', 'summary': "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club , commonly referred to as Tottenham ( /ˈtɒtənəm/ ) or Spurs , is an English professional football club in Tottenham , London , that competes in the Premier League . Tottenham Hotspur Stadium has been the club 's home ground since April 2019 , replacing their former home of White Hart Lane , which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site . Their training ground is on Hotspur Way in Bulls Cross in the London Borough of Enfield . The club is owned by ENIC Group . Tottenham have played in a first ( home ) strip of white shirts and navy blue shorts since the 1898-99 season . The club 's emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football , with a Latin motto Audere est Facere ( To Dare Is to Do ) . Founded in 1882 , Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901 , the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League in 1888 . Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double , winning both competitions in the 1960-61 season . After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962 , in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition - the European Cup Winners ' Cup . They were also the inaugural winners of the UEFA Cup in 1972 , becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies . They have collected at least one major trophy in each of the six decades from the 1950s to 2000s - an achievement only matched by Manchester United . In total , Spurs have won two league titles , eight FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Community Shields , one European Cup Winners ' Cup and two UEFA Cups ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nottingham Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C.', 'summary': "Nottingham Forest Football Club , often referred to as Forest , is a professional football club based in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , England . Since 1898 Forest have played their home matches at the City Ground . They currently compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Forest have won 1 League title , 2 FA Cups , 4 League Cups , 1 FA Charity Shield , 2 European Cups , and 1 UEFA Super Cup . The club has competed in the top two tiers of English football since their admission to the Football League , except for five seasons spent in the third tier . Their most successful period was under the management of Brian Clough and Peter Taylor in the late 1970s and early 1980s . In Clough 's last decade at the club , Forest won the 1989 and 1990 League Cups and were losing finalists in the 1991 FA Cup Final , before relegation from the Premier League in 1993 . Upon an immediate return Forest finished third in the Premier League in 1995 , before the club suffered relegation again in 1997 and , after a brief return , once more in 1999 . Forest have not been back in the Premier League since . Forest contest the Nottingham derby with city rivals Notts County , however as Forest have predominantly played in higher leagues than their neighbours fixtures between the two clubs have been rare in recent history . As such their main rivalry is with Derby County , and matches between the two clubs are known as the East Midlands derby ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheffield Wednesday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C.', 'summary': "Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is a professional association football club based in Sheffield , England . The team competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Formed in 1867 as an offshoot of The Wednesday Cricket Club ( itself formed in 1820 ) , they went by the name of the Wednesday Football Club until changing to their current name in 1929 . Wednesday is one of the oldest football clubs in the world of any code , and the third-oldest professional association football club in England . [ a ] In 1868 its team won the Cromwell Cup , only the second tournament of its kind . They were founding members and inaugural champions of the Football Alliance in 1889 , before joining The Football League three years later . In 1992 , they became founder members of the Premier League . The team has spent most of its league history in English football 's top flight , but they have not played at that level since being relegated in 2000 . The Owls , as they are nicknamed , have won four league titles , three FA Cups , one League Cup and one FA Community Shield . Wednesday have also competed in UEFA cup competitions on four occasions , reaching the quarter-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1963 . In 1991 , they defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the Football League Cup Final as a tier 2 team . As of 2019 they remain the last team to win one of English football 's major trophies while outside the top flight In the 19th century , they played their matches at several stadiums around central Sheffield , including Olive Grove and Bramall Lane ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arsenal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.', 'summary': "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington , London , England , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 13 League titles , a record 13 FA Cups , 2 League Cups , 15 FA Community Shields , 1 League Centenary Trophy , 1 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and 1 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 , and they reached the First Division in 1904 . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division , and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970-71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1989 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . He helped introduce the WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers , and added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club 's kit . Arsène Wenger was the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies . He won a record 7 FA Cups , and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004 , receiving the nickname The Invincibles ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackburn Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Blackburn Rovers Football Club is a professional football club in Blackburn , Lancashire , England , which competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . The club was established in 1875 , becoming a founding member of The Football League in 1888 and the Premier League in 1992 . In 1890 , Rovers moved to Ewood Park . Blackburn Rovers have been English champions three times , and have won six FA Cups , one Football League Cup and one Full Members ' Cup . The club has spent most of its existence in the top flight of English football . In 1992 , Rovers gained promotion to the new Premier League a year after being taken over by local entrepreneur Jack Walker , who installed Kenny Dalglish as manager . In 1995 , Rovers became Premier League champions . In the 1998-99 season , the club was relegated . It was promoted back to the Premier League two years later , in the 2000-01 season . It has qualified for the UEFA Cup six times : once as League Cup winners , four times through league position and once via the Intertoto Cup . The club 's motto is Arte et Labore , By Skill and Hard Work in Latin ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middlesbrough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C.', 'summary': "Middlesbrough Football Club ( /ˈmɪdəlzbrə/ ( listen ) MID-əlz-brə ) is a professional association football club based in Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire , England . They are currently competing in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Formed in 1876 , they have played at the Riverside Stadium since 1995 , their third ground since turning professional in 1889 . The club played at the Linthorpe Road ground from 1882 to 1903 and at Ayresome Park for 92 years , from 1903 to 1995 . Middlesbrough were one of the founding members of the Premier League in 1992 and became one of the first clubs to be relegated from it following the 1992-93 season . The club came close to folding in 1986 after experiencing severe financial difficulties before it was saved by a consortium led by then board member and later chairman Steve Gibson . The club 's main rivals are Sunderland , Newcastle United and Leeds United . The club 's achievements include winning the League Cup in 2004 , their first and to date only major trophy , and they also reached the 2006 UEFA Cup Final , losing to Spanish club Sevilla . Their highest league finish to date was third place in the top flight in the 1913-14 season and the club have only spent two seasons outside the top two divisions of English football . The League Cup win and the UEFA Cup run was part of an 11-year consecutive stay in the Premier League , before a relegation in 2009 . Although the club returned in 2016 , instant relegation followed . The club 's traditional kit is red with white detailing ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Birmingham City Football Club is a professional football club in Birmingham , England . Formed in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance , it was renamed Small Heath in 1888 , Birmingham in 1905 , and Birmingham City in 1943 . Since 2011 , the first team have competed in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . As Small Heath , they played in the Football Alliance before becoming founder members and first champions of the Football League Second Division . The most successful period in their history was in the 1950s and early 1960s . They achieved their highest finishing position of sixth in the First Division in the 1955-56 season and reached the 1956 FA Cup Final . Birmingham played in two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals , in 1960 , as the first English club side to reach a major European final , and again the following year . They won the League Cup in 1963 and again in 2011 . Birmingham have played in the top tier of English football for around half of their history : the longest period spent outside the top division , between 1986 and 2002 , included two brief spells in the third tier of English football , during which time they won the Football League Trophy twice . St Andrew 's has been their home ground since 1906 . They have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Aston Villa , their nearest neighbours , with whom they play the Second City derby . The club 's nickname is Blues , after the colour of their kit , and the fans are known as Bluenoses ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swansea City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C.', 'summary': "Swansea City Association Football Club ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Clwb Pêl-droed Cymdeithas Dinas Abertawe ) is a Welsh professional football club based in Swansea , Wales that plays in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was founded in 1912 as Swansea Town and joined the Football League in 1921 . The club changed their name in 1969 , when they adopted the name Swansea City to reflect Swansea 's new status as a city . Swansea have played their home matches at the Liberty Stadium since 2005 , having previously played at the Vetch Field since the club was founded . In 1981 , the club was promoted to the original Football League First Division . It was during the following season they came close to winning the league title , but a decline then set in near the season 's end , before they finished sixth , still a club record . It was from here the club suffered a relegation the season after , returning to the Football League Fourth Division a few seasons later , and then narrowly avoided relegation to the Football Conference in 2003 . The Swansea City Supporters Society Ltd owns 20% of the club , with their involvement hailed by Supporters Direct as the most high profile example of the involvement of a supporters ' trust in the direct running of a club . The club 's subsequent climb from the fourth division of English football to the top division is chronicled in the 2014 film , Jack to a King - The Swansea Story . In 2011 , Swansea were promoted to the Premier League . On 24 February 2013 , Swansea beat Bradford City 5-0 to win the 2012-13 Football League Cup ( the competition 's highest ever winning margin for the final ) , winning the first major trophy in the club 's history and qualifying for the 2013-14 UEFA Europa League , where they reached the Last 32 stage but lost over two legs to Napoli . Swansea is the only team from outside England to have won the Football League Cup with that win ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards won by club', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Alan_Hardaker_Trophy_1', 'intro': 'The Alan Hardaker Trophy is an annual association football award presented to the Man of the Match in the EFL Cup final since 1990. The Alan Hardaker Trophy was first awarded in 1990, Des Walker was the inaugural recipient. Ben Foster, John Terry and Vincent Kompany have won the award on two occasions, the most wins by an individual. Manchester United have received the award five times, more than any other club. English players have won the trophy sixteen times, which is a record; the only other nations with multiple wins are Scotland and Belgium, with two recipients.'}
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For the club that won a record six European Cups , how many wins do they have ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_Jesus_College,_Oxford', 'title': 'List of alumni of Jesus College, Oxford', 'header': ['Name', 'M', 'G', 'Degree', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Tony Ambrose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Ambrose', 'summary': 'John Anthony Ambrose ( 12 August 1933 - 5 January 2008 ) was a British rally driver who , as co-driver , twice won the RAC Rally , in 1956 and 1965 .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Natural Science ( Engineering , 4th )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British rally driver who was given a red MG sports car by his father for winning a scholarship to the college', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rally_driver', 'summary': 'Rally is a form of motorsport that takes place on public or private roads with modified production or specially built road-legal cars . It is distinguished by not running on a circuit , but instead in a point-to-point format in which participants and their co-drivers drive between set control points ( special stages ) , leaving at regular intervals from one or more start points . Rallies may be won by pure speed within the stages or alternatively by driving to a predetermined ideal journey time within the stages .'}]}, {'value': 'Ranjit Bhatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ranjit_Bhatia', 'summary': 'Ranjit Bhatia ( 27 May 1936 - 9 February 2014 ) was an Indian athlete and journalist who ran in the marathon and 5000 meters events at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 3rd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian athlete who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics ( marathon and 5000 metres )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1960 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad ( Italian : Giochi della XVII Olimpiade ) , was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11 , 1960 , in Rome , Italy . The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics , but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 , Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marathon', 'summary': 'The marathon is a long-distance race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres ( approximately 26 miles 385 yards ) , usually run as a road race . The event was instituted in commemoration of the fabled run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides , a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens , who reported the victory . The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy . There are also wheelchair divisions . The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896 , though the distance did not become standardized until 1921 . More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year , with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes , as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/5000_metres', 'summary': "The 5000 metres or 5000-metre run ( approximately 3.1 mi or 16,404 ft ) is a common long-distance running event in track and field . It is one of the track events in the Olympic Games and the World Championships in Athletics , run over 12.5 laps of a standard track . The same distance in road running is called a 5K run . The 5000 m has been present on the Olympic programme since 1912 for men and since 1996 for women . Prior to 1996 , women had competed in an Olympic 3000 metres race since 1984 . The 5000 m has been held at each of the World Championships in Athletics in men 's competition and since 1995 in women 's . The event is almost the same length as the dolichos race held at the Ancient Olympic Games , introduced in 720 BCE . While mainly run as an outdoor event , the 5000 m is sometimes run on an indoor track . The IAAF keeps official records for both outdoor and indoor 5000-metre track events ."}]}, {'value': 'Trevor Brewer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trevor_Brewer', 'summary': 'Trevor James Brewer ( 16 August 1930 - 15 July 2018 ) was a Welsh rugby union international player . He played for the Wales national rugby union team on three occasions , once in 1950 and twice in 1955 .'}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Chemistry ( 2nd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning three caps ( 1950-1955 ) ; rugby Blue in 1951', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Bailey Davies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bailey_Davies', 'summary': 'David Bailey Beili Davies ( 3 December 1884 - 24 August 1968 ) was a Welsh rugby union fullback who played club rugby for Oxford University , Llanelli and London Welsh and international rugby for Wales . In his personal life he was a schoolmaster , clergyman and soldier .'}]}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 3rd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning one cap ( 1907 ) ; rugby Blue three times ( 1905-1907 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Jenkin Alban Davies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenkin_Alban_Davies', 'summary': 'Jenkin Alban Davies ( 5 September 1885 - 18 July 1976 ) was a Welsh international rugby union player .'}]}, {'value': '1906 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Theology ( 3rd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning seven caps ( 1913-1914 ) ; did not win a Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Sir David William Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_William_Evans', 'summary': 'Sir David William Evans ( 4 November 1866 - 17 March 1926 ) was a Welsh lawyer and public servant , who played a leading role in the fight against tuberculosis in Wales . In his early adult life , Evans was a very keen sportsman and played rugby union for Oxford University and Cardiff . He played five international matches for Wales national rugby union team between 1889 and 1891 .'}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning five caps ( 1899-1891 ) ; rugby Blue twice ( 1887 and 1888 ) ; later became a solicitor and was knighted for public services to Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter Rice Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Rice_Evans', 'summary': 'Walter Rice Evans ( 10 September 1863 - 9 June 1909 ) was a Welsh international rugby union player , who won three caps between 1890 and 1891 .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1890 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning three caps ( 1890-1891 ) ; rugby Blue in 1890', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'William Frederick Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Evans_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'William Frederick Evans ( known as Bill Evans ) ( 24 April 1857 - 1 July 1935 ) was a Welsh international rugby union player , who won two caps for Wales in 1882 and 1883 .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1883', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Theology ( 3rd , 1880 ) , MA ( 1883 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning two caps ( 1882 and 1883 ) ; did not win a Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Evanson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Evanson', 'summary': 'Arthur McDonnell Evanson ( 15 September 1859 - 31 December 1934 ) was a Welsh born rugby union player who won four caps between 1882 and 1884 for the England national rugby union team .'}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1884 ) , MA ( 1887 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "English rugby union international , winning four caps ( 1882-1884 ) ; the college 's first rugby Blue ( twice , 1880 and 1881 ) , and its only English rugby international", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The England national rugby union team represents England in men 's international rugby union . They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France , Ireland , Italy , Scotland and Wales . England have won the championship on a total of 28 occasions ( as well as sharing 10 victories ) - winning the Grand Slam 13 times and the Triple Crown 25 times - making them the most successful outright winners in the tournament 's history . As of 18 November 2019 [ update ] , England are ranked third in the world by the International Rugby Board . They are currently the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup , having won the tournament in 2003 , and have been runners-up on three other occasions . The history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official test match , losing 1-0 to Scotland . England dominated the early Home Nations Championship ( now the Six Nations ) which started in 1883 . Following the schism of rugby football in 1895 into union and league , England did not win the Championship again until 1910 . They first played against New Zealand in 1905 , South Africa in 1906 , and Australia in 1909 . England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and progressed to the final in the second tournament in 1991 , losing 12-6 to Australia . Following their Grand Slam in 2003 , England went on to win the 2003 Rugby World Cup , defeating Australia 20-17 in extra time . They contested the final again in 2007 in defence of their title , losing 15-6 to South Africa , and reached the final for the fourth time in 2019 , once again losing to South Africa , 32-12 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Gwyn Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwyn_Francis', 'summary': 'David Gwyn Francis ( 2 February 1896 - 7 May 1987 ) was a Welsh international rugby union player , who played for the Welsh national side twice ( in 1919 and 1924 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning two caps ( 1919 and 1924 ) ; rugby Blue in 1919 , and part of the college team ( along with William Havard ) that won the inter-college cup in 1920', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Havard', 'summary': "William Thomas Havard MC ( 23 October 1889 - 17 August 1956 ) was a Welsh First World War military chaplain and rugby union international player who was later bishop of two dioceses of the Church in Wales : first as the Bishop of St Asaph and then the Bishop of St David 's ."}]}, {'value': 'William Havard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Havard', 'summary': "William Thomas Havard MC ( 23 October 1889 - 17 August 1956 ) was a Welsh First World War military chaplain and rugby union international player who was later bishop of two dioceses of the Church in Wales : first as the Bishop of St Asaph and then the Bishop of St David 's ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_History', 'summary': "The history of the world , in common parlance , is the history of humanity ( or human history ) , as determined from archeology , anthropology , genetics , linguistics , and other disciplines ; and , for periods since the invention of writing , from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies . Humanity 's written history was preceded by its prehistory , beginning with the Palaeolithic Era ( Old Stone Age ) , followed by the Neolithic Era ( New Stone Age ) . The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin , between 8000 and 5000 BCE , in the Near East 's Fertile Crescent . During this period , humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals . As agriculture advanced , most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements . The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units , fostered by advances in transportation . Whether in prehistoric or historic times , people always needed to be near reliable sources of potable water . Settlements developed on river banks as early as 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia , on the banks of Egypt 's Nile River , in the Indus River valley , and along China 's rivers . As farming developed , grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons . Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities , which provided the foundation for civilization . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing . With civilizations flourishing , ancient history ( Antiquity , including the Classical Age , up to about 500 CE ) saw the rise and fall of empires ."}]}, {'value': "College chaplain ( 1919-1921 ) who won his 'Blue ' for rugby and represented Wales against New Zealand Services in 1919 ( his only international ) before becoming Bishop of St Asaph ( 1934-1950 ) and Bishop of St David 's ( 1950-1956 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford_blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph', 'summary': "The Bishop of St Asaph heads the Church in Wales diocese of St Asaph . The diocese covers the counties of Conwy and Flintshire , Wrexham county borough , the eastern part of Merioneth in Gwynedd and part of northern Powys . The Episcopal seat is located in the Cathedral Church of St Asaph in the city of St Asaph in Denbighshire , north Wales . The Bishop 's residence is Esgobty , St Asaph . The current bishop is Gregory Cameron , who was elected on 5 January and consecrated on 4 April 2009 . He became Bishop of St Asaph in succession to John Davies , who was consecrated in October 1999 and who retired in 2008 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Bishop_of_St_David's", 'summary': 'The Bishop of St Davids is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of St Davids . The succession of bishops stretches back to Saint David who in the 6th century established his seat in what is today the city of St Davids in Pembrokeshire , founding St Davids Cathedral . The current Bishop of St Davids is Joanna Penberthy , since the confirmation on 30 November 2016 of her election .'}]}, {'value': 'Vivian Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vivian_Jenkins', 'summary': 'Vivian Gordon James Viv Jenkins ( 2 November 1911 - 5 January 2004 ) was a Welsh rugby union player who , having taught Classics and Games at Dover College , went on to have a successful career as a sports journalist . He won 14 caps for Wales and 1 cap for the British and Irish Lions . He also played first-class cricket with Glamorgan and Oxford University .'}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning fourteen caps ( 1933-1939 ) and one for the British and Irish Lions , who was the first Welsh full-back to score a try in an international match ; rugby Blue three times ( 1930-1932 ) ; also played cricket for Glamorgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions', 'summary': 'The British & Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for any of the Home Nations - the national teams of England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland . The Lions are a Test side and generally select international players , but they can pick uncapped players available to any one of the four unions . The team currently tours every four years , with these rotating among Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . The most recent series , the 2017 series against New Zealand , was drawn 1-1 ( with one match drawn ) . From 1888 onwards , combined rugby sides from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland toured the Southern Hemisphere . The first tour was a commercial venture and was undertaken without official backing . The six subsequent visits enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities , before the 1910 South Africa tour , which was the first tour representative of the four Home Unions . In 1949 the four Home Unions formally created a Tours Committee and for the first time , every player of the 1950 Lions squad had played internationally before the tour . The 1950s tours saw high win rates in provincial games , but the Test series were typically lost or drawn . The winning series in 1971 ( New Zealand ) and 1974 ( South Africa ) changed this pattern . The last tour of the amateur age took place in 1993 . The Lions have also played occasional matches in the Northern Hemisphere either as one-off exhibitions or as part of a Southern Hemisphere tour .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Glamorgan County Cricket Club ( Welsh : Criced Morgannwg ) is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Glamorgan ( Welsh : Morgannwg ) . Founded in 1888 , Glamorgan held minor status at first and was a prominent member of the early Minor Counties Championship before the First World War . In 1921 , the club joined the County Championship and the team was elevated to first-class status , subsequently playing in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England and Wales . Glamorgan is the only Welsh first-class cricket club . They have won the English County Championship competition in 1948 , 1969 and 1997 . Glamorgan have also beaten international teams from all of the Test playing nations , including Australia whom they defeated in successive tours in 1964 and 1968 . The club 's limited overs team is called simply Glamorgan . Kit colours are blue and yellow for limited overs matches . The club is based in Cardiff and plays most of its home games at Sophia Gardens , which is located on the bank of the River Taff . Matches have also occasionally been played at Swansea , Colwyn Bay and Cresselly ( despite the latter towns being in Denbighshire and Pembrokeshire respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenyon Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenyon_Jones', 'summary': 'Kenyon William James Ken Jones ( 5 September 1911 - 16 December 1998 ) was a Welsh rugby union international player .'}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History ( 2nd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning one cap ( 1934 ) ; rugby Blue twice ( 1931 and 1932 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Babington Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Jones', 'summary': 'Thomas Babington Jones ( 20 January 1851 - 6 August 1890 ) was a Welsh cricketer , who played first-class cricket for Oxford University Cricket Club .'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 4th )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Played first-class cricket for Oxford University CC ; cricket Blue in 1874', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford_University_CC', 'summary': "Oxford University Cricket Club ( OUCC ) , which represents the University of Oxford , has always held first-class status since it was first recorded in 1827 . It was classified as a List A team in 1973 only . Home fixtures are played at the University Parks to the north of central Oxford . The inaugural University Match between OUCC and Cambridge University Cricket Club ( CUCC ) was played in 1827 and is now the club 's sole first-class fixture each season . Apart from this annual game , played in late June or early July , OUCC operates as part of the Oxford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence ( UCCE ) , which includes Oxford Brookes University . The UCCE was rebranded as Oxford MCC University ( MCCU ) prior to the 2010 season . The University Match is the only one in which a true OUCC team takes part : i.e. , composed entirely of current Oxford students . The earliest reference to cricket at Oxford is in 1673 . OUCC made its known debut in the 1827 University Match . In terms of extant clubs being involved , this is the oldest major fixture in the world : i.e. , although some inter-county fixtures are much older , none of the current county clubs were founded before 1839 ( the oldest known current fixture is Kent versus Surrey ) . The Oxford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence ( OUCCE ) team played 26 first-class matches ( not including one abandoned ) from 2001 to 2009 . As Oxford Marylebone Cricket Club University , the team has played sixteen first-class matches from 2010 to 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Lewis_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Charles Prytherch Lewis ( 20 August 1853 - 27 May 1923 ) was a Welsh international rugby union player , who won five caps between 1882 and 1884 .'}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1876 ) , MA ( 1879 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning five caps ( 1882-1884 ) ; a triple Blue ( cricket , hammer and hurdles , but not rugby )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Hilary Lister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilary_Lister', 'summary': 'Hilary Claire Lister ( 3 March 1972 - 18 August 2018 ) was an English record-breaking quadriplegic sailor . She suffered from the progressive condition reflex sympathetic dystrophy and controlled her ship by using sip-and-puff technology for steering and sails . Lister was born in Hook in Hampshire , as the third of four children born to biochemist mother Pauline and vicar father Colin . Lister was able-bodied until the age of 15 . She studied biochemistry at Jesus College , Oxford , between 1991 and 1995 , having lost the use of her legs by then . She started a PhD at the University of Kent in 1996 but her condition deteriorated . She lost the use of her arms in 1999 and was unable to finish her doctorate , but was awarded an honorary doctorate by the university . She was introduced to sailing in 2003 , which she commented gave her back her sense of freedom and quite literally saved her life . Lister married music teacher Clifford in 1999 , though they later separated . On 23 August 2005 , Lister was the first quadriplegic to sail solo across the English Channel ( in 6 hours and 13 minutes ) . On 24 July 2007 , she became the first female quadriplegic to sail solo around the Isle of Wight ( in 11 hours 4 minutes ) . She won the Sunday Times Helen Rollason Award for Inspiration in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Biochemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biochemistry', 'summary': 'Biochemistry , sometimes called biological chemistry , is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms . Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life . A sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry , biochemistry can be divided in three fields ; structural biology , enzymology and metabolism . Over the last decades of the 20th century , biochemistry has through these three disciplines become successful at explaining living processes . Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed by biochemical methodology and research . Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells , which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of tissues , organs , and organism structure and function . Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology , the study of the molecular mechanisms of biological phenomena . Much of biochemistry deals with the structures , functions and interactions of biological macromolecules , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates and lipids , which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life . The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions . These can be inorganic , for example water and metal ions , or organic , for example the amino acids , which are used to synthesize proteins . The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism . The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine , nutrition , and agriculture .'}]}, {'value': 'Quadriplegic solo sailor - the first quadriplegic sailor to cross the English Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quadriplegic', 'summary': 'Tetraplegia , also known as quadriplegia , is paralysis caused by illness or injury that results in the partial or total loss of use of all four limbs and torso ; paraplegia is similar but does not affect the arms . The loss is usually sensory and motor , which means that both sensation and control are lost . The paralysis may be flaccid or spastic .'}, {'url': '/wiki/English_Channel', 'summary': 'The English Channel , [ a ] also called simply the Channel , is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France and links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end . It is the busiest shipping area in the world . It is about 560 km ( 350 mi ) long and varies in width from 240 km ( 150 mi ) at its widest to 34 km ( 21 mi ) in the Strait of Dover . It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe , covering an area of some 75,000 km2 ( 29,000 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'James Page', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Page_(rower)', 'summary': 'James Houghton Page OBE TD ( 14 January 1900 - 16 December 1977 ) was a British rower who was secretary of the Amateur Rowing Association from 1952 to 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 3rd , 1922 ) , BA Jurisprudence ( 4th , 1923 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Law_degree', 'summary': 'A law degree is an academic degree conferred for studies in law . Such degrees are generally preparation for legal careers ; but while their curricula may be reviewed by legal authority , they do not themselves confer a license . A legal license is granted ( typically by examination ) and exercised locally ; while the law degree can have local , international , and world-wide aspects- e.g. , in Britain the Legal Practice Course is required to become a British solicitor or the Bar Professional Training Course ( BPTC ) to become a barrister .'}]}, {'value': 'President of the Jesus College Jesus College Record and Captain of Boats whilst at college ; rowing coach and secretary of the Amateur Rowing Association ( 1952-1972 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Common_Room', 'summary': "In some universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland - particularly collegiate universities such as Oxford and Cambridge , as well as King 's College London , Dublin University , Durham University , University of York , University of Kent and Lancaster University - students and the academic body are organised into a common room , or at Cambridge a combination room . This terminology has , in addition , been taken up in some universities in other English-speaking nations . The terms JCR , MCR , and SCR are used by Harvard University , Yale University , Princeton University , and the University of Toronto . These groups exist to represent their members in the organisation of college or residential hall life , to operate certain services within these institutions such as laundry or recreation , and to provide opportunities for socialising . There are variations based on institutional tradition and needs , but typically the following common rooms will exist in a college or hall :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Jesus_College_Boat_Club_(Oxford)', 'summary': "Jesus College Boat Club ( commonly abbreviated to JCBC ) is a rowing club for members of Jesus College , Oxford , one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford . The club was formed in 1835 , but rowing at the college predates the club 's foundation : a boat from the college was involved in the earliest recorded races between college crews at Oxford in 1815 , when it competed against Brasenose College . In the early years of rowing at Oxford , Jesus was one of the few colleges that participated in races . Neither the men 's nor the women 's 1st VIIIs have earned the title of Head of the River , which is gained by winning Eights Week - the main inter-college rowing competition at Oxford . A number of college members have rowed for the university against Cambridge University in the Boat Race and the Women 's Boat Race . Barney Williams , a Canadian rower who studied at the college , won a silver medal in rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics , and participated in the Boat Race in 2005 and 2006 . Other students who rowed while at the college have achieved success in other fields , including John Sankey , who became Lord Chancellor , Alwyn Williams , who became Bishop of Durham , and Maurice Jones , who became Principal of St David 's College , Lampeter . Another college rower , James Page , was appointed Secretary of the Amateur Rowing Association and coached both the Oxford and Cambridge University boat clubs . The college boathouse , which is shared with the boat club of Keble College , is in Christ Church Meadow , on the Isis ( as the River Thames is called in Oxford ) . It dates from 1964 and replaced a moored barge used by spectators and crew-members . The last college barge had been purchased from one of the Livery Companies of the City of London in 1911 . It is now a floating restaurant further down the Thames at Richmond , and for some years was painted in the college colours of green and white ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amateur_Rowing_Association', 'summary': 'British Rowing , formerly the Amateur Rowing Association ( ARA ) , is the governing body for the sport of rowing ( both indoor and on-water rowing ) . It is responsible for the training and selection of individual rowers and crews representing Great Britain and for participation in and the development of rowing and indoor rowing in England . Scottish Rowing ( formerly SARA ) and Welsh Rowing ( formerly WARA ) oversee governance in their respective countries , organise their own teams for the Home International Regatta and input to the GB team organisation . British Rowing is a member of the British Olympic Association and the International Rowing Federation , also known as FISA .'}]}, {'value': 'Conway Rees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conway_Rees', 'summary': 'John Conway Rees ( 13 January 1870 - 30 August 1932 ) was a Welsh international rugby union player .'}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History ( 3rd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning three caps ( 1892-1894 ) ; rugby Blue three times ( 1891-1893 ) and the first Welshman to captain Oxford University RFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_University_RFC', 'summary': 'The Oxford University Rugby Football Club ( Oxford University RFC or OURFC ) is the rugby union club of the University of Oxford . The club contests The Varsity Match every year against Cambridge University at Twickenham .'}]}, {'value': 'Aneurin Rees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aneurin_Rees', 'summary': "Theophilus Aneurin Rees ( 9 April 1858 - 11 September 1932 ) was a Welsh rugby union forward who represented Llandovery College at club level . He was capped once for Wales , in the country 's very first international rugby match ."}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNG', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welsh rugby union international , winning one cap in the first international match involving Wales ( 1881 ) ; did not win a Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1880-81_Home_Nations_rugby_union_matches', 'summary': "The 1880-81 Home Nations rugby union matches were a series of international rugby union friendlies held between the England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales national rugby union teams . This season is most notable for the introduction of Wales as an international rugby union nation , playing their first ever match in a game against England . Although Wales were humiliated by a crushing defeat it did not stop rugby union being adopted by Wales as the country 's national sport . The only recognised competition held between the countries was the annual Calcutta Cup match , contested between England and Scotland . It was the third challenge for the Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'George Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Robinson_(cricketer,_born_1861)', 'summary': 'George Edward Robinson ( 13 March 1861 - 30 November 1944 ) was a Welsh cricketer who played first-class cricket for Oxford University Cricket Club .'}]}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1883', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Theology ( 3rd )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Played first-class cricket for Oxford University CC ; cricket Blue three times ( 1881-1883 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford_University_CC', 'summary': "Oxford University Cricket Club ( OUCC ) , which represents the University of Oxford , has always held first-class status since it was first recorded in 1827 . It was classified as a List A team in 1973 only . Home fixtures are played at the University Parks to the north of central Oxford . The inaugural University Match between OUCC and Cambridge University Cricket Club ( CUCC ) was played in 1827 and is now the club 's sole first-class fixture each season . Apart from this annual game , played in late June or early July , OUCC operates as part of the Oxford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence ( UCCE ) , which includes Oxford Brookes University . The UCCE was rebranded as Oxford MCC University ( MCCU ) prior to the 2010 season . The University Match is the only one in which a true OUCC team takes part : i.e. , composed entirely of current Oxford students . The earliest reference to cricket at Oxford is in 1673 . OUCC made its known debut in the 1827 University Match . In terms of extant clubs being involved , this is the oldest major fixture in the world : i.e. , although some inter-county fixtures are much older , none of the current county clubs were founded before 1839 ( the oldest known current fixture is Kent versus Surrey ) . The Oxford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence ( OUCCE ) team played 26 first-class matches ( not including one abandoned ) from 2001 to 2009 . As Oxford Marylebone Cricket Club University , the team has played sixteen first-class matches from 2010 to 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Alumni -- Sports people', 'section_text': 'The Wales team for the first Welsh international rugby match in 1881 , with Aneurin Rees seated on the far left of the middle row', 'uid': 'List_of_alumni_of_Jesus_College,_Oxford_12', 'intro': "Jesus College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its alumni include politicians, lawyers, bishops, poets, and academics. Some went on to become fellows of the college; 14 students later became principal of the college. It was founded in 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I, at the request of a Welsh clergyman, Hugh Price, who was Treasurer of St David's Cathedral in Pembrokeshire. The college still has strong links with Wales, and about 15% of students are Welsh. There are 340 undergraduates and 190 students carrying out postgraduate studies. Old members of Jesus College are sometimes known as Jesubites. From the world of politics, the college's alumni include two Prime Ministers (Harold Wilson of Britain and Norman Manley of Jamaica), one Speaker of the House of Commons (Sir William Williams), a co-founder of Plaid Cymru (D. J. Williams) and a co-founder of the African National Congress (Pixley ka Isaka Seme). Members of Parliament from the three main political parties in the United Kingdom have attended the college, as have politicians from Australia (Neal Blewett), New Zealand (Harold Rushworth), Sri Lanka (Lalith Athulathmudali) and the United States (Heather Wilson). The list of lawyers include one Lord Chancellor (Lord Sankey) and one Law Lord (Lord du Parcq). The list of clergy includes three Archbishops of Wales (A. G. Edwards, Glyn Simon and Gwilym Williams). Celticists associated with the college include Sir John Morris-Jones, Sir Thomas (T. H.) Parry-Williams and William John Gruffydd, whilst the list of historians includes the college's first graduate, David Powel, who published the first printed history of Wales in 1584, and the Victorian historian John Richard Green."}
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What is the degree of the alumnus who died on 5 January 2008 ?
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BA Natural Science ( Engineering , 4th )
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0205fc74b01809f5
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes_Golden_Collection:_Volume_6', 'title': 'Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6', 'header': ['#', 'Title', 'Characters', 'Director', 'Year', 'Series'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Congo Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Congo_Jazz', 'summary': "Congo Jazz is a Looney Tunes cartoon starring Warner Bros. ' first cartoon star , Bosko . The cartoon was released in September 1930 . It was distributed by Warner Bros. and The Vitaphone Corporation . Congo Jazz was the first cartoon to feature Bosko 's falsetto voice that he would use for the bulk of the series ' run ( the previous Bosko short , Sinkin ' in the Bathtub , had used a derisive African-American dialect ) . It has the earliest instance of a trombone gobble in animation ."}]}, {'value': 'Bosko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'September 6 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smile , Darn Ya , Smile !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smile,_Darn_Ya,_Smile!', 'summary': 'Smile , Darn Ya , Smile ! is a Merrie Melodies cartoon short ( September 5 , 1931 ) and also the title of the song performed in the cartoon . This is one of only three Merrie Melodies cartoons to star Foxy ; the other two are Lady , Play Your Mandolin ! ( August , 1931 ) and One More Time ( October 3 , 1931 ) . This short is a remake of Trolley Troubles , a Disney short featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in whose creation Hugh Harman had once been involved . A colorized version was produced in Korea . It was made by re-drawing the cels and backgrounds . The animation in this version is inferior , since many drawings were left out , causing jerky movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Foxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxy_(cartoon_character)', 'summary': 'Foxy is an animated cartoon character featured in three 1931 animated shorts in the Merrie Melodies series distributed by Warner Bros . He was the creation of animator Rudy Ising , who had worked for Walt Disney in the 1920s .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudolf Ising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'September 5 , 1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Booze Hangs High', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Booze_Hangs_High', 'summary': "The Booze Hangs High , released in 1930 , is the fourth title in the Looney Tunes series and features Bosko , Warner Bros. ' first cartoon character ."}]}, {'value': 'Bosko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'December 27 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One More Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_More_Time_(1931_film)', 'summary': "One More Time is a 1931 black-and-white Merrie Melodies cartoon short produced by Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising and animated by Friz Freleng and Paul J. Smith . The film is seven minutes in length . It stars Foxy as a Prohibition-era cop dealing with various miscreants . This was Foxy 's last theatrical appearance . A colorized version was produced in Korea by Fred Ladd , for Sunset Productions , the copyright holder at the time . It was made by re-drawing the cels and backgrounds . The animation in this version is inferior , since many drawings were left out , causing jerky movement ."}]}, {'value': 'Foxy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudolf Ising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'October 3 , 1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bosko 's Picture Show", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bosko's_Picture_Show", 'summary': "Bosko 's Picture Show was released on August 26 , 1933 , though at least one source claims the release date is September 18 , 1933 . It was the last Looney Tunes Bosko cartoon produced by Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising for Leon Schlesinger and Warner Bros . The duo moved on to produce cartoons for MGM , the first of which were released in 1934 . The music score was a work of Frank Marsales ."}]}, {'value': 'Bosko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Harman and Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "You Do n't Know What You 're Doin ' !", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/You_Don't_Know_What_You're_Doin'!", 'summary': "You Do n't Know What You 're Doin ' ! is a 1931 animated short subject directed by Rudolf Ising and produced by Hugh Harman , Rudolf Ising , and Leon Schlesinger as part of the Merrie Melodies series from the Harman-Ising studios and distributed by Warner Bros. First released on October 21 , 1931 , the film is perhaps one of the most amusing and effective of the cartoons from the studio 's earliest years ."}]}, {'value': 'Piggy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piggy_(Merrie_Melodies)', 'summary': "Piggy is an animated cartoon character in the Merrie Melodies series of films distributed by Warner Bros . The character first appeared as a fat , black pig wearing a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front . His coloration and dress were identical to those of the Walt Disney character Mickey Mouse before the advent of color film . John Kenworthy argues that , considering the fact that some sketches of mice which Hugh Harman had drawn in 1925 were the inspiration for the creation of Mickey Mouse , Harman and Ising never intended to copy Disney . Piggy 's name came from one of two brothers who were childhood classmates of Freleng 's , nicknamed Porky and Piggy ."}]}, {'value': 'Rudolf Ising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'October 21 , 1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': "We 're in the Money", 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudolf Ising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'August 26 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ride Him , Bosko !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ride_Him,_Bosko!', 'summary': "Ride Him , Bosko ! released in 1932 , is an animated short film in Warner Bros. ' Looney Tunes series . It features Bosko , Warner Bros. ' first cartoon character and his sweetheart Honey in the Old West ."}]}, {'value': 'Bosko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Harman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'September 17 , 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shuffle Off to Buffalo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudolf Ising and Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'July 8 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bosko in Person', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bosko_in_Person', 'summary': 'Bosko in Person is an American animated short film . It is a Looney Tune cartoon , featuring Bosko , the original star of the series . It was released on February 11 , 1933 , though one source claims the release date is April 10 , 1933 . Like most Looney Tunes of its day , it was directed by Hugh Harman ; its score is by Frank Marsales . The film features Bosko and Honey in a vaudeville-act . This is the first cartoon directed by Friz Freleng .'}]}, {'value': 'Bosko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Harman and Friz Freleng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Friz_Freleng', 'summary': "Isadore Friz Freleng ( August 21 , 1906 - May 26 , 1995 ) , often credited as I. Freleng , was an American animator , cartoonist , director , producer , and composer known for his work at Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons . He introduced and/or developed several of the studio 's biggest stars , including Bugs Bunny , Porky Pig , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam ( to whom he was said to bear more than a passing resemblance ) , and Speedy Gonzales . The senior director at Warners ' Termite Terrace studio , Freleng directed more cartoons than any other director in the studio ( a total of 266 ) , and is also the most honored of the Warner directors , having won five Academy Awards and three Emmy Awards [ disputed - discuss ] . After Warners closed down the animation studio in 1963 , Freleng and business partner David H. DePatie founded DePatie-Freleng Enterprises , which produced cartoons ( including The Pink Panther Show ) , feature film title sequences , and Saturday-morning cartoons through the early 1980s . The nickname Friz came from his friend , Hugh Harman , who initially nicknamed him Congressman Frizby after a fictional senator who appeared in satirical pieces in the Los Angeles Examiner . Over time , this shortened to Friz ."}]}, {'value': 'February 11 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dish Ran Away with the Spoon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudolf Ising', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harman_and_Ising', 'summary': 'Harman and Ising were an American animation team known for founding the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animation studios .'}]}, {'value': 'August 5 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Buddy 's Day Out", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Buddy's_Day_Out", 'summary': "Buddy 's Day Out is an American animated short film released by Warner Bros. on September 9 , 1933 . It is the first Looney Tunes cartoon to feature Buddy , the second star of the series who was created by Earl Duvall . It was directed by former Disney animator Tom Palmer , who was shortly thereafter fired from the studio . It was the first cartoon produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions , the successor to Harman-Ising Productions . Musical direction was by Norman Spencer and Bernard B . Brown ."}]}, {'value': 'Buddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buddy_(Looney_Tunes)', 'summary': 'Buddy is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Leon Schlesinger Productions series of cartoons . He was the second star of the series , after Bosko .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Palmer_(animator)', 'summary': 'Anthony Tony Pipolo , known professionally as Tom Palmer was an Italian-American animator and short film director who was active in the 1930s and worked at several animation studios . He was born with the surname of Pipolo but changed his name to Palmer . One of his brothers , Frank Pipolo , was a decorated New York City police officer .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Buddy 's Beer Garden", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Buddy's_Beer_Garden", 'summary': "Buddy 's Beer Garden is an American animated short film , released November 18 , 1933 ( though at least one source gives November 11 as the date . ) It is a Looney Tunes cartoon , featuring Buddy , the second star of the series . It was supervised by Earl Duvall , here credited as Duval , was one of only five Warner Bros. cartoons directed by him , and one of only three Buddy shorts . Musical direction was by Norman Spencer ."}]}, {'value': 'Buddy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl Duvall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Duvall', 'summary': 'Earl Duvall ( /duːˈvɔːl/ ; April 2 , 1898 - January 7 , 1969 ) was an American artist and animator best known for his work on Disney comic strips in the early 1930s and for a handful of animated short films he directed at Warner Bros. Cartoons .'}]}, {'value': 'November 11 , 1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Buddy 's Circus", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Buddy's_Circus", 'summary': "Buddy 's Circus is an American animated short film . It is a Looney Tunes cartoon , featuring Buddy , the second star of the series . It was released on November 8 , 1934 , although one source suggests as a date August 25 of the same year . It was supervised by Jack King ; musical direction was by Norman Spencer ."}]}, {'value': 'Buddy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_King_(animator)', 'summary': 'James Patton Jack King ( November 4 , 1895 , Alabama - October 4 , 1958 , Los Angeles ) was an American animator and short film director best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions .'}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Cartoonist 's Nightmare", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/A_Cartoonist's_Nightmare", 'summary': "A Cartoonist 's Nightmare is a 1935 Warner Bros. theatrical cartoon short in the Looney Tunes series , starring Beans the Cat in his first solo film . The film was directed by Jack King and was released on September 21 , 1935 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Looney_Tunes_and_Merrie_Melodies_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies characters .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_King_(animator)', 'summary': 'James Patton Jack King ( November 4 , 1895 , Alabama - October 4 , 1958 , Los Angeles ) was an American animator and short film director best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions .'}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LT', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Disc 3 : Bosko , Buddy and Merrie Melodies', 'section_text': 'All cartoons on this disc are in black-and-white .', 'uid': 'Looney_Tunes_Golden_Collection:_Volume_6_4', 'intro': "Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6 is a four-disc DVD box set collection of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. Following the pattern of one release each year of the previous volumes, it was released on October 21, 2008. Warner Home Video had announced that this will be the final release in the Golden Collection series. Succeeding the Golden Collection series would be the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection series on Blu-ray, which had its first release in November 2011. On July 3, 2012, a two-disc DVD version of Volume 1 of the Platinum Collection was released. Volume 6 is far less child-friendly than the other five volumes in the series. Like Volumes 3, 4, and 5, it has a warning before each disc about the shorts containing content that some viewers would not consider to be politically correct by today's standards (but will be shown uncut and uncensored for historical reasons), and as such, is intended for the adult collector. However, Volume 6's disclaimer states that it is not suitable for children, as opposed to Volumes 3-5 stating that they may not be suitable for children. This is due to that in addition to containing cartoons that have racial and/or ethnic stereotypes (like in Volumes 3, 4, and 5) and references to sexism in Robert McKimson's Wild Wife, Volume 6 also contains many cartoons that pertain to World War II, most of them containing depictions or references to Adolf Hitler and Hideki Tojo or to Nazis and Imperial Japan in general. While Volumes 4 and 5 each had a couple explicitly WWII themed cartoons (Plane Daffy and Scrap Happy Daffy, respectively), Volume 6 is notable for having an entire disc dedicated to the subject (Disc 2: Patriotic Pals), including several of its bonus cartoons. Volume 6 was originally only released in North America due to the poor sales of Volume 5. However, the discs in this volume were not region-coded, making it easy for collectors outside of North America to import and play this set."}
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What title ( s ) were released b the director who was active in the 1930s and worked at several animation studios ?
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Buddy 's Day Out
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02069be185ade0bf
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Shende', 'title': 'Bela Shende', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Song ( s )', 'Music director ( s )', 'Language', 'Co-singer ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tera Mera Saath Rahen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tera_Mera_Saath_Rahen', 'summary': 'Tera Mera Saath Rahen is a 2001 Indian drama film directed by Mahesh V. Manjrekar .'}]}, {'value': 'Dum dum diga diga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anand Raj Anand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anand_Raj_Anand', 'summary': 'Anand Raaj Anand is an Indian composer , lyricist and playback singer in the Hindi film industry . He is filmfare nominated artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Atul Kale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ehsaas : The Feeling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ehsaas:_The_Feeling', 'summary': 'Ehsaas : The Feeling is a 2001 Bollywood film . It Stars Sunil Shetty and Shabana Raza .'}]}, {'value': 'Tumse milkar hua hai Ehsaas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anand Raj Anand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anand_Raj_Anand', 'summary': 'Anand Raaj Anand is an Indian composer , lyricist and playback singer in the Hindi film industry . He is filmfare nominated artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'K.K', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paheli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paheli', 'summary': "Paheli ( English : Riddle ) is a Bollywood fantasy film released in India on 24 June 2005 . It is a remake of the 1973 Hindi movie Duvidha by Mani Kaul . It was directed by Amol Palekar and produced by Juhi Chawla , Aziz Mirza , Sanjiv Chawla and Shah Rukh Khan , who also plays the male lead . Paheli is based on the short story written by Vijayadan Detha in Rajasthani language and tells the story of a wife ( Rani Mukerji ) who is left by her husband ( Shah Rukh Khan ) and visited by a ghost , disguised as her husband , who is in love with her and takes her husband 's place . Sunil Shetty , Juhi Chawla , Rajpal Yadav and Amitabh Bachchan have supporting roles in the film . The movie opened the ninth Zimbabwe International Film Festival at the Libertie Cinema Complex in Harare . It was also screened at both the Sundance Film Festival and the Palm Springs International Film Festival . The working title of the movie was Ghost Ka Dost ( translates to Friend of a Ghost ) . Paheli was India 's official entry to the 2006 Oscars ."}]}, {'value': '• Kangna Re • Khali Hai Tere Bina • Minnat Kare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M.M . Kreem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M.M._Kreem', 'summary': 'Koduri Marakathamani Keeravaani , better known as M. M. Keeravani , is an Indian film music composer and playback singer , who works in Telugu , Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam and Hindi cinema . He is also known by his aliases Marakathamani , and M. M. Kreem . He has recorded most of his songs with singers S. P. Balasubrahmanyam , K. S. Chithra . In 1997 , he was awarded the National Film Award for Best Music Direction for the Telugu movie Annamayya . He has won 8 Filmfare Awards , eleven state Nandi Awards and a Tamil Nadu State Film Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi_language', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': '• Shreya Ghoshal , Madhushree , Kalapini Komakali , Sonu Nigam • Hariharan • Shreya Ghosal , Madhushree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shreya_Ghoshal', 'summary': "Shreya Ghoshal ( born 12 March 1984 ) is an Indian playback singer . She has received four National Film Awards , four Kerala State Film Awards , two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards , seven Filmfare Awards including six for Best Female Playback Singer and ten Filmfare Awards South . She has recorded songs for film music and albums in various Indian languages and has established herself as a leading playback singer of Indian cinema . Ghoshal aspired to become a playback singer from an early age . At the age of four , she started learning music . At the age of six , she started her formal training in classical music . At the age of sixteen , she was noticed by the mother of film-maker Sanjay Leela Bhansali when she entered and won the television singing reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( called Sa Re Ga Ma at that time ) . Following that , she made her Bollywood playback singing debut with Bhansali 's romantic drama Devdas ( 2002 ) for which she received a National Film Award , a Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer and a Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent . Apart from playback singing , Ghoshal has appeared as a judge on several television reality shows and she also appears in music videos . She performs in musical concerts around the world . She has been honored by the United States state of Ohio , where Governor Ted Strickland declared 26 June 2010 as Shreya Ghoshal Day . In April 2013 , she was honoured in London by the selected members of House of Commons of the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Madhushree', 'summary': "Madhushree ( born Sujata Bhattacharya ) is an Indian singer , who sings in Hindi , Bengali , Kannada , Tamil and Telugu films . A familiar voice in A. R. Rahman 's compositions , Madhushree hails from a musically inclined family , having previously been trained in classical and western styles music . Her father wanted her to be a classical singer , Madhushree joined the Rabindra Bharati University and completed her masters , but her desire was always to be a playback singer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sonu_Nigam', 'summary': 'Sonu Nigam ( born 30 July 1973 ) is an Indian playback singer , live performer , composer , host , and actor . He sings predominantly in Hindi and Kannada language films . He has also sung in English , Bengali , Manipuri , Gujarati , Tamil , Telugu , Marathi , Tulu , Assamese , Odia , Nepali , Maithili , Malayalam and various Indian languages . [ citation needed ] Nigam has also released Indian pop albums and acted in a number of films . He has been one of the highest paid Indian singers . He is often regarded as a Modern Rafi and is now considered as one of the most versatile and greatest singers of the Hindi film industry of all time . He is also regarded as the Lord of Chords .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)', 'summary': 'Hariharan ( born 3 April 1955 ) is an Indian playback and ghazal singer , whose songs have been featured mainly in Tamil and Hindi . Also he sang notable songs in Telugu , Malayalam , Kannada , Marathi and Bhojpuri films . He is an established ghazal singer and one of the pioneers of Indian fusion music . In 2004 , he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India and is a two-time National Award winner . Hariharan , associating with Lesle Lewis , formed Colonial Cousins , a two-member band . They have cut many private music albums and also scored music for few feature films in Tamil cinema and Bollywood cinema .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jodhaa Akbar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jodhaa_Akbar', 'summary': 'Jodhaa Akbar is a 2008 Indian historical romance film , co-written , produced and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker . It stars Aishwarya Rai and Hrithik Roshan in the lead roles , with Sonu Sood , Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Ila Arun in supporting roles . The shooting began at Karjat and the film was released on 15 February 2008 . The film centres on the romance between the Mughal Emperor Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar , played by Hrithik Roshan , and the Rajput Princess Jodhaa Bai who becomes his wife , played by Aishwarya Rai . Acclaimed composer A. R. Rahman composed the musical score . The soundtrack of the film was released on 19 January 2008 . Upon release , it was a critical and commercial success . The film won the Audience Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the São Paulo International Film Festival , two awards at the Golden Minbar International Film Festival , seven Star Screen Awards five Filmfare Awards and two National Film Awards , in addition to two nominations at the 3rd Asian Film Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Mann Mohana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. R. Rahman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._R._Rahman', 'summary': "Allahrakka Rahman ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born A. S. Dileep Kumar on 6 January 1967 ) , known professionally as A. R. Rahman , is an Indian composer , singer and music producer . His works are noted for integrating Indian classical music with electronic music , world music and traditional orchestral arrangements . Rahman also introduced 7.1 surround sound technology to South Indian films . He is nicknamed Isai Puyal ( the musical storm ) and Mozart of Madras . Rahman initially composed scores for different documentaries and jingles for advertisements and Indian television channels . With an his in-house studio Panchathan Record Inn , Rahman 's film-scoring career began during the early 1990s with the Tamil film Roja . Rahman followed this with successful scores and songs for Tamil-language films for the Chennai film industry , including Ratnam 's politically-charged Bombay , the urban Kadhalan , Thiruda Thiruda and S. Shankar 's debut film Gentleman . Rahman 's score for his first Hollywood film , the comedy Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) , won the BMI Award for Best Score . His music for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) earned him Best Original Score and Best Original Song at the 81st Academy Awards . Rahman has also become a humanitarian and philanthropist , donating and raising money for a number of causes and charities . In 2017 , he made his debut as a director and writer for the film Le Musk . Among Rahman 's awards are six National Film Awards , two Academy Awards , two Grammy Awards , a BAFTA Award , a Golden Globe Award , fifteen Filmfare Awards and seventeen Filmfare Awards South ."}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaalmiki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaalmiki', 'summary': 'Valmiki ( /vɑːlˈmiːki/ ; Sanskrit : वाल्मीकि , Vālmīki ) is celebrated as the harbinger-poet in Sanskrit literature . The epic Ramayana , dated variously from 5th century BCE to first century BCE , is attributed to him , based on the attribution in the text itself . He is revered as Ādi Kavi , the first poet , author of Ramayana , the first epic poem . Ramayana , originally written by Valmiki , consists of 24,000 shlokas and 7 cantos ( kaṇḍas ) including Uttara Kanda . [ citation needed ] Ramayana is composed of about 480,002 words , being a quarter of the length of the full text of the Mahabharata or about four times the length of the Iliad . The Ramayana tells the story of a prince , Rama of the city of Ayodhya in the Kingdom of Kosala , whose wife Sita is abducted by Ravana , the demon-king ( Rakshasa ) of Lanka . The Valmiki Ramayana is dated variously from 500 BCE to 100 BCE or about co-eval with early versions of the Mahabharata . As with many traditional epics , it has gone through a process of interpolations and redactions , making it impossible to date accurately . British satirist Aubrey Menen says that Valmiki was , recognized as a literary genius , and thus was considered , an outlaw , presumably because of his , philosophic scepticism , as part of an Indian Enlightenment period . Valmiki is also quoted to be the contemporary of Rama . Menen claims Valmiki is , the first author in all history to bring himself into his own composition . Rama met Valmiki during his period of exile and interacted with him .'}]}, {'value': 'Kooda Varuviya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilayaraja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilayaraja', 'summary': "Ilaiyaraaja ( born 2 June 1943 ) is an Indian film composer , singer , songwriter , instrumentalist , orchestrator , conductor-arranger and lyricist who works in the Indian film industry , predominantly in Tamil . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Indian music composers , he is credited with introducing western musical sensibilities in the Indian musical mainstream . Reputed to be the world 's most prolific composer , he has composed over 7000 songs , provided film scores for more than 1000 movies and performed in more than 20,000 concerts . Being the first Asian to compose a full symphony with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London , Ilaiyaraaja is known to have written the entire symphony in less than a month . He is also a gold medalist in classical guitar from Trinity College of Music , London , Distance Learning Channel . In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN celebrating 100 years of Indian cinema in 2013 , Ilaiyaraaja was voted as the all-time greatest film-music director of India . US-based world cinema portal Taste of Cinema placed Ilaiyaraaja at the 9th position in its list of 25 greatest film composers in the history of cinema and he is the only Indian composer in that list . Ilaiyaraaja is known for integrating Indian folk music and traditional Indian instrumentation with western classical music techniques . His scores are often performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra . He is a recipient of five Indian National Film Awards - three for Best Music Direction and two for Best Background Score . In 2010 , he was awarded the Padma Bhushan , the third-highest civilian honour in India and the Padma Vibhushan in 2018 , the second-highest civilian award by the government of India . In 2012 , he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award , the highest Indian recognition given to practising artists , for his creative and experimental works in the music field ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silambattam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silambattam_(film)', 'summary': "Silambattam ( English : Stick fighting ) is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film written and directed by cinematographer-turned-director S. Saravanan , making his directorial debut . The film stars Silambarasan Rajendar in dual roles while Sneha , Sana Khan , Prabhu and Kishore also play lead roles . Nedumudi Venu , Santhanam and Ponvannan play supporting roles with Premji Amaren in a special appearance . Yuvan Shankar Raja composed the film 's background score and soundtrack . The film released on 12 December 2008 . It was later dubbed into Telugu and released as Maa Vaadu . Silambattam opened to mixed reviews but became a commercial superhit ."}]}, {'value': 'Machaan Machaan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvan Shankar Raja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuvan_Shankar_Raja', 'summary': "Yuvan Shankar Raja ( born 31 August 1979 ) is an Indian film score and soundtrack composer and singer-songwriter . He predominantly scores music for Tamil films . Considered a versatile composer , he is particularly known for his use of Western music elements and often credited with having introduced hip hop to the Tamil film and music industry and started the era of remixes in Tamil Nadu . He is the only Indian composer to win the Cyprus International Film Festival Award in 2006 for the soundtrack of Raam . His notable works and loyal fanbase earned him the honorific nickname the Youth Icon . Within a span of 15 years , Yuvan Shankar Raja has worked on over 100 films . Being the youngest son of the legendary composer Ilaiyaraaja , he began his musical career in 1996 , at the age of 15 , when he composed the film score for Aravindhan . He made his breakthrough with the Thulluvadho Ilamai ( 2001 ) soundtrack , and evolved as one of Tamil cinema 's most sought-after composers by the mid-2000s . In 2015 , he created his own music label , U1 Records and in 2017 , he started his own film production studio , YSR Films . Yuvan has won two Filmfare Awards ; the Best Music Director Award in 2004 for his score in the drama 7G Rainbow Colony and Filmfare Special Award - South in 2009 for his Telugu musical Oy ! . He has also received six nominations for Filmfare Awards , two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards in 2006 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilayaraja', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aegan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aegan', 'summary': "Aegan ( Tamil : ஏகன் ) is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language action film directed and co-written by Raju Sundaram and produced by Ayngaran International . It is based on the 2004 Indian film , Main Hoon Na . It stars Ajith Kumar and Nayanthara in the lead roles , with Suman , Jayaram , Nassar , Navdeep , and Piaa Bajpai in supporting roles . The film revolves around a daredevil cop who , on behalf of his ailing father and the ambition of a lieutenant general , returns to college in Ooty . Whilst protecting the general 's daughter , he attempts to reconcile with his stepbrother from his father 's marriage . Furthermore , he has to ward off the international criminal John Chinnappa , who is trying to kill the general , an ex-aide of his who has turned police approver . How the cop manages to solve all three problems forms the crux of the story . The film opened to Indian audiences on 25 October 2008 , coinciding with the Diwali season . The film , upon release received mixed reviews and did good business at box office . The film was later dubbed into Hindi as Jaanbaaz Commando in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Odum Varayil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvan Shankar Raja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuvan_Shankar_Raja', 'summary': "Yuvan Shankar Raja ( born 31 August 1979 ) is an Indian film score and soundtrack composer and singer-songwriter . He predominantly scores music for Tamil films . Considered a versatile composer , he is particularly known for his use of Western music elements and often credited with having introduced hip hop to the Tamil film and music industry and started the era of remixes in Tamil Nadu . He is the only Indian composer to win the Cyprus International Film Festival Award in 2006 for the soundtrack of Raam . His notable works and loyal fanbase earned him the honorific nickname the Youth Icon . Within a span of 15 years , Yuvan Shankar Raja has worked on over 100 films . Being the youngest son of the legendary composer Ilaiyaraaja , he began his musical career in 1996 , at the age of 15 , when he composed the film score for Aravindhan . He made his breakthrough with the Thulluvadho Ilamai ( 2001 ) soundtrack , and evolved as one of Tamil cinema 's most sought-after composers by the mid-2000s . In 2015 , he created his own music label , U1 Records and in 2017 , he started his own film production studio , YSR Films . Yuvan has won two Filmfare Awards ; the Best Music Director Award in 2004 for his score in the drama 7G Rainbow Colony and Filmfare Special Award - South in 2009 for his Telugu musical Oy ! . He has also received six nominations for Filmfare Awards , two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards in 2006 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_language', 'summary': 'Tamil ( /ˈtæmɪl/ ; தமிழ் Tamiḻ [ t̪amiɻ ] , pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka , and by the Tamil diaspora , Sri Lankan Moors , Chindians , and Douglas . Tamil is an official language in three countries : India , Sri Lanka and Singapore . In India , it is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry . Furthermore , Tamil is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia , along with English , Malay and Mandarin . Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . Tamil is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world . A. K. Ramanujan described it as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past . The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world . A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years . The earliest period of Tamil literature , Sangam literature , is dated from ca . 300 BC - AD 300 .'}]}, {'value': 'KK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KK_(singer)', 'summary': 'Krishnakumar Kunnath ( popularly known as KK , K.K . or Kay Kay ) is an Indian singer . He is a prominent singer in Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Bengali and Gujarati languages films . KK is noted for his clear and soothing voice ; broad vocal range and noteplay . He is considered as one of the most versatile singers of India .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': "What 's Your Raashee ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/What's_Your_Raashee?_(soundtrack)", 'summary': "What 's Your Raashee ? is the soundtrack album to the 2009 romantic comedy film of the same name . The soundtrack is composed by Sohail Sen and the lyrics are penned by Javed Akhtar . It was released by Sony Music on 9 September 2009 and upon release , the soundtrack received critical acclaim from music critics , who commended Sen 's musicianship and vocal ability ."}]}, {'value': '• Su Chhe • Koi Jaane na', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sohail Sen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sohail_Sen', 'summary': "Sohail Sen ( born 24 June 1984 ) is an Indian film composer , musician and singer who works in Bollywood . He debuted as a film composer with the Hindi film Sirf ( 2008 ) , which went majorly unnoticed . Later , he gained fame as a Hindi film composer , with his acclaimed work in What 's Your Raashee ? ( 2009 ) . [ dead link ] He is also known for composing the popular soundtracks of Mere Brother Ki Dulhan , Ek Tha Tiger , and Gunday ."}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajab Ali Bharti', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kunguma_Poovum_Konjum_Puravum', 'summary': 'Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum is a 2009 Indian Tamil drama film , directed by debutante Rajamohan , who earlier worked under renowned directors like A. Venkatesh and S. D. Vijay Milton , which stars newcomers Ramakrishnan and Thananya in lead roles . It is produced by SPB Charan under his banner Capital Film Works and has musical score by acclaimed music director Yuvan Shankar Raja . The film released on 24 April 2009 to Good responses .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinnan Sirusu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvan Shankar Raja', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javed Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javed_Ali', 'summary': 'Javed Ali is an Indian playback singer who predominantly sings in Hindi language Bollywood films . He has also sung in various regional languages like Bengali , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Odia , Tamil , Telugu and Urdu .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horn Ok Please', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horn_Ok_Please', 'summary': 'Horn OK Please or Sound Horn is a phrase commonly painted on commercial vehicles like trucks , buses or local taxis in India . The purpose of the phrase is to alert a driver of a vehicle approaching from behind to sound their horn in case they wish to overtake . On April 30 , 2015 , the Government of Maharashtra banned the use of Horn OK Please on the rear side of commercial vehicles , on the grounds that it encourages motorists to honk unnecessarily and leads to noise pollution . Signage on the rear side of commercial vehicles , such as trucks and tempos , across Maharashtra is a gross violation of Section 134 ( 1 ) of the Maharashtra Motor Vehicle Rules , which deals with signage to be used on the rear and sides of vehicles . Bal Malkit Singh , a former president of the All India Motor Transport Congress , welcomed the ban stating that the phrase was required in the past when the roads were narrow ; on modern wide roads and multi-lane highways , the drivers could use lights and indicators to overtake other vehicles .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayela Ayela', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lalit Pandit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lalit_Pandit', 'summary': 'Jatin-Lalit are an Indian film music director duo consisting of Jatin Pandit and his brother Lalit Pandit . They have written the widely popular scores for films such as Yaara Dildara , Khiladi , Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar , Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman , Khamoshi : The Musical , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , Fareb , Yes Boss , Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai , Kuch Kuch Hota Hai , Sarfarosh , Ghulam , Mohabbatein , Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham and Fanaa . Jatin-Lalit is their professional name and appears on the covers of their music CDs and DVDs .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Sudesh Bhosle , Nana Patekar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudesh_Bhosle', 'summary': 'Sudesh Bhosale is an Indian playback singer who primarily sings for Bollywood films . He was born to Sumantai Bhosale . Bhosale is known for his ability to mimic actor Amitabh Bachchan , having sung for him in various films.He studied in Ambedkar College wadala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nana_Patekar', 'summary': 'Nana Patekar ( born 1 January 1951 ) is an Indian film actor and writer , philanthropist and filmmaker , mainly working in Hindi and Marathi cinema . He is best known for his role in the film Agni Sakshi written by Ranbir Pushp for which he won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor . He also won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Parinda ( 1989 ) . He then won the Filmfare Best Villain Award for his role in Angaar ( 1992 ) . In 1995 , he won the National Film Award for Best Actor as well as the Filmfare and the Screen awards for Best Actor for his role in Krantiveer ( 1994 ) . He also won his second Filmfare Best Villain Award for his role in Apaharan ( 2005 ) . In 2017 he won the Filmfare Marathi award for best actor for his performance in Natsamrat . He , along with Irrfan Khan , are the only actor ( s ) ever to win Filmfare Award for Best Actor , Best Supporting Actor and Best Villain categories . He was bestowed with the fourth highest civilian honour of India , the Padma Shri award for his dedication in the field of Films and Arts . After making his acting debut in Bollywood with the 1978 drama Gaman , Patekar acted in a few Marathi films and some Bollywood films . After these roles , he achieved his breakthrough by starring as a gangster in Parinda ( 1989 ) , for which he won the National Film Award and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor . Later , he acted in and made his directorial debut with Prahaar : The Final Attack ( 1994 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natrang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natrang', 'summary': 'Natarang , also spelled Natrang ( Marathi : नटरंग , an ornamental word for artist , especially a theatre artist ) , is a 2010 Indian Marathi film directed by debutant Ravi Jadhav and starring Atul Kulkarni and Sonalee Kulkarni . composer duo Ajay−Atul composed the original score and songs of the film . Based on Natarang , 1978 Marathi novel by Dr. Anand Yadav , the film depicts the journey of a young artiste in overcoming hurdles in the form of family , friends , society and to finally realise the unthinkable dream . Set in the 1970s , in the backdrop of a village in Maharashtra , Natarang highlights the emotions related to gender bias and the sacrifices of an artiste for the love of his art .'}]}, {'value': '• Wajle Ki Bara • Kashi Mi Jau Mathurechya Bajari • Apsara Aali', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ajay-Atul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ajay-Atul', 'summary': "Ajay-Atul ( Marathi : अजय-अतुल ) is the music alias of Indian music director duo of brothers Ajay and Atul Gogavale . They are working on Ajay Devgn 's Taanaji , Ranbir Kapoor 's Shamshera , Amitabh Bachchan 's Jhund , Shoojit Sircar 's Sardar Udham Singh . In 2008 , Ajay-Atul won the Best Music Direction award at the 56th National Film Awards from the Government of India for contributing music to the Marathi film Jogwa . The pair made their debut on the 2015 Forbes India Celebrity 100 List securing a position of 82 . They are first Indian music directors to record their music at Sony scoring studios in Hollywood for Marathi movie Sairat . They have composed music for many hit Hindi movies such as PK , Agneepath , Singham , Brothers & Marathi movies like Sairat , Natrang , Lai Bhari , Fandry . Some of their most popular compositions are Zingaat , Chikni Chameli , Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin , Wajle Ki Bara , Apsara Aali , Kombdi Palali , Malhar Wari , Morya , Lallati Bhandar , Mauli , Bring It On , Mera Naam Mary Hai and Dolby Song ."}]}, {'value': 'Marathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathi_language', 'summary': "Marathi ( English : /məˈrɑːti/ ; मराठी Marāṭhī ; Marathi : [ məˈɾaʈʰi ] ( listen ) ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra , India . It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India , respectively , and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . With 83.1 million speakers in 2019 , Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world . Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India , after Hindi and Bengali . The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages , dating back to around 600 AD . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties . Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we ' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine . In its phonology , it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( [ l ] and [ ɭ ] ( Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': '• Solo • Ajay Gogavale • Ajay-Atul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ajay-Atul', 'summary': "Ajay-Atul ( Marathi : अजय-अतुल ) is the music alias of Indian music director duo of brothers Ajay and Atul Gogavale . They are working on Ajay Devgn 's Taanaji , Ranbir Kapoor 's Shamshera , Amitabh Bachchan 's Jhund , Shoojit Sircar 's Sardar Udham Singh . In 2008 , Ajay-Atul won the Best Music Direction award at the 56th National Film Awards from the Government of India for contributing music to the Marathi film Jogwa . The pair made their debut on the 2015 Forbes India Celebrity 100 List securing a position of 82 . They are first Indian music directors to record their music at Sony scoring studios in Hollywood for Marathi movie Sairat . They have composed music for many hit Hindi movies such as PK , Agneepath , Singham , Brothers & Marathi movies like Sairat , Natrang , Lai Bhari , Fandry . Some of their most popular compositions are Zingaat , Chikni Chameli , Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin , Wajle Ki Bara , Apsara Aali , Kombdi Palali , Malhar Wari , Morya , Lallati Bhandar , Mauli , Bring It On , Mera Naam Mary Hai and Dolby Song ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai', 'summary': 'Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai is an Indian Marathi language romantic drama film released on 11 June 2010 . Produced by Mirah Entertainment Pvt Ltd and distributed by Twinkle Group . Directed and co-written by Satish Rajwade with a screenplay by Rajwade and Parag Kulkarni . It had only 2 characters unnamed in the movie played by Mukta Barve and Swwapnil Joshi . The movie is based on a love story between a boy and girl from different cities of Pune and Mumbai respectively Swwapnil Joshi and Mukta Barve and how their competitive spirits get them together . The film was critically and commercially successful and a superhit at the box office . A Sequel , Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2 was released on 12 November 2015 . It was remade in Hindi in 2014 as Mumbai Delhi Mumbai , in Kannada as Pyarge Aagbittaite , in Telugu as Made in Vizag and in Punjabi as Chandigarh Amritsar Chandigarh .'}]}, {'value': 'Ka Kalena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avinash-Vishwajeet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avinash-Vishwajeet', 'summary': 'Avinash-Vishwajeet are a Marathi film composer duo consisting of Avinash and Vishwajeet Joshi . They have written the scores for films such as Sanngto Aika… ! , Popat , Premachi Goshta , Badam Rani Gulam Chor , Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai . Avinash-Vishwajeet is their professional name and appears on the covers of their music CDs and DVDs . Apart from music direction , Vishwajeet Joshi is also a lyrics .'}]}, {'value': 'Marathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathi_language', 'summary': "Marathi ( English : /məˈrɑːti/ ; मराठी Marāṭhī ; Marathi : [ məˈɾaʈʰi ] ( listen ) ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra , India . It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India , respectively , and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . With 83.1 million speakers in 2019 , Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world . Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India , after Hindi and Bengali . The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages , dating back to around 600 AD . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties . Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we ' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine . In its phonology , it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( [ l ] and [ ɭ ] ( Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'We Are Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/We_Are_Family_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'We Are Family is a 2010 Indian drama film directed by Siddharth Malhotra and produced by Karan Johar . The movie features Kajol , Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor in the lead roles , and is an official remake of the 1998 film Stepmom . It released worldwide on 3 September 2010 , and a day before in India and UAE . Upon release , it received positive reviews from critics . In particular Kajol and Kareena Kapoors performance were much acclaimed .'}]}, {'value': 'Sun Le Dua Yeh Aasmaan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy', 'summary': 'Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is an Indian musical trio consisting of Shankar Mahadevan , Ehsaan Noorani and Loy Mendonsa . They have composed music for over 50 soundtracks across five languages - Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Marathi and English . Amongst the most critically acclaimed Indian musicians , the trio have won numerous awards , including National Film Award ( India ) , Filmfare Awards , IIFA Awards . They are often referred to as the Amar Akbar Anthony of the Hindi film music industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirch', 'summary': "Mirch ( transl . Chilli ) is a 2010 Indian drama film written and directed by Vinay Shukla . The film featured Konkona Sen Sharma and Raima Sen in pivotal roles . The film began filming in Bikaner , Rajasthan . According to Shukla , the subject of the film is gender equality and women 's sexuality . The film revolves around four short stories subjected on issues of women emancipation , based on a story from the Panchatantra which travels in its various versions to modern times . Konkona Sen Sharma and Raima Sen star in two of these short stories . The film premiered at the I View Film Festival on 26 September 2010 . The film had the theatrical release on 17 December 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mann Bhi Hai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monty Sharma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monty_Sharma', 'summary': 'Monty Sharma ( born 17 April 1970 ) is a music composer from India scoring music for Bollywood . He is popular for being the background music composer for Black ( 2005 ) , Ram-Leela ( 2013 ) and music director for Saawariya ( 2007 ) . He is cousin of famous Indian music composer Mithoon & nephew of famous music composer Pyarelal Sharma of popular Indian music composer duo Laxmikant-Pyarelal .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanimozhi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanimozhi_(film)', 'summary': 'Kanimozhi is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language musical romance film directed and written by Sripathi Rangasamy and jointly produced by T. Siva and Sona Heiden . It stars Jai , Shazahn Padamsee , and Vijay Vasanth in the lead roles . The film features music composed by Satish Chakravarthy , cinematography by Chidamparam and editing done by duo Praveen K. L. and N. B. Srikanth . Kanimozhi was launched in March 2010 and shot in 46 days , being completed in August 2010 . Following the release of Enthiran and post-production works , the film was delayed by three months and released on 26 November 2010 . It was panned by critics and became a failure at the box office . However , in 2012 the film was dubbed in Telugu as Love Journey .'}]}, {'value': '• Muzhumadhi • Yaaro Ival Ival Yaaro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satish Chakravarthy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satish_Chakravarthy', 'summary': 'Satish Chakravarthy is an Indian music composer , who mainly produces film scores and soundtracks in the Tamil film industry . He rose to fame with critically acclaimed music in the films , Leelai and Kanimozhi .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parthiv Gohil , Mukesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parthiv_Gohil', 'summary': 'Parthiv Gohil ( born 18 February 1976 ) is a playback singer for Indian films including Devdas , Saawariya , Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster , and Kisaan .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kacheri Arambam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kacheri_Arambam', 'summary': 'Kaccheri Aarambam ( English : Celebration/Performance Begins ) is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language action comedy romantic drama film written and directed by Thiraivannan , starring Jiiva and Poonam Bajwa in the lead roles , whilst , J. D. Chakravarthy plays a pivotal role . The film released on 19 March 2010 and received mixed reviews but became a successful venture at the box office .'}]}, {'value': 'Azhagu Azhagu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D. Imman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D._Imman', 'summary': 'Immanuel Vasanth Dinakaran ( born 24 January 1983 ) , better known as D. Imman , is an Indian film composer and singer , predominantly working in the Tamil , Hindi , Telugu , Kannada , and Malayalam film industry . His first film as music director was Thamizhan in 2002 . Since then he has composed music for 100 films .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balgandharva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balgandharva_(film)', 'summary': 'Balgandharva is a biographical Marathi film on one of the Marathi singers and stage actors Narayan Shripad Rajhans , famously known as Bal Gandharva ( Bal=child + Gandharva=Singer of Heaven ) . The name was bestowed to Narayan by Lokmanya Tilak after listening to his public performance in Pune while he was very young . The film is directed by Ravi Jadhav , whose debutant film Natarang won critical acclaims as well as good box office report . The film is produced by Nitin Chandrakant Desai , the National Award-winning Art Director , under the banner of Iconic Chandrakant Productions Pvt . Ltd . The film was declared Super Hit at the box-office .'}]}, {'value': 'Aaj Mhare Ghar Pawana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaushal Inamdar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaushal_Inamdar', 'summary': 'Kaushal S. Inamdar ( born 2 October 1971 ) is an Indian music composer and singer in Marathi and Hindi movies . His work in music spans from composing music for films , television , drama to events , concerts in Hindi and Marathi , composing music for ballets , advertisements , and also albums . He is currently settled at Goregaon , a Mumbai suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Marathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathi_language', 'summary': "Marathi ( English : /məˈrɑːti/ ; मराठी Marāṭhī ; Marathi : [ məˈɾaʈʰi ] ( listen ) ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra , India . It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India , respectively , and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . With 83.1 million speakers in 2019 , Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world . Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India , after Hindi and Bengali . The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages , dating back to around 600 AD . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties . Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we ' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine . In its phonology , it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( [ l ] and [ ɭ ] ( Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pathinaaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathinaaru', 'summary': "Pathinaaru ( Tamil : பதினாறு ; English : Sixteen ) is a 2011 Tamil romantic drama film written and directed by Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy , who earlier directed films like V.I.P ( 1997 ) , Punnagai Poove ( 2003 ) and A Aa E Ee ( 2009 ) . It stars Shiva and Madhu Shalini in lead along with musician Darbuka Siva and television artist Abhishek in pivotal roles . The film 's background score and soundtrack was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja . After being launched in October 2008 under the title 16 , the film was shot for over one year , getting finished in early 2010 only . One year after its completion , Kalaipuli S. Thanu bought the distribution rights and released the film on 28 January 2011 under his V. Creations banner . However , this movie was unsuccessful at the Box-Office . Despite that the movie did not fare well at the box office , it was remade as Jolly Boy in Kannada language ."}]}, {'value': 'Adada En Meethu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvan Shankar Raja', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hariharan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)', 'summary': 'Hariharan ( born 3 April 1955 ) is an Indian playback and ghazal singer , whose songs have been featured mainly in Tamil and Hindi . Also he sang notable songs in Telugu , Malayalam , Kannada , Marathi and Bhojpuri films . He is an established ghazal singer and one of the pioneers of Indian fusion music . In 2004 , he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India and is a two-time National Award winner . Hariharan , associating with Lesle Lewis , formed Colonial Cousins , a two-member band . They have cut many private music albums and also scored music for few feature films in Tamil cinema and Bollywood cinema .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arjun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arjun_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Arjun is a 2011 ( Marathi अर्जुन ) Indian film released on 16 September 2011 by Cinematics . It was written , directed and produced by F. M. Ilyas along with A. M. Burondkar .'}]}, {'value': 'He shwas tuze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lalit Sen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lalit_Sen', 'summary': "Lalit Sen ( born 21 April 1932 ) is an Indian politician . He was elected to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India as a member of the Indian National Congress . He was a student of Bishop Cotton School , Shimla and did his degree from St. Stephen 's College , Delhi ."}]}, {'value': 'Marathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathi_language', 'summary': "Marathi ( English : /məˈrɑːti/ ; मराठी Marāṭhī ; Marathi : [ məˈɾaʈʰi ] ( listen ) ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra , India . It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India , respectively , and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . With 83.1 million speakers in 2019 , Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world . Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India , after Hindi and Bengali . The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages , dating back to around 600 AD . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties . Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we ' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine . In its phonology , it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( [ l ] and [ ɭ ] ( Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kunal Ganjawala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kunal_Ganjawala', 'summary': 'Kunal Ganjawala ( born 14 April 1972 ) is an Indian playback singer whose songs are mostly featured in Hindi and Kannada films . He has also sung in Marathi , Bengali and other official languages of India . Kunal began his career by singing jingles . He came to limelight in Hindi with the song Bheege Honth Tere from the film Murder in 2004 . It was his first biggest hit . The song earned him Zee Cine Award as Best Playback Singer in 2005 . He came to limelight in Kannada with the song Neene Neene from the film Akash in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neethaane En Ponvasantham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neethaane_En_Ponvasantham', 'summary': "Neethaane En Ponvasantham ( transl . You Are My Golden Springtime ) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language romance film co written , co produced and directed by Gautham Menon , featuring Jiiva and Samantha in the lead roles . The film is based on a story written by Reshma Ghatala , who produced the film alongside Elred Kumar , Jayaraman , Venkat Somasundaram and Menon . The cinematography was handled by M. S. Prabhu and Om Prakash . The film 's background score and soundtrack were composed by Ilaiyaraaja which went on to become a chartbuster , and the soundtrack album sold a record 8.5 million units through various platforms on its release . Neethaane En Ponvasantham tells the love story of Varun ( Jiiva ) and Nithya ( Samantha ) through three stages of their life ; their school days , college life and then in their late twenties . The venture was simultaneously shot in Telugu as Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu , which features Nani playing Jiiva 's role , while the team also briefly filmed an incomplete Hindi version with Aditya Roy Kapoor , with Samantha playing the leading female role in all three versions . The film was released on 14 December 2012 , receiving positive to mixed reviews from critics , before enduring a good run at the box office . The film was praised for its ravishing music and the chemistry between the lead actors ; Jiiva and Samantha were appreciated for their performances , although the film 's screenplay was criticised . At the end of its theatrical run Neethane En Ponvasantham received a number of awards , including the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress for Samantha ."}]}, {'value': 'Vaanam Mella', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilaiyaraja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilaiyaraja', 'summary': "Ilaiyaraaja ( born 2 June 1943 ) is an Indian film composer , singer , songwriter , instrumentalist , orchestrator , conductor-arranger and lyricist who works in the Indian film industry , predominantly in Tamil . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Indian music composers , he is credited with introducing western musical sensibilities in the Indian musical mainstream . Reputed to be the world 's most prolific composer , he has composed over 7000 songs , provided film scores for more than 1000 movies and performed in more than 20,000 concerts . Being the first Asian to compose a full symphony with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London , Ilaiyaraaja is known to have written the entire symphony in less than a month . He is also a gold medalist in classical guitar from Trinity College of Music , London , Distance Learning Channel . In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN celebrating 100 years of Indian cinema in 2013 , Ilaiyaraaja was voted as the all-time greatest film-music director of India . US-based world cinema portal Taste of Cinema placed Ilaiyaraaja at the 9th position in its list of 25 greatest film composers in the history of cinema and he is the only Indian composer in that list . Ilaiyaraaja is known for integrating Indian folk music and traditional Indian instrumentation with western classical music techniques . His scores are often performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra . He is a recipient of five Indian National Film Awards - three for Best Music Direction and two for Best Background Score . In 2010 , he was awarded the Padma Bhushan , the third-highest civilian honour in India and the Padma Vibhushan in 2018 , the second-highest civilian award by the government of India . In 2012 , he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award , the highest Indian recognition given to practising artists , for his creative and experimental works in the music field ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilaiyaraaja', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Discography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Bela_Shende_0', 'intro': "Bela Shende is an Indian playback singer. She performed several songs in Bollywood and regional films. Mann Mohana from the film Jodhaa Akbar, Su Che from the film What's Your Raashee?, Wajle Ki Baara and Apsara Aali from Natarang are some of her famous songs. In 2014 she was awarded the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song Khurkhura from the Marathi film Tuhya Dharma Koncha. Shende started her career with the music album Kaisa Yeh Jadoo which was well received by the masses and was critically acclaimed. Her career in Bollywood started with the film Tera Mera Saath Rahen where she voiced for a brief part. She again got a big break in the 2005 submission for Academy Award, Paheli, where she voiced Rani Mukerji. In 2008 she crooned a bhajan in the Ashutosh Gowariker directorial Jodhaa Akbar for an A. R. Rahman composition and got an IIFA Award for Best Female Playback nomination for the song. She then crooned hits in Marathi, her mother tongue, and received several awards and nominations for her excellence. Her renditions of lavnis Apsara Aali and Vajle Ki Baara from the Marathi film Natarang were well received. She became the sole voice of Kangana Ranaut in the 2013 musical Rajjo. Bela is credited as a talented vocalist and has established a career in the Marathi film industry."}
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Who is a star of the 2001 film whose song is co-sung by KK ?
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Sunil Shetty
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0209da6e3ed7aa27
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hybridqa
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{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Colonial_Athletic_Association_men's_soccer_season", 'title': "2012 Colonial Athletic Association men's soccer season", 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Delaware Fighting Blue Hens', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Delaware_Fighting_Blue_Hens_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens men 's soccer team represents the University of Delaware in all men 's college soccer competitions . The Blue Hens , have enjoyed a resurgence in conference and national prominence in the last 2 years under head coach Ian Hennessy . The team qualified and lost in the semi-finals of one of the nations top conferences , the CAA , in 2010 before winning its first ever conference championship in 2011 . The 2011 team defeated the University of Virginia in the NCAA first round before succumbing to Final Four participant UCLA in the second round . The team 's previous apex of success came in the late 1960s and early 1970s , when the Blue Hens qualified into the 1968 and 1970 editions of the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship , to date their only appearances in the tournament . On November 13 , 2011 , the Blue Hens earned their first ever CAA Tournament Championship , thus earning their first berth into the NCAA tournament in 41 years . The team also clinched an NCAA at-large birth in 2013 , finishing the season with a record of 14-4-1 , and hosted the program 's first ever NCAA tournament match in a 2-1 OT loss to St. John 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Newark , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newark,_Delaware', 'summary': 'Newark ( /ˈnuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark ) [ note 1 ] is a city in New Castle County , Delaware , United States . It is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) west-southwest of Wilmington . According to the 2010 Census , the population of the city is 31,454 . Newark is home to the University of Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Delaware Mini Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drexel Dragons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_Dragons', 'summary': "The Drexel Dragons are the athletic teams of Drexel University . The school 's athletic program includes eighteen NCAA Division I sports including nine men 's and nine women 's teams , with most sports teams competing in the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . Drexel 's athletic department was ranked first in gender equity by U.S. News . The university has demonstrated a high level of student-athlete academic performance , with a 10-year NCAA graduation rate of 91% compared to a national average of 85% ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Vidas Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Mason Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/George_Mason_Patriots_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The George Mason Patriots men 's soccer team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of George Mason University in Fairfax , Virginia , United States . The team is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I. George Mason 's first men 's soccer team was fielded in 1968 . The team plays its home games at George Mason Stadium in Fairfax , Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfax , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia', 'summary': "The City of Fairfax ( /ˈfɛərfæks/ FAIR-faks ) , colloquially known as Fairfax City , Downtown Fairfax , Old Town Fairfax , or Fairfax Courthouse , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 22,565 , which had risen to an estimated 24,574 as of 2018 . The City of Fairfax is an enclave surrounded by the separate political entity Fairfax County . Fairfax City also contains an exclave of Fairfax County , the Fairfax County Court Complex . The City of Fairfax and the area immediately surrounding the historical border of the City of Fairfax , collectively designated by Fairfax County as Fairfax , comprise the county seat of Fairfax County . The city is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as a part of Northern Virginia . The city is 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Washington , D.C . The Washington Metro 's Orange Line serves Fairfax through its Vienna station , which is a mile northeast of the city limits . CUE Bus and Metrobus operate in Fairfax . Virginia Railway Express 's Burke Centre station is situated three miles southeast of the city 's boundaries . Virginia 's largest public educational institution with 35,189 students in 2017 is George Mason University , which is located in unincorporated Fairfax County , along the city 's southern border while still having a City of Fairfax address and sharing the same public transportation system ."}]}, {'value': 'George Mason Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mason_Stadium', 'summary': "George Mason Stadium is a 5,000-seat stadium in Fairfax , Virginia on the campus of George Mason University . It serves as the home to George Mason 's soccer and lacrosse teams . The stadium hosted the first home game for the Washington Bayhawks as a Washington , D.C.-based franchise on May 12 , 2007 , with other games placed at Georgetown 's Multi-Sport Field . In 2008 , George Mason Stadium hosted all but one Bayhawks home game ."}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hofstra Pride', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hofstra_Pride_men's_soccer", 'summary': 'The Hofstra Pride ( formerly the Hofstra Flying Dutchmen ) are composed of 17 teams representing Hofstra University in intercollegiate athletics , including men and womens basketball , cross-country running , golf , lacrosse , soccer , and tennis . Mens sports include baseball and wrestling . Womens sports include volleyball , field hockey , and softball . The Pride compete in the NCAA Division I and have been members of the Colonial Athletic Association in most sports since 2001 . They were previously members of the America East Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Hempstead , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hempstead_(village),_New_York', 'summary': "The Incorporated Village of Hempstead is located in the Town of Hempstead , Nassau County , New York , United States . The population was 53,891 at the 2010 census , but by 2017 had reached 55,806 according to the U.S. Census Bureau estimate . It is the most densely populated village in New York . Hempstead Village is the site of the seventeenth-century town spot from which English and Dutch settlers developed the Town of Hempstead , the Town of North Hempstead , and ultimately Nassau County . Several of Nassau County 's most historically valuable buildings are in the Village of Hempstead , including Town of Hempstead Town Hall ( built in 1918 ) , Carman-Irish Hall at 160 Marvin Avenue ( built about 1700 ) , St. George 's Episcopal Church ( 319 Front Street , erected 1822 ) , St. George 's Rectory ( 217 Peninsula Boulevard , built 1793 ) , and the United Methodist Church at 40 Washington Street ( erected 1855 ) . The Carman-Irish Hall is occupied by American Legion Post 390 . The church structures have been in continuous use by their congregations since they were built . Christ 's First Presbyterian Church at 353 Fulton Avenue is Nassau County 's oldest Presbyterian congregation , and one of the earliest in the United States , having been founded in 1644 by Richard Denton . Jackson Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church , housed at 60 Peninsula Boulevard since the mid-1950s , was established between 1825 and 1840 . It is one of the county 's oldest African American congregations . Diversity has long been a characteristic of Hempstead . While it was majority white until the mid-twentieth century , Hempstead had a significant black population from about 1651 onward , in addition to the native peoples still living on Long Island ."}]}, {'value': 'Hofstra Soccer Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hofstra_University_Soccer_Stadium', 'summary': "Hofstra University Soccer Stadium , is a 1,600 seat soccer-specific stadium on the campus of Hofstra University in Hempstead , New York . It is part of the Hofstra University sports complex . First opened in 2003 , it is the home field of the Hofstra Pride men 's and women 's soccer teams . The stadium has hosted the first round of the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament games in 2005 , 2006 and 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison Dukes', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The James Madison Dukes men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of James Madison University . The team is a member of the Colonial Athletic Association of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . They began play in 1968 . The Dukes play their home games at Sentara Park . During the 2011 Colonial Athletic Association men 's soccer season , the Dukes won the regular season ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrisonburg , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia', 'summary': "Harrisonburg is an independent city in the Shenandoah Valley region of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . It is also the county seat of the surrounding Rockingham County , although the two are separate jurisdictions . As of the 2010 census , the population was 48,914 , with a census-estimated 2018 population of 54,033 . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Harrisonburg with Rockingham County for statistical purposes into the Harrisonburg , Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a 2011 estimated population of 126,562 . Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University ( JMU ) , a public research university with an enrollment of over 20,000 students , and Eastern Mennonite University ( EMU ) , a private , Mennonite-affiliated liberal arts university . Although the city has no historical association with President James Madison , JMU was nonetheless named in his honor as Madison College in 1938 and renamed as James Madison University in 1977 . EMU largely owes it existence to the sizable Mennonite population in the Shenandoah Valley , to which many Pennsylvania Dutch settlers arrived beginning in the mid-18th century in search of rich , unsettled farmland . The city has become a bastion of ethnic and linguistic diversity in recent years . Over 1,900 refugees have been settled in Harrisonburg since 2002 . As of 2014 , Hispanics or Latinos of any race comprise 19% of the city 's population . Harrisonburg City Public Schools ( HCPS ) students speak 55 languages in addition to English , with Spanish , Arabic , and Kurdish being the most common languages spoken . Over one-third of HCPS students are English as a second language ( ESL ) learners ."}]}, {'value': 'JMU Soccer/Lacrosse Complex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeastern Huskies', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Northeastern Huskies men 's soccer team represents Northeastern University in NCAA Division I college soccer . The team belongs to the Colonial Athletic Association and plays home games at Parsons Field . The Huskies are currently led by first-year head coach Chris Gbandi . The team has an all-time record 224-281-52 ( .444 ) through the 2013 season . The Huskies have made 2 appearances in the NCAA tournament with a combined record of 2-2 , having made the tournament in 2002 and again in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Parsons Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parsons_Field', 'summary': "Parsons Field is a 7,000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Brookline , Massachusetts . It is home to the Northeastern University baseball , men 's and women 's soccer , men 's and women 's lacrosse , men 's and women 's rugby as well as the Brookline High School Warriors football team . Additionally , the stadium was the home of the Northeastern Huskies football team until it was disbanded following the 2009 season . The capacity for baseball is 3,000 . The facility opened in 1933 . Originally a public playground , Northeastern purchased the field ( then known as Kent Street Field ) from the YMCA 's Huntington Prep School in 1930 . In 1969 , the University dedicated it to Edward S. Parsons , a former athlete , coach , and athletics director for the Huskies . The baseball diamond was named as the Friedman Diamond in 1988 . In 1994 , it hosted the America East Conference Baseball Tournament . In its original configuration , the baseball diamond was situated in the current east end zone . Houses in left and center field were well within reach of hitters . Northeastern added artificial turf to Parsons Field in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': '7,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Dominion Monarchs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_Monarchs_soccer', 'summary': "The Old Dominion Monarchs men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of Old Dominion University . The team is a member of the Conference USA of the National Collegiate Athletic Association , having joined in 2013 after moving from the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Norfolk , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia', 'summary': "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfʊk/ ( listen ) NOR-fuuk ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 242,803 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 244,076 making it the second-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Beach and the 91st largest city in the nation . Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area , officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC MSA . The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay . It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east . Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads , and is considered to be the historic , urban , financial , and cultural center of the region . The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point . The largest naval base in the world , Naval Station Norfolk , is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO 's two Strategic Command headquarters . The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway , one of North America 's principal Class I railroads , however the company is currently in the process of relocating their headquarters to Atlanta , Georgia . Norfolk is also home to Maersk Line , Limited , which manages the world 's largest fleet of US-flag vessels . As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water , Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property , including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Dominion Soccer Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_Soccer_Complex', 'summary': "The Old Dominion Soccer Complex is a soccer-specific stadium located on the campus of Old Dominion University in Norfolk , Virginia , USA . The 4,000-seat stadium is home to the Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs soccer teams . The Monarchs compete in Conference USA . The stadium is also the host of the annual Stihl/ODU Soccer Classic . The stadium opened in 1990 replacing the university 's football stadium , Foreman Field , as the home of Old Dominion soccer . The opening game was a 1-1 tie against the College of William and Mary with 3200 fans in attendance . Between the 2002 and 2005 seasons , the Monarchs men 's soccer team had a 32 match regular season unbeaten streak at the complex . The stadium has hosted the 1991 , 1992 , and 2005 Colonial Athletic Association Men 's Soccer Tournaments , along with NCAA College Cup games in 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2017 . The complex has also hosted the 2014 and 2017 Conference USA Men 's Soccer Tournaments which were both won by the home standing Monarchs ."}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Towson Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Towson_Tigers', 'summary': "The Towson Tigers , formerly the Towson College Knights , are the athletics teams of Towson University . All of the major athletic teams compete in the Colonial Athletic Association with 19 Division I athletic teams ( 13 in women 's sports , 6 in men 's sports ) . Gymnastics competes in the EAGL conference , having rejoined the league in the Spring of 2012 . Since joining the CAA in 2001-02 , the Tigers have won 16 league championships ; the Tigers have won titles in football , baseball , men 's lacrosse , women 's lacrosse , men 's soccer , men 's golf , women 's swimming and diving , and volleyball . In addition , the women 's gymnastics program has captured six ECAC Championships over the last eight years ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) . During an athletics history that traces its roots to the 1920s , Towson has sent teams and individual student-athletes to NCAA post-season competition in baseball , basketball , football , golf , gymnastics , lacrosse , soccer , swimming , track & field and volleyball . In May 2011 , the department broke ground on the SECU Arena , a new 5000-seat , state-of-the-art arena for basketball , volleyball and gymnastics . The arena was completed in May 2013 and opened in June 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Towson , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Towson,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Towson ( /ˈtaʊsən , -zən/ ) is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place in Baltimore County , Maryland , United States . The population was 55,197 as of the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Baltimore County and the second-most populous unincorporated county seat in the United States ( after Ellicott City , the seat of nearby Howard County , southwest of Baltimore ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tiger Soccer Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiger_Soccer_Complex', 'summary': "The Towson Tigers , formerly the Towson College Knights , are the athletics teams of Towson University . All of the major athletic teams compete in the Colonial Athletic Association with 19 Division I athletic teams ( 13 in women 's sports , 6 in men 's sports ) . Gymnastics competes in the EAGL conference , having rejoined the league in the Spring of 2012 . Since joining the CAA in 2001-02 , the Tigers have won 16 league championships ; the Tigers have won titles in football , baseball , men 's lacrosse , women 's lacrosse , men 's soccer , men 's golf , women 's swimming and diving , and volleyball . In addition , the women 's gymnastics program has captured six ECAC Championships over the last eight years ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) . During an athletics history that traces its roots to the 1920s , Towson has sent teams and individual student-athletes to NCAA post-season competition in baseball , basketball , football , golf , gymnastics , lacrosse , soccer , swimming , track & field and volleyball . In May 2011 , the department broke ground on the SECU Arena , a new 5000-seat , state-of-the-art arena for basketball , volleyball and gymnastics . The arena was completed in May 2013 and opened in June 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNC Wilmington Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/UNC_Wilmington_Seahawks_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The UNCW Seahawks men 's soccer team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of University of North Carolina Wilmington in Wilmington , North Carolina , United States . The team is a member of the Colonial Athletic Association , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I. UNCW 's first men 's soccer team was fielded in 1966 . The team plays its home games at the UNCW Soccer Stadium in Wilmington . The Seahawks are coached by Aidan Heaney ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Wilmington is a port city and the county seat of New Hanover County in coastal southeastern North Carolina , United States . With a population of 119,045 in 2017 , it is the eighth most populous city in the state . Wilmington is the principal city of the Wilmington Metropolitan Statistical Area , a metropolitan area that includes New Hanover and Pender counties in southeastern North Carolina , which has a population of 263,429 as of the 2012 Census Estimate . Wilmington was settled by the English along the Cape Fear River . The city was named after Spencer Compton who was the earl of Wilmington . Its historic downtown has a 1.75-mile ( 2.82 km ) Riverwalk , developed as a tourist attraction in the late 20th century . In 2014 Wilmington 's riverfront was ranked as the Best American Riverfront by readers of USA Today . It is minutes away from nearby beaches . The National Trust for Historic Preservation selected Wilmington as one of its 2008 Dozen Distinctive Destinations . City residents live between the river and the ocean , with four nearby beach communities : Fort Fisher , Wrightsville Beach , Carolina Beach and Kure Beach , all within half-hour drives from downtown Wilmington . In 2003 the city was designated by the US Congress as a Coast Guard City . It is the home port for the USCGC Diligence , a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter ."}]}, {'value': 'UNCW Soccer Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William & Mary Tribe', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/William_&_Mary_Tribe_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The William & Mary Tribe men 's soccer team represents the College of William & Mary in NCAA Division I college soccer . The team belongs to the Colonial Athletic Association and plays home games at Albert-Daly Field . As of the 2019 season , the Tribe are led by 16th-year head coach Chris Norris . The team has an all-time record 559-319-108 ( .630 ) since its founding in 1967 . The Tribe have made 15 appearances in the NCAA tournament with a combined record of 9-15-2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Wilmington is a port city and the county seat of New Hanover County in coastal southeastern North Carolina , United States . With a population of 119,045 in 2017 , it is the eighth most populous city in the state . Wilmington is the principal city of the Wilmington Metropolitan Statistical Area , a metropolitan area that includes New Hanover and Pender counties in southeastern North Carolina , which has a population of 263,429 as of the 2012 Census Estimate . Wilmington was settled by the English along the Cape Fear River . The city was named after Spencer Compton who was the earl of Wilmington . Its historic downtown has a 1.75-mile ( 2.82 km ) Riverwalk , developed as a tourist attraction in the late 20th century . In 2014 Wilmington 's riverfront was ranked as the Best American Riverfront by readers of USA Today . It is minutes away from nearby beaches . The National Trust for Historic Preservation selected Wilmington as one of its 2008 Dozen Distinctive Destinations . City residents live between the river and the ocean , with four nearby beach communities : Fort Fisher , Wrightsville Beach , Carolina Beach and Kure Beach , all within half-hour drives from downtown Wilmington . In 2003 the city was designated by the US Congress as a Coast Guard City . It is the home port for the USCGC Diligence , a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter ."}]}, {'value': 'UNCW Soccer Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadiums and locations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "2012_Colonial_Athletic_Association_men's_soccer_season_0", 'intro': "The 2012 Colonial Athletic Association men's soccer season pertains to all CAA men's college soccer during the 2012 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. The Delaware Fighting Blue Hens are the defending conference tournament champions, while the James Madison Dukes are the defending regular season winners. While the NCAA season will begin in late August 2012, conference play will not begin until late September or early October 2012."}
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How many teams represent this university located in this town of 53,891 residents as of 2010 ?
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17 teams
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020e768095d49c0d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_territorial_electoral_districts', 'title': 'List of Nunavut territorial electoral districts', 'header': ['District', 'Community', 'Region'], 'data': [{'value': 'Akulliq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akulliq', 'summary': 'Akulliq ( Inuktitut pronunciation : [ akulːiq ] ) was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The riding consisted of the communities of Kugaaruk and Repulse Bay . Kugaaruk is now a part of the Netsilik riding and Repulse Bay ( which has since been renamed to Naujaat ) is a part of the Aivilik riding .'}]}, {'value': 'Kugaaruk , Repulse Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kugaaruk', 'summary': "Kugaaruk ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᑰᒑᕐᔪᒃ Kuugaarjuk [ pronunciation ? ] or ᑰᒑᕐᕈᒃ Kuugaarruk ; [ pronunciation ? ] English : little stream ) ( also called Arviligjuaq , [ pronunciation ? ] meaning the great bowhead whale habitat ) , formerly known as Pelly Bay until 3 December 1999 , is located on the shore of Pelly Bay , just off the Gulf of Boothia , Simpson Peninsula , Kitikmeot , in Canada 's Nunavut territory . Access is by air by the Kugaaruk Airport and by annual supply sealift . Kugaaruk means little stream , the traditional name of the brook that flows through the hamlet . As of the 2016 census Kugaaruk has a population of 933 , a 21% increase from the 2011 census . Near the hamlet is CAM-4 , a North Warning System site that was once part of the Distant Early Warning Line ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Repulse_Bay,_Nunavut', 'summary': "Naujaat ( Inuktitut : ᓇᐅᔮᑦ literally seagulls ' nesting place ) , known until 2 July 2015 as Repulse Bay , is an Inuit hamlet located on the shores of Hudson Bay , in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut , Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Kitikmeot Region , Kivalliq Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitikmeot_Region', 'summary': 'Kitikmeot Region ( Inuktitut : Qitirmiut ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ [ pronunciation ? ] ) is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . It consists of the southern and eastern parts of Victoria Island with the adjacent part of the mainland as far as the Boothia Peninsula , together with King William Island and the southern portion of Prince of Wales Island . The regional seat is Cambridge Bay ( population 1,766 ; ) . Before 1999 , Kitikmeot Region existed under slightly different boundaries as Kitikmeot Region , Northwest Territories .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kivalliq_Region', 'summary': 'The Kivalliq Region ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᑭᕙᓪᓕᖅ [ pronunciation ? ] ) is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . It consists of the portion of the mainland to the west of Hudson Bay together with Southampton Island and Coats Island . The regional seat is Rankin Inlet . The population was 10,413 in the 2016 Census , an increase of 16.3% from the 2011 Census . Before 1999 , Kivalliq Region existed under slightly different boundaries as Keewatin Region , Northwest Territories . Although the Kivalliq name became official in 1999 , Statistics Canada has continued to refer to the area as Keewatin Region , Nunavut in publications such as the Census . Most references to the area as Keewatin have generally been phased out by Nunavut-based bodies , as that name was originally rooted in a region of northwestern Ontario derived from a Cree dialect , and only saw application onto Inuit-inhabited lands because of the boundaries of the now-defunct District of Keewatin .'}]}, {'value': 'Arviat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arviat_(electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Arviat was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The riding consists of the community of Arviat . The current Member of the Legislative Assembly is David Alagalak . In 2011 the Nunavut Electoral Boundaries Commission recommended the district be split into two districts , Arviat North-Whale Cove and Arviat South . With the passage of Bill 22 in October 2011 the two new districts were created .'}]}, {'value': 'Arviat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arviat', 'summary': 'Arviat ( Inuktitut pronunciation : [ aʁviˈat ] , syllabics : ᐊᕐᕕᐊᑦ ; formerly called Eskimo Point until 1 June 1989 ) ( 2016 population 2,657 ; Population Centre 2,514 ) is a predominantly Inuit hamlet located within Inuit Nunangat on the western shore of Hudson Bay in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut , Canada . Arviat ( place of the bowhead whale ) is derived from the Inuktitut word arviq meaning Bowhead whale . Earlier in history , its name was Tikirajualaaq ( a little long point ) , and Ittaliurvik , ( a place where the people make tents ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kivalliq Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kivalliq_Region', 'summary': 'The Kivalliq Region ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᑭᕙᓪᓕᖅ [ pronunciation ? ] ) is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . It consists of the portion of the mainland to the west of Hudson Bay together with Southampton Island and Coats Island . The regional seat is Rankin Inlet . The population was 10,413 in the 2016 Census , an increase of 16.3% from the 2011 Census . Before 1999 , Kivalliq Region existed under slightly different boundaries as Keewatin Region , Northwest Territories . Although the Kivalliq name became official in 1999 , Statistics Canada has continued to refer to the area as Keewatin Region , Nunavut in publications such as the Census . Most references to the area as Keewatin have generally been phased out by Nunavut-based bodies , as that name was originally rooted in a region of northwestern Ontario derived from a Cree dialect , and only saw application onto Inuit-inhabited lands because of the boundaries of the now-defunct District of Keewatin .'}]}, {'value': 'Iqaluit Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit_Centre', 'summary': 'Iqaluit Centre was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The riding consisted of the community of Iqaluit . Hunter Tootoo , former federal Minister of Fisheries , Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard served as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for this riding until its disestablishment in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Iqaluit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit', 'summary': "Iqaluit ( /iˈkæluɪt/ ee-KAL-oo-it ; Inuktitut : ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ [ iqaluit ] ( meaning place of fish ) ; French : [ ikalɥi ( t ) ] ) is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut , its largest community , and its only city . It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987 , after the large bay on the coast of which the city is situated , when the traditional Inuktitut name was restored . In 1999 , Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories . Before this event , Iqaluit was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada , with population and economic growth highly limited . This is due to the city 's isolation and heavy dependence on expensively imported supplies , as the city , like the rest of Nunavut , has no road , rail , or even ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada . The city has a polar climate , influenced by the cold deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Island ; this makes the city of Iqaluit cold , although the city is well south of the Arctic Circle . As of the 2016 census , the population was 7,740 ( Population Centre : 7,082 ) , an increase of 15.5 percent from the 2011 census . Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada . Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut ( singular : Iqalummiuq ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Qikiqtaaluk Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region', 'summary': 'The Qikiqtaaluk Region , Qikiqtani Region ( Inuktitut : ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ pronounced [ qikiqtaːˈluk ] ) or Baffin Region is the easternmost administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . Qikiqtaaluk is the traditional Inuktitut name for Baffin Island . Although the Qikiqtaaluk Region is the most commonly used name in official contexts , several notable public organizations , including Statistics Canada prefer the older term Baffin Region . With a population of 18,988 and an area of 989,879.35 km2 ( 382,194.55 sq mi ) it is the largest and most populated of the three regions . The region consists of Baffin Island , the Belcher Islands , Akimiski Island , Mansel Island , Prince Charles Island , Bylot Island , Devon Island , Cornwallis Island , Bathurst Island , Amund Ringnes Island , Ellef Ringnes Island , Axel Heiberg Island , Ellesmere Island , the Melville Peninsula , the eastern part of Melville Island , and the northern parts of Prince of Wales Island , and Somerset Island , plus smaller islands in between . The regional seat , and territorial capital , is Iqaluit ( population 7,740 ) . The Qikiqtaaluk Region spans the northernmost , easternmost , and southernmost areas of Nunavut . Before 1999 , the Qikiqtaaluk Region existed under slightly different boundaries as the Baffin Region , District of Keewatin , Northwest Territories . Canada claims Hans Island as part of Qikiqtaaluk , while Denmark considers it to be part of the Greenlandic municipality of Avannaata .'}]}, {'value': 'Iqaluit East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit_East', 'summary': 'Iqaluit East was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The riding consisted of the easterly portions of Iqaluit and the community of Apex . Its most recent Member of the Legislative Assembly was Eva Aariak , the former Premier of Nunavut .'}]}, {'value': 'Iqaluit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit', 'summary': "Iqaluit ( /iˈkæluɪt/ ee-KAL-oo-it ; Inuktitut : ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ [ iqaluit ] ( meaning place of fish ) ; French : [ ikalɥi ( t ) ] ) is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut , its largest community , and its only city . It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987 , after the large bay on the coast of which the city is situated , when the traditional Inuktitut name was restored . In 1999 , Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories . Before this event , Iqaluit was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada , with population and economic growth highly limited . This is due to the city 's isolation and heavy dependence on expensively imported supplies , as the city , like the rest of Nunavut , has no road , rail , or even ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada . The city has a polar climate , influenced by the cold deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Island ; this makes the city of Iqaluit cold , although the city is well south of the Arctic Circle . As of the 2016 census , the population was 7,740 ( Population Centre : 7,082 ) , an increase of 15.5 percent from the 2011 census . Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada . Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut ( singular : Iqalummiuq ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Qikiqtaaluk Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region', 'summary': 'The Qikiqtaaluk Region , Qikiqtani Region ( Inuktitut : ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ pronounced [ qikiqtaːˈluk ] ) or Baffin Region is the easternmost administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . Qikiqtaaluk is the traditional Inuktitut name for Baffin Island . Although the Qikiqtaaluk Region is the most commonly used name in official contexts , several notable public organizations , including Statistics Canada prefer the older term Baffin Region . With a population of 18,988 and an area of 989,879.35 km2 ( 382,194.55 sq mi ) it is the largest and most populated of the three regions . The region consists of Baffin Island , the Belcher Islands , Akimiski Island , Mansel Island , Prince Charles Island , Bylot Island , Devon Island , Cornwallis Island , Bathurst Island , Amund Ringnes Island , Ellef Ringnes Island , Axel Heiberg Island , Ellesmere Island , the Melville Peninsula , the eastern part of Melville Island , and the northern parts of Prince of Wales Island , and Somerset Island , plus smaller islands in between . The regional seat , and territorial capital , is Iqaluit ( population 7,740 ) . The Qikiqtaaluk Region spans the northernmost , easternmost , and southernmost areas of Nunavut . Before 1999 , the Qikiqtaaluk Region existed under slightly different boundaries as the Baffin Region , District of Keewatin , Northwest Territories . Canada claims Hans Island as part of Qikiqtaaluk , while Denmark considers it to be part of the Greenlandic municipality of Avannaata .'}]}, {'value': 'Iqaluit West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit_West', 'summary': 'Iqaluit West was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The riding consists of the community of Iqaluit . Its most recent Member of the Legislative Assembly was Paul Okalik who resigned to run in the 2011 Canadian Federal Election . A by-election was held 12 September 2011 . In 2008 , Okalik defeated Iqaluit Mayor , Elisapee Sheutiapik , in the 2008 provincial election .'}]}, {'value': 'Iqaluit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit', 'summary': "Iqaluit ( /iˈkæluɪt/ ee-KAL-oo-it ; Inuktitut : ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ [ iqaluit ] ( meaning place of fish ) ; French : [ ikalɥi ( t ) ] ) is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut , its largest community , and its only city . It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987 , after the large bay on the coast of which the city is situated , when the traditional Inuktitut name was restored . In 1999 , Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories . Before this event , Iqaluit was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada , with population and economic growth highly limited . This is due to the city 's isolation and heavy dependence on expensively imported supplies , as the city , like the rest of Nunavut , has no road , rail , or even ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada . The city has a polar climate , influenced by the cold deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Island ; this makes the city of Iqaluit cold , although the city is well south of the Arctic Circle . As of the 2016 census , the population was 7,740 ( Population Centre : 7,082 ) , an increase of 15.5 percent from the 2011 census . Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada . Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut ( singular : Iqalummiuq ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Qikiqtaaluk Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region', 'summary': 'The Qikiqtaaluk Region , Qikiqtani Region ( Inuktitut : ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ pronounced [ qikiqtaːˈluk ] ) or Baffin Region is the easternmost administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . Qikiqtaaluk is the traditional Inuktitut name for Baffin Island . Although the Qikiqtaaluk Region is the most commonly used name in official contexts , several notable public organizations , including Statistics Canada prefer the older term Baffin Region . With a population of 18,988 and an area of 989,879.35 km2 ( 382,194.55 sq mi ) it is the largest and most populated of the three regions . The region consists of Baffin Island , the Belcher Islands , Akimiski Island , Mansel Island , Prince Charles Island , Bylot Island , Devon Island , Cornwallis Island , Bathurst Island , Amund Ringnes Island , Ellef Ringnes Island , Axel Heiberg Island , Ellesmere Island , the Melville Peninsula , the eastern part of Melville Island , and the northern parts of Prince of Wales Island , and Somerset Island , plus smaller islands in between . The regional seat , and territorial capital , is Iqaluit ( population 7,740 ) . The Qikiqtaaluk Region spans the northernmost , easternmost , and southernmost areas of Nunavut . Before 1999 , the Qikiqtaaluk Region existed under slightly different boundaries as the Baffin Region , District of Keewatin , Northwest Territories . Canada claims Hans Island as part of Qikiqtaaluk , while Denmark considers it to be part of the Greenlandic municipality of Avannaata .'}]}, {'value': 'Nanulik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanulik', 'summary': 'Nanulik was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The riding consisted of the communities of Coral Harbour and Chesterfield Inlet . Coral Harbour is now a part of the Aivilik riding and Chesterfield Inlet is a part of Rankin Inlet North-Chesterfield Inlet .'}]}, {'value': 'Coral Harbour , Chesterfield Inlet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coral_Harbour', 'summary': 'Coral Harbour ( Inuktitut : Salliq/Salliit , Syllabics : ᓴᓪᓕᖅ/ᓴᓪᓖᑦ ) , is a small Inuit community that is located on Southampton Island , Kivalliq Region , in the Canadian territory of Nunavut . Its name is derived from the fossilized coral that can be found around the waters of the community which is situated at the head of South Bay . The name of the settlement in Inuktitut is Salliq , sometimes used to refer to all of Southampton Island . The plural Salliit , means large flat island ( s ) in front of the mainland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chesterfield_Inlet,_Nunavut', 'summary': 'Chesterfield Inlet ( Inuktitut : Igluligaarjuk , syllabics : ᐃᒡᓗᓕᒑᕐᔪᒃ ) is a hamlet located on the western shore of Hudson Bay , Kivalliq Region , in Nunavut Canada at the mouth of Chesterfield Inlet . Igluligaarjuk is the Inuktitut word for place with few houses , it is the oldest community in Nunavut . The community is served by air , Chesterfield Inlet Airport , and by an annual supply known as sealift . The Inuit people from the Chesterfield Inlet region are called Qaernermiut , though previously , they were referred to as Kenepitic , Kenepetu or Kenepitu .'}]}, {'value': 'Kivalliq Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kivalliq_Region', 'summary': 'The Kivalliq Region ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᑭᕙᓪᓕᖅ [ pronunciation ? ] ) is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . It consists of the portion of the mainland to the west of Hudson Bay together with Southampton Island and Coats Island . The regional seat is Rankin Inlet . The population was 10,413 in the 2016 Census , an increase of 16.3% from the 2011 Census . Before 1999 , Kivalliq Region existed under slightly different boundaries as Keewatin Region , Northwest Territories . Although the Kivalliq name became official in 1999 , Statistics Canada has continued to refer to the area as Keewatin Region , Nunavut in publications such as the Census . Most references to the area as Keewatin have generally been phased out by Nunavut-based bodies , as that name was originally rooted in a region of northwestern Ontario derived from a Cree dialect , and only saw application onto Inuit-inhabited lands because of the boundaries of the now-defunct District of Keewatin .'}]}, {'value': 'Nattilik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nattilik', 'summary': 'Nattilik [ pronunciation ? ] was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The riding consisted of the communities of Gjoa Haven and Taloyoak . Gjoa Haven is now a part of the Gjoa Haven riding and Taloyoak is a part of the Netsilik riding . The seat became vacant as of 22 February due to the resignation of former Member of the Legislative Assembly , Enuk Pauloosie . Clerk of the assembly , John Quirke , said that a by-election must be held within six months . A by-election was held 26 April 2010 , with Jeannie Ugyuk winning the seat .'}]}, {'value': 'Gjoa Haven , Taloyoak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gjoa_Haven', 'summary': 'Gjoa Haven ( /ˌdʒoʊ ˈheɪvən/ ; Inuktitut : Uqsuqtuuq , syllabics : ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᖅ [ pronunciation ? ] , meaning lots of fat , referring to the abundance of sea mammals in the nearby waters ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡʒɔa avɑ̃ ] ) is an Inuit hamlet in Nunavut , above the Arctic Circle , located in the Kitikmeot Region , 1,056 km ( 656 mi ) northeast of Yellowknife , Northwest Territories . It is the only settlement on King William Island .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taloyoak', 'summary': 'Taloyoak or Talurjuaq ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᑕᓗᕐᔪᐊᖅ [ taloʁjuˈaq ] ) , formerly known as Spence Bay until 1 July 1992 ; ( 2016 population 1,029 ) is located on the Boothia Peninsula , Kitikmeot , in Nunavut Canada . The community is served only by air and by annual supply sealift . Taloyoak may mean large blind , referring to a stone caribou blind or a screen used for caribou hunting . The community is situated 460 km ( 290 mi ) east of the regional centre of Cambridge Bay , 1,224 km ( 761 mi ) northeast of Yellowknife , Northwest Territories . Taloyoak is the northernmost community in mainland Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitikmeot Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitikmeot_Region', 'summary': 'Kitikmeot Region ( Inuktitut : Qitirmiut ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ [ pronunciation ? ] ) is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . It consists of the southern and eastern parts of Victoria Island with the adjacent part of the mainland as far as the Boothia Peninsula , together with King William Island and the southern portion of Prince of Wales Island . The regional seat is Cambridge Bay ( population 1,766 ; ) . Before 1999 , Kitikmeot Region existed under slightly different boundaries as Kitikmeot Region , Northwest Territories .'}]}, {'value': 'Rankin Inlet North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rankin_Inlet_North', 'summary': 'Rankin Inlet North was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The area is now a part of the Rankin Inlet North-Chesterfield Inlet riding .'}]}, {'value': 'Rankin Inlet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rankin_Inlet', 'summary': 'Rankin Inlet ( Inuktitut : Kangiqliniq ; Inuktitut syllabics : ᑲᖏᕿᓂᖅ or Kangirliniq , ᑲᖏᖅᖠᓂᖅ , or Kangir & iniq meaning deep bay/inlet ) is an Inuit hamlet on Kudlulik Peninsula in Nunavut , Canada . Located on the northwestern Hudson Bay , between Chesterfield Inlet and Arviat , it is the regional centre for the Kivalliq Region . In the 1995 Nunavut capital plebiscite , Iqaluit defeated Rankin Inlet to become territorial capital of Nunavut .'}]}, {'value': 'Kivalliq Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kivalliq_Region', 'summary': 'The Kivalliq Region ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᑭᕙᓪᓕᖅ [ pronunciation ? ] ) is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . It consists of the portion of the mainland to the west of Hudson Bay together with Southampton Island and Coats Island . The regional seat is Rankin Inlet . The population was 10,413 in the 2016 Census , an increase of 16.3% from the 2011 Census . Before 1999 , Kivalliq Region existed under slightly different boundaries as Keewatin Region , Northwest Territories . Although the Kivalliq name became official in 1999 , Statistics Canada has continued to refer to the area as Keewatin Region , Nunavut in publications such as the Census . Most references to the area as Keewatin have generally been phased out by Nunavut-based bodies , as that name was originally rooted in a region of northwestern Ontario derived from a Cree dialect , and only saw application onto Inuit-inhabited lands because of the boundaries of the now-defunct District of Keewatin .'}]}, {'value': 'Rankin Inlet South/Whale Cove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rankin_Inlet_South/Whale_Cove', 'summary': 'Rankin Inlet South/Whale Cove was a territorial electoral district ( riding ) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut , Canada . The riding consisted of the communities of Rankin Inlet and Whale Cove . In 2013 , the riding was redistributed into Rankin Inlet South and Arviat North-Whale Cove .'}]}, {'value': 'Rankin Inlet , Whale Cove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rankin_Inlet', 'summary': 'Rankin Inlet ( Inuktitut : Kangiqliniq ; Inuktitut syllabics : ᑲᖏᕿᓂᖅ or Kangirliniq , ᑲᖏᖅᖠᓂᖅ , or Kangir & iniq meaning deep bay/inlet ) is an Inuit hamlet on Kudlulik Peninsula in Nunavut , Canada . Located on the northwestern Hudson Bay , between Chesterfield Inlet and Arviat , it is the regional centre for the Kivalliq Region . In the 1995 Nunavut capital plebiscite , Iqaluit defeated Rankin Inlet to become territorial capital of Nunavut .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Whale_Cove,_Nunavut', 'summary': 'Whale Cove ( ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔪᐊᖅ in Inuktitut syllabics ) ( Tikiraqjuaq , meaning long point ) , is a hamlet located 74 km ( 46 mi ) south southwest of Rankin Inlet , 145 km ( 90 mi ) northeast of Arviat , in Kivalliq Region , Nunavut , Canada , on the western shore of Hudson Bay . The community is named for the many beluga whales which congregate off the coast . Many of the inhabitants hunt these whales every fall and use their by-products for their oil and food . Whale Cove , initially settled by three distinct Inuit groups ( one inland and two coastal ) , is a relatively traditional community : 99% Inuit , who still wear fur , hunt , fish , eat raw meat and fish . Several bowhead whales may appear in the area as well . Whale Cove is on the polar bear migration route . Local Inuit , regularly travel by snowmobile in the winter or by boat in summer months between the hamlet of Rankin Inlet and Whale Cove a distance of 100 km ( 62 mi ) . The terrain is Arctic tundra , this consists mostly of rocks , mosses and lichens . As of the 2016 census , the population was 435 , an increase of 6.9% from the 2011 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Kivalliq Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kivalliq_Region', 'summary': 'The Kivalliq Region ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᑭᕙᓪᓕᖅ [ pronunciation ? ] ) is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada . It consists of the portion of the mainland to the west of Hudson Bay together with Southampton Island and Coats Island . The regional seat is Rankin Inlet . The population was 10,413 in the 2016 Census , an increase of 16.3% from the 2011 Census . Before 1999 , Kivalliq Region existed under slightly different boundaries as Keewatin Region , Northwest Territories . Although the Kivalliq name became official in 1999 , Statistics Canada has continued to refer to the area as Keewatin Region , Nunavut in publications such as the Census . Most references to the area as Keewatin have generally been phased out by Nunavut-based bodies , as that name was originally rooted in a region of northwestern Ontario derived from a Cree dialect , and only saw application onto Inuit-inhabited lands because of the boundaries of the now-defunct District of Keewatin .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Former districts', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Nunavut_territorial_electoral_districts_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of Nunavut territorial electoral districts. In total there are 22 electoral districts in Nunavut spread over three administrative regions. Each district elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut in a first past the post system. Unlike some other parts of Canada, such as Ontario, a new by-election must be held in a riding if the original result ended in a tie. There are no political parties in Nunavut, each candidate runs as an independent and the territory operates by consensus government.'}
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What community ( ies ) are in the district where a by-election was held 26 April 2010 , with Jeannie Ugyuk winning the seat ?
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Gjoa Haven , Taloyoak
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020f3ffab0eb2ca6
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Meistriliiga', 'title': '2010 Meistriliiga', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Manager'], 'data': [{'value': 'Flora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Flora', 'summary': "FC Flora , commonly known as Flora Tallinn , or simply as Flora , is a professional football club based in Tallinn , Estonia , that competes in the Meistriliiga , the top flight of Estonian football . The club 's home ground is A . Le Coq Arena . Formed in 1990 , Flora were founding members of the Meistriliiga , and are one of two clubs which have never been relegated from the Estonian top division , along with Narva Trans . Flora have won more trophies than any other club in Estonian football , with a record 12 Meistriliiga titles , seven Estonian Cups and a record nine Estonian Supercups ."}]}, {'value': 'Tallinn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tallinn', 'summary': "Tallinn ( /ˈtɑːlɪn , ˈtælɪn/ ; Estonian : [ ˈtɑlʲˑinˑ ] ; names in other languages ) is the capital , primate and the most populous city of Estonia . Located in the northern part of the country , on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea , it has a population of 434,562 . Administratively a part of Harju maakond ( county ) , Tallinn is the main financial , industrial , cultural , educational and research centre of Estonia . Tallinn is located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Helsinki , Finland , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia , 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) north of Riga , Latvia , and 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) east of Stockholm , Sweden . It has close historical ties with these four cities . From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century Tallinn was known in most of the world by its historical German name Reval . Tallinn , first mentioned in 1219 , received city rights in 1248 , but the earliest human settlements date back 5,000 years . The first recorded claim over the land was laid by Denmark in 1219 , after a successful raid of Lyndanisse led by king Valdemar II , followed by a period of alternating Scandinavian and Teutonic rulers . Due to its strategic location , the city became a major trade hub , especially from the 14th to the 16th century , when it grew in importance as part of the Hanseatic League . Tallinn 's Old Town is one of the best preserved medieval cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Tallinn has the highest number of start-ups per person among European countries and is a birthplace of many international high technology companies , including Skype and Transferwise . The city is to house the headquarters of the European Union 's IT agency ."}]}, {'value': 'A . Le Coq Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._Le_Coq_Arena', 'summary': 'The A . Le Coq Arena ( known as Lilleküla Stadium prior to sponsorship and during UEFA competitions ) is a football stadium in Tallinn , Estonia . It is the home ground of football club Flora and the Estonia national football team . With a capacity of 14,336 , it is the largest football stadium in Estonia .'}]}, {'value': '9,692', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Reim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Reim', 'summary': "Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonia 's most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvia 's Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament . Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia . In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JK_Nõmme_Kalju', 'summary': "Nõmme Kalju FC ( Estonian pronunciation : [ nɤmˈme ˈkɑlju ] ) , commonly known as Nõmme Kalju , or simply as Kalju , is a professional football club , based in Nõmme , Tallinn , Estonia , that competes in the Meistriliiga , the top flight of Estonian football . The club 's home ground is Hiiu Stadium . Founded in 1923 and re-established in 1997 , the club has played in the Meistriliiga since the 2008 season and have never been relegated from the Estonian top division . Nõmme Kalju have won two Meistriliiga titles , one Estonian Cup and one Estonian Supercup ."}]}, {'value': 'Tallinn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tallinn', 'summary': "Tallinn ( /ˈtɑːlɪn , ˈtælɪn/ ; Estonian : [ ˈtɑlʲˑinˑ ] ; names in other languages ) is the capital , primate and the most populous city of Estonia . Located in the northern part of the country , on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea , it has a population of 434,562 . Administratively a part of Harju maakond ( county ) , Tallinn is the main financial , industrial , cultural , educational and research centre of Estonia . Tallinn is located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Helsinki , Finland , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia , 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) north of Riga , Latvia , and 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) east of Stockholm , Sweden . It has close historical ties with these four cities . From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century Tallinn was known in most of the world by its historical German name Reval . Tallinn , first mentioned in 1219 , received city rights in 1248 , but the earliest human settlements date back 5,000 years . The first recorded claim over the land was laid by Denmark in 1219 , after a successful raid of Lyndanisse led by king Valdemar II , followed by a period of alternating Scandinavian and Teutonic rulers . Due to its strategic location , the city became a major trade hub , especially from the 14th to the 16th century , when it grew in importance as part of the Hanseatic League . Tallinn 's Old Town is one of the best preserved medieval cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Tallinn has the highest number of start-ups per person among European countries and is a birthplace of many international high technology companies , including Skype and Transferwise . The city is to house the headquarters of the European Union 's IT agency ."}]}, {'value': 'Hiiu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiiu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Hiiu Stadium ( Estonian : Hiiu staadion ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Tallinn , Estonia . The stadium and the administration building are owned by Nõmme district and are operated by Nõmme Sport Centre ( Nõmme spordikeskus ) . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nõmme Kalju youth teams . The address of the stadium is Pidu tänav 11 , Tallinn . The stadium was completely renovated in 2002 and cost 8 million Estonian kroon . In 2006 , the old artificial turf was replaced by a 3rd generation turf and an administration building with a stand for 300 people was erected . On 10 September 2011 , the highest recorded attendance was set , when 2,730 people watch a football match between hosts JK Nõmme Kalju and FC Flora Tallinn .'}]}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Igor Prins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Igor_Prins', 'summary': 'Igor Prins ( born 21 October 1966 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuressaare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kuressaare', 'summary': "FC Kuressaare , commonly known as Kuressaare , is a football club , based in Kuressaare , Saaremaa , Estonia . The club 's home ground is Kuressaare linnastaadion . Founded on 14 March 1997 , the club competes in the Meistriliiga , the top tier of Estonian football ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuressaare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuressaare', 'summary': 'Kuressaare ( Estonian pronunciation : [ ˈkureˈsˑɑːre ] ) is a town on Saaremaa island in Estonia . It is the administrative centre of Saaremaa Parish and the capital of Saare County . Kuressaare is the westernmost town in Estonia . The recorded population on 1 January 2018 was 13,276 . The town is situated on the southern coast of Saaremaa island , facing the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea , and is served by the Kuressaare Airport , Roomassaare harbour , and Kuressaare yacht harbour .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuressaare linnastaadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuressaare_linnastaadion', 'summary': 'Kuressaare linnastaadion is a multi-purpose stadium in Kuressaare , Estonia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the matches of FC Kuressaare . The stadiums seated capacity is 2,000 .'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Zamogilnõi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Levadia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Levadia_Tallinn', 'summary': "FCI Levadia Tallinn , commonly known as FCI Levadia , or simply as Levadia , is a professional football club based in Tallinn , Estonia , that competes in the Meistriliiga , the top flight of Estonian football . The club 's home ground is A . Le Coq Arena . Founded as Levadia in Maardu in 1998 , the club moved to Tallinn in 2004 . The club has played in the Meistriliiga since the 1999 season and have never been relegated from the Estonian top division . Levadia have won 9 Meistriliiga titles , a record 9 Estonian Cups and 7 Estonian Supercups . In 2017 , Levadia 's first team merged with FCI Tallinn , and became FCI Levadia ."}]}, {'value': 'Tallinn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maarjamäe Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Puštov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandr_Puštov', 'summary': 'Aleksandr Pushtov ( born 9 March 1964 ) is a football coach and a retired footballer from Estonia , who holds a Russian citizenship . He was the manager of FCI Tallinn from 2011 to 2017 . Under his management FCI climbed to the Estonian top tier , won their first Estonian championship in 2016 , Estonian cup and Estonian Supercup in 2017 title .'}]}, {'value': 'Lootus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Lootus_Kohtla-Järve', 'summary': 'Kohtla-Järve FC Lootus was an Estonian football club from Kohtla-Järve . The club was created in 1998 and dissolved in 2012 , when they merged with Kohtla-Järve JK Alko , which resulted in creating a new club Kohtla-Järve JK Järve .'}]}, {'value': 'Kohtla-Järve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kohtla-Järve', 'summary': 'Kohtla-Järve ( Russian : Кохтла-Ярве ) is a city and municipality in north-eastern Estonia , founded in 1924 and incorporated as a town in 1946 . The city is highly industrial , and is both a processor of oil shales and is a large producer of various petroleum products . The city is also very diverse ethnically : it contains people of over 40 ethnic groups Only 21% of the population are ethnic Estonians ; most of the rest are Russians . Kohtla-Järve is the fifth-largest city in Estonia . Kohtla-Järve is unusual among the municipalities of Estonia due to its territory being made of seven discontiguous parts . The two main parts , Järve ( Kohtla-Järve proper ) and Ahtme , both with populations around 20,000 , are located about 10 km apart . Several other settlements in north-eastern Ida-Viru county , connected to oil shale mining , are administered as districts of Kohtla-Järve ; the farthest , Sirgala , is 40 km east of Järve . In the Soviet time , the town of Jõhvi was also incorporated into Kohtla-Järve .'}]}, {'value': 'Kohtla-Järve Sports Centre Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kohtla-Järve_spordikeskuse_staadion', 'summary': 'Kohtla-Järve Spordikeskuse staadion is a multi-use stadium in Kohtla-Järve , Estonia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the matches of FC Lootus Kohtla-Järve . The stadium holds 2,200 people .'}]}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrei Škaleta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paide Linnameeskond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paide_Linnameeskond', 'summary': "Paide Linnameeskond is a football club based in Paide , Estonia , that competes in the Meistriliiga , the top flight of Estonian football . The club 's home ground is Paide linnastaadion . Founded in 2004 , the club has played in the Meistriliiga since 2009 and have never been relegated from the Estonian top division ."}]}, {'value': 'Paide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paide', 'summary': 'Paide ( German : Weissenstein ) is the capital of Järva County , Estonia .'}]}, {'value': 'ÜG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paide_Ühisgümnaasiumi_stadium', 'summary': 'Paide linnastaadion ( English : Paide City Stadium ) is a multi-use stadium in Paide , Estonia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Meistriliiga team Paide Linnameeskond . The stadium has a seating capacity of 268 .'}]}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meelis Rooba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meelis_Rooba', 'summary': 'Meelis Rooba ( born 20 April 1977 ) is an Estonian professional football coach and former player . He also played for the Estonian national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Sillamäe Kalev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JK_Sillamäe_Kalev', 'summary': 'JK Sillamäe Kalev , commonly known as Sillamäe Kalev , or simply as Sillamäe , is a football club , based in Sillamäe , Estonia . Founded in 1957 , Sillamäe Kalev was one of the founding members of the Meistriliiga . The club competed in the Meistriliiga , the top flight of Estonian football in 2017 , but was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Its football academy continued and took over the name , continuing in II liiga , 4th level in Estonian football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Sillamäe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sillamäe', 'summary': "Sillamäe ( Estonian for 'Bridge Hill ' ; known also by Germanised names of Sillamäggi or Sillamägi and in Russian : Силламяэ , Sillamyae ) , is a town in Ida-Viru County in the northern part of Estonia , on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland . It has a population of 13,666 ( as of 1 January 2017 ) and covers an area of 10.54 km² . Sillamäe is located at the mouth of Sõtke River ."}]}, {'value': 'Sillamäe Kalev Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sillamäe_Kalevi_Stadium', 'summary': 'Sillamäe Kalevi staadion is a multi-purpose stadium in Sillamäe , Estonia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the matches of JK Sillamäe Kalev . The stadium holds 800 people .'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Kazachyonok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Kazachyonok', 'summary': 'Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kazachyonok ( Russian : Владимир Александрович Казачёнок ; 6 September 1952 - 26 March 2017 ) was a Soviet football player and Russian coach . He was the academy director with FC Zenit Saint Petersburg until his death in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tammeka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JK_Tammeka_Tartu', 'summary': "Tartu JK Tammeka , commonly known as Tartu Tammeka or simply Tammeka , is a football club , based in Tartu , Estonia , that competes in the Meistriliiga , the top flight of Estonian football . Founded in 1989 , the club has played in the Meistriliiga since the 2005 season and have never been relegated from the Estonian top division . The club 's home ground is Tartu Tamme Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Tartu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tartu', 'summary': "Tartu ( Estonian pronunciation : [ ˈtɑrtˑu ] , South Estonian : Tarto ) is the second largest city of Estonia , after Estonia 's political and financial capital Tallinn . Tartu is often considered the intellectual centre of the country , especially since it is home to the nation 's oldest and most renowned university , the University of Tartu . The city also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia , the Ministry of Education and Research , and the new building of the Estonian National Museum , opened to the public in October 2016 . It is also the birthplace of Estonian Song Festivals . Situated 186 kilometres ( 116 miles ) southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres ( 152 miles ) northeast of Riga , Tartu lies on the Emajõgi ( Mother river ) , which connects the two largest lakes of Estonia . The city is served by Tartu Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Tartu Tamme Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamme_Stadium', 'summary': 'Tamme Stadium ( Estonian : Tamme staadion ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Tartu , Estonia , located in the district of Tammelinn . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the matches of Tammeka Tartu . The stadium holds 1,638 people .'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marko Kristal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marko_Kristal', 'summary': "Marko Kristal ( born 2 June 1973 ) is an Estonian football manager and former player . He is the manager of Nõmme Kalju . Kristal played as a midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Flora , FC Lahti and the Estonia national team . With Flora , he won seven Meistriliiga titles , two Estonian Cups and two Estonian Supercups . Kristal made his international debut in Estonia 's first official match since restoration of independence on 3 June 1992 , a 1-1 draw against Slovenia . In 2001 , he became the first Estonian player to make 100 appearances for the national team . He made a total of 143 appearances for Estonia , scoring nine goals . After retiring as a player , Kristal became a manager . He has coached Tammeka , Levadia and Tulevik . Kristal won two Meistriliiga titles , two Estonian Cups and two Estonian Supercups with Levadia ."}]}, {'value': 'Narva Trans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JK_Narva_Trans', 'summary': "JK Narva Trans , commonly known as Narva Trans , or simply as Trans , is a professional football club , based in Narva , Estonia , that competes in the Meistriliiga , the top flight of Estonian football . The club 's home ground is Narva Kreenholm Stadium . The club was founded as Avtomobilist in 1979 , changed its name to Autobaas in 1989 , and to Narva Trans in 1992 . Narva Trans were founding members of the Meistriliiga , and are one of two clubs which have never been relegated from the Estonian top division , along with Flora . Narva Trans have won 2 Estonian Cups and 2 Estonian Supercups ."}]}, {'value': 'Narva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narva', 'summary': "Narva ( Estonian pronunciation : [ ˈnɑrʋɑ ] ; Russian : Нарва , Russian pronunciation : [ ˈnarvə ] ) is a municipality and city in Estonia . It is located in Ida-Viru County , at the eastern extreme point of Estonia , at the Russian border , on the Narva River which drains Lake Peipus . The city of Narva is the country 's third largest ."}]}, {'value': 'Kreenholm Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narva_Kreenholmi_Stadium', 'summary': 'Narva Kreenholm Stadium ( also Kreenholm Stadium ; Estonian : Narva Kreenholmi staadion ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Narva , Estonia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the matches of JK Narva Trans . The stadium holds 1,065 people .'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valeri Bondarenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valeri_Bondarenko', 'summary': 'Valeri Bondarenko ( born 22 April 1953 ) is an Estonian football coach and a former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Tulevik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JK_Viljandi_Tulevik', 'summary': "Viljandi JK Tulevik , commonly known as Viljandi Tulevik , or simply as Tulevik , is a football club based in Viljandi , Estonia , that competes in the Meistriliiga , the top flight of Estonian football . The club 's home ground is Viljandi linnastaadion . Founded on 1912 as Sports Association Tulevik ( Future ) , the club was disbanded in 1940 and re-established in 1992 as one of the founding members of the Meistriliiga ."}]}, {'value': 'Viljandi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viljandi', 'summary': 'Viljandi ( Estonian pronunciation : [ ˈʋilʲˑjɑnʲˑdi ] ; German : Fellin ) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,407 in 2019 . It is the capital of Viljandi County . The town was first mentioned in 1283 , upon being granted its town charter by Wilhelm von Endorpe . The town became a member of the Hanseatic League at the beginning of the 14th century , and is one of five Estonian towns and cities in the league . The once influential Estonian newspaper Sakala was founded in Viljandi in 1878 .'}]}, {'value': 'Viljandi linnastaadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viljandi_linnastaadion', 'summary': 'Viljandi linnastaadion is a multi-purpose stadium in Viljandi , Estonia . It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the matches of FC Viljandi . The stadium has 1,006 seats of which 400 are under the roof .'}]}, {'value': '2,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marko Lelov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marko_Lelov', 'summary': 'Marko Lelov ( born 21 November 1973 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Lelov played as a midfielder for Pärnu Kalakombinaat/MEK , Tervis Pärnu , Flora , Lelle , Tulevik , Nyköpings BIS and Vimmerby IF , and made three appearances for the Estonia national team .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Overview', 'section_text': 'LootusKuressaareTransPaideSillamäe KalevFloraLevadiaKaljuTammekaTulevik Location of the Meistriliiga 2010 teams', 'uid': '2010_Meistriliiga_0', 'intro': "The 2010 season of the Meistriliiga, the first level in the Estonian football system, was the 20th season in the league's history. It started in March and ended in November. The defending champions were Levadia."}
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What is the English name of the arena located in Paide ?
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Paide City Stadium
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021117c64196556a
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX', 'title': 'Liga MX', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Azteca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '87,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlas', 'summary': "Atlas Fútbol Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈatɬas ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ ] ) is a Mexican football club . Atlas plays in Guadalajara , Mexico , in the Liga MX . The club 's home stadium is Estadio Jalisco in Guadalajara ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadalajara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalajara', 'summary': "Guadalajara ( /ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/ , Spanish : [ ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Jalisco , and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara . The city is in the central region of Jalisco in the Western-Pacific area of Mexico . With a population of 1,460,148 inhabitants , it is Mexico 's second most populous municipality . The Guadalajara metropolitan area has a reported population of 5,002,466 inhabitants , making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico , behind Mexico City . The municipality is the second most densely populated in Mexico , the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico . It is a strong business and economic center in the Bajío region . Guadalajara is the tenth-largest Latin American city in population , urban area and gross domestic product . The city 's economy is based on services and industry , especially information technology , with many international firms having regional offices and manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area , and several domestic IT companies headquartered in the city . Other , more traditional industries , such as shoes , textiles and food processing are also important contributing factors . Guadalajara is a major Mexican cultural center , as it is considered by most to be the home of the famous mariachi genre of music , and plays host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the Guadalajara International Film Festival , the Guadalajara International Book Fair , and other globally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds . It is home to C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most popular football clubs in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Jalisco', 'summary': 'The Jalisco Stadium is a football stadium located in Guadalajara , Mexico . It is the third largest Mexican football stadium behind Estadio Azteca and Estadio Olímpico Universitario . The facility is located in the city of Guadalajara , Jalisco , 400 kilometers north-west of Mexico City , and has a maximum capacity of 55,110 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '56,713', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético San Luis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_San_Luis', 'summary': "Club Atlético de San Luis , commonly known as Atlético San Luis , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Luis Potosí , replacing San Luis Potosí 's Liga MX team San Luis FC after its relocation . San Luis was promoted to Liga MX in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'San Luis Potosí City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Potosí_City', 'summary': "San Luis Potosí , commonly called SLP or simply San Luis , is the capital and the most populous city of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí . The city lies at an elevation of 1,864 metres ( 6,115 feet ) . It has an estimated population of 824,229 in the city proper and a population of approximately 1,221,526 in its metropolitan area , formed with the neighbour city of Soledad de Graciano Sánchez and other surrounding municipalities , which makes the metropolitan area of Greater San Luis Potosí the eleventh largest in Mexico . The city is in the west-central part of the state of San Luis Potosí , at 22.16°N , 100.98°W . The municipality has an area of 1,443.14 square kilometres ( 557.20 square miles ) . It is part of the macroregion of Bajío . The city is named after Louis IX of France ( also known in Mexico as San Luis Rey de Francia , Saint Louis , King of France ) , who is the city 's patron saint . Potosí was added in reference to the fabulously rich mines of Potosí , Bolivia , discovered some forty years before the city was founded , as the exploitation of silver and gold mines in Cerro de San Pedro , near San Luis , was the main reason for the founding of the city in 1592 . Now , the city is one of the main industrial centres in central Mexico with a prolific manufacturing industry . A number of foreign industries have chosen to invest in San Luis Potosí in the last decades thanks to its strategic location for trade , as the city is located halfway between Mexico City and the United States border , as well as in the middle of the triangle formed by the three largest cities in Mexico : Mexico City , Guadalajara , and Monterrey . Besides its industry-based economy , recently the city has been promoted as a touristic destination in central Mexico by state and federal programs . San Luis Potosí 's historic center displays a great mixture of different artistic styles in many buildings and is a major example of colonial architecture in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfonso Lastras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alfonso_Lastras', 'summary': 'Estadio Alfonso Lastras is a multi-use unfinished stadium in San Luis Potosí , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches , and also music concerts . It used to be the home stadium of San Luis F.C . but after it dissolved Atlético San Luis is the current team that play in Alfonso Lastras . The stadium holds 25,111 people and was built in 2002 . It is named after the late Alfonso Lastras Ramírez , who was co-founder of an early football club called Cachorros de San Luis . As of 2017 , the stadium was owned by Jacobo Payan Latuff and Atletico de Madrid . The stadium hosted a 2018 World Cup qualifying match against Trinidad and Tobago .'}]}, {'value': '25,111', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Juárez', 'summary': 'Fútbol Club Juárez , commonly referred to as Bravos de Juárez , or simply as Juárez , is a Mexican football club based in the city of Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua that currently competes in Liga MX .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad Juárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciudad_Juárez', 'summary': 'Ciudad Juárez ( /ˈhwɑːrɛz/ HWAH-rez ; Juarez City . Spanish pronunciation : [ sjuˈðað ˈxwaɾes ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua . The city is commonly referred to as simply Juárez , and was known as El Paso del Norte ( The Pass of the North ) until 1888 . Juárez is the seat of the Juárez Municipality with an estimated population of 1.5 million people . It lies on the Rio Grande ( Río Bravo del Norte ) river , south of El Paso , Texas , United States ( U. S. ) . Together with the surrounding areas , the cities form El Paso-Juárez , the second largest binational metropolitan area on the Mexico-U.S. border ( after San Diego-Tijuana ) , with a combined population of over 2.7 million people . Four international points of entry connect Ciudad Juárez and El Paso : the Bridge of the Americas , the Ysleta International Bridge , the Paso del Norte Bridge , and the Stanton Street Bridge . Combined , these bridges allowed 22,958,472 crossings in 2008 , making Ciudad Juárez a major point of entry and transportation into the U. S. for all of central northern Mexico . The city has a growing industrial center , which in large part is made up by more than 300 maquiladoras ( assembly plants ) located in and around the city . According to a 2007 New York Times article , Ciudad Juárez was absorbing more new industrial real estate space than any other North American city . In 2008 , fDi Magazine designated Ciudad Juárez The City of the Future . Since the launch of the Mexican Drug War in 2006 , however , the amount of violence has increased dramatically .'}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico Benito Juárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_Benito_Juárez', 'summary': 'Estadio Olimpico Benito Juarez is a multi-purpose stadium in Ciudad Juárez , Mexico , located just across the Rio Grande from El Paso , Texas . It is currently used mostly for football matches and concerts and is the home stadium of FC Juárez of the Liga MX . On May 12 , 1981 , the stadium was opened with a scoreless draw between the Mexico national football team and Atlético Madrid . The stadium is part of the campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez and holds 19,703 people .'}]}, {'value': '19,703', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruz Azul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruz_Azul', 'summary': "Cruz Azul ( pronounced [ kɾus a'sool ] ) is a Mexican football club that plays in the top division of Mexican football , Liga MX . Originally from Hidalgo in the town of Jasso ( now part of the city cooperative Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul ) , south of Tula de Allende , the club moved to Mexico City in 1971 . Estadio Azteca , the nation 's largest sports venue , served as their home venue until 1996 , when they moved to the Estadio Azul . After 22 years , however , the team returned to the Azteca at the conclusion of the 2017-18 Liga MX season . Its headquarters are in La Noria , a suburb within Xochimilco in the southern part of Mexico City . Cruz Azul has been the Primera División champion eight times , trailing Toluca 's 10 , C.D . Guadalajara 's 12 , and Club América 's 13 . Cruz Azul 's six titles makes it the second-most successful club in the history of the CONCACAF Champions League , the most prestigious international club competition in North American football , trailing intracity rival Club America . Cruz Azul was also the first CONCACAF team to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , the most prestigious club competition in South American football ( which invited top Liga MX clubs from 1998 to 2017 ) , losing on penalties to Argentine football giants Boca Juniors in 2001 . In the 1968-69 season , Cruz Azul was the first CONCACAF club ( and third worldwide ) to complete a rare Continental Treble , winning the Mexican Primera División championship , the Copa México national tournament , and the CONCACAF Champions League . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics , in its Club World Ranking for year ending December 31 , 2014 , places Cruz Azul as the 99th-best club in the world and the third-best club in CONCACAF . According to several polls published , Cruz Azul is the third-most popular team in Mexico , behind only C.D ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Azteca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '87,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guadalajara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara', 'summary': "Club Deportivo Guadalajara S.A. de C.V. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ ðepoɾˈtiβo ɣwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ) ; often simply known as Guadalajara ( [ ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ) and Chivas ( [ ˈtʃiβas ] ) , is a Mexican professional football club based in Guadalajara , Jalisco . Guadalajara is one of the ten founding members of the Mexican First Division and along with Club América is one of only two teams that have never been relegated to the second-tier division . Guadalajara is the only football club in Mexico that does n't allow foreign players to play in their club . The team has constantly emphasized home-grown ( cantera ) players and has been the launching pad of a few internationally successful players , including Omar Bravo , Javier Hernández , Francisco Javier Rodríguez , and Marco Fabián . The team 's three colors ( red , white , and blue ) symbolize Fraternity , Union , and Sports . The founders of the team adopted the colors that linked them back to their home country , France . Chivas supporters use a flag identical to the French flag to support their team . The team mascot , as well as their nickname , is the goat or chiva . Chivas was one Mexico 's most successful teams and holds the Mexican league record for the longest winning streak at the beginning of a season , with 8 consecutive wins . Internationally , Guadalajara is the best Mexican side to compete in Copa Libertadores having reached the semifinals twice ( 2005 and 2006 ) and being runner-ups in the 2010 edition . According to a study of preferred football clubs published in April 2016 by Euroamericas Sport Marketing Spain , Guadalajara is the most popular team in Mexico , with 44.2% of supporters in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Zapopan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zapopan', 'summary': "Zapopan ( Spanish pronunciation : [ saˈpopan ] ) is a city and municipality located in the Mexican state of Jalisco . Part of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area , the population of Zapopan city proper makes it the second largest city in the state , very close behind the population of Guadalajara proper . It is best known as being the home of the Virgin of Zapopan , an image of the Virgin Mary which was made in the 16th century . This image has been credited with a number of miracles and has been recognized by popes and even visited by Pope John Paul II . The municipality is also the home of the Centro Cultural Universitario , which contains one of the most important concert venues in Latin America and is the home of the new stadium for the C.D . Guadalajara . The name Zapopan means among the sapote trees . It derives from the Nahuatl word tzapotl sapote with the addition of the locative suffix -pan . It also has the nickname of Villa Exmaicera ( ex-corn village ) , as it used to be a major producer of corn . Its seal was designed by José Trinidad Laris in 1941 for the 400th anniversary of the city 's founding ."}]}, {'value': 'Akron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Akron', 'summary': "The Estadio Akron , formerly known as the Estadio Omnilife and Estadio Chivas ( Estadio Chivas , Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo ˈtʃiβas ] ) , is a multipurpose stadium that is used mostly for football matches , including home matches for Club Deportivo Guadalajara , commonly known as the Chivas . It is part of the JVC complex , and has a capacity of 49,850 . Construction started in February 2004 , but due to financial problems and other issues , the stadium 's completion was delayed for a number of years . The stadium hosted its first major international event with the first leg of the 2010 Finals of the Copa Libertadores , and hosted the 2011 Pan American Games opening and closing ceremonies . The stadium 's artificial field caused great controversy , drawing criticism from many notable players , and in May 2012 , it was announced that the stadium would replace the artificial turf with natural grass ."}]}, {'value': '45,364', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_León', 'summary': "Club León , simply known as León , is a Mexican professional football club based in the city of León , Guanajuato , Mexico . León has won the Liga MX México Primera División ( Mexico First Division ) title seven times : in 1948 , 1949 , 1952 , 1956 , 1992 , Apertura 2013 , and most recently Clausura 2014 . They became the first Mexican Campeonísimo ( winner of the League and the México Cup in the same year ) in 1949 . In 1993 León was the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup runner-up , losing the final match against Costa Rican team Deportivo Saprissa , in one of the greatest upsets among the defeats in the club 's history . They are also only the second Liga MX team to win back-to-back championships in short tournaments . They also qualified for the Champion 's Cup in 1998 , but were eliminated in the semi-final . The team has been a consistent contender for the Primera División A title since relegation from the Primera División in 2002 ; they failed to obtain the promotion due to constant mediocre performances in the play-offs despite good appearances during the regular season until the Clausura 2012 Tournament when León defeated Correcaminos UAT 6-2 and after ten years were finally promoted to the Primera División . In the Apertura 2013 season they became champions after defeating América 5-1 , giving them their sixth championship star . The next season , Clausura 2014 , they became champions for the second year in a row defeating Pachuca 4-3 , giving them their seventh championship star and becoming bicampeones . In recent years , Club Leon games have even attracted non-Spanish speaking football fans ; in addition to new Spanish-language broadcast partnerships with Fox Sports Latinoamérica in Mexico and Telemundo / NBC Deportes in the U.S . Since 2016 , Univision Deportes holds the U.S. broadcasting rights to León home games . León is ranked No ."}]}, {'value': 'León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/León,_Guanajuato', 'summary': "León ( Spanish pronunciation : [ leˈon ] ) is the most populous city and municipality in the Mexican state of Guanajuato . In the 2015 Intercensal Survey INEGI reported 1,578,626 people living in the municipality of León , making it the fourth most populous municipality in Mexico . The metropolitan area of León recorded a population of 1,630,094 in the 2010 Census , making it the seventh most populous metropolitan area in Mexico . León is part of the macroregion of Bajío within the Central Mexican Plateau . León has a strong leather industry , offering shoes , boots , belts , jackets , and other leather accessories to both national and international markets . The leather industry earned its inhabitants the nickname of Green belly ( panzaverde in Spanish ) , because of the green tainting in the workers ' bodies resulting from treating leather . Its first-class services and hotel industry make it one of the most important centers in Mexico with numerous opportunities for entertainment , gastronomy , leisure activities , arts , and recreation . It is also considered one of the most environmentally friendly cities in Mexico and has a high number of cyclists , in part because of integrating a network of bike lanes into the SIT system . In March 2012 it received an award as City Water Champion , mainly due to great progress in the areas of sanitation , wastewater reuse , and energy cogeneration from biogas ."}]}, {'value': 'León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_León', 'summary': 'The Estadio León , unofficially known as Nou Camp , is a mid-sized football stadium with a seating capacity of 31,297 built in 1967 , and located in the city of León , Guanajuato , in the Bajío region of central Mexico . This sport facility is used mostly for football matches and is the home of the Club León . Because of its excellent location and facilities , this stadium hosted matches for the 1970 FIFA World Cup , 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship , and the 1986 FIFA World Cup . It also hosted football matches during the 1968 Summer Olympics . During those games , it seated 23,609 . On March 8 , 2017 , judiciary officials of the city of León determined that ownership of Estadio León is still in fact property of Zermeño Reyes y Héctor González . It is unknown if negotiations will begin for Grupo Pachuca to purchase the stadium . One possible alternative was the New Estadio León , originally proposed in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '31,297', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monterrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.F._Monterrey', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Monterrey is a Mexican football club from Monterrey , Nuevo León which currently plays in the Liga MX . Founded on 28 June 1945 , it is the oldest active team in the professional division from the northern part of Mexico . The club is owned by FEMSA , Latin America 's largest bottling company . Its home games have been played in the Estadio BBVA since 2015 . Monterrey has won five league titles , two domestic cups , and four CONCACAF Champions League titles ( notably , three consecutive tournaments in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ) . The team is commonly known as the Rayados ( the striped ones ) , due to the club 's traditional navy blue striped uniform . The uniform is reflected in the club 's current crest , which is also decorated with stars above the crest representing the club 's league titles and stars below the crest representing continental titles . In terms of overall performance , it is the strongest club from Mexico and all of CONCACAF at the FIFA Club World Cup , with a third-place ranking in the all-time table . The club 's oldest rival is Tigres UANL of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León . The local derby , known as the Clásico Regiomontano , is known for being one of the most intensely competed derbies in Mexican football and is regarded by people in the city of Monterrey as the most important Mexican derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadalupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalupe,_Nuevo_León', 'summary': 'Guadalupe is a city and surrounding municipality located in the state of Nuevo León , in northern Mexico . It is part of the Greater Monterrey Metropolitan area . The municipality of Guadalupe , which lies adjacent to the east side of Monterrey , also borders the municipalities of San Nicolás de los Garza , Apodaca , Pesquería , and Juárez . Covering a territory of 151.3 km² , it is located at 25°40′39″N 100°15′35″W / 25.67750°N 100.25972°W / 25.67750 ; -100.25972 , at an altitude of 500 meters above sea level . As of the 2005 census its official population was 691,434 in the city and 691,931 in the entire municipality . It is the second-largest city and municipality in the state . The municipality has an area of 151.3 km² ( 58.42 sq mi ) . The city was founded on January 4 , 1716 , but the land was inhabited long before that . When Monterrey was founded in 1596 , the land , which was populated by various indigenous tribes , was ceded to Diego de Montemayor , the founder of Monterrey , but he did not make use of the land . In 1627 , the land was turned into large plantations , where sugar cane and corn was raised . The owner of the land during around the time of the turn of the 18th century was named Capitán Nicolás Ochoa de Elejalde , but the land was taken from him by the Spanish government and converted into a mission in February , 1715 . In 1756 , the city was renamed the Pueblo de la Nueva Tlaxcala de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Horcasitas .'}]}, {'value': 'BBVA Bancomer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_BBVA_Bancomer', 'summary': 'The Estadio BBVA , nicknamed El Gigante de Acero ( Spanish for The Steel Giant ) , is a stadium developed by FEMSA and C.F . Monterrey in Guadalupe , Greater Monterrey . The stadium replaced the Estadio Tecnológico as the home of Monterrey , ending 63 years of residency at that stadium . The project was met with much controversy , stemming from multiple accusations of the construction as an apparent impediment to wildlife growth on a local scale. [ why ? ] It was inaugurated on 2 August 2015 with the eighth edition of the Eusébio Cup , where Monterrey defeated Benfica 3-0 .'}]}, {'value': '53,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morelia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Monarcas Morelia is a Mexican professional football club based in Morelia , Michoacán , playing in Liga MX . The team is owned by Grupo Salinas and plays its home games in Estadio Morelos .'}]}, {'value': 'Morelia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morelia', 'summary': "Morelia ( Spanish pronunciation : [ moˈɾelja ] ; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid ) is a city and municipality in the north central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico . The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and largest city of the state . The main pre-Hispanic cultures here were the Purépecha and the Matlatzinca , but no major cities were founded in the valley during this time . The Spanish took control of the area in the 1520s . The Spanish under Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza founded a settlement here in 1541 with the name of Valladolid , which became rival to the nearby city of Pátzcuaro for dominance in Michoacán . In 1580 , this rivalry ended in Valladolid 's favor and it became the capital of the colonial province . After the Mexican War of Independence , the city was renamed Morelia in honor of José María Morelos , who hailed from the city . In 1991 , the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved colonial buildings and layout of the historic center ."}]}, {'value': 'Morelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Morelos', 'summary': "Estadio Morelos is a football stadium located along Periférico Independencia , in the Independencia sector , near the base of Cerro del Quinceo in northwest Morelia , Michoacán , México . It 's the site of professional football teams , Monarcas Morelia in the top division of Mexican football and Monarcas Primera A in the league under that . This structure holds various events , such as concerts and religious gatherings and mass . Its official name Estadio José María Morelos y Pavón is meant to honor this hero of the Mexican War of Independence The stadium has an irregular shape , because the areas behind the goals only have one level and 32 rows , along the side there are 4 levels ( one grandstand , one other seating area and 2 box areas ) and 49 stands . According to the Monarcas Morelia website , the capacity of the stadium is 35,000 ."}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Necaxa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Necaxa', 'summary': 'Impulsora del Deportivo Necaxa S.A. de C.V. ( pronounced [ ne.ˈkak.sa ] ) ; often simply known as Club Necaxa , is a Mexican football club in Liga MX based in the city of Aguascalientes . It plays in the Estadio Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Aguascalientes City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aguascalientes_City', 'summary': 'Aguascalientes ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˌaɣwaskaˈljentes ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the state of Aguascalientes and is its most populous city , with a metropolitan population of 1,000,000 . It is located in North-Central Mexico . It is part of the macroregion of Bajío , which is among the safest and most prosperous regions in Mexico . It was part of the kingdom of Nueva Galicia . In 1835 Aguascalientes became the capital of the Free and Sovereign State of Aguascalientes . Aguascalientes has been called the cleanest city in Latin America . Aguascalientes is experiencing an ongoing social , economic , and aesthetic revitalization process . Aguascalientes has a population which includes Japanese , Koreans , and Germans . It stands on the banks of the Aguascalientes river , 1880 meters above sea level , at 21°51′N 102°18′W / 21.850°N 102.300°W / 21.850 ; -102.300 . It is the municipal seat for the Aguascalientes Municipality . The Aguascalientes metropolitan area includes the municipality of Jesús María and San Francisco de los Romo . It was a Chichimeca Indian territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Victoria', 'summary': 'Estadio Victoria is sports stadium in the Mexican city of Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes . The stadium opened in 2003 and has a capacity of 23,851 seats . Although the stadium is capable of multi-use , its main use is for soccer games . It is the home stadium of the Necaxa football club , which played in Mexico City at the Estadio Azteca before relocating to Aguascalientes and Estadio Victoria . The stadium is named after a leading brand of beer brewed by Grupo Modelo .'}]}, {'value': '25,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pachuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.F._Pachuca', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Pachuca is a Mexican professional football team based in Pachuca , Hidalgo , that competes in Liga MX . Founded by Cornish miners in 1901 , it is one of the oldest football clubs in the Americas . After decades of mediocre or poor performances between the 1st and 2nd division , Pachuca was promoted once again to the Primera División in 1998 . Since then , it has been one of the most successful clubs in Mexico , winning six national championships , four CONCACAF Champions ' Cups , the 2007 SuperLiga , and one Copa Sudamericana . In 2006 , Pachuca became the first CONCACAF team to win a CONMEBOL tournament . Pachuca was one of the founding members of the Mexican Primera División ."}]}, {'value': 'Pachuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pachuca', 'summary': "Pachuca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ paˈtʃuka ] ( listen ) ) , formally known as Pachuca de Soto , is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Hidalgo . It is located in the south-central part of the state . Pachuca de Soto is also the name of the municipality of which the city serves as municipal seat . Pachuca is located about 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) from Mexico City via Mexican Federal Highway 85 . There is no consensus about the origin of the name Pachuca . It has been traced to the word pachoa ( strait ; opening ) , Pachoacan ( place of government ; place of silver and gold ) , and patlachuican ( place of factories ; place of tears ) . The official name of Pachuca is Pachuca de Soto in honor of congressman Manuel Fernando Soto , who is given credit for the creation of Hidalgo state . Its nickname of La bella airosa ( Beautiful Airy City ) comes from the strong winds that blow into the valley through the canyons to the north of the city . In the indigenous Otomi language , Pachuca is known as Nju̱nthe . The area had been long inhabited , but except for some green obsidian the mining that Pachuca is famous for began in the mid-16th century , during Spanish colonial rule . Pachuca remained a major mining center until the mid-20th century , with the city 's fortunes going up and down with the health of the mining sector . In the mid-20th century , a major downturn in mining pushed Pachuca to change the basis of its economy to industry , resulting in the revamping of the Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo ."}]}, {'value': 'Hidalgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Hidalgo', 'summary': "The Estadio Hidalgo is a football stadium named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . It is located in Pachuca in the Mexican state of Hidalgo , also named in honor of Miguel Hidalgo . This sport facility is one of Mexico 's mid-sized soccer stadiums , with a capacity of 27,512 . It opened in January 1993 , but recently was refurbished and modernized . It is located in the city of Pachuca , formerly a large mining site . This building is used mostly for soccer games and is the home of C.F . Pachuca ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puebla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Puebla', 'summary': 'Club Puebla , formerly Puebla F.C . is a Mexican professional football club based in the city of Puebla , competing in the Liga MX . The team shirt features a diagonal stripe ( traditionally blue on white on the home kit , and a combination of different colors on the away kits ) that crosses the chest diagonally from right to left , which is considered a distinctive element of its identity . Since 1904 , the city of Puebla had an official football team . It started as club Puebla AC , founded by Englishmen . It was later incorporated into the Mexican football league during the amateur era . In the 1944-45 season , they won their first official tournament , the Copa Mexico ( nowadays known as Copa MX ) . They won that trophy again in the 1953-54 season . Their first league title came in the 1982-83 season after defeating Guadalajara on penalty kicks . The team won a third Copa Mexico on the 1987-88 season , and in the 1989-90 season , they won both their fourth Copa Mexico and their second league title after beating Universidad de Guadalajara . This feat ( winning both the league and the Copa Mexico championships ) earned the team the right to be counted among the Campeonísimos . In 1991 , they defeated Police from Trinidad and Tobago for their first CONCACAF championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Puebla City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puebla_City', 'summary': "Puebla ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpweβla ] ) known in Spanish as Puebla de Zaragoza , formally Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza and in colonial times as Puebla de los Ángeles , is the seat of Puebla Municipality , the capital and largest city of the state of Puebla , and the second largest in colonial Mexico and the richest Catholic diocese . A colonial era planned city , it is located in ( southern ) Central Mexico on the main route between the capital , Mexico City , and Mexico 's main Atlantic port , Veracruz - about 100 km east southeast of Mexico City and about 220 km west of Veracruz . The city was founded in 1531 in an area called Cuetlaxcoapan , which means where serpents change their skin , in between of two of the main indigenous settlements at the time , Tlaxcala and Cholula . This valley was not populated in the 16th century , as in the pre-Hispanic period this area was primarily used for the flower wars between a number of populations . [ failed verification ] Due to its history and architectural styles ranging from Renaissance to Mexican Baroque , the city was named a World Heritage Site in 1987 . The city is also famous for mole poblano , chiles en nogada and Talavera pottery . However , most of its economy is based on industry . Being both the fourth largest city in Mexico and the fourth largest Metropolitan area in Mexico , it has a current population of 3,250,000 people , and the city serves as one of the main hubs for eastern Central Mexico . Many students come from all over the country to study in its many renowned and prestigious universities , such as BUAP , UDLAP , Ibero , UPAEP and Tecnológico de Monterrey , among others . The city also excels because of its industry , with the world 's largest Volkswagen factory outside Germany located in the Municipality of Cuautlancingo and Audi plant in San José Chiapa being the most technologically advanced plant in the western hemisphere . As a result , many suppliers to Volkswagen and Audi assembly plants have opened factories in the metropolitan area of Puebla ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuauhtémoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Cuauhtémoc', 'summary': 'Estadio Cuauhtémoc is a football stadium in the city of Puebla , Mexico . It is the home of Club Puebla . It is currently the fourth biggest football stadium in Mexico by capacity . The stadium has been the host of the 1970 FIFA World Cup and the 1986 FIFA World Cup . From November 2014 - 2015 , the stadium went through massive renovations . As of November 2015 , Cuauhtémoc Stadium is considered to be an innovation in textile design and sports architecture in Mexico , since it is the first and only stadium in Latin America to have a facade totally covered with ETFE .'}]}, {'value': '51,726', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Querétaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Querétaro_F.C.', 'summary': 'Querétaro Fútbol Club , also called Gallos Blancos de Querétaro , is a Mexican professional football club based in Querétaro City , Mexico . Querétaro plays in the Liga MX , the top level of the Mexican football league system . Their colors are blue , black , and white and the team mascot is a rooster . They were to be relegated to the Liga de Ascenso in 2013 , but Chiapas F.C . was relocated to Querétaro .'}]}, {'value': 'Querétaro City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Querétaro_City', 'summary': "Santiago de Querétaro ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sanˈtjaɣo ðe keˈɾetaɾo ] ) , known simply as Querétaro City , is the capital and largest city of the state of Querétaro , located in central Mexico . It is part of the macroregion of Bajío . It is located 213 kilometers ( 132 mi ) northwest of Mexico City , 63 kilometers ( 39 mi ) southeast of San Miguel de Allende and 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) south of San Luis Potosí . The city of Querétaro is divided into seven boroughs : Josefa Vergara y Hernández , Felipe Carrillo Puerto , Centro Histórico , Cayetano Rubio , Santa Rosa Jáuregui , Félix Osores Sotomayor and Epigmenio González . In 1996 , the historic center of Querétaro was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO . It is a strong business and economic centre and a vigorous service city that is experiencing an ongoing social and economic revitalization . Querétaro has seen an outstanding industrial and economic development since the mid-1990s . Querétaro metropolitan area has the 2nd highest GDP per capita among Mexico 's metropolitan areas with 20,000 USD after Monterrey . The city is the fastest-growing in the country , basing its economy on IT and data centers , logistics services , aircraft manufacturing and maintenance , call centers , the automotive and machinery industries , and the production of chemicals and food products . The region of Querétaro has a rapidly growing vineyards agriculture and hosts the famous wine producer from Spain Freixenet . Wine production in Querétaro is now the second largest in Mexico after that of the Baja California region . All this has caused the city and the metropolitan area to attract many migrants from other parts of Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Corregidora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Corregidora', 'summary': 'Estadio Corregidora de Querétaro is a stadium in Querétaro City , Mexico . Named for Mexican War of Independence heroine Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez ( La Corregidora ) , it has a capacity of 33,162 and is located on the outskirts of the city of Querétaro , 211 kilometres ( 131 mi ) north of Mexico City . This venue is used mostly for football ( soccer ) games . It is the home of the team Querétaro FC and hosted the 1986 FIFA World Cup . Built in 1985 in a collaboration between Mexican and European partners , it is considered one of the most notable stadiums in Mexico . [ citation needed ] Its design allows for the safe exit of all spectators even if full in less than seven minutes . It is one of the largest football venues in Mexico , after the Estadio Azteca , the Estadio Olímpico Universitario , the Estadio Azul ( all in Mexico City ) , Estadio Cuauhtémoc in Puebla , Estadio BBVA Bancomer in greater Monterrey and Estadio Jalisco in Guadalajara , Jalisco It is also used for concerts , hosting internationally known pop stars like Rod Stewart , Miguel Bosé and Shakira , among others .'}]}, {'value': '33,162', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santos Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos_Laguna', 'summary': "Club Santos Laguna S.A. de C.V. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsantos laˈɣuna ] ) , commonly known as Santos Laguna or Santos , is a Mexican professional football club who were the champions of the Liga MX Clausura . Located in northern Mexico and representing the urban area of La Comarca Lagunera , made up of Torreón , Gómez Palacio and Lerdo Municipalities , Santos Laguna plays in Liga MX . Santos Laguna was founded in 1983 and reached Mexico 's top division after buying the Ángeles de Puebla club . The club debuted in Mexico 's top division in the 1988-89 tournament . They have won six tournaments : Invierno 1996 , Verano 2001 , Clausura 2008 , Clausura 2012 , Clausura 2015 , Clausura 2018 . The club reached the finals in the 1993-94 season , Verano 2000 , Bicentenario 2010 , Apertura 2010 and Apertura 2011 . Santos Laguna won the Apertura 2014 Copa MX . Santos is the third football club formed in the Laguna region , after the unsuccessful Laguna Football Club and Football Club Torreon ( which formed the Black Lions of the University Deportivo Guadalajara and Neza , respectively ) . In 2018 , the club celebrated its 35th anniversary with a change in their logo . In a February 17 , 2013 poll , by Consulta Mitofsky , it was the fifth-most-popular team in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Torreón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torreón', 'summary': "Torreón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ toreˈon ] ( listen ) ) is a city and seat of Torreón Municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila . As of 2015 , the city 's population was 679,288 . The Metropolitan population as of 2015 was 1,497,734 , making it the ninth-biggest metropolitan area in the country and the largest Metropolitan area in the state of Coahuila , as well as one of Mexico 's most important economic and industrial centers . The cities of Torreón , Gómez Palacio , Lerdo , Matamoros , Francisco I. Madero , San Pedro , Bermejillo , and Tlahualilo form the area of La Laguna or the Comarca Lagunera , a basin within the Chihuahuan Desert . The area was originally a center for ranching . With irrigation , the city became an important center for farming and the processing of cotton . In the middle of the 20th century , it became an industrial city . The city has industries in textiles , clothing and metals processing . Some important industries and companies have business here , like Peñoles , Motores John Deere , Grupo Lala , Yura Corporation , as well as stores like Soriana , Cimaco , and Extra . There are also several shopping malls in the city , including Galerias Laguna , Almanara , Plaza Cuatro Caminos and InterMall . Torreón is served by Francisco Sarabia International Airport , an airport with flights to several cities in Mexico and the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Corona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Corona', 'summary': 'The Estadio TSM Corona is a stadium in Torreón , Coahuila , México , and the home stadium of Santos Laguna of Liga MX .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tijuana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Tijuana', 'summary': 'Club Tijuana Xoloitzcuintles de Caliente , commonly referred to as Xolos de Tijuana , or simply as Xolos , is a Mexican professional football club from Tijuana , Baja California , Mexico . Founded in January 2007 , the club was promoted to Liga MX in 2011 , where they have played since . They won their first title in the 2012 Apertura .'}]}, {'value': 'Tijuana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tijuana', 'summary': "Tijuana ( US : /tiːˈ ( h ) wɑːnə/ tee- ( H ) WAH-nə , [ a ] Spanish : [ tiˈxwana ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city of both Baja California State and the Baja Peninsula . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana transborder urban agglomeration and the larger Southern California megalopolis . As the 6th-largest city in Mexico and center of the 6th-largest metro area in Mexico , Tijuana exerts a strong influence in education and politics - across Mexico , in transportation , culture and art - across all three Californias ( the U.S. state of California , Baja California and Baja California Sur ) , and in manufacturing and as a migration hub - across the North American continent . Currently one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in Mexico , Tijuana maintains GaWC 'sufficiency city ' status . As of 2015 [ update ] , the city of Tijuana had a population of 1,641,570 . Tijuana is located on the Gold Coast of Baja California , and is the municipal seat and the cultural and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality ( Mexican states are divided into municipalities , rather than counties as in the U.S. ) . Tijuana covers 70% of the territory of the municipality and contains 80% of its population . A dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent , the city maintains facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies . In the early 21st century , Tijuana became the medical-device manufacturing capital of North America . Tijuana is also a growing cultural center and has been recognized as an important new cultural mecca . The city is the most visited border city in the world ; sharing a border of about 24 km ( 15 mi ) with its sister city San Diego . More than fifty million people cross the border between these two cities every year ."}]}, {'value': 'Caliente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Caliente', 'summary': "The Estadio Caliente Xoloitzcuintles is a multi-use stadium in Tijuana , Baja California , Mexico , that is mostly used for football matches . The stadium hosts home matches for the football club Club Tijuana , who play in Liga MX , Mexico 's top league ."}]}, {'value': '27,333', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toluca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Toluca_F.C.', 'summary': "Deportivo Toluca Fútbol Club S.A. de C.V. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ depoɾˈtiβo toˈluka ˈfutβol ˈkluβ ] ) , commonly known as Deportivo Toluca or just Toluca , is a Mexican football club , playing in the Liga MX , the top-flight of Mexican football . Toluca 's stadium , Estadio Nemesio Díez is located in Toluca , State of Mexico in Mexico . The team was founded in 1917 . Toluca has won the Mexican Primera División 10 times , making it the third most winning team , behind América ( 13 ) and Guadalajara ( 12 ) . Besides this , the team has also won two domestic cups and two CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . According to a 2018 poll , Toluca is the eighth most popular team in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Toluca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toluca', 'summary': 'Toluca [ toˈluka ] , officially called Toluca de Lerdo [ toˈluka ðe ˈleɾðo ] , is the state capital of the State of Mexico as well as the seat of the Municipality of Toluca . It is the center of a rapidly growing urban area , now the fifth largest in Mexico . It is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) west-southwest of Mexico City , about 40 minutes by car to the western edge of the city . According to the 2010 census , the city of Toluca has a population of 819,561 . The city is the fifth largest in Mexico by population . The municipality of Toluca , along with thirteen other municipalities , make up the metropolitan population of 2,116,506 in Greater Toluca as of 2015 [ update ] , making it the fifth most populous metropolitan area in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Nemesio Díez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nemesio_Díez', 'summary': 'The Estadio Nemesio Díez , nicknamed La Bombonera , is one of the oldest football stadiums in Mexico . Opened on August 8 , 1954 , with a capacity of 30,000 seats , it is located in the city of Toluca , Mexico , near Mexico City . It is the home of Deportivo Toluca Fútbol Club . Because of its location this stadium has hosted two World Cups ( 1970 and 1986 ) . The stadium sits at an altitude of roughly 8,750 feet ( 2,670 m ) above sea level , one of the highest altitude stadiums in North America . A former nuance about this stadium is that it did not have a lighting system , which forced the local team as a tradition to play at noon . The stadium was previously known as : Estadio Toluca 70-86 , Estadio Toluca 70 , Estadio Luis Gutiérrez Dosal and Estadio Héctor Barraza .'}]}, {'value': '31,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UANL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tigres_UANL', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Tigres de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , simply known as Tigres UANL or Tigres , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Nicolás de los Garza , a city in the Monterrey metropolitan area . Founded in 1960 , the club has spent 60 years in Liga MX , the top tier of the Mexican football league system . The club had their first major success in the 1975-76 season , becoming the first team from Nuevo León to win a trophy by conquering the Copa MX against Club América . Tigres have been Mexican champions 7 times , and have won the Copa MX three times . The team was the 2015 Copa Libertadores Finals runner-up to River Plate . Tigres is the official team of the University of the state of Nuevo León . Their home is the 41,615 capacity Estadio Universitario , located inside the University complex in San Nicolás de los Garza . The team 's traditional kit colours are gold and blue . Tigres is one of the two professional football teams of Nuevo León , along with rival CF Monterrey ."}]}, {'value': 'San Nicolás de los Garza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Nicolás_de_los_Garza', 'summary': 'San Nicolás de los Garza , sometimes known only as San Nicolás , is a city and coextensive municipality in the Mexican state of Nuevo León that is part of the Monterrey Metropolitan area . It has become primarily a city for residencies and family houses , although it still has several factories that tend to relocate to the periphery of the metropolitan area . It is the third-largest city in the state , behind Monterrey and Guadalupe . It houses the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León ( Autonomous University of Nuevo León ) , one of the most prestigious public schools in Mexico and Latin America . San Nicolás , although less populated than Monterrey , has the higher population density .'}]}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Universitario_(UANL)', 'summary': 'The Estadio Universitario ( University Stadium ) - nicknamed El Volcán ( Spanish for The Volcano ) is a football stadium located on the campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León in San Nicolás de los Garza , Nuevo León , Mexico .'}]}, {'value': '42,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Universidad Nacional A.C. , commonly known as Pumas de la UNAM , Pumas UNAM , UNAM , or Pumas , is a Mexican league football club based in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City . Club Universidad Nacional represent the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) and play their home matches at Estadio Olímpico Universitario , located on UNAM 's main campus . Universidad Nacional is one of the most popular clubs in Mexico . They have won seven Primera División championships and four international titles . The team is also known for their youth development system which has produced international players such as Hugo Sánchez , Manuel Negrete , Luis Flores , Claudio Suárez , Luis García , Alberto García Aspe , David Patiño , Jorge Campos , Gerardo Torrado , Efraín Juárez , Héctor Moreno , Pablo Barrera , Israel Castro , Eduardo Herrera and Jesús Gallardo ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_Universitario', 'summary': 'Estadio Olímpico Universitario is a multi-purpose stadium located in Ciudad Universitaria , Mexico City . It was built in 1952 and at that time was the largest stadium in Mexico . This stadium has a capacity of 72,000 . The first major event held in the stadium was the 1955 Pan American Games . During the 1950s and the 1960s this stadium was used mostly for college American football matches between the largest Mexican public universities at the time : UNAM and IPN . From the late 1950s it was used for football matches , some American football matches and athletics . American architect Frank Lloyd Wright called it the most important building in the modern America . [ dubious - discuss ] The Olímpico Universitario hosted the 1968 Summer Olympics ; for the event the seating capacity was increased from 70,000 to 83,700 spectators ( without substantially modifying the original structure ) to cover the IOC requirements for an Olympic stadium . It was the location of the track and field competitions , equestrian events , certain association football matches , the arrival of the marathon and the opening and closing ceremonies . This was the Olympics in which Tommie Smith and John Carlos protested against the treatment of African Americans in the United States by performing a black power salute during the medal ceremony for the 200 metres . The stadium also hosted the track and field events at the 1975 Pan American Games . The stadium hosted four games of the 1986 FIFA World Cup , but the final match was played in the bigger Estadio Azteca in Mexico City .'}]}, {'value': '52,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stadiums and locations', 'section_text': 'GuadalajaraAtlasAtl . San LuisLeónUANLMonterreyMoreliaNecaxaPachucaPueblaJuárezQuerétaroSantos LagunaTijuanaTolucaMexico City Location of the 2019–20 Liga MX teams AméricaCruz AzulUNAM Location of the 2018–19 Liga MX teams in Greater Mexico City', 'uid': 'Liga_MX_1', 'intro': "The Liga MX (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈliɣa ˈeme ˈekis] is the top tier of the Mexican football league system. Currently sponsored by BBVA through its Mexican subsidiary BBVA México, it is officially known as Liga BBVA MX. The season has two tournaments: Apertura, which starts in the summer, and Clausura, which starts in the winter. As of 2020, the league comprises 18 clubs, with one being relegated every year (two tournaments) based upon its league performances over the previous three years. The first 8 teams in the table at the end of the regular phase of the tournament qualify to the liguilla (mini-league, or playoff). Until July 2011, the league was divided into 3 tiers. The group formatting was removed in favor of a single-table format. The league is considered the strongest in North America, and among the strongest in all of Latin America. According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics, the league currently ranks 20th worldwide and was ranked as the 10th strongest league in the first decade of the 21st century (2001-2010). According to CONCACAF, the league - with an average attendance of 25,557 during the 2014-15 season - draws the largest crowds on average of any football league in the Americas and the third largest crowds of any professional sports league in North America, behind only the National Football League and Major League Baseball, and ahead of the Canadian Football League. It is also the fourth most attended football league in the world behind Germany's Bundesliga, England's Premier League and Spain's La Liga. Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league, América has won the title 13 times, followed by Guadalajara (12), Toluca (10), Cruz Azul (8), León, UANL and UNAM (7), and Pachuca and Santos Laguna (6)."}
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What is the capacity of the stadium of the Liga MX team nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) ?
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87,000
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0211fd6b407d131e
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games', 'title': 'Aksys Games', 'header': ['Title', 'First release', 'Developer ( s )', 'Platform ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Calamity_Trigger', 'summary': "BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā ) is a fighting game developed by Arc System Works in 2008 . The game 's name is a portmanteau of blaze and blue , with the z sound omitted in the Japanese pronunciation , rendering it similar to the word bray in pronunciation . Originally released for the arcades , it was also released for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Windows . A port for the PlayStation Portable , titled BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger Portable ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー ポータブル , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā Pōtaburu ) , was released in 2010 . It was the first title in the BlazBlue game series and extended franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Battle Fantasia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Fantasia', 'summary': "Battle Fantasia ( バトルファンタジア , Batoru Fantajia ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . Originally released in Japanese arcades in April 2007 , the title was ported to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 home consoles in Japan in May 2008 , with a North American Xbox 360-exclusive version released in English in September 2008 by Aksys Games . It was later released in the PAL region in 2009 for both systems by 505 Games ( Europe ) and Aksys Games ( Australia ) . A Microsoft Windows version , ported in collaboration with DotEmu and distributed via Steam , was released on July 7 , 2015 as Battle Fantasia : Revised Edition . The game 's development was headed by Emiko Iwasaki , who had previously served as illustrator for the company 's Guilty Gear series , and features three-dimensional character models restricted to a two-dimensional plane . Battle Fantasia retains a number of features of its predecessor including fast-paced gameplay , colorful anime-style graphics , and over-the-top effects , yet was designed to be a more basic representation of the fighting genre . The game is notable for its stylistic departure from many fighting games , and is set in a fantasy world depicted as a storybook , and borrows many superficial elements from role-playing games including damage represented as numbers and a text-heavy story mode , which involves a number of heroes answering the call to battle to stop an evil force from once again attempting to destroy the world . Battle Fantasia met with relatively low sales in Japan and received mixed to average reviews from critics ."}]}, {'value': 'December 22 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War ( アガレスト戦記 , Agaresuto Senki ) , known in Europe as Agarest : Generations of War , is a tactical role-playing game for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . The game is a collaboration between Idea Factory , Red Entertainment and Compile Heart . An updated port of the game was released in Japan for the Xbox 360 on November 27 , 2008 . HyperDevbox released an Android port on December 19 , 2013 , and an iOS port on May 16 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Continuum_Shift', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto ) is a 2009 fighting game developed by Arc System Works as an official sequel to BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger . As with the previous game , the game first came to arcades before both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions as the game was currently released for the Taito Type X2 arcade system board , with a 16:9 ratio and 768p resolution . Revisions entitled BlazBlue : Continuum Shift II ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト ツウ , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Tsū ) and BlazBlue : Continuum Shift Extend ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Ekusutendo ) were released in arcades in 2010-2011 . They were later ported to the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo 3DS , and Windows .'}]}, {'value': 'July 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcana Heart 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcana_Heart_3', 'summary': 'Arcana Heart 3 ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī ) is a 2011 2D arcade fighting game developed by Team Arcana ( the first three updates co-developed with Examu ( formerly Yuki Enterprise ) ) and published by Arc System Works . It is the third entry in the Arcana Heart series , following the events of Arcana Heart 2 . The game went through location tests in Japan starting in late 2011 , and was officially released on September 20 , 2011 . An official PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was later released on February 6 , 2013 . An American ( PlayStation Network only ) version was released on August 20 , 2013 by Aksys Games and in Europe on October 2 , 2013 by Zen United . An update for the game , called Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max ! ! ! ! ! , written with multiple exclamation marks ) , with rebalanced gameplay and new game modes was released in Japan on May 8 , 2013 for Arcades , and later released for PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows . This was followed by Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max Six Stars ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX SIX STARS ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max Six Stars ! ! !'}]}, {'value': 'April 19 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works , Examu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Examu', 'summary': "Examu , formerly known as Yuki Enterprise , is a Japanese video game company created in 2000 who mostly produces fighting games for arcades and home consoles . It is known for owning Team Arcana , the developer of the original IP series Arcana Heart . Initially , they developed games for their own arcade system board called eX-Board , to then release their games almost exclusively on Taito 's NESiCAxLive arcade delivery system . Support for eX-Board ceased in December , 2013 . By the end of February 2020 , Examu will suspend business operations by the end of February 2020 . Any ongoing development works and product supports ( most particularly ongoing supported fighting games ( including licensed fighting games ) ) are migrating to Team Arcana ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War_Zero', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War Zero , known as Agarest Senki Zero ( アガレスト戦記 ZERO , Agaresuto Senki Zero ) in Japan and Agarest : Generations of War Zero in Europe , is a tactical role-playing game developed by Compile Heart and Red Entertainment . It was published in Japan by Idea Factory on June 25 , 2009 for the PlayStation 3 . It is the prequel to the 2007 game Record of Agarest War . An enhanced port of Agarest Zero was released for the Xbox 360 titled Agarest Senki Zero : Dawn of War . The Xbox 360 version contained extra content not found in the PlayStation 3 version of the game , such as costumes , CGs and more . Both versions feature an extra mode where you can return to the maps from the previous game , and unlock characters via the PlayStation Store or Xbox Live Marketplace .'}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War_2', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War 2 , known as Agarest Senki 2 ( アガレスト戦記2 , Agaresuto Senki 2 ) in Japan and as Agarest : Generations of War 2 in Europe , is a tactical role-playing game developed by Idea Factory and Red Entertainment . It was published in Japan by Compile Heart on November 18 , 2010 for the PlayStation 3 . A Windows version was released in February 19 , 2015 . It is the sequel to the 2007 game Record of Agarest War and the third game in the series . A patch via download allows for use of a PlayStation Move motion controller for certain mini-games . The Soul Breeding system receives a new additional feature with the implementation of a Dark Love ending which occurs if the relationship rate is low with the chosen mate . Rather than a happy wedding , the main character has a marriage with his bride for political interests and enters a loveless relationship to conceive a child , resulting in poor stats for the next protagonist .'}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Crazy Strike Bowling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 21 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corecell Technology', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Bit.Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bit.Trip_Presents..._Runner2:_Future_Legend_of_Rhythm_Alien', 'summary': 'Bit.Trip Presents . Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien , generally shortened as Runner2 , is a 2013 side-scrolling platformer developed by Gaijin Games . The game is the direct sequel to Bit.Trip Runner and has been released as a downloadable title available on the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , Xbox 360 and Wii U consoles , Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux and on iOS . The PC , Mac , Linux , and Wii U versions were self-published by Gaijin Games , and the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions were published by Aksys Games . Cutscenes and menus are narrated by Charles Martinet . While Runner2 has a lot in common with its predecessor , its polygonal graphics mark a significant departure from past entries in the Bit.Trip series . In an interview with Push Square , Gaijin Games co-founder Mike Roush cited the studios urge to spread its wings a bit as the inspiration behind the change . Runner2 has been well received by video game critics . The game received a sequel , Runner3 , for the Nintendo Switch and PC platforms in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 5 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaijin Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaijin_Games', 'summary': 'Choice Provisions Inc. , formerly known as Gaijin Games Inc. prior to June 2014 , is an independent video game development studio , best known for their Bit.Trip series of video games . The studio was founded in 2007 by Alex Neuse , Mike Roush , and Chris Osborn and is located in Santa Cruz , California .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Magus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magus_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Magus ( pronounced may-jus ) , is an action role-playing game for the PlayStation 3 , co-developed by Black Tower and Aksys Games . The title has become infamous due to the negative reception it received from critics upon release .'}]}, {'value': 'February 25 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Tower_Studios', 'summary': 'Black Tower Studios is a Japanese game developer based in Tokyo and Australia . It was started by former Acquire creative director Richie Casper . Black Tower primarily creates action role-playing games for smartphones and tablets . Black Tower co-developed their first full game for the PlayStation 3 with Aksys Games .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Chrono_Phantasma', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma , released in Japan as BlazBlue : Chronophantasma ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ , BureiBurū Kuronofantazuma ) , is a 2-D fighting game developed by Arc System Works . It is the third game of the Blazblue series , set after the events of BlazBlue : Continuum Shift . The game was originally to be released first as an arcade game in the early fourth quarter of 2012 , which was later pushed forward to November 2012 . A PlayStation 3 version of the game was released in Japan on October 24 , 2013 , while it was released in the United States on March 25 , 2014 . Due to limited hardware and disc space the game was not released on the Xbox 360 . An updated version of the game titled BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma Ekusutendo , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma Extend ) , dubbed as BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma 2.0 ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ ２.０ , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma 2.0 , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma 2.0 ) in the Arcade version , was originally released for Arcades in October 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in April 2015 . It was released on June 30 , 2015 in North America , with the European region version releasing on October 23 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 25 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Hakuoki : Stories of the Shinsengumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakuōki', 'summary': 'Hakuoki ( 薄桜鬼 〜新選組奇譚〜 , Hakuoki ~Shinsengumi Kitan~ , Demon of the Fleeting Blossom : The Mysterious Tale of the Shinsengumi ) is an otome video game series by Idea Factory , released for the PlayStation 2 and ported to PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable ( VITA ) , Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS . It has been adapted into an anime series by Studio Deen ; the first season began airing in Japan on the TV Kanagawa and UHF stations on April 4 , 2010 . The second season began airing on October 10 , 2010 and ended on December 12 , 2010 . The series has been adapted as two different manga series . A third series based on the prequel , Hakuoki Reimeiroku aired in summer of 2012 . Two films were released in 2013 and 2014 . The first was released in August 2013 and was released on DVD February 2014 . The film is a retelling of both seasons in greater detail and with a slightly different ending . The second film was released on March 8 , 2014 . The anime television series and films have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'May 6 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idea Factory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idea_Factory', 'summary': 'Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Xblaze Code : Embryo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xblaze_Code:_Embryo', 'summary': "XBlaze Code : Embryo ( エクスブレイズ コード：エンブリオ , EkusuBureizu Kōdo : Enburio ) is a prequel visual novel of the fighting game series BlazBlue by Arc System Works . It was released in Japan for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on July 23 , 2013 and North America on June 24 , 2014 by Aksys Games . The Microsoft Windows 's version was released worldwide on March 1 , 2016 . A sequel titled XBlaze Lost : Memories has been released for the PS3 and Vita in 2015 and on Windows in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 24 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcana_Heart_3', 'summary': 'Arcana Heart 3 ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī ) is a 2011 2D arcade fighting game developed by Team Arcana ( the first three updates co-developed with Examu ( formerly Yuki Enterprise ) ) and published by Arc System Works . It is the third entry in the Arcana Heart series , following the events of Arcana Heart 2 . The game went through location tests in Japan starting in late 2011 , and was officially released on September 20 , 2011 . An official PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was later released on February 6 , 2013 . An American ( PlayStation Network only ) version was released on August 20 , 2013 by Aksys Games and in Europe on October 2 , 2013 by Zen United . An update for the game , called Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max ! ! ! ! ! , written with multiple exclamation marks ) , with rebalanced gameplay and new game modes was released in Japan on May 8 , 2013 for Arcades , and later released for PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows . This was followed by Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max Six Stars ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX SIX STARS ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max Six Stars ! ! !'}]}, {'value': 'September 23 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works , Examu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Examu', 'summary': "Examu , formerly known as Yuki Enterprise , is a Japanese video game company created in 2000 who mostly produces fighting games for arcades and home consoles . It is known for owning Team Arcana , the developer of the original IP series Arcana Heart . Initially , they developed games for their own arcade system board called eX-Board , to then release their games almost exclusively on Taito 's NESiCAxLive arcade delivery system . Support for eX-Board ceased in December , 2013 . By the end of February 2020 , Examu will suspend business operations by the end of February 2020 . Any ongoing development works and product supports ( most particularly ongoing supported fighting games ( including licensed fighting games ) ) are migrating to Team Arcana ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Guilty Gear Xrd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guilty_Gear_Xrd', 'summary': 'Guilty Gear Xrd [ a ] ( Japanese : ギルティギア イグザード , Hepburn : Giruti Gia Iguzādo ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . The 5th main ( 16th overall ) installment in the Guilty Gear series , Guilty Gear Xrd was developed using Unreal Engine 3 , with cel-shaded graphics in place of the series traditional hand drawn sprites . Following the storyline of the last game in the series , Guilty Gear 2 : Overture , it introduced seven new characters . The first Xrd game , Guilty Gear Xrd -Sign- was released in arcades on February 20 , 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in Japan and North America in December of the same year . A digital-only release happened in Europe in June 2015 , and it was brought to Microsoft Windows via Steam on December 9 , 2015 . The game has been praised for its cel-shaded graphics and approachable gameplay , but criticized for its non-interactive story mode and smaller roster of characters . A sequel follow-up , [ b ] titled Guilty Gear Xrd -Revelator- , was released on consoles in May-June 2016 . An update title to Revelator titled Guilty Gear Xrd Rev 2 was announced at Arc System Works Fighting Game Award 2016 on January 14 , 2017 and released for Arcades in March 2017 , while PS3 , PS4 and PC versions were released worldwide at the end of May 2017 . The Rev 2 update patch for those who bought Revelator on PlayStation Store or Steam was released as a paid-DLC . The PS4 also received an exclusive physical disc version .'}]}, {'value': 'December 16 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Under Night In-Birth Exe : Late', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Under_Night_In-Birth', 'summary': 'Under Night In-Birth ( アンダーナイトインヴァース , Andā naito invāsu ) is a visual novel and 2D fighting game co-developed by Ecole Software and French-Bread , known for the licensed fighting game , Type-Moons Melty Blood series . Since its initial arcade release in Japan , Under Night In-Birth has received numerous version updates , adjusting various system features and character attributes as well as adding several new playable characters to the roster .'}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecole Software , French Bread', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecole_Software', 'summary': 'Ecole Software ( 株式会社エコールソフトウェア ECOLE SOFTWARE CORPORATION ) , commonly known as Ecole , is a Japanese corporation dealing in the development and sale of arcade and console video games , which was established on March 31 , 1989 , with representative director Yoshiyuki Manabe . Although the company was initially established in the Harbor Ward of Osaka City , the company is currently headquartered in Nishinomiya City of Hyogo Prefecture . Prior to entering the video game industry , Ecole was involved in CAD software development . The company marked its entrance into the industry by its release of Pappara : Paoon on November 22 , 1995 . That was shortly followed by the release of light gun shooter Death Crimson , which became an instant hit . In addition , the puzzle game Musapeys Choco Marker received high rankings among puzzle gamers . Ecole is also known for its role in gal games like Raindia , which features attractive characters , and gay games like Coxbax . However , the company has shifted its industry focus ever since the release of its greatly-successful arcade game Melty Blood . Act Cadenza . Ecole is mostly known associate with a video game developer company French Bread on mostly producing 2D fighting game products .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_Bread_(game_developer)', 'summary': 'French Bread is a video game developer founded in 1995 as Watanabe Production ( 渡辺製作所 , Watanabe Seisakujo ) . Originally a dōjin circle , French Bread became well known for their work in 2D fighting games , particularly the Melty Blood series . In recent years , they have also worked on other licensed-based fighting games such as Dengeki Bunko Fighting Climax and their own original IP , Under Night In-Birth .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Twilight_Ghost_Hunters', 'summary': 'Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters ( 魔都紅色幽撃隊 , Mato Kurenai Yūgekitai ) is a video game produced by Toybox Inc. for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita . It was originally released on 10 April 2014 in Japan by Arc System Works , and was released in North America by Aksys Games on 10 March 2015 and in Europe by NIS America on 13 March 2015 . An updated version with a reworked battle system , titled Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters Daybreak : Special Gigs , was released in Japan on 26 November 2015 , in North America on 20 September 2016 and in Europe on 21 October 2016 for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita . A Microsoft Windows version of Daybreak : Special Gigs , published by PQube , was released worldwide on 17 March 2017 . The game includes adventure game and visual novel gameplay , as well as strategy role-playing elements .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Chrono_Phantasma', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma , released in Japan as BlazBlue : Chronophantasma ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ , BureiBurū Kuronofantazuma ) , is a 2-D fighting game developed by Arc System Works . It is the third game of the Blazblue series , set after the events of BlazBlue : Continuum Shift . The game was originally to be released first as an arcade game in the early fourth quarter of 2012 , which was later pushed forward to November 2012 . A PlayStation 3 version of the game was released in Japan on October 24 , 2013 , while it was released in the United States on March 25 , 2014 . Due to limited hardware and disc space the game was not released on the Xbox 360 . An updated version of the game titled BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma Ekusutendo , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma Extend ) , dubbed as BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma 2.0 ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ ２.０ , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma 2.0 , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma 2.0 ) in the Arcade version , was originally released for Arcades in October 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in April 2015 . It was released on June 30 , 2015 in North America , with the European region version releasing on October 23 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Xblaze : Lost Memories', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xblaze:_Lost_Memories', 'summary': "XBlaze Lost : Memories ( エクスブレイズ ロスト：メモリーズ , EkusuBureizu Rosuto : Memorīzu ) is a sequel to the 2013 visual novel Xblaze Code : Embryo developed by Arc System Works . It was released in Japan for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on April 9 , 2015 , in North America on August 11 , 2015 and in Europe on June 21 , 2016 by Aksys Games . The Microsoft Windows 's version was released worldwide on August 11 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 11 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Aegis of Earth : Protonovus Assault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aegis_of_Earth:_Protonovus_Assault', 'summary': 'Aegis of Earth : Protonovus Assault ( 絶対迎撃ウォーズ , Zettai Geigeki Wars : Metropolis Defenders ) is a 2015 real-time tactics video game developed and published by Acquire in Japan , with a western release by Aksys Games ( North America ) and PQube ( Europe ) coming the following year .'}]}, {'value': 'March 15 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acquire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acquire_(company)', 'summary': 'Acquire Corp. ( 株式会社アクワイア , Kabushikigaisha Akuwaia ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher , mainly known for their Tenchu and Way of the Samurai series .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Video games -- Console games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Aksys_Games_1', 'intro': "Aksys Games Localization, Inc. is a video game publisher that specializes in translating and localizing Japanese video games for English-speaking markets. It was founded by Akibo Shieh in 2006. Some of its clients include Namco Bandai Games, Xseed Games, and Atlus USA. Aksys Games is best known for its involvement in the Guilty Gear series. It has become a full-fledged game publisher with the announcement of Eagle Eye Golf for PlayStation 2, and has expressed a desire to publish for all current platforms from Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony. The company's name is coincidentally similar to Arc System Works, with whom it has a partnership. Despite their similar names, and the partnership between them, neither company owns the other. Aksys Games publishes many games for Arc System Works in North America, and has even assisted the latter in releasing the Bit.Trip series in Japan. Aksys is also the North American distributor for the European publisher Rising Star Games."}
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When was the platform the the game co-developed by Black Tower and Aksys Games released ?
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November 11 , 2006
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02121284a5f76602
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hewa_Bora_Airways_destinations', 'title': 'List of Hewa Bora Airways destinations', 'header': ['City', 'Country', 'Region', 'IATA', 'ICAO', 'Airport'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brazzaville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazzaville', 'summary': 'Brazzaville ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ bʁazavil ] , Kongo : Balazavile ; Teke : Ncuna ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo ( Congo Republic ) . Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country , it is located on the north side of the Congo River , opposite Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DR Congo ) . The population of the capital is estimated to exceed 1.8 million residents , comprising more than a third of the national populace , 40% of whom are employed in non-agricultural professions . During World War II , Brazzaville was also the capital of Free France between 1940 and 1942 . In 2013 , Brazzaville was designated a City of Music by UNESCO , and has been a member of the Creative Cities Network since then .'}]}, {'value': 'Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'BZV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FCBB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maya-Maya Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maya-Maya_Airport', 'summary': 'Maya-Maya Airport ( IATA : BZV , ICAO : FCBB ) is the international airport of Brazzaville , the capital of the Republic of the Congo .'}]}, {'value': 'Brussels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Europe', 'summary': 'Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe . Though the term Western Europe is commonly used , there is no consensus on which countries comprise it . Significant historical events that have shaped the concept of Western Europe include the rise of Rome , the influence of Greek culture on the Roman Republic , the adoption of Christianity by Roman Emperors , the division of the Latin West and Greek East , the Fall of the Western Roman Empire , the reign of Charlemagne , the Viking invasions , the East-West Schism , the Black Death , the Renaissance , the Age of Discovery , the Protestant Reformation as well as the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church , the Age of Enlightenment , the French Revolution , the Industrial Revolution , the two world wars , the Cold War , the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the expansion of the European Union . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'BRU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EBBR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brussels Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels_Airport', 'summary': "Brussels Airport ( IATA : BRU , ICAO : EBBR ) ( also called Brussel-Nationaal / Bruxelles-National ( Brussels-National ) or Luchthaven Zaventem ) is an international airport 6.5 NM ( 12.0 km ; 7.5 mi ) northeast of Brussels , the capital of Belgium . In 2019 , more than 26 million passengers arrived or departed at Brussels Airport , making it the 24th busiest airport in Europe . It is located in the municipality of Zaventem in the Province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is home to around 260 companies , together directly employing 20,000 people and serves as the home base for Brussels Airlines and TUI fly Belgium . The company operating the airport is known as The Brussels Airport Company N.V./S.A . ; before 19 October 2006 , the name was BIAC ( Brussels International Airport Company ) , which was created by Belgian law through a merger of BATC with the ground operations departments of the RLW/RVA . Since 2011 , the airport has been owned by the Toronto-based Ontario Teachers ' Pension Plan ( 39% ) , Macquarie Group ( Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund I and Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund III ) ( 36% ) and the Belgian State ( 25% ) . On 22 March 2016 the airport 's departures hall was severely damaged by two terrorist bomb blasts . The airport was closed until 3 April 2016 , when it reopened with temporary facilities at less than 20% of its previous capacity . It has since returned to full operations , with a record of 90,000 passengers on 29 July 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Douala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douala', 'summary': "Douala ( German : Duala ) is the largest city in Cameroon and its economic capital . It is also the capital of Cameroon 's Littoral Region . Home to Central Africa 's largest port and its major international airport , Douala International Airport ( DLA ) , it is the commercial and economic capital of Cameroon and the entire CEMAC region comprising Gabon , Congo , Chad , Equatorial Guinea , Central African Republic and Cameroon . Consequently , it handles most of the country 's major exports , such as oil , cocoa and coffee , timber , metals and fruits . As from 2018 , the city and its surrounding area had an estimated population of 2,768,400 . The city sits on the estuary of Wouri River and its climate is tropical ."}]}, {'value': 'Cameroon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'DLA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FKKD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douala International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douala_International_Airport', 'summary': "Douala International Airport ( French : Aéroport international de Douala ) ( IATA : DLA , ICAO : FKKD ) is an international airport located in Douala , the largest city in Cameroon and the capital of Cameroon 's Littoral Region . With its 4 terminals and an average of 1.5 million passengers and 50,000 tonnes of freight per year it is the country 's busiest airport . The airport is managed and partly owned ( 34% ) by the company Aeroport du Cameroon ( ADC ) which also manages all other 13 airports on the Cameroonian soil ."}]}, {'value': 'Gemena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gemena', 'summary': "Gemena is the capital city of Sud-Ubangi Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . It has a population of 138,527 ( 2012 ) . The city has a large airport and hosts the 10th integrated Brigade of the new FARDC since 2007 . Mobutu Sese Seko 's mother , Mama Yemo , died in Gemena in 1971 ; a vast mausoleum was built in her memory ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'GMA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FZFK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gemena Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gemena_Airport', 'summary': 'Gemena Airport ( French : Aéroport de Gemena ) ( IATA : GMA , ICAO : FZFK ) is an airport serving Gemena , the capital of the Sud-Ubangi District in Sud-Ubangi province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Gemena non-directional beacon ( Ident : GEM ) is located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Goma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goma', 'summary': 'Goma is the capital of North Kivu province in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo . It is located on the northern shore of Lake Kivu , next to the Rwandan city of Gisenyi . The lake and the two cities are in the Albertine Rift , the western branch of the East African Rift system . Goma lies only 13-18 km ( 8.1-11.2 mi ) south of the active Nyiragongo Volcano . The recent history of Goma has been dominated by the volcano and the Rwandan genocide of 1994 , which in turn fuelled the First and Second Congo Wars . The aftermath of these events was still having effects on the city and its surroundings in 2010 . The city was captured by rebels of the March 23 Movement during the M23 rebellion in late 2012 , but has since been retaken by government forces . A pastor infected during the ongoing 2018-20 Kivu Ebola epidemic in the region was found in mid-July 2019 to have travelled to Goma .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'GOM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FZNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goma International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goma_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Goma International Airport ( IATA : GOM , ICAO : FZNA ) is an airport serving Goma , a city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Johannesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg', 'summary': "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -\u2060HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Africa', 'summary': 'Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent , variably defined by geography or geopolitics , and including several countries . The term southern Africa or Southern Africa , generally includes Angola , Botswana , Eswatini ( also known as Swaziland ) , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , South Africa , Zambia , and Zimbabwe , though Angola may be included in Central Africa and Malawi , Mozambique , Zambia and Zimbabwe in East Africa . From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power .'}]}, {'value': 'JNB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FAJS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OR Tambo International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OR_Tambo_International_Airport', 'summary': "O. R. Tambo International Airport ( IATA : JNB , ICAO : FAOR ) is a major international airport situated in Kempton Park , Gauteng , South Africa . It serves as the primary airport for domestic and international travel to/from South Africa and is Africa 's busiest airport , with a capacity to handle up to 28 million passengers annually . The airport serves as the hub for South African Airways . The airport handled over 21 million passengers in 2017 . It was originally known as Jan Smuts International Airport , after the former South African Prime Minister of the same name . The airport was renamed Johannesburg International Airport in 1994 when the newly elected African National Congress ( ANC ) government implemented a policy of not naming airports after politicians . This policy was later reversed , and on 27 October 2006 the airport was renamed O. R. Tambo International Airport after Oliver Reginald Tambo , a former ANC President ."}]}, {'value': 'Kananga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kananga', 'summary': 'Kananga , formerly known as Luluabourg or Luluaburg , is the capital city of the Kasai-Central Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and was the capital of the former Kasaï-Occidental Province . In 2015 the city had an estimated population of 1,271,704 The city lies near the Lulua River , a tributary of the Kasai River and the Ilebo-Lubumbashi railway . An important commercial and administrative centre , it is home to a museum and to Kananga Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'KGA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FZUA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kananga Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kananga_Airport', 'summary': 'Kananga Airport ( IATA : KGA , ICAO : FZUA ) is an airport serving Kananga , Democratic Republic of the Congo .'}]}, {'value': 'Kinshasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kinshasa', 'summary': "Kinshasa ( /kɪnˈʃɑːsə/ ; French : [ kinʃasa ] ) , formerly Léopoldville ( Dutch : Leopoldstad ) , is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The city is situated alongside the Congo River . Once a site of fishing and trading villages , Kinshasa is now a megacity with an estimated population of more than 11 million . It faces Brazzaville , the capital of the neighbouring Republic of the Congo , which can be seen in the distance across the wide Congo River , making them the world 's second-closest pair of capital cities after Rome and Vatican City . The city of Kinshasa is also one of the DRC 's 26 provinces . Because the administrative boundaries of the city-province cover a vast area , over 90 percent of the city-province 's land is rural in nature , and the urban area occupies a small but expanding section on the western side . Kinshasa is Africa 's third-largest urban area after Cairo and Lagos . It is also the world 's largest Francophone urban area ( surpassing Paris in population ) , with French being the language of government , schools , newspapers , public services , and high-end commerce in the city , while Lingala is used as a lingua franca in the street . Kinshasa hosted the 14th Francophonie Summit in October 2012 . Residents of Kinshasa are known as Kinois ( in French and sometimes in English ) or Kinshasans ( English ) . The indigenous people of the area include the Humbu [ fr ] and Teke ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'FIH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FZAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': "N'djili Airport", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/N'djili_Airport", 'summary': "N'djili Airport ( IATA : FIH , ICAO : FZAA ) ( French : Aéroport de N'djili pronounced [ a.e.ʁɔ.pɔʁ də n‿dʒi.li ] ) , also known as N'Djili International Airport and Kinshasa International Airport , serves the city of Kinshasa and is the largest of the four international airports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . It is named after the nearby Ndjili River ."}]}, {'value': 'Kisangani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kisangani', 'summary': "Kisangani /kiːsəŋˈɡɑːni/ ( formerly Stanleyville or Stanleystad ) is the capital of Tshopo province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . It is the third largest urbanized city in the country and the largest of the cities that lie in the tropical woodlands of the Congo . Some 1300 mi from the mouth of the Congo River , Kisangani is the farthest navigable point upstream . Kisangani is the nation 's most important inland port after Kinshasa , an important commercial hub point for river and land transportation and a major marketing and distribution centre for the north-eastern part of the country . It has been the commercial capital of the northern Congo since the late 19th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'FKI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FZIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangoka International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangoka_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Kisangani Bangoka International Airport ( IATA : FKI , ICAO : FZIC ) is an airport serving Kisangani , Democratic Republic of the Congo . The airport is 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) east of the city . The Bangoka VOR/DME ( Ident : KGI ) is 1.7 nautical miles ( 3.1 km ) west of the airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Lagos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lagos', 'summary': 'Lagos ( /ˈleɪɡɒs , -ɡoʊs/ ; Yoruba : Èkó ) is the largest city in the Nigerian state of the same name . The city , with its adjoining conurbation , is the most populous in Nigeria and South of The Sahara , Africa . It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world and one of the most populous urban areas . Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa ; the megacity has the fourth-highest GDP in Africa and houses one of the largest and busiest seaports on the continent . Lagos initially emerged as a port city that originated on a collection of islands , which are contained in the present day Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) of Lagos Island , Eti-Osa , Amuwo-Odofin and Apapa . The islands are separated by creeks , fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon , while being protected from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands and long sand spits such as Bar Beach , which stretch up to 100 km ( 62 mi ) east and west of the mouth . Due to rapid urbanization , the city expanded to the west of the lagoon to include areas in the present day Lagos Mainland , Ajeromi-Ifelodun and Surulere . This led to the classification of Lagos into two main areas : the Island , which was the initial city of Lagos , before it expanded into the area known as the Mainland . This city area was governed directly by the Federal Government through the Lagos City Council , until the creation of Lagos State in 1967 , which led to the splitting of Lagos city into the present day seven Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) , and an addition of other towns ( which now make up 13 LGAs ) from the then Western Region to form the state . Lagos , the capital of Nigeria since its amalgamation in 1914 , went on to become the capital of Lagos State after its creation . However , the state capital was later moved to Ikeja in 1976 , and the federal capital moved to Abuja in 1991 . Even though Lagos is still widely referred to as a city , the present day Lagos , also known as Metropolitan Lagos , and officially as Lagos Metropolitan Area is an urban agglomeration or conurbation , consisting of 20 LGAs , 37 LCDAs including Ikeja , the state capital of Lagos State .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Africa', 'summary': 'West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa . The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin , Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , The Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Ivory Coast , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone and Togo , as well as the United Kingdom Overseas Territory of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha . The population of West Africa is estimated at about 381 million people as of 2018 , and at 381,981,000 as of 2017 , of which 189,672,000 are female and 192,309,000 male .'}]}, {'value': 'LOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNMM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murtala Muhammed International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Murtala Muhammed International Airport ( MMIA ) ( IATA : LOS , ICAO : DNMM ) is an international airport located in Ikeja , Lagos State , Nigeria , and is the major airport serving the entire state . The airport was initially built during World War II and is named after Murtala Muhammed , the fourth military ruler of Nigeria .'}]}, {'value': 'Lomé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lomé', 'summary': "Lomé is the capital and largest city of Togo . It has an urban population of 837,437 while there were 1,570,283 permanent residents in its metropolitan area as of the 2011 census . Located on the Gulf of Guinea , Lomé is the country 's administrative and industrial center , which includes an oil refinery , and its chief port , where it exports coffee , cocoa , copra , and oil palm kernels ."}]}, {'value': 'Togo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Africa', 'summary': 'West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa . The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin , Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , The Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Ivory Coast , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone and Togo , as well as the United Kingdom Overseas Territory of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha . The population of West Africa is estimated at about 381 million people as of 2018 , and at 381,981,000 as of 2017 , of which 189,672,000 are female and 192,309,000 male .'}]}, {'value': 'LFW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DXXX', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokoin Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokoin_Airport', 'summary': 'Lomé-Tokoin Airport ( IATA : LFW , ICAO : DXXX ) , also known as Gnassingbé Eyadéma International Airport , is an airport in Lomé , the capital of Togo . In 2014 , the airport served 616,800 passengers . ASKY Airlines , a subsidiary of Ethiopian Airlines , has its hub at the airport . A new terminal at the airport opened in early 2016 , with a capacity for up to 2 million passengers annually .'}]}, {'value': 'Lubumbashi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lubumbashi', 'summary': "Lubumbashi ( former names : Élisabethville ( French ) and Elisabethstad ( help·info ) ( Dutch ) ) is a city in the southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is the second-largest in the country , the largest being the capital , Kinshasa . Lubumbashi is the mining capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , acting as a hub for many of the country 's biggest mining companies . The copper-mining city serves as the capital of the relatively prosperous Haut-Katanga Province and is near the border with Zambia . Population estimates vary widely but average around 1.5 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'FBM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FZQA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lubumbashi International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lubumbashi_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Lubumbashi International Airport ( IATA : FBM , ICAO : FZQA ) is an airport serving Lubumbashi , Democratic Republic of the Congo .'}]}, {'value': 'Mbandaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mbandaka', 'summary': 'Mbandaka ( pronounced [ mbaˈnda.ka ] , formerly known as Coquilhatville in French or Coquilhatstad in Flemish ) is a city on the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo lying near the confluence of the Congo and Ruki Rivers . It is the capital of Équateur Province . The headquarters of the Fourth Naval Region of the Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are located in Mbandaka .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'MDK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FZEA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mbandaka Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mbandaka_Airport', 'summary': 'Mbandaka Airport ( French : Aéroport de Mbandaka ) ( IATA : MDK , ICAO : FZEA ) is an airport serving the Congo River port of Mbandaka , capital city of the Équateur District in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The runway is on the southeast side of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Mbuji Mayi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mbuji_Mayi', 'summary': "Mbuji-Mayi ( formerly Bakwanga ) serves as the capital city of Kasai-Oriental Province in the south-central Democratic Republic of Congo . It is the third largest city in the country , following the capital Kinshasa and second largest city Lubumbashi but ahead of Kisangani and Kananga , though the exact population is not known . Estimates ranged from a 2010 CIA World Factbook estimated population of 1,480,000 to as many as 3,500,000 estimated by the United Nations in 2008 . Mbuji-Mayi lies in Luba country on the Sankuru River . The name Mbuji-Mayi comes from the local language , Tshiluba , and translates as Goat-Water , a name deriving from the great number of goats in the region and the city 's location on the Sankuru , making it a prime watering spot . Despite its large population , the city remains remote , having little connection to surrounding provinces or to Kinshasa and Lubumbashi . Air travel is provided through the Mbuji Mayi Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Africa', 'summary': "Central Africa is a region of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions . Angola , Burundi , Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Rwanda , and São Tomé and Príncipe are members of the Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) . Six of those states ( Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon ) are also members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) and share a common currency , the Central African CFA franc . The African Development Bank defines Central Africa as Cameroon , the Central African Republic , Chad , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , and Gabon . Middle Africa is an analogous term used by the United Nations in its geoscheme for Africa . It includes the same countries as the African Development Bank 's definition , along with Angola , and São Tomé and Príncipe ."}]}, {'value': 'MJM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FZWA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mbuji Mayi Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mbuji_Mayi_Airport', 'summary': 'Mbuji Mayi Airport ( IATA : MJM , ICAO : FZWA ) is an airport serving Mbuji Mayi ( formerly Bakwanga ) , the capital of the Kasai-Oriental Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .'}]}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Europe', 'summary': 'Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe . Though the term Western Europe is commonly used , there is no consensus on which countries comprise it . Significant historical events that have shaped the concept of Western Europe include the rise of Rome , the influence of Greek culture on the Roman Republic , the adoption of Christianity by Roman Emperors , the division of the Latin West and Greek East , the Fall of the Western Roman Empire , the reign of Charlemagne , the Viking invasions , the East-West Schism , the Black Death , the Renaissance , the Age of Discovery , the Protestant Reformation as well as the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church , the Age of Enlightenment , the French Revolution , the Industrial Revolution , the two world wars , the Cold War , the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the expansion of the European Union . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'CDG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LFPG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles de Gaulle Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport', 'summary': "Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport ( French : Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle , IATA : CDG , ICAO : LFPG ) , also known as Roissy Airport , is the largest international airport in France and second-busiest airport in Europe . Opened in 1974 , it is located in Roissy-en-France , 23 km ( 14 mi ) northeast of Paris . It is named after Charles de Gaulle ( 1890-1970 ) . Charles de Gaulle Airport is located within portions of several communes in Val-d'Oise , Seine-Saint-Denis and Seine-et-Marne . It serves as the principal hub for Air France and a destination for other legacy carriers ( from Star Alliance , Oneworld and SkyTeam ) , as well as a focus city for low-cost carriers easyJet , Vueling , and Norwegian Air Shuttle . The Airport is operated by Groupe ADP under the brand Paris Aéroport . In 2019 , the airport handled 76,150,007 passengers and 498,175 aircraft movements , thus making it the world 's tenth-busiest airport , and Europe 's second-busiest airport ( after London Heathrow ) in terms of passenger numbers . In terms of cargo traffic , the airport is the twelfth-busiest in the world and the second-busiest in Europe ( after Frankfurt Airport ) , handling 2,150,950 metric tonnes of cargo in 2012 . As of 2017 , the airport offers direct flights to the most countries and hosts the most airlines in the world . Marc Houalla has been the director of the airport since 12 February 2018 ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'A Hewa Bora Airways McDonnell Douglas MD-82 at Johannesburg , South Africa . ( 2011 ) Hewa Bora Airways served the following destinations at the time of its demise : Symbols used [ Base ] Base † Terminated prior', 'uid': 'Hewa_Bora_Airways_destinations_0', 'intro': 'Hewa Bora Airways served the following destinations at the time of its demise:'}
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What is the IATA of the city that is the largest city in Cameroon and its economic capital ?
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DLA
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021344355d042c3d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films', 'title': 'List of Holocaust films', 'header': ['Year', 'Country', 'Title', 'Director'], 'data': [{'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Garden of the Finzi-Continis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Finzi-Continis_(film)', 'summary': "The Garden of the Finzi-Continis ( Italian : Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini ) is a 1970 Italian film , directed by Vittorio De Sica . It stars Lino Capolicchio , Dominique Sanda and Helmut Berger . The film is based upon Giorgio Bassani 's novel of the same name . It won the Golden Bear at the 21st Berlin International Film Festival , and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vittorio De Sica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica', 'summary': "Vittorio De Sica ( /də ˈsiːkə/ də SEE-kə , Italian : [ vitˈtɔːrjo de ˈsiːka ] ; 7 July 1901 - 13 November 1974 ) was an Italian director and actor , a leading figure in the neorealist movement . Four of the films he directed won Academy Awards : Sciuscià and Bicycle Thieves ( honorary ) , while Yesterday , Today and Tomorrow and Il giardino dei Finzi Contini won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Indeed , the great critical success of Sciuscià ( the first foreign film to be so recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) and Bicycle Thieves helped establish the permanent Best Foreign Film Award . These two films are considered part of the canon of classic cinema . Bicycle Thieves was cited by Turner Classic Movies as one of the 15 most influential films in cinema history . De Sica was also nominated for the 1957 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for playing Major Rinaldi in American director Charles Vidor 's 1957 adaptation of Ernest Hemingway 's A Farewell to Arms , a movie that was panned by critics and proved a box office flop . De Sica 's acting was considered the highlight of the film ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hranjenik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hranjenik', 'summary': 'The Fed One ( Croatian : Hranjenik ) is a 1970 Yugoslav feature film directed by Vatroslav Mimica The film was selected for preservation by the Croatian State Archives .'}]}, {'value': 'Vatroslav Mimica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vatroslav_Mimica', 'summary': 'Vatroslav Mimica ( 25 June 1923 - 15 February 2020 ) was a Croatian film director and screenwriter . Born in Omiš , Mimica had enrolled at the University of Zagreb School of Medicine before the outbreak of World War II . In 1942 he joined Young Communist League of Yugoslavia ( SKOJ ) and in 1943 he went on to join the Yugoslav Partisans , becoming a member of their medical units . After the war Mimica wrote literary and film reviews , and his career in filmmaking began in 1950 when he became the director of the Jadran Film production studio . He had his directorial and screenwriting debut in the 1952 Yugoslav film In the Storm ( Croatian : U oluji ) which starred Veljko Bulajić , Mia Oremović and Antun Nalis . In the 1950s Mimica worked as a director and writer on a number of critically acclaimed animated films and became a prominent member of the Zagreb School of Animated Films ( his 1958 animated short film The Loner ( Samac ) was awarded the Venice Grand Prix ) , along with authors such as Vlado Kristl and Academy Award-winning Dušan Vukotić . In the 1960s Mimica moved away from animation ( his last animated film was 1971 film The Firemen ( Vatrogasci ) ) and turned to directing feature films , starting with the 1961 Yugoslav-Italian film Suleiman the Conqueror ( Italian : Solimano il conquistatore ) starring Edmund Purdom and Giorgia Moll . His 1965 film Prometheus of the Island ( Prometej s otoka Viševice ) won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film at the 1965 Pula Film Festival and earned Mimica a runner-up Silver Arena award for Best Director . It was also entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival winning a Special Diploma . The following year his 1966 film Monday or Tuesday ( Ponedjeljak ili utorak ) also won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film and Mimica won the Golden Arena for Best Director . Mimica made several other films through the 1970s , most notably the period films Anno Domini 1573 ( Peasant revolt of 1573 ) - Seljačka buna 1573. in Croatian - depicting the 16th century Croatian-Slovenian peasant revolt , and The Falcon ( Banović Strahinja ) , set in 14th century Serbia , before retiring from filmmaking in 1981 . His son Sergio Mimica-Gezzan is an American film and television director .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Day the Clown Cried', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Day_the_Clown_Cried', 'summary': "The Day the Clown Cried is an unreleased 1972 Swedish-French drama film directed by and starring Jerry Lewis . It is based on an original screenplay by Joan O'Brien and Charles Denton , from a story idea by Joan O'Brien , with additional material from Jerry Lewis . The film was met with controversy regarding its premise and content , which features a circus clown who is imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp . Lewis repeatedly insisted that The Day the Clown Cried would never be released because it is an embarrassingly bad work of which he was ashamed . Despite his statements in interviews that he had arranged for the film to never be screened , there are reports that he donated a copy of the film to the Library of Congress in 2015 under the stipulation that it was not to be screened before June 2024 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Lewis', 'summary': 'Joseph Levitch [ a ] ( March 16 , 1926 - August 20 , 2017 ) , better known by his stage name Jerry Lewis , was an American comedian , actor , singer , filmmaker and humanitarian , dubbed as The King of Comedy and The Total Filmmaker . He gained his career breakthrough with singer Dean Martin , billed as Martin & Lewis , in 1946 and would perform together for ten years until an acrimonious breakup in 1956 . Lewis then pursued a solo career , starring in several theatrical movies , worked behind-the-scenes as director , producer and screenwriter , performed comedy routines on stage , released albums as a singer , selling millions of records and raised awareness for muscular dystrophy , while as national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association , most notably the telethons he hosted , raising $ 2.6 billion for the cause .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'QB VII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/QB_VII_(miniseries)', 'summary': "QB VII is an American television miniseries produced by Screen Gems ; it was also the final program from Columbia Pictures 's television division to be made under the Screen Gems banner . It began airing on ABC on April 29 , 1974 . Adapted to the screen by Edward Anhalt from the novel QB VII , it was produced by Douglas S. Cramer and directed by Tom Gries . The original music was written by Jerry Goldsmith and the cinematography by Paul Beeson and Robert L. Morrison . The six-and-a-half-hour miniseries won seven Primetime Emmy Awards of the 14 for which it was nominated ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Gries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Gries', 'summary': 'Thomas Stephen Gries ( December 20 , 1922 - January 3 , 1977 ) was an American TV and film director , writer , and film producer .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Night Porter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Night_Porter', 'summary': "The Night Porter ( Italian : Il portiere di notte ) is a 1974 Italian erotic psychological drama film . Directed and co-written by Liliana Cavani , the film stars Dirk Bogarde and Charlotte Rampling , and features Philippe Leroy and Gabriele Ferzetti . Its themes of sexual and sadomasochistic obsession have made the film controversial since its initial release , with critics being divided over the film 's artistic value . The Night Porter is widely considered to be a Nazisploitation film and a cult classic . In July 2018 , it was selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section at the 75th Venice International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Liliana Cavani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liliana_Cavani', 'summary': 'Liliana Cavani ( born 12 January 1933 , Carpi , Italy ) is an Italian film director and screenwriter . She belongs to a generation of Italian filmmakers from Emilia-Romagna that came into prominence in the 1970s , including Bernardo Bertolucci , Pier Paolo Pasolini and Marco Bellocchio . Cavani became internationally known after the success of her 1974 feature film Il portiere di notte ( The Night Porter ) . Her films are intellectual and have historical concerns . In addition to feature films and documentaries , she has also directed opera .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Odessa File', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Odessa_File_(film)', 'summary': "The Odessa File is an 1974 espionage thriller film , adapted from the novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth , about a reporter 's investigation of a neo-Nazi political-industrial network in post-Second World War West Germany . The film stars Jon Voight , Mary Tamm , Maximilian Schell and Maria Schell and was directed by Ronald Neame , with a score by Andrew Lloyd Webber . It was the only film that the Schell siblings made together ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronald Neame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Neame', 'summary': "Ronald Elwin Neame CBE BSC ( 23 April 1911 - 16 June 2010 ) was an English film producer , director , cinematographer , and screenwriter . Beginning his career as a cinematographer , for his work on the British war film One of Our Aircraft Is Missing ( 1943 ) he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Special Effects . During a partnership with director David Lean , he produced Brief Encounter ( 1945 ) , Great Expectations ( 1946 ) , and Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , receiving two Academy Award nominations for writing . Neame then moved into directing , and some notable films included , The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1969 ) , which won Maggie Smith her first Oscar , and the action-adventure disaster film The Poseidon Adventure ( 1972 ) . He also directed I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ) , Judy Garland 's last film , and Scrooge ( 1970 ) , starring Albert Finney , For his contributions to the film industry , in 1996 Neame was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) and received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award , the highest award the British Film Academy can give a filmmaker ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob the Liar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_the_Liar_(1975_film)', 'summary': 'Jacob the Liar ( German : Jakob der Lügner ) is a 1975 East German-Czechoslovakian Holocaust film directed by Frank Beyer , and based on the novel of the same name by Jurek Becker . It starred Vlastimil Brodský in the title role . Work on the picture began in 1965 , but production was halted in summer 1966 . Becker , who had originally planned Jacob the Liar as a screenplay , decided to make it a novel instead . In 1972 , after the book garnered considerable success , work on the picture resumed .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Beyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Beyer', 'summary': 'Frank Paul Beyer ( 26 May 1932 - 1 October 2006 ) was a German film director . In East Germany he was one of the most important film directors , working for the state film monopoly DEFA and directed films that dealt mostly with the Nazi era and contemporary East Germany . His film Trace of Stones was banned for 20 years in 1966 by the ruling SED . His 1975 film Jacob the Liar was the only East German film ever nominated for an Academy Award . After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 until his death he mostly directed television films .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hiding Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hiding_Place_(film)', 'summary': "The Hiding Place is a 1975 film based on the autobiographical book of the same name by Corrie ten Boom the recounts her and her family 's experiences before and during their imprisonment in a Nazi concentration camp during the Holocaust during World War II . The film was directed by James F. Collier . Jeanette Clift George received a Golden Globe nomination for Most Promising Newcomer - Female . The film was given limited release in its day and featured the last appearance from Arthur O'Connell ."}]}, {'value': 'James F. Collier', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seven Beauties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Beauties', 'summary': "Seven Beauties ( Italian : Pasqualino Settebellezze ) is a 1975 Italian language film written and directed by Lina Wertmüller and starring Giancarlo Giannini , Fernando Rey , and Shirley Stoler . Written by Wertmüller , the film is about an Italian everyman who deserts the army during World War II and is then captured by the Germans and sent to a prison camp , where he does anything to survive . Through flashbacks , we learn about his family of seven unattractive sisters , his accidental murder of one sister 's lover , his imprisonment in an insane asylum - where he rapes a patient - and his volunteering to be a soldier to escape confinement . For her work on the film , Wertmüller became the first woman nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director , a feat not matched again until 1993 , when New Zealand filmmaker Jane Campion was nominated for The Piano . The film received three other Academy Award nominations , including one for Best Foreign Language Film . It also received one Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Foreign Film . [ citation needed ] The production design and costume design were by the director 's husband , Enrico Job ."}]}, {'value': 'Lina Wertmüller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lina_Wertmüller', 'summary': 'Lina Wertmüller ( Italian : [ ˈliːna vertˈmjuller , -mul- ] ; born 14 August 1928 ) is an Italian screenwriter and film director . She was the first woman nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for Seven Beauties in 1977 . She is also known for her films The Seduction of Mimi , Love and Anarchy and Swept Away . In 2019 , Wertmüller was announced as one of the four recipients of the Academy Honorary Award for her career .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Man in the Glass Booth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Glass_Booth', 'summary': "The Man in the Glass Booth is a 1975 American drama film directed by Arthur Hiller . The film was produced and released as part of the American Film Theatre , which adapted theatrical works for a subscription cinema series . The screenplay was adapted from Robert Shaw 's 1967 novel and 1968 stage play , both of the same name . The novel was the second in a trilogy of novels , preceded by The Flag ( 1965 ) , and followed by A Card from Morocco ( 1969 ) . The plot was inspired by the kidnap and trial of the German Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer ( lieutenant colonel ) Adolf Eichmann , who was one of the major organizers of the Holocaust . As The Man in the Glass Booth was developed for the screen , Shaw disapproved of the screenplay and had his name removed from the credits . Shaw viewed the completed film before its release and asked to have his name reinstated . In 2002 , director Arthur Hiller related Shaw 's objection to the screenplay and his change of heart ,"}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Hiller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Hiller', 'summary': "Arthur Hiller , OC ( November 22 , 1923 [ a ] - August 17 , 2016 ) was a Canadian-American television and film director with over 33 films to his credit during a 50-year career . He began his career directing television in Canada and later in the U.S. By the late 1950s he began directing films , most often comedies . He also directed dramas and romantic subjects , such as Love Story ( 1970 ) , which was nominated for seven Oscars . Hiller collaborated on films with screenwriters Paddy Chayefsky and Neil Simon . Among his other films were The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) , Tobruk ( 1967 ) , The Hospital ( 1971 ) , The Out-of-Towners ( 1970 ) , Plaza Suite ( 1971 ) , The Man in the Glass Booth ( 1975 ) , Silver Streak ( 1976 ) , The In-Laws ( 1979 ) and Outrageous Fortune ( 1987 ) . Hiller served as president of the Directors Guild of America from 1989 to 1993 and president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1993 to 1997 . He was the recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 2002 . An annual film festival in Hiller 's honor was held from 2006 until 2009 at his alma mater , Victoria School of Performing and Visual Arts ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon_Man_(film)', 'summary': "Marathon Man is a 1976 American suspense-thriller film directed by John Schlesinger . It was adapted by William Goldman from his 1974 novel of the same title and stars Dustin Hoffman , Laurence Olivier , Roy Scheider , William Devane and Marthe Keller . In the film , Babe Levy , a graduate student ( Hoffman ) , becomes embroiled in a plot by Nazi war criminal Christian Szell ( Olivier ) to retrieve stolen diamonds from a safety deposit box owned by Szell 's dead brother . Babe becomes unwittingly involved due to his brother Doc 's ( Roy Scheider ) dealings with Szell . The film was a critical and box office success , with Olivier earning an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Szell , the film 's antagonist ."}]}, {'value': 'John Schlesinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Schlesinger', 'summary': 'John Richard Schlesinger CBE ( /ˈʃlɛsɪndʒər/ ; 16 February 1926 - 25 July 2003 ) was an English film and stage director , and actor . He won an Academy Award for Best Director for Midnight Cowboy , and was nominated for two other films ( Darling and Sunday Bloody Sunday ) .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Voyage of the Damned', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Voyage_of_the_Damned', 'summary': 'Voyage of the Damned is a 1976 drama film directed by Stuart Rosenberg , with an all-star cast featuring Faye Dunaway , Oskar Werner , Lee Grant , Max von Sydow , James Mason , and Malcolm McDowell . The story was inspired by true events concerning the fate of the ocean liner St. Louis carrying Jewish refugees from Germany to Cuba in 1939 . It was based on a 1974 book written by Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan-Witts with the same title . The screenplay was written by David Butler and Steve Shagan . The film was produced by ITC Entertainment and released by Avco Embassy Pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'Stuart Rosenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Rosenberg', 'summary': 'Stuart Rosenberg ( August 11 , 1927 - March 15 , 2007 ) was an American film and television director whose motion pictures include Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) , Voyage of the Damned ( 1976 ) , The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) , and The Pope of Greenwich Village ( 1984 ) . He was noted for his work with actor Paul Newman .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'ultima orgia del III Reich", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'ultima_orgia_del_III_Reich", 'summary': "Gestapo 's Last Orgy ( Italian : ' L'ultima orgia del III Reich , lit . 'Last Orgy of the Third Reich ' ) is an Italian Nazi exploitation directed and co-written by Cesare Canevari . It stars Daniela Poggi ."}]}, {'value': 'Cesare Canevari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cesare_Canevari', 'summary': 'Cesare Canevari ( 13 October 1927 - 25 October 2012 ) was an Italian actor , director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holocaust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holocaust_(miniseries)', 'summary': 'Holocaust is a 1978 American four part television miniseries which recounts the trajectory of the Holocaust from the perspectives of the fictional Weiss family of German Jews and that of a rising member of the SS , who gradually becomes a merciless war criminal . Holocaust highlighted numerous events which occurred up to and during World War II , such as Kristallnacht , the creation of Jewish ghettos , and later , the use of gas chambers . Although the miniseries won several awards and received positive reviews , it was criticized by others , such as the Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel , who wrote in The New York Times that it was : Untrue , offensive , cheap : as a TV production , the film is an insult to those who perished and to those who survived .'}]}, {'value': 'Marvin J. Chomsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvin_J._Chomsky', 'summary': 'Marvin J. Chomsky ( born May 23 , 1929 ) is an American television and film director . He has also worked as a producer .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yugoslavia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okupacija u 26 slika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okupacija_u_26_slika', 'summary': 'Occupation in 26 Pictures , also known as Occupation in 26 Tableaux ( Croatian : Okupacija u 26 slika ) , is a 1978 Yugoslavian war film directed by Lordan Zafranović . It was entered into the 1979 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Yugoslav entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Lordan Zafranovic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lordan_Zafranovic', 'summary': 'Lordan Zafranović ( born 11 February 1944 ) is a Czech-Croatian film director , and a major figure of the Yugoslav Black Wave . He lives in Prague and Zagreb .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baranski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baranski', 'summary': 'Barański ( feminine Barańska ) is a Polish surname , it may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Werner Masten', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_(1979_film)', 'summary': "David is a 1979 West German film by director Peter Lilienthal . It tells the story of a rabbi 's son in Germany during the Holocaust , who tries to raise money to escape to Mandate Palestine ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Lilienthal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Lilienthal', 'summary': 'Peter Lilienthal ( born 27 November 1929 ) is a German film director , writer , actor and producer . His 1979 film David won the Golden Bear at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival . His 1984 film Das Autogramm was entered into the 34th Berlin International Film Festival . In 1996 , he was a member of the jury at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The House on Garibaldi Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_House_on_Garibaldi_Street', 'summary': 'The House on Garibaldi Street is a 1979 American television movie based on the non-fiction book of the same name , written by Isser Harel . It was directed by Peter Collinson and starred Topol and Martin Balsam . The story is about the Mossad operation that captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina in 1960 and returned him to Israel for trial .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Collinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Collinson_(film_director)', 'summary': 'Peter Collinson ( 1 April 1936 - 16 December 1980 ) was a British film director probably best remembered for directing The Italian Job ( 1969 ) .'}]}], 'section_title': '1970s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Holocaust_films_3', 'intro': 'This is an index of films that deal with the Holocaust in Europe. Films dealing with the subject of the Holocaust include both documentary and narrative films. These films were produced from the early 1940s before the extent of the Holocaust was widely known and have continued to be made since then. The films span multiple genres, with documentary films including footage filmed both by the Germans for their propaganda purposes and by the Allies, compilations, survivor testimonies and docudramas, and narrative films including war films, action films, love stories, psychological dramas, and even comedies.'}
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Which movie directed by a comedian was not to released before June 2024 because he was embarrassed by its poor quality ?
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The Day the Clown Cried
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0213ca3f5bde5c08
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hybridqa
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{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2012_UCI_Women's_Teams_and_riders", 'title': "List of 2012 UCI Women's Teams and riders", 'header': ['Rank', 'Code', 'Official Team Name', 'Country', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RBW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabobank Women Cycling Team ( 2012 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabobank_Women_Cycling_Team', 'summary': "CCC Liv ( UCI Code : CCC ) is a women 's professional cycling team , based in the Netherlands . The title sponsors are CCC , a Polish-based shoe retailer and Liv , a sub-brand of Taiwanese bicycle manufacturer Giant Bicycles . The team 's directeur sportif is Jeroen Blijlevens . Riders for CCC Liv compete in the UCI Women 's World Tour and other Elite Women 's Cycling events throughout the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Rabobank_Women_Cycling_Team_season', 'summary': 'The 2012 season was the eighth for the Rabobank Women Cycling Team cycling team , which began as the DSB Bank team in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'rabosport.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SLU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Specialized-lululemon ( 2012 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Specialized–lululemon', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Team_Specialized–lululemon_season', 'summary': "The 2012 season was the tenth for the Specialized-lululemon cycling team , which began as the T-Mobile team in 2003 . After the men 's team HTC-Highroad stopped , Kristy Scrymgeour convinced manufacturer Specialized and sports apparel company Lululemon Athletica to perpetuate the women 's team in this Olympic year . The team changed slightly : Clara Hughes and Trixi Worrack were the main new recruits , while Judith Arndt , team leader since 2006 , joined GreenEdge-AIS . The team had a great year . Ina-Yoko Teutenberg won numerous sprints and finished fourth in the road race of the Olympic Games . Evelyn Stevens had an excellent season by winning at the world cup race La Flèche Wallonne Féminine , she won a prestigious stage of the Giro d'Italia Femminile and finished on the podium in the end and she won the general classification of the La Route de France . At the end of the season she was in fourth place in the UCI World Ranking . Ellen van Dijk won the general classification of the Lotto-Decca Tour , the Omloop van Borsele and several stage races . The team dominated especially in the team time trials . Ellen van Dijk together with Stevens , Hughes , Amber Neben and Trixi Worrack or Teutenberg were consistent and undefeated the whole year . At the end of the season the team won the first team time trial at the world championship which was a main goal for the team this year . The team finished second in the UCI World Ranking ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'velociosports.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LNL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AA Drink-leontien.nl Cycling Team ( 2012 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AA_Drink–leontien.nl_Cycling_Team', 'summary': "AA Drink-leontien.nl was a cycling team based in the Netherlands . The title sponsors were AA Drink ( 'after activity drink ' ) , a Dutch sports drinks brand owned by United Soft Drinks , and leontien.nl , a women 's health and fitness website associated with former champion cyclist Leontien van Moorsel , whose husband Michael Zijlaard was the team manager . In August 2012 , Zijlaard informed the riders and staff that the team would disband at the end of the 2012 racing season , as AA Drink were not extending their sponsorship beyond 2012 and he and van Moorsel had decided not to seek a new sponsor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_AA_Drink-leontien.nl_season', 'summary': "The 2012 women 's road cycling season was the eighth ( and last ) year for AA Drink-leontien.nl ( UCI code : LNL ) , which began as Van Bemmelen-AA Drink in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'aacyclingteam.nl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GEW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GreenEDGE-AIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GreenEDGE_Cycling', 'summary': "Mitchelton-Scott ( UCI team code : MTS ) is an Australian professional road race cycling team . Launched in January 2011 , it competes at UCI WorldTeam level . The team is under the management of Andrew Ryan and Shayne Bannan with Neil Stephens and Matt White as Sporting Directors . The team ride Scott bikes , wear Giordana Cycling clothing , and wear Scott eyewear . The team has financial backing from Australian businessman Gerry Ryan who owns Jayco Australia . The team has a women 's team and supports its riders competing in track cycling . In 2017 they also established a development team , Mitchelton-BikeExchange . In June 2016 , ahead of the 2016 Tour de France the team announced BikeExchange , an Australian cycling retailer , was stepping up as a title sponsor of the team . Team owner , Gerry Ryan , had previously sought to secure further sponsorship after Orica announced they would stop sponsoring the team after the 2017 season . As of the 2018 season the team is known as Mitchelton-Scott , with Mitchelton Wines as a major sponsor ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'greenedgecycling.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HPU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hitec Products-Mistral Home Cycling Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hitec_Products_UCK', 'summary': "Hitec Products-Birk Sport ( UCI Code : HPU ) is a professional women 's cycling team based in Norway that competes in elite road bicycle racing events . It is sponsored by Hitec Products , a Norwegian owned company with head office in Stavanger . The company develops and delivers control systems , electro-hydraulic systems and chemical injection systems to the international energy industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': 'hitecproducts-uck.no', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DPZ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diadora-Pasta Zara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diadora-Pasta_Zara', 'summary': "Pasta Zara - Cogeas ( UCI team code : PZC ) is a former professional cycling team based in Lithuania , which competes in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women 's Road World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'diadorapastazara.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BPK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Be Pink', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Be_Pink', 'summary': "Bepink ( UCI team code : BPK ) is a professional women 's cycling team based in Italy , which competes in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women 's World Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'bepink.eu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FHT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faren Honda Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faren_Honda', 'summary': "Estado de México-Faren Kuota ( UCI team code : EMF ) was a professional women 's cycling team based in the Mexico , which competed in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women 's Road World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'farenhonda.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RVL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RusVelo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RusVelo', 'summary': "Gazprom-RusVelo ( UCI team code : GAZ ) , a part of the Russian Global Cycling Project , is a Russian road & track cycling team . It was founded in late 2011 and granted UCI Professional Continental status . For its first season 2012 the team signed several ex-Team Katusha riders along with a few ones from Continental Team Itera-Katusha . RusVelo includes both men 's and women 's rosters . The directors are Viatcheslav Ekimov , Oleg Grishkin , Egon van Kessel from the Netherlands , and Australian Henk Vogels . The General Manager is Heiko Salzwedel ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'rusveloteam.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LBL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lotto Belisol Ladies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lotto-Belisol_Ladiesteam', 'summary': "Lotto-Soudal Ladies is a women 's professional cycling team based in Belgium , which competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events , such as the UCI Women 's World Tour . The team was established in 2006 , and its colours are white , black , and red . The team manager and representative is Danny Schoonbaert , and the assistant team manager is Ivan Depoorter . Sponsors Lotto ( associated with the Belgian lottery ) and Soudal ( an adhesives manufacturer ) also sponsor the Lotto-Soudal men 's UCI WorldTeam ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'lottobelisol.be/en/ladies-team-10.htm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolmans-Boels cyclingteam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolmans–Boels_cyclingteam', 'summary': "Boels-Dolmans Pro Cycling ( UCI team code : DLT ) is a professional cycling team based in the Netherlands , which competes in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women 's World Tour . The title sponsors are the Dutch equipment rental company Boels Rental and Dolmans Landscaping , a Dutch civil engineering company . Both companies will terminate their title sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2020 season . In February 2020 , it was announced that Belgian human resource services company SD Worx [ nl ] would become the title sponsor of the team on a four-year deal from 2021 ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'dolmanslandscapingteam.nl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MCG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MCipollini-Giambenini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MCipollini–Giambenini', 'summary': "Alé BTC Ljubljana is a professional cycling team based in Italy , which competes in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women 's World Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'mcipollinigiordanateam.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SKI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Skil-Argos ( 2012 season )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Skil-Argos', 'summary': "Team Sunweb is a professional cycling team based in the Netherlands , which competes in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women 's World Tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Team_Skil-Argos_season', 'summary': "The 2012 women 's road cycling season was the second for Team Skil-Argos ( started the season under the name Skil 1t4i , UCI code : SKI ) , which began as Team Skil-Argos in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '1t4i.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VAI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaiano Tepso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaiano_Tepso', 'summary': "Aromitalia-Basso Bikes-Vaiano is a professional Women 's road bicycle racing team based in Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'vcvaiano.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kleo Ladies Team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TIB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TIBCO-To The Top', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TIBCO–To_The_Top', 'summary': "Tibco-Silicon Valley Bank is a women 's professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing . The team 's main sponsors are TIBCO Software and Silicon Valley Bank . The owner is Linda Jackson , a former professional cyclist ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'teamtibco.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.C. Michela Fanini Rox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.C._Michela_Fanini_Rox', 'summary': "S.C. Michela Fanini Rox ( UCI team code : MIC ) is a professional cycling team based in Italy , which competes in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women 's Road World Cup and elite road races ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'michelafanini.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GSD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team GSD Gestion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_GSD_Gestion', 'summary': "Macogep Tornatech Girondins de Bordeaux is a women 's professional cycling team initially based in France and then later in Canada that competes in elite road bicycle racing ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'wix.com/teamgsdgestion/teamgsdgestion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exergy TWENTY12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exergy_TWENTY12', 'summary': "Sho-Air TWENTY20 is a professional Women 's road bicycle racing team based in the United States . The team 's most notable riders were the Olympic time trial champion Kristin Armstrong and 2013 Giro d'Italia Femminile overall winner Mara Abbott ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'teamtwenty12.com/', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FUT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vienne Futuroscope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienne_Futuroscope', 'summary': "FDJ Nouvelle-Aquitaine Futuroscope is a professional Women 's road bicycle racing team which is based in France . The team competes in various UCI Women 's road races . In July 2016 , Française des Jeux ( FDJ ) announced they would initially co-sponsor the team until the end of the 2018 season . The team uses the same equipment as the men 's team , along with coaches and shared training camps ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'cyclisme-vienne-futuroscope.com', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams overview', 'section_text': "The ranking in the table below is decided by the points accumulated by each team 's best four riders in the previous season . The organisers of Women 's World Cup events are obliged to invite the top 15 teams , and the organisers of Women 's UCI class 1 events must invite the top 10 teams . [ 1 ] The country designation of each team is determined by the country of registration of the largest number of its riders , and is not necessarily the country where the team is registered or based . [ 2 ]", 'uid': "List_of_2012_UCI_Women's_Teams_0", 'intro': "Listed below are the UCI Women's Teams that competed in road bicycle racing events organized by the International Cycling Union (UCI), including the UCI Women's Road World Cup in 2012."}
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What is the rank of the official team whose country who spans over eleven time zones ?
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9
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIBA_Under-17_World_Championship_squads', 'title': '2010 FIBA Under-17 World Championship squads', 'header': ['#', 'Pos', 'Name', 'DoB/Age', 'Height', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quinn Cook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quinn_Cook', 'summary': 'Quinn Alexander Cook ( born March 23 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils and was one of the top rated basketball recruits in the class of 2011 . Cook won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors in 2018 . He has also played for the Dallas Mavericks and the New Orleans Pelicans .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-03-23 ) 23 March 1993 ( aged 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.86 metres ( 6.1 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeMatha Catholic High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeMatha_Catholic_High_School', 'summary': 'DeMatha Catholic High School , named after John of Matha , is a four-year Catholic high school for boys located in Hyattsville , Maryland , United States . A member of the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference , DeMatha is under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Wroten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Wroten', 'summary': 'Tony LeonDre Wroten Jr. ( born April 13 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Joventut Badalona of the Liga ACB . He played college basketball for the Washington Huskies , where he was a first-team all-conference selection in the Pac-12 before being drafted by the Memphis Grizzlies with the 25th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-04-13 ) 13 April 1993 ( aged 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.96 metres ( 6.4 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garfield High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garfield_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)', 'summary': "James A. Garfield High School is a public high school in the Seattle Public Schools district of Seattle , Washington , United States . Located along 23rd Avenue between E. Alder and E. Jefferson Streets in Seattle 's urban Central District , Garfield draws students from all over the city . Garfield is also one of two options for the district 's Highly Capable Cohort for academically highly gifted students , with the other being Ingraham International School . As a result , it has many college-level classes available ranging from calculus-based physics to Advanced Placement ( AP ) studio art ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marquis Teague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquis_Teague', 'summary': 'Marquis Devante Teague ( born February 28 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Memphis Hustle of the NBA G League . He was one of the top-rated high school basketball players in the class of 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-02-28 ) 28 February 1993 ( aged 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.89 metres ( 6.2 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pike High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pike_High_School', 'summary': 'Pike High School is a public high school on the northwest side of Indianapolis , Indiana .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chasson Randle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chasson_Randle', 'summary': 'Chasson Randle ( born February 5 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Stanford Cardinal . As a senior in 2014-15 , he was considered one of the top point guards in the country . Born in Rock Island , Illinois , Randle played basketball for Rock Island High School .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-02-05 ) 5 February 1993 ( aged 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.89 metres ( 6.2 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Island High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rock_Island_High_School', 'summary': 'Rock Island High School , also known as Rocky , is a public four-year high school located in Rock Island , Illinois , United States . Rocky is within the Rock Island-Milan School District No . 41 , and the school colors are crimson and gold .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradley Beal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_Beal', 'summary': 'Bradley Emmanuel Beal ( born June 28 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Florida Gators before being selected by the Wizards with the third overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft . He was selected in the 2013 NBA All-Rookie First Team , and is a two time All-Star .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-06-28 ) 28 June 1993 ( aged 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.91 metres ( 6.3 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chaminade College Preparatory School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaminade_College_Preparatory_School_(Missouri)', 'summary': 'Chaminade College Preparatory School is an independent Roman Catholic school , of the Marianist Order , for boys in grades six through twelve in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis . The school is located in Creve Coeur , in west St. Louis County , Missouri . The school offers 7-day , 5-day , and temporary boarding . Students come from throughout the United States and from countries throughout the world . Canning Hall , the name of the dormitory , accommodates up to sixty-five residents . The school bears the name of Father William Joseph Chaminade , a priest who lived during the era of the French Revolution and who founded the religious order known as the Society of Mary ( Marianists ) . The school maintains an active relationship with the Society of Mary through governance structures and the employment of lay and religious Marianists and maintaining this charism .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Gilchrist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Kidd-Gilchrist', 'summary': 'Michael Anthony Edward Kidd-Gilchrist ( né Gilchrist ; born September 26 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-09-26 ) 26 September 1993 ( aged 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.01 metres ( 6.6 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Patrick High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Patrick_High_School_(New_Jersey)', 'summary': "St. Patrick High School Academy was a co-educational four-year Catholic high school in Elizabeth , New Jersey , United States . The school operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark . The school was founded as a vocational school in 1863 as part of Saint Patrick 's Parish in Elizabeth , making it the oldest parochial high school in New Jersey . The school was closed in June 2012 by the Newark Archdiocese in the face of increasing costs and declining enrollment , though administrators and parents affiliated with the defunct school opened an independent non-denominational school located on Morris Avenue in Elizabeth called The Patrick School in September 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard/Forward', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Anderson_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Justin Lamar Anderson ( born November 19 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Long Island Nets of the NBA G League . He played college basketball for the Virginia Cavaliers before being selected with the 21st overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks . After one and a half seasons with the Mavericks , Anderson was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in February 2017 . In July 2018 , he was traded to the Atlanta Hawks .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-11-19 ) 19 November 1993 ( aged 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.99 metres ( 6.5 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montrose Christian School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montrose_Christian_School', 'summary': "Montrose Christian School is a private Christian school in Rockville , Maryland , operated by the Montrose Baptist Church , Maryland 's second largest Southern Baptist church . It educates around 370 students . Its first Senior High School class graduated in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard/Forward', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adonis Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adonis_Thomas', 'summary': 'Adonis Michael Thomas ( born March 25 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Mineros de Zacatecas of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional ( LNBP ) . He played college basketball for the University of Memphis .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-03-25 ) 25 March 1993 ( aged 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.99 metres ( 6.5 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melrose High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melrose_High_School_(Memphis,_Tennessee)', 'summary': 'Melrose High School is a public high school located in Memphis , Tennessee , in the Orange Mound area , serving 1557 students in grades 9-12 . It is a part of the Shelby County Unified School District .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Michael McAdoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Michael_McAdoo', 'summary': 'James Michael Ray McAdoo ( born January 4 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Partizan of the ABA League and the EuroCup . He played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and twice earned second-team all-conference honors in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . He won two NBA championships with the Golden State Warriors .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-01-04 ) 4 January 1993 ( aged 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.03 metres ( 6.7 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norfolk Christian Schools', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk_Christian_Schools', 'summary': 'Founded in 1952 , Norfolk Christian Schools ( NCS ) is a private , coeducational Christian day school serving Grades K3 through 12 . The school is recognized by the Virginia State Board of Education as an accredited school and is accredited by the Virginia Association of Independent Schools , and Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The schools three campuses ( two in Norfolk and one in Virginia Beach ) serve the major Hampton Roads cities of Norfolk , Virginia Beach , Chesapeake , Portsmouth , and Suffolk . Athletically , Norfolk Christian is a member of the Tidewater Conference of Independent Schools and the Virginia Independent Schools Athletic Association .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Johnny O'Bryant", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Johnny_O'Bryant", 'summary': "Johnny Lee O'Bryant III ( born June 1 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League . He played college basketball for Louisiana State University ."}]}, {'value': '( 1993-06-01 ) 1 June 1993 ( aged 17 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.09 metres ( 6.9 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Side High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Parker_(basketball,_born_1993)', 'summary': 'Virgil Anthony Parker ( born September 18 , 1993 ) is an American basketball player who last played for the Aguacateros de Michoacán of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional ( LNBP ) . He played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins at both the center and power forward positions . He has also played for the Iowa Wolves of the NBA G League . As a high school player in Georgia , Parker won four consecutive state championships and was named the top player in the state . He also earned national All-American honors . Parker joined UCLA in 2012 as part of the top recruiting class in the nation , and helped the school to three NCAA Tournaments , including consecutive Sweet 16 appearances in 2014 and 2015 . He became a starter in his junior year and finished his four-year college career ranked No . 6 in UCLA history in career games played . After graduating , he played in the G League before playing in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-09-18 ) 18 September 1993 ( aged 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.03 metres ( 6.7 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miller Grove High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miller_Grove_High_School_(Lithonia,_Georgia)', 'summary': 'Miller Grove High School is a senior high school in unincorporated DeKalb County , Georgia , near Lithonia . It is a part of the DeKalb County School District . As of 2017 [ update ] it is the largest high school facility in the district .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andre Drummond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Drummond', 'summary': 'Andre Jamal Drummond ( born August 10 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 2012 NBA draft with the ninth overall pick . A two-time NBA All-Star , he has led the league in rebounding three times and also been named to the All-NBA Third Team . Drummond was one of the top-rated basketball players in the high school class of 2011 , and played one season of college basketball with the Connecticut Huskies before declaring for the draft . He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team in 2013 , and was named an All-Star for the first time in 2016 . He has perennially been among the league leaders in rebounding . Drummond was a member of the 2014 US national team that won a gold medal in the FIBA Basketball World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '( 1993-08-10 ) 10 August 1993 ( aged 16 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.11 metres ( 6.9 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Thomas More School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Thomas_More_School_(Connecticut)', 'summary': 'St. Thomas More School is an all-male , private , Roman Catholic-affiliated Christian college-preparatory school in Oakdale , Connecticut , United States . The school serves grades 8-12 and postgraduate courses . It is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges and is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Group A -- United States', 'section_text': 'Head coach : Don Showalter', 'uid': '2010_FIBA_Under-17_World_Championship_squads_5', 'intro': "Players' ages as of the tournament's opening day (2 July 2010)."}
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By whom is the club accredited whose player was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 2012 NBA draft ?
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The New England Association of Schools
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021542b824cb5762
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hybridqa
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{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'title': "Southwest Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", 'header': ['Year', 'SWC Champion', 'Score', 'Runner-up', 'Most Outstanding Player', 'Venue ( and city )'], 'data': [{'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1976_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1976 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 4-6 , 1976 at Moody Coliseum in Dallas , TX . The first round took place on February 28 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 2 seed Texas Tech defeated 1 seed Texas A & M 74-72 to win their 1st championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1976 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ."}]}, {'value': '74-72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas A & M Aggies men 's basketball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college basketball . The Aggies compete in the Southeastern Conference . Since 1998 , the teams has played its home games at Reed Arena , a 12,989-capacity arena in College Station , Texas on the campus of Texas A & M University . The Aggies are currently coached by Buzz Williams who was hired on April 3 , 2019 prior to the start of the 2019-2020 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick Bullock , Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Moody Coliseum ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moody_Coliseum', 'summary': "Moody Coliseum is a 7,000-seat multi-purpose arena in University Park , Texas ( an inner suburb of Dallas ) . The arena opened in 1956 . It is home to the Southern Methodist University Mustangs basketball teams and volleyball team . It was also home to the Dallas Chaparrals and Texas Chaparrals of the American Basketball Association before they moved to San Antonio , Texas , as the San Antonio Spurs . It was also later the home for the Dallas Diamonds of the Women 's Professional Basketball League . Moody Coliseum has been the home of SMU basketball since December 3 , 1956 , when the Mustangs defeated McMurry , 113-36 . Moody has hosted Mustang Volleyball since the program 's inception in 1996 . It was also home to the Dallas Mavericks on April 26 , 1984 , for Game 5 of their Western Conference Quarterfinal series against the Seattle SuperSonics , locally referred to as Moody Madness . The Mavericks won the game in overtime , 105-104 . Less than 48 hours later , the Mavs lost Game 1 of the Western Conference Semifinals to the Los Angeles Lakers by 43 points en route to a 4-1 series loss . The Coliseum has undergone several changes in the past few years to modernize the facility . In 1980-81 , the newly remodeled E. O ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1977_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1977 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 3-5 , 1977 at The Summit in Houston , TX . The first round took place on February 26 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 1 seed Arkansas defeated 2 seed Houston 80-74 to win their 1st championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1977 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '80-74', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Brewer , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Brewer', 'summary': "Ronald Charles Brewer ( born September 16 , 1955 ) is a retired American professional basketball player . A 6 ' 4 ( 1.93 m ) guard from the University of Arkansas , he was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round of the 1978 NBA draft ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Summit ( Houston , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Summit_(Houston)', 'summary': "The Lakewood Church Central Campus is the main facility of Lakewood Church , a megachurch in Houston , Texas , five miles southwest of Downtown Houston and next to Greenway Plaza . From 1975 to 2003 the building served as a multi-purpose sports arena for professional teams , notably the NBA 's Houston Rockets . It was known as The Summit until 1998 , when technology firm Compaq bought naming rights and dubbed it Compaq Center . That name was dropped when Toyota Center opened as a new and more advanced professional sports venue in the same city , and the building was leased to Lakewood Church . Seven years later , in 2010 , the church bought the building outright ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Texas', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1978_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1978 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 2-4 , 1978 at The Summit in Houston , TX . The first round took place on February 25 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 3 seed Houston defeated 1 seed Texas 92-90 to win their 1st championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1978 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': '92-90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Schultz , Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'The Summit ( Houston , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Summit_(Houston)', 'summary': "The Lakewood Church Central Campus is the main facility of Lakewood Church , a megachurch in Houston , Texas , five miles southwest of Downtown Houston and next to Greenway Plaza . From 1975 to 2003 the building served as a multi-purpose sports arena for professional teams , notably the NBA 's Houston Rockets . It was known as The Summit until 1998 , when technology firm Compaq bought naming rights and dubbed it Compaq Center . That name was dropped when Toyota Center opened as a new and more advanced professional sports venue in the same city , and the building was leased to Lakewood Church . Seven years later , in 2010 , the church bought the building outright ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Texas', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1979_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1979 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 1-3 , 1979 at The Summit in Houston , TX . The first round took place on February 24 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 1 seed Arkansas defeated 2 seed Texas 39-38 to win their 2nd championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1979 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '39-38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sidney Moncrief , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief', 'summary': 'Sidney Alvin Moncrief ( born September 21 , 1957 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . As an NCAA college basketball player from 1975 to 1979 , Moncrief played for the University of Arkansas Razorbacks , leading them to the 1978 Final Four and a win in the NCAA Consolation Game versus # 6 Notre Dame . Nicknamed Sid the Squid , Sir Sid , and El Sid , Moncrief went on to play 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association , including ten seasons with the Milwaukee Bucks . He was a five-time NBA All-Star and won the first two NBA Defensive Player of the Year awards in 1983 and 1984 . He was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2019 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Summit ( Houston , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Summit_(Houston)', 'summary': "The Lakewood Church Central Campus is the main facility of Lakewood Church , a megachurch in Houston , Texas , five miles southwest of Downtown Houston and next to Greenway Plaza . From 1975 to 2003 the building served as a multi-purpose sports arena for professional teams , notably the NBA 's Houston Rockets . It was known as The Summit until 1998 , when technology firm Compaq bought naming rights and dubbed it Compaq Center . That name was dropped when Toyota Center opened as a new and more advanced professional sports venue in the same city , and the building was leased to Lakewood Church . Seven years later , in 2010 , the church bought the building outright ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Texas', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1980_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1980 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held February 28-1 , 1980 at HemisFair Arena in San Antonio , TX . The first round took place on February 25 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 1 seed Texas A & M defeated 2 seed Arkansas 52-50 to win their 1st championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1980 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas A & M Aggies men 's basketball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college basketball . The Aggies compete in the Southeastern Conference . Since 1998 , the teams has played its home games at Reed Arena , a 12,989-capacity arena in College Station , Texas on the campus of Texas A & M University . The Aggies are currently coached by Buzz Williams who was hired on April 3 , 2019 prior to the start of the 2019-2020 season ."}]}, {'value': '52-50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'David Britton , Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Britton_(basketball)', 'summary': "David Britton ( born August 26 , 1958 ) was an American basketball player for Texas A & M University who was named MVP of the 1980 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas A & M Aggies men 's basketball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college basketball . The Aggies compete in the Southeastern Conference . Since 1998 , the teams has played its home games at Reed Arena , a 12,989-capacity arena in College Station , Texas on the campus of Texas A & M University . The Aggies are currently coached by Buzz Williams who was hired on April 3 , 2019 prior to the start of the 2019-2020 season ."}]}, {'value': 'HemisFair Arena ( San Antonio , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HemisFair_Arena', 'summary': "HemisFair Arena ( also known as Convention Center Arena ) was an indoor arena located in San Antonio , Texas . It was home to the ABA/NBA 's San Antonio Spurs from 1973 to 1993 and the San Antonio Force of the AFL during the 1992 season , their only year of existence . The Houston Rockets also played home games at the arena during the 1972-73 NBA season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1981_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1981 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 5-7 , 1981 at HemisFair Arena in San Antonio , TX . The first round took place on March 2 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 2 seed Houston defeated 6 seed Texas 84-59 to win their 2nd championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1981 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': '84-59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rob Williams , Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Williams_(basketball)', 'summary': "Robert Aaron Williams ( May 5 , 1961 - March 10 , 2014 ) , was an American former professional basketball player who was selected by the Denver Nuggets in the first round ( 19th overall ) of the 1982 NBA draft . A 6-foot-2 point guard from the University of Houston , Williams played in two National Basketball Association ( NBA ) seasons for the Nuggets . When Williams reported to Denver 's training camp as a rookie , he was badly out of shape , prompting Nuggets coach Doug Moe to describe Williams as a fat little hog . Williams ' collegiate career included a trip to the 1982 NCAA Final Four , where his Houston Cougars , better known as Phi Slama Jama , fell to the North Carolina Tar Heels in the National Semifinals . A former star at Milby High School in Houston , Williams was an electrifying player for the University of Houston , averaging 16 points per game as a freshman , 25 per game as a sophomore , and 21 points per game for the 1982 Final Four team . Williams was an All American and perennial All Southwest Conference performer . His collegiate teammates included Hakeem Olajuwon , Clyde Drexler , Michael Young , Benny Anders and Larry Micheaux among others . In his NBA career , Williams played in 153 games and scored a total of 1,319 points . Following his brief NBA career , he played professionally in the Continental Basketball Association , Italy , Australia , Spain , and the Philippines . In 1986 , Williams strutted his wares as an import for Tanduay Rhum in the Philippine Basketball Association 's ( PBA ) Reinforced Conference that year , where teams were allowed to suit up two imports no taller than 6 ft 3 in . Along with partner Andre McKoy and local superstars Ramon Fernandez , Freddie Hubalde and Willie Generalao , among others , the flamboyant and sweet-shooting Williams led Tanduay to its first championship in franchise history . In a May 2005 Houston Chronicle story , Williams admitted using drugs while he played ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'HemisFair Arena ( San Antonio , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HemisFair_Arena', 'summary': "HemisFair Arena ( also known as Convention Center Arena ) was an indoor arena located in San Antonio , Texas . It was home to the ABA/NBA 's San Antonio Spurs from 1973 to 1993 and the San Antonio Force of the AFL during the 1992 season , their only year of existence . The Houston Rockets also played home games at the arena during the 1972-73 NBA season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1982_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1982 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 4-6 , 1982 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . The first round took place on March 1 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 1 seed Arkansas defeated 2 seed Houston 84-69 to win their 3rd championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1982 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '84-69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'Alvin Robertson , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvin_Robertson', 'summary': 'Alvin Cyrrale Robertson ( born July 22 , 1962 ) is an American retired basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1984 to 1993 , and for one final season in 1995-96 . Robertson holds the record for the most steals per game played , averaging 2.71 steals per game for his career . He is the only guard in NBA history to have recorded a quadruple-double .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1983_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1983 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 10-12 , 1983 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . The first round took place on March 7 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 1 seed Houston defeated 5 seed TCU 62-59 to win their 3rd championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1983 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': '62-59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TCU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TCU_Horned_Frogs', 'summary': 'The TCU Horned Frogs are the athletic teams that represent Texas Christian University . The 18 varsity teams participate in NCAA Division I and in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for football , competing mostly in the Big 12 Conference . The school was a founding member of the Southwest Conference and was a member of the Western Athletic Conference , Conference USA , and the Mountain West Conference before joining the Big 12 . Two TCU teams participate outside the Big 12 in sports not sponsored by that conference . The rifle team competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference , and the beach volleyball team is set to join the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association ( CCSA ) for the 2018-19 school year . The horned frog nickname and mascot refer to the Texas horned lizard , also known as the horned frog .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Young , Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Young_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Michael Wayne Young ( born January 2 , 1961 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . He had a 15-year playing career spent in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and overseas . He was most recently the director of basketball operations and performance enhancement at the University of Houston , his alma mater .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1984_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1984 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 9-11 , 1984 at The Summit in Houston , TX . The first round took place on March 6 at the higher seeded campus sites . Number 1 seed Houston defeated 2 seed Arkansas 57-56 to win their 4th championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1984 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': '57-56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Akeem Olajuwon , Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akeem_Olajuwon', 'summary': "Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon ( /əˈlaɪʒuɒn/ ; Yoruba : [ olaɟuwɔ̃ ] ; born January 21 , 1963 ) , formerly spelled ( and still pronounced as ) Akeem Olajuwon , is a Nigerian-American former professional basketball player . From 1984 to 2002 , he played the center position in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for the Houston Rockets and the Toronto Raptors . He led the Rockets to back-to-back NBA championships in 1994 and 1995 . In 2008 , he was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame , and in 2016 , he was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame . Listed at 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) , Olajuwon is considered one of the greatest centers ever to play the game . He was nicknamed The Dream during his basketball career after he dunked so effortlessly that his college coach said it looked like a dream . Born in Lagos , Nigeria , Olajuwon traveled from his home country to play for the University of Houston under head coach Guy Lewis . His college career for the Cougars included three trips to the Final Four . Olajuwon was drafted by the Houston Rockets with the first overall selection of the 1984 NBA draft , a draft that included Michael Jordan , Charles Barkley , and John Stockton . He combined with the 7 ft 4 in ( 2.24 m ) Ralph Sampson to form a duo dubbed the Twin Towers . The two led the Rockets to the 1986 NBA Finals , where they lost in six games to the Boston Celtics . After Sampson was traded to the Warriors in 1988 , Olajuwon became the Rockets ' undisputed leader ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'The Summit ( Houston , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Summit_(Houston)', 'summary': "The Lakewood Church Central Campus is the main facility of Lakewood Church , a megachurch in Houston , Texas , five miles southwest of Downtown Houston and next to Greenway Plaza . From 1975 to 2003 the building served as a multi-purpose sports arena for professional teams , notably the NBA 's Houston Rockets . It was known as The Summit until 1998 , when technology firm Compaq bought naming rights and dubbed it Compaq Center . That name was dropped when Toyota Center opened as a new and more advanced professional sports venue in the same city , and the building was leased to Lakewood Church . Seven years later , in 2010 , the church bought the building outright ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Texas', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1985_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1985 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 9-0 , 1985 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 1 seed Texas Tech defeated 2 seed Arkansas 67-64 to win their 2nd championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ."}]}, {'value': '67-64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Kleine , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Kleine', 'summary': "Joseph William Kleine ( born January 4 , 1962 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who played in the NBA and for the US national team . He won a gold medal as a member of the United States men 's basketball team at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . In 1998 , he won the NBA championship as a member of the Chicago Bulls ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1986_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1986 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 8-0 , 1986 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 5 seed Texas Tech defeated 2 seed Texas A & M 67-63 to win their 3rd championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1986 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ."}]}, {'value': '67-63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas A & M Aggies men 's basketball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college basketball . The Aggies compete in the Southeastern Conference . Since 1998 , the teams has played its home games at Reed Arena , a 12,989-capacity arena in College Station , Texas on the campus of Texas A & M University . The Aggies are currently coached by Buzz Williams who was hired on April 3 , 2019 prior to the start of the 2019-2020 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Benford , Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Benford', 'summary': "Tony L. Benford ( born March 22 , 1964 ) is an American basketball coach who is an assistant coach of the TCU Horned Frogs men 's basketball team ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1987_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1987 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 7-0 , 1987 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 8 seed Texas A & M defeated 2 seed Baylor 71-46 to win their 2nd championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1987 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas A & M Aggies men 's basketball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college basketball . The Aggies compete in the Southeastern Conference . Since 1998 , the teams has played its home games at Reed Arena , a 12,989-capacity arena in College Station , Texas on the campus of Texas A & M University . The Aggies are currently coached by Buzz Williams who was hired on April 3 , 2019 prior to the start of the 2019-2020 season ."}]}, {'value': '71-46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baylor', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Baylor_Bears_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Baylor Bears basketball team represents Baylor University in Waco , Texas , in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The Bears compete in the Big 12 Conference . The team plays its home games in Ferrell Center and is currently coached by Scott Drew ."}]}, {'value': 'Winston Crite , Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winston_Crite', 'summary': "Winston Arnel Crite ( born June 20 , 1965 ) is a retired American professional basketball player who currently trains young players . After a very successful career at Texas A & M University , Crite was selected with 53rd overall ( 7th in third round ) pick in the 1987 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns and spent two following seasons in the NBA playing for Suns . Afterwards he played professionally in Europe . At 6 ' 7 ( 2.00 m ) and 233 lb ( 106 kg ) , he played power forward ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas A & M Aggies men 's basketball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college basketball . The Aggies compete in the Southeastern Conference . Since 1998 , the teams has played its home games at Reed Arena , a 12,989-capacity arena in College Station , Texas on the campus of Texas A & M University . The Aggies are currently coached by Buzz Williams who was hired on April 3 , 2019 prior to the start of the 2019-2020 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1988_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1988 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 12-0 , 1988 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 1 seed SMU defeated 2 seed Baylor 75-64 to win their 1st championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'SMU', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/SMU_Mustangs_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The SMU Mustangs men 's basketball team represents Southern Methodist University ( SMU ) in Dallas , Texas and currently competes in the American Athletic Conference of NCAA Division I college basketball . The Mustangs are currently coached by Tim Jankovich . In 100 years of basketball , SMU 's record is 1319-1190 . SMU has reached one Final Four , has made 12 NCAA Tournament Appearances , won 16 Conference Championships , had 11 All-Americans , and 23 NBA Draft selections . SMU finished the 2016-17 season with a 30-5 record , and won their second conference title in three years . They set the school record for single season wins , and returned to the NCAA Tournament following a postseason ban in the 2015-16 season ."}]}, {'value': '75-64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baylor', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Baylor_Bears_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Baylor Bears basketball team represents Baylor University in Waco , Texas , in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The Bears compete in the Big 12 Conference . The team plays its home games in Ferrell Center and is currently coached by Scott Drew ."}]}, {'value': 'Micheal Williams , Baylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Micheal_Williams', 'summary': "Micheal Douglas Williams ( born July 23 , 1966 ) is a retired American professional basketball player at the point guard position in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Out of Baylor University , Williams was selected with the 48th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons with whom he played 49 games in his rookie season , averaging 2.4 points and 1.4 assists per game . The Pistons won the NBA championship in his rookie year . Williams was traded by Detroit to the Phoenix Suns on draft day of 1989 , along with the Pistons ' first-round draft pick ( 27th overall ) of the 1989 NBA draft , Kenny Battle , in exchange for the Suns ' first-round draft choice ( 24th overall pick ) , Anthony Cook . That season was spent split between the Phoenix Suns and the Charlotte Hornets averaging 5.6 points and 2.9 assists per game , before being acquired by the Indiana Pacers in 1990 . He thrived during his two seasons in Indiana , averaging 13.2 points , 6.5 assists and shooting 87.5% from the free-throw line . Prior to the 1992-93 season , he was traded along with Chuck Person to the Minnesota Timberwolves in exchange for Sam Mitchell and Pooh Richardson . He continued his solid play in Minnesota for the following two seasons but , due to various injuries , in his final four years with the Wolves he participated in just 35 games ( including missing the entire 1996-97 season ) . On January 21 , 1999 Minnesota traded him , along with Željko Rebrača , to the Toronto Raptors in a three-team deal . By then , Williams ' career was on the decline , and he only played two games for the Raptors before retiring that year . At the conclusion of 1992-93 , Williams ranked fourth in the league in free-throw accuracy at 90.7 percent after making his final 84 attempts . In the process , he broke Calvin Murphy 's 1981 record of 78 successive free throws , continuing his streak into the following season ( 1993-94 ) , making his first 13 attempts ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Baylor_Bears_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Baylor Bears basketball team represents Baylor University in Waco , Texas , in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The Bears compete in the Big 12 Conference . The team plays its home games in Ferrell Center and is currently coached by Scott Drew ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1989_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1989 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 11-0 , 1989 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 1 seed Arkansas defeated 2 seed Texas 100-76 to win their 4th championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1989 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '100-76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lenzie Howell , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenzie_Howell', 'summary': 'Lenzie Howell ( born December 24 , 1967 ) is an American retired basketball player . Standing at 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) , he played as small forward . He played college basketball with Arkansas for two seasons . After his stint with Arkansas , Howell played a decade in Europe . While playing for Computerij Meppel , he won the Dutch League Most Valuable Player twice .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1990_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1990 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 10-0 , 1990 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 1 seed Arkansas defeated 2 seed Houston 96-84 to win their 5th championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1990 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '96-84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd Day , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Day', 'summary': "Todd Fitzgerald Day ( born January 7 , 1970 ) is a retired American professional basketball player and current head coach at Philander Smith College in Little Rock , Arkansas . Day is the all-time leading scorer at the University of Arkansas , and played eight seasons in the NBA . During the 2006 season , he played for the Blue Stars of Lebanon 's WASL Club League ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1991_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1991 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 8-10 , 1991 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 1 seed Arkansas defeated 2 seed Texas 120-89 to win their 6th championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1990–91_Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball_team", 'summary': "The 1990-91 Arkansas Razorbacks men 's basketball team represented the University of Arkansas in the 1990-91 college basketball season . The head coach was Nolan Richardson , serving for his sixth year . The team played its home games in Barnhill Arena in Fayetteville , Arkansas . This was Arkansas ' final season in the Southwest Conference . The school joined the Southeastern Conference the next season . The Hogs won their third straight , and final , SWC regular season and conference tournament championships . Arkansas was the # 1 seed in the Southeast Regional , and defeated Georgia State , Arizona State , and Alabama , before losing to the Kansas Jayhawks in the Elite Eight ."}]}, {'value': '120-89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oliver Miller , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Miller', 'summary': 'Oliver J. Miller ( born April 6 , 1970 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He played college basketball at the University of Arkansas and was drafted by the Phoenix Suns in 1992 . After his initial stint in the NBA from 1992 to 1998 , where he became the heaviest player in league history , Miller played overseas and for semi-professional American teams . He returned to the NBA for the 2003-04 season , but transitioned back to minor-league and semi-professional play until 2010 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team represents the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville , Arkansas , United States in NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The school 's team currently competes in the Southeastern Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . They lost in the first round to Butler University . The basketball team plays its home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus . Under the coaching leadership of Nolan Richardson , the Hogs won the national championship in 1994 , defeating Duke , and appeared in the championship game the following year , but were beaten by UCLA . The Razorbacks have made NCAA Final Four appearances in 1941 , 1945 , 1978 , 1990 , 1994 , and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1992_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1992 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 14-0 , 1992 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 2 seed Houston defeated 1 seed Texas 91-72 to win their 5th championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1992 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': '91-72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dexter Cambridge , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dexter_Cambridge', 'summary': "Dexter Ryan Cambridge ( born January 29 , 1970 ) is a Bahamian professional basketball player . A 6 ' 7 ( 2.01 m ) and 224 lb ( 102 kg ) forward , he had a brief career in the National Basketball Association in early 1993 when he played for the Dallas Mavericks . Cambridge attended American institutions Lon Morris Junior College ( in Jacksonville , Texas ) and the University of Texas at Austin ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1993_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1993 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 13-0 , 1993 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 5 seed Texas Tech defeated 3 seed Houston 88-76 to win their 4th championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ."}]}, {'value': '88-76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Houston_Cougars_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Houston Cougars men 's basketball team represents the University of Houston in Houston , Texas , in the NCAA Division I men 's basketball competition . The university is a member of the American Athletic Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2019 and is tied for 15th in number of Final Four appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'Lance Hughes , Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1994_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1994 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 11-0 , 1994 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 1 seed Texas defeated 2 seed Texas A & M 87-62 to win their 1st championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1994 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '87-62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_A&M_Aggies_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas A & M Aggies men 's basketball team represents Texas A & M University in NCAA Division I college basketball . The Aggies compete in the Southeastern Conference . Since 1998 , the teams has played its home games at Reed Arena , a 12,989-capacity arena in College Station , Texas on the campus of Texas A & M University . The Aggies are currently coached by Buzz Williams who was hired on April 3 , 2019 prior to the start of the 2019-2020 season ."}]}, {'value': 'B. J. Tyler , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B._J._Tyler', 'summary': "Brandon Joel Tyler ( born April 30 , 1971 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Tyler , a 6 ' 1 ( 185 cm ) point guard , attended DePaul University for his freshman year and the University of Texas at Austin for his final three college years before being taken twentieth overall in the 1994 NBA Draft by the Philadelphia 76ers . He played 55 games for them in 1994-95 , averaging 3.5 points and 3.2 assists per game . Prior to the 1995-96 NBA season , Tyler was selected by the Toronto Raptors in the 1995 expansion draft . According to journalist Chris Young 's book Drive , Tyler accidentally fell asleep with a pack of ice on his ankle , causing severe nerve damage . Robbed of the speed that his game was based on , he was subsequently forced to retire ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1995_Southwest_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1995 Southwest Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was held March 10-0 , 1995 at Reunion Arena in Dallas , TX . Number 1 seed Texas defeated 2 seed Texas Tech 107-104 ( OT ) to win their 2nd championship and receive the conference 's automatic bid to the 1995 NCAA Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '107-104 ( OT )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team represents Texas Tech University in basketball . Texas Tech competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and as a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , since its first season in 1996 . The team previously competed in the Border Conference and Southwest Conference . The team was founded in 1925 , having since won 12 regular season conference championships , 5 postseason conference championships , and made 17 appearances in the NCAA Tournament as of the 2018-19 season . The Red Raiders have played their home games at the United Supermarkets Arena since 1999 on the university 's campus in Lubbock , Texas . Chris Beard , the team 's 17th head coach , has led the Red Raiders since the 2016-17 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Terrence Rencher , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrence_Rencher', 'summary': "Terrence Lamont Rencher ( born February 19 , 1973 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He was listed at 6 ' 3 ( 1.90 m ) . Rencher was a prep star at St. Raymond High School for Boys in the Bronx , New York , earning New York City MVP honors in his senior year . Rencher attended the University of Texas at Austin , being drawn to the high-paced tempo of play that coach Tom Penders employed . There he finished his career with 2,306 points ( making him both the school 's and Southwest Conference 's all-time career scorer in men 's basketball ) and 440 assists . He was selected by the Washington Bullets in the 1995 NBA draft , but his draft rights were traded along with Rex Chapman to the Miami Heat , for the draft rights to Jeff Webster and Ed Stokes . He was traded midway through his rookie season ( 1995-96 ) with the Heat to the Phoenix Suns , in exchange for Tony Smith . Internationally , he played for Bnei Herzliya in Israel , Pallacanestro Cantù , Basket Rimini and Viola Reggio Calabria in Italy , KK Split in Croatia and Telekom Baskets Bonn and RheinEnergie Köln in Germany , amongst others . He moved back to the United States in 2006 and enrolled at UT for the 2007 spring semester . In addition to taking three semesters of classes and serving as a student mentor , Rencher also served as the basketball program director at the Regents School of Austin and coach of the boys ' varsity team . His college coaching career began as a graduate assistant at Saint Louis University under the late Rick Majerus during the 2008-09 season . In 2009-11 he worked as an assistant coach at Texas State University under Doug Davalos ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns men 's basketball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's basketball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in men 's basketball in 1906 . The Longhorns rank 18th in total victories among all NCAA Division I college basketball programs and 25th in all-time win percentage among programs with at least 60 years in Division I , with an all-time win-loss record of 1791-1088 ( .622 ) . Among Big 12 Conference men 's basketball programs , Texas is second only to Kansas in both all-time wins and all-time win percentage . The Longhorns have won 27 total conference championships in men 's basketball and have made 34 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( 11th-most appearances all time , with a 35-37 overall record ) , reaching the NCAA Final Four three times ( 1943 , 1947 , 2003 ) and the NCAA Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) seven times . As of the end of the 2017-18 season , Texas ranks sixth among all Division I men 's basketball programs for total NCAA Tournament games won without having won the national championship ( 35 ) , trailing Kansas State ( 37 ) , Notre Dame ( 38 ) , Purdue ( 39 ) , Illinois ( 40 ) , and Oklahoma ( 41 ) . The Texas basketball program experienced substantial success during the early decades of its existence , but its success in the modern era is of relatively recent vintage . After two losing seasons during the program 's first five years , Texas suffered only one losing season from 1912 to 1950 , achieving a winning percentage of .703 during that span , reaching two Final Fours and one Elite Eight during the first decade of the NCAA Tournament , and receiving retroactive recognition as the 1933 national champion from the Premo-Porretta Power Poll ; from 1951 to 1988 , the Longhorns finished with losing records 14 times , recorded a winning percentage of .522 , and participated in the expanded Tournament only five times . Texas achieved some measures of national recognition during the tenures of head coaches Abe Lemons ( 1976-82 ) and Tom Penders ( 1988-98 ) , but the program rose to its highest level of prominence under the direction of former head coach Rick Barnes ( 1998-2015 ) . Barnes guided Texas to 16 NCAA Tournament appearances in his 17 seasons with the program , including a school-record fourteen consecutive appearances ( 1999-2012 ) , as well as fifteen 20-win seasons overall and a school-best thirteen consecutive 20-win seasons ( 2000-12 ) . Since 1977 , the team has played its home games in the Frank Erwin Special Events Center , where it has compiled a record of 507-126 ( .801 ) as of January 7 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reunion Arena ( Dallas , Texas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reunion_Arena', 'summary': "Reunion Arena was an indoor arena located in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas , Texas . The arena served as the primary home of the National Basketball Association 's Dallas Mavericks and the National Hockey League 's Dallas Stars . Its capacity held accommodations for 18,190 basketball spectators and 17,000 for ice hockey spectators . Reunion was also a performance venue for some of the biggest names in popular music from the 1980s through the late 2000s including Paul McCartney , Michael Jackson , Prince , Frank Sinatra , Elton John , David Bowie , Madonna , Pink Floyd , Queen , U2 , R.E.M . and Radiohead . Reunion Arena was demolished in November 2009 and the site was cleared by the end of the year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Tournament champions by year', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "List_of_Southwestern_Athletic_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament_Finals_broadcasters_0", 'intro': "The Southwest Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, also called the SWC Classic, was the conference championship tournament in men's basketball for the Southwest Conference. The tournament was held annually between 1976 and 1996, after which the Southwest Conference was dissolved. The winner of the tournament was guaranteed a spot in the NCAA Basketball Tournament each year."}
| null | null |
Which former Arkansas player went on to win a gold medal in the 84 Olympics , and a NBA Title with the Bulls in 98 ?
|
Joe Kleine
|
02164763fefd5df2
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_BC_Lions_season', 'title': '2010 BC Lions season', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick', 'Player', 'Position', 'School/Club Team'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danny Watkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Watkins', 'summary': 'Danny William Watkins ( born November 6 , 1984 ) is a former American football offensive guard in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted fourth overall by the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in the 2010 CFL Draft , but played out his last year at Baylor University , the 2010 season .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baylor_Bears_football', 'summary': 'The Baylor Bears football team represents Baylor University in Division I FBS college football . They are a member of the Big 12 Conference . After 64 seasons at the off-campus Baylor Stadium , renamed Floyd Casey Stadium in 1989 , the Bears opened the new on-campus McLane Stadium known as The House That RG3 Built , for the 2014 season .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shawn Gore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Gore', 'summary': "Shawn Vere Gore ( born April 12 , 1987 , is a retired professional Canadian football wide receiver . Gore spent the majority of his professional career playing for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted tenth overall by the Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft , but signed with the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League on the day after the draft as a free agent . He played college football for the Bishop 's Gaiters , and high school football for the Newtonbrook North Stars ."}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bishop 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bishop's_University", 'summary': "Bishop 's University ( French : Université Bishop 's ) is a small liberal arts college in Lennoxville , a borough of Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada . It is one of three universities in the province of Quebec that teach primarily in English ( the others being McGill University and Concordia University , both in Montreal ) . The university shares a campus with its neighbour , Champlain College Lennoxville , an English-language public college . It remains one of Canada 's few primarily undergraduate universities , and is linked with three others in the Maple League . Established in 1843 as Bishop 's College and affiliated with the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge in 1853 , the school remained under the Anglican church 's direction from its founding until 1947 . Since that time , the university has been a non-denominational institution . Bishop 's University has graduated fifteen Rhodes Scholars . It is ranked number one in Canada for student satisfaction by Maclean 's magazine ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joash Gesse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joash_Gesse', 'summary': 'Joash Gesse ( born September 4 , 1986 , in Montreal , Quebec ) is a retired Canadian football linebacker . He was drafted sixteenth overall by the BC Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25 , 2010 . After spending three seasons with the Lions , he signed with the Edmonton Eskimos with whom he played with for two years . He played college football for the Montreal Carabins . He is currently working as a high school teacher in Laval , Quebec , and has a girlfriend .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Carabins', 'summary': "The Montréal Carabins are the men 's and women 's athletic teams that represent the Université de Montréal in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Teams play at the CEPSUM Stadium and at l'aréna du CEPSUM , located at the Université de Montréal campus ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamid Mahmoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamid_Mahmoudi', 'summary': 'Hamid Mahmoudi ( born September 12 , 1985 ) is a former professional Canadian football cornerback who played two seasons for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He was drafted 20th overall by the Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25 , 2010 . He played college football for the Montreal Carabins .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montréal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nate Binder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nate_Binder', 'summary': 'Nate Binder ( born September 28 , 1985 ) is a former professional Canadian football wide receiver . He was drafted 24th overall by the Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25 , 2010 . He played college football for the Tusculum Pioneers . Binder also played for the Edmonton Eskimos .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tusculum College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tusculum_Pioneers', 'summary': "Tusculum University is a private Presbyterian university with its main campus in Tusculum , Tennessee . It is Tennessee 's oldest university and the 28th-oldest operating college in the United States . In addition to its main campus , the institution maintains a regional center for Graduate and Professional Studies in Knoxville , and additional satellite campuses across East Tennessee ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akeem Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akeem_Foster', 'summary': 'Akeem Foster ( born March 20 , 1987 ) is a professional Canadian football wide receiver for the Kotka Eagles of the Finnish 1st Division . Prior to that , Foster had been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted 25th overall by the BC Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25 , 2010 . During the 2013 CFL season , the Lions traded him in exchange for Buck Pierce . He played college football for the St. Francis Xavier X-Men . Foster played for the Tri-Cities Fever of the Indoor Football League in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Francis Xavier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University_X-Men', 'summary': 'St. Francis Xavier University is a public undergraduate liberal arts university located in Antigonish , Nova Scotia , Canada . It is a member of the Maple League , a group of primarily undergraduate universities in Eastern Canada .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cauchy Muamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cauchy_Muamba', 'summary': 'Cauchy Muamba ( born May 8 , 1987 ) is a Congolese-born professional Canadian football defensive back who is currently a free agent . He most recently played for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He was drafted 34th overall by the BC Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25 , 2010 . He played CIS football for the St. Francis Xavier X-Men . He grew up in Mississauga with his younger brothers Hénoc and Kelvin .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Francis Xavier', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adam Baboulas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Baboulas', 'summary': "Adam Baboulas ( born April 5 , 1987 ) is a professional Canadian football offensive lineman who most recently played for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted 41st overall by the BC Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25 , 2010 . He played college football for the Saint Mary 's Huskies ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Saint Mary 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Mary's_University_(Halifax)", 'summary': "Saint Mary 's University ( SMU ) is located in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada . The school is best known for having nationally leading programs in business and chemistry , as well as one of the best Canadian women 's basketball programs . The campus is situated in Halifax 's South End and covers approximately 80 acres ( 32 ha ) ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Chapdelaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Chapdelaine', 'summary': 'Matthew Chapdelaine ( born July 28 , 1988 ) is a former professional Canadian football wide receiver . He most recently played for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted 42nd overall by the Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25 , 2010 . He played college football for the Alberta Golden Bears before transferring to Simon Fraser University . Chapdelaine suffered a stress fracture in his foot prior to the 2009 season and never played for the Simon Fraser Clan .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Fraser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Fraser_Clan', 'summary': 'The Simon Fraser Clan are the athletic teams that represent Simon Fraser University ( SFU ) in Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada . The Clan are members of NCAA Division II and are the only Canadian university affiliated with the U.S.-based National Collegiate Athletic Association .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Offseason -- CFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_BC_Lions_season_0', 'intro': 'The 2010 BC Lions season was the 53rd season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 57th overall. The Lions finished the season in third place in the West Division with a second consecutive 8-10 record and qualified for the playoffs by winning their last game of the season. If they had lost, the Edmonton Eskimos would have qualified instead. The team had a dismal start, posting a 1-7 record to start the season, but won seven of their last 10 games to qualify for the playoffs for the 14th consecutive season. The Lions played the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the West Semi-Final, but lost the game in double overtime 41-38. Due to renovations to BC Place, the Lions played at a temporary stadium located on the site of their old home field, Empire Stadium. Additionally, Head Coach and General Manager Wally Buono announced that training camp would be held in Kamloops for the next three seasons, beginning with 2010.'}
| null | null |
What WR played school in Lennoxville , a borough of Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada ?
|
Shawn Gore
|
02167b34a1c3574b
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Methodist churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': "Saint Paul 's Methodist Episcopal Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Paul's_Methodist_Episcopal_Church", 'summary': "Saint Paul 's Methodist Episcopal Church ( also known as the First Christian Church ) is a historic Methodist church building at 1327 Leighton Avenue in Anniston , Alabama . It was built in 1888 and added to the National Register in 1985 . Its National Register nomination describes it as a Gothic structure with Victorian influences constructed of native sandstone ashlar , set on a raised basement of slightly different stone , with a gabled roof and subordinate cross gables . The dominant feature is an entry and bell tower on the north side with a Gothic pointed-arch door , circular windows with a Star of David design set in tracery on each face of the tower at the second stage , and at the third stage , horizontal wooden siding which replaced the original pierced triple lancets in the belfry opening about 1940 . The slate spire is also a replacement , and the pinnacles that rose from the tower are gone . It was built under supervision of English master stonemason Simon Jewell , who also worked on two other large sandstone churches in Anniston . It is also a contributing building in the East Anniston Residential Historic District ."}]}, {'value': '1888 built 1985 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1327 Leighton Avenue 33°39′40″N 85°49′29″W / 33.66111°N 85.82472°W / 33.66111 ; -85.82472 ( Saint Paul 's Methodist Episcopal Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anniston , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Anniston is the county seat of Calhoun County in Alabama and is one of two urban centers/principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city was 23,106 . According to 2018 Census estimates , the city had a population of 21,569 . Named The Model City by Atlanta newspaperman Henry W. Grady for its careful planning in the late 19th century , the city is situated on the slope of Blue Mountain . Along with Selma , Alabama , it ranks as one of the top cities by most violent crimes in the United States , according to FBI data .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'First United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_United_Methodist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'First United Methodist Church is a historic church at 6th Ave. and 19th Street , North in Birmingham , Alabama . It was built in 1891 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1872 founded 1891 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th Avenue North and 19th Street 33°31′5″N 86°48′38″W / 33.51806°N 86.81056°W / 33.51806 ; -86.81056 ( First United Methodist Church ( Birmingham , Alabama ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'Richardsonian Romanesque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Luke AME Zion Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Luke_AME_Zion_Church', 'summary': 'St. Luke AME Zion Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Zion ( AMEZ ) church at 3937 12th Ave. North in Birmingham , Alabama . It was significant in the civil rights movement . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '2005 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3937 12th Ave. N 33°32′40″N 86°46′51″W / 33.54444°N 86.78083°W / 33.54444 ; -86.78083 ( St. Luke AME Zion Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'Significant in civil rights in 1962 ; Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julia Street Memorial United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julia_Street_Memorial_United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'The Julia Street Memorial United Methodist Church is a historic church at 302 Thomas Avenue in Boaz , Alabama . It was built in a Classical Revival style and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'built 1999 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '302 Thomas Ave. 34°12′3″N 86°9′43″W / 34.20083°N 86.16194°W / 34.20083 ; -86.16194 ( Julia Street Memorial United Methodist Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boaz , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boaz,_Alabama', 'summary': "Boaz is a city in Marshall and Etowah counties in the U.S. state of Alabama . It is part of the Albertville , Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 9,551 . Boaz was known for its outlet shops ."}]}, {'value': 'Classical Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Methodist Church ( Daphne , Alabama )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1858 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1608 Old County Road 30°36′6″N 87°54′31″W / 30.60167°N 87.90861°W / 30.60167 ; -87.90861 ( Old Methodist Church ( Daphne , Alabama ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daphne , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daphne,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Daphne ( /ˈdæfniː/ ) is a city in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States , on the eastern shoreline of Mobile Bay . The city is located along I-10 , 11 miles east of Mobile and 170 miles southwest of the state capital of Montgomery . The 2010 United States Census lists the population of the city as 21,570 , making Daphne the most populous city in Baldwin County . It is a principal city of the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley metropolitan area , which includes all of Baldwin County . The inhabited history of what is now called Daphne dates at least to the Paleo-Indian period and Native American tribes around 9000 BC . Modern-day Daphne is a thriving suburb of nearby Mobile . Daphne has adopted the nickname ″The Jubilee City″ in recognition of its status as one of the locations of the Mobile Bay jubilee . The only other place jubilees occur is in Tokyo Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'This Greek Revival church building is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the city and now serves as a history museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eufaula First United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eufaula_First_United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Eufaula First United Methodist Church is located in Eufaula , Alabama , U.S . The building is located at 101 East Barbour Street .'}]}, {'value': '1834 founded 1917 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101 East Barbour Street 31°53′28″N 85°8′43″W / 31.89111°N 85.14528°W / 31.89111 ; -85.14528 ( Eufaula First United Methodist Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eufaula , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eufaula,_Alabama', 'summary': "Eufaula is the largest city in Barbour County , Alabama , United States . As of the 2010 census the city 's population was 13,137 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanon Chapel AME Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon_Chapel_AME_Church', 'summary': 'Lebanon Chapel AME Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church bounded by Young Street on the West and Middle Street on the North in Fairhope , Alabama . It was built in 1923 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairhope , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairhope,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Fairhope is a city in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States on the eastern shoreline of Mobile Bay . The 2010 census lists the population of the city as 15,326 . Fairhope is a principal city of the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley micropolitan area , which includes all of Baldwin County . In 2016 , Fairhope was named the best small town in the South by Southern Living magazine .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twin Beach AME Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twin_Beach_AME_Church', 'summary': 'Twin Beech AME Zion Church , listed as Twin Beach AME Church , is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church on the east side of CR 44 in Fairhope , Alabama . It was built in 1925 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairhope , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairhope,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Fairhope is a city in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States on the eastern shoreline of Mobile Bay . The 2010 census lists the population of the city as 15,326 . Fairhope is a principal city of the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley micropolitan area , which includes all of Baldwin County . In 2016 , Fairhope was named the best small town in the South by Southern Living magazine .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gainestown Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gainestown_Methodist_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Gainestown Methodist Church and Cemetery is a historic United Methodist Church building and its adjacent cemetery in Gainestown , Alabama , United States . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 28 , 1999 , due to its architectural significance .'}]}, {'value': '1911 built 1999 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walker Springs Road 31°26′31″N 87°41′40″W / 31.44194°N 87.69444°W / 31.44194 ; -87.69444 ( Gainestown Methodist Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gainestown , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gainestown,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Gainestown is an unincorporated community on the Alabama River in Clarke County , Alabama , United States . It was named for George Strother Gaines . Gaines established an Indian trading post here in 1809 . The exact date for the founding of the town is unclear . However , the community was being referred to as Gainestown by 1815 , following the end of the Creek War and subsequent closure of the trading post in 1814 . Gainestown grew to be a large town during the heyday of river-based transport , but a slow decline began after the American Civil War . A tornado on March 26 , 1911 destroyed at least 12 homes and much of the town . A contemporaneous account of the storm stated that a dry goods store at Gainestown was destroyed , with fragments of its products found as far away as 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the east , in Monroe County . Gainestown has three sites on the National Register of Historic Places , the Gainestown Methodist Church and Cemetery , Gainestown Schoolhouse , and the Wilson-Finlay House .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butler Chapel A.M.E. Zion Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butler_Chapel_A.M.E._Zion_Church_(Greenville,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'Butler Chapel A.M.E. Zion Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church at 407 Oglesby Street in Greenville , Alabama . It was built in 1913 and added to the National Register in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '1913 built 1986 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31°49′25″N 86°37′30″W / 31.82361°N 86.62500°W / 31.82361 ; -86.62500 ( Butler Chapel A.M.E. Zion Church ( Greenville , Alabama ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenville , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Greenville is a city in Butler County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 8,135 . The city is the county seat of Butler County and is known as the Camellia City . The movement to change the official Alabama state flower from the goldenrod to the camellia originated in Greenville with legislative sponsors LaMont Glass and H.B . Taylor .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakey Streak Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakey_Streak_Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': 'Oakey Streak Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church in Butler County , Alabama . The congregation was organized in 1831 , and the land where the current church sits was given to the church in 1851 . A log building was erected soon after , replaced by the current frame structure around the 1880s . The church was expanded and a bell tower was added in 1903 . Along with the adjacent Masonic Lodge , which was demolished in the 1940s , the church was the social center of the area . The church is built in Gothic Revival style , common among rural churches , and especially Methodist churches , in the South . The sanctuary is 32 feet wide by 48 feet long ( 9.8 by 14.6 m ) , with a front-facing gable roof and a box cornice with returns . The pyramidal roofed bell tower has a narrow one-over-one sash windows on each side , and a double entry door , covered by a simple pedimented overhang . An arched transom sits above the entryway . The tower is flanked by two Gothic lancet windows . Each side of the sanctuary has four equally-spaced two-over-two sashes . The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': '1875 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31°33′8″N 86°32′13″W / 31.55222°N 86.53694°W / 31.55222 ; -86.53694 ( Oakey Streak Methodist Episcopal Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenville , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Greenville is a city in Butler County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 8,135 . The city is the county seat of Butler County and is known as the Camellia City . The movement to change the official Alabama state flower from the goldenrod to the camellia originated in Greenville with legislative sponsors LaMont Glass and H.B . Taylor .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uchee Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uchee_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Uchee Methodist Church is a historic church in Uchee , Alabama . The Greek Revival style building was constructed in 1859 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32°21′11″N 85°19′53″W / 32.35306°N 85.33139°W / 32.35306 ; -85.33139 ( Uchee Methodist Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hatchechubbee , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hatchechubbee,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Hatchechubbee is an unincorporated community in Russell County , Alabama , United States . Hatchechubbee is located at the junction of Alabama State Route 26 and County Route 65 , 6.5 miles ( 10.5 km ) west-southwest of Seale . Hatchechubbee has a post office with ZIP code 36858 , which opened on August 17 , 1855 .'}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_United_Methodist_Church_(Jasper,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'The First United Methodist Church is a historic United Methodist Church in Jasper , Walker County , Alabama . The congregation dates back to the 1830s . This building is their fifth , built from 1912-21 . Architectural scholars consider this to be one of the best of its type in the state . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 14 , 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '1833 founded 1921 built 1985 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1800 3rd Avenue 33°50′0″N 87°16′40″W / 33.83333°N 87.27778°W / 33.83333 ; -87.27778 ( First United Methodist Church ( Jasper , Alabama ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasper , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jasper,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Jasper is a city in and the county seat of Walker County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 14,137 in 2016 . Named in honor of Sergeant William Jasper , an American Revolutionary War hero , Jasper was settled around 1815 and incorporated on August 18 , 1886 . The first significant growth of the area was in 1886 , when the Kansas City , Memphis and Birmingham Railroad and the Sheffield & Birmingham Railroads were completed through Jasper . The population grew from 200 people in 1886 to more than 3,000 in 1890 . In a special edition in 1891 , the Mountain Eagle stated there were six coal mines , two sandstone quarries , 400 coke ovens , one foundry and machine shop , two saw mills , one brick works , four hotels , and two banks .'}]}, {'value': 'Beaux Arts style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture', 'summary': 'Beaux-Arts architecture ( /ˌboʊˈzɑːr/ ; French : [ bozaʁ ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century . It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements , and used modern materials , such as iron and glass . It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century . It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States , because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . :76'}]}, {'value': 'Latham United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latham_United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': 'Latham United Methodist Church is a historic church building on the east side of Highway 59 in Latham , Alabama . It was built in 1906 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': '1906 built 1988 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E side Hwy . 59 31°5′54″N 87°49′51″W / 31.09833°N 87.83083°W / 31.09833 ; -87.83083 ( Latham United Methodist Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latham,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Latham , Alabama is an unincorporated community in Baldwin County , Alabama , United States . It is the location of Latham United Methodist Church , which is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shady Grove Methodist Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shady_Grove_Methodist_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Shady Grove Methodist Church and Cemetery is a historic church in Logan , Alabama . Built in 1892 , it was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1999 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '1892 built 2002 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34°8′29″N 87°2′8″W / 34.14139°N 87.03556°W / 34.14139 ; -87.03556 ( Shady Grove Methodist Church and Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logan , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Logan is an unincorporated community in Cullman County , Alabama , United States . It is the location of the Shady Grove Methodist Church , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrews Chapel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrews_Chapel_(McIntosh,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'Andrews Chapel , also known as the McIntosh Log Church , is a historic Methodist church building in McIntosh , Alabama . It is one of only a few remaining log churches in the state . It had its beginning in 1860 when John C. Rush and his wife donated land for the church to the Methodist McIntosh community . The church was built before the year ended . It was named for James Osgood Andrew , a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church , South . The squared-log building features square notched corners and a wood shingle roof . A new church building was built in 1952 adjacent to the chapel . The chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20 , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '1860 built 1974 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Highway 43 31°15′51″N 88°1′46″W / 31.26417°N 88.02944°W / 31.26417 ; -88.02944 ( Andrews Chapel ( McIntosh , Alabama ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Highway_43', 'summary': "U.S. Route 43 ( US 43 ) is a 410-mile-long ( 660 km ) north-south United States Highway in the East South Central States of Alabama and Tennessee . It travels from Prichard , Alabama to Columbia , Tennessee . The highway 's southern terminus is in Prichard , at an intersection with US 90 . Its northern terminus is in Columbia , Tennessee , at an intersection with US 31/US 412/US 412 Bus . In Alabama and Tennessee , all of the U.S . Highways in each state have one or more unsigned state highways designated along its length . US 43 travels concurrently with Alabama State Route 13 ( SR 13 ) from its southern terminus to an intersection in southeastern Fayette County . For the rest of its length in the state , US 43 is concurrent with signed state highways . In Tennessee , US 43 travels concurrently with Tennessee State Route 6 ( SR 6 ) along its entire length in the state . It also has an unsigned concurrency with SR 227 between Saint Joseph and Loretto ."}]}, {'value': 'McIntosh , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McIntosh,_Alabama', 'summary': "McIntosh is a town located in Washington County , Alabama , United States along U.S. Route 43 . It is 12 1⁄2 miles ( 20.1 km ) south of Wagarville and 44 miles ( 71 km ) north of Mobile . It was named for William McIntosh , a prominent Creek chief of the nineteenth century . The town was incorporated on April 7 , 1970 . The population as of the 2010 U.S. Census was 238 , down from 244 in 2000 . The town and county have a high proportion of residents who are members of the MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians , a state-recognized tribe of people of the Muskogean-speaking language family . It has one site , Andrews Chapel , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . McIntosh is near the site of Aaron Burr 's arrest in 1807 while the area was part of the Mississippi Territory . He was captured by U.S. Army Lt. Edmund P. Gaines in the town of Wakefield , a few miles to the north , and then confined to Fort Stoddert . A historic marker has been placed to document this event ."}]}, {'value': 'Squared-log building , one of only a few surviving log churches in Alabama . Named for James Osgood Andrew , a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church , South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Osgood_Andrew', 'summary': 'James Osgood Andrew ( May 3 , 1794 - March 2 , 1871 ) was elected in 1832 an American Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church . After the split within the church in 1844 , he continued as a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church , South .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South', 'summary': 'The Methodist Episcopal Church , South , or Methodist Episcopal Church South ( MEC , S ) , was the Methodist denomination resulting from the 19th-century split over the issue of slavery in the Methodist Episcopal Church ( MEC ) . Disagreement on this issue had been increasing in strength for decades between churches of the North and South ; in 1844 it resulted in a schism at the General Conference of the MEC held in Louisville , Kentucky . This body maintained its own polity for nearly 100 years until the formation in 1939 of the Methodist Church , uniting the Methodist Episcopal Church , South , with the elder Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Protestant Church , which had separated from Methodist Episcopals in 1828 . The Methodist Church in turn merged in 1968 with the Evangelical United Brethren Church to form the United Methodist Church , now one of the largest and most widely spread religious denominations in America . In 1940 , some more theologically conservative MEC , S congregations , which dissented from the 1939 merger , formed the Southern Methodist Church , which still exists as a small , conservative denomination headquartered in South Carolina . Some dissenting congregations from the Methodist Protestant Church also objected to the 1940 merger and continue as a separate denomination , headquartered in Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Emanuel AME Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emanuel_AME_Church_(Mobile,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Church congregation in Mobile , Alabama , United States . Emanuel AME began when church trustees purchased a vacant lot for their church in 1869 , as African Americans in Mobile established their own congregations following the American Civil War . The trustees completed a frame building in that same year . The frame building was altered in 1881 when James F. Hutchisson , a locally prominent white architect , was hired to design a new facade . The existing building was faced in brick and the facade was redesigned in the Gothic Revival style . This made Emanuel AME Church comparable to white churches in the city and superior to both African American and white rural churches of the period . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 29 , 1987 , due to its architectural and historic significance .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobile , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama', 'summary': "Mobile ( /moʊˈbiːl/ moh-BEEL , French : [ mɔbil ] ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Mobile County , Alabama , United States . The population within the city limits was 195,111 as of the 2010 United States Census , making it the third most populous city in Alabama , the most populous in Mobile County , and the largest municipality on the Gulf Coast between New Orleans , Louisiana , and St. Petersburg , Florida . Alabama 's only saltwater port , Mobile is located on the Mobile River at the head of the Mobile Bay and the north-central Gulf Coast . The Port of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city , beginning with the settlement as an important trading center between the French colonists and Native Americans , down to its current role as the 12th-largest port in the United States . Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile metropolitan area . This region of 412,992 residents is composed solely of Mobile County ; it is the third-largest metropolitan statistical area in the state . Mobile is the largest city in the Mobile-Daphne−Fairhope CSA , with a total population of 604,726 , the second largest in the state . As of 2011 [ update ] , the population within a 60-mile ( 100 km ) radius of Mobile is 1,262,907 . Mobile was founded in 1702 by the French as the first capital of Louisiana . During its first 100 years , Mobile was a colony of France , then Britain , and lastly Spain . Mobile became a part of the United States in 1813 , with the annexation by President James Madison of West Florida from Spain . The city surrendered to Federal forces on April 12 , 1865 , after Union victories at two forts protecting the city ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Francis Street Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Francis_Street_Methodist_Church', 'summary': "St. Francis Street Methodist Church , officially St. Francis Street United Methodist Church , is a historic United Methodist Church building in Mobile , Alabama , United States . The current structure was built in 1896 by the architectural firm of Watkins and Johnson . It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 5 , 1984 . Holland Nimmons McTyeire ( 1824-1889 ) met his wife Amelia Townsend ( 1827-1891 ) in this church . He later founded Vanderbilt University in Nashville , Tennessee thanks to his wife 's cousin , Frank Armstrong Crawford Vanderbilt ( 1839-1885 ) , who convinced her second husband , Cornelius Vanderbilt , the richest man in the United States at the time , to donate US $ 1 million for its creation ."}]}, {'value': '1896 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 Joachim Street 30°41′30″N 88°2′40″W / 30.69167°N 88.04444°W / 30.69167 ; -88.04444 ( St. Francis Street Methodist Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobile , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama', 'summary': "Mobile ( /moʊˈbiːl/ moh-BEEL , French : [ mɔbil ] ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Mobile County , Alabama , United States . The population within the city limits was 195,111 as of the 2010 United States Census , making it the third most populous city in Alabama , the most populous in Mobile County , and the largest municipality on the Gulf Coast between New Orleans , Louisiana , and St. Petersburg , Florida . Alabama 's only saltwater port , Mobile is located on the Mobile River at the head of the Mobile Bay and the north-central Gulf Coast . The Port of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city , beginning with the settlement as an important trading center between the French colonists and Native Americans , down to its current role as the 12th-largest port in the United States . Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile metropolitan area . This region of 412,992 residents is composed solely of Mobile County ; it is the third-largest metropolitan statistical area in the state . Mobile is the largest city in the Mobile-Daphne−Fairhope CSA , with a total population of 604,726 , the second largest in the state . As of 2011 [ update ] , the population within a 60-mile ( 100 km ) radius of Mobile is 1,262,907 . Mobile was founded in 1702 by the French as the first capital of Louisiana . During its first 100 years , Mobile was a colony of France , then Britain , and lastly Spain . Mobile became a part of the United States in 1813 , with the annexation by President James Madison of West Florida from Spain . The city surrendered to Federal forces on April 12 , 1865 , after Union victories at two forts protecting the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Late Victorian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Street A.M.E. Zion Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/State_Street_A.M.E._Zion_Church', 'summary': 'State Street African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church is a historic African American church in Mobile , Alabama . It is the oldest documented Methodist church building in Alabama . It is also one of two African American churches founded in the Methodist tradition in Mobile prior to the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobile , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama', 'summary': "Mobile ( /moʊˈbiːl/ moh-BEEL , French : [ mɔbil ] ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Mobile County , Alabama , United States . The population within the city limits was 195,111 as of the 2010 United States Census , making it the third most populous city in Alabama , the most populous in Mobile County , and the largest municipality on the Gulf Coast between New Orleans , Louisiana , and St. Petersburg , Florida . Alabama 's only saltwater port , Mobile is located on the Mobile River at the head of the Mobile Bay and the north-central Gulf Coast . The Port of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city , beginning with the settlement as an important trading center between the French colonists and Native Americans , down to its current role as the 12th-largest port in the United States . Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile metropolitan area . This region of 412,992 residents is composed solely of Mobile County ; it is the third-largest metropolitan statistical area in the state . Mobile is the largest city in the Mobile-Daphne−Fairhope CSA , with a total population of 604,726 , the second largest in the state . As of 2011 [ update ] , the population within a 60-mile ( 100 km ) radius of Mobile is 1,262,907 . Mobile was founded in 1702 by the French as the first capital of Louisiana . During its first 100 years , Mobile was a colony of France , then Britain , and lastly Spain . Mobile became a part of the United States in 1813 , with the annexation by President James Madison of West Florida from Spain . The city surrendered to Federal forces on April 12 , 1865 , after Union victories at two forts protecting the city ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Ship African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Ship_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church', 'summary': 'Old Ship African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Montgomery , Alabama . It is the oldest African American church congregation in the city , established in 1852 . The current Classical Revival-style building was designed by Jim Alexander and was completed in 1918 . It is the fourth building the congregation has erected at this location . Scenes from the 1982 television movie , Sister , Sister , were shot at the church . It was placed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on March 3 , 1976 and the National Register of Historic Places on January 24 , 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1918 built 1976 ARLH -listed 1991 NRHP-listed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Register_of_Landmarks_and_Heritage', 'summary': 'The Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage , commonly referred to as the Alabama Register , is an official listing of buildings , sites , structures , objects , and districts deemed worthy of preservation in the U.S. state of Alabama . These properties , which may be of national , state , and local significance , are designated by the Alabama Historical Commission . The designation is honorary and carries no direct restrictions or incentives . The register includes properties such as cemeteries , churches , moved properties , reconstructed properties , and properties at least 40 years old which may not normally qualify for listing in the National Register of Historic Places . There are approximately 1421 properties and districts listed on the Alabama Register . Of these , approximately 196 are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places and 5 are designated as National Historic Landmarks .'}]}, {'value': '483 Holcombe Street 32°22′17″N 86°18′42″W / 32.37139°N 86.31167°W / 32.37139 ; -86.31167 ( Old Ship African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montgomery , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama', 'summary': "Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County . Named for Richard Montgomery , it stands beside the Alabama River , on the coastal Plain of the Gulf of Mexico . In the 2010 Census , Montgomery 's population was 205,764 . It is the second most populous city in Alabama , after Birmingham , and is the 118th most populous in the United States . The Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area 's population in 2010 was estimated at 374,536 ; it is the fourth largest in the state and 136th among United States metropolitan areas . The city was incorporated in 1819 as a merger of two towns situated along the Alabama River . It became the state capital in 1846 , representing the shift of power to the south-central area of Alabama with the growth of cotton as a commodity crop of the Black Belt and the rise of Mobile as a mercantile port on the Gulf Coast . In February 1861 , Montgomery was chosen the first capital of the Confederate States of America , which it remained until the Confederate seat of government moved to Richmond , Virginia , in May of that year . In the middle of the 20th century , Montgomery was a major center of events and protests in the Civil Rights Movement , including the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Selma to Montgomery marches . In addition to housing many Alabama government agencies , Montgomery has a large military presence , due to Maxwell Air Force Base ; public universities Alabama State University , Troy University ( Montgomery campus ) , and Auburn University at Montgomery ; two private post-secondary institutions , Faulkner University and Huntingdon College ; high-tech manufacturing , including Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama ; and many cultural attractions , such as the Alabama Shakespeare Festival and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts . Two ships of the United States Navy have been named after the city , including USS Montgomery . Montgomery has also been recognized nationally for its downtown revitalization and new urbanism projects ."}]}, {'value': 'This Neoclassical-style church building houses the oldest African American church congregation in Montgomery , established in 1852', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Selected salient ones -- Alabama', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of Methodist churches in the United States. It includes notable churches either where a church means a congregation (in the New Testament definition) or where a church means a building (in the colloquial sense). It also includes campgrounds and conference centers and retreats that are significant Methodist gathering places, including a number of historic sites of camp meetings. This very limited list includes only historically or architecturally significant buildings, and omits many of the currently very largest and influential congregations which do not meet that standard. Methodism was founded with a large component being a rejection of past churches and was developed by John Wesley and others in large open-air gatherings in Great Britain. In the United States, Methodists (along with Baptists and other Protestants) were major participants in the Second Great Awakening wherein people would travel from a large area to a particular site to camp out, listen to itinerant preachers, and pray. The list also includes selected notable Methodist theological buildings. In the United States, numerous Methodist churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and on state and local historic registers, many reflecting the values of plainness, of Gothic architecture, of simple adornment. The Greek Revival style is also simple and came to be adopted for numerous American Methodist churches.'}
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How many of the listed churches include their measurements within their descriptions ?
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1
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0217b412e55fd1eb
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Finland at the 1964 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eero Mäntyranta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eero_Mäntyranta', 'summary': 'Eero Antero Mäntyranta ( 20 November 1937 - 29 December 2013 ) was one of the most successful Finnish cross-country skiers . He competed in four Winter Olympics ( 1960-1972 ) winning seven medals at three of them . His performance at the 1964 Winter Olympics earned him the nickname Mister Seefeld , referring to the venue where the cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions took place . The Finnish Ministry of Education endowed him with the Pro Urheilu letter of recognition in 2000 . There is also a museum centered on Mäntyranta in his birthplace of Pello .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1964 Winter Olympics seven cross-country skiing events - four for men and three for women - were contested . The events began on 30 January 1964 in Seefeld , Austria . The women 's 5 km race debuted at this Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 15 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eero Mäntyranta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eero_Mäntyranta', 'summary': 'Eero Antero Mäntyranta ( 20 November 1937 - 29 December 2013 ) was one of the most successful Finnish cross-country skiers . He competed in four Winter Olympics ( 1960-1972 ) winning seven medals at three of them . His performance at the 1964 Winter Olympics earned him the nickname Mister Seefeld , referring to the venue where the cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions took place . The Finnish Ministry of Education endowed him with the Pro Urheilu letter of recognition in 2000 . There is also a museum centered on Mäntyranta in his birthplace of Pello .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1964 Winter Olympics seven cross-country skiing events - four for men and three for women - were contested . The events began on 30 January 1964 in Seefeld , Austria . The women 's 5 km race debuted at this Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 30 km ( mass start )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veikko Kankkonen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veikko_Kankkonen', 'summary': 'Veikko Kankkonen ( born 5 January 1940 ) is a retired Finnish ski jumper who competed at the 1960 , 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics . He won two medals in 1964 with a gold in the individual normal hill and a silver in the individual large hill event . That same year he won the jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival , which also earned him the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Eero Mäntyranta , Georg Thoma , and Halvor Næs ) . He also won the Four Hills Tournament and served as the flag bearer for Finland at the 1968 Olympics . Besides skiing Kankkonen played baseball for the Maila-Veikot Lahti club in the national championships of 1963-64 . He also regularly competed in golf at the national level , with the best result of fourth place . Kankkonen was a turner by trade and later worked as a ski jumping coach . His son Anssi Kankkonen became a professional golfer , but he also competed in ski jumping and won a national title in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 31 January to 9 February , with the large hill event taking place at Bergiselschanze , and the normal hill event at Seefeld . For the first time at the olympics , more than one ski jumping event was contested , with the addition of a large hill competition .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's normal hill ( K90 individual 70m )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Väinö Huhtala Kalevi Laurila Eero Mäntyranta Arto Tiainen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Väinö_Huhtala', 'summary': 'Väinö Veikko Sakari Huhtala ( 24 December 1935 - 18 June 2016 ) was a Finnish former cross-country skier who competed in the early 1960s . He won two medals in the 4 × 10 km relay at the Winter Olympics with a gold in 1960 and a silver in 1964 . Huhtala also finished fourth in the 15 km event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . He also won a silver medal in the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in the 4 × 10 km relay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kalevi_Laurila', 'summary': 'Kalevi Laurila ( 5 December 1937 - 13 April 1991 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier . He competed in all cross-country skiing events at the 1964 and 1968 Olympics and won two medals in the 4 × 10 km relay , placing fourth-eleventh in individual events . At the world championships he won three silver medals , in the 30 km in 1966 and in the 4 × 10 km relay in 1962 and 1966 . His last international competition was the 1974 World Championships , where his relay team finished fourth . Domestically he won seven titles , in the 15 km ( 1967-68 , 1970 and 1974 ) , 30 km ( 1966 and 1968 ) and 50 km ( 1967 ) . Laurila was a decorated police sergeant . Besides skiing Laurila he competed in rowing and biathlon , winning a silver medal in 1973 and a bronze in 1978 at the European Police Championships . In rowing he won the 1967 national title in coxless fours .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eero_Mäntyranta', 'summary': 'Eero Antero Mäntyranta ( 20 November 1937 - 29 December 2013 ) was one of the most successful Finnish cross-country skiers . He competed in four Winter Olympics ( 1960-1972 ) winning seven medals at three of them . His performance at the 1964 Winter Olympics earned him the nickname Mister Seefeld , referring to the venue where the cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions took place . The Finnish Ministry of Education endowed him with the Pro Urheilu letter of recognition in 2000 . There is also a museum centered on Mäntyranta in his birthplace of Pello .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arto_Tiainen', 'summary': 'Arto Tiainen ( 5 September 1930 - 21 September 1998 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier . He was born in Sääminki .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1964 Winter Olympics seven cross-country skiing events - four for men and three for women - were contested . The events began on 30 January 1964 in Seefeld , Austria . The women 's 5 km race debuted at this Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 10 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirja Lehtonen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirja_Lehtonen', 'summary': 'Mirja Lehtonen ( October 19 , 1942 , Uurainen , Central Finland - August 25 , 2009 ) was a cross-country skier from Finland who competed during the early 1960s . She was born in Kyynämöinen . She won two medals at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck with a silver in the 5 km and a bronze in the 3 × 5 km relay . Lehtonen also won a bronze medal in the 3 × 5 km relay at the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1964 Winter Olympics seven cross-country skiing events - four for men and three for women - were contested . The events began on 30 January 1964 in Seefeld , Austria . The women 's 5 km race debuted at this Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 5 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veikko Kankkonen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veikko_Kankkonen', 'summary': 'Veikko Kankkonen ( born 5 January 1940 ) is a retired Finnish ski jumper who competed at the 1960 , 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics . He won two medals in 1964 with a gold in the individual normal hill and a silver in the individual large hill event . That same year he won the jumping competition at the Holmenkollen ski festival , which also earned him the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Eero Mäntyranta , Georg Thoma , and Halvor Næs ) . He also won the Four Hills Tournament and served as the flag bearer for Finland at the 1968 Olympics . Besides skiing Kankkonen played baseball for the Maila-Veikot Lahti club in the national championships of 1963-64 . He also regularly competed in golf at the national level , with the best result of fourth place . Kankkonen was a turner by trade and later worked as a ski jumping coach . His son Anssi Kankkonen became a professional golfer , but he also competed in ski jumping and won a national title in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Ski jumping at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of two events held from 31 January to 9 February , with the large hill event taking place at Bergiselschanze , and the normal hill event at Seefeld . For the first time at the olympics , more than one ski jumping event was contested , with the addition of a large hill competition .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's large hill ( K120 individual 90m )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaija Mustonen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaija_Mustonen', 'summary': 'Kaija Marja Mustonen ( born 4 August 1941 ) is a former speed skater from Finland . After winning silver and bronze at the 1964 Winter Olympics of Innsbruck , Mustonen went on to win gold and silver at the 1968 Winter Olympics of Grenoble . This was the only Finnish gold medal at those games and the last Olympic gold for Finland in speed skating up to at least 2015 . Her Olympic performance was acknowledged by naming her Finnish female athlete of the year in 1964 and 1968 . She competed in ten World Allround Championships from 1958 to 1968 ( every year except 1959 ) , but never won a medal in the final classification - a fourth place in 1964 being her best result . She did win four distance medals though , all bronze , in the days when there was not yet a separate world championship for each distance . Nationally , she won seven all-around titles between 1962 and 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics , was held from 30 January to 7 February . Eight events were contested at the Eisschnelllaufbahn Innsbruck .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 1500m", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arto Tiainen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arto_Tiainen', 'summary': 'Arto Tiainen ( 5 September 1930 - 21 September 1998 ) was a Finnish cross-country skier . He was born in Sääminki .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1964 Winter Olympics seven cross-country skiing events - four for men and three for women - were contested . The events began on 30 January 1964 in Seefeld , Austria . The women 's 5 km race debuted at this Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 km", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirja Lehtonen Senja Pusula Toini Pöysti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirja_Lehtonen', 'summary': 'Mirja Lehtonen ( October 19 , 1942 , Uurainen , Central Finland - August 25 , 2009 ) was a cross-country skier from Finland who competed during the early 1960s . She was born in Kyynämöinen . She won two medals at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck with a silver in the 5 km and a bronze in the 3 × 5 km relay . Lehtonen also won a bronze medal in the 3 × 5 km relay at the 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Senja_Pusula', 'summary': 'Senja Pusula ( born March 26 , 1941 ) is a former cross-country skier from Finland who competed during the 1960s and early 1970s . She won a bronze medal in the 3 × 5 km relay at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . Pusula also won a bronze medal in the 3 × 5 km relay at the 1970 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . She also won the 5 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1968 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toini_Pöysti', 'summary': 'Toini Pöysti , sometimes shown as Toni Mikkola or Toini Mikkola-Pöysti ( born July 1 , 1933 ) is a former cross-country skier from Finland who competed during the 1950s and early 1960s . She won two bronze medals in the Winter Olympics in the 3 × 5 km relay ( 1960 , 1964 ) . Pöysti was born in Ahlainen . She was the first woman to win at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1954 when she won the 10 km event ( as Toni Mikkola ) . She also won a silver medal in the 3 × 5 km relay at the 1958 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1964 Winter Olympics seven cross-country skiing events - four for men and three for women - were contested . The events began on 30 January 1964 in Seefeld , Austria . The women 's 5 km race debuted at this Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3 x 5 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaija Mustonen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaija_Mustonen', 'summary': 'Kaija Marja Mustonen ( born 4 August 1941 ) is a former speed skater from Finland . After winning silver and bronze at the 1964 Winter Olympics of Innsbruck , Mustonen went on to win gold and silver at the 1968 Winter Olympics of Grenoble . This was the only Finnish gold medal at those games and the last Olympic gold for Finland in speed skating up to at least 2015 . Her Olympic performance was acknowledged by naming her Finnish female athlete of the year in 1964 and 1968 . She competed in ten World Allround Championships from 1958 to 1968 ( every year except 1959 ) , but never won a medal in the final classification - a fourth place in 1964 being her best result . She did win four distance medals though , all bronze , in the days when there was not yet a separate world championship for each distance . Nationally , she won seven all-around titles between 1962 and 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 1964 Winter Olympics , was held from 30 January to 7 February . Eight events were contested at the Eisschnelllaufbahn Innsbruck .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 1000m", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Finland_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Finland competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.'}
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In which event did Finlands only gold medalist at the 1968 Olympic games win a silver medal at the 1964 games ?
|
Women 's 1500m
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021bef68ccd67c00
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_at_the_Paralympics', 'title': 'Serbia at the Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Games', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Draženko Mitrović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Draženko_Mitrović', 'summary': 'Draženko Mitrović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драженко Митровић , born 9 August 1979 in Banja Luka , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Yugoslavia ) is a Paralympian athlete from Serbia competing mainly in category F53/54 discus events .'}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Discus Throw - F53/54", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borislava Perić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borislava_Perić', 'summary': "Borislava Perić-Ranković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Борислава Перић-Ранковић , born 16 June 1972 ) is a disabled Serbian table tennis player . Perić-Ranković was born in Bečej in 1972 . She had a workplace accident in 1994 , sustaining spinal cord injuries . She has used a wheelchair ever since . She began training table tennis in 2002 , and moved to Novi Sad in 2006 to train with trainer Zlatko Kesler . She represented Serbia at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Paralympics in table tennis , winning one gold and three silver medals . She competes in the disability class 4 . In the 2016 Summer Paralympics she won her first Paralympic gold medal in the individual class 4 competition , defeating China 's Zhang Miao in the finals . She has also won one gold , one silver and two bronze medals at the 2010 and 2014 World Para Table Tennis Championships . In 2015 , Perić-Ranković received ITTF Star Award for female para table tennis player of the year ."}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Table Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held in the Peking University Gymnasium from September 7 to September 15 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Individual - Class 4", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Željko Dimitrijević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Željko_Dimitrijević', 'summary': 'Željko Dimitrijević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Жељко Димитријевић ) , ( born January 4 , 1971 in Petrovac na Mlavi ) is a gold medal winning Paralympian athlete from Serbia . He competes in seated throws in the F51 classification , a class for quadriplegics . He is the current world record holder . At the 2012 Summer Paralympics held in London he won a gold medal in athletics , broke a world record and became first Paralympic gold medalist for Serbia .'}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Club Throw F31-32/51', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_club_throw", 'summary': "The men 's club throw athletics event for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium in London on 31 August . A single event incorporating 3 different classifications ( F31 , F32 , and F51 ) were contested ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanja Dragić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanja_Dragić', 'summary': 'Tanja Dragić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Тања Драгић , born May 15 , 1991 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Serbia competing mainly in category F12/13 javelin events . At the 2012 Summer Paralympics held in London , she won a gold medal in javelin and posted new world record 42.51m .'}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Javelin Throw - F12/13', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_Javelin_Throw", 'summary': "The Women 's javelin throw athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 8 . A total of 6 events were contested over this distance for 14 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Draženko Mitrović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Draženko_Mitrović', 'summary': 'Draženko Mitrović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драженко Митровић , born 9 August 1979 in Banja Luka , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Yugoslavia ) is a Paralympian athlete from Serbia competing mainly in category F53/54 discus events .'}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Discus Throw F54-56', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_discus_throw", 'summary': "The Men 's Discus Throw athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 7 . A total of 10 events were contested incorporating 13 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zlatko Kesler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zlatko_Kesler', 'summary': 'Zlatko Kesler ( Serbian Cyrillic : Златко Кеслер , born 17 March 1960 in Selenča ) is a Serbian disabled table tennis player . He has won five medals at Paralympic Games and was the Serbian flag bearer at the 2008 Summer Paralympics held in Beijing , China .'}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from Thursday 30 August to Saturday 8 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . 276 athletes , 174 men and 102 women , competed in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 .'}]}, {'value': 'Individual C3', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_individual_-_Class_3", 'summary': "The Men 's individual table tennis - Class 3 tournament at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London is taking place from 30 August to 2 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . Classes 1-5 are for athletes with a physical impairment that affects their legs , and who compete in a sitting position . The lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment has on an athletes ability to compete . In the preliminary stage , athletes compete in eight groups of three . Winners of each group qualify for the quarter finals ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borislava Perić-Ranković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borislava_Perić', 'summary': "Borislava Perić-Ranković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Борислава Перић-Ранковић , born 16 June 1972 ) is a disabled Serbian table tennis player . Perić-Ranković was born in Bečej in 1972 . She had a workplace accident in 1994 , sustaining spinal cord injuries . She has used a wheelchair ever since . She began training table tennis in 2002 , and moved to Novi Sad in 2006 to train with trainer Zlatko Kesler . She represented Serbia at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Paralympics in table tennis , winning one gold and three silver medals . She competes in the disability class 4 . In the 2016 Summer Paralympics she won her first Paralympic gold medal in the individual class 4 competition , defeating China 's Zhang Miao in the finals . She has also won one gold , one silver and two bronze medals at the 2010 and 2014 World Para Table Tennis Championships . In 2015 , Perić-Ranković received ITTF Star Award for female para table tennis player of the year ."}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from Thursday 30 August to Saturday 8 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . 276 athletes , 174 men and 102 women , competed in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 .'}]}, {'value': 'Individual C4', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_individual_-_Class_4", 'summary': "The Women 's individual table tennis - Class 4 tournament at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from 30 August to 2 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . Classes 1-5 are for athletes with a physical impairment that affects their legs , and who compete in a sitting position . The lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment has on an athletes ability to compete . In the preliminary stage , athletes competed in four groups of three . Winners of each group qualified for the semi-finals ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Željko Dimitrijević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Željko_Dimitrijević', 'summary': 'Željko Dimitrijević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Жељко Димитријевић ) , ( born January 4 , 1971 in Petrovac na Mlavi ) is a gold medal winning Paralympian athlete from Serbia . He competes in seated throws in the F51 classification , a class for quadriplegics . He is the current world record holder . At the 2012 Summer Paralympics held in London he won a gold medal in athletics , broke a world record and became first Paralympic gold medalist for Serbia .'}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Club Throw - F51", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laslo Šuranji', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Shooting at the 2016 Summer Paralympics consisted of twelve events , eight for rifle and 4 for pistol , across a range of men 's , women 's and mixed events . Paralympic shooters were also classified according to the extent of their disability . The classification system allows shooters to compete against others with a similar level of function . Shooting classifications are :"}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50m rifle 3 positions SH1", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borislava Perić-Ranković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borislava_Perić', 'summary': "Borislava Perić-Ranković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Борислава Перић-Ранковић , born 16 June 1972 ) is a disabled Serbian table tennis player . Perić-Ranković was born in Bečej in 1972 . She had a workplace accident in 1994 , sustaining spinal cord injuries . She has used a wheelchair ever since . She began training table tennis in 2002 , and moved to Novi Sad in 2006 to train with trainer Zlatko Kesler . She represented Serbia at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Paralympics in table tennis , winning one gold and three silver medals . She competes in the disability class 4 . In the 2016 Summer Paralympics she won her first Paralympic gold medal in the individual class 4 competition , defeating China 's Zhang Miao in the finals . She has also won one gold , one silver and two bronze medals at the 2010 and 2014 World Para Table Tennis Championships . In 2015 , Perić-Ranković received ITTF Star Award for female para table tennis player of the year ."}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio took place in September 2016 . 276 athletes - 174 men and 102 women - are scheduled to compete in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 . Team events will feature contests consisting of one doubles and two singles matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Individual C4', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_individual_-_Class_4", 'summary': "The women 's individual table tennis - Class 4 tournament at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro took place during 8-12 September 2016 at Riocentro Pavilion 3 . Classes 1-5 were for athletes with a physical impairment that affected their legs , and who competed in a sitting position . The lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment was on an athlete 's ability to compete . In the preliminary stage , athletes competed in four groups of three . Winners and runners-up of each group qualified for the quarterfinals ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miloš Mitić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miloš_Mitić', 'summary': 'Miloš Mitić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Милош Митић ) , ( born December 4 , 1987 in Užice ) was a Paralympian athlete from Serbia . He competed in Club throw in the F51 classification , a class for quadriplegics . At the 2016 Summer Paralympics held in Rio , he won a silver medal in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Club Throw - F51", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nada Matić Borislava Perić-Ranković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nada_Matić', 'summary': "Nada Matić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Нада Матић , born in Shkodër in 1984 ) is a disabled Serbian table tennis player . In the 2016 Summer Paralympics she won bronze medal in the individual class 4 competition and with Borislava Perić she won silver medal in the Women 's team - Class 4-5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Borislava_Perić', 'summary': "Borislava Perić-Ranković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Борислава Перић-Ранковић , born 16 June 1972 ) is a disabled Serbian table tennis player . Perić-Ranković was born in Bečej in 1972 . She had a workplace accident in 1994 , sustaining spinal cord injuries . She has used a wheelchair ever since . She began training table tennis in 2002 , and moved to Novi Sad in 2006 to train with trainer Zlatko Kesler . She represented Serbia at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Paralympics in table tennis , winning one gold and three silver medals . She competes in the disability class 4 . In the 2016 Summer Paralympics she won her first Paralympic gold medal in the individual class 4 competition , defeating China 's Zhang Miao in the finals . She has also won one gold , one silver and two bronze medals at the 2010 and 2014 World Para Table Tennis Championships . In 2015 , Perić-Ranković received ITTF Star Award for female para table tennis player of the year ."}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio took place in September 2016 . 276 athletes - 174 men and 102 women - are scheduled to compete in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 . Team events will feature contests consisting of one doubles and two singles matches .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Team - Class 4-5", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_team_–_Class_4–5", 'summary': "The Women 's team table tennis - 4-5 tournament at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro took place during 14-17 September 2016 at Riocentro Pavilion 3 . Classes 1-5 were for athletes with a physical impairment that affected their legs , and who competed in a sitting position . The lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment was on an athlete 's ability to compete ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nemanja Dimitrijević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nemanja_Dimitrijević', 'summary': 'Nemanja Dimitrijević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Немања Димитријевић ) , ( born February 7 , 1992 in Belgrad ) is a Paralympian athlete from Serbia . He competes in Javelin Throw in the F13 , T13 classification . At the 2016 Summer Paralympics held in Rio , he won a bronze medal in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Javelin Throw - F12/13", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laslo Šuranji', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Shooting at the 2016 Summer Paralympics consisted of twelve events , eight for rifle and 4 for pistol , across a range of men 's , women 's and mixed events . Paralympic shooters were also classified according to the extent of their disability . The classification system allows shooters to compete against others with a similar level of function . Shooting classifications are :"}]}, {'value': 'Mixed 50m rifle prone SH1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitar Palikuća', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitar_Palikuća', 'summary': 'Mitar Palikuća ( Serbian Cyrillic : Митар Паликућа , born 1974 in Šabac ) is a Serbian disabled table tennis player . He has won the first medal for Serbia at Summer Paralympics in Rio .'}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio took place in September 2016 . 276 athletes - 174 men and 102 women - are scheduled to compete in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 . Team events will feature contests consisting of one doubles and two singles matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Individual C5', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_individual_–_Class_5", 'summary': "The Men 's individual table tennis - Class 5 tournament at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro took place during 8-12 September 2016 at Riocentro Pavilion 3 . Classes 1-5 were for athletes with a physical impairment that affected their legs , and who competed in a sitting position . The lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment was on an athlete 's ability to compete . In the preliminary stage , athletes competed in five groups of three . Winners and runners-up of each group qualified for the next stage ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nada Matić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nada_Matić', 'summary': "Nada Matić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Нада Матић , born in Shkodër in 1984 ) is a disabled Serbian table tennis player . In the 2016 Summer Paralympics she won bronze medal in the individual class 4 competition and with Borislava Perić she won silver medal in the Women 's team - Class 4-5 ."}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio took place in September 2016 . 276 athletes - 174 men and 102 women - are scheduled to compete in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 . Team events will feature contests consisting of one doubles and two singles matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Individual C4', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_individual_-_Class_4", 'summary': "The women 's individual table tennis - Class 4 tournament at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro took place during 8-12 September 2016 at Riocentro Pavilion 3 . Classes 1-5 were for athletes with a physical impairment that affected their legs , and who competed in a sitting position . The lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment was on an athlete 's ability to compete . In the preliminary stage , athletes competed in four groups of three . Winners and runners-up of each group qualified for the quarterfinals ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Serbia_at_the_Paralympics_2', 'intro': 'Serbia made its Paralympic Games début at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, following its split with Montenegro. It had previously competed as part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004; and as part of Yugoslavia before that. Serbia made its Winter Paralympics début at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver. Serbian athletes have won a total of 16 Paralympic medals, of which five gold, seven silver and four bronze medals.'}
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What is the name of the athlete who won gold at an event held in Estádio Olímpico João Havelange ?
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Željko Dimitrijević
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021c2d53b62cfc8c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_spring_training_ballparks', 'title': 'List of Major League Baseball spring training ballparks', 'header': ['Stadium name', 'Opened', 'City', 'Capacity', 'Current occupants'], 'data': [{'value': 'Charlotte Sports Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Sports_Park', 'summary': "Charlotte Sports Park ( formerly known as Charlotte County Stadium and Ranger Stadium ) is a baseball stadium in Port Charlotte , Florida . The stadium is the home field for Tampa Bay Rays spring training operations , as well as its Class-A Florida State League Charlotte Stone Crabs and Rookie-class Gulf Coast Rays teams . Originally built in 1987 , the main stadium underwent a renovation that was completed in January 2009 at a cost of $ 27 million . Prior to the Rays , the stadium was once home of the Texas Rangers ' minor league affiliate Charlotte Rangers , and has played host to college baseball tournaments and the South Coast League Charlotte County Redfish . On February 3 , 2010 , the Rays announced a naming rights deal with The Mosaic Company . The agreement was reported to last through 2024 , however due to a potential conflict-of-interest with Charlotte County - whom ultimately must approve the name change - the Rays asked for more time to study the proposal before giving it to the county commissioners for final approval . On February 17 , due to intense opposition by both the Charlotte County Council and local residents , the Rays announced they were abandoning the deal with Mosaic and will potentially look at other companies in the future instead . In March 2014 , Charlotte Sports Park was named the # 1 spring training destination by the readers of USA Today and 10Best . The stadium has also been used by the local community for non-baseball events like concerts , festivals , and expos . It has hosted such musicians as Kenny Rogers , The Beach Boys , The Little River Band , and Simple Plan ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Charlotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Charlotte,_Florida', 'summary': "Port Charlotte is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Charlotte County , Florida , United States . The population was 54,392 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Punta Gorda , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . Port Charlotte was named to Forbes ' list of 25 Best Places to Retire in 2015 , listed among the ten best places in the United States to retire for the year 2012 by U.S. News & World Report , and was ranked at # 1 in CNNMoney.com 's 2009 list of 25 Best Places to Retire ."}]}, {'value': '7,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Rays ( 2009-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays', 'summary': "The Tampa Bay Rays are an American professional baseball team based in St. Petersburg , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) East division . Since its inception , the team 's home venue has been Tropicana Field . Following nearly three decades of unsuccessfully trying to gain an expansion franchise or enticing existing teams to relocate to the Tampa Bay Area , an ownership group led by Vince Naimoli was approved on March 9 , 1995 . The Tampa Bay Devil Rays began play in the 1998 Major League Baseball season . Their first decade of play , however , was marked by futility ; they finished in last place in the AL East in all but the 2004 season , when they finished second to last . Following the 2007 season , Stuart Sternberg , who had purchased controlling interest in the team from Vince Naimoli two years earlier , changed the team 's name from Devil Rays to Rays , now meant to primarily refer to a burst of sunshine rather than a manta ray , though a manta ray logo remains on the uniform sleeves . The 2008 season saw the Tampa Bay Rays post their first winning season , their first AL East championship , and their first pennant ( defeating the rival Boston Red Sox in the ALCS ) , though they lost to the Philadelphia Phillies in that year 's World Series . Since then , the Rays have played in the postseason in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , and 2019 . The Tampa Bay Rays ' chief rivals are the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees . Regarding the former , there have been several notable on-field incidents . The Rays also have an intrastate interleague rivalry with the National League ( NL ) 's Miami Marlins ( originally the Florida Marlins ) , whom they play in the Citrus Series ."}]}, {'value': 'CoolToday Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CoolToday_Park', 'summary': 'CoolToday Park is a ballpark in North Port , Florida , located in the southern portion of Sarasota County , 35 miles ( 56 km ) south of Sarasota , Florida . It is the spring training home of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball . The ballpark opened on March 24 , 2019 , with the Braves 4-2 win over the Tampa Bay Rays . The Braves $ 140 million project was funded by private and public sources . Sarasota County contributed $ 21.2 million through hotel bed tax dollars . The state of Florida put in $ 20 million after showing the Braves arrival would add $ 1.7 billion economic impact on the area over the teams 30-year lease . Mattamy Homes , a private developer , donated the land and $ 4.7 million . The city of North Port contributed $ 4.7 million and the West Villages , the planned community within North Port that houses the facility , ran the construction and development . The Braves committed a 30-year lease , annual payments to West Villages , and at a minimum the first $ 18 million in the cost of the complex . On January 16 , 2020 , the Braves announced that their High-A affiliate , the Florida Fire Frogs of the Florida State League , would call CoolToday Park their home for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Port', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Port,_Florida', 'summary': "North Port is a city located in Sarasota County , Florida , United States . The population was 57,357 at the 2010 US Census . It is part of the North Port-Bradenton-Sarasota Metropolitan Statistical Area . It was originally developed by General Development Corporation as the northern / Sarasota County portion of its Port Charlotte development , the other portion located in the adjacent Charlotte County . GDC dubbed it North Port Charlotte , and it was incorporated under that name through a special act of the Florida Legislature in 1959 . By referendum in 1974 , the city 's residents approved a change to its name as North Port , dropping Charlotte from its name to proclaim the city as a separate identity . It is home to the Little Salt Spring , an archaeological and paleontological site owned by the University of Miami ."}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Braves ( 2019-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Braves', 'summary': "The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The team played its home games at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and at Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been Truist Park ( formerly SunTrust Park ) , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in Cobb County , Georgia . The Braves play spring training games at CoolToday Park in North Port , Florida . The name Braves , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed the Bravos , and often referred to as America 's Team in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . Most notably , this rotation consisted of pitchers Greg Maddux , John Smoltz , and Tom Glavine . Pitcher Steve Avery also was a significant contributor to the rotation during the period of 1991-1993 . The Braves won the National League West division from 1991 to 1993 , and after divisional realignment , the National League East division from 1995 to 2005 . They returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ed Smith Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Smith_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ed Smith Stadium is a baseball field located in Sarasota , Florida . Since 2010 , it has been the spring training home of the Baltimore Orioles .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarasota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida', 'summary': 'Sarasota ( /ˌsærəˈsoʊtə/ ) is a city in Sarasota County on the southwestern coast of the U.S. state of Florida . The area is renowned for its cultural and environmental amenities , beaches , resorts , and the Sarasota School of Architecture . The city is at the southern end of the Tampa Bay Area , north of Fort Myers and Punta Gorda . Its official limits include Sarasota Bay and several barrier islands between the bay and the Gulf of Mexico . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2018 Sarasota had a population of 57,738 . In 1986 it became designated as a certified local government . Sarasota is a principal city of the Sarasota metropolitan area , and is the seat of Sarasota County . The islands separating Sarasota Bay from the gulf near the city , known as keys , include Lido Key and Siesta Key , which are famous worldwide for the quality of their sandy beaches . The keys that are included in the boundary of Sarasota are Lido Key , St. Armands Key , Otter Key , Casey Key , Coon Key , Bird Key , and portions of Siesta Key . Previously , Siesta Key was named Sarasota Key . At one time , it and all of Longboat Key were considered part of Sarasota and confusing contemporaneous references may be found discussing them . Longboat Key is the largest key separating the bay from the gulf , but it was evenly divided by the new county line of 1921 .'}]}, {'value': '7,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles ( 1991 , 2010-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Clover Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clover_Park', 'summary': 'Clover Park is a suburb of Auckland , New Zealand . It is governed by the Auckland Council , and is in the Manukau ward , one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland city .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port St. Lucie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida', 'summary': "Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County , Florida , United States . It is the most populous municipality in the county with a population of 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its rapid growth during the 2000s . It is located 125 miles ( 201 km ) southeast of Orlando , and 114 miles ( 183 km ) northwest of Miami . In 2017 , the United States Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 189,344 . The Port St. Lucie Metropolitan Area includes the counties of St. Lucie County & Martin County and as of 2016 had an estimated population of 465,208 . Port St. Lucie is also contained within the Miami - Fort Lauderdale - Port St. Lucie Combined Statistical Area with an estimated population of 6,832,588 ."}]}, {'value': '7,160', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Mets ( 1988-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FITTEAM_Ballpark_of_the_Palm_Beaches', 'summary': 'FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches is a baseball park located in West Palm Beach , Florida . The stadium has a capacity of 6,500 people in fixed seats with room for 1,000 more on the outfield berm . The stadium hosts the Houston Astros and Washington Nationals Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training . It also hosts the Gulf Coast League Astros and the Gulf Coast League Nationals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Palm Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach , which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon . The population was 99,919 at the 2010 census . West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,158,824 people in 2017 . It is the oldest incorporated municipality in the south Florida area , having been incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894 . West Palm Beach is located approximately 68 miles ( 109 km ) north of Downtown Miami .'}]}, {'value': '6,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Astros ( 2017-present ) Washington Nationals ( 2017-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Nationals', 'summary': "The Washington Nationals are an American professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C . The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium while their permanent stadium was being built . In 2008 , they moved in to Nationals Park , located on South Capitol Street in the Southeast quadrant of D.C. , near the Anacostia River . The Nationals are the eighth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The current franchise was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos as part of the MLB expansion . After a failed contraction plan , the Expos were purchased by MLB , which sought to relocate the team to a new city . Washington , D.C. was chosen in 2004 , and the Nationals were established in 2005 as the first franchise relocation in MLB since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals had considerable success throughout the 2010s . The team 's two overall first picks in the MLB draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . They achieved their first playoff berth and first division title in 2012 , but were knocked out in the NLDS . They won the National League East again in 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , but were eliminated in the NLDS each time ."}]}, {'value': 'George M. Steinbrenner Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_M._Steinbrenner_Field', 'summary': "George M. Steinbrenner Field ( formerly known as Legends Field ) , is a baseball stadium located in Tampa , Florida across Dale Mabry Highway from Raymond James Stadium , home of the National Football League 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The ballpark was built in 1996 and holds 11,026 people with an addition in right field built in 2007 . This ballpark is the largest spring training ballpark in Florida . George M. Steinbrenner Field serves as the home of the Tampa Tarpons , the New York Yankees ' affiliate in the Class A Advanced Florida State League , and is the Yankees ' spring training home ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa,_Florida', 'summary': "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ."}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Yankees ( 1996-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammond Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammond_Stadium', 'summary': 'Hammond Stadium is a baseball field located in the CenturyLink Sports Complex in South Fort Myers , Florida , United States . The stadium was built in 1991 , and underwent major renovations in 2014 and 2015 . The spring training home of the Minnesota Twins saw its seating capacity increased from 7,500 to 9,300 in the spring of 2015 . Class A Advanced affiliate , the Fort Myers Mighty Mussels , of the Florida State League finished out their 2014 season and FSL championship at JetBlue Park ( Spring home of the Boston Red Sox , also in Fort Myers ) in order to get the renovations done in time for catchers & pitchers to report in 2015 . The renovations will also increase the amount of walkable area , provide more shaded areas for sunny games and an expanded gift shop , among other amenities for fans and players .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Myers or Ft. Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2018 was estimated at 82,254 . Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( Seminole Lodge ) and Henry Ford ( The Mangoes ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers , the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army .'}]}, {'value': '9,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Twins ( 1991-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Twins', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul . The franchise was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . The team relocated to Minnesota and was renamed the Minnesota Twins at the start of the 1961 season . The Twins played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009 . The team played its inaugural game at Target Field on April 12 , 2010 . The franchise won the World Series in 1924 as the Senators , and in 1987 and 1991 as the Twins . Through the 2019 season , the team has fielded 19 American League batting champions . The team has hosted five All-Star Games : 1937 and 1956 in Washington , D.C. ; and 1965 , 1985 , and 2014 in Minneapolis-St. Paul .'}]}, {'value': 'JetBlue Park at Fenway South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JetBlue_Park_at_Fenway_South', 'summary': "JetBlue Park at Fenway South ( or informally JetBlue Park ) is a baseball park in Fort Myers , Florida , part of the Fenway South training and development facility . Opened in March 2012 , it is primarily the spring training home of the Boston Red Sox , replacing earlier separated facilities at City of Palms Park and Boston 's former ( 1993-2011 ) minor league complex , also located in downtown Fort Myers . The naming rights were purchased by JetBlue , an airline with major operations at Boston 's Logan International Airport since 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Myers or Ft. Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2018 was estimated at 82,254 . Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( Seminole Lodge ) and Henry Ford ( The Mangoes ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers , the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army .'}]}, {'value': '10,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox ( 2012-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'LECOM Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LECOM_Park', 'summary': "LECOM Park is a baseball field located in Bradenton , Florida . It is the spring training home of the Pittsburgh Pirates and is named after a 15-year naming rights deal was signed with the Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine , which has its main campus in Erie , Pennsylvania , and also a campus in Bradenton . It was formerly known as McKechnie Field , named for Bradenton resident and Baseball Hall of Fame great Bill McKechnie , who led the Pirates in 1925 and the Cincinnati Reds in 1940 to World Series titles . He was also a coach with the Cleveland Indians in 1948 . Several members of the Baseball Hall of Fame , such as Bert Blyleven , Roberto Clemente , Willie Stargell , Bill Mazeroski , Roberto Alomar , Wade Boggs , Roy Halladay , Jack Morris , Mariano Rivera , Ivan Rodriguez , Babe Ruth , Mike Schmidt and Ted Williams , have played at LECOM Park . The stadium also hosts minor league baseball games for the Bradenton Marauders , the Pirates ' High-A club in the Florida State League . LECOM Park 's nostalgic charms in its city neighborhood appeal to many baseball traditionalists and ballpark enthusiasts , some of whom consider the facility to be Florida 's version of Fenway Park . It is built in a Florida Spanish Mission style , with white stucco on the main grandstand and covered bleachers over the reserved seating section . The Pirates and the City of Bradenton celebrated their 40th anniversary together during the 2008 spring training season , which included an agreement between the city and the Pirates to continue their partnership through 2037 . The field is the oldest stadium still used for spring training as well as the second-oldest in the Florida State League ( behind Jackie Robinson Ballpark in Daytona Beach , built in 1914 ) . It is also the third oldest stadium currently used by a major league team after Fenway Park , built in 1912 , and Wrigley Field in 1914 . The stadium hosted an annual charity game between the Pirates and the State College of Florida , Manatee-Sarasota ."}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida', 'summary': "Bradenton ( /ˈbreɪdəntən/ BRAY-dən-tən ) is a city in Manatee County , Florida , United States . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's 2018 population to be 57,644 . Bradenton is a principal city of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 821,573 . It is the county seat ."}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1969-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': 'Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Publix_Field_at_Joker_Marchant_Stadium', 'summary': "Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium is a baseball field in Lakeland , Florida . The 8,500-seat stadium was opened in 1966 and has had multiple renovations , most recently in 2017 . It was named after local resident and former Lakeland Parks and Recreation Director Marcus Joker Marchant . It is the spring training home of the Detroit Tigers and the regular-season home of the minor league affiliates Lakeland Flying Tigers and Gulf Coast Tigers . On March 15 , 2011 , the largest crowd in the stadium 's history ( 10,307 people ) watched a spring training game between the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Red Sox ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lakeland is a city in Polk County , Florida , along Interstate 4 east of Tampa . The westernmost city in Polk County , it is part of the Tampa Bay Area . According to the 2018 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , the city had a population of 110,516 . Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . Native Americans lived in the area from soon after the end of the last ice age until the end of the Second Seminole War . European-American settlers arrived in Lakeland from South Carolina in the 1870s . The city expanded in the 1880s with the arrival of rail service , with the first freedmen railway workers settling here in 1883 . They and European immigrants also came because of new jobs in the large phosphate industry that developed . Lakeland is home to the 1,267-acre Circle B Bar Reserve .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers ( 1966-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Dean_Chevrolet_Stadium', 'summary': 'Roger Dean Stadium ( officially known as Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium ) is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky-box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League . Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jupiter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida', 'summary': 'Jupiter is the northernmost town in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . According to a 2018 Census Bureau estimate , the town had a population of 65,524 . It is 87 miles north of Miami , and the northernmost community in the Miami metropolitan area , home to 6,012,331 people in a 2015 Census Bureau estimate . Jupiter was rated as the 12th Best Beach Town in America by WalletHub in 2018 , and as the 9th Happiest Seaside Town in America by Coastal Living in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '6,871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida/Miami Marlins ( 2002-present ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1998-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Marlins', 'summary': 'The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . Their home park is Marlins Park . Though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title ( the other being the Colorado Rockies ) , the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team . The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2012 season at what was originally called Joe Robbie Stadium , which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Since the 2012 season , they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami , on the site of the former Orange Bowl . The new park , unlike their previous home ( which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations ) , was designed foremost as a baseball park . Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County ( which owns the park ) , the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11 , 2011 . They also adopted a new logo , color scheme , and uniforms . The Marlins have the distinction of winning a World Series championship in every postseason they have qualified for to date , having won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 as National League wild card team . They also have the distinction of being the only franchise in the major four North American professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NFL , NHL ) to have never lost a playoff round . They defeated the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians in the 1997 World Series , with shortstop Édgar Rentería driving in second baseman Craig Counsell for the series-clinching run in the 11th inning of the seventh and deciding game .'}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Spectrum Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spectrum_Field', 'summary': "Spectrum Field ( formerly Bright House Networks Field and Bright House Field ) is a baseball stadium located in Clearwater , Florida , in the United States . The stadium was built in 2004 and has a maximum seating capacity of 8,500 people ( 7,000 fixed seats with additional grass berm seating for 1,500 ) . The ballpark is the spring training home of the Philadelphia Phillies , and also the home of their Class A affiliate , the Clearwater Threshers of the Florida State League . A sculpture titled The Ace - by artist Kevin Brady - stands at the ballpark 's west entrance plaza ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clearwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida', 'summary': "Clearwater is a city located in Pinellas County , Florida , United States , northwest of Tampa and St. Petersburg . To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 107,685 . Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County and is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area , most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . Cleveland Street is one of the city 's historic avenues , and the city includes Spectrum Field and Coachman Park . The city is separated by the Intracoastal Waterway from Clearwater Beach . Clearwater is the home of Clearwater Marine Aquarium , where bottlenose dolphins Winter and Hope live . The global headquarters of the Church of Scientology is located in Clearwater ."}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies ( 2004-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'TD Ballpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TD_Ballpark', 'summary': 'TD Ballpark ( originally Dunedin Stadium at Grant Field ) is a baseball field located in Dunedin , Florida . The stadium was built in 1990 and holds 5,509 people . It is the spring training home of the Toronto Blue Jays , as well as home to the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Class A Florida State League and the Dunedin High School Falcons baseball team . The stadium has also been known as Knology Park ( 2004-2008 ) , Florida Auto Exchange Stadium ( 2010-2017 ) and Dunedin Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunedin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin,_Florida', 'summary': 'Dunedin /dəˈniːdɪn/ is a city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States . The name comes from Dùn Èideann , the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland . Dunedin is the 5th largest city in Pinellas County . The population was 35,321 at the 2010 census . Dunedin is home to several beaches , including Dunedin Causeway , Honeymoon Island , and Caladesi Island State Park , which is consistently rated among the best beaches in the world . Dunedin is one of the few open waterfront communities from Sarasota to Cedar Key where buildings do not completely obscure the view of the Intracoastal Waterway and the Gulf of Mexico beyond ; a 1-mile ( 1.6 km ) stretch of Edgewater Drive ( also known as Alternate US 19 ) south of downtown offers views of St. Joseph Sound , Clearwater Beach , and Caladesi Island . Downtown Clearwater and Clearwater Beach are a 6-mile ( 10 km ) drive south on Edgewater . The downtown business district is notable for its absence of large commercial signage , corporate franchise restaurants or chain retail stores . The Pinellas Trail , a 39-mile-long ( 63 km ) bicycle and pedestrian trail that traverses all of Pinellas County , bisects downtown Dunedin . A large portion of the trail lies on the former roadbed of the Orange Belt Railway , the first railroad in Pinellas County , which arrived in 1888 . Since 1977 , Dunedin is the spring training home of the Toronto Blue Jays , as well as the class-A Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League . Dunedin is one of the smallest communities used by Major League spring training teams , although surrounded by a large metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Blue Jays ( 1990-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays', 'summary': "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto , Ontario . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team plays its home games at Rogers Centre . The name Blue Jays originates from the bird of the same name , and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto 's other professional sports teams : the Maple Leafs ( ice hockey ) and the Argonauts ( Canadian football ) . In addition , the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company , makers of the popular beer Labatt 's Blue . Colloquially nicknamed the Jays , the team 's official colours are royal blue , navy blue , red , and white . An expansion franchise , the club was founded in Toronto in 1977 . Originally based at Exhibition Stadium , the team began playing its home games at SkyDome upon its opening in 1989 . Since 2000 , the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004 , SkyDome was purchased by that company , which renamed it Rogers Centre . They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States , and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team , frequently finishing in last place in its division . In 1983 , the team had its first winning season and two years later , they became division champions ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current ballparks -- Grapefruit League ( Florida )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Major_League_Baseball_spring_training_ballparks_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of current and former Major League Baseball spring training ballparks.'}
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Who is the current occupant of LECOM Park that formerly had the name of Pittsburgh Allegheny ?
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Pittsburgh Pirates
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021c94518dba222c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Sigma_Kappa_brothers', 'title': 'List of Phi Sigma Kappa brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Carl G. Bachmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_G._Bachmann', 'summary': 'Carl G. Bachmann ( May 14 , 1890 - January 22 , 1980 ) was a United States Congressman from Wheeling , West Virginia . Bachmann was born in Wheeling as the son of Charles F. and Sophia Bachmann ; three of his grandparents were German immigrants . In 1908 he graduated from Linsly Institute . He went to college first at Washington and Jefferson College for two years , and later graduated from West Virginia University , where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity . He later graduated from law school at West Virginia University in 1915 . On July 14 , 1914 , he married Susan Louise Smith . They had three children : Charles F. , Gilbert S. and Susan Jane . In 1915 , Bachmann began to practice law in Wheeling , and in 1917 he was appointed assistant prosecuting attorney for Ohio County . In 1920 he was elected prosecuting attorney , serving from January 1921 to December 1924 . In November 1924 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Republican , to serve in the First Congressional District of West Virginia . From 1931 to 1933 Bachmann was the Minority Whip . He served as a Congressman until he was defeated in 1934 .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta ( West Virginia ) , 1912', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_West_Virginia', 'summary': "West Virginia University ( WVU ) is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Morgantown , West Virginia . Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley , Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser , and a second clinical campus for the university 's medical and dental schools at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston . WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginia 's 55 counties . Enrollment for the Fall 2018 semester was 26,864 for the main campus , while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 29,959 . The Morgantown campus offers 350+ bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs throughout 14 colleges and schools . Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni , including former WVU president David C. Hardesty , Jr . The university has also produced 45 Goldwater Scholars , 24 Truman Scholars , and five members ( & 11 academic team honorees ) of USA Today 's All - USA College Academic First Team . Additionally , WVU has had three George C. Marshall ( British ) Scholars , five Morris K. Udall Scholars , 26 Boren Scholars , 63 Gilman Scholars , 64 Fulbright Scholars , three Department of Homeland Security Scholars , 32 Critical Language Scholars , one Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar , five National Institute of Standards and Technology Fellowships , and 25 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Graduate Fellowships ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives in 1924 for the First Congressional District of West Virginia . Minority Whip , 1931-1933 . Elected Mayor of Wheeling in 1947', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minority_Whip', 'summary': "A whip is an official of a political party whose task is to ensure party discipline in a legislature . This means ensuring that members of the party vote according to the party platform , rather than according to their own individual ideology or the will of their constituents . Whips are the party 's enforcers . They ensure that their fellow legislators attend voting sessions and vote according to official policy . The term is taken from the whipper-in during a hunt , who tries to prevent hounds from wandering away from a hunting pack . Additionally , the term whip may mean the voting instructions issued to legislators , or the status of a certain legislator in their party 's parliamentary grouping ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Llewellyn Bowman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Llewellyn_Bowman', 'summary': 'Frank Llewellyn Bowman ( January 21 , 1879 - September 15 , 1936 ) was an American politician who represented West Virginia in the United States House of Representatives from 1925 to 1933 .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta ( West Virginia ) , 1902', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_West_Virginia', 'summary': "West Virginia University ( WVU ) is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Morgantown , West Virginia . Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley , Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser , and a second clinical campus for the university 's medical and dental schools at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston . WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginia 's 55 counties . Enrollment for the Fall 2018 semester was 26,864 for the main campus , while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 29,959 . The Morgantown campus offers 350+ bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs throughout 14 colleges and schools . Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni , including former WVU president David C. Hardesty , Jr . The university has also produced 45 Goldwater Scholars , 24 Truman Scholars , and five members ( & 11 academic team honorees ) of USA Today 's All - USA College Academic First Team . Additionally , WVU has had three George C. Marshall ( British ) Scholars , five Morris K. Udall Scholars , 26 Boren Scholars , 63 Gilman Scholars , 64 Fulbright Scholars , three Department of Homeland Security Scholars , 32 Critical Language Scholars , one Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar , five National Institute of Standards and Technology Fellowships , and 25 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Graduate Fellowships ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives 1925-1933 . Mayor of Morgantown , West Virginia in 1916 and 1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William G. Brown , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Gay_Brown,_Jr.', 'summary': 'William Gay Brown Jr. ( April 7 , 1856 - March 9 , 1916 ) was a lawyer , and Democratic politician from West Virginia who served as a United States Representative . Congressman Brown was born in Kingwood , West Virginia in Preston County ( then in Virginia ) on April 7 , 1856 . He served as a member of the 62nd , 63rd , and 64th United States Congresses . He died in office on March 9 , 1916 .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta ( West Virginia ) , 1877', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_West_Virginia', 'summary': "West Virginia University ( WVU ) is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Morgantown , West Virginia . Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley , Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser , and a second clinical campus for the university 's medical and dental schools at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston . WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginia 's 55 counties . Enrollment for the Fall 2018 semester was 26,864 for the main campus , while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 29,959 . The Morgantown campus offers 350+ bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs throughout 14 colleges and schools . Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni , including former WVU president David C. Hardesty , Jr . The university has also produced 45 Goldwater Scholars , 24 Truman Scholars , and five members ( & 11 academic team honorees ) of USA Today 's All - USA College Academic First Team . Additionally , WVU has had three George C. Marshall ( British ) Scholars , five Morris K. Udall Scholars , 26 Boren Scholars , 63 Gilman Scholars , 64 Fulbright Scholars , three Department of Homeland Security Scholars , 32 Critical Language Scholars , one Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar , five National Institute of Standards and Technology Fellowships , and 25 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Graduate Fellowships ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives 1910-1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh M. Caldwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Seattle', 'summary': "The Mayor of Seattle is the head of the executive branch of the city government of Seattle , Washington . The mayor is authorized by the city charter to enforce laws enacted by the Seattle City Council , as well as direct subordinate officers in city departments . The mayor serves a four-year term , without term limits , and is chosen in citywide , two-round elections between nonpartisan candidates . Since the appointment of Henry A. Atkins in 1869 , 56 individuals have held the office of mayor . The city elected Bertha Knight Landes , the first female mayor of a major U.S. city , in 1926 . Several mayors have served non-consecutive terms , while others have resigned or faced recall elections . Charles Royer holds the record for longest mayoral tenure in the city 's history , serving three full terms from 1978 to 1990 . Jenny Durkan took office as mayor on November 28 , 2017 , becoming the second female mayor and first lesbian mayor of Seattle ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda ( George Washington ) , 1903', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_University', 'summary': "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Seattle , Washington , 1920 . See listing under Civic Leadership', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle,_Washington', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Cantor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Cantor', 'summary': "Eric Ivan Cantor ( born June 6 , 1963 ) is a former American politician and lawyer who served as the United States representative for Virginia 's 7th congressional district from 2001 until 2014 . As a member of the Republican Party , he became House Majority Leader when the 112th Congress convened on January 3 , 2011 . He previously served as House Minority Whip from 2009 until 2011 . His district included most of the northern and western sections of Richmond , along with most of Richmond 's western suburbs and , until redistricting in 2013 , portions of the Shenandoah Valley . Cantor was the highest-ranking Jewish member of Congress in its history , and at the time of his resignation , the only non-Christian Republican in either house . In June 2014 , in his bid for re-election , Cantor lost the Republican primary to economics professor Dave Brat in an upset that greatly surprised political analysts . In response Cantor announced his early resignation as House Majority Leader , and several weeks later , he announced his resignation from Congress , which took effect August 18 , 2014 . Immediately thereafter , Cantor accepted a position as vice chairman of investment bank Moelis & Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda ( George Washington ) , 1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_University', 'summary': "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives ( R-VA ) ; elected 2001 . Served as Majority Leader 2011-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph L. Carrigg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_L._Carrigg', 'summary': "Joseph Leonard Carrigg ( February 23 , 1901 - February 6 , 1989 ) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania . Joseph L. Carrigg was born in Susquehanna , Pennsylvania ; three of his grandparents were Irish immigrants . He graduated from Niagara University in Niagara Falls , New York in 1922 , Albany Law School in Albany , New York in 1924 , and Dickinson School of Law in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , in 1925 . Carrigg was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity while at Albany . He was district attorney of Susquehanna County , Pennsylvania , from 1936 to 1948 , and burgess of the borough of Susquehanna from 1948 to 1951 . Carrigg was elected as a Republican to the 82nd Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Wilson D. Gillette . He was reelected to the Eighty-third , Eighty-fourth , and Eighty-fifth Congresses . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1958 , defeated by Democrat Stanley A. Prokop . After his time in Congress , he served as the Director of Practice for the Internal Revenue Service in Washington , D.C. , from 1959 to 1960 . He also worked as secretary to Representative William Scranton of Pennsylvania in 1961 . He served as manager of the State Workmen 's Insurance Fund of Pennsylvania from 1963 through 1971 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta ( Union ) , 1925', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany_Law_School', 'summary': "Albany Law School is a private , independent , American Bar Association-accredited law school founded in 1851 in Albany , New York making it the oldest law school in New York . It has an affiliation agreement with University at Albany that includes shared programs . The school is located near New York 's highest court , federal courts , the executive branch and the state legislature ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Congressman U.S. House of Representatives 1951-1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Coelho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Coelho', 'summary': 'Anthony Lee Coelho ( born June 15 , 1942 ) is an American politician from California who served in the United States House of Representatives . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the primary sponsor of the Americans with Disabilities Act and is a former chairman and current member of the board of directors of the Epilepsy Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Rho Tetarton ( Loyola Marymount ) , 1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University', 'summary': "Loyola Marymount University ( LMU ) is a private Jesuit and Marymount research university in Los Angeles , California . It is located on the west side of the city and is scenically positioned atop the bluffs overlooking Playa Vista . LMU is also the parent school to Loyola Law School located in downtown Los Angeles . LMU offers 60 major and 55 minor undergraduate degrees and programs across 6 undergraduate colleges . The Graduate Division offers 51 master 's degree programs , one education doctorate , one doctorate in juridical science , one juris doctorate and 12 credential programs . As of 2019 [ update ] , Loyola Marymount University is one of the largest Roman Catholic universities on the U.S. West Coast with just under 9,700 undergraduate , graduate and law school students . LMU 's sports teams are called the Lions and compete at the NCAA Division I level as members of the West Coast Conference in 19 sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Former U.S . Congressman from California , House Majority Whip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majority_Whip', 'summary': "A whip is an official of a political party whose task is to ensure party discipline in a legislature . This means ensuring that members of the party vote according to the party platform , rather than according to their own individual ideology or the will of their constituents . Whips are the party 's enforcers . They ensure that their fellow legislators attend voting sessions and vote according to official policy . The term is taken from the whipper-in during a hunt , who tries to prevent hounds from wandering away from a hunting pack . Additionally , the term whip may mean the voting instructions issued to legislators , or the status of a certain legislator in their party 's parliamentary grouping ."}]}, {'value': 'George Bruce Cortelyou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou', 'summary': "George Bruce Cortelyou ( July 26 , 1862 - October 23 , 1940 ) was an American Cabinet secretary of the early twentieth century . He held various positions in the presidential administrations of Grover Cleveland , William McKinley , and Theodore Roosevelt . Born in New York City , Cortelyou worked for the United States Post Office Department , earning the attention of Postmaster General Wilson S. Bissell . On Bissell 's recommendation , President Cleveland hired Cortelyou as his chief clerk . On Cleveland 's recommendation , McKinley hired Cortelyou as his personal secretary . After McKinley 's assassination , Roosevelt asked Cortelyou to lead an effort to reorganize the White House . Impressed by Cortelyou 's performance , Roosevelt appointed Cortelyou to the position of United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor in 1903 . He left that position in 1904 to become the Chairman of the Republican National Committee , and starting in 1905 he also served as the Postmaster General . He left both of those positions to become the United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1907 . In that position , he worked to keep the economy stable during the Panic of 1907 . After Roosevelt left office in 1909 , Cortelyou became president of the Consolidated Gas Company . He died in 1940 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda ( George Washington ) , 1896', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_University', 'summary': "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'First United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor . Also served as United States Postmaster General and United States Secretary of the Treasury . Chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1904 , and manager of the successful Roosevelt campaign . President of the Consolidated Gas Company ( now ConEd ) , 1909-1935', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor', 'summary': "The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was a short-lived Cabinet department of the United States government , which was concerned with controlling the excesses of big business . It was created on February 14 , 1903 , during the administration of President Theodore Roosevelt . Investigations were the province of its Bureau of Corporations . The department was renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4 , 1913 , and its bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor . In 1915 , the Bureau of Corporations was spun off as an independent agency , the Federal Trade Commission . The United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor was the head of the department . The secretary was a member of the President 's Cabinet . Corresponding with the division of the department in 1913 , the Secretary of Commerce and Labor 's position was divided into separate positions of United States Secretary of Commerce and United States Secretary of Labor . In 2011 and 2013 , in response to federal budget-cutting efforts , Senator Richard Burr ( R-NC ) , sponsored S. 1116 , a proposal to re-combine two departments as the Department of Commerce and the Workforce . To date , no action on this proposal has been taken beyond referral to committee ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General', 'summary': 'The postmaster general of the United States is the chief executive officer of the United States Postal Service . Megan Brennan is the current postmaster general , having delayed her original January 31 , 2020 retirement . Appointed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service select the postmaster general and deputy postmaster general , who then join the board .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury', 'summary': "The secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury which is concerned with all financial and monetary matters relating to the federal government , and , until 2003 , also included several major federal law enforcement agencies . This position in the federal government of the United States is analogous to the minister of finance in many other countries . The secretary of the treasury is a member of the president 's Cabinet , and is nominated by the president of the United States . Nominees for secretary of the treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being voted on by the United States Senate . The secretary of the treasury , the secretary of state , the attorney general , and the secretary of defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance of their departments . The secretary of the treasury is a non-statutory member of the U.S. National Security Council and fifth in the United States presidential line of succession ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Consolidated_Edison', 'summary': 'Consolidated Edison , Inc. , commonly known as Con Edison ( stylized as conEdison ) or Con Ed , is one of the largest investor-owned energy companies in the United States , with approximately $ 12 billion in annual revenues as of 2017 , and over $ 48 billion in assets . The company provides a wide range of energy-related products and services to its customers through its subsidiaries :'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas B. Curtis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_B._Curtis', 'summary': 'Thomas Bradford Curtis ( May 14 , 1911 - January 10 , 1993 ) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri . Born in St. Louis , Missouri , Curtis attended the public schools of Webster Groves , Missouri . He attended Dartmouth College in Hanover , New Hampshire where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa , earning an A.B . in 1932 . He was admitted to the bar in 1934 and commenced the practice of law in St. Louis . He received an LL.B . degree from Washington University in St. Louis in 1935 . He received an M.A . from Dartmouth in 1951 , and a J.D . from Westminster College in 1964 . [ citation needed ] He served as member of the Board of Election Commissioners of St. Louis County in 1942 . He served in the United States Navy from April 8 , 1942 , until discharged as a lieutenant commander December 21 , 1945 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tau ( Dartmouth ) , 1932', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth_College', 'summary': "Dartmouth College ( /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth ) is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock , it is the ninth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Although founded as a school to educate Native Americans in Christian theology and the English way of life , Dartmouth primarily trained Congregationalist ministers throughout its early history before it gradually secularized , emerging at the turn of the 20th century from relative obscurity into national prominence . Following a liberal arts curriculum , the university provides undergraduate instruction in 40 academic departments and interdisciplinary programs including 57 majors in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering , and enables students to design specialized concentrations or engage in dual degree programs . Dartmouth comprises five constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Geisel School of Medicine , the Thayer School of Engineering , the Tuck School of Business , and the Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies . The university also has affiliations with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , the Rockefeller Institute for Public Policy , and the Hopkins Center for the Arts . With a student enrollment of about 6,400 , Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League . Undergraduate admissions are highly competitive , with an acceptance rate of 7.9% for the Class of 2023 . Situated on a terrace above the Connecticut River , Dartmouth 's 269-acre main campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England . The university functions on a quarter system , operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms . Dartmouth is known for its undergraduate focus , strong Greek culture , and wide array of enduring campus traditions . Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings , and has been cited as a leading university for undergraduate teaching and research by U.S. News & World Report ."}]}, {'value': 'Former U.S . Congressman from Missouri , 1951-1969 . Noted economist within the Congressional ranks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert V. Denney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_V._Denney', 'summary': 'Robert Vernon Denney ( April 11 , 1916 - June 26 , 1981 ) was a Nebraska Republican politician , a United States Representative and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska .'}]}, {'value': 'Sigma Deuteron ( Nebraska ) , 1938', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal Judge and Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives from Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska', 'summary': "Nebraska /nəˈbræskə/ ( listen ) is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north ; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast , both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south ; Colorado to the southwest ; and Wyoming to the west . It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state . Nebraska 's area is just over 77,220 square miles ( 200,000 km2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million people . Its state capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Indigenous peoples , including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes , lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration . The state is crossed by many historic trails , including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska was admitted as the 37th state of the United States in 1867 . It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan . Nebraska is composed of two major land regions : the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consist of gently rolling hills and contains the state 's largest cities , Omaha and Lincoln . The Great Plains region , occupying most of western Nebraska , is characterized by treeless prairie , suitable for cattle-grazing ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph E. Dini , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Dini', 'summary': "Joseph E. ( Joe ) Dini , Jr. ( March 28 , 1929 - April 10 , 2014 ) was a Nevada state assemblyman and casino owner from Yerington , Nevada . In 1996 Dini was ranked the tenth most influential Nevadan in a survey conducted by the Las Vegas Sun , a list that included Steve Wynn , Bill Raggio , then Governor Bob Miller and former Governor Mike O'Callaghan ."}]}, {'value': 'Eta Deuteron ( Nevada ) , 1950', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Reno ( Nevada , the University of Nevada , or UNR ) is a public research university in Reno , Nevada . Founded on October 12 , 1874 in Elko , Nevada is the sole land grant institution for the state of Nevada . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The campus is home to the large-scale structures laboratory in the College of Engineering , which has put Nevada researchers at the forefront nationally in a wide range of civil engineering , earthquake and large-scale structures testing and modeling . The Nevada Terawatt Facility , located on a satellite campus of the university , includes a terawatt-level Z-pinch machine and terawatt-class high-intensity laser system - one of the most powerful such lasers on any college campus in the country . It is home to the School of Medicine , with a campus in Nevada 's major urban center in Reno and a health network that extends to much of rural Nevada . The school includes 16 clinical departments and five nationally recognized basic science departments . It is also home to the School of Journalism , which has produced six Pulitzer Prize winners ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Speaker , Nevada General Assembly , served a record 27 years in the Assembly . Served as Acting Governor of Nevada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drew Edmondson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drew_Edmondson', 'summary': "William Andrew Edmondson ( born October 12 , 1946 ) is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Oklahoma . A member of the Democratic Party , Edmondson served as the 16th Attorney General of Oklahoma from 1995 to 2011 . Prior to his election as state attorney general , he served as district attorney for Muskogee County , Oklahoma , from 1983 to 1995 . He was defeated twice in campaigns for U.S. Congress in Oklahoma 's 2nd congressional district , which was held by his father Ed Edmondson from 1953 to 1973 . Edmondson was defeated twice in the statewide races for Governor of Oklahoma . In 2010 , Edmondson was defeated by Jari Askins in an unsuccessful bid for the Democratic Party nomination for Governor . Following his service as attorney general , he joined the Oklahoma City law office of Riggs Abney . He was the Democratic nominee for Governor in 2018 and was defeated by Republican nominee Kevin Stitt in the general election ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Epsilon ( Northeastern State ) , 1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_State_University', 'summary': 'Northeastern State University ( NSU ) is a public university with its main campus in Tahlequah , Oklahoma . The university also has two other campuses in Muskogee and Broken Arrow as well as online . Northeastern is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of Oklahoma as well as one of the oldest institutions of higher learning west of the Mississippi River . Tahlequah is home to the capital of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and about 25 percent of the students at NSU identify themselves as American Indian . The university has many courses focused on Native American linguistics , and offers Cherokee language Education as a major . Cherokee can be studied as a second language , and some classes are taught in Cherokee for first language speakers as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Attorney General of the State of Oklahoma , 1995-2011 ( 16 years )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attorney_General', 'summary': "In most common law jurisdictions , the attorney general or attorney-general ( sometimes abbreviated AG ) is the main legal advisor to the government . The plural is attorneys general or attorney generals . In some jurisdictions , attorneys general also have executive responsibility for law enforcement , prosecutions or even responsibility for legal affairs generally . In practice , the extent to which the attorney general personally provides legal advice to the government varies between jurisdictions , and even between individual office-holders within the same jurisdiction , often depending on the level and nature of the office-holder 's prior legal experience . Where the attorney general has ministerial responsibility for legal affairs in general ( as is the case , for example , with the United States Attorney General or the Attorney-General for Australia , and the respective attorneys general of the states in each country ) , the ministerial portfolio is largely equivalent to that of a Minister of Justice in some other countries . The term was originally used to refer to any person who holds a general power of attorney to represent a principal in all matters . In the common law tradition , anyone who represents the state , especially in criminal prosecutions , is such an attorney . Although a government may designate some official as the permanent attorney general , anyone who came to represent the state in the same way could , in the past , be referred to as such , even if only for a particular case . Today , however , in most jurisdictions , the term is largely reserved as a title of the permanently appointed attorney general of the state , sovereign or other member of the royal family . Civil law jurisdictions have similar offices , which may be variously called public prosecutor general , procurators , advocates general , public attorneys , and other titles . Many of these offices also use attorney general or attorney-general as the English translation of the title , although because of different historical provenance , the nature of such offices is usually different from that of attorneys-general in common law jurisdictions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/State_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Funseth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Psi Triton ( Hobart ) 1948', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges', 'summary': 'Hobart and William Smith Colleges are private liberal arts colleges in Geneva , New York . They trace their origins to Geneva Academy established in 1797 . The colleges offer the degrees of bachelor of arts , bachelor of science , and master of arts in teaching . The colleges were originally separate institutions - Hobart College for men and William Smith College for women - that shared close bonds and a contiguous campus . In 1943 , William Smith College was elevated from its original status as a department of Hobart College to an independent college and the two colleges established a joint corporate identity . They are officially chartered as Hobart and William Smith Colleges and informally referred to as HWS or the Colleges . Although united in one corporation with many shared resources and overlapping organization , they have each retained their own traditions .'}]}, {'value': 'Retired Assistant Secretary of State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State', 'summary': 'Assistant Secretary of State ( A/S ) is a title used for many executive positions in the United States Department of State , ranking below the Under Secretaries . A set of six Assistant Secretaries reporting to the Under Secretary for Political Affairs manage diplomatic missions within their designated geographic regions , plus one Assistant Secretary dealing with international organizations . Assistant Secretaries usually manage individual bureaus of the Department of State . When the manager of a bureau or another agency holds a title other than Assistant Secretary , such as Director , it can be said to be of Assistant Secretary equivalent rank . Assistant Secretaries typically have a set of deputies , referred to as Deputy Assistant Secretaries ( DAS ) . From 1853 until 1913 , the Assistant Secretary of State was the second-ranking official within the U.S. Department of State . Prior to 1853 , the Chief Clerk was the second-ranking officer , and after 1913 , the Counselor was the second-ranking position , though the Assistant Secretary continued to be a position until 1924 . From 1867 , the Assistant Secretary of State was assisted by a Second Assistant Secretary of State , and from 1875 , by a Third Assistant Secretary of State . Specific duties of the incumbents varied over the years and included such responsibilities as supervising the Diplomatic and Consular Bureaus , general supervision of correspondence , consular appointments , administration of the Department , and supervision of economic matters and various geographic divisions . Today , the title of the second-ranking position is the Deputy Secretary of State , with the next tier of State Department officials bearing the rank of Under Secretary of State . The following is a list of current offices bearing the title of Assistant Secretary of State :'}]}, {'value': 'Howard M. Gore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_M._Gore', 'summary': 'Howard Mason Gore ( October 12 , 1877 - June 20 , 1947 ) was an American politician . He served as the 8th Secretary of Agriculture from 1924 to 1925 , during the administration of President Calvin Coolidge , and he served as 17th Governor of West Virginia from 1925 to 1929 .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta ( West Virginia ) , 1900', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia_University', 'summary': "West Virginia University ( WVU ) is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Morgantown , West Virginia . Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley , Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser , and a second clinical campus for the university 's medical and dental schools at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston . WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginia 's 55 counties . Enrollment for the Fall 2018 semester was 26,864 for the main campus , while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 29,959 . The Morgantown campus offers 350+ bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs throughout 14 colleges and schools . Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni , including former WVU president David C. Hardesty , Jr . The university has also produced 45 Goldwater Scholars , 24 Truman Scholars , and five members ( & 11 academic team honorees ) of USA Today 's All - USA College Academic First Team . Additionally , WVU has had three George C. Marshall ( British ) Scholars , five Morris K. Udall Scholars , 26 Boren Scholars , 63 Gilman Scholars , 64 Fulbright Scholars , three Department of Homeland Security Scholars , 32 Critical Language Scholars , one Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar , five National Institute of Standards and Technology Fellowships , and 25 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Graduate Fellowships ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Governor of West Virginia ; Former U.S. Sec . of Agriculture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia', 'summary': 'West Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States , and is also considered to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region . It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north , Maryland to the east and northeast , Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , and Ohio to the northwest . West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area , and is ranked 38th in population . The capital and largest city is Charleston . West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War . Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia , which also included secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key border state during the war . It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) . While a portion of its residents held slaves , most of the residents were yeoman farmers , and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution . The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . However , the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies the state as a part of the Mid-Atlantic region . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 miles ( 110 km ) from North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Gilbert Gude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilbert_Gude', 'summary': "Gilbert Gude ( March 9 , 1923 - June 7 , 2007 ) was a U.S . Congressman who represented the Maryland 's 8th congressional district from January 3 , 1967 , to January 3 , 1977 . Gude was born in Washington , D.C. , and was educated in the public schools of Rockville , Maryland , and Washington . He attended the University of Maryland , obtained his B.S . degree from Cornell University in 1948 , and his M.A . degree from George Washington University for Public Administration in 1958 . He later taught history and environment courses at Georgetown University and served on the Board of Trustees for The Catholic University of America . During World War II , Gude served in the Pacific Theater as a part of the United States Army Medical Department from 1943 to 1946 . After the war , Gude was appointed to the Maryland House of Delegates in January 1953 , and was later elected to the House of Delegates in 1954 , serving until 1958 . He was elected to the Republican State Central Committee in 1958 , and elected to the Maryland State Senate in 1962 , serving until 1967 . Gude accomplished numerous things while in office , including sponsoring legislation that led to the building of the Washington Metro system , leading efforts to save the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and create the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park , and supporting D.C. home rule . He was a delegate to the Republican State convention in 1952 , and a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1968 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eta ( Maryland ) 1945', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park', 'summary': "The University of Maryland , College Park ( University of Maryland , UMD , or simply Maryland ) is a public research university in College Park , Maryland . Founded in 1856 , UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland . It is also the largest university in both the state and the Washington metropolitan area , with more than 41,000 students representing all fifty states and 123 countries , and a global alumni network of over 360,000 . Its twelve schools and colleges together offer over 200 degree-granting programs , including 92 undergraduate majors , 107 master 's programs , and 83 doctoral programs . UMD is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Maryland 's proximity to the nation 's capital has resulted in many research partnerships with the federal government ; faculty receive research funding and institutional support from agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institute of Standards and Technology , the Food and Drug Administration , and the Department of Homeland Security . It is classified as a first tier research university by the Carnegie Foundation , and is labeled a Public Ivy , denoting a quality of education comparable to the private Ivy League . UMD is ranked among the top 100 universities both nationally and globally by several indices . In 2016 , the University of Maryland , College Park and the University of Maryland , Baltimore formalized their strategic partnership after their collaboration successfully created more innovative medical , scientific , and educational programs , as well as greater research grants and joint faculty appointments than either campus has been able to accomplish on its own . As of 2017 , the operating budget of the University of Maryland is approximately $ 2.1 billion . For the 2018 fiscal year , the university received a total of over $ 545 million in external research funding . In October 2017 , the university received a record-breaking donation of $ 219.5 million from the A. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation , ranking among the largest philanthropic gifts to a public university in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland ; Director , Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service', 'summary': "The Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) , known as Congress 's think tank , is a public policy research institute of the United States Congress . As a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress , CRS works primarily and directly for Members of Congress , their Committees and staff on a confidential , nonpartisan basis . Its staff of approximately 600 employees includes lawyers , economists , reference librarians , and social , natural , and physical scientists . In fiscal year 2016 , CRS was appropriated a budget of roughly $ 106.9 million by Congress . Despite numerous attempts to override a policy of [ limiting ] dissemination to Members of Congress from 1952 until 2018 , publication was restricted ; now CRS makes non-confidential reports available on its website . CRS is joined by two major congressional support agencies . The Congressional Budget Office provides Congress with budget-related information , reports on fiscal , budgetary , and programmatic issues , and analyses of budget policy options , costs , and effects . The Government Accountability Office assists Congress in reviewing and monitoring the activities of government by conducting independent audits , investigations , and evaluations of federal programs . Collectively , the three agencies employ more than 4,000 people . As of mid-March 2019 , CRS announced that it was adding the back catalog of older CRS reports and also introducing new publicly available reports , such as its two-page executive level briefing documents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Library_of_Congress', 'summary': "The Library of Congress ( LOC ) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States . It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States . The library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington , D.C. ; it also maintains the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper , Virginia . The library 's functions are overseen by the librarian of Congress , and its buildings are maintained by the architect of the Capitol . The Library of Congress is one of the largest libraries in the world . Its collections are universal , not limited by subject , format , or national boundary , and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages . Congress moved to Washington , D.C. , in 1800 after sitting for 11 years in the temporary national capitals in New York City and Philadelphia . The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s . Most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814 during the War of 1812 , and the library sought to restore its collection in 1815 . They bought Thomas Jefferson 's entire personal collection of 6,487 books . After a period of slow growth , another fire struck the library in its Capitol chambers in 1851 , again destroying a large amount of the collection , including many of Jefferson 's books . After the American Civil War , the Library of Congress grew rapidly in both size and importance , which sparked a campaign to purchase replacement copies for volumes that had been burned ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Hecklinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Thailand', 'summary': 'This is a list of Ambassadors of the United States to Thailand . Thailand has had continuous bilateral relations with the United States since 1882 . Relations were interrupted during World War II when Bangkok was occupied by Japanese forces . Normal relations were resumed after the war in 1945 . The United States Embassy to Thailand , which was designed by Gerhard Kallmann of Kallmann McKinnell & Wood , is located in Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi ( St. Lawrence ) 1965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Lawrence_University', 'summary': 'St. Lawrence University is a private liberal arts college in the village of Canton in St. Lawrence County , New York . It has roughly 2400 undergraduate and 100 graduate students , about equally split between male and female . Though St. Lawrence today is non-denominational , it was founded in 1856 by leaders of the Universalist Church , who were seeking to establish a seminary west of New England and were enthusiastically courted by the citizens of Canton . The church almost did not place the school in Canton , however , as they felt students might be exposed to too much excitement within the village limits in 1856 . The denomination , which has since merged with the Unitarian faith , was part of the liberal wing of Protestantism , championing such ideas as critical thinking and gender equality - attributes that surfaced in the new Theological School of St. Lawrence University , which was progressive in its teaching philosophy and coeducational from the beginning .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Ambassador to Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambassador', 'summary': "An ambassador is an official envoy , especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sovereign or appointed for a special and often temporary diplomatic assignment . The word is also often used more liberally for persons who are known , without national appointment , to represent certain professions , activities and fields of endeavor such as sales . An ambassador is the ranking government representative stationed in a foreign capital . The host country typically allows the ambassador control of specific territory called an embassy , whose territory , staff , and vehicles are generally afforded diplomatic immunity in the host country . Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations , an ambassador has the highest diplomatic rank . Countries may choose to maintain diplomatic relations at a lower level by appointing a chargé d'affaires in place of an ambassador . The equivalent to an ambassador exchanged among members of the Commonwealth of Nations are known as High Commissioners . The ambassadors of the Holy See are known as Papal or Apostolic Nuncios ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Edwin W. Higgins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_W._Higgins', 'summary': 'Edwin Werter Higgins ( July 2 , 1874 - September 24 , 1954 ) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut . Born in Clinton , Connecticut , Higgins attended Norwich Free Academy . He graduated from Yale Law School in 1897 , was admitted to the bar in 1897 , and commenced practice in Norwich , Connecticut . He served as a member of the state house of representatives in 1899 and 1900 , as well as a member of the Republican State Central Committee from 1900-1905 . During the same period he was health officer of New London County . He also held the post of corporation counsel of Norwich in 1901 , 1902 , and from 1919-1922 , served as prosecuting attorney of Norwich in 1905 , and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1904 and 1916 . Higgins was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank B. Brandegee . Reelected to the Sixtieth , Sixty-first , and Sixty-second Congresses and serving from October 2 , 1905 until March 3 , 1913 , he was not a candidate for renomination in 1912 , and resumed his law practice after leaving Congress . During the First World War , he served in the Connecticut State National Guard . From 1932 to 1946 Higgins served as prosecuting attorney , Court of Common Pleas , Connecticut . He died in Norwich , Connecticut , on September 24 , 1954 , and was interred in Maplewood Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon ( Yale ) , 1897', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives ( R-CT )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James D. Hodgson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_D._Hodgson', 'summary': 'James Day Hodgson ( December 3 , 1915 - November 28 , 2012 ) was an American politician . He served as the Secretary of Labor and the Ambassador to Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Deuteron ( Minnesota ) 1938', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Former United States Ambassador to Japan ; Former Secretary of Labor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambassadors_from_the_United_States', 'summary': "Ambassadors of the United States are persons nominated as ambassadors by the President to serve as United States diplomats to individual nations of the world , to international organizations , and as ambassadors-at-large . Their appointment needs to be confirmed by the United States Senate . An ambassador can be appointed during a recess , but he or she can only serve as ambassador until the end of the next session of Congress unless subsequently confirmed . Ambassadors serve at the pleasure of the President , meaning they can be dismissed at any time . Appointments change regularly for various reasons , such as reassignment or retirement . An ambassador may be a career Foreign Service Officer ( career diplomat - CD ) or a political appointee ( PA ) . In most cases , career foreign service officers serve a tour of approximately three years per ambassadorship whereas political appointees customarily tender their resignations upon the inauguration of a new president . As embassies fall under the State Department 's jurisdiction , ambassadors answer directly to the Secretary of State . The United States Department of State provides lists of ambassadors which are updated periodically . ( A recent list was issued on December 4 , 2018 . A further 24 nominees were confirmed on January 2 , 2019 , and a number of ambassadorships remain vacant . ) A listing by country of past chiefs of mission is maintained by the Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Secretary_of_Labor', 'summary': 'The United States Secretary of Labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States , and as the head of the United States Department of Labor , controls the department , and enforces and suggests laws involving unions , the workplace , and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies . Formerly , there was a U.S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor , who led this department along with the U.S. Department of Commerce as one department . Since the two departments split in 1913 , the Department of Commerce is now headed by a separate U.S. Secretary of Commerce . Eugene Scalia , a son of the late U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia , has served as Secretary of Labor since September 30 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Kee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kee', 'summary': 'John Kee ( August 22 , 1874 - May 8 , 1951 ) was a U.S. Democratic politician serving in the United States House of Representatives from 1933 until his death in Washington , D.C. in 1951 .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta ( West Virginia ) , 1900', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_West_Virginia', 'summary': "West Virginia University ( WVU ) is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Morgantown , West Virginia . Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley , Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser , and a second clinical campus for the university 's medical and dental schools at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston . WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginia 's 55 counties . Enrollment for the Fall 2018 semester was 26,864 for the main campus , while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 29,959 . The Morgantown campus offers 350+ bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs throughout 14 colleges and schools . Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni , including former WVU president David C. Hardesty , Jr . The university has also produced 45 Goldwater Scholars , 24 Truman Scholars , and five members ( & 11 academic team honorees ) of USA Today 's All - USA College Academic First Team . Additionally , WVU has had three George C. Marshall ( British ) Scholars , five Morris K. Udall Scholars , 26 Boren Scholars , 63 Gilman Scholars , 64 Fulbright Scholars , three Department of Homeland Security Scholars , 32 Critical Language Scholars , one Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar , five National Institute of Standards and Technology Fellowships , and 25 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Graduate Fellowships ."}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia State Senate 1923-1927 . Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives from West Virginia from 1933 to 1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carleton King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carleton_King', 'summary': 'Carleton James King ( June 15 , 1904 - November 19 , 1977 ) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta ( Union ) , 1926', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_College', 'summary': 'Union College is a private liberal arts college in Schenectady , New York . Founded in 1795 , it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents . In the 19th century , it became the Mother of Fraternities , as three of the earliest such organizations were established there . After 175 years as a traditional all-male institution , Union College began enrolling women in 1970 . The college offers a liberal arts curriculum across some 21 academic departments , as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors and self-designed organizing theme majors . In common with most liberal arts colleges , Union offers a wide array of courses in arts , sciences , literature , and foreign languages , but , in common with only a few other liberal arts colleges , Union also offers ABET-accredited undergraduate degrees in computer engineering , bioengineering , electrical engineering , and mechanical engineering . By the time they graduate , about 60% of Union students will have engaged in some form of international study or study abroad .'}]}, {'value': 'Former Congressman , U.S. House of Representatives from New York from 1961 to 1974', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Sigma_Kappa_brothers_0', 'intro': "This is a list of notable brothers of Phi Sigma Kappa men's collegiate fraternity, including those who were members of Phi Sigma Epsilon prior to the 1985 merger. See Talk page to review guidelines for inclusion."}
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What original chapter was the man born on May 14 1890 a member of ?
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West Virginia
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021eacb1436a4b95
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Canada', 'title': 'List of oldest buildings in Canada', 'header': ['Building', 'Built', 'City', 'Architect'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anderson House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_House_(St._Johns)', 'summary': "Anderson House located at 42 Powers Court , St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , is believed to be the oldest structure in the city of St. John 's . Originally built for James Anderson , a sergeant in the militia , [ which ? ] the house is of modest construction and an excellent example of 19th century homes built circa 1804 . It was built on land that was purchased from Dr. Jonathan Ogden , a Newfoundland chief justice , in 1802 . The house has been used as both a military and private residence . It was used as a military barracks with a ( now demolished ) section of the house used to stable horses . It has been home to a number of families and at one time was owned by the Roman Catholic Episcopal Corporation of St. John 's . Henry C. Tillmann , a professor of music and a composer , from Halifax , Nova Scotia , purchased the home in 1860 . He had arrived in St. John 's in 1844 . On March 23 , 1996 , the Anderson House became a Registered Heritage Structure by the Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador . A plaque was affixed in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '1805', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'James Anderson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Government House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Government_House_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)', 'summary': "Government House is the official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador . Government House was a by-product of the wave of administrative initiatives that took place during the 1820s . The royal charter of 1825 bestowed official colonial status for Newfoundland . The first governors of Newfoundland were naval officers who resided on their flagship , anchored in St. John 's harbour . However , Admiral Richard Edwards decided it would be more apt for the Governor to live ashore , and thenceforth the governor resided at Fort Townshend , where the first Government House was constructed . Completed in 1781 , it was intended to be a summer house for the governors , but remained in constant use until the present structure was finished in 1831 . Never intended for winter use , the inhabitants complained of the cold , and Francis Pickmore even died there in the winter of 1818 . The building plans for Government House were drawn up in England . The Ordinance had told the Treasury that workmen 's wages were too high in Newfoundland , and subsequently , workmen in Scotland were engaged and arrived in St. John 's to begin construction in April 1827 . The original plan as conceived by Governor Cochrane was for a Palladian style two-storey house , plus basement . When completed in 1831 , Government House cost £38,175 , which was five times the original estimate and an enormous expense at the time . The two-storey building consists of a centre block flanked by slightly lower wings on the east and on the west ."}]}, {'value': '1831', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hebron Moravian Mission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hebron,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Hebron is the name of a former Moravian mission that was the northernmost settlement in Labrador . Founded in 1831 , the mission disbanded in 1959 . The Inuit Abraham Ulrikab family , exhibited in zoos in Europe in 1880 , were from Hebron .'}]}, {'value': '1830s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hebron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hebron,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Hebron is the name of a former Moravian mission that was the northernmost settlement in Labrador . Founded in 1831 , the mission disbanded in 1959 . The Inuit Abraham Ulrikab family , exhibited in zoos in Europe in 1880 , were from Hebron .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1835', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonavista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonavista,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Bonavista ( 2016 population : 3,448 ) is a town on the Bonavista Peninsula , Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . Unlike many Newfoundland coastal settlements , Bonavista was built on an open plain , not in a steep cove , and thus had room to expand to its current area of 31.5 km2 ( 12.2 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of St. John the Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(St._John's)", 'summary': "The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist is located in the city of St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . The Anglican parish in the Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador was founded in 1699 in response to a petition drafted by the Anglican townsfolk of St. John 's and sent to Henry Compton , Bishop of London . In this petition , the people also requested help in the rebuilding of their church , which had been destroyed , along with the rest of the city , in 1696 by the French under the command of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville . During the centuries , at least six wooden churches stood on or near this site ; each was destroyed by military operations during the various wars between the French and the British . The British finally won control of eastern North America ."}]}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'George Gilbert Scott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bank of British North America Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_of_British_North_America_Building', 'summary': "The Bank of British North America Building built in the Italianate style was constructed in 1849 for the British Bank of North America , Newfoundland 's first commercial bank . The building was built after the St. John 's fire of 1846 by Halifax architect David Stirling . The British Bank of North America was formed in 1835 and opened its first colonial branch in Newfoundland in 1837 , with other branches soon to follow in New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , British Columbia , Yukon and in California . From 1857 to 1894 the building was acquired by the Commercial Bank of Newfoundland and had replaced the original hipped roof with a mansard roof . In 1892 it sustained more fire damage in the fire of 1892 , it was of the few structures that survived the devastation . It was reconstructed by William Howe Greene , who had also built the Supreme Court House and Cabot Tower . In 1895 the Bank of Montreal moved into the building and two years later , the only Newfoundland bank to survive the 1894 Crash , the Newfoundland Savings Bank , moved into the building . Then again in 1962 the Bank of Montreal purchased the Savings Bank and reacquired the building . In 1985 the Bank of Montreal donated the building to the City of St. John 's . This style later became popular in Canada . Newfoundlands first commercial bank from 1849-1857 . In the following century the building housed a few other banks ."}]}, {'value': '1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'William Howe Greene', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonial Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Building', 'summary': "The Colonial Building located in St. John 's was the home of the Newfoundland government and the House of Assembly from January 28 , 1850 to July 28 , 1959 . In 1974 it was declared a Provincial Historic Site . In 1832 when the Colony of Newfoundland governed itself by representative government there was not a formal building assigned to house the legislature . The first home of the Legislature was a tavern and lodging house owned and operated by a Mrs. Travers . The stay was brief as in the legislature 's haste and inexperience it forgot to vote approval for the funds to pay rent . For the next seventeen years they would meet in various temporary quarters . In 1846 an act was approved authorizing the construction of a Colonial Building as a permanent home . On May 24 , 1847 , the cornerstone was laid by the Governor , Major-General Sir John Gaspar Le Marchant . The official opening of the Colonial Building took place on January 28 , 1850 , by Governor Le Marchant for the second session of the House 's fourth general assembly ."}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'James Purcell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of St. James the Apostle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St._James_the_Apostle', 'summary': 'The Church of St. James the Apostle , or as it is known today as St. James Episcopal Church or Iglesia Episcopal de Santiago is an Episcopal church in Oakland , California , United States . The church has been providing weekly services without break since 1858 . It is a California Historical Landmark .'}]}, {'value': '1852', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Harbour,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Battle Harbour ( Inuttitut : Putlavak ) is a summer fishing station , formerly a permanent settlement , located on the Labrador coast in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . Battle Harbour was for two centuries the economic and social centre of the southeastern Labrador coast . Mercantile saltfish premises first established there in the 1770s developed into a thriving community that was known as the Capital of Labrador . It fell into decline following reductions in the cod fishery and a major fire in 1930 , and was abandoned as a permanent settlement following government resettlement activity in the 1960s . The Battle Harbour Historic Trust was given the fishing premises and other properties on the island , which it has preserved and operates as a museum . The facilities at Battle Harbour provide a commemoration of the life and society created there by Newfoundlanders and Labradorians during the 18th , 19th and 20th centuries . The site has been declared a National Historic Site of Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'William Grey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basilica of St. John The Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_The_Baptist', 'summary': "The Basilica-Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador is the metropolitan cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John 's , Newfoundland and the mother church and symbol of Roman Catholicism in Newfoundland . The Basilica-Cathedral was the largest building project to its date in Newfoundland history . Construction lasted from the excavation of the ground in May 1839 , through the laying of the cornerstone in May 1841 , until the completion and consecration on September 9 , 1855 . At this time , it was the largest church building in North America and remains the second largest in Canada after Saint Joseph 's Oratory in Montreal . The Basilica-Cathedral is one of the few buildings in St. John 's to survive the Great Fire of 1892 . On October 17 , 2007 , Bishop Martin Currie of the Diocese of Grand Falls was appointed archbishop of St. John 's . He assumed his position on November 30 , 2007 , and retired on 29 January 2019 . On December 12 , 2018 , Bishop Peter Hundt of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Corner Brook and Labrador was appointed archbishop of St. John 's . He took canonical possession of the diocese on 29 January 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1855', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'J.P. Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Point Amour lighthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1854-1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Point Amour', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles François Xavier Baby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_François_Xavier_Baby', 'summary': 'Charles François Xavier Baby ( 19 June 1794 - 6 August 1864 ) , was the eldest son of François Baby and received his formal education at Séminaire de Québec before entering into business . Charles had a varied career in business , encountering financial difficulties on at least three occasions , one of which ended in bankruptcy . He had purchased and lost various land holdings and also participated in the timber trade . By 1851 , he appears to have had the worst of his financial difficulties behind him . He was involved in building and maintaining lighthouses for the government . He became an investor in the north shore railway and specifically the towing service and tugs . His various contracts were bought out in 1860 for an amount equal to three major debts . Baby entered politics in 1861 , being elected as a member of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada , and serving until his death . The years of government contracts and behind the scenes deals had made him a man of great influence in Quebec . In August 1831 , he had married Clothilde Pinsoneault , sister of Pierre-Adolphe Pinsoneault . He was the first Catholic bishop of London , Ontario .'}]}, {'value': "Saint Bonaventure 's College", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Bonaventure's_College", 'summary': "St. Bonaventure 's College ( commonly called St. Bon 's ) is an independent kindergarten to grade 12 Catholic School in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . It is located in the historic centre of North America 's oldest city , adjacent to the Roman Catholic Basilica of St. John The Baptist . The school was founded by the Franciscans in 1857 , and from 1889 was administered by the Irish Christian Brothers . In 1999 , St. Bon 's became an independent Roman Catholic School in the Jesuit Tradition . In 2003 , St. Bon 's became a member of the Jesuit Secondary School Association ."}]}, {'value': '1858', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Newfoundland and Labrador', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of oldest buildings and structures in Newfoundland and Labrador constructed prior to 1860 .', 'uid': 'List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Canada_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of the oldest surviving buildings and structures of significance in each province and territory of Canada.'}
| null | null |
When was the former Moravian mission that was the northernmost settlement in Labrador built ?
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1831
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021f6a40309cd71f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology_people', 'title': 'List of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology people', 'header': ['Name', 'Association with RMIT', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lidia Argondizzo , JP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidia_Argondizzo', 'summary': "Lidia Serafina Argondizzo ( born 13 October 1960 ) is an Australian politician . She was the Labor Party ( ALP ) member of the Victorian Legislative Council representing Templestowe Province from 2002 to 2006 . Argondizzo was born in Italy , but immigrated to Australia as a child . She attended Preston Girls ' High School and received an MBA from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology . After graduating , she was employed by the Victorian Health Department for several years . It was during this period that Argondizzo was elected as a councillor in the City of Northcote in 1987 . She left the Health Department the following year to take up a position as an electorate officer for Giovanni Sgro , an ALP member of the Legislative Council was also in the Party 's left-wing . In 1989 , Argondizzo was elected mayor of the City of Northcote , and got a job as an electorate officer with ALP Senator Barney Cooney . She continued on as a councillor until 1993 . During this period , she made several unsuccessful attempts to secure ALP preselection for a seat in either State or Federal parliament . At one time she was a member of the splinter Left faction the Pledge Left , where she appeared likely to obtain preselection partly due to the support she received from her brother Frank Argondizzo , a then official at the Vehicle Builders Union . Tensions emerged within the Pledge Left about her candidacy and she was not selected as a result ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace', 'summary': 'A justice of the peace ( JP ) is a judicial officer of a lower or puisne court , elected or appointed by means of a commission ( letters patent ) to keep the peace . In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the same meaning . Depending on the jurisdiction , such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions . Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve , and are ( or were ) usually not required to have any formal legal education in order to qualify for the office . Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs .'}]}, {'value': 'BBus , MBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria', 'summary': "The Parliament of Victoria is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of Victoria that follows a Westminster-derived parliamentary system . It consists of the Queen , represented by the Governor of Victoria , the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council . It has a fused executive drawn from members of both chambers . The Parliament meets at Parliament House in the state capital Melbourne . The current Parliament was elected on 24 November 2018 , sworn in on 19 December 2018 and is the 59th parliament in Victoria . The two Houses of Parliament have 128 members in total , 88 in the Legislative Assembly ( lower house ) and 40 in the Legislative Council ( upper house ) . Victoria has compulsory voting and uses preferential voting in single-member seats for the Legislative Assembly , and single transferable vote in multi-member seats for the proportionally represented Legislative Council . The Council is described as a house of review . Majorities in the Legislative Council are rare , so the government of the day must negotiate with other parties to pass much of its legislative agenda . All members serve four-year terms . The parliament 's functions and processes have evolved over time , undergoing significant changes as Victoria changed from an independent colony to a state within the federated Australia . The Parliament may make laws for any matter within Victoria , subject to the Victorian Constitution ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Barker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Barker_(Australian_politician)', 'summary': 'Stephen Barker ( 1846 - 21 June 1924 ) was an English-born Australian politician . Born in Sussex , he received a primary education before becoming a tailor . He migrated to Australia where he became an organiser of the Tramways Union . He served as secretary of the Melbourne Trades Hall Council from 1901 to 1910 . In 1910 , he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator from Victoria . He was defeated in 1919 , but re-elected in 1922 . However , he died in 1924 , and Joseph Hannan was appointed as his replacement .'}]}, {'value': 'former President [ WMC ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former Member of the Parliament of Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Parliament of Australia ( officially the Federal Parliament , also called the Commonwealth Parliament ) is the legislative branch of the government of Australia . It consists of three elements : the Crown ( represented by the Governor-General ) , the Senate and the House of Representatives . The combination of two elected chambers , in which the members of the Senate represent the states and territories while the members of the House represent electoral divisions according to population , is modelled on the United States Congress . Through both chambers , however , there is a fused executive , drawn from the Westminster system . The upper house , the Senate , consists of 76 members : twelve for each state , and two each for the territories , Northern Territory ( including Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) and the Australian Capital Territory ( including Norfolk Island and the Jervis Bay Territory ) . Senators are elected using the single transferable vote proportional representation system and as a result , the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power . The governing party or coalition has not held a majority in the Senate since 1981 ( except between 2005 and 2007 ) and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and Independents to get legislation passed . The lower house , the House of Representatives , currently consists of 151 members , each elected using full-preference instant-runoff voting from single-member constituencies known as electoral divisions ( and commonly referred to as electorates or seats ) . This tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major political groups , the centre-right Coalition ( consisting of the Liberal and National Parties ) and the centre-left Labor Party . The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power . The House of Representatives has a maximum term of three years , although it can be dissolved early . The Senate has fixed terms , with 36 Senators ' terms expiring every three years ( the terms of the four territory Senators are linked to House elections ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Donna Bauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donna_Bauer', 'summary': "Donna Jane Bauer ( born 4 October 1970 ) was the member for Carrum in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 2010 to 2014 . She was Deputy Mayor of the City of Kingston , before defeating Jenny Lindell in the 2010 state election . Bauer obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Public Relations from RMIT and was previously employed as an Corporate Communications Consultant at the City of Greater Dandenong . She is a current ambassador for Bowel Cancer Australia , former ambassador for Bully Zero Australia Foundation , and is a former board member of Frankston Business Network . The 2013 redistribution of Carrum resulted in the removal of beachside suburbs from the electorate , and the extension of the seat into the western parts of the former seat of Cranbourne . This reduced the Liberal margin from 2.0% to an estimated 0.3% , while removing the suburbs of Aspendale , Aspendale Gardens , Edithvale , Chelsea and Chelsea Heights to include Carrum Downs , Sandhurst , Skye and more of Seaford . Donna embarked on the Kokoda trail in July 2013 , initiating the Bauer Kokoda Charity Challenge ' and raising money for charities , Matts Place and Pantry 5000 , where she continues to volunteer . At the 2014 Victorian state election and while battling bowel cancer , Bauer won her primary vote , only losing narrowly by 0.7% after preferences to Labor 's Sonya Kilkenny . Donna Bauer unsuccessfully contested the 2018 Victorian state election ."}]}, {'value': 'BComm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Carbines , MLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Carbines', 'summary': 'Anthony Richard Carbines ( born 15 June 1973 ) is an Australian politician , who represents the electoral district of Ivanhoe in the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the Labor Party . He studied journalism at RMIT University , then spent five years as a journalist at the Geelong Advertiser newspaper . Prior to his election , Carbines was chief-of-staff to Labor MP and Minister for Education Bronwyn Pike , whilst also serving as a councillor on the City of Banyule council . In 2009 , he initially lost pre-selection for the seat of Ivanhoe , however this decision was subsequently overturned when the then-premier , John Brumby , personally intervened to pre-select Carbines instead of the sitting MP , Craig Langdon . Langdon subsequently resigned from the parliament with the election a few weeks away . Due to the cost and difficulty involved in holding a by-election , none was called and the seat remained vacant until Carbines was elected . His stepmother is Elaine Carbines , who was a member of the Victorian Legislative Council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly', 'summary': 'The Victorian Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Victoria in Australia ; the upper house being the Victorian Legislative Council . Both houses sit at Parliament House in Spring Street , Melbourne . The presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly is the Speaker . There are presently 88 members of the Legislative Assembly elected from single-member divisions .'}]}, {'value': 'BA ( Journ )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Jensen , MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Jensen', 'summary': 'Dennis Geoffrey Jensen ( born 28 February 1962 in Johannesburg , South Africa ) is a former Australian politician . He was elected to the House of Representatives at the 2004 federal election , winning the Division of Tangney for the Liberal Party . Jensen lost Liberal preselection for the 2016 federal election , and subsequently resigned from the party to stand as an independent . In August 2017 he joined the fledgling Australian Conservatives party . Jensen has a PhD in materials science from Monash University , and before entering politics worked as a CSIRO researcher . He is known for questioning the anthropogenic causation of climate change .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia , the upper house being the Senate . Its composition and powers are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia . The term of members of the House of Representatives is a maximum of three years from the date of the first sitting of the House , but on only one occasion since Federation has the maximum term been reached . The House is almost always dissolved earlier , usually alone but sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses . Elections for members of the House of Representatives are often held in conjunction with those for the Senate . A member of the House may be referred to as a Member of Parliament ( MP or Member ) , while a member of the Senate is usually referred to as a Senator . The government of the day and by extension the Prime Minister must achieve and maintain the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power . The House of Representatives currently consists of 151 members , elected by and representing single member districts known as electoral divisions ( commonly referred to as electorates or seats ) . The number of members is not fixed but can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions , which are required on a regular basis . The most recent overall increase in the size of the House , which came into effect at the 1984 election , increased the number of members from 125 to 148 . It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election , returned to 148 at the 1996 election , has been 150 since the 2001 election , and has increased to 151 at the 2019 Australian federal election . Each division elects one member using full-preference Instant-runoff voting .'}]}, {'value': 'BAppSci', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current Member of the Parliament of Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlene Kairouz , MLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlene_Kairouz', 'summary': "Marlene Kairouz ( born 2 March 1975 ) is an Australian politician . She has been a Labor member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since 2008 , and Minister for Consumer Affairs , Gaming and Liquor Regulation since 2016 . Kairouz was born in Melbourne , Victoria , Victoria . Her parents are Maronite Catholics from Lebanon . Kairouz was educated at St Mary 's Primary School in Thornbury from 1980 to 1986 and Santa Maria Girls College , Northcote from 1987 to 1992 . She holds a Diploma of Health , Medical Laboratory Science from RMIT and worked as a histologist prior to working at the Australian Workers ' Union and becoming active in politics . Kairouz was first elected to the Legislative Assembly at the 2008 Kororoit by-election , triggered by the resignation of former minister Andre Haermeyer . Prior to entering state politics she was elected to the City of Darebin in 1998 , serving as mayor from 2001 to 2002 and again from 2006 to 2007 . Marlene was an official with the Victorian branch of the Shop Assistants ' Union from 2004 and was promoted to become an organiser in 2005 before her election to Parliament . Kairouz has been a state and national Australian Labor Party conference delegate , and previously served as the Junior Vice President of the Victorian ALP . In Parliament , Kairouz voted against the Assisted Reproduction Bill saying Bringing a child into the world without ever having the opportunity to meet both its parents shows disregard for its wellbeing , its needs and dignity . [ citation needed ] Kairouz was also active opposing abortion laws in Victoria , proposed a twenty-week limit on abortions , which was rejected ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly', 'summary': 'The Victorian Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Victoria in Australia ; the upper house being the Victorian Legislative Council . Both houses sit at Parliament House in Spring Street , Melbourne . The presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly is the Speaker . There are presently 88 members of the Legislative Assembly elected from single-member divisions .'}]}, {'value': 'Dip Health', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyril Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyril_Kennedy_(Australian_politician)', 'summary': "Cyril James Kennedy ( born 28 May 1932 ) is a former Australian politician . Kennedy was born in Ulverstone in Tasmania to Leo Joseph Kennedy , a waterside worker , and Stella Elizabeth Noble . He attended Sacred Heart School and then Ulverstone State School , eventually studying at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology . From 1959 to 1979 he worked in advertising , marketing , photography and insurance , and was president of the Free Education Movement . A Labor Party member from 1960 , he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council in 1979 as the member for Waverley , holding the seat until his defeat at the 1992 state election . Kennedy 's younger brother , Andrew David Kennedy , also served in the Victorian state parliament ( from 1982 to 1992 ) , having earlier sat in the Australian federal parliament ( from 1969 to 1972 ) . The brothers are both fifth-generation descendants ( great-great-great-grandchildren ) of Mannalargenna , a 19th-century Aboriginal Tasmanian leader . Consequently , using certain definitions of Aboriginality , some sources list them as amongst the few Indigenous Australians to have been elected to Australian legislatures . The Kennedys are the only people with acknowledged Aboriginal ancestry to have served in the Victorian state parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Dip Art ( Advertising )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hon . Catherine King , MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Honourable', 'summary': "The prefix The Honourable or The Honorable ( abbreviated to The Hon. , Hon . or formerly The Hon'ble - the last term is still used in South Asia ) is an honorific style that is used before the names of certain classes of people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Catherine_King_(politician)', 'summary': 'Catherine Fiona King ( born 2 June 1966 ) is an Australian politician serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Ballarat since 2001 . She is a member of the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) and briefly served as a minister in the Gillard and Rudd Governments in 2013 . She served as Shadow Minister of Heath from 2013 to 2019 , and has served as Shadow Minister for Infrastructure , Transport and Regional Development since 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia , the upper house being the Senate . Its composition and powers are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia . The term of members of the House of Representatives is a maximum of three years from the date of the first sitting of the House , but on only one occasion since Federation has the maximum term been reached . The House is almost always dissolved earlier , usually alone but sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses . Elections for members of the House of Representatives are often held in conjunction with those for the Senate . A member of the House may be referred to as a Member of Parliament ( MP or Member ) , while a member of the Senate is usually referred to as a Senator . The government of the day and by extension the Prime Minister must achieve and maintain the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power . The House of Representatives currently consists of 151 members , elected by and representing single member districts known as electoral divisions ( commonly referred to as electorates or seats ) . The number of members is not fixed but can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions , which are required on a regular basis . The most recent overall increase in the size of the House , which came into effect at the 1984 election , increased the number of members from 125 to 148 . It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election , returned to 148 at the 1996 election , has been 150 since the 2001 election , and has increased to 151 at the 2019 Australian federal election . Each division elects one member using full-preference Instant-runoff voting .'}]}, {'value': 'BA ( Social Work ) [ PIT ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current Member of the Parliament of Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Simmonds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Simmonds', 'summary': 'James Lionel Simmonds ( 9 October 1926 - 3 March 2007 ) was an Australian politician . He was born in Melbourne to salesman Lionel William Simmonds and Myrtle Evelyn . He attended local state schools and became a toolmaker , with education from Melbourne Technical College . He was also involved in the union movement as a shop steward and branch secretary of the Amalgamated Metal Workers Union . A member of the Labor Party , he was secretary of the Heidelberg West branch and campaign director for the federal seat of Scullin . In 1969 he was elected in a by-election to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Reservoir . He was Labor spokesman on labour and industry from 1970 to 1982 and on consumer affairs from 1973 to 1977 and from 1981 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1985 he was Minister for Employment and Training , moving to Local Government in 1985 . He stepped down from the front bench in 1988 and retired from politics in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'attended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Solly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Solly', 'summary': 'Robert Henry ( Bob ) Solly ( 9 September 1859 - 5 June 1932 ) was an Australian politician . Born in Ramsgate , Kent , to Stephen Solly and Eliza Sage , he received no formal education and worked on a farm and a rope factory . At the age of ten he moved to Newcastle to work in the boot trade , and emigrated to South Australia when he was seventeen . After a year in Adelaide he travelled to New South Wales via Victoria , where he worked as a station hand . After another five-year stint in Adelaide ( during which time , in 1873 , he married Adelaide Mary Graham , with whom he had four children ) , he moved to Collingwood in Melbourne and returned to bootmaking , becoming president of the Bootmakers Union . A founding member of the Labor Party , Solly was a Richmond City Councillor from 1903 to 1909 . In 1904 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Labor member for Railway Officers , resigning in 1906 to run for the House of Representatives . Having been unsuccessful , he returned to the Assembly via a by-election for the seat of Carlton and served until his death at Carlton in 1932 .'}]}, {'value': 'former President [ WMC ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Wakeling , MLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Wakeling', 'summary': 'Nicholas Wakeling ( born 6 May 1971 ) is an Australian politician . He has been a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since November 2006 , representing the electorate of Ferntree Gully . He served as Minister for Higher Education and Skills in the Napthine Ministry from March to December 2014 . Before his election , Wakeling was employed as a senior workplace relations advisor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly', 'summary': 'The Victorian Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Victoria in Australia ; the upper house being the Victorian Legislative Council . Both houses sit at Parliament House in Spring Street , Melbourne . The presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly is the Speaker . There are presently 88 members of the Legislative Assembly elected from single-member divisions .'}]}, {'value': 'Grad Dip IR/HR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorraine Wreford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorraine_Wreford', 'summary': 'Lorraine Joan Wreford ( born 10 August 1961 ) is an Australian politician , and was the member of Mordialloc in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 2010 to 2014 . She was Mayor of the City of Casey before defeating Janice Munt in the 2010 state election . Wreford attended Sandringham College and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology , subsequently working in the fields of photography and healthcare . She was elected to Casey City Council in 2003 . In 2009 she studied financial services and began a business as a finance broker . She was elected Mayor of Casey in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'BAppSci', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former Member of the Parliament of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Wood , MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Wood_(politician)', 'summary': "Jason Peter Wood ( born 24 May 1968 ) , Australian politician , was elected to the Australian House of Representatives for the Division of La Trobe , Victoria for the Liberal Party of Australia at the 2004 federal election . He held the seat until his defeat at the 2010 federal election . He won the seat back at the 2013 federal election . He had previously stood for the Division of Holt for the Liberal party at the 2001 federal election . Wood was educated at the Chisholm Institute , Swinburne University and RMIT University , Melbourne , and has qualifications in management , including a master 's degree in applied Science ( field innovation service management - counter terrorism ) . He was a Senior Sergeant with the Victoria Police counter-terrorism unit before entering politics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia , the upper house being the Senate . Its composition and powers are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia . The term of members of the House of Representatives is a maximum of three years from the date of the first sitting of the House , but on only one occasion since Federation has the maximum term been reached . The House is almost always dissolved earlier , usually alone but sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses . Elections for members of the House of Representatives are often held in conjunction with those for the Senate . A member of the House may be referred to as a Member of Parliament ( MP or Member ) , while a member of the Senate is usually referred to as a Senator . The government of the day and by extension the Prime Minister must achieve and maintain the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power . The House of Representatives currently consists of 151 members , elected by and representing single member districts known as electoral divisions ( commonly referred to as electorates or seats ) . The number of members is not fixed but can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions , which are required on a regular basis . The most recent overall increase in the size of the House , which came into effect at the 1984 election , increased the number of members from 125 to 148 . It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election , returned to 148 at the 1996 election , has been 150 since the 2001 election , and has increased to 151 at the 2019 Australian federal election . Each division elects one member using full-preference Instant-runoff voting .'}]}, {'value': 'Grad Dip Management , MAppSci', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'current Member of the Parliament of Australia', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Government and law -- Members', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_alumni_and_faculty_of_the_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology_13', 'intro': "This is a list of Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology people. This list of people includes alumni as well as current and former students and faculty of the Australian (RMIT University) and Vietnamese (RMIT University Vietnam) branches of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT). It also includes alumni as well as former students and faculty from its antecedents: Melbourne Technical College (MTC) and Working Men's College (WMC); amalgamations with: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy (EMC), Melbourne College of Decoration, Melbourne College of Printing and Graphic Art and Melbourne College of Textiles; and merger with Phillip Institute of Technology (PIT)."}
| null | null |
For how many years did the BA ( Social Work ) [ PIT ] association with RMIT person serve as Shadow Minister of Heath ?
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6
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02219b1fe2916643
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_period_drama_films_set_in_Asia', 'title': 'Historical period drama films set in Asia', 'header': ['Title', 'Release date', 'Time period', 'Notes on setting'], 'data': [{'value': 'Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_a_Battlefield', 'summary': 'Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield ( Korean : 황산벌 ; RR : Hwangsanbul ) is a 2003 South Korean war comedy film directed by Lee Joon-ik . Its plot is about the Battle of Hwangsanbeol between Baekje and Silla in the 7th century . The film was the 8th most attended film of 2003 with 2,835,000 tickets sold nationwide . Its popularity has spawned a sequel , titled Battlefield Heroes , which debuted in 2011 , and takes place in the subsequent Silla-Tang invasion of Goguryeo .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '660', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the Battle of Hwangsanbeol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Hwangsanbeol', 'summary': 'The Battle of Hwangsanbeol ( Hangul : 황산벌 전투 , Hanja : 黃山─戰鬪 ) took place between the forces of Silla and Baekje in Hwangsanbeol ( currently Nonsan ) in 660 By the time King Muyeol was able to gain the support of Emperor Gaozong of Tang China to conquer Baekje , King Uija had led Baekje into demise as his parties and dissipation caused neglect for state affairs . In 660 , Kim Yushin of Silla set out with fifty-thousand troops to rendezvous with the Tang army ( size about : 122,711 to 130,000 men ) which was being shipped over the sea . When King Uija heard of this crisis , he had already lost support from his ministers and only managed to rally five thousand men . He quickly appointed General Gyebaek as the commander of the armed forces , and sent him out to face Kim Yu-Shin in battle . The Baekje army arrived at Hwangsanbeol first . Gyebaek set up camp and rallied his troops with a heroic speech . He reminded the soldiers of the armies of antiquity when Goujian defeated a seven hundred-thousand force with a mere five thousand . With this speech , the Baekje forces regained their strength , and prepared for a face off with the Silla forces . Kim Yu-Shin soon arrived , and the Silla forces attempted a full attack on the Baekje forces . However , fighting to the death , the Baekje forces soon repelled the enemy , repulsing them five times . The Silla forces gradually lost morale , and the General Kim Pumil sent his young son and Hwarang , Kim Gwanchang , to single-handedly go out and fight the enemy . Gwanchang was captured by the Baekje forces at first and was released by Gyebaek .'}]}, {'value': 'A Frozen Flower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Frozen_Flower', 'summary': "A Frozen Flower ( Korean : 쌍화점 ; RR : Ssanghwajeom ) is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film . It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung , Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo . The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo ( 1330-1374 ) , but it does not strictly comply with historical facts . The controversial story is about the characters ' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love . It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1330-1374', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the late Goryeo Dynasty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goryeo_Dynasty', 'summary': 'Goryeo ( 고려 ; 高麗 ; Koryŏ ; [ ko.ɾjʌ ] ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918 , during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period , that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392 . Goryeo achieved what has been called a true national unification by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae , who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea . The name Korea is derived from the name of Goryeo , also spelled Koryŏ , which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo . The once prosperous kingdom of Later Silla , which had ruled much of the Korean Peninsula since the late 7th century , began crumbling by the late 9th century due to internal turmoil , leading to the revival of the ancient states of Baekje and Goguryeo , known in historiography as Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo . Later Goguryeo , also known as Taebong , was overthrown from within in 918 by Wang Geon , a prominent general of noble Goguryeo descent , who established Goryeo in its place . Goryeo peacefully annexed Later Silla in 935 and militarily conquered Later Baekje in 936 , successfully reunifying the Korean Peninsula . Beginning in 993 , Goryeo faced multiple invasions by the Khitan Liao dynasty , a powerful nomadic empire to the north , but a decisive military victory in 1019 brought about a century of peace and prosperity as Goryeo entered its golden age . During this period , a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between Goryeo , Liao , and Song . The Goryeo period was the golden age of Buddhism in Korea , and as the national religion , Buddhism achieved its highest level of influence in Korean history , with 70 temples in the capital alone in the 11th century . Commerce flourished in Goryeo , with merchants coming from as far as the Middle East , and the capital in modern-day Kaesong , North Korea was a center of trade and industry , with merchants employing a system of double-entry bookkeeping since the 11th or 12th century . In addition , Goryeo was a period of great achievements in Korean art and culture , such as Koryŏ celadon , which was highly praised in the Song dynasty , and the Tripitaka Koreana , which was described by UNESCO as one of the most important and most complete corpus of Buddhist doctrinal texts in the world , with the original 81,258 engraved printing blocks still preserved at Haeinsa Temple . In the early 13th century , Goryeo developed movable type made of metal to print books , 200 years before Johannes Gutenberg in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'The Divine Weapon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Divine_Weapon', 'summary': 'The Divine Weapon ( Korean : 신기전 ; RR : Singijeon ) is a 2008 South Korean film .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1418-1450', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the reign of Sejong the Great', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sejong_the_Great', 'summary': 'Sejong the Great ( Korean pronunciation : [ se ( ː ) dʑoŋ ] ; 15 May 1397 - 8 April 1450 ) was the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea . He was the third son of King Taejong and Queen consort Min . He was designated as heir-apparent , Crown Prince , after his older brother Prince Yangnyeong was stripped of his title . He ascended to the throne in 1418 . During the first four years of his reign , Taejong governed as regent , after which his father-in-law , Sim On , and his close associates were executed . Sejong reinforced Confucian policies and executed major legal amendments ( 공법 ; 貢法 ) . He also personally created and promulgated the Korean alphabet Hangul , encouraged advancements of scientific technology , and instituted many other efforts to stabilize and improve prosperity . He dispatched military campaigns to the north and instituted the Samin policy ( 사민정책 ; 徙民政策 ) to attract new settlers to the region . To the south , he subjugated Japanese pirates and captured Tsushima Island ( also known as Daema Island in the Korean language ) . During his reign from 1418 to 1450 , he governed along with his father , the King Emeritus Taejong from 1418 to 1422 , then governing as the sole monarch from 1422 to 1450 . Since 1442 , the king was increasingly ill so his son Crown Prince Munjong acted as regent for him . Although the appellation the Great / ( 대왕 ; 大王 ) was given posthumously to almost every ruler of Goryeo and Joseon , this title is usually associated with Gwanggaeto and Sejong .'}]}, {'value': 'The King and the Clown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_King_and_the_Clown', 'summary': "The King and the Clown ( Korean : 왕의 남자 ; Hanja : 王의 男子 ; RR : Wang-ui Namja , lit . The King 's Man ) is a 2005 South Korean historical drama film , starring Kam Woo-sung , Lee Joon-gi and Jung Jin-young . It was adapted from the 2000 stage play , Yi ( You ) about Yeonsangun of Joseon , a Joseon dynasty king and a court clown who mocks him . It was released on 29 December 2005 , runs for 119 minutes ; and distributed domestically by Cinema Service and internationally by CJ Entertainment . The movie is referred to by various titles . It is sometimes known as The King 's Man ( the literal English translation of the Korean title ) . In Chinese , the title is 王的男人 or 王和小丑 , and in Japanese , it is known as 王の男 . It is also known as The Royal Jester in English , as the movie 's English translator found it more fitting than the original title . The film was chosen as South Korea 's official submission for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . With over 12.3 million tickets sold , it was the most watched movie of South Korea of the year , as well the eightieth highest-grossing film in South Korea ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1494-1506', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the reign of Yeonsangun of Joseon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeonsangun_of_Joseon', 'summary': "Yeonsan-gun or Prince Yeonsan ( 23 November 1476 - 20 November 1506 , r. 1494-1506 ) , born Yi Yung or Lee Yoong , was the 10th king of Korea 's Joseon Dynasty . He was the eldest son of Seongjong by his second wife , Lady Yoon . He is often considered the worst tyrant of the Joseon Dynasty , and perhaps all of Korean history , notorious for launching two bloody purges of the seonbi scholar elite . He also seized a thousand women from the provinces to serve as palace entertainers , and appropriated the Seonggyungwan study hall as a personal pleasure ground . Overthrown , Yeonsan-gun did not receive a temple name ."}]}, {'value': 'Musa ( film )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Musa_(film)', 'summary': 'Musa ( Korean : 무사 ; Hanja : 武士 ; RR : Musa ; lit . Warrior ) , released as both The Warrior and The Ultimate Warrior in English-speaking countries , is a 2001 South Korean epic action drama film directed by Kim Sung-su , starring Jung Woo-sung , Ahn Sung-ki , Joo Jin-mo and Chinese actress Zhang Ziyi . The semi-historical story follows the adventures of a Korean peace delegation as they try to get back to Korea through the inhospitable deserts of northern China . The film is regarded as being one of the biggest motion pictures in the history of South Korean cinema . At the time of its production its budget was the largest ever for a Korean film . It features a high degree of historical accuracy in period costumery , props , settings , and most unusually , language ; that is , everyone speaks in their native tongues or through an interpreter conversant in a lingua franca . The film was the 8th highest grossing film of 2001 with over two million tickets sold .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1375', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A story about diplomatic mission from the Goryeo travels to Ming China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goryeo', 'summary': 'Goryeo ( 고려 ; 高麗 ; Koryŏ ; [ ko.ɾjʌ ] ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918 , during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period , that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392 . Goryeo achieved what has been called a true national unification by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae , who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea . The name Korea is derived from the name of Goryeo , also spelled Koryŏ , which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo . The once prosperous kingdom of Later Silla , which had ruled much of the Korean Peninsula since the late 7th century , began crumbling by the late 9th century due to internal turmoil , leading to the revival of the ancient states of Baekje and Goguryeo , known in historiography as Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo . Later Goguryeo , also known as Taebong , was overthrown from within in 918 by Wang Geon , a prominent general of noble Goguryeo descent , who established Goryeo in its place . Goryeo peacefully annexed Later Silla in 935 and militarily conquered Later Baekje in 936 , successfully reunifying the Korean Peninsula . Beginning in 993 , Goryeo faced multiple invasions by the Khitan Liao dynasty , a powerful nomadic empire to the north , but a decisive military victory in 1019 brought about a century of peace and prosperity as Goryeo entered its golden age . During this period , a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between Goryeo , Liao , and Song . The Goryeo period was the golden age of Buddhism in Korea , and as the national religion , Buddhism achieved its highest level of influence in Korean history , with 70 temples in the capital alone in the 11th century . Commerce flourished in Goryeo , with merchants coming from as far as the Middle East , and the capital in modern-day Kaesong , North Korea was a center of trade and industry , with merchants employing a system of double-entry bookkeeping since the 11th or 12th century . In addition , Goryeo was a period of great achievements in Korean art and culture , such as Koryŏ celadon , which was highly praised in the Song dynasty , and the Tripitaka Koreana , which was described by UNESCO as one of the most important and most complete corpus of Buddhist doctrinal texts in the world , with the original 81,258 engraved printing blocks still preserved at Haeinsa Temple . In the early 13th century , Goryeo developed movable type made of metal to print books , 200 years before Johannes Gutenberg in Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ming', 'summary': "The Ming dynasty ( /mɪŋ/ ) , officially the Great Ming , was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese . Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng ( who established the Shun dynasty , soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty ) , numerous rump regimes loyal to the Ming throne - collectively called the Southern Ming - survived until 1662 . [ d ] The Hongwu Emperor ( r. 1368-1398 ) attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid , immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty : the empire 's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy 's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world . He also took great care breaking the power of the court eunuchs and unrelated magnates , enfeoffing his many sons throughout China and attempting to guide these princes through the Huang-Ming Zuxun , a set of published dynastic instructions . This failed when his teenage successor , the Jianwen Emperor , attempted to curtail his uncles ' power , prompting the Jingnan Campaign , an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402 . The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it Beijing , constructed the Forbidden City , and restored the Grand Canal and the primacy of the imperial examinations in official appointments . He rewarded his eunuch supporters and employed them as a counterweight against the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats . One , Zheng He , led seven enormous voyages of exploration into the Indian Ocean as far as Arabia and the eastern coasts of Africa . The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances ; the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely . The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while forced labor constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the Great Wall of China into its modern form . Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially , but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures ."}]}, {'value': 'Blades of Blood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blades_of_Blood', 'summary': "Blades of Blood ( Korean : 구름 을 벗어난 달처럼 ; RR : Gureumeul Beoseonan Dalcheoreom ; lit . Like the Moon Escaping from the Clouds ) is a 2010 South Korean action drama film directed by Lee Joon-ik . The film is based on Park Heung-yong 's graphic novel Like the Moon Escaping from the Clouds ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1500s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the 16th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Admiral : Roaring Currents', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Admiral:_Roaring_Currents', 'summary': 'The Admiral : Roaring Currents ( Korean : 명량 ; Hanja : 鳴梁 ; RR : Myeongryang ) , or simply The Admiral , is a 2014 South Korean epic action-war film directed and co-written by Kim Han-min . Based on the historical Battle of Myeongnyang , it stars an ensemble cast led by Choi Min-sik as the Korean naval commander Yi Sun-sin . The film was released theatrically in South Korea on July 30 , 2014 . The film recorded 10 million admissions only 12 days after its premiere and set a record for achieving such a high number of viewers in the shortest amount of time . The movie also surpassed Avatars record of 13 million viewers to become the most-watched and highest-grossing film of all time in South Korea , until it was surpassed by Parasite ( 2019 ) , with 17.6 million admissions and a worldwide gross of US $ 138.3 million .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1597', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Myeongnyang : naval battle between Japan and Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Myeongnyang', 'summary': "In the Battle of Myeongnyang , on October 26 , 1597 , the Korean Joseon kingdom 's navy , led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin , fought the Japanese navy in the Myeongnyang Strait , near Jindo Island , off the southwest corner of the Korean peninsula . With only 13 ships remaining from Admiral Won Gyun 's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chilchonryang , Admiral Yi held the strait as a last stand battle against the Japanese Navy , who were sailing to support their land army 's advance towards the Joseon capital of Hanyang ( modern-day Seoul ) . The actual numeric strength of the Japanese fleet that Admiral Yi fought is unclear ; various sources indicate the number of Japanese ships could have been anywhere between 120 and 330 ships , though the low end of this range appears to be a count of actual warships and the high end appears to be referring to the entire Japanese fleet ( including roughly 200 supporting non-combatant ships ) . :312 Regardless of the size of the Japanese fleet , all sources indicate that the Japanese ships heavily outnumbered the Korean ships , by at least a ten-to-one ratio . :302 In total 30 Japanese warships were sunk or crippled during the battle . Tōdō Takatora , the commander of the Japanese navy , was wounded during the battle and half of his subordinate officers were also wounded or killed . Given the disparity in numbers of ships , the naval battle is regarded as one of Admiral Yi 's most remarkable victories , and a humiliating naval defeat for the Japanese . Even after the victory , however , the Joseon navy was still outnumbered by remaining Japanese forces , so Admiral Yi withdrew to the Yellow Sea to resupply his fleet and have more space for a mobile defense . After the Korean navy withdrew , the Japanese navy made an incursion into the western coast of Korea , near some islands in Yeonggwang County ."}]}, {'value': 'Shadows in the Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shadows_in_the_Palace', 'summary': "Shadows in the Palace ( Korean : 궁녀 ; RR : Gungnyeo , literally ( servant- ) women of the palace ) is a 2007 South Korean film directed by Kim Mee-jung . The mystery thriller is a fictionalized account of gungnyeo , court maids during South Korea 's Joseon era . This is Kim Mee-jung 's first feature film . She previously worked as part of the directing staff in King and the Clown ( 2005 ) and Shadows in the Palace was filmed on the same set ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1600s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the 17th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sword in the Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sword_in_the_Moon', 'summary': 'Sword in the Moon ( Korean : 청풍명월 ; Hanja : 淸風明月 ; RR : Cheongpung myeongwol ) is a 2003 South Korean action-adventure film . It screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ca . 1600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the beginning of the 17th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'War of the Arrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/War_of_the_Arrows', 'summary': "War of the Arrows ( Korean : 최종병기 활 ; Hanja : 最終兵器 활 ; RR : Choejongbyeonggi Hwal ) , alternately titled Arrow : The Ultimate Weapon , is a 2011 South Korean period action film starring Park Hae-il , Ryu Seung-ryong and Moon Chae-won . Set after the Second Manchu invasion of Korea ( Qing invasion ) , the film is about an archer who risks his life to save his sister from slavery under Qing-Prince Dorgon 's rule . Praised by critics for its fast pacing and combat sequences , the film drew an audience of 7.48 million , making it the highest grossing Korean film of 2011 . It was also honored at the 48th Grand Bell Awards and the 32nd Blue Dragon Film Awards , including Best Actor for Park , Best Supporting Actor for Ryu , and Best New Actress for Moon ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1636-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the second Manchu invasion of Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Korea', 'summary': "The Qing invasion of Joseon occurred in the winter of 1636 when the newly established Manchu Qing dynasty invaded Korea 's Joseon kingdom , establishing its status as the center of the Imperial Chinese Tributary System and formally severing Joseon 's relationship with the Ming dynasty . The invasion was preceded by the Later Jin invasion of Joseon in 1627 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Fortress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fortress_(2017_film)', 'summary': 'The Fortress is a 2017 South Korean historical drama film directed by Hwang Dong-hyuk , starring Lee Byung-hun and Kim Yoon-seok . It is based on the novel Namhansanseong by Kim Hoon .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1636', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the second Manchu invasion of Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Korea', 'summary': "The Qing invasion of Joseon occurred in the winter of 1636 when the newly established Manchu Qing dynasty invaded Korea 's Joseon kingdom , establishing its status as the center of the Imperial Chinese Tributary System and formally severing Joseon 's relationship with the Ming dynasty . The invasion was preceded by the Later Jin invasion of Joseon in 1627 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Sword with No Name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sword_with_No_Name', 'summary': 'The Sword with No Name ( Korean : 불꽃처럼 나비처럼 ; RR : Bulkkotcheoreom Nabicheoreom ; literally Like Fireworks , Like Butterflies ) is a 2009 South Korean film based on a fictionalized account of Empress Myeongseong . The film sold 1,671,387 tickets nationwide .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1800s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the 19th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chi-hwa-seon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chi-hwa-seon', 'summary': 'Chi-hwa-seon or Chwi-hwa-seon , ( also known as Painted Fire , Strokes of Fire or Drunk on Women and Poetry ) , is a 2002 South Korean drama film directed by Im Kwon-taek about Jang Seung-eop ( commonly known by his pen name , Owon ) , a nineteenth-century Korean painter who changed the direction of Korean art .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1843-97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About the life of Korean painter Oh-won', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oh-won', 'summary': 'Jang Seung-eop ( 1843-1897 ) ( commonly known by his pen name Owon ) was a painter of the late Joseon Dynasty in Korea . His life was dramatized in the award-winning 2002 film Chi-hwa-seon directed by Im Kwon-taek . He was one of the few painters to hold a position of rank in the Joseon court .'}]}, {'value': 'The Sound of a Flower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sound_of_a_Flower', 'summary': "The Sound of a Flower ( Korean : 도리화가 ; Hanja : 桃李花歌 ; RR : Dorihwaga ) is 2015 South Korean period drama film based on the life of Jin Chae-seon , who became Joseon 's first female pansori singer in 1867 . Jin risks her life by cross-dressing as a man , at a time when women were forbidden to sing in public or perform on stage . The film focuses on the relationship between Jin and her pansori teacher , Shin Jae-hyo . The Korean title , Dorihwaga , is a song written by Shin about his protégée after she became a court singer . The film was directed by Lee Jong-pil , who also co-wrote the screenplay with Kim Ah-young . Bae Suzy , who plays Jin Chae-seon , studied pansori for a year to prepare for the role . Ryu Seung-ryong plays her teacher , Shin Jae-hyo . Kim Nam-gil is the king 's father and regent ( the Heungseon Daewongun ) and Song Sae-byeok is Kim Se-jong , a famous pansori singer . Lee Dong-hwi and Ahn Jae-hong play Shin 's disciples ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1867-84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About the life of the Korean pansori singer Shin Jae-hyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shin_Jae-hyo', 'summary': 'Shin Jae-hyo ( Korean : 신재효 ; Hanja : 申在孝 ; 1812-1884 ) was a theoretician and adapter of pansori in the late Joseon Dynasty . While not a famous singer of pansori , he contributed much to its development . He organized and recorded the six stories of pansori : Chunhyangga , Simcheongga , Jeokbyeokga , Heungbuga , Sugungga , and Byunggang Saega . Before this , they had only been transmitted orally . He also systematized a theory of pansori . He was born in 1812 in Gochang , Jeolla-do . Having studied Chinese classics , he had a good knowledge about its philosophical works ( 제자백가 , 諸子百家 ) , including the Seven Chinese Classics : the Four Books and the Three Classics ( 사서삼경 , 四書三經 ) . He opened his home to relatives , gisaeng , singers , and other entertainers , with as many as 50 people living in his house at once . He played the geomungo and gayageum in all styles of Korean music from classical music to popular music of the time . He valued diversity in pansori . He revised Chunhyangga for young pansori singers . He mentored female disciples such as Jin Chae-seon ( the first female master singer of pansori ) , opening the way of pansori to women .'}]}, {'value': 'The Good , the Bad , the Weird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad,_the_Weird', 'summary': "The Good , the Bad , the Weird ( Korean : 좋은 놈 , 나쁜 놈 , 이상한 놈 ; RR : Jo-eun nom nappeun nom isanghan nom ) is a 2008 South Korean Western film directed by Kim Jee-woon and starring Song Kang-ho , Lee Byung-hun , and Jung Woo-sung . It was inspired by Sergio Leone 's The Good , the Bad and the Ugly . The film premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and had a limited release in the U.S. on April 23 , 2010 . It received positive reviews with critics praising the action , the cinematography and the direction . The film marks the second collaboration between actor Lee Byung-hun and director Kim Jee-woon , who had previously collaborated on the action drama A Bittersweet Life ( 2005 ) and would later do so again in Kim 's I Saw the Devil ( 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loosely based on the seizure of 150,000 won in Manchuria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Last Princess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Princess_(film)', 'summary': "The Last Princess ( Korean : 덕혜옹주 ; Hanja : 德惠翁主 ; RR : Deokhye-ongju ; lit . Princess Deokhye ) is a 2016 South Korean period drama film directed by Hur Jin-ho with a screenplay by Hur , Lee Han-eol , and Seo Yoo-min , based on the best-selling novel by Kwon Bi-young . It stars Son Ye-jin as Princess Deokhye , the last princess of the Joseon Dynasty . The film depicts Princess Deokhye 's life in Japan after she was forced to move there at age 13 by the Imperial Japanese government , and her attempts to return to Korea ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925-62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About the life of Princess Deokhye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Deokhye', 'summary': "Princess Deokhye of Korea ( 25 May 1912 - 21 April 1989 ) was the last princess of the Korean Empire . She was born on 25 May 1912 at Changdeok Palace in Seoul . She was the youngest daughter of Emperor Gojong and his concubine , then known as Yang Gui-in . Then , Emperor Gojong bestowed a royal title , Boknyeong , to Yang when she gave birth to Princess Deokhye . Princess Deokhye was not formally recognized as a princess by Japan until 1917 , because she was not a daughter of the queen . In 1917 , her name was formally entered into the Imperial Family 's registry . Her father , Emperor Gojong , loved her greatly and established the Deoksu Palace ( 덕수궁 ) Kindergarten for her in Junmyungdang ( 준명당 ) , Hamnyeong hall . Girls her age from noble families attended the kindergarten . Princess Deokhye is called Deokhye Ongju in Korea , not Gongju . Gongju refers to the daughters of the queen , and Ongju refers to the daughters of concubines ."}]}, {'value': 'Love , Lies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love,_Lies_(2016_film)', 'summary': "Love , Lies ( Korean : 해어화 ; Hanja : 解語花 ; RR : Hae-eohwa ) is 2016 South Korean period drama film directed by Park Heung-sik , reuniting The Beauty Inside co-stars Han Hyo-joo , Chun Woo-hee and Yoo Yeon-seok . The story takes place in 1943 , during the Imperial Japanese occupation of Korea . In the film , best friends Jung So-yul ( Han Hyo-joo ) and Seo Yeon-hee ( Chun Woo-hee ) are two of the last remaining gisaeng . Although they enjoy pop music , they are committed to singing jeongga , or classical Korean songs . So-yul 's life falls apart when her lover , pop music producer Kim Yoon-woo ( Yoo Yeon-seok ) , falls in love with Yeon-hee and helps her debut as a pop singer . The story follows So-yul 's downward spiral as she is consumed by uncontrollable jealousy . The film was released on April 13 , 2016 . Critics particularly praised the film for its meticulous reconstruction of 1940s Seoul , with period-correct sets , props , costumes and music ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943-45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during Korea under Japanese rule and World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule', 'summary': "Japanese Korea ( Japanese : 大日本帝國 ( 朝鮮 ) , Dai-Nippon Teikoku [ Chōsen ] ) was the period when Korea was under Japanese rule , between 1910 and 1945 . Joseon Korea came under the Japanese sphere of influence in the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876 and a complex coalition of the Meiji government , military , and business officials began a process of Korea 's political and economic integration into Japan . The Korean Empire became a protectorate of Japan in 1905 in the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 and the country was indirectly ruled by the Japanese through the Resident-General of Korea . Japan formally annexed the Korean Empire in 1910 in the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 , without the consent of Gojong , the regent of the Korean Emperor Sunjong . The Japanese Empire had established the Korean Peninsula as a colony of Japan administered by the General Government based in Keijō ( Gyeongseong ) which governed Korea with near-absolute power . Japanese rule prioritized Korea 's Japanization , accelerating industrialization started by the Gwangmu Reform , building public works , and fighting the Korean independence movement . Japanese rule over Korea ended on 15 August 1945 upon the Surrender of Japan in World War II and the armed forces of the United States and the Soviet Union occupied the territory . The Division of Korea separated the Korean Peninsula under two governments and economic systems with the northern Soviet Civil Administration and the southern United States Army Military Government in Korea . In 1965 , the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and South Korea declared the unequal treaties between Japan and Korea , especially 1905 and 1910 , were already null and void at the time of their promulgation . Japanese rule remains controversial in modern-day North Korea and South Korea and its negative repercussions continue to affect these countries , including the industrialization plan to solely benefit Japan , the exploitation of Korean people , the marginalization of Korean history and culture , the environmental exploitation of the Korean Peninsula , and the status of Japanese collaborators known as Chinilpa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Taegukgi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taegukgi_(film)', 'summary': 'Taegukgi : The Brotherhood of War ( Korean : 태극기 휘날리며 ; Taegukgi Hwinallimyeo ) is a 2004 South Korean wartime action drama film directed by Kang Je-gyu . It stars Jang Dong-gun and Won Bin and tells the story of two brothers who are forcibly drafted into the South Korean army at the outbreak of the Korean War . Kang Je-gyu made a name for himself directing Shiri and was able to attract top talent and capital to his new project , eventually spending USD $ 12.8 million on production . The film became one of the biggest successes in the South Korean film history up to that time , attracting 11.74 million people to the theatre , beating the previous record holder Silmido .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950-53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the Korean War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korean_War', 'summary': 'The Korean War ( in South Korean Korean : 한국전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , Korean War ; in North Korean Korean : 조국해방전쟁 ; Hanja : 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng , Fatherland Liberation War ; 25 June 1950 - 27 July 1953 ) [ b ] was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the support of the United Nations , principally from the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea . At the end of World War II , the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945 . After the war had ended , Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation , the Soviets administered the northern half and the Americans administered the southern half . With the border set at the 38th parallel in 1948 , two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold War ( between the Soviet Union and the United States ) . A socialist state was established in the north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee . Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military ( KPA ) forces - supported by the Soviet Union and China - crossed the border and advanced into South Korea on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation of the United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean Army ( ROKA ) and the US forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat . As a result , the ROKA and US troops retreated to a small area behind a defensive line known as the Pusan Perimeter .'}]}, {'value': 'Welcome to Dongmakgol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welcome_to_Dongmakgol', 'summary': "Welcome to Dongmakgol ( Korean : 웰컴 투 동막골 ; RR : Welkeom tu dongmakgol ) , also known as Battle Ground 625 ( UK ) , is a 2005 South Korean film . Based on the same-titled long-running stage play by filmmaker/playwright Jang Jin , Park Kwang-hyun 's debut film was a commercial and critical success . The story is set in Korea during the Korean War in 1950 . Soldiers from both the North and South , as well as an American pilot , find themselves in a secluded village , its residents largely unaware of the outside world , including the war . It was South Korea 's official entry for the foreign language film category of the Academy Awards in 2005 , and at the time the fourth highest grossing South Korean film of all time ( as of January 2015 it ranked as twentieth ) ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950-53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the Korean War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korean_War', 'summary': 'The Korean War ( in South Korean Korean : 한국전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , Korean War ; in North Korean Korean : 조국해방전쟁 ; Hanja : 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng , Fatherland Liberation War ; 25 June 1950 - 27 July 1953 ) [ b ] was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the support of the United Nations , principally from the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea . At the end of World War II , the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945 . After the war had ended , Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation , the Soviets administered the northern half and the Americans administered the southern half . With the border set at the 38th parallel in 1948 , two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold War ( between the Soviet Union and the United States ) . A socialist state was established in the north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee . Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military ( KPA ) forces - supported by the Soviet Union and China - crossed the border and advanced into South Korea on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation of the United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean Army ( ROKA ) and the US forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat . As a result , the ROKA and US troops retreated to a small area behind a defensive line known as the Pusan Perimeter .'}]}, {'value': '71 : Into the Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/71:_Into_the_Fire', 'summary': "71 : Into the Fire ( Korean : 포화 속으로 ) is a 2010 South Korean war drama film directed by John H. Lee and starring Cha Seung-won , Kwon Sang-woo , Choi Seunghyun ( T.O.P ) , and Kim Seung-woo . The film was made in commemoration of those who fought during the Korean War , to raise awareness of the existence and importance of the student-soldiers during that period . The film is based on a true story of a group of 71 undertrained and underarmed , outgunned student-soldiers of South Korea during the Korean War , who were mostly killed on August 11 , 1950 , during the Battle of P'ohang-dong . For 11 hours , they defended the local P'ohang girls ' middle school , a strategic point for safeguarding the struggling Nakdong River perimeter , from an attack by overwhelming North Korean forces , specifically the feared 766th Unit ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950-53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Set during the Korean War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korean_War', 'summary': 'The Korean War ( in South Korean Korean : 한국전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , Korean War ; in North Korean Korean : 조국해방전쟁 ; Hanja : 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chŏnjaeng , Fatherland Liberation War ; 25 June 1950 - 27 July 1953 ) [ b ] was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the support of the United Nations , principally from the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea . At the end of World War II , the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945 . After the war had ended , Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation , the Soviets administered the northern half and the Americans administered the southern half . With the border set at the 38th parallel in 1948 , two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold War ( between the Soviet Union and the United States ) . A socialist state was established in the north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee . Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military ( KPA ) forces - supported by the Soviet Union and China - crossed the border and advanced into South Korea on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation of the United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean Army ( ROKA ) and the US forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat . As a result , the ROKA and US troops retreated to a small area behind a defensive line known as the Pusan Perimeter .'}]}], 'section_title': 'East Asia -- Korean and South Korean history', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Asian_historical_drama_films_6', 'intro': 'Historical or period drama is a film genre in which stories are based on historical events and famous persons. Some historical dramas attempt to accurately portray a historical event or biography, to the degree that the available historical research will allow. Other historical dramas are fictionalised tales that are based on an actual person and their deeds. Due to the sheer volume of films included in this genre and in the interest of continuity, this list is primarily focused on films pertaining to the history of East Asia, Central Asia, and India. For films pertaining to the history of Near Eastern and Western civilisation, please refer to list of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization. The films on this page are divided into regions, and within each region the films are listed chronologically by subject matter.'}
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Who was the director of the 2003 film set in 660 about the Battle of Hwangsanbeol ?
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Lee Joon-ik
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02234a797555d00d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty_of_Japan_(Shizuoka)', 'title': 'List of Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan (Shizuoka)', 'header': ['Site', 'Municipality', 'Type', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': '* Mount Fuji 富士山 Fuji-san', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Fuji', 'summary': "Mount Fuji ( 富士山 , Fujisan , IPA : [ ɸɯꜜ ( d ) ʑisaɴ ] ( listen ) ) , located on Honshū , is the highest volcano in Japan at 3,776.24 m ( 12,389 ft ) , 2nd-highest volcano of an island in Asia ( after Mount Kerinci in Sumatra ) , and 7th-highest peak of an island in the world . It is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707-1708 . Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometers ( 60 mi ) south-west of Tokyo , and can be seen from there on a clear day . Mount Fuji 's exceptionally symmetrical cone , which is snow-capped for about 5 months a year , is commonly used as a symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs , as well as visited by sightseers and climbers . Mount Fuji is one of Japan 's Three Holy Mountains ( 三霊山 , Sanreizan ) along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku . It is also a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and one of Japan 's Historic Sites . It was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22 , 2013 . According to UNESCO , Mount Fuji has inspired artists and poets and been the object of pilgrimage for centuries . UNESCO recognizes 25 sites of cultural interest within the Mount Fuji locality . These 25 locations include the mountain and the Shinto shrine , Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha , as well as the Buddhist Taisekiji Head Temple founded in 1290 , later depicted by Japanese ukiyo-e artist Katsushika Hokusai ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 1 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Izu Southwest Coast 伊豆西南海岸 Izu seinan kaigan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matsuzaki / Nishiizu / Minamiizu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matsuzaki,_Shizuoka', 'summary': 'Matsuzaki ( 松崎町 , Matsuzaki-chō ) is a town located in on the southwest coast of Izu Peninsula in Kamo District , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 July 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 6,563 in 2969 households , and a population density of 77 persons per km² . The total area of the town is 85.23 square kilometres ( 32.91 sq mi ) . Sakuramochi is a noted local specialty . Matsuzaki is listed as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishiizu,_Shizuoka', 'summary': 'Nishiizu ( 西伊豆町 , Nishiizu-chō ) is a town located in Kamo District , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,798 in 3764 households , and a population density of 74 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 105.52 square kilometres ( 40.74 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Minamiizu,_Shizuoka', 'summary': 'Minamiizu ( 南伊豆町 , Minamiizu-chō ) is a town located at the southern tip of Izu Peninsula in Kamo District , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 8,231 in 3895 households , and a population density of 74 persons per km² . The total area of the town is 110.58 square kilometres ( 42.70 sq mi )'}]}, {'value': '5 , 6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rakuju-en 楽寿園 Rakuju-en', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rakuju-en', 'summary': 'Rakuju-en ( 楽寿園 ) is a public park with a Japanese garden and zoo , located in the city of Mishima , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . It was designated as a National Place of Scenic Beauty of Japan and well as a Natural monument of Japan in 1954 . In 2012 , the Rakuju-en was designated as part of the Izu Peninsula Geopark'}]}, {'value': 'Mishima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mishima,_Shizuoka', 'summary': 'Mishima ( 三島市 , Mishima-shi ) is a city located in eastern Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 July 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 109,803 in 49,323 households , and a population density of 1800 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 62.02 square kilometres ( 23.95 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '5 , 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miho no Matsubara 三保松原 Miho matsubara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miho_no_Matsubara', 'summary': 'Miho no Matsubara ( 三保の松原 , Miho Pine Grove ) is a scenic area on the Miho Peninsula in Shimizu Ward of Shizuoka City , Japan . Its seven-kilometre seashore is lined with pine trees . It is the location of the legend upon which the Noh drama Hagoromo is based ; on the second Saturday and Sunday of October , the city of Shizuoka holds a Hagoromo Festival and a performance of the Noh drama takes place near the pine tree of the legend . It was designated as a National Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan in 1922 . In 2013 the pine groves were added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka', 'summary': "Shizuoka ( 静岡市 , Shizuoka-shi , [ ɕizɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan , and the prefecture 's second-largest city in both population and area . It has been populated since prehistoric times . As of 1 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 690,881 in 106,087 households , and a population density of 489 persons per km² . The city 's name is made up of two kanji , 静 shizu , meaning still or calm ; and 岡 oka , meaning hill ( s ) . In 1869 , Shizuoka Domain was first created out of the older Sunpu Domain , and that name was retained when the city was incorporated in 1885 . In 2003 , Shizuoka absorbed neighboring Shimizu City ( now Shimizu Ward ) to create the new and expanded city of Shizuoka , briefly becoming the largest city by land area in Japan . In 2005 , it became one of Japan 's designated cities ."}]}, {'value': '3 , 8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saioku-ji Gardens 柴屋寺庭園 Saiokuji teien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saioku-ji', 'summary': 'Saioku-ji ( 柴屋寺 ) , is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Myōshin-ji branch of Rinzai school of Japanese Zen located in Mariko-juku , Suruga-ku , Shizuoka , Japan . Its main image is a statue of Juichimen Kannon . The Japanese garden at this temple was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1936 and national Place of Scenic Beauty , with the borders of the historical site expanded in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka', 'summary': "Shizuoka ( 静岡市 , Shizuoka-shi , [ ɕizɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan , and the prefecture 's second-largest city in both population and area . It has been populated since prehistoric times . As of 1 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 690,881 in 106,087 households , and a population density of 489 persons per km² . The city 's name is made up of two kanji , 静 shizu , meaning still or calm ; and 岡 oka , meaning hill ( s ) . In 1869 , Shizuoka Domain was first created out of the older Sunpu Domain , and that name was retained when the city was incorporated in 1885 . In 2003 , Shizuoka absorbed neighboring Shimizu City ( now Shimizu Ward ) to create the new and expanded city of Shizuoka , briefly becoming the largest city by land area in Japan . In 2005 , it became one of Japan 's designated cities ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 5 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seiken-ji Gardens 清見寺 庭園 Seikenji teien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seiken-ji', 'summary': 'Seiken-ji ( 清見寺 ) , is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Myōshin-ji branch of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen , Buddhism located in the Shimizu-ku ward of the city of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan . Its main image is a statue of Shaka Nyōrai .'}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka', 'summary': "Shizuoka ( 静岡市 , Shizuoka-shi , [ ɕizɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan , and the prefecture 's second-largest city in both population and area . It has been populated since prehistoric times . As of 1 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 690,881 in 106,087 households , and a population density of 489 persons per km² . The city 's name is made up of two kanji , 静 shizu , meaning still or calm ; and 岡 oka , meaning hill ( s ) . In 1869 , Shizuoka Domain was first created out of the older Sunpu Domain , and that name was retained when the city was incorporated in 1885 . In 2003 , Shizuoka absorbed neighboring Shimizu City ( now Shimizu Ward ) to create the new and expanded city of Shizuoka , briefly becoming the largest city by land area in Japan . In 2005 , it became one of Japan 's designated cities ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nihondaira 日本平 Nihondaira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nihondaira', 'summary': 'Nihondaira ( 日本平 ) is a scenic area located in Shimizu-ku , Shizuoka , Japan . A plateau at the centre of Shizuoka city , with a maximum altitude of 308 metres ( 1,010 ft ) , Nihondaira is famous for its views of Mt . Fuji , the Izu Peninsula , the Japanese Southern Alps , Shimizu Port , and Suruga Bay . It was selected by the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun and Osaka Mainichi Shimbun . as one of the top 100 Landscapes of Japan in 1927 and a National Place of Scenic Beauty of Japan in 1954 . The Nihondaira Ropeway connects Nihondaira to Kunōzan Tōshō-gū in 5 minutes . The area lends its name to the home stadium of J.League football team Shimizu S-Pulse , who play at Nihondaira Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka', 'summary': "Shizuoka ( 静岡市 , Shizuoka-shi , [ ɕizɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan , and the prefecture 's second-largest city in both population and area . It has been populated since prehistoric times . As of 1 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 690,881 in 106,087 households , and a population density of 489 persons per km² . The city 's name is made up of two kanji , 静 shizu , meaning still or calm ; and 岡 oka , meaning hill ( s ) . In 1869 , Shizuoka Domain was first created out of the older Sunpu Domain , and that name was retained when the city was incorporated in 1885 . In 2003 , Shizuoka absorbed neighboring Shimizu City ( now Shimizu Ward ) to create the new and expanded city of Shizuoka , briefly becoming the largest city by land area in Japan . In 2005 , it became one of Japan 's designated cities ."}]}, {'value': '10 , 11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 7 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiraito Falls 白糸ノ滝 Shiraito-no-taki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiraito_Falls', 'summary': 'Shiraito Falls ( 白糸の滝 , Shiraito-no-taki ) is a waterfall in Fujinomiya , Shizuoka Prefecture , near Mount Fuji , Japan . It is part of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park and has been protected since 1936 as a Japanese Natural Monument . The falls were regarded as sacred under the Fuji cult . Another waterfall , the Otodome Falls is approximately a five-minute walk away . The Shiraito Falls is listed as one of Japans Top 100 Waterfalls , in a listing published by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment in 1990 . It was also selected by the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun and Osaka Mainichi Shimbun . as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan in 1927 . In 2013 the waterfall was added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Fujinomiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fujinomiya,_Shizuoka', 'summary': 'Fujinomiya ( 富士宮市 , Fujinomiya-shi ) is a city located in central Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 132,507 in 56,655 households , and a population density of 340 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 388.99 square kilometres ( 150.19 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryōtan-ji Gardens 竜潭寺 庭園 Ryōtanji teien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryōtan-ji_(Hamamatsu)', 'summary': 'Ryōtan-ji ( 龍潭寺 ) is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Myōshin-ji branch of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen . located in Kita-ku , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . It is the head temple of one of fourteen autonomous branches of the Rinzai school . Its main image is a hibutsu statue of Kokūzō Bosatsu . The temple , including its famed Japanese garden is not open to the general public .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamamatsu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamamatsu', 'summary': "Hamamatsu ( 浜松市 , Hamamatsu-shi ) is a city located in western Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 791,707 in 340,591 households , making it the prefecture 's largest city , and a population density of 508 persons per km² . The total area of the site was 1,558.06 km2 ( 601.57 sq mi ) . Hamamatsu is a member of the World Health Organizations Alliance for Healthy Cities ( AFHC ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rinzai-ji Gardens 臨済寺 庭園 Rinzaiji teien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rinzai-ji', 'summary': 'Rinzai-ji ( 臨済寺 ) , is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Myōshin-ji branch of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen , Buddhism located in the Aoi ward of the city of Shizuoka , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . Its main image is a statue of Amida Nyōrai . It was the bodaiji of the Imagawa clan , a powerful Sengoku period daimyō clan . The temple is noted for its Japanese garden , which is a nationally designated Place of Scenic Beauty ; however , the temple is only open to the public for two days each autumn , and it is not possible to view this garden other than during that period .'}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka', 'summary': "Shizuoka ( 静岡市 , Shizuoka-shi , [ ɕizɯꜜoka ] ) is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan , and the prefecture 's second-largest city in both population and area . It has been populated since prehistoric times . As of 1 December 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 690,881 in 106,087 households , and a population density of 489 persons per km² . The city 's name is made up of two kanji , 静 shizu , meaning still or calm ; and 岡 oka , meaning hill ( s ) . In 1869 , Shizuoka Domain was first created out of the older Sunpu Domain , and that name was retained when the city was incorporated in 1885 . In 2003 , Shizuoka absorbed neighboring Shimizu City ( now Shimizu Ward ) to create the new and expanded city of Shizuoka , briefly becoming the largest city by land area in Japan . In 2005 , it became one of Japan 's designated cities ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'National Places of Scenic Beauty', 'section_text': 'As of 1 August 2014 , ten Places have been designated at a national level ( including one *Special Place of Scenic Beauty ) ; Mount Fuji spans the prefectural borders with Yamanashi . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty_of_Japan_(Shizuoka)_0', 'intro': 'This list is of the Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan located within the Prefecture of Shizuoka.'}
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What type is the site with a main image of a hibutsu statue ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Japan_during_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of aircraft of Japan during World War II', 'header': ['Aircraft', 'Allied Code name', 'First flown', 'Number built', 'Service'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aichi D3A Navy Type 99 Carrier Bomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aichi_D3A', 'summary': 'The Aichi D3A Type 99 Carrier Bomber ( Allied reporting name Val ) is a World War II carrier-borne dive bomber . It was the primary dive bomber of the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) and was involved in almost all IJN actions , including the attack on Pearl Harbor . The Aichi D3A was the first Japanese aircraft to bomb American targets in the war , commencing with Pearl Harbor and U.S. bases in the Philippines , such as Clark Air Force Base . Vals sank more Allied warships than any other Axis aircraft .'}]}, {'value': 'Val', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,486', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Aichi B7A Ryusei Navy carrier torpedo bomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aichi_B7A', 'summary': 'The Aichi B7A Ryusei ( 流星 , Ryūsei , Shooting Star , Allied reporting name Grace ) was a large and powerful carrier-borne torpedo-dive bomber produced by Aichi Kokuki KK for the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service during the Second World War . Built in only small numbers and deprived of the aircraft carriers it was intended to operate from , the type had little chance to distinguish itself in combat before the war ended in August 1945 .'}]}, {'value': 'Grace', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '114', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Aichi M6A1 Seiran Navy Special Strike Submarine Bomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aichi_M6A', 'summary': 'The Aichi M6A Seiran ( 晴嵐 , Clear Sky Storm ) was a submarine-launched attack floatplane designed for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . It was intended to operate from I-400 class submarines whose original mission was to conduct aerial attacks against the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitsubishi Ki-15 Army Type 97 Command Reconnaissance Plane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-15', 'summary': 'The Mitsubishi Ki-15 also known as the Army Type 97 Command Reconnaissance aircraft ( 九七式司令部偵察機 , Kyunana-shiki sireibu teisatsuki ) was a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft and a light attack bomber of the Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War . It began as a fast civilian mail-plane . It was a single-engine , low-wing , cantilever monoplane with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage ; it carried a crew of two . It served with both the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy ( as the C5M ) . During World War II it was nicknamed Babs by the Allies .'}]}, {'value': 'Babs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500~', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army', 'summary': 'The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitsubishi Ki-51 Army Type 99 Assault Plane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-51', 'summary': 'The Mitsubishi Ki-51 ( Army designation Type 99 Assault Plane . Allied nickname Sonia ) was a light bomber/dive bomber in service with the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II . It first flew in mid-1939 . Initially deployed against Chinese forces , it proved to be too slow to hold up against the fighter aircraft of the other Allied powers . However , it performed a useful ground-attack role in the China-Burma-India theater , notably from airfields too rough for many other aircraft . As the war drew to a close , the Japanese began using them in kamikaze attacks . Total production was around 2,385 units . On the day Hiroshima was destroyed by an atomic bomb , two Ki-51s were responsible for the last Japanese sinking of a US warship , sinking USS Bullhead ( SS-332 ) with all hands . Charles Lindbergh , flying a P-38 Lightning , shot down a Ki-51 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sonia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,385', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army', 'summary': 'The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitsubishi B5M Navy Type 97 No.2 Carrier Attack Bomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsubishi_B5M', 'summary': 'The Mitsubishi B5M was an Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ( IJNAS ) land-based attack aircraft , originally intended for carrier use . The B5M was also given the long formal designation 九七式二号艦上攻撃機 - Navy Type 97 No.2 Carrier Attack Bomber and Allied reporting name of Mabel . The B5M was designed in response to a 1935 specification for a new bomber for use on the IJNAS aircraft carriers ( Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 10-Shi Carrier Torpedo Attacker ) . The machine was to have a crew of three , folding wings for flight deck storage , a speed of not less than 322 km/h ( 200 mph ) , a flight endurance of not less than seven hours , and the ability to carry at least 800 kg ( 1,760 lb ) of bombs - a tall order for a single-engine aircraft of the mid-1930s . It was intended as a backup for the Nakajima B5N Kate torpedo bomber . Although designed as a carrier-based aircraft , it was relegated to land-based torpedo bomber duties in World War II . 125 were built .'}]}, {'value': 'Mabel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Nakajima B5N Navy Type 97 Carrier Attack Bomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakajima_B5N', 'summary': "The Nakajima B5N ( Japanese : 中島 B5N , Allied reporting name Kate ) was the standard carrier-based torpedo bomber of the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) for much of World War II . Although the B5N was substantially faster and more capable than its Allied counterparts , the American Douglas TBD Devastator monoplane ( the U.S. Navy 's first all-metal , carrier-borne monoplane of any type with retracting gear ) , and the British Fairey Swordfish and Fairey Albacore torpedo biplanes , it was nearing obsolescence by 1941 . Nevertheless , the B5N operated throughout the whole war , due to the delayed development of its successor , the B6N . In the early part of the Pacific War , flown by well-trained IJN aircrews and as part of well-coordinated attacks , the B5N achieved particular successes at the battles of Pearl Harbor , Coral Sea , Midway , and Santa Cruz Islands . Primarily a carrier-based aircraft , it was also occasionally used as a land-based bomber . The B5N carried a crew of three : pilot , navigator/bombardier/observer , and radio operator/gunner ."}]}, {'value': 'Kate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,150~', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Nakajima B6N Tenzan Navy Carrier Torpedo Bomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakajima_B6N', 'summary': "The Nakajima B6N Tenzan ( Japanese : 中島 B6N 天山 - Heavenly Mountain , Allied reporting name : Jill ) was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's standard carrier-borne torpedo bomber during the final years of World War II and the successor to the B5N Kate . Due to its protracted development , a shortage of experienced pilots and the United States Navy 's achievement of air superiority by the time of its introduction , the B6N was never able to fully demonstrate its combat potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Jill', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,268', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Tachikawa Ki-36 Army Type 98 Direct Co-operation Aircraft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-36', 'summary': 'The Tachikawa Ki-36 ( named Ida in Allied reporting code ) was a Japanese army co-operation aircraft of World War II . It was a two-seat , low-wing monoplane with a single piston engine and fixed , tailwheel-type undercarriage .'}]}, {'value': 'Ida', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,334', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army', 'summary': 'The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokosuka B4Y Navy Type 96 Carrier Attacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokosuka_B4Y', 'summary': 'The Yokosuka B4Y , ( Navy Type 96 Carrier Attack Bomber ) , carrier torpedo bomber was used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service from 1936 to 1943 . The B4Y replaced the Mitsubishi B2M2 and was the last biplane bomber used operationally by the Imperial Japanese Navy . The Allied reporting name was Jean .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '205', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokosuka D4Y Suisei Navy Carrier Dive bomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y', 'summary': 'The Yokosuka D4Y Suisei ( 彗星 , Suisei , Comet , Allied reporting name Judy ) is a two-seat carrier-based dive bomber developed by the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1942 to 1945 during World War II . Development of the aircraft began in 1938 . The first D4Y1 was complete in November 1940 and made its maiden flight at Yokosuka the following month . While the aircraft was originally conceived as a dive bomber , the D4Y was used in other roles including reconnaissance , night fighter and special attack ( kamikaze ) . It made its combat debut as a reconnaissance aircraft when two pre-production D4Y1-Cs embarked aboard the Sōryū to take part in the Battle of Midway in 1942 . It was not until March 1943 that it was accepted for use as a dive bomber . The early D4Y1 and D4Y2 featured the liquid-cooled Aichi Atsuta engine , a licensed version of the German Daimler-Benz DB 601 , while the later D4Y3 and D4Y4 featured the Mitsubishi MK8P Kinsei radial engine . Like many other Japanese aircraft of the time , the D4Y lacked armor and self-sealing fuel tanks and it was not until the final variant , the D4Y4 , that the aircraft was given bulletproof glass and armor protection for the crew and fuel tanks . Nevertheless , the D4Y was one of the fastest dive bombers of the war , particularly the D4Y4 whom Max Gadney said was the fastest dive-bomber of World War II and that it was faster than the zero if RATO was equipped . Only the delays in its development hindered its service while its predecessor , the slower fixed-gear Aichi D3A , remained in service much longer than intended . Famously , a D4Y was used in one of the final kamikaze attacks in 1945 , hours after the surrender of Japan , with Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki in the rear cockpit .'}]}, {'value': 'Judy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,038', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohka', 'summary': 'The Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka ( 櫻花 , Ōka , cherry blossom ; 桜花 in modern orthography ) was a purpose-built , rocket-powered human-guided kamikaze attack aircraft employed by Japan against Allied ships towards the end of World War II .'}]}, {'value': "Baka ( 'Fool ' in Japanese )", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '852', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Attack Aircraft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_aircraft_of_Japan_during_World_War_II_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.'}
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what is the Firstflown year of the aircraft that began as a civilian plane that delivered mail quickly ?
|
1936
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022461b7278f0c67
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hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_club_rugby_union_competitions', 'title': 'List of Australian club rugby union competitions', 'header': ['Est', 'Club', 'Location', 'Home Ground', 'Nickname', 'Admitted to Premier Grade'], 'data': [{'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bond University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bond_University_Rugby_Club', 'summary': "The Bond University Rugby Club is an Australian rugby union football club that competes in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition . The club is based at the Bond University campus on Queensland 's Gold Coast . Bond University entered into a partnership in 2013 with the Gold Coast Breakers team that had played in the Premier Rugby competition since 1997 . After the Breakers disbanded following the 2013 season , a restructured club under the Bond University name was established for the 2014 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast ( Varsity Lakes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland', 'summary': "The Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland , approximately 66 kilometres ( 41 mi ) south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales . With a estimated population of 679,127 , at June 2018 ( including 76,779 in the adjacent Tweed Valley of New South Wales ) , the Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia , making it the largest non-capital city , and Queensland 's second-largest city . Gold Coast is a major tourist destination with its sunny subtropical climate and has become widely known for its surfing beaches , high-rise dominated skyline , theme parks , nightlife , and rainforest hinterland . The city is part of the nation 's entertainment industry with television productions and a major film industry . The city hosted the 2018 Commonwealth Games which ran from 4 to 15 April 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Varsity_Lakes,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Varsity Lakes is a suburb of the City of Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . This suburb was originally known as Stephens , but in 2002 , Stephens , Andrews and a section of Robina were amalgamated to form the new suburb of Varsity Lakes . The 2011 census reported a population of 14,366 for the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Bond University Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bond_University_Sports_Precinct', 'summary': "Bond University is Australia 's first private not-for-profit university and is located in Robina , Gold Coast , Queensland . Since its opening on 15 May 1989 , Bond University has primarily been a teaching-focused higher education institution featuring a three-semester-per-year timetable . It is also famous for its legal education which ranks top 3 in Australia in terms of graduate employment rate ."}]}, {'value': 'Breakers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brothers_Old_Boys', 'summary': "The Brothers Old Boys is an Australian rugby union club , based in Brisbane , Queensland . The team currently competes in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition against nine of the states best Rugby Union clubs . The club was established in 1905 and has won 28 ' A ' Grade premierships since . They have produced 225 Queensland and 85 Internationals including 75 Wallaby players over the last century ."}]}, {'value': 'North-East Suburbs ( Albion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Albion is an inner north-eastern suburb of the City of Brisbane , the state capital of Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Albion had a population of 2,296 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Ross Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butcher Bhoys , The Brethren , The Filth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Districts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Easts_Tigers_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "Easts Rugby Union Club , known as Easts or Easts Tigers , is an Australian rugby union club based in Brisbane . The club plays in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition , and fields teams for males and females in several other grades and age-group competitions . Easts draws players mainly from Eastern and Southern suburbs of Brisbane , ranging from West End to Capalaba , and south to Mt Gravatt . The club 's home ground is Bottomley Park at Coorparoo . The junior club boasts over 1000 players ranging from Tiger Cubs , Under 6 to Under 17 ] . The club was founded in 1947 and has won the Hospital Cup for the Queensland Premiership four times ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Suburbs ( Coorparoo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coorparoo,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Coorparoo is a suburb of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) south-east of the CBD . It borders Camp Hill , Holland Park , Stones Corner , Greenslopes , East Brisbane and Norman Park .'}]}, {'value': 'David Wilson Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tigers , Easts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPS Old Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPS_Rugby', 'summary': "GPS Rugby Club , colloquially known as GPS , is an Australian rugby union club based at Ashgrove in Brisbane that plays in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition . GPS also participates in the Brisbane Grades and Colts competitions , and in the Golden Oldies competition for the over 35 's . The club has produced more than fifty Wallabies , including Ben Tune , Daniel Herbert , and Matt Cockbain , and many other representative and professional players ."}]}, {'value': 'Inner West ( Ashgrove )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashgrove,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Ashgrove is an inner suburb in the City of Brisbane in Queensland , Australia . It is located approximately 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) north-west of the Brisbane CBD . Ashgrove is an upmarket , leafy residential suburb characterised by its hilly terrain and characteristic Ashgrovian houses built in the early 20th century . While many of the surrounding suburbs have seen an increase in the number of residential apartments built in the past decade , Ashgrove remains predominantly a suburb of detached single dwelling houses , with many old Queenslander homes in the area . It contains the localities of Dorrington and St Johns Wood .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashgrove Sports Ground', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeeps', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Brisbane_Rugby_Club', 'summary': 'North Brisbane Rugby Club , or Norths , is an Australian rugby union club . The club plays in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition , and fields teams for males and females in several other grades and age-group competitions . North Brisbane has undergone several mergers and name changes since being founded in 1933 as the Teachers Rugby Club . The club has won two Premierships ; in 1963 ( as Teachers ) , and in 1976 ( as Teachers-Norths ) .'}]}, {'value': 'North Brisbane ( Wooloowin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wooloowin,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Wooloowin is a suburb in the City of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Courtney Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles , Norths', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991 ( 1933 - Eagle Jctn , 1961 - Teachers , 1974 - Teachers-Norths )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Rugby_Club', 'summary': "The University of Queensland Rugby Club is an Australian rugby club , based at the University of Queensland in Brisbane , Queensland . They currently compete in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition . They were formed in 1911 , as rugby was adopted by the Sports Association at the University of Queensland as a major sport . The University of Queensland Rugby Football Club , although recently incorporated , was founded in 1911 . Since then the Club has seen several thousands of young men and women enjoy the game of Rugby and develop many friendships . The Club is affiliated with the Queensland Rugby Union ( QRU ) which is one of the member unions of the Australian Rugby Union ( ARU ) . The Club is also affiliated with The University of Queensland and has a relationship with local junior club , the Kenmore Bears . The University of Queensland Rugby Club provides an environment where excellence and academic achievements are encouraged and extolled . Throughout the years , the Club has established a proud Rugby tradition of great camaraderie , mateship and enjoyment which has significantly contributed to its ongoing success both on and off the field . Many of the Club 's players have been rewarded with representative honours whilst others have further contributed to the game as coaches , managers or administrators . 215 University players have represented Queensland with 66 having been selected for Australia ( 7 as captain ) . In terms of elite coaches , the following have represented the Club at the highest level :"}]}, {'value': 'Inner West ( St Lucia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Lucia,_Queensland', 'summary': 'St Lucia is a suburb within the City of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'University Field 5A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Heavies', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Districts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Souths_Rugby', 'summary': 'Souths Rugby Club or Souths is an Australian rugby union club based in Brisbane , and the Southern districts area that currently plays in the Queensland Premier Rugby club competition . The club was established in 1948 , and since then has produced a host of Queensland and Wallaby rugby players .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern Brisbane ( Annerley )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annerley,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Annerley is a suburb of the City of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Annerley is located 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) south of the Brisbane CBD .'}]}, {'value': 'R.A. Chipsy Wood Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magpies , Souths', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunnybank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunnybank_Rugby', 'summary': 'Sunnybank is an Australian rugby union club , currently competing in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition . It was established in 1969 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunnybank and Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunnybank,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Sunnybank is a suburb in the City of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Sunnybank had a population of 8,697 people . Sunnybank is known for its high level of Asian population and the Asian shops and restaurants in the area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Logan_City', 'summary': "Logan City is a local government area situated within the south of the Brisbane metropolitan area in South East Queensland , Australia . Situated between the City of Brisbane to the north and the City of Gold Coast to the south , the City also borders the Scenic Rim Region , the City of Ipswich , and Redland City LGAs . Logan City is divided into 70 suburbs and 12 divisions ; a councillor is elected to each of the latter . The area had a population of 326,615 in June 2018 . Gaining significant area in 2008 from the amalgamation of parts of the Albert and Beaudesert Shires , Logan City extends north to Priestdale , south to Mundoolun near the Albert River , east to Carbrook at the Logan River , and west to Lyons . Logan City is located across parts of the sub-basin of Oxley Creek , and the Logan and Albert Rivers . The Daisy Hill Koala Centre serves as an example of Logan 's prominent bushland , reminiscent of Karawatha Forest , and the Tamborine and Venman Bushland National Parks , that border Logan suburbs . Etymologically , the region is named after Captain Patrick Logan , as is the aforementioned river , alongside the commercial hubs of Logan Central , Shailer Park 's Logan Hyperdome , and Browns Plains . Other populous suburbs include Beenleigh , Rochedale South , Meadowbrook , Springwood , Woodridge , Eagleby and the rural towns of Jimboomba and Logan Village The city facilitates much of the transport between Brisbane and the Gold Coast . Its motorway network is extensive : in the city 's north-east , the Logan Motorway joins the Pacific Motorway , while the Mount Lindesay Highway and Sydney-Brisbane rail corridor cross the city along a roughly central north-south axis . New developments are common , particularly those being built at Yarrabilba and Greater Flagstone , while Griffith University has already established a Logan campus in Meadowbrook which is being developed into a specialist area based around health , research and education . In 2016 , Luke Smith was elected mayor of Logan ."}]}, {'value': 'Oldmac Oval , Macgregor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MacGregor,_Queensland', 'summary': 'MacGregor is a south-side suburb in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Its postal code is 4109 . MacGregor , like its surrounding suburbs , incorporates a very diverse multicultural community . Previously considered part of Sunnybank , the suburb was named in 1967 . The suburb is in three main parts , divided by the six-lane Kessels Road , and separately , Mimosa Creek . Most residential buildings are single and two-storey beige brick houses with a tiled roof .'}]}, {'value': 'Dragons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wests_Rugby', 'summary': "Wests Rugby Union Club , or Wests , is an Australian rugby union club , based in Toowong , that competes in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition . The bulk of Wests ' players are drawn from the western suburbs of Brisbane where local rivals GPS and University , only a few suburbs away , also compete for players . Wests is one of the smaller Premier Rugby clubs in terms of player numbers , but it has achieved a share of success in the competition , winning premierships in 1977 , 1985 , and 2006 . Their theme song is based on Take Me Home , Country Roads ."}]}, {'value': 'Inner West ( Toowong )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toowong,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Toowong is an inner suburb of Brisbane , Australia , which is 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) west of the Brisbane CBD . At the centre of Toowong is a commercial precinct including Toowong Village and several office buildings . The remainder of the suburb is predominantly residential with a mix of medium density dwellings and detached houses .'}]}, {'value': 'Sedgman Oval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulldogs , Wests', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Queensland Premier Rugby', 'section_text': 'Main article : Queensland Premier Rugby Queensland Premier Rugby is the top club competition in Queensland . Nine clubs take part : eight from Brisbane and a club each from the Gold Coast . The first club rugby competition in Queensland was the Hospital Football Challenge , which began in 1899 . It was an annual fund-raising venture for the Brisbane Hospital , but the game fell away during and after WWI , and rugby union was abandoned in Queensland after 1919 . The competition was restored in 1929 and the original trophy , the magnificent Hospital Cup became the premiership trophy again . It is now awarded to the winner of the Premier Rugby grand final . [ 2 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Australian_club_rugby_union_competitions_1', 'intro': 'In Australia, what is considered the third tier of Rugby is often referred to as club rugby, grade rugby or premier rugby. Club Rugby often focuses on the major metropolitan areas of the respective unions, with teams representing various districts and suburbs. The teams represented in the first grade can and have changed over time, and are open to change at the discretion of the governing body.'}
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What is the name of the club from the suburb that is located 4 kilometres from Brisbane ?
|
Southern Districts
|
0224687e75b30a27
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Dee', 'title': 'AJ Dee', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MTB : Ang Saya Saya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magandang_Tanghali_Bayan', 'summary': "MTB or Magandang Tanghali Bayan ( Good Afternoon , Nation ) and Masayang Tanghali Bayan ( A Fun Afternoon , Nation ) was a noon time variety show broadcast by ABS-CBN . The show was aired on Weekdays and Saturdays and was also broadcast worldwide through The Filipino Channel . The show was known for its many formats and host changes over the years that it was broadcast . MTB is the third longest running noon time show of ABS-CBN after Eat Bulaga ! ( 1989-1995 ) and Wowowee ( 2005-2010 ) , staying on air for 4 years , 2 months and 22 days ( as Magandang Tanghali Bayan from 1998-2003 ) . Other MTB incarnations such as Masayang Tanghali Bayan and MTB Ang Saya Saya stayed on air for around one year each , before Wowowee eventually took over . Overall though , MTB was the longest running daily noontime show of ABS-CBN until It 's Showtime surpassed its run in 2009 in the 12:00PM time slot . The total run of It 's Showtime ( which includes its pre-afternoon years ) has already broken MTB 's record three years prior ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself - Host', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vietnam Rose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vietnam_Rose', 'summary': 'Vietnam Rose ( Vietnamese : Hoa hồng Việt Nam ) is a 2006 Philippine television series aired on ABS-CBN from September 19 , 2005 to February 10 , 2006 with a total of 105 episodes . Directed by Joel Lamangan , it stars Maricel Soriano , Assunta de Rossi , Angelica Panganiban , John Estrada , and Jason Abalos .'}]}, {'value': 'Tran Him Hahn-Trihn', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Buzz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Buzz_(talk_show)', 'summary': "The Buzz , stylized as The Buzz 15 , and formerly known as Buzz Ng Bayan , is a weekly entertainment news and talk show in the Philippines . It premiered on June 13 , 1999 , and was the second longest-running weekly entertainment news and talk show in Philippine television after GMA Network 's Startalk . It featured local celebrity gossip and news . The Buzz viewers were surprised when the show got cancelled with its official final episode on April 5 , 2015 , in order to give way for Kapamilya Blockbusters since April 12 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself - Host', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rounin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rounin_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Rounin is a 2007 Philippine television drama romantic science fiction series produced and aired by ABS-CBN . It is a fantasy and martial arts series shown in Philippine TV and is said to be one of the most expensive locally produced TV series aired in the Philippines . It is also the first Filipino series shot using high-definition video technology . The series is line produced by Reality Films while Larger Than Life Productions is handling post , visual effects , VFX supervision , mastering and grading . The series is shot using Panasonics HDP2 technology . The series ended after one season due to failure to do well in the ratings game . It aired from April 16 to July 26 , 2007 with a total of 68 episodes . It features an ensemble cast including Luis Manzano , Angelica Panganiban , Rafael Rosell , Jhong Hilario , Nikki Gil , Shaina Magdayao , Rayver Cruz , Joross Gamboa , Melissa Ricks , Geoff Eigenmann , Aaron Junatas , Agot Isidro , Ina Raymundo , Monsour del Rosario , Aubrey Miles , and Diether Ocampo .'}]}, {'value': 'Braullo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U Can Dance Version 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U_Can_Dance', 'summary': 'U Can Dance is a reality dance competition TV program of ABS-CBN , hosted by Iya Villania and Derek Ramsay , which ran from June 11 , 2006 to October 13 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Himself - Contestant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eva Fonda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_Fonda', 'summary': 'Eva Fonda is a Filipino drama show on ABS-CBN that aired from December 1 , 2008 to February 6 , 2009 . Eva Fonda is a remake of a 1976 film of the same name starring Alma Moreno .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Precious Heart Romances : The Bud Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bud_Brothers_Series_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Precious Hearts Romances Presents : Bud Brothers Series is the first installment of the Precious Hearts Romances Presents series , written by Rose Tan based on The Bud Brothers Series . The series aired from May 4 , 2009 to August 28 , 2009 , replacing Pieta .'}]}, {'value': 'Anton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Show Me Da Manny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Show_Me_Da_Manny', 'summary': 'Show Me Da Manny is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network . Starring Manny Pacquiao and Marian Rivera , it premiered on August 23 , 2009 and worldwide on August 29 , 2009 on GMA Pinoy TV . The series concluded on July 10 , 2011 with a total of 98 episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Antonio Barreiro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ikaw Sana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ikaw_Sana', 'summary': "Ikaw Sana ( International title : To Love You / transl . Hope It 's You ) is a Philippine television drama romance series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Joel Lamangan , it stars Jennylyn Mercado , Mark Herras and Pauleen Luna . It premiered on September 21 , 2009 on the network 's Telebabad line up replacing All My Life and worldwide on September 23 , 2009 on GMA Pinoy TV . The series concluded on February 5 , 2010 with a total of 100 episodes . It was replaced by First Time in its timeslot ."}]}, {'value': 'Dominic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amaya_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Amaya is a Philippine television drama period series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Mac Alejandre , it stars Marian Rivera in the title role . The series is set in the pre-colonial period of the 1500s . It premiered on May 30 , 2011 on the network 's Telebabad line up replacing I Heart You , Pare ! and worldwide on June 1 , 2011 on GMA Pinoy TV . The series concluded on January 13 , 2012 with a total of 165 episodes . It was replaced by Legacy in its timeslot . The series is streaming online on YouTube ."}]}, {'value': 'Paratawag', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Beloved', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Beloved_(TV_series)', 'summary': "My Beloved is a 2012 Philippine television drama romance fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Dominic Zapata and Lore Reyes , it stars Dingdong Dantes and Marian Rivera . It premiered on February 13 , 2012 on the network 's Telebabad line up replacing Survivor Philippines : Celebrity Doubles Showdown and worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV . The series concluded on June 8 , 2012 with a total of 83 episodes . It was replaced by One True Love in its timeslot ."}]}, {'value': 'Warren', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tweets For My Sweet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tweets_For_My_Sweet', 'summary': 'Tweets for My Sweet is a 2012 Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Uro dela Cruz , it stars Marian Rivera . It premiered on May 6 , 2012 and worldwide on May 12 , 2012 on GMA Pinoy TV . The series concluded on August 19 , 2012 with a total 16 episodes .'}]}, {'value': 'Ariel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Never Say Goodbye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Never_Say_Goodbye_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Never Say Goodbye is a Philippine television drama broadcast on TV5 . It aired from February 11 to May 10 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Steve', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huwag_Ka_Lang_Mawawala', 'summary': 'Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala ( International title : Against All Odds / transl . Do Not Just Lose ) is a 2013 Philippine melodrama television series aired on ABS-CBN and worldwide on The Filipino Channel from June 17 , 2013 to August 23 , 2013 , replacing Ina , Kapatid , Anak and was replaced by Got to Believe . It served as a comeback for The Queen of Pinoy Soap Opera Judy Ann Santos , together with Sam Milby and KC Concepcion in their first antagonist roles . It is a dark melodrama involving women fighting adversity in life and marriage . The series is streaming online on YouTube .'}]}, {'value': 'Edgar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maghihintay Pa Rin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maghihintay_Pa_Rin', 'summary': "Maghihintay Pa Rin ( International title : Bitter Sweet Life / transl . Still Waiting ) is a 2013 Philippine television drama romance series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Don Michael Perez , it stars Bianca King , Rafael Rosell and Dion Ignacio . It premiered on June 10 , 2013 on the network 's Afternoon Prime line up replacing Bukod Kang Pinagpala and worldwide on June 12 , 2013 on GMA Pinoy TV . The series concluded on September 27 , 2013 with a total of 79 episodes . It was replaced by Magkano Ba ang Pag-ibig ? in its timeslot ."}]}, {'value': 'Lance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moon of Desire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moon_of_Desire', 'summary': "Moon of Desire is a 2014 Philippine drama television series directed by FM Reyes and Raymund B. Ocampo , starring JC de Vera and Meg Imperial , with Ellen Adarna , Dominic Roque and Miko Raval . The series premiered on ABS-CBN 's Kapamilya Gold afternoon block and worldwide on TFC from March 31 , 2014 to August 15 , 2014 , replacing Galema : Anak ni Zuma . The series is streaming online on YouTube ."}]}, {'value': 'Caleb', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sa Puso ni Dok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sa_Puso_ni_Dok', 'summary': "Sa Puso ni Dok ( International title : Village Doctor / transl . In the Heart of Doc ) is a 2014 Philippine television drama series broadcast by GMA Network . Directed by Adolf Alix Jr. , it stars Dennis Trillo and Bela Padilla . It premiered on August 24 , 2014 on network 's Sunday Grande line up . The series concluded on September 28 , 2014 with a total of 6 episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'Jomar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridges of Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridges_of_Love', 'summary': "Bridges of Love is a 2015 Philippine soap opera romance television series directed by Richard V. Somes and Will Fredo , starring Jericho Rosales , Paulo Avelino and Maja Salvador . The series was aired on ABS-CBN 's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel from March 16 , 2015 to August 7 , 2015 , replacing Two Wives , and was succeeded by On the Wings of Love ( TV series ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Louie Sandejas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pasión de amor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasión_de_amor_(Philippine_telenovela)', 'summary': "Pasión de Amor ( transl . Passion of Love ) is a 2015 Philippine romantic drama television series based on the 2003 Colombian telenovela Pasión de Gavilanes , starring Mario Cimarro , Danna García , Juan Alfonso Baptista , Paola Rey , Michel Brown and Natasha Klauss , produced by Telemundo and R.T.I . Colombia . Directed by Eric Quizon , it is topbilled by Jake Cuenca , Arci Muñoz , Ejay Falcon , Ellen Adarna , Joseph Marco , Coleen Garcia , Wendell Ramos , and Teresa Loyzaga . The series premiered on ABS-CBN 's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel from June 1 , 2015 to February 26 , 2016 , replacing Inday Bote . The story revolves around the Samonte brothers who set out to avenge the death of their youngest sister . They do this by making the Elizondo sisters fall in love with them ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Burgos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tubig at Langis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tubig_at_Langis', 'summary': "Tubig at Langis ( International title : Broken Vows / transl . Water and Oil ) is a 2016 Philippine drama television series based on 1980 film of the same name , starring Vilma Santos , Amy Austria-Ventura and Dindo Fernando . Directed by FM Reyes , it is topbilled by Cristine Reyes , Zanjoe Marudo and Isabelle Daza . The series premiered on ABS-CBN 's Kapamilya Gold afternoon block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel on February 1 , 2016 to September 2 , 2016 , replacing All of Me . Marudo and Reyes reunited in the series after Star Cinema 's Bromance : My Brother 's Romance from 2013 . Vivian Velez resigned from the series due to difficulties working with Cristine Reyes ."}]}, {'value': 'Matteo', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'AJ_Dee_0', 'intro': 'Angel James Dee III, professionally known as AJ Dee (born July 27, 1983 in Naga City, Camarines Sur, Philippines) is a Filipino actor, model and swimmer. He is the brother of fellow swimmer and actor Enchong Dee.'}
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When did the final episode of the only series AJ Dee hosted in 2006 air ?
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April 5 , 2015
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02253642fa61675d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NFL franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Seasons', 'Team', 'Last appearance in Conference Championship Game', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cincinnati_Bengals_seasons', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Bengals franchise was founded in 1968 as a member of the West division of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Bengals joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as a result of the AFL-NFL merger prior to 1970 . This list documents the franchise 's completed seasons from 1968 to present , including postseason records and results from postseason games . The Bengals have played over 750 games in their history , including two conference championships , eight division championships , and 12 playoff appearances . The franchise has experienced several extended periods of success in their history . These periods came from 1981 to 1990 when the Bengals qualified for the playoffs four times and played in two Super Bowls , and from 2009 to the present . However , during a 14-year span - 1991 to 2004 - the Bengals did not qualify for the playoffs . During this time , the franchise had nine seasons with 10 or more losses , and three of those seasons the franchise had the league 's worst record . Since 2005 the Bengals have been more successful , posting seven winning seasons , three division titles and seven wild card playoff berths ( including a streak of five consecutive playoff seasons , a first in franchise history ) ."}]}, {'value': '1988 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988–89_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1988 season began on December 24 , 1988 . The postseason tournament concluded with the San Francisco 49ers defeating the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XXIII , 20-16 , on January 22 , 1989 , at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Buffalo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of seasons completed by the Washington Redskins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Redskins ' franchise from 1932 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Redskins franchise was founded as the Boston Braves , named after the local baseball franchise . The team changed its name to the Redskins in 1933 and moved to Washington , D.C. in 1937 . The Redskins have played over 1,000 games . In those games , the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls . The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They also played in and lost the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl VII and XVIII . They have made 24 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 23 wins and 19 losses . Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins : the New England Patriots ( eleven ) , the Dallas Cowboys , Pittsburgh Steelers , Denver Broncos ( eight ) , and San Francisco 49ers ( six ) ; the Redskins ' five appearances are tied with the Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New York Giants and Green Bay Packers . All of the Redskins ' league titles were attained during two ten-year spans ."}]}, {'value': '1991 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1991 season began on December 28 , 1991 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Washington Redskins defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVI , 37-24 , on January 26 , 1992 , at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Detroit', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Detroit_Lions_seasons', 'summary': "The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Lions compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team began play in 1928 as an independent professional team . The 2015 season was their 88th in the NFL . The Lions have won four NFL championships , tied for 9th overall in total championships amongst all 32 NFL franchises ; although the last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second-longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals . The Lions were the first franchise to finish a full ( non-strike shortened ) regular season with no wins or ties since the move to sixteen season games in 1978 , going 0-16 during the 2008 NFL season . They are also one of four current teams , and the only one in the NFC , to have never played in the Super Bowl ."}]}, {'value': '1991 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1991 season began on December 28 , 1991 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Washington Redskins defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVI , 37-24 , on January 26 , 1992 , at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) when the league was founded in 1946 . From 1946 to 1949 , the Browns won each of the leagues four championships . While the National Football League ( NFL ) does not recognize the Browns AAFC championships , the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the teams championships , which is reflected in this list . When the AAFC folded in 1949 , the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950 . The Browns went on to win three NFL championships , nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s , and won one more NFL championship in 1964 . The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl , however . Overall , the team has won eight championships : four in the AAFC , and four in the NFL . In 1995 , then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland , Ohio to Baltimore , Maryland . An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the teams history , name and colors in Cleveland , while Modells new team would be regarded as an expansion team . The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996 , and the Browns would return to the league in 1999 . For record-keeping purposes , the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , which is reflected in this list . In 2017 , the Cleveland Browns became the second team in NFL history to suffer an 0-16 record .'}]}, {'value': '1989 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989–90_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 1989 season began on December 31 , 1989 . The postseason tournament concluded with the San Francisco 49ers defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXIV , 55-10 , on January 28 , 1990 , at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . This was the last season in which the NFL used a 10-team playoff format . The league would expand the playoffs to 12 teams next season . This season featured only three teams that failed to make the previous season 's postseason . The New York Giants , who were eliminated on the final day of the 1988 season , rebounded to win a division title , while the Denver Broncos and Pittsburgh Steelers recovered from disappointing seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Denver', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Dolphins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Miami_Dolphins_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Dolphins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Dolphins franchise from 1966 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . Although the Miami Dolphins were not successful before joining the NFL , from 1970 when they played their first season after the AFL-NFL merger until 2001 they were one of the most successful teams in the league , playing in the postseason on 22 occasions over those 32 years and winning 335 and tying two of 528 games for an overall win percentage of 63.6 . Early in this period the Dolphins won their only two Super Bowls in consecutive seasons , in the process achieving the only modern-day perfect season in any major professional sports league during only their third year in the NFL . Much of this success was orchestrated by coach Don Shula who joined the team in 1970 and stayed with them until his retirement in 1995 . After Shula retired in 1995 , the Dolphins remained a force for six years under successors Jimmy Johnson and Dave Wannstedt , but since 2002 and especially since 2004 have fallen on harder times , reaching the postseason only twice in the twelve seasons since , and during the mid-2000s , briefly intensified the Dolphins-Patriots rivalry , when Nick Saban , a former Bill Belichick assistant was hired as the Dolphins head coach in 2005 and when he nearly signed quarterback Drew Brees with the Dolphins the following year . In 2007 , if not for their overtime victory over the Baltimore Ravens , would 've suffered an imperfect season , a year before the Detroit Lions became the first team to go winless since the NFL expanded to a 16-game schedule . That same season , the Dolphins became the first team in NFL history to win their division following a 1-15 season , and as of 2018 , marked the last non-Patriot division title in the AFC East . For complete team history , see History of the Miami Dolphins ."}]}, {'value': '1992 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992–93_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1992 season began on January 2 , 1993 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVII , 52-17 , on January 31 , at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Buffalo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Buffalo_Bills_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Buffalo Bills American football franchise . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Bills ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Bills finished their most recent season ( 2019 ) with a record of ten wins and six losses ."}]}, {'value': '1993 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993–94_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1993 season began on January 8 , 1994 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30-13 , on January 30 , at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta , Georgia . Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks ( two byes per team ) , the traditional bye week between the conference championship games and Super Bowl was removed .'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Kansas City', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of known as the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 33 postseason appearances , most in the NFL , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . The Cowboys won Super Bowls VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowls V , X , and XIII . The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966-1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991-1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 12-3 in the postseason . Outside of these two periods of success , the Cowboys have experienced short periods of failure in their history ."}]}, {'value': '1995 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995–96_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1995 season began on December 30 , 1995 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX , 27-17 , on January 28 , 1996 , at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Green Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Texans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Houston_Texans_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Houston Texans American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Texans ' franchise from 2002 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The team currently has seven winning seasons , two 8-8 seasons , and eight losing seasons . The Texans clinched their first playoff berth and AFC South title on December 11 , 2011 by beating the Cincinnati Bengals 20-19 ."}]}, {'value': '1985 Never', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_NFL_season', 'summary': 'The 2002 NFL season was the 83rd regular season of the National Football League . The league went back to an even number of teams , expanding to 32 teams with the addition of the Houston Texans ; the league has since remained static with 32 teams since . The clubs were then realigned into eight divisions , four teams in each . Also , the Chicago Bears played their home games in 2002 in Champaign , Illinois at Memorial Stadium because of the reconstruction of Soldier Field . The NFL title was eventually won by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers when they defeated the Oakland Raiders 48-21 in Super Bowl XXXVII , at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California on January 26 , 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'y -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Buccaneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , an American football franchise based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers are members of the South division in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' franchise from 1976 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Buccaneers first joined the NFL in 1976 as members of the AFC West . The following year , they moved to the NFC Central . The Tampa Bay expansion franchise was originally awarded to Tom McCloskey , a construction company owner from Philadelphia . It soon became apparent that McCloskey had financial problems , so the NFL found a replacement in Hugh Culverhouse . They were purchased by Malcolm Glazer in 1995 for $ 192 million , following Culverhouse 's death . The front office staff of the team includes Bryan Glazer , Edward Glazer , and Joel Glazer . The Buccaneers ' only Super Bowl championship was won in Super Bowl XXXVII , at the conclusion of the 2002 season . This was the teams ' only Super Bowl appearance , having reached the NFC conference championship on two other occasions . The Buccaneers have been divisional champions six times , three of them in the NFC Central and the other three in NFC South ."}]}, {'value': '2002 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League ( NFL ) playoffs for the 2002 season began on January 4 , 2003 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeating the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII , 48-21 , on January 26 , at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California . Prior to the 2002-03 season , the league realigned its teams into eight divisions ( four in each conference ) . Thus , the 12-team playoff format was modified . The league still abides by this updated system today :'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Vegas Raiders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Las_Vegas_Raiders_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Las Vegas Raiders American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Raiders ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches ."}]}, {'value': '2002 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League ( NFL ) playoffs for the 2002 season began on January 4 , 2003 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeating the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII , 48-21 , on January 26 , at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California . Prior to the 2002-03 season , the league realigned its teams into eight divisions ( four in each conference ) . Thus , the 12-team playoff format was modified . The league still abides by this updated system today :'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Chargers †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Chargers_seasons', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football franchise based in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The Chargers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The club was founded in 1959 by Barron Hilton and played the 1960 season in Los Angeles as part of the American Football League ( AFL ) . In the next season , the Chargers moved to San Diego . In 2017 , the Chargers relocated back to the Los Angeles area . The franchise has experienced three major periods of success . The first was from 1960 to 1965 , when the Chargers were AFL West champions five times and AFL champions once . The second was from 1978 to 1982 , when the Chargers had winning seasons ( seasons with more wins than losses ) in each of these years , and won three consecutive division championships for the second time in franchise history . The most recent accomplishments range from 2004 to 2009 , with the franchise reaching the playoffs five times in six years . Their only Super Bowl appearance was in 1994 . The Chargers have experienced three notable periods of decline . Between 1970 and 1977 , the Chargers never won more games than they lost as part of a 13-year period without playing in the postseason , including four consecutive years last in their division from 1972 to 1975 , in which year they bottomed out before two late wins avoided the NFL 's first 0-14 season ."}]}, {'value': '2007 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2007 season began on January 5 , 2008 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII , 17-14 , on February 3 , at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. New England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Jets_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the New York Jets , formerly the New York Titans , an American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Jets ' franchise from 1960 to the present , including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Titans were a part of the inaugural season of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . In 1963 , the Titans changed their name to the Jets after a change in ownership . The New York Jets have won one National Football League championship in Super Bowl III . In their 53-year history , they have an overall regular season record of 373 wins , 439 losses , and 8 ties . They have made 14 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 12 wins and 13 losses ."}]}, {'value': '2010 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2010 season began on January 8 , 2011 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Green Bay Packers defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV , 31-25 , on February 6 , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first Super Bowl in which the NFC representative was a # 6 seed , and only the second time one has made the Super Bowl ( the previous being the 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL ) . This was only the second postseason in NFL history that included a team with a losing record , and the first to occur with a full regular season . The Seattle Seahawks won their division with a 7-9 record , as all four teams in the NFC West had losing seasons in 2010 . Only the 1982-83 NFL playoffs , following the strike-shortened 1982 , had previously included teams with losing records ( under a modified 16-team tournament , with eight from each conference , the 1982 Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions qualified with records of 4-5 ) . Six days after winning the division , the Seahawks defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints to become the first playoff team with a losing record to win in the postseason . In the opening wildcard round of the playoffs , three of the four home teams had fewer wins than the away team . The exception was the Green Bay Packers-Philadelphia Eagles match , where both were 10-6 ( the Packers had defeated the Eagles in Week 1 of the season , but were on the road because they were the wild card team ) . But away teams finished 6-4 this playoff season for wins . This was the second time since the 1979 NFL season where neither of the number one playoff seeds advanced to their conference 's respective championship game , the other time being in the 2008-09 NFL playoffs . Also , had the New York Jets also won their conference championship game it would have been the first # 6 vs # 6 seed in Super Bowl history ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Bears_seasons', 'summary': "The Chicago Bears franchise was founded as the Decatur Staleys , a charter member of the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) . The team moved to Chicago , Illinois , in 1921 and changed its name to the Bears in 1922 , the same year the APFA changed its name to the National Football League ( NFL ) . This list documents the franchise 's completed seasons from 1920 to present , including postseason records and results from postseason games . The Chicago Bears have played over 1,000 games in their history , and have had eight NFL Championships victories and one Super Bowl win . The Bears ' nine championships are the second most by any team in NFL history . The franchise has captured 18 NFL divisional titles and four NFL conference championships . The Bears have also recorded more regular season victories than any other NFL franchise . The franchise has experienced three major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1932 to 1946 when the Bears won six NFL Championships . In this period the Bears participated in the first National Football League playoff game , the first NFL Championship Game , and become the American football sports dynasty of the 1940s . The Bears played in four straight NFL Championship Games between 1940 and 1943 , winning three of them , including an NFL record 73-0 victory over the Washington Redskins in 1940 . The second period of success was between 1984 and 1991 when the Bears captured six NFC Central Division titles in eight years and won Super Bowl XX ."}]}, {'value': '2010 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2010 season began on January 8 , 2011 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Green Bay Packers defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV , 31-25 , on February 6 , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first Super Bowl in which the NFC representative was a # 6 seed , and only the second time one has made the Super Bowl ( the previous being the 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL ) . This was only the second postseason in NFL history that included a team with a losing record , and the first to occur with a full regular season . The Seattle Seahawks won their division with a 7-9 record , as all four teams in the NFC West had losing seasons in 2010 . Only the 1982-83 NFL playoffs , following the strike-shortened 1982 , had previously included teams with losing records ( under a modified 16-team tournament , with eight from each conference , the 1982 Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions qualified with records of 4-5 ) . Six days after winning the division , the Seahawks defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints to become the first playoff team with a losing record to win in the postseason . In the opening wildcard round of the playoffs , three of the four home teams had fewer wins than the away team . The exception was the Green Bay Packers-Philadelphia Eagles match , where both were 10-6 ( the Packers had defeated the Eagles in Week 1 of the season , but were on the road because they were the wild card team ) . But away teams finished 6-4 this playoff season for wins . This was the second time since the 1979 NFL season where neither of the number one playoff seeds advanced to their conference 's respective championship game , the other time being in the 2008-09 NFL playoffs . Also , had the New York Jets also won their conference championship game it would have been the first # 6 vs # 6 seed in Super Bowl history ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Green Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Giants_seasons', 'summary': "The New York Giants are an American football team based in East Rutherford , New Jersey . They are a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) and play in the NFL 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . In 95 completed seasons , the franchise has won eight NFL championships , including four Super Bowl victories . The Giants have won more than 600 games and appeared in the NFL playoffs 32 times . Though the Giants play home games in East Rutherford , they draw fans from throughout the New York metropolitan area . In 2010 , the team began playing in MetLife Stadium , formerly New Meadowlands Stadium . After Tim Mara paid $ 500 for the franchise , the Giants joined the NFL in the 1925 season and won their first championship two years later . In 1934 , the team won its second title , defeating the Chicago Bears in the NFL Championship Game . The Giants won another championship four years later , and made four appearances in the NFL Championship Game from 1939 to 1946 , losing each time . New York won its fourth NFL title in 1956 , with a 47-7 win over the Bears in the championship game . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants reached the NFL Championship Game five times , but were defeated on each occasion . Following the 1963 season , the franchise did not return to the playoffs until 1981 , only finishing .500 or better five times during the postseason drought ."}]}, {'value': '2011 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2011 season began on January 7 , 2012 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI , 21-17 , on February 5 , at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis . The Detroit Lions and Houston Texans both made team history with their clinching of playoff spots . The Lions had not been to the playoffs since 1999 while the Texans , who entered the league in 2002 , had never made the playoffs in their nine-season history . The Buffalo Bills , who were eliminated from playoff contention for the twelfth straight year then , were the only team that had not made the playoffs in the 21st century ( and would not do so again until 2017 ) . This team was tied with the Lions for the overall longest failure streak entering the season ( the Bills had also not made the playoffs since qualifying as a wild card in 1999 where they were defeated by the Tennessee Titans ) . Unless otherwise noted , all times listed are Eastern Standard Time ( UTC−05 )'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. San Francisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Ravens ↑', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_Ravens_seasons', 'summary': "The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football franchise based in Baltimore , Maryland . They are a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; from 1996 to 2001 , they played in the AFC Central . The team began play in the 1996 season as a result of former Cleveland Browns team owner Art Modell 's decision to move the Browns to Baltimore . The Ravens have won two Super Bowl championships in franchise history : in 2000 , when the team defeated the New York Giants 34-7 in Super Bowl XXXV ; and in 2012 , when the team defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31 in Super Bowl XLVII . As of 2019 [ update ] they are the only team to reach the Super Bowl more than once and win each time . Until their defeat by the Ravens in Super Bowl XLVII , the 49ers were the only team to never lose in the Super Bowl with multiple appearances ."}]}, {'value': '2012 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2012 season began on January 5 , 2013 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Baltimore Ravens defeating the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XLVII , 34-31 , on February 3 , at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . All teams in both conferences won at least 10 games , the first time since 2005 . Unless otherwise noted , all times listed are Eastern Standard Time ( UTC-05 )'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. New England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_Colts_seasons', 'summary': "The Indianapolis Colts , formerly the Baltimore Colts , are an American football team playing in the National Football League ( NFL ) . This list documents the season-by-season records of the Colts franchise from 1953 to present , including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches . In 1953 , a Baltimore-based group led by Carroll Rosenbloom gained the rights to a new Baltimore franchise . Rosenbloom was granted an NFL team , and was awarded the holdings of the defunct Dallas Texans organization . The new team was named the Colts after the previous team that folded after the 1950 NFL season . After 31 seasons in Baltimore , Colts owner Robert Irsay moved the team to Indianapolis , Indiana . The Colts have won two Super Bowl championships ( Super Bowl V and Super Bowl XLI ) . They also played in and lost Super Bowl III and Super Bowl XLIV . Before the AFL and NFL merged in 1970 , they won three NFL Championships ( 1958 , 1959 , and 1968 ) . By winning Super Bowl XLI the Colts became the first team that played its home games in a domed stadium to win a Super Bowl held in an outdoor stadium . After the Colts owner Jim Irsay hired Tony Dungy in 2002 , the Colts made the playoffs for nine straight seasons . They won five straight AFC South titles from 2003 to 2007 and had seven consecutive seasons of 12 or more victories from 2003 to 2009 , the first time that has been achieved in the NFL 's 90-year history ."}]}, {'value': '2014 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2014 season began on January 3 , 2015 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , 28-24 , on February 1 , at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. New England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Seattle_Seahawks_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a compilation of the list of seasons completed by the Seattle Seahawks American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Seahawks ' franchise from 1976 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . As of the end of the 2018 NFL season , the Seahawks have 23 winning seasons , 17 losing seasons , and 4 seasons where they finished 8-8 . With a 35-6 Week 14 win over the Baltimore Ravens on December 13 during the 2015 season , not only did the Seahawks improved to 8-5 at that point in the season , but the Seahawks ' all-time franchise regular season win-loss record improved to 313-312-0 ; this marked the first time ever in team history that the Seahawks have had an overall winning regular season win-loss record ( a win-loss record above .500 ) . Since re-joining the National Football Conference in 2002 , the Seahawks have compiled a record of 156-115-1 ( as of the end of the 2018 season ) . Also since then , the Seahawks have had only four losing seasons ( all between 2008 and 2011 ) , although their 2010 team won the Western division title , despite finishing with a 7-9 record . Counting their inaugural 1976 season , where they finished 2-12 , Seattle 's overall record as an NFC franchise is 158-127-1 . The Seahawks are the one of four North American men 's professional sports teams that have played in Seattle with an all-time winning record , after the Seattle Metropolitans ( the first American team to win the Stanley Cup in 1917 , folded in 1924 ) , the Seattle SuperSonics ( who relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder in the summer of 2008 ) , and the Seattle Sounders FC ( established in 2007 as an expansion franchise , currently active ) . Therefore , the Seahawks are currently one of two active North American men 's professional sports team located in Seattle with an overall winning record . On October 23 , 2016 , the Seahawks played the Arizona Cardinals at University of Phoenix Stadium and the game ended in a 6-6 tie after OT , which was the first time this ever happened in franchise history ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2014 season began on January 3 , 2015 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , 28-24 , on February 1 , at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Green Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Denver_Broncos_seasons', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are an American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . Founded by Bob Howsam on August 14 , 1959 , the team was one of the founder members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , which began in 1960 , before merging with the National Football League ( NFL ) ahead of the 1970 season , when the Broncos became part of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division ; they have been in the same division ever since . As of the end of the 2019 season , Denver has completed 60 seasons ( playing in over 950 combined regular season and playoff games ) , and has appeared in eight Super Bowls ; although they lost in each of their first four Super Bowl appearances , they have since won three of them , including Super Bowl 50 . The franchise has experienced three major periods of success . The first was from 1976 to 1981 , when the Broncos did not have a losing season ( a season when the team has more losses than wins ) , and won two AFC West division titles , and one AFC championship . The second began in 1983 and ended in 1998 . During this period , the Broncos had just two losing seasons , were AFC champions five times and were Super Bowl champions for two consecutive years . This second period of success is best remembered for John Elway being the team 's quarterback . The most recent run of success began in 2011 , lasting until their victory in Super Bowl 50 at the end of the 2015 season . The five-year stretch was primarily spearheaded by the 2012 free agent acquisition of the then four-time League MVP former Indianapolis Colts quarterback Peyton Manning , and included five AFC West titles , two AFC championships , as well as the Super Bowl . From their inaugural season in 1960 until 1975 , they did not make either the AFL playoffs or NFL playoffs and had just two winning seasons . The Broncos were the only charter AFL franchise to never have a winning season during the AFL 's 10 years of existence ( although the team finished at 7-7 in 1962 ) , with their first winning season not occurring until 1973 , their fourth year as a member of the NFL 's AFC ."}]}, {'value': '2015 AFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2015 season began on January 9 , 2016 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl 50 , on February 7 , when the Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . For this year only , the Super Bowl decided not to use a Roman numeral ( L ) and instead used the standard numerals 50 . According to Jaime Weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , the primary reason was that the league 's graphic designers had difficulty designing a suitable , aesthetically pleasing logo with only the Roman numeral L ."}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. New England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Cardinals_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Arizona Cardinals . The Cardinals are an American football franchise competing as a member of the West division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cardinals ' franchise from 1920 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches ."}]}, {'value': '2015 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2015 season began on January 9 , 2016 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl 50 , on February 7 , when the Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . For this year only , the Super Bowl decided not to use a Roman numeral ( L ) and instead used the standard numerals 50 . According to Jaime Weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , the primary reason was that the league 's graphic designers had difficulty designing a suitable , aesthetically pleasing logo with only the Roman numeral L ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost vs. Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Carolina_Panthers_seasons', 'summary': "The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The team was founded in 1993 , when , along with the Jacksonville Jaguars , they were accepted into the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team . The Panthers are owned by David Tepper . The Carolina Panthers began play in 1995 , and spent their first 7 seasons in the NFC West division , making it to the NFC Championship game in 1996 , which was only their 2nd year as a football franchise . In 2002 , the Panthers were moved to the NFC South after the NFL realigned their divisions due to the Houston Texans joining the league as an expansion team . Over their 20 seasons in the NFL , the Panthers have played in over 300 games , winning 6 division titles ( one in the NFC West and five in the NFC South ) and reaching the NFL playoffs 8 times . The Panthers have never had back-to-back winning seasons , but recorded their first back-to-back-to-back playoff seasons in 2013 and 2014 , becoming the first team in the history of the NFC South to win consecutive division titles in the process . They won a third consecutive division title in 2015 , finishing with a league-best 15-1 record and securing homefield advantage in the playoffs for the first time in team history . The team 's worst regular season record was 2001 , where they finished 1-15 , worst in the league for that season ; although they won their first game , they lost each of the remaining 15 . Their best regular season record was accomplished in 2015 , when they finished 15-1 . The team has reached the Super Bowl twice ; in 2003 , when they lost Super Bowl XXXVIII 29-32 to the New England Patriots , and 2015 , when they lost Super Bowl 50 10-24 to the Denver Broncos . Overall , the team has recorded 7 winning seasons , 14 losing seasons , and three 8-8 seasons ; they have reached the playoffs 8 times ."}]}, {'value': '2015 NFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2015 season began on January 9 , 2016 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl 50 , on February 7 , when the Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . For this year only , the Super Bowl decided not to use a Roman numeral ( L ) and instead used the standard numerals 50 . According to Jaime Weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , the primary reason was that the league 's graphic designers had difficulty designing a suitable , aesthetically pleasing logo with only the Roman numeral L ."}]}, {'value': 'Won vs. Arizona', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Active team droughts -- AFC/NFC Championship game appearance droughts', 'section_text': 'This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game . 0^0 Longest drought in team history 0†0 Tied for longest drought in team history', 'uid': 'List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts_2', 'intro': "This is a list of current National Football League (NFL) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts (multiple consecutive seasons of not winning). Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system. As of the 2018 NFL season, every active NFL team has qualified for and won a game in the playoffs. Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play. Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl, four (4) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself (Bengals, Panthers, Jaguars, and the Texans). The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played. The seven (7) other clubs (Cardinals, Lions, Oilers/Titans, Chargers, Browns, Bills, and Vikings) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL-NFL merger; in the case of the Vikings, however, the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title, leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl that have never secured the highest championship available to them. The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals, at 72 seasons. Note that for continuity purposes, the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996, 1997, and 1998 seasons. Since returning 21 years ago, they have only made the playoffs once, while the Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996. The Ravens, as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, absorbed the Browns' personnel upon their suspension, but not their history."}
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Where was this football team , which played their last championship game during the season the final was held at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , originally based ?
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Portsmouth , Ohio
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022591f62459beb6
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-161_(1941)', 'title': 'German submarine U-161 (1941)', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Tonnage', 'Fate'], 'data': [{'value': '19 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Consul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_British_Consul', 'summary': 'SS British Consul was a tanker built by Sir James Laing & Sons Ltd. , Sunderland in 1924 and operated by the British Tanker Company .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '6,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mokihana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '7,460', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Circe Shell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,207', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 February 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lihue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '7,001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 March 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uniwaleco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in March 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during March 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '9,755', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 March 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RMS Lady Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RMS_Lady_Nelson', 'summary': 'RMS Lady Nelson was a steam turbine ocean liner which served in passenger service from 1928 to 1968 and operated as wartime hospital ship from 1943 to 1945 . One of a class of five sister ships popularly known as Lady Boats , she was built for the Canadian National Steamship Company ( CNS ) . The five vessels were Royal Mail Ships that CNS operated from Halifax , Nova Scotia and the Caribbean via Bermuda . Lady Nelson was sold to Egyptian owners in 1953 and served as Gumhuryat Misr and Alwadi until she was scrapped in 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '7,970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 March 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Umtata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in March 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during March 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,141', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 March 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarniadoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in March 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during March 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 March 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USCGC Acacia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USCGC_Acacia_(WAGL-200)', 'summary': 'USCGT Acacia ( WAGL-200 ) was originally built for service by the U.S. Army as a mine planter shortly after World War I and later transferred to the U.S. Lighthouse Service , which became part of the U.S. Coast Guard in 1939 ; when transferred the ship was redesignated as a Speedwell-class buoy tender . She was sunk in 1942 by a German U-boat .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': '1,130', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 June 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nueva Altagracia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_June_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in June 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during June 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 June 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E.J . Sadler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_June_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in June 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during June 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '9,639', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Pablo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in July 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during July 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Panama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panama', 'summary': "Panama ( /ˈpænəmɑː/ ( listen ) PAN-ə-mah , /pænəˈmɑː/ pan-ə-MAH ; Spanish : Panamá IPA : [ panaˈma ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Panama ( Spanish : República de Panamá ) , is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America , bordered by Costa Rica to the west , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the north , and the Pacific Ocean to the south . The capital and largest city is Panama City , whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country 's 4 million people . Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century . It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia , a union of Nueva Granada , Ecuador , and Venezuela . After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 , Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia . With the backing of the United States , Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 , allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914 . The 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama 's GDP , although commerce , banking , and tourism are major and growing sectors . It is regarded as a high-income country . In 2018 Panama ranked 66th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index . In 2018 , Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America , according to the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Index . Covering around 40 percent of its land area , Panama 's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals - some of them found nowhere else on earth ."}]}, {'value': '3,305', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Total loss', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 July 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Fairport_(1941)', 'summary': 'SS Fairport was a Type C2-S-E1 cargo ship built by Gulf Shipbuilding for the Waterman Steamship Company . She was sunk by German submarine U-161 on 16 July 1942 . All hands were rescued by an American destroyer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6,165', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 October 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMS Phoebe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Phoebe_(43)', 'summary': 'HMS Phoebe was a Dido-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy . She was built by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company ( Govan , Scotland ) , her keel was laid down on 2 September 1937 . She was launched on 25 March 1939 , and commissioned on 30 September 1940 .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}]}, {'value': '5,450', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 November 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in November 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during November 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '5,161', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaged', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 November 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Humhaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_West_Humhaw', 'summary': "SS West Humhaw was a steel-hulled cargo ship built in 1918 as part of the United States Shipping Board 's emergency World War I shipbuilding program . The ship was delivered just weeks before the end of the war and immediately commissioned into the U.S. Navy as USS West Humhaw ( ID-3718 ) , but completed only one relief mission on the Navy 's behalf before decommissioning in January 1919 . West Humhaw subsequently operated as a merchant ship , firstly in transatlantic service and later on the trade routes between the U.S. and Africa . With the outbreak of World War II , West Humhaw participated in a small number of Allied convoys before being sunk by U-161 off Takoradi , Ghana on 8 November 1942 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '5,527', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 November 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tjileboet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in November 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during November 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '5,760', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 December 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ripley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in December 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during December 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '4,997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 May 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1943', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in May 1943 includes ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during May 1943 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '255', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 September 1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Usk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_September_1943', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in 1943 includes ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during September 1943 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '5,472', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Summary of raiding history', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'German_submarine_U-161_(1941)_0', 'intro': "German submarine U-161 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II. The keel for this boat was laid down on 23 March 1940 at the Deutsche Schiff und maschinenbau AG, Bremen yard as yard number 700. She was launched on 1 March 1941 and commissioned on 8 July under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans-Ludwig Witt (Knight's Cross). The U-boat's service began with training as part of the 4th U-boat Flotilla. She then moved to the 10th flotilla on 1 January 1942 for operations. She sank 12 ships, totalling 60,107 gross register tons (GRT); one warship of 1,130 tons and damaged five others, for 35,672 tons. She also damaged one warship (5,450 tons) and caused one merchant vessel to be declared a total loss (3,305 tons). She was sunk by an American aircraft in September 1943."}
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how much did the sunken built by Gulf Shipbuilding for the Waterman Steamship Company weigh ?
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6,165
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0225f86d9a3f2a8e
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County_History_&_Landmarks_Foundation', 'title': 'Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation', 'header': ['Landmark name', 'Location', 'Municipality'], 'data': [{'value': 'McMillan Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McMillan_Hall', 'summary': "McMillan Hall is a building on the campus of Washington & Jefferson College in Washington , Pennsylvania , United States . Built in 1793 , it is the only surviving building from Washington Academy . It is the eighth-oldest academic building in the United States that is still in use for its original academic purpose and is the oldest surviving college building west of the Allegheny Mountains . The building is situated on the corner of South Lincoln Street and East Wheeling Street in Washington , Pennsylvania . It is 120 feet ( 37 m ) by 40 feet ( 12 m ) in size . McMillan Hall is named after College founder and Presbyterian missionary John McMillan . Throughout its history , McMillan has also been known as the Old College , the Academy Building , and the Administration Building . It is currently home to administrative offices , including the Office of Communications and the Office of the President . The College 's ceremonial mace is carved from the original wooden pillars . In 1977 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The National Register described the building 's architecture as achieving a unique quality and charm from the fact that vernacular builders selectively borrowed Georgian , Roman Classical , Adamesque , and other European Renaissance architectural forms , elements , and details and combined them in the builder 's own esoteric way . The National Register described its historical importance as a unique variation of a Western Pennsylvania stone building , calling it irreplaceable on a regional or national level ."}]}, {'value': 'Campus of Washington and Jefferson College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Washington_&_Jefferson_College_buildings', 'summary': 'Washington & Jefferson College is a private liberal arts college in Washington , Pennsylvania , which is located in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County , Pennsylvania established by three Presbyterian missionaries to the American frontier in the 1780s : John McMillan , Thaddeus Dod , and Joseph Smith . These early schools eventually grew into two competing academies and colleges , with Canonsburg Academy , later Jefferson College , located in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania and Washington Academy , later Washington College , in Washington . These two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College . The campus , the historic entrances of which are marked by brick gates , has over 40 buildings . The oldest surviving building is McMillan Hall , which dates to 1793 and is the oldest college building west of the Allegheny Mountains . The main academic building is Old Main , which is topped with two prominent towers . The Old Gym houses a modern exercise facility . McIlvaine Hall , which was originally home to a female seminary , was demolished in 2008 and replaced by the Swanson Science Center . The Olin Fine Arts Center is a 488-seat auditorium . Davis Memorial Hall was once a dormitory and private house . The Thistle Physics Building , the Lazear Chemistry Hall , and the Dieter-Porter Life Sciences Building all cater to the scientific curriculum .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethel African American Episcopal Church of Monongahela City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethel_African_American_Episcopal_Church_of_Monongahela_City', 'summary': 'Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church of Monongahela City is a historic church at the junction of 7th and Main Streets in Monongahela City , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1871 and added to the National Register in 2002 . It is a brick Gothic Revival style building , one of about five Gothic Revival buildings in the city . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '7th and West Main Streets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monongahela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monongahela,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Monongahela , referred to locally as Mon City , is a city in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is part of the Pittsburgh , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and is located approximately 17 miles ( 27 km ) south of the city proper . The population was 4,300 at the 2010 census . One of only two cities in Washington County , and the second smallest city in Pennsylvania ( after Parker ) , Monongahela sits at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 88 , 136 , and 837 , all of which constitute the city 's Main Street . The city is served by the Ringgold School District . Monongahela is known for its Aquatorium , a 3,000 seat amphitheater style venue built on the Monongahela River . According to its website , the Aquatorium is the first of its kind venue in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'David Bradford House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bradford_House', 'summary': 'The David Bradford House is a historic house museum at 175 South Main Street in Washington , Pennsylvania . Completed in 1788 , it was the home of David Bradford , a leader of the Whiskey Rebellion . It has both architectural and historic importance , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983 . It is open weekly between April and November , or by appointment .'}]}, {'value': '175 South Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Canonsburg Armory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canonsburg_Armory', 'summary': 'The Canonsburg Armory is a former Pennsylvania National Guard armory in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 22 , 1989 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'West College Street and North Central Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canonsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Canonsburg is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , 18 miles ( 29 km ) southwest of Pittsburgh . Canonsburg was laid out by Colonel John Canon in 1789 and incorporated in 1802 . The population was 8,992 at the 2010 census . The town is in a rich coal district , and most of the town 's work force once worked in local steel mills or coal mines . Interstate 79 and U.S. Route 19 pass through the town , as does the Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad . A trolley used to operate from Washington , Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh through the borough until 1953 . The town is home to Sarris Candies and All-Clad Metalcrafters , makers of cookware and other bonded metals . It is adjacent to the Southpointe office park located in Cecil Township , which has a number of large corporate tenants . Yenko Chevrolet , one of largest and most notorious custom muscle car shops of the late 1960s and early 1970s , was also located in Canonsburg . Canonsburg is home to the Pittsburgh Cougars junior hockey league team . The second-largest Fourth of July parade in the state of Pennsylvania , second only to Philadelphia , is held in Canonsburg . In the weeks leading up to the parade , the town frequently gains media attention for its residents setting up folding chairs along the town 's main street to stake claim to prime viewing areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorne School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorne_School_(Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Hawthorne School was a historic , Tudor Revival school building in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 8 , 1986 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorne and Bluff Streets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canonsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Canonsburg is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , 18 miles ( 29 km ) southwest of Pittsburgh . Canonsburg was laid out by Colonel John Canon in 1789 and incorporated in 1802 . The population was 8,992 at the 2010 census . The town is in a rich coal district , and most of the town 's work force once worked in local steel mills or coal mines . Interstate 79 and U.S. Route 19 pass through the town , as does the Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad . A trolley used to operate from Washington , Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh through the borough until 1953 . The town is home to Sarris Candies and All-Clad Metalcrafters , makers of cookware and other bonded metals . It is adjacent to the Southpointe office park located in Cecil Township , which has a number of large corporate tenants . Yenko Chevrolet , one of largest and most notorious custom muscle car shops of the late 1960s and early 1970s , was also located in Canonsburg . Canonsburg is home to the Pittsburgh Cougars junior hockey league team . The second-largest Fourth of July parade in the state of Pennsylvania , second only to Philadelphia , is held in Canonsburg . In the weeks leading up to the parade , the town frequently gains media attention for its residents setting up folding chairs along the town 's main street to stake claim to prime viewing areas ."}]}, {'value': "Hill 's Tavern", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hill's_Tavern", 'summary': "Hill 's Tavern is a historic building in Scenery Hill , Pennsylvania . It was heavily damaged by a fire that started shortly before midnight on August 17 , 2015 . For a period in the early 1900s , the inn was known as Central Hotel . Now called the Century Inn , it has been claimed to have been the oldest tavern in continuous use on the National Road , until the fire brought an end to its 221 years of continuous operation ."}]}, {'value': 'US 40 , Scenery Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bethlehem Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bethlehem_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'North Bethlehem Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,631 at the 2010 census . The residents of the township are part of the Bentworth School District with schools located in nearby Bentleyville and Ellsworth boroughs .'}]}, {'value': 'LeMoyne Crematory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LeMoyne_Crematory', 'summary': "The LeMoyne Crematory was the first crematory in the United States . Francis Julius LeMoyne had it built in 1876 on his own land , perched atop a location known locally as Gallow 's Hill in North Franklin Township near Washington , Pennsylvania . The first cremation took place on December 6 , 1876 . LeMoyne believed that cremation was a more sanitary way to dispose of bodies , preventing the contamination of drinking water . After 41 more cremations there ( with LeMoyne being the third , in 1879 ) , the crematory was closed in 1901 . LeMoyne 's remains are buried there . It is a brick 20 x 30 one-story building ."}]}, {'value': 'South Main Street at Hillsview Sanitarium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Franklin Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Franklin_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'North Franklin Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 4,583 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'F. Julius LeMoyne House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F._Julius_LeMoyne_House', 'summary': 'The F. Julius LeMoyne House is a historic house museum at 49 East Maiden Street in Washington , Pennsylvania . Built in 1812 , it was the home of Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne ( 1798-1897 ) , an antislavery activist who used it as a stop on the Underground Railroad . LeMoyne also assisted in the education of freed slaves after the American Civil War , founding the historically black LeMoyne-Owen College in Memphis , Tennessee . His house , now operated as a museum by the local historical society , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '49 East Maiden Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Meadowcroft Rock Shelter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rock_Shelter', 'summary': "Meadowcroft Rockshelter is an archaeological site located near Avella in Jefferson Township , Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The site is a rock shelter in a bluff overlooking Cross Creek ( a tributary of the Ohio River ) , and contains evidence that the area may have been continually inhabited for more than 19,000 years . If accurately dated , the site would be the earliest known evidence of human presence and the longest sequence of continuous human occupation in the New World . The site is located 27 miles west-southwest of Pittsburgh in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . The site operates as a division of the Heinz History Center of Pittsburgh and has a museum and a reconstruction of a circa 1570s Monongahela Culture Indian village . Meadowcroft Rockshelter is recognized as a National Historic Landmark , a Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure , and as an official project of Save America 's Treasures ."}]}, {'value': '401 Meadowcroft Road , west of Avella', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross Creek Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross_Creek_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Cross Creek Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,556 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Mingo Creek Presbyterian Church and Churchyard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mingo_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Churchyard', 'summary': 'Mingo Creek Presbyterian Church and Churchyard is a church and historic location in Washington County , Pennsylvania . It is located at the junction of Pennsylvania Route 88 and Mingo Church Road in Union Township , Washington County , Pennsylvania , near Courtney , Pennsylvania . It is a member of the Washington Presbytery . The original log Presbyterian meetinghouse was built in 1793 . The Mingo Creek Society , a group of dissidents founded in February 1794 that became involved in protest against the federal whiskey excise tax , met there . It would serve as a focal point in the development of the Whiskey Rebellion , even becoming the site of militia musters in the fight against federal forces . Some militia members are buried on the grounds , including Major James McFarlane , revolutionary war veteran , mortally wounded at the July 1794 battle of Bower Hill during the climax of the resistance of the Whiskey Rebellion at the residence of John Neville . In the early years , the church was served by circuit-riding preachers who ministered to the early settlers of the era . Many of the service were held underneath a young oak tree . In 1990 , that tree had grown large , but had become infested by ants . In response , the church members removed most of the tree , but left the base of the trunk , which they then carved into a statue of a circuit-riding preacher . Reverend Stump , as it was called .'}]}, {'value': 'Junction of SR 88 and Mingo Church Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Union Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Union Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 5,700 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Old Main , California State College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Main_(California_University_of_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Old Main is a historic building in the California University of Pennsylvania campus in California , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Campus of California University of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "California University of Pennsylvania ( Cal U ) is a public university in California , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1852 , it is a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PASSHE ) . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees . It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . The main campus consists of about 38 buildings situated on 92 acres ( 37 ha ) . Another 9-acre ( 3.6 ha ) facility is located near the main campus and houses the school 's soccer facility . An additional 98-acre ( 40 ha ) recreation complex , George H. Roadman University Park , is located one mile ( 1.6 km ) from campus and includes a football stadium , various sports facilities , and picnic facilities . The University 's student association also owns 98 acres at the SAI Farm , located near Roadman Park , as well as 25-acre Vulcan Village Student Apartments . Cal U has a large virtual school ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'California is a borough on the Monongahela River in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950 . The population was 6,795 as of the 2010 census and was estimated at 6,325 in 2018 . California is the home of California University of Pennsylvania . Founded in 1849 , the borough was named for the territory of California following the Gold Rush . The borough has had two notably young mayors - Democrat Peter Daley , who was 22 at his election , and Republican Casey Durdines , who was 20 at his election .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Railroad Freight Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_Freight_Station_(Washington,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Pennsylvania Railroad Freight Station , also called the Chartiers Valley Railway Freight Station , is a historic , former train station building in Washington , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 21 , 1995 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '111 Washington Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_Passenger_Station_(California,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The California Area Public Library is the public library serving California , Pennsylvania and is a branch of the Washington County Library System . The library is located in the former Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Station , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . In June 18 , 1994 , the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission erected a historical marker at the California Area Public Library noting the importance of the California Boatyards .'}]}, {'value': 'Water and Wood Streets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'California is a borough on the Monongahela River in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950 . The population was 6,795 as of the 2010 census and was estimated at 6,325 in 2018 . California is the home of California University of Pennsylvania . Founded in 1849 , the borough was named for the territory of California following the Gold Rush . The borough has had two notably young mayors - Democrat Peter Daley , who was 22 at his election , and Republican Casey Durdines , who was 20 at his election .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinity Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Hall_(Washington,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Trinity High School is a public high school located on a hilltop overlooking the city of Washington , Pennsylvania . Its bell tower has been a landmark in Washington County for years . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'On SR 18,1 mile south of Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Post Office-Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Post_Office-Charleroi', 'summary': 'United States Post Office - Charleroi is a historic building in Charleroi , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . It now houses the John K. Tener Library .'}]}, {'value': '638 Fallowfield Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleroi,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Charleroi ( /ˈʃɑːrlərɔɪ/ SHAR-lə-roy ) is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , along the Monongahela River , 21 miles south of Pittsburgh . Charleroi was settled in 1890 and incorporated in 1891 . The 2010 census recorded a population of 4,120 . There has been a large-scale cessation of industrial activities in the region . The decrease in the population is associated with the decline of regional heavy and medium industries , especially the steel-making industry , all once fed by the cheap transportation on the Monongahela River which extends from upstream of Charleroi well into northern West Virginia and north & downstream past McKeesport to the mouth of the Monongahela at Pittsburgh . Colloquially , the stretch from Charleroi north to McKeesport ( historically because of press coverage of High School sports leagues ) , is known as the Mon Valley ; or by some speakers ( politicians , reporters and weathermen ) , the school-league-term has long been extended to mean from the river mouth to northern West Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Armory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Armory', 'summary': 'The Washington Armory is a former Pennsylvania National Guard armory in Washington , Pennsylvania . It was designed by W. G. Wilkins Company . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9 , 1991 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '76 West Maiden Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_County_Courthouse_(Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Washington County Courthouse is located in on Main Street in downtown Washington , Pennsylvania , United States , and is still in operation . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 30 , 1974 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . On April 14 , 1980 during the Presidential primary , Vice President Walter Mondale visited the courthouse for a campaign rally , calling out Democratic foe Ted Kennedy .'}]}, {'value': 'South Main Street between Beau Street and Cherry Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington County Jail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_County_Jail_(Washington,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'The Washington County Jail is located on Cherry Street , beside the courthouse , in downtown Washington , Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 30 , 1974 . It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Cherry Street , west of courthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Public landmarks', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Washington_County_History_&_Landmarks_Foundation_2', 'intro': "Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation is a non-profit educational institution in Washington, Pennsylvania. Its purpose is to encourage and assist the preservation of historic structures in Washington County, Pennsylvania. The foundation operates its own landmark certification process, as well as working with the National Park Service to document and place landmarks on the National Register of Historic Places. It also offers advice and assistance for historic building owners who wish to preserve their facilities. Since its inception, the foundation has been successful in helping many historic building owners in the preservation of their structures. For a number of years, the foundation has been in conflict with Washington & Jefferson College. In 1968, the college's campus master plan called for the expansion of the campus eastward towards Wade Avenue in East Washington Borough, a plan that placed them in conflict with the residents of that area. For the next 30 years, the college maintained a policy of purchasing any homes in that area as they became available. In response, the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation was able to get the East Washington Historic District, a collection of 120 Victorian homes in that area, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The college opposed the designation but did not object in time to prevent it. According to College President Howard J. Burnett, the district was structured to prevent expansion of the college. In the 1990s, the hard feelings between some residents and the College came to a head, with residents trying to have the Borough enact anti-demolition laws to block expansion and a meeting of the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation deteriorated into a shouting match between residents and college officials."}
| null | null |
Who designed the place on 76 West Maiden Street ?
|
W. G. Wilkins Company
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02285bd653e2c904
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2011_Indian_Premier_League_personnel_changes', 'title': 'List of 2011 Indian Premier League personnel changes', 'header': ['Player', 'Replaced', 'Team', 'Price', 'Reason for replacement'], 'data': [{'value': 'Tim Southee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Southee', 'summary': "Timothy Grant Southee ( born 11 December 1988 ) is a New Zealand international cricketer who plays all forms of the game . He is a right-arm fast-medium bowler and a hard-hitting lower order batsman . He is also the current vice-captain of the international team . He was one of New Zealand 's youngest cricketers , debuting at the age of 19 in February 2008 . On his Test debut against England he took 5 wickets and made 77 off 40 balls in the second innings . He plays for Northern Districts in the Plunket Shield , Ford Trophy and Super Smash as well as Northland in the Hawke Cup . He was named as New Zealand 's captain for the first T20I against West Indies in place of Kane Williamson , who was rested for that game . The Blackcaps won that match by 47 runs . Southee is known for his ability to generate late outswing at a brisk pace , and later with off cutting slower balls almost like a faster off-spinner on a damp wicket and death bowling . He was the third-highest wicket-taker at the 2011 ICC World Cup ( 18 wickets at 17.33 ) . He also impressed at the 2015 ICC World Cup , taking 7 wickets in a round robin league match against England . This performance was named Wisden 's ODI spell of the decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Hilfenhaus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Hilfenhaus', 'summary': "Benjamin William Hilfenhaus /ˈhɪlfənhaʊs/ ( born 15 March 1983 ) is an Australian former professional cricketer who played for Tasmania in Australian domestic cricket and for the Australia national cricket team . He is right-arm fast-medium bowler known for his ability to swing the ball . Hilfenhaus plays club cricket for Tasmania University Cricket Club . He made his first-class cricket debut in the 2005/06 season and his haul of 39 wickets was a record for someone playing their first season for Tasmania . Before he was given a full-time contract for 2006/07 , he worked as a bricklayer as well as playing cricket . He has best bowling figures of 7/58 in first-class cricket , achieved in his first season for Tasmania . In January 2007 Hilfenhaus made his One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) debuts for Australia . The following month he was named the Bradman Young Cricketer of the Year . The 2006/07 season saw Hilfenhaus named Tasmania 's Player of the Year as the club won the Pura Cup for the first time . Due to injury setbacks he had to wait until 2009 before making his Test debut . In February 2016 Hilfenhaus announced his retirement from first-class cricket , due to ongoing injuries ."}]}, {'value': 'Chennai Super Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings', 'summary': 'The Chennai Super Kings ( CSK ) are a franchise cricket team based in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , which plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Founded in 2008 , the team plays its home matches at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai . The team served a two-year suspension from the IPL starting July 2015 for the alleged involvement of their owners in the 2013 IPL betting case , and won the title in its comeback season . The team is captained by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and coached by Stephen Fleming . The Super Kings have lifted the IPL title thrice ( in 2010 , 2011 and 2018 ) , and have the best win percentage among all teams in the IPL ( 61.28 ) . They hold the records of most appearances in the playoffs ( ten ) and the Final ( eight ) of the IPL . They are the only IPL team to qualify for the playoff stage in each edition of their appearance in the league . In addition , they have also won the Champions League Twenty20 in 2010 and 2014 . The brand value of the Super Kings in 2019 is estimated to be around ₹732 crore ( roughly $ 104 million ) , making them the second-most valuable IPL franchise , after Mumbai Indians .'}]}, {'value': '$ 100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Gayle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Gayle', 'summary': "Christopher Henry Gayle , OD ( born 21 September 1979 ) is a Jamaican cricketer who plays international cricket for the West Indies . Gayle captained the West Indies Test side from 2007 to 2010 . Considered as one of the greatest batsmen ever in Twenty20 ( T20 ) cricket , Gayle has set numerous records across all three formats of the game . He is the most capped player for the West Indies in international cricket and is the only player to score a triplet of centuries - a triple hundred in Tests , double hundred in ODIs and a hundred in T20Is . In February 2019 , Gayle announced that he would retire from ODIs after the 2019 Cricket World Cup . However , in June 2019 , during the Cricket World Cup , Gayle expressed his desire to play in the ODI matches against India in August , and possibly a Test match as well . Gayle last played in a Test match in September 2014 , against Bangladesh . In July 2019 , he was named in the West Indies ' ODI squad for their series against India . During the series against India , Gayle played in his 300th ODI , which includes three matches for the ICC World XI team . In the same match , Gayle also became the leading run-scorer for a West Indies batsman in ODI cricket . He went past Brian Lara 's record of 10,348 runs ."}]}, {'value': 'Dirk Nannes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dirk_Nannes', 'summary': 'Dirk Peter Nannes ( born 16 May 1976 ) is a former Australian cricketer who has played internationally for both Australia and the Netherlands , one of the few players to represent multiple international teams . From Melbourne , Nannes was a freestyle skier before beginning his cricket career , and competed in mogul events at two FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cups . Beginning in Victorian Premier Cricket , he made his first-class debut for Victoria during the 2005-06 season , aged 29 . A left-arm fast bowler , Nannes had moderate success in the domestic first-class and one-day tournaments , leading to a stint with English county side Middlesex during the 2008 season . His greatest success , however , came in Twenty20 matches . Holding Dutch citizenship through his parents , he played two Twenty20 Internationals ( T20Is ) for the Netherlands at the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 tournament , and later that year made his One Day International ( ODI ) and T20I debuts for Australia . Altogether , Nannes took 28 wickets from 17 matches in T20I matches , with his last match coming in October 2010 , for Australia against Sri Lanka . Although his last matches for Victoria came during the 2010-11 season , he has remained a regular player at Twenty20 level , in both Australian and overseas tournaments . As one of the first freelance cricketers , Nannes has played for fifteen different teams or franchises across nine different countries , including the Melbourne Renegades and Sydney Thunder in Big Bash League matches , and the Delhi Daredevils , Royal Challengers Bangalore , and Chennai Super Kings in Indian Premier League ( IPL ) matches . As of August 2014 , he had taken almost 250 wickets from 200 Twenty20 matches , ranking only behind Lasith Malinga and Alfonso Thomas in terms of wickets taken in that format .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Challengers Bangalore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Challengers_Bangalore', 'summary': "The Royal Challengers Bangalore ( often abbreviated as RCB ) are a franchise cricket team based in Bangalore , Karnataka , that plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . It was founded in 2008 by United Spirits and named after the company 's liquor brand Royal Challenge . Since its inception , the team has played its home matches at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium . The Royal Challengers have never won the IPL but finished runners-up on three occasions between 2009 and 2016 . Their lack of success over the years despite the presence of various notable players has earned them the tag of underachievers . The team holds the records of both the highest and the lowest totals in the IPL - 263/5 and 49 respectively ."}]}, {'value': '$ 650,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury - side strain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob Oram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_Oram', 'summary': "Jacob David Philip Oram ( born 28 July 1978 ) is a former New Zealand international cricketer , who played all forms of the game for 10 years . He was a left-handed batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler . His ability with both bat and ball made him a regular member in the New Zealand international sides . Usually batting in the middle to lower order , Oram 's bowling has been more successful in the shorter format - reaching as high as 5 in the ICC ODI Player Rankings . Standing at 1.98m ( 6 ft 6 in ) , he was a schoolboy representative as a football goalkeeper . He played for the Manawatu cricket team in the Hawke Cup . He also played for the Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League . Oram is on the Lord 's Honours Boards for his Test century against England in 2008 and has on several occasions occupied the position of World # 1-ODI Allrounder ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Collingwood', 'summary': 'Paul David Collingwood MBE ( born 26 May 1976 ) is a former English cricketer , having played all three formats of the game internationally for England . Collingwood played for Durham County Cricket Club and was the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 winning captain . He was a regular member of the England Test side and captain of the One Day International ( ODI ) team ( 2007-2008 ) . He is the first T20I cap for England . He captained his county , Durham County Cricket Club for the final six seasons of his career . Collingwood is a batting all-rounder , whose batting combines natural strokeplay with great tenacity . He also bowls reliable medium pace . Described as a natural athlete , he was also regarded as one of the finest fielders of his time , usually fielding at backward point or 3rd or 4th slips in tests , he also deputised as wicket-keeper for England . His first-class debut was in 1996 and he made his first appearance for England in One Day International cricket in 2001 and made his Test match debut in 2003 . For two years he remained an occasional Test player but after selection for the final Test of the 2005 Ashes , he secured a regular place . His 206 during the 2006-07 Ashes was the first double century by an England batsman in Australia for 78 years and in a match that England lost . A series of three consecutive match-winning performances by Collingwood at the end of the 2006-07 Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia brought him enthusiastic approval in the British media .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajasthan Royals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajasthan_Royals', 'summary': "The Rajasthan Royals ( often abbreviated as RR ) are a franchise cricket team based in Jaipur , Rajasthan , that plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Founded in 2008 as one of the initial eight IPL franchises , the team is based at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur . The Rajasthan Royals are sometimes considered as the moneyball team of the IPL . The Royals are known to unearth obscure , high potential talent , as well as their involvement in a number of controversies and scandals . The team won the inaugural edition of the IPL under the captaincy of Shane Warne , despite being written off as a title contender by the media and fans . The Royals were also the runners-up of the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 under Rahul Dravid 's captaincy . On 14 July 2015 , the verdict reached by a panel appointed by the Supreme Court of India suspended Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings for two years over a 2013 betting scandal , meaning they could not participate in both the 2016 and 2017 IPL tournaments . They returned to the competition for the 2018 season . The team 's record run-scorer is Ajinkya Rahane with 2705 runs , while the leading wicket-taker is Shane Watson , with 67 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 250,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury - damaged cartilage in right knee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan McLaren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_McLaren', 'summary': 'Ryan McLaren ( born 9 February 1983 ) is a South African cricketer , who plays for all formats in international level . He is a left-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler . McClaren signed a contract with English County side Lancashire for the 2017 season . In January 2019 , McLaren announced his retirement from first-class cricket .'}]}, {'value': 'Stuart Broad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuart_Broad', 'summary': "Stuart Christopher John Broad , MBE ( born 24 June 1986 ) is an English cricketer who plays Test cricket for the England cricket team and a former ODI and T20 captain . A right-arm seam bowler and left-handed batsman , Broad began his professional career at Leicestershire , the team attached to his school , Oakham School ; in 2008 he transferred to Nottinghamshire , the county of his birth and the team for which his father played . In August 2006 he was voted the Cricket Writers ' Club Young Cricketer of the Year . In the fourth Test of the 2015 Ashes series Broad took career best figures of 8-15 in the Australian first innings as they were dismissed for just 60 . This performance was named as Wisden 's Test spell of the decade . Broad was awarded the Man of the Match in the fifth Test of the 2009 Ashes series at the Oval , after figures of 5/37 in the afternoon session of the second day . On 30 July 2011 , at the Nottingham Test match against India , he achieved a Test match hat trick in the process gaining his then best Test figures of 6-46 . As a batsman , he holds the second-highest ever Test score made by a number 9 - he made 169 , his only century in first-class cricket , against Pakistan in August 2010 . At the start of the summer in 2012 Broad , returning from injury , produced figures of 7 for 72 in a match haul of 11 wickets against the West Indies . He is England 's second highest wicket taker in Test cricket ."}]}, {'value': 'Kings XI Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_XI_Punjab', 'summary': "The Kings XI Punjab ( KXIP ) are a franchise cricket team based in Mohali ( Chandigarh CR ) , Punjab , that plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Established in 2008 , the franchise is jointly owned by Mohit Burman , Ness Wadia , Preity Zinta and Karan Paul . The team plays its home matches at the PCA Stadium , Mohali . Since the 2010 IPL , they have been playing some of their home games at either Dharamsala or Indore . The Kings XI Punjab 's catchment areas are Kashmir , Jammu , Himachal Pradesh , Punjab and Haryana - evident from the letter sequence K J H P H in the banner of the team 's logo . Apart from the 2014 season when they topped the league table and finished runners-up , the team has made only one other playoff appearance in 12 seasons ."}]}, {'value': '$ 250,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury - side strain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Miller_(South_African_cricketer)', 'summary': 'David Andrew Miller ( born 10 June 1989 ) is a South African cricketer . He is an aggressive left-handed middle order batsman and a right-arm off spin bowler who plays domestic cricket for the Dolphins and is the former captain of the Kings XI Punjab in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) and represents South Africa in both One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) and Twenty20 Internationals . In September 2018 , Miller announced that he would no longer be available to play first-class cricket .'}]}, {'value': 'Dimitri Mascarenhas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dimitri_Mascarenhas', 'summary': 'Adrian Dimitri Mascarenhas ( born 30 October 1977 ) is a former English cricketer . A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler , he played internationally for England , as well as domestically for Hampshire , in the Big Bash League for Hobart Hurricanes , for the Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab in the Indian Premier League and for the Otago Volts in New Zealand state cricket . In the inaugural Champions League Twenty20 , he represented the Otago Volts , as his other teams failed to qualify . He holds the record for most runs in an over in a One Day International for England , with 30 , scored off Yuvraj Singh of India on 5 September 2007 , at The Oval , London . He was the bowling coach for both Otago Volts and the New Zealand National team , succeeding Shane Bond after the 2015 Cricket World Cup . He stood down after the 2016 summer for family reasons , which coincided with the retirements of the McCullum Brothers .'}]}, {'value': 'Kings XI Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_XI_Punjab', 'summary': "The Kings XI Punjab ( KXIP ) are a franchise cricket team based in Mohali ( Chandigarh CR ) , Punjab , that plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Established in 2008 , the franchise is jointly owned by Mohit Burman , Ness Wadia , Preity Zinta and Karan Paul . The team plays its home matches at the PCA Stadium , Mohali . Since the 2010 IPL , they have been playing some of their home games at either Dharamsala or Indore . The Kings XI Punjab 's catchment areas are Kashmir , Jammu , Himachal Pradesh , Punjab and Haryana - evident from the letter sequence K J H P H in the banner of the team 's logo . Apart from the 2014 season when they topped the league table and finished runners-up , the team has made only one other playoff appearance in 12 seasons ."}]}, {'value': '$ 100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surgery - to fix achilles heel injury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Boucher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Boucher', 'summary': 'Mark Verdon Boucher ( born 3 December 1976 ) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer who played all three formats of the game . Boucher is regarded as one of the best wicket-keeper batsmen of all time . He holds the record for the most Test dismissals by a wicket-keeper , with 532 catches and 555 total dismissals . He has represented Border , Warriors , South Africa , Africa XI , ICC World XI and Royal Challengers Bangalore and Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League . He is currently the head coach of the Titans . He had been a regular feature of the South African side since the 1997/1998 tour to Australia , until his retirement from international cricket in July 2012 after a serious eye injury against Somerset .'}]}, {'value': 'Brad Haddin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Haddin', 'summary': 'Bradley James Haddin ( born 23 October 1977 ) , is a former Australian cricketer , vice-captain and coach who represented Australia in all three forms of international cricket ( Test , One-Day International and Twenty20 International ) . He also played for the New South Wales Blues in both domestic first class and list A cricket . Haddin is a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper . Haddin was a member of the Australian World cup winning squad at the 2015 Cricket World Cup . He also played for the Sydney Sixers in the Big Bash League . He also became the Assistant Head Coach for Sunrisers Hyderabad in Indian Premier League 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kolkata Knight Riders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders', 'summary': 'The Kolkata Knight Riders ( also known by the acronym KKR ) are a franchise cricket team representing the city of Kolkata in the Indian Premier League . The franchise is owned by Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan , actress Juhi Chawla and her spouse Jay Mehta . The home of the Knight Riders is the iconic Eden Gardens stadium . The franchise , which has gained immense popularity due to its association with celebrity owners , qualified for the IPL playoffs for the first time in 2011 . This also gave them the eligibility to play in the Champions League Twenty20 . They eventually became the IPL champions in 2012 , by defeating Chennai Super Kings in the final . They repeated the feat in 2014 , defeating Kings XI Punjab . The Knight Riders hold the record for the longest winning streak by any Indian team in T20s ( 14 ) . The leading run-scorer of the side is Gautam Gambhir , while the leading wicket-taker is Sunil Narine . The official theme of the team is Korbo , Lorbo , Jeetbo Re ( we will perform , fight and win ! ) and the official colours are purple and gold . The brand value of the Knight Riders was estimated at $ 104 million in 2018 , second highest among IPL franchises .'}]}, {'value': '$ 325,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury - middle finger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sourav Ganguly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sourav_Ganguly', 'summary': "Sourav Chandidas Ganguly ( /sʃuːrəv ɡɛnɡuːlj/ ( listen ) ; born 8 July 1972 ) , affectionately known as Dada ( meaning elder brother in Bengali ) , is an Indian former cricketer , commentator and administrator who played as a left-handed opening batsman and was captain of the Indian national team . He is the 39th and current president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India and President of the Editorial Board with Wisden India . Before being elected as the President of BCCI , he was the President of Cricket Association of Bengal , governing body for cricket in West Bengal , India . He is regarded as one of the greatest captains in the Cricket world . During his playing career , Ganguly established himself as one of the world 's leading batsmen and also one of the most successful captain of the Indian national cricket team . While batting , he was especially prolific through the off side , earning himself the nickname God of the Off Side for his elegant stroke play square of the wicket and through the covers . Ganguly was introduced into the world of cricket by his elder brother , Snehasish . He started his career by playing in state and school teams . After playing in different Indian domestic tournaments , such as the Ranji and Duleep trophies , Ganguly got his big-break while playing for India on their tour of England . He scored 131 runs and cemented his place in the Indian team . Ganguly 's place in the team was assured after successful performances in series against Sri Lanka , Pakistan and Australia , winning the Man of the Match awards . In the 1999 Cricket World Cup , he was involved in a partnership of 318 runs with Rahul Dravid , which remains the highest overall partnership score in the World Cup tournament history ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashish Nehra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashish_Nehra', 'summary': "Ashish Nehra ( pronunciation ( help·info ) Hindi : आशीष नेहरा ; born 29 April 1979 ) is an Indian cricket coach and former cricketer who played in all formats of the game . He is often nicknamed as 'NehraJi ' by his colleagues and fans . Nehra had a career troubled with injuries and fitness issues . In an interview , he revealed that he had gone under as many as 12 surgeries . Yuvraj Singh had even once joked about this and said Ashish Nehra is player who can get injured while sleeping too . Due to fitness issues , he was absent from the national scene for extended stretches but was a part of the Indian team in two Cricket World Cup campaigns , two Asia Cups and three ICC Champions Trophy . He had also been particularly effective in the Indian Premier League , in which he has represented five different teams . Nehra was called one of the best bowlers that the India national cricket team has ever seen by Ravi Shastri . [ citation needed ] M.S . Dhoni also suggested Nehra 's name as the future bowling coach for India considering his massive experience , his ability to swing the ball both ways and his ability to bowl well under pressure . [ citation needed ] Nehra announced his retirement from all forms of cricket in late 2017 , with the Twenty20 International match against New Zealand on 1 November 2017 at Feroz Shah Kotla Ground his last appearance . Javagal Srinath , in honour of Nehra 's career said , This is the saddest retirement the sport has had to see since Sachin Tendulkar and will leave a hole that can not be filled ."}]}, {'value': 'Pune Warriors India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pune_Warriors_India', 'summary': "The Pune Warriors India were a franchise cricket team that represented the city of Pune in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . The team was one of two IPL franchises from the Indian state of Maharashtra , the other being Mumbai Indians . It was also one of the two new franchises added to the IPL for the 2011 season , alongside the also-defunct Kochi Tuskers Kerala . The team was owned by Sahara Group Sports Limited , a group company of the Indian business conglomerate Sahara India Pariwar . The team 's home ground was the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium located in Gahunje , Pune . On 21 May 2013 , Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL over financial differences with the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) stemming from the valuation of the annual franchise fee it had to pay . Their last match , before pulling out , was on 19 May 2013 against Delhi Daredevils . The franchise was officially terminated by the BCCI five months later , on 26 October 2013 . The team was not successful in their three years in the tournament , finishing second from last in their inaugural season and in their final season and last in 2012 . Overall , the team played 46 matches , out of which they won 12 and lost 33 ( 1 match no-result ) . The all-time leading run scorer of the side was Robin Uthappa while the all-time leading wicket-taker was Rahul Sharma ."}]}, {'value': '$ 400,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury - finger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Faulkner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Faulkner_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'James Peter Faulkner ( born 29 April 1990 ) is an Australian cricketer who plays for Tasmania . An all-rounder , left-arm medium pacer and right-hand batsman , Faulkner is particularly known for his aggressive batting in the middle order , and for his at the death bowling . He is often referred to as the Finisher . He was a prominent member of the victorious Australian squad that won the 2015 Cricket World Cup and was Man of the Match in the 2015 Cricket World Cup final .'}]}, {'value': 'Angelo Mathews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelo_Mathews', 'summary': 'Angelo Davis Mathews , ( Sinhala : ඇන්ජෙලෝ මැතිව්ස් ; Tamil : ஆஞ்சலோ மாத்யூஸ் ; born 2 June 1987 ) , is a professional Sri Lankan cricketer and a former captain in all formats . He was also a key member of the team that won the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 and was part of the team that made the finals of 2011 Cricket World Cup , 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20 . An occasional bowler who can deliver swinging match-winning spells , Mathews and Lasith Malinga holds the record for the highest ninth wicket partnership in ODI cricket .'}]}, {'value': 'Pune Warriors India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pune_Warriors_India', 'summary': "The Pune Warriors India were a franchise cricket team that represented the city of Pune in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . The team was one of two IPL franchises from the Indian state of Maharashtra , the other being Mumbai Indians . It was also one of the two new franchises added to the IPL for the 2011 season , alongside the also-defunct Kochi Tuskers Kerala . The team was owned by Sahara Group Sports Limited , a group company of the Indian business conglomerate Sahara India Pariwar . The team 's home ground was the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium located in Gahunje , Pune . On 21 May 2013 , Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL over financial differences with the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) stemming from the valuation of the annual franchise fee it had to pay . Their last match , before pulling out , was on 19 May 2013 against Delhi Daredevils . The franchise was officially terminated by the BCCI five months later , on 26 October 2013 . The team was not successful in their three years in the tournament , finishing second from last in their inaugural season and in their final season and last in 2012 . Overall , the team played 46 matches , out of which they won 12 and lost 33 ( 1 match no-result ) . The all-time leading run scorer of the side was Robin Uthappa while the all-time leading wicket-taker was Rahul Sharma ."}]}, {'value': '$ 100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury - leg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ray Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Price_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Raymond William Price ( born 12 June 1976 ) is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer . He bowls left-arm orthodox spin . He is the nephew of the renowned Zimbabwean golfer Nick Price .'}]}, {'value': 'Moises Henriques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moises_Henriques', 'summary': 'Moises Constantino Henriques ( /ˈmɔɪzɪs ɒnˈriːk/ ; born 1 February 1987 ) is an Australian professional cricketer who currently plays for New South Wales . He was the first cricketer born in Portugal to play for Australia in an international match .'}]}, {'value': 'Mumbai Indians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mumbai_Indians', 'summary': "The Mumbai Indians ( abbreviated as MI ) are a franchise cricket team based in the city of Mumbai , Maharashtra , that play in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Founded in 2008 , the team is owned by India 's biggest conglomerate , Reliance Industries , through its 100% subsidiary IndiaWin Sports . Since its establishment , the team has played its home matches in the 33,108-capacity Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai . In 2017 , the Mumbai Indians became the first franchise to cross the $ 100 million mark in brand value among the IPL franchises . The brand value of Mumbai Indians , in 2019 , is estimated to be around ₹809 crore ( roughly $ 115 million ) , the highest among all the IPL franchises for the fourth consecutive year . Mumbai Indians is the most successful team in the IPL . They won the 2011 Champions League Twenty20 after beating Royal Challengers Bangalore by 31 runs in the final . The team won the double by winning its first IPL title , in 2013 , by defeating Chennai Super Kings by 23 runs in the final , and then defeated the Rajasthan Royals by 33 runs to win its second Champions League Twenty20 title later that year . They won their second IPL title on 24 May 2015 by defeating the Chennai Super Kings by 41 runs in the final and became the third team to win more than one IPL title . On 21 May 2017 , they won their third IPL title by defeating the Rising Pune Supergiant by 1 run in a thrilling final , thus becoming the first team to win three IPL titles . While playing the tournament , they won their 100th T20 , becoming the first team to do so . In 2019 , they repeated the same feat as they won a record breaking fourth IPL title , by beating CSK by just 1 run on 12th May , 2019 in IPL Final ."}]}, {'value': '$ 50,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury - adductor muscle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dilhara Fernando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dilhara_Fernando', 'summary': 'Congenige Randhi Dilhara Fernando ( Sinhala : දිල්හාර ප්\u200dරනාන්දු ; born 19 July 1979 ) , known popularly as Dilhara Fernando , is a professional Sri Lankan cricketer playing for Tests , ODIs and T20Is in the international arena . He is a right-handed pace bowler . He was a key member for 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup and 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup runner-up teams . Fernando is best known for his rare technique when bowling the slower ball by splitting the fingers on the ball as it is releases .'}]}, {'value': 'Clint McKay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clint_McKay', 'summary': "Clinton James Clint McKay ( born 22 February 1983 ) is an Australian former international cricketer . He was a member of the Victoria side and has represented Australia at One Day International ( ODI ) and Test level . A right-arm fast-medium bowler who stands at 194 cm , he made his first class debut for Victoria in November 2006 . He later took 6/34 for Victoria 's 2nd XI and forced his way into the one-day team , debuting against Tasmania at the MCG ."}]}, {'value': 'Mumbai Indians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mumbai_Indians', 'summary': "The Mumbai Indians ( abbreviated as MI ) are a franchise cricket team based in the city of Mumbai , Maharashtra , that play in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Founded in 2008 , the team is owned by India 's biggest conglomerate , Reliance Industries , through its 100% subsidiary IndiaWin Sports . Since its establishment , the team has played its home matches in the 33,108-capacity Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai . In 2017 , the Mumbai Indians became the first franchise to cross the $ 100 million mark in brand value among the IPL franchises . The brand value of Mumbai Indians , in 2019 , is estimated to be around ₹809 crore ( roughly $ 115 million ) , the highest among all the IPL franchises for the fourth consecutive year . Mumbai Indians is the most successful team in the IPL . They won the 2011 Champions League Twenty20 after beating Royal Challengers Bangalore by 31 runs in the final . The team won the double by winning its first IPL title , in 2013 , by defeating Chennai Super Kings by 23 runs in the final , and then defeated the Rajasthan Royals by 33 runs to win its second Champions League Twenty20 title later that year . They won their second IPL title on 24 May 2015 by defeating the Chennai Super Kings by 41 runs in the final and became the third team to win more than one IPL title . On 21 May 2017 , they won their third IPL title by defeating the Rising Pune Supergiant by 1 run in a thrilling final , thus becoming the first team to win three IPL titles . While playing the tournament , they won their 100th T20 , becoming the first team to do so . In 2019 , they repeated the same feat as they won a record breaking fourth IPL title , by beating CSK by just 1 run on 12th May , 2019 in IPL Final ."}]}, {'value': '$ 100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Injury - stress fracture in left foot', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Replacement signings', 'section_text': 'Many franchises signed players after the IPL auction , as replacement of contracted players who are not available to play due to injuries and national commitments . Under IPL rules , the replacements have to be chosen from the pool of players who went unsold in the January auction , and can not be paid more than the players they are replacing , though they can be paid less . [ 9 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_2011_Indian_Premier_League_personnel_changes_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of all personnel changes for the 2011 Indian Premier League.'}
| null | null |
How many wickets were taken by the player replaced by the player that captained the West Indies Test side from 2007 to 2010 ?
|
28
|
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