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African American painter Sam Gilliam (b. 1933) is internationally recognized as one of the foremost painters associated with the Washington Color School, a group of Color Field style painters practicing in Washington, D.C. during the 1950s and 1960s.The Color Field style was an important development in abstract art tha...	201312_4-RC_1_5	[ "Draping and folding canvases gives them a sculptural quality.", "Gilliam refused to satisfy the public's expectations concerning what African American art ought to address.", "Gilliam's views on explicitly political art were rare among African American artists.", "The Color Field style involved experimentati...	4	The passage says all of the following EXCEPT
African American painter Sam Gilliam (b. 1933) is internationally recognized as one of the foremost painters associated with the Washington Color School, a group of Color Field style painters practicing in Washington, D.C. during the 1950s and 1960s.The Color Field style was an important development in abstract art tha...	201312_4-RC_1_6	[ "Artists need not be concerned with aestheticrestrictions of any sort.", "The images portrayed in paintings, whetherrepresentational or not, should be inspired by real-life images.", "Artists ought to produce art that addresses thepolitical issues of the period.", "The Color Field style offers artists effecti...	3	The passage suggests that Gilliam would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
Passage A Millions of people worldwide play multiplayer online games. They each pick, say, a medieval character to play, such as a warrior. Then they might band together in quests to slay magical beasts; their avatars appear as tiny characters striding across a Tolkienesque land.The economist Edward Castronova noticed ...	201312_4-RC_2_7	[ "\"The Economic Theories of Edward Castronova\" \"Intellectual Property Rights in Virtual Worlds\"", "\"An Economist Discovers New Economic Territory\" \"Taxing Virtual Property\" \"The Surprising Growth of Multiplayer Online Games\" \"Virtual Reality and the Law\"", "\"The Surprising Growth of Multiplayer Onli...	1	Which one of the following pairs of titles would be most appropriate for passage A and passage B, respectively?
Passage A Millions of people worldwide play multiplayer online games. They each pick, say, a medieval character to play, such as a warrior. Then they might band together in quests to slay magical beasts; their avatars appear as tiny characters striding across a Tolkienesque land.The economist Edward Castronova noticed ...	201312_4-RC_2_8	[ "The former refers to an activity that generates wealth, whereas the latter refers to an activity that does not generate wealth.", "The former refers to an activity in an online game, whereas the latter refers to an analogous activity in the real world.", "The former, unlike the latter, refers to the production...	1	Which one of the following most accurately expresses how the use of the phrase "skinning animals" in passage A (line 24) relates to the use of the phrase "fish pulled from the ocean" in passage B (line 49)?
Passage A Millions of people worldwide play multiplayer online games. They each pick, say, a medieval character to play, such as a warrior. Then they might band together in quests to slay magical beasts; their avatars appear as tiny characters striding across a Tolkienesque land.The economist Edward Castronova noticed ...	201312_4-RC_2_9	[ "critical and apprehensive", "academic and dismissive", "intrigued and excited", "undecided but curious", "enthusiastic but skeptical" ]	2	With regard to their respective attitudes toward commerce in virtual items, passage A differs from passage B in that passage A is more
Passage A Millions of people worldwide play multiplayer online games. They each pick, say, a medieval character to play, such as a warrior. Then they might band together in quests to slay magical beasts; their avatars appear as tiny characters striding across a Tolkienesque land.The economist Edward Castronova noticed ...	201312_4-RC_2_10	[ "\"Advances in Artificial Intelligence\" \"Human Psychology Applied to Robots\"", "\"Internet Retailers Post Good Year\" \"Lawmakers Move to Tax Internet Commerce\"", "\"New Planet Discovered in Solar System\" \"Planet or Asteroid: Scientists Debate\"", "\"Biologists Create New Species in Lab\" \"Artificially...	3	Based on what can be inferred from their titles, the relationship between which one of the following pairs of documents is most analogous to the relationship between passage A and passage B?
Passage A Millions of people worldwide play multiplayer online games. They each pick, say, a medieval character to play, such as a warrior. Then they might band together in quests to slay magical beasts; their avatars appear as tiny characters striding across a Tolkienesque land.The economist Edward Castronova noticed ...	201312_4-RC_2_11	[ "passage A: a magazine article addressed to a general audience passage B: a law journal article", "passage A: a technical journal for economists passage B: a magazine article addressed to a general audience", "passage A: a science-fiction novel passage B: a technical journal for economists", "passage A: a law...	0	The passages were most likely taken from which one of the following pairs of sources?
Passage A Millions of people worldwide play multiplayer online games. They each pick, say, a medieval character to play, such as a warrior. Then they might band together in quests to slay magical beasts; their avatars appear as tiny characters striding across a Tolkienesque land.The economist Edward Castronova noticed ...	201312_4-RC_2_12	[ "Passage A summarizes a scholar's unanticipated discovery, while passage B proposes solutions to a problem raised by the phenomenon discovered.", "Passage A explains an economic theory, while passage B identifies a practical problem resulting from that theory.", "Passage A reports on a subculture, while passage...	0	Which one of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the two passages?
Passage A Millions of people worldwide play multiplayer online games. They each pick, say, a medieval character to play, such as a warrior. Then they might band together in quests to slay magical beasts; their avatars appear as tiny characters striding across a Tolkienesque land.The economist Edward Castronova noticed ...	201312_4-RC_2_13	[ "The game allows selling real items for virtual currency.", "The game allows players to trade avatars with other players.", "Players of the game grow wealthier the longer they play.", "Players of the game own intellectual property rights in their creations.", "Players of the game can exchange one virtual cu...	3	Based on passage B, which one of the following is a characteristic of some "games that are intentionally commodified" (line 54)?
In certain fields of human endeavor, such as music, chess, and some athletic activities, the performance of the best practitioners is so outstanding, so superior even to the performance of other highly experienced individuals in the field, that some people believe some notion of innate talent must be invoked to account...	201312_4-RC_3_14	[ "Researchers have recently found that many inborn traits, including a surprising number of physical characteristics and motivational factors, can be altered through training and practice.", "Recent research into the origins of superior performance gives evidence that in sports, music, and some other fields of act...	3	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
In certain fields of human endeavor, such as music, chess, and some athletic activities, the performance of the best practitioners is so outstanding, so superior even to the performance of other highly experienced individuals in the field, that some people believe some notion of innate talent must be invoked to account...	201312_4-RC_3_15	[ "It makes proposals for educational reform based on the evidence cited by the author.", "It demonstrates that two consequences of the findings regarding superior performance are at odds with one another.", "It recapitulates the evidence against the supposed heritability of outstanding talent and advocates a par...	4	Which one of the following most accurately represents the primary function of the final paragraph?
In certain fields of human endeavor, such as music, chess, and some athletic activities, the performance of the best practitioners is so outstanding, so superior even to the performance of other highly experienced individuals in the field, that some people believe some notion of innate talent must be invoked to account...	201312_4-RC_3_16	[ "In at least some fields of human endeavor, it would be difficult, or perhaps even impossible, to ascertain whether or not a superior performer with extensive training has exceptional innate talent.", "Performance at the very highest level generally requires both the highest level of innate talent and many years ...	0	Which one of the following can most reasonably be inferred from the passage?
In certain fields of human endeavor, such as music, chess, and some athletic activities, the performance of the best practitioners is so outstanding, so superior even to the performance of other highly experienced individuals in the field, that some people believe some notion of innate talent must be invoked to account...	201312_4-RC_3_17	[ "desire and interest", "emotional support from other people", "appropriate instruction at the right age", "sufficient leisure time to devote to practice", "self-discipline and control" ]	0	Which one of the following does the passage say is usually necessary in order for one to keep up intense practice?
In certain fields of human endeavor, such as music, chess, and some athletic activities, the performance of the best practitioners is so outstanding, so superior even to the performance of other highly experienced individuals in the field, that some people believe some notion of innate talent must be invoked to account...	201312_4-RC_3_18	[ "to illustrate the ways in which a revised theoretical model can be applied to problematic cases for which previous versions of the theory offered no plausible explanation", "to argue that the evidence that was previously taken to support a particular theory in fact supports an opposing theory", "to show how a ...	2	Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's main purpose in the passage?
In certain fields of human endeavor, such as music, chess, and some athletic activities, the performance of the best practitioners is so outstanding, so superior even to the performance of other highly experienced individuals in the field, that some people believe some notion of innate talent must be invoked to account...	201312_4-RC_3_19	[ "some sequences of moves that are typical of games other than chess", "some types of complex sequences without spatial components", "some chess games that have not been especiallychallenging", "some kinds of arrangements of chess pieces", "some types of factors requiring logical analysis in the absence of c...	3	The passage says that superior chess players do not have exceptional memory for which one of the following?
Physicists are often asked why the image of an object, such as a chair, appears reversed left-to-right rather than, say, top-to-bottom when viewed in a mirror. Their answer is simply that an image viewed in a mirror appears reversed about the axis around which the viewer rotates his or her field of sight in turning fro...	201312_4-RC_4_20	[ "must include two particular elements", "has yet to be determined", "must be determined by physicists", "is still subject to debate", "is extremely complicated" ]	0	The main point of the passage is that an adequate explanation of mirror images
Physicists are often asked why the image of an object, such as a chair, appears reversed left-to-right rather than, say, top-to-bottom when viewed in a mirror. Their answer is simply that an image viewed in a mirror appears reversed about the axis around which the viewer rotates his or her field of sight in turning fro...	201312_4-RC_4_21	[ "a result of the front-to-back reversal of objects reflected in mirrors", "a result of the fact that we ordinarily rotate our field of sight about a vertical axis", "explained by the size and position of the object reflected in the mirror", "explained by the difference between two-dimensional and three-dimens...	1	According to the passage, the left-to-right reversal of objects reflected in mirrors is
Physicists are often asked why the image of an object, such as a chair, appears reversed left-to-right rather than, say, top-to-bottom when viewed in a mirror. Their answer is simply that an image viewed in a mirror appears reversed about the axis around which the viewer rotates his or her field of sight in turning fro...	201312_4-RC_4_22	[ "accept the top-to-bottom explanation of what mirrors do", "understand the front-to-back explanation of what mirrors do", "challenge complex explanations of common perceptual observations", "reject customarily reliable equations between perceptions and their associated mental constructs", "overemphasize the...	1	According to the passage, the fact that we are accustomed to dealing with our mental constructs rather than the primary sense perceptions on which those constructs are based facilitates our ability to
Physicists are often asked why the image of an object, such as a chair, appears reversed left-to-right rather than, say, top-to-bottom when viewed in a mirror. Their answer is simply that an image viewed in a mirror appears reversed about the axis around which the viewer rotates his or her field of sight in turning fro...	201312_4-RC_4_23	[ "successful because it is based on incongruous facts that can be reconciled", "successful because it rejects any consideration of mental constructs", "successful because it involves the rotation of a field of sight about an axis", "successful only to a point because it is consistent with the traditional expla...	4	It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that the front-to-back explanation of what mirrors do is
Physicists are often asked why the image of an object, such as a chair, appears reversed left-to-right rather than, say, top-to-bottom when viewed in a mirror. Their answer is simply that an image viewed in a mirror appears reversed about the axis around which the viewer rotates his or her field of sight in turning fro...	201312_4-RC_4_24	[ "evaluating the experimental evidence for and against two diametrically opposed explanations of a given phenomenon", "demonstrating that different explanations of the same phenomenon are based on different empirical observations", "describing the difficulties that must be overcome if a satisfactory explanation ...	3	In the passage the author is primarily concerned with doing which one of the following?
Physicists are often asked why the image of an object, such as a chair, appears reversed left-to-right rather than, say, top-to-bottom when viewed in a mirror. Their answer is simply that an image viewed in a mirror appears reversed about the axis around which the viewer rotates his or her field of sight in turning fro...	201312_4-RC_4_25	[ "The failure of one recent explanation of what mirrors do illustrates the need for better optical equipment in future experiments with mirrors.", "Explanations of what mirrors do generally fail because physicists overlook the differences between objects and reflections of objects.", "One explanation of what mir...	2	With which one of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?
Physicists are often asked why the image of an object, such as a chair, appears reversed left-to-right rather than, say, top-to-bottom when viewed in a mirror. Their answer is simply that an image viewed in a mirror appears reversed about the axis around which the viewer rotates his or her field of sight in turning fro...	201312_4-RC_4_26	[ "This explanation is based on the traditional desire of physicists to simplify the explanation of what mirrors do.", "This explanation does not depend on the false premise that images in mirrors have three-dimensional properties.", "This explanation fails to take into account the point of view and orientation o...	1	The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the field-of-sight explanation of what mirrors do?
Physicists are often asked why the image of an object, such as a chair, appears reversed left-to-right rather than, say, top-to-bottom when viewed in a mirror. Their answer is simply that an image viewed in a mirror appears reversed about the axis around which the viewer rotates his or her field of sight in turning fro...	201312_4-RC_4_27	[ "contrast our capacity to perceive objects with our capacity to imagine objects", "emphasize that it is impossible to perceive reflected objects without using mental constructs of the objects", "clarify the idea that mirrors simulate three-dimensional reality", "illustrate the fact that we typically deal dire...	2	The author mentions the fact that we rarely focus our eyes on mirrors (lines 39-40) primarily in order to
In the last half-century, firefighters in North America have developed a powerful system for fighting wildfires using modern technology. But at the same time, foresters and ecologists are increasingly aware that too much firefighting can be worse than none at all. Over the millennia, many forest ecosystems have evolved...	201406_1-RC_1_1	[ "claim that ideological dogma may be impeding the enactment of a fundamental and necessary policy change", "compare the actual effects that have resulted from two different policies designed to have the same effect", "contend that a recently implemented policy requires a substantial increase in funding", "rec...	3	The primary purpose of the passage is to
In the last half-century, firefighters in North America have developed a powerful system for fighting wildfires using modern technology. But at the same time, foresters and ecologists are increasingly aware that too much firefighting can be worse than none at all. Over the millennia, many forest ecosystems have evolved...	201406_1-RC_1_2	[ "the low-intensity fires that regularly occurred in ancient forests", "fires that reduce the population density of mature trees", "the types of fires that are likely to occur in North American forest ecosystems today", "a type of fire that used to occur at intervals greater than 50 years", "naturally or int...	4	By "maintenance burns" (line 55) the author most clearly refers to
In the last half-century, firefighters in North America have developed a powerful system for fighting wildfires using modern technology. But at the same time, foresters and ecologists are increasingly aware that too much firefighting can be worse than none at all. Over the millennia, many forest ecosystems have evolved...	201406_1-RC_1_3	[ "However, if homes were not built in such close proximity to forests, the damage to developed property would be limited substantially.", "Unfortunately, until foresters recognize the dangers posed by excess fuel in forests, these proposals are likely to meet with resistance in the forestry community.", "But eve...	2	Which one of the following sentences would most logically complete the last paragraph of the passage?
In the last half-century, firefighters in North America have developed a powerful system for fighting wildfires using modern technology. But at the same time, foresters and ecologists are increasingly aware that too much firefighting can be worse than none at all. Over the millennia, many forest ecosystems have evolved...	201406_1-RC_1_4	[ "the support provided for the contention that land managers must focus on fuel to reduce the risk of crown fires", "an argument that, given the interaction among these factors, land managers' efforts to control wildfires will always be somewhat ineffective", "an attempt to provide a clearer understanding of why...	0	The author cites the factors of topography, weather, and fuel in the last paragraph primarily as part of
In the last half-century, firefighters in North America have developed a powerful system for fighting wildfires using modern technology. But at the same time, foresters and ecologists are increasingly aware that too much firefighting can be worse than none at all. Over the millennia, many forest ecosystems have evolved...	201406_1-RC_1_5	[ "Ponderosas that thrived in these forests probably differed genetically from modern ponderosas in subtle, though significant, ways.", "The population density of trees in these forests was generally lower than it is in many ponderosa forests today.", "Weather patterns in these forests were substantially differen...	1	The passage provides the most support for inferring that which one of the following is true of ancient ponderosa forests?
In the last half-century, firefighters in North America have developed a powerful system for fighting wildfires using modern technology. But at the same time, foresters and ecologists are increasingly aware that too much firefighting can be worse than none at all. Over the millennia, many forest ecosystems have evolved...	201406_1-RC_1_6	[ "a viable means of restoring forests currently vulnerable to catastrophic fires to a cycle of periodic low-intensity fires", "an essential component of a new wildfire management plan that would also involve the regulation of timber harvests", "beneficial to forests that have centuries-old trees, though harmful ...	3	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to regard a policy in which all forest fires that were started by lightning were allowed to burn until they died out naturally as
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. And it certainly could not afford to fund thousands of archaeological excavations. The result was that many fine Djenne-jeno terra-cotta sculptures wer...	201406_1-RC_2_7	[ "Declarations from UNESCO and other international bodies concerning the ownership of cultural artifacts gave rise to a doctrine based on the notion of artistic and cultural patrimony.", "Preserving cultural knowledge at sites like Djenne-jeno requires solutions that are more flexible than simply passing laws proh...	1	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. And it certainly could not afford to fund thousands of archaeological excavations. The result was that many fine Djenne-jeno terra-cotta sculptures wer...	201406_1-RC_2_8	[ "requiring the origins of all antiquities sold to collectors to be fully documented", "restricting the export of antiquities and declaring all antiquities originating within the country's borders to be state property", "adopting plans to teach people to recognize that antiquities have greater value when they ar...	1	The passage indicates that some countries have made use of the UNESCO doctrine in which one of the following ways?
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. And it certainly could not afford to fund thousands of archaeological excavations. The result was that many fine Djenne-jeno terra-cotta sculptures wer...	201406_1-RC_2_9	[ "draw attention to the role of museums in preserving cultural patrimonies", "praise one of the Malian government's past policies concerning cultural antiquities", "present one part of a more pragmatic approach to regulating the trade in cultural antiquities", "suggest a means of giving people who excavate cul...	2	The author asks the reader to suppose that Mali had imposed a tax on exported objects (lines 49-51) primarily in order to
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. And it certainly could not afford to fund thousands of archaeological excavations. The result was that many fine Djenne-jeno terra-cotta sculptures wer...	201406_1-RC_2_10	[ "It can play an important role in stemming abuses that arise from the international trade in cultural artifacts.", "Its stance on cultural artifacts emerged for the most part in response to Mali's loss of terra-cotta sculptures from Djenne-jeno.", "It is more effective with initiatives that involve individual s...	0	The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about UNESCO?
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. And it certainly could not afford to fund thousands of archaeological excavations. The result was that many fine Djenne-jeno terra-cotta sculptures wer...	201406_1-RC_2_11	[ "Such regulations must be approved by archaeologists before being enacted.", "Such regulations must have as their goal maximizing the number of cultural antiquities that ultimately remain in these countries.", "Such regulations can be beneficial even if not all people strictly comply with them.", "Such regula...	2	The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about regulations governing the trade in cultural antiquities in countries like Mali?
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. And it certainly could not afford to fund thousands of archaeological excavations. The result was that many fine Djenne-jeno terra-cotta sculptures wer...	201406_1-RC_2_12	[ "They must be owned and protected by a country's national museum.", "They must remain within the boundaries of the country in which they were found.", "They are too valuable to be owned exclusively by the state.", "They should be excavated by professional archaeologists when possible.", "They belong to whoe...	3	The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about cultural antiquities?
The government of Mali passed a law against excavating and exporting the wonderful terra-cotta sculptures from the old city of Djenne-jeno, but it could not enforce it. And it certainly could not afford to fund thousands of archaeological excavations. The result was that many fine Djenne-jeno terra-cotta sculptures wer...	201406_1-RC_2_13	[ "appreciation of their efforts to preserve cultural artifacts", "approval of their aesthetic judgment", "dismay at their failure to take action against illegal exportation of cultural artifacts", "frustration with their lack of concern for the people of Mali", "sympathy with their motives" ]	1	Which one of the following is an element of the author's attitude toward foreign collectors of terra-cotta sculptures from Djenne-jeno?
Medical practitioners are ethically required to prescribe the best available treatments. In ordinary patient-physician interactions, this obligation is unproblematic, but when physicians are clinical researchers in comparative studies of medical treatments, special issues arise. Comparative clinical trials involve with...	201406_1-RC_3_14	[ "explain the difference between two conceptions of an ethical standard together with how these conceptions would affect comparative clinical trials", "argue for a more reasonable, less restrictive interpretation of an ethical requirement than the one traditionally given by ethicists and physicians", "demonstrat...	1	The author's primary purpose in the passage is to
Medical practitioners are ethically required to prescribe the best available treatments. In ordinary patient-physician interactions, this obligation is unproblematic, but when physicians are clinical researchers in comparative studies of medical treatments, special issues arise. Comparative clinical trials involve with...	201406_1-RC_3_15	[ "provide a view that contrasts with arguments in favor of clinical equipoise", "explore the factors underlying physicians' preferences regarding competing treatments", "undermine the moral principle that underlies the theory of theoretical equipoise", "state the main difficulty with adhering to the standards ...	3	The primary purpose of the second paragraph of the passage is to
Medical practitioners are ethically required to prescribe the best available treatments. In ordinary patient-physician interactions, this obligation is unproblematic, but when physicians are clinical researchers in comparative studies of medical treatments, special issues arise. Comparative clinical trials involve with...	201406_1-RC_3_16	[ "Comparative clinical trials that meet the standard of theoretical equipoise generally present no ethical problems.", "Clinical researchers are often forced to suspend comparative clinical trials prematurely because initial data from the trials strongly favors one treatment over another.", "A clinical trial com...	2	According to the passage, which one of the following is true?
Medical practitioners are ethically required to prescribe the best available treatments. In ordinary patient-physician interactions, this obligation is unproblematic, but when physicians are clinical researchers in comparative studies of medical treatments, special issues arise. Comparative clinical trials involve with...	201406_1-RC_3_17	[ "The initial results of the trial so strikingly favored one treatment that they were published and widely disseminated before the study was even half over; as a result, most physicians who specialize in treating the condition came to favor the more effective treatment before the trial had ended.", "Preliminary re...	3	Suppose two medical treatments are being compared in a clinical trial for their effectiveness in treating a condition. Based on the passage, which one of the following scenarios would be significantly more likely to jeopardize theoretical equipoise than clinical equipoise?
Medical practitioners are ethically required to prescribe the best available treatments. In ordinary patient-physician interactions, this obligation is unproblematic, but when physicians are clinical researchers in comparative studies of medical treatments, special issues arise. Comparative clinical trials involve with...	201406_1-RC_3_18	[ "The ethical requirement that physicians prescribe the best available treatment to their patients is jeopardized by an overly strict conception of equipoise.", "Medical research conducted through comparative clinical trials is able to achieve more if the ethical requirements it is bound by are not overly restrict...	3	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Medical practitioners are ethically required to prescribe the best available treatments. In ordinary patient-physician interactions, this obligation is unproblematic, but when physicians are clinical researchers in comparative studies of medical treatments, special issues arise. Comparative clinical trials involve with...	201406_1-RC_3_19	[ "who focus on a common set of problems using a shared body of knowledge", "who live and work in the same geographical area as one another", "who share opinions that differ significantly from those of other groups", "whose association with one another is based on their similar ethical values", "whose similar...	0	As used in line 41 of the passage, the term "community" most nearly refers to a group of people
Medical practitioners are ethically required to prescribe the best available treatments. In ordinary patient-physician interactions, this obligation is unproblematic, but when physicians are clinical researchers in comparative studies of medical treatments, special issues arise. Comparative clinical trials involve with...	201406_1-RC_3_20	[ "Most clinical trials that are conducted meet the appropriate ethical standards.", "Clinical trials would be conducted more often if there were a more reasonable ethical standard in place.", "Theoretical equipoise imposes an ethical standard on clinical trials that is rarely if ever met.", "Most physicians an...	2	According to the passage, which one of the following is true?
Medical practitioners are ethically required to prescribe the best available treatments. In ordinary patient-physician interactions, this obligation is unproblematic, but when physicians are clinical researchers in comparative studies of medical treatments, special issues arise. Comparative clinical trials involve with...	201406_1-RC_3_21	[ "In most comparative clinical trials, the main purpose is to prove definitively that a treatment considered best by a consensus of relevant experts is in fact superior to the alternative being tested.", "Physicians participating in comparative clinical trials rarely ask to leave the trials because early data favo...	0	The author's argument in the third and fourth paragraphs would be most weakened if which one of the following were true?
Passage A In 1994, Estonia became the first country to introduce a "flat tax" on personal and corporate income. Income is taxed at a single uniform rate of 26 percent: no schedule of rates, no deductions. So far eight countries have followed Estonia's example. An old idea that for decades elicited the response, "Fine i...	201406_1-RC_4_22	[ "Can a flat tax be implemented?", "Do graduated progressive taxes treat all taxpayers equally?", "Can a flat tax be fair to all taxpayers?", "What are some objections to progressive taxes?", "Do flat tax regimes reduce illegal tax avoidance?" ]	2	Both passages are concerned with answering which one of the following questions?
Passage A In 1994, Estonia became the first country to introduce a "flat tax" on personal and corporate income. Income is taxed at a single uniform rate of 26 percent: no schedule of rates, no deductions. So far eight countries have followed Estonia's example. An old idea that for decades elicited the response, "Fine i...	201406_1-RC_4_23	[ "accusing opponents of shifting their ground", "citing specific historical developments as evidence", "arguing on the basis of an analogy", "employing rhetorical questions", "correcting alleged misunderstandings" ]	4	Both passages seek to advance their arguments by means of which one of the following?
Passage A In 1994, Estonia became the first country to introduce a "flat tax" on personal and corporate income. Income is taxed at a single uniform rate of 26 percent: no schedule of rates, no deductions. So far eight countries have followed Estonia's example. An old idea that for decades elicited the response, "Fine i...	201406_1-RC_4_24	[ "Revenues from taxation have remained the same as before.", "The tax codes in these countries have been greatly simplified.", "Most high-income taxpayers believe that they remain overtaxed.", "Middle-income taxpayers tend to pay higher taxes than before.", "Some legislators favor a return to a graduated pro...	3	Which one of the following, if true of countries that have gone from a graduated progressive tax system to a flat tax, would most support the position of passage B over that of passage A?
Passage A In 1994, Estonia became the first country to introduce a "flat tax" on personal and corporate income. Income is taxed at a single uniform rate of 26 percent: no schedule of rates, no deductions. So far eight countries have followed Estonia's example. An old idea that for decades elicited the response, "Fine i...	201406_1-RC_4_25	[ "that exempting a threshold amount enables a flat tax to avoid unfairness", "that flat tax proposals are not practical in the real world", "that higher taxes on high-income earners inhibit investment and economic growth", "that a flat tax decreases opportunities and incentives for high-income earners to avoid...	3	Which one of the following is a conclusion for which passage A argues but that passage B does not address?
Passage A In 1994, Estonia became the first country to introduce a "flat tax" on personal and corporate income. Income is taxed at a single uniform rate of 26 percent: no schedule of rates, no deductions. So far eight countries have followed Estonia's example. An old idea that for decades elicited the response, "Fine i...	201406_1-RC_4_26	[ "a flat tax system can be progressive", "high-income earners would pay less under a flat tax system than under a graduated progressive system", "flat tax systems are fine in theory but cannot be put into practice", "graduated progressive systems make higher-income taxpayers pay a higher rate on their entire e...	1	The authors of the two passages would be most likely to disagree over whether
Passage A In 1994, Estonia became the first country to introduce a "flat tax" on personal and corporate income. Income is taxed at a single uniform rate of 26 percent: no schedule of rates, no deductions. So far eight countries have followed Estonia's example. An old idea that for decades elicited the response, "Fine i...	201406_1-RC_4_27	[ "Even under a flat-tax regime, it will be possible for some with high incomes to avoid taxes by underreporting their incomes.", "Existing tax codes allow tax avoidance by those with high incomes mainly because they contain loopholes and special deductions, not because they are graduated.", "It is unfair to thos...	1	Which one of the following, if true, would be the most reasonable response for the author of passage B to make to the final argument of passage A?
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	india1_4-RC_1_1	[ "Rita Dove's work has been widely acclaimed primarily because of the lyrical elements she has introduced into her fiction.", "Rita Dove's lyric narratives present clusters of narrative detail in order to create a cumulative narrative without requiring the reader to interpret it in a linear manner.", "Working ag...	4	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	india1_4-RC_1_2	[ "A chef combines nontraditional cooking methods and traditional ingredients from disparate world cuisines to devise new recipes.", "A professor of film studies becomes a film director and succeeds, partly due to a wealth of theoretical knowledge of filmmaking.", "An actor who is also a theatrical director teams...	3	Which one of the following is most analogous to the literary achievements that the author attributes to Dove?
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	india1_4-RC_1_3	[ "poetry should not involve characters or narratives", "unlike the writing of poetry, the writing of fiction is rarely an academically serious endeavor", "graduate writing programs focus on poetry to the exclusion of fiction", "fiction is most aesthetically effective when it incorporates lyrical elements", "...	0	According to the passage, in the U.S. there is a widely held view that
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	india1_4-RC_1_4	[ "perplexity as to what could have led to the development of such a rift", "astonishment that academics have overlooked the existence of the rift", "ambivalence toward the effect the rift has had on U.S. literature", "pessimism regarding the possibility that the rift can be overcome", "disapproval of attitud...	4	e author's attitude toward the deep rift between poetry and fiction in the U.S. can be most accurately described as one of
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	india1_4-RC_1_5	[ "poets and fiction writers each tend to see their craft as superior to the others' craft", "the methods used in training graduate students in poetry are different from those used in training graduate students in other literary fields", "publishers often pressure writers to concentrate on what they do best", "...	3	In the passage the author conjectures that a cause of the deep rift between fiction and poetry in the United States may be that
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	india1_4-RC_1_6	[ "suggest that the habit of treating poetry and fiction as nonoverlapping domains is characteristic of English-speaking societies but not others", "point to an experience that reinforced Dove's conviction that poetry and fiction should not be rigidly separated", "indicate that Dove's strengths as a writer derive...	1	In the context of the passage, the author's primary purpose in mentioning Dove's experience in Germany (lines 32–C36)is to
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	india1_4-RC_1_7	[ "Each of Dove's works can be classified as either primarily poetry or primarily fiction, even though it may contain elements of both.", "The aesthetic value of lyric narrative resides in its representation of a sequence of events, rather than in its ability to evoke inner states.", "The way in which Dove blends...	0	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to believe which one of the following?
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	india1_4-RC_1_8	[ "The number of writers who write both poetry and fiction will probably continue to grow.", "Because of the increased interest in mixed genres, the small market for pure lyric poetry will likely shrink even further.", "Narrative poetry will probably come to be regarded as a sub-genre of fiction.", "There will ...	0	If this passage had been excerpted from a longer text, which one of the following predictions about the near future of U.S. literature would be most likely to appear in that text?
Passage A Did music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of on...	india1_4-RC_2_9	[ "What evolutionary advantage did larger brain size confer on early hominids?", "Why do human mothers and infants engage in bonding behavior that is composed of musical elements?", "What are the evolutionary origins of the human ability to make music?", "Do the human abilities to make music and to use language...	2	Both passages were written primarily in order to answer which one of the following questions?
Passage A Did music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of on...	india1_4-RC_2_10	[ "bonding between humans", "human emotion", "neurological research", "the increasing helplessness of hominid infants", "the use of tools to produce sounds" ]	1	Each of the two passages mentions the relation of music to
Passage A Did music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of on...	india1_4-RC_2_11	[ "the increase in hominid brain size necessitated earlier births", "fewer differences than similarities exist between the neurological processing of music and human language", "brain size increased rapidly over the course of human evolution", "the capacity to produce music has great adaptive value to humans", ...	3	It can be inferred that the authors of the two passages would be most likely to disagree over whether
Passage A Did music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of on...	india1_4-RC_2_12	[ "Does it manifest itself in some form in early infancy?", "Does it affect the strength of mother-infant bonds?", "Is it at least partly a result of evolutionary increases in brain size?", "Did its evolution spur the development of new neurological systems?", "Why does it vary so greatly among different indi...	2	The authors would be most likely to agree on the answer to which one of the following questions regarding musical capacity in humans?
Passage A Did music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of on...	india1_4-RC_2_13	[ "Investigations of the evolutionary origins of human behaviors must take into account the behavior of nonhuman animals.", "All human capacities can be explained in terms of the evolutionary advantages they offer.", "The fact that a single neurological system underlies two different capacities is evidence that t...	4	Which one of the following principles underlies the arguments in both passages?
Passage A Did music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of on...	india1_4-RC_2_14	[ "Passage A and passage B use different evidence to draw divergent conclusions.", "Passage A poses the question that passage B attempts to answer.", "Passage A proposes a hypothesis that passage B attempts to substantiate with new evidence.", "Passage A expresses a stronger commitment to its hypothesis than do...	0	Which one of the following most accurately characterizes a relationship between the two passages?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	india1_4-RC_3_15	[ "Since distribution of a document placed on a Web page is controlled by the author of that page rather than by the person who creates a link to the page, creating such a link should not be considered copyright infringement.", "Changes in copyright law in response to the development of Web pages and links are ill-...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	india1_4-RC_3_16	[ "made more restrictive", "made uniform worldwide", "made to impose harsher penalties", "dutifully enforced", "more fully recognized as legitimate" ]	0	Which one of the following is closest in meaning to the term "strengthened" as that term is used in line 8 of the passage?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	india1_4-RC_3_17	[ "Such documents cannot receive adequate protection unless current copyright laws are strengthened.", "Such documents cannot be protected from unauthorized distribution without significantly diminishing the potential of the Web to be a widely used form of communication.", "The nearly instantaneous access afforde...	4	With which one of the following claims about documents placed on Web pages would the author be most likely to agree?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	india1_4-RC_3_18	[ "allowing everyone use of a public facility and restricting its use to members of the community", "outlawing the use of a drug and outlawing its sale", "prohibiting a sport and relying on participants to employ proper safety gear", "passing a new law and enforcing that law", "allowing unrestricted entry to ...	2	Based on the passage, the relationship between strengthening current copyright laws and relying on passwords to restrict access to a Web document is most analogous to the relationship between
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	india1_4-RC_3_19	[ "There are no creators of links to Web pages who are also owners of intellectual property on Web pages.", "The person who controls access to a Web page document should be considered the distributor of that document.", "Rights of privacy should not be extended to owners of intellectual property placed on the Web...	1	The passage most strongly implies which one of the following?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	india1_4-RC_3_20	[ "Such messages are carried by an electronic medium of communication.", "Such messages are not legally protected against unauthorized distribution.", "Transmission of such messages is virtually instantaneous.", "People do not usually care whether or not others might record such messages.", "Such messages hav...	4	According to the passage, which one of the following features of outgoing messages left on telephone answering machines is most relevant to the debate concerning copyright infringement?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	india1_4-RC_3_21	[ "compare and contrast the legal problems created by two different sorts of electronic media", "provide an analogy to illustrate the positions taken by each of the two sides in the copyright debate", "show that the legal problems produced by new communication technology are not themselves new", "illustrate the...	3	The author's discussion of telephone answering machines serves primarily to
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	india1_4-RC_3_22	[ "allow completely unrestricted use of any document placed by its author on a Web page", "allow those who establish links to a document on a Web page to control its distribution to others", "prohibit anyone but the author of a document from making a profit from the document's distribution", "allow the author o...	3	According to the passage, present copyright laws
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	india1_4-RC_4_23	[ "Analysis of fossilized pollen is a useful means of supplementing and in some cases correcting other sources of information regarding changes in the Irish landscape.", "Analyses of historical documents, together with pollen evidence, have led to the revision of some previously accepted hypotheses regarding change...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	india1_4-RC_4_24	[ "The moldboard plough was introduced into Ireland in the seventh century.", "In certain parts of County Down, cereal grains were not cultivated to any significant extent before the seventh century.", "In certain parts of Ireland, cereal grains have been cultivated continuously since the introduction of the mold...	1	The passage indicates that pollen analyses have provided evidence against which one of the following views?
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	india1_4-RC_4_25	[ "documented results of analyses of fossilized pollen", "the kinds and quantities of fossilized pollen grains preserved in peats and lake muds", "written and pictorial descriptions by current historians of the events and landscapes of past centuries", "government and commercial records, maps, and similar docum...	3	The phrase "documentary record" (lines 20 and 37) primarily refers to
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	india1_4-RC_4_26	[ "The Irish landscape had experienced significant flooding during the seventeenth century.", "Cereal grain was not cultivated anywhere in Ireland until at least the seventh century.", "The history of the Irish landscape during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was well documented.", "Madder was not used ...	4	The passage indicates that prior to the use of pollen analysis in the study of the history of the Irish landscape, at least some historians believed which one of the following?
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	india1_4-RC_4_27	[ "The second paragraph proposes a hypothesis for which the final paragraph offers a supporting example.", "The final paragraph describes a problem that must be solved before the method advocated in the second paragraph can be considered viable.", "The final paragraph qualifies the claim made in the second paragr...	2	Which one of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the second paragraph and the final paragraph?
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the elite intellectual community to which the poet Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-C1941) belonged disintegrated. The Bolsheviks—the leaders of the revolution that instituted the Soviet system of government in Russia—conducted violent reprisals against perceived political enemies, inclu...	india3_2-RC_1_1	[ "force Tsvetaeva to alter her poetry so that it explicitly supported the revolution", "relate Tsvetaeva's poems to Russian folklore", "stigmatize Tsvetaeva as a writer who refused to support the revolution", "encourage Tsvetaeva to write favorably about Soviet literature", "find a way to present Tsvetaeva a...	4	The author's statement that Soviet scholars attempted to "annex Tsvetaeva to Soviet literature" (line 29) means that they tried to
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the elite intellectual community to which the poet Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-C1941) belonged disintegrated. The Bolsheviks—the leaders of the revolution that instituted the Soviet system of government in Russia—conducted violent reprisals against perceived political enemies, inclu...	india3_2-RC_1_2	[ "Tsvetaeva's opposition to the revolution influenced her husband's decision to fight the Bolsheviks.", "Some Soviet scholars recognized that Tsvetaeva opposed the revolution.", "Tsvetaeva expressed admiration for Mayakovsky in order to win favor with Soviet scholars.", "Tsvetaeva's exile from Russia had a ben...	2	Which one of the following statements is LEAST supported by the passage?
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the elite intellectual community to which the poet Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-C1941) belonged disintegrated. The Bolsheviks—the leaders of the revolution that instituted the Soviet system of government in Russia—conducted violent reprisals against perceived political enemies, inclu...	india3_2-RC_1_3	[ "Most Russian writers felt compelled to protest the social changes caused by the revolution.", "Russian writers who had longed for revolution felt more pressure to endorse the revolution than Tsvetaeva did.", "Russian writers whose works were politically neutral received the most critical acclaim after the revo...	1	Which one of the following statements about the effect of the Russian Revolution of 1917 on Russian writers is most supported by the information in the passage?
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the elite intellectual community to which the poet Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-C1941) belonged disintegrated. The Bolsheviks—the leaders of the revolution that instituted the Soviet system of government in Russia—conducted violent reprisals against perceived political enemies, inclu...	india3_2-RC_1_4	[ "her retention of a colloquial poetic style after her emigration", "her approval of some Soviet literature and her eventual return to Russia", "her ability to write poetry in a variety of social circumstances", "the influence she exerted on her husband's decision to oppose the Bolsheviks", "her ability to w...	4	Which one of the following aspects of Tsvetaeva's career does the author appear to value most highly?
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the elite intellectual community to which the poet Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-C1941) belonged disintegrated. The Bolsheviks—the leaders of the revolution that instituted the Soviet system of government in Russia—conducted violent reprisals against perceived political enemies, inclu...	india3_2-RC_1_5	[ "an aspect of Tsvetaeva's intellectual life that was misused by Soviet scholars", "an intellectual whose political fate contrasted with that of Tsvetaeva", "the type of work considered acceptable by Soviet scholars", "a poet whose work served as a model for Tsvetaeva's change in poetic style", "one of the f...	0	he author introduces Mayakovsky in lines 24-26 in order to provide an example of
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the elite intellectual community to which the poet Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-C1941) belonged disintegrated. The Bolsheviks—the leaders of the revolution that instituted the Soviet system of government in Russia—conducted violent reprisals against perceived political enemies, inclu...	india3_2-RC_1_6	[ "A city veterinarian who treats house pets spends a year in the country assisting a farm veterinarian in order to learn new skills in anticipation of changing his specialization.", "A composer who lives in the city spends a summer in a cabin in the woods in order to complete a musical piece that draws heavily on ...	3	Which one of the following is most closely analogous to Tsvetaeva's experience in the Russian countryside as that experience is described in the passage?
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the elite intellectual community to which the poet Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-C1941) belonged disintegrated. The Bolsheviks—the leaders of the revolution that instituted the Soviet system of government in Russia—conducted violent reprisals against perceived political enemies, inclu...	india3_2-RC_1_7	[ "Few \"migr\" Russian intellectuals other than Tsvetaeva returned to Russia after the revolution.", "Soviet critics looked unfavorably on the use of Russian folklore in works of literature.", "The violent reprisals accompanying the Russian Revolution of 1917 were less to be feared in the countryside than in Mos...	2	Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information in the passage?
The liberal use of spices in cooking is commonly thought to be correlated with hot climate. Analyzing nearly 5,000 recipes published in traditional cookbooks from 36 countries, researchers confirmed that, as a rule, the hotter the country's climate, the more spices are called for in its recipes, and that many of the sp...	india3_2-RC_2_8	[ "There is evidence that the use of highly spiced foods may have developed in hot climates because spices can inhibit the growth of microorganisms, thus helping to prevent illness by protecting foods against spoilage.", "There is inadequate evidence for the commonly proposed theories that explain the correlation b...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
The liberal use of spices in cooking is commonly thought to be correlated with hot climate. Analyzing nearly 5,000 recipes published in traditional cookbooks from 36 countries, researchers confirmed that, as a rule, the hotter the country's climate, the more spices are called for in its recipes, and that many of the sp...	india3_2-RC_2_9	[ "Researchers have found a statistical correlation between spice consumption and longevity in tropical countries.", "Research has shown that many spices strengthen the human immune system.", "Spice combinations are traditionally used mainly in foods that otherwise would be especially vulnerable to spoilage.", ...	3	Which one of the following does the author cite in support of the suggestion that using spices is more than a matter of taste?
The liberal use of spices in cooking is commonly thought to be correlated with hot climate. Analyzing nearly 5,000 recipes published in traditional cookbooks from 36 countries, researchers confirmed that, as a rule, the hotter the country's climate, the more spices are called for in its recipes, and that many of the sp...	india3_2-RC_2_10	[ "People in general do not initially like the flavors of highly nutritious foods.", "Given the choice between imported foods and locally grown ones, people in warm climates usually prefer the former.", "The ultimate reason for the use of spices is not necessarily flavor.", "Many of the most frequently and abun...	2	can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
The liberal use of spices in cooking is commonly thought to be correlated with hot climate. Analyzing nearly 5,000 recipes published in traditional cookbooks from 36 countries, researchers confirmed that, as a rule, the hotter the country's climate, the more spices are called for in its recipes, and that many of the sp...	india3_2-RC_2_11	[ "previously advanced theories attempting to explain the preservative properties of spices", "traditionally used food seasonings that are not considered to be spices", "specific recipes that originated in hot regions and call for the liberal use of spices", "specific foods that are especially vulnerable to the...	4	The passage includes examples of which one of the following?
Immune systems, even in their immature states, have a vast repertoire of white blood cells called lymphocytes, one specific to each of an astronomical number of different antigens, including the body's own components, that have the potential to trigger an immune system attack. However, the immune system somehow ordinar...	india3_2-RC_3_12	[ "guarded skepticism toward its experimental underpinnings", "hopefulness that it will adequately account for new findings", "enthusiastic agreement with its central assertion", "admiration of the simplicity of its hypotheses", "confidence that it will replace the self-nonself theory" ]	1	Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author's attitude toward the alternative to the self-nonself theory mentioned in the final paragraph?
Immune systems, even in their immature states, have a vast repertoire of white blood cells called lymphocytes, one specific to each of an astronomical number of different antigens, including the body's own components, that have the potential to trigger an immune system attack. However, the immune system somehow ordinar...	india3_2-RC_3_13	[ "compare the merits of arguments supporting an established theory with those of arguments supporting an alternative theory", "introduce evidence discrediting one theory and call for the development of an alternative theory", "challenge the evidence that has been cited in support of an established theory", "ex...	4	The primary purpose of the passage is to
Immune systems, even in their immature states, have a vast repertoire of white blood cells called lymphocytes, one specific to each of an astronomical number of different antigens, including the body's own components, that have the potential to trigger an immune system attack. However, the immune system somehow ordinar...	india3_2-RC_3_14	[ "An immune system always initiates an aggressive response to its first exposure to any particular antigen.", "Antigens themselves play no role in triggering lymphocytes to clone themselves into a defending army.", "Some signals other than mere contact with complementary antigens prompt lymphocytes to proliferat...	2	According to the passage, which one of the following is a tenet of the model proposed as an alternative to the self-nonself theory?
Immune systems, even in their immature states, have a vast repertoire of white blood cells called lymphocytes, one specific to each of an astronomical number of different antigens, including the body's own components, that have the potential to trigger an immune system attack. However, the immune system somehow ordinar...	india3_2-RC_3_15	[ "to present evidence that is not explained by a long-accepted theory", "to provide additional evidence in support of a long-accepted theory", "to distinguish the premises of a long-accepted theory from its conclusions", "to call into question techniques used in experiments cited in support of a long-accepted ...	0	What is the main purpose of the fourth paragraph?
Immune systems, even in their immature states, have a vast repertoire of white blood cells called lymphocytes, one specific to each of an astronomical number of different antigens, including the body's own components, that have the potential to trigger an immune system attack. However, the immune system somehow ordinar...	india3_2-RC_3_16	[ "Newborn mice tolerate their bodies' own antigens.", "Newborn brown mice do not develop immunity to some doses of viruses.", "Adult brown mice sometimes do not develop immunity to viruses to which they had no previous exposure.", "Adult mice can develop tolerance to foreign antigens.", "Mature brown mice re...	3	Which one of the following experimental findings is mentioned in the passage as a challenge to the self-nonself theory?
Immune systems, even in their immature states, have a vast repertoire of white blood cells called lymphocytes, one specific to each of an astronomical number of different antigens, including the body's own components, that have the potential to trigger an immune system attack. However, the immune system somehow ordinar...	india3_2-RC_3_17	[ "The mature immune system recognizes most of a body's lymphocytes, but none of its antigens, as self.", "A particular virus that the mature body encounters may be accepted as self in small doses, but as nonself in larger doses.", "Whether an antigen is included as self or nonself generally depends on the body's...	2	Based on the passage, which one of the following statements can be most reasonably inferred from the self-nonself theory?
In 1968 the United States Congress passed the Fair Housing Act, intended to counter discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the sale and leasing of housing. In Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman (1982), the United States Supreme Court attempted to define for the Fair Housing Act those pers...	india3_2-RC_4_18	[ "Before the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman the Fair Housing Act was not an effective weapon against discriminatory housing practices.", "The decision of the United States Supreme Court in Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman served to highlight certain omissions in the Fai...	4	Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
In 1968 the United States Congress passed the Fair Housing Act, intended to counter discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the sale and leasing of housing. In Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman (1982), the United States Supreme Court attempted to define for the Fair Housing Act those pers...	india3_2-RC_4_19	[ "refusing to respond to one of the testers' explicit requests for information regarding a certain apartment", "providing the two testers with contradictory information regarding which apartments were available", "misrepresenting the ethnic makeup of certain apartment complexes to the testers", "refusing to re...	1	According to the passage, Havens Realty was accused by the plaintiffs in Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman of doing which one of the following?
In 1968 the United States Congress passed the Fair Housing Act, intended to counter discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the sale and leasing of housing. In Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman (1982), the United States Supreme Court attempted to define for the Fair Housing Act those pers...	india3_2-RC_4_20	[ "She was not personally affected by the defendant's practices.", "She did not accurately report the defendant's practices.", "She unintentionally abetted the defendant's practices.", "She devoted significant resources to identifying the defendant's practices.", "She provoked the defendant's practices by fal...	0	The passage suggests that the local court based its decision on which one of the following beliefs concerning Coleman?
In 1968 the United States Congress passed the Fair Housing Act, intended to counter discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the sale and leasing of housing. In Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman (1982), the United States Supreme Court attempted to define for the Fair Housing Act those pers...	india3_2-RC_4_21	[ "legislators' statements explaining the original intent of the law that allegedly had been violated", "the precedent established by other cases that had been decided based on the law that allegedly had been violated", "the exact wording of the law that allegedly had been violated", "the arguments presented by...	2	According to the passage, which one of the following was central to the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman?
In 1968 the United States Congress passed the Fair Housing Act, intended to counter discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the sale and leasing of housing. In Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman (1982), the United States Supreme Court attempted to define for the Fair Housing Act those pers...	india3_2-RC_4_22	[ "A government agent poses as a potential buyer of drugs in order to build a case against a known drug dealer.", "The manager of a store hires an actor to pose as a customer in order to decide which employee should be awarded the monthly service bonus.", "A teenager poses as a college student in order to be gran...	4	Which one of the following is most similar to the activities and goals of testers, as they are described in the passage?
In 1968 the United States Congress passed the Fair Housing Act, intended to counter discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the sale and leasing of housing. In Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman (1982), the United States Supreme Court attempted to define for the Fair Housing Act those pers...	india3_2-RC_4_23	[ "Havens Realty showed many of the same apartments to both testers.", "Havens Realty claimed that some apartments were not available when in fact they were available.", "Havens Realty showed the testers apartments concentrated within a relatively small locality.", "Havens Realty had been shown to have engaged ...	1	The passage suggests which one of the following about Havens Realty?

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