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0.999998 | If we're to sum up the Turbo Levo Hardtail Comp 29 in three words, they'd be efficiency, power, and fun. That's because it takes the crazy-efficiency that 29ers are known for and combines it with a proper trail bike geometry and exclusive tech that gives you the power to ride more trails., First and foremost, it has all of the speed and nimble handling that our hardtail trail bikes are known for-an easy fit, ultra-short chainstays for nimble handling, and a low bottom bracket that makes the bike feel glued to the trail. In other words, it rides like an awesome mountain bike first and foremost-what would be the point, otherwise? Then comes our efficient and powerful Specialized e-Bike technology, along with an integrated battery and motor. This year, however, you'll also see some updated software that increases the motor's efficiency, plus an M5 Premium Aluminum frame., The exclusive, Rx trail-tuned motor smoothly and quietly brings added power to the pedals to make climbing the steepest of trails nearly effortless. The output, meanwhile, is fully adjustable in order to conserve energy. Lastly, our new, custom Specialized 1.3 motor features instant pedal engagement, so you get immediate power the moment you need it and consistent torque throughout the entire cadence range This makes for the most efficient use of power on the trail, and more importantly, it creates the feel of a capable trail bike., At the custom M1-500 battery, you'll find that it's fully integrated with the down tube and easily removable for quick charging or swaps. It has a lengthy lifespan for hitting long, out of the way trails and, along with the motor, is strategically placed for optimal weight distribution. The Mission Control app, meanwhile, gives you full control of the bike's tech, while an integrated Trail Display shows all of the ride metrics you need. We also included a Trail Remote that lets you easily switch between modes without removing your hands from the handlebars, plus a power meter that shows exactly how much power you're putting out vs. the motor., This Comp version has a durable build kit, with a 120mm RockShox Reba RL fork up front, Shimano hydraulic disc brakes, and a Shimano one-by groupset controlling shift and drivetrain duties., M5 Premium Aluminum construction is paired with our Trail 6Fattie Geometry and a hardtail design to support a ride that provides slack, confident handling, maximum efficiency, and tons of speed. The frame also features an integrated battery mount at the down tube for fast and easy battery removal, plus a forged and braced motor mount at bottom bracket. This keeps the aesthetic streamlined and the weight distribution perfectly balanced. Lastly, you'll find fully enclosed internal cable routing for a clean look and even cleaner cables, and internal routing for an alloy dropper post., The Specialized 1.3 is custom-built for the Levo Hardtail and features our exclusive Rx Trail Tune that gives you the power to explore new trails. It has many other features that no other e-bike can touch, like instant engagement, fantastic heat management, a double freewheel design that disengages the gear box when you hit top speed, and silent, smooth, and consistent output-even at max power., The Specialized M1-500 battery features an integrated Trail Display and ANT+/Bluetooth® module with Mission Control App connectivity. It houses 500Wh of trail-taming juice, and is neatly integrated into the down tube.
Däck: Ground Control, GRID casing, GRIPTON® compound, 2Bliss Ready, 29x2.3" |
0.999989 | What is Banyu Hatten Aikido?
Banyu Hatten Aikido was deeply saddened to hear of the passing of Master Koichi Tohei Sensei (10th Dan), founder of Shin Shin Toitsu Aikido, at the age of 91.
Master Koichi Tohei Sensei was born in Japan as a frail child, but through his willing desire to enhance his health, he maintained a positive mentality and outlook on life. He practiced breathing exercises on courses in Japanese temples, Judo, and later Aikido. He created a system of Aikido containing healing massage, and techniques taught to him directly by the founder of Aikido, Ōsensei Morihei Ueshiba. He was awarded 10th Dan in 1969, and was the emissary of Ōsensei in the initial world expansion of Aikido. During the 1950s and 1960s, he was considered one of the leading practitioners, and became Chief Instructor of the Aikikai, sharing the leadership with Kisshomaru Ueshiba, Ōsensei's son. However, after Ōsensei's death, when he wished to pursue an understanding of the power of Ki and to teach a form of Aikido involving the principle of Ki, his request was denied by Kisshomaru Ueshiba, as the leader of the Aikikai and the successor to Ōsensei. Master Koichi Tohei Sensei left the organisation to follow his own practice of Ki Aikido.
"I was first introduced to the thoughts and practice of Master Koichi Tohei Sensei over 30 years ago. I have always followed his principles, and find no reason to stop after his passing. I remember the joy with which they were first received by myself. His principles and teachings were intriguing to me, rather than those I had received previously, due to their ability to enhance not only my Aikido, but my understanding and life as a whole.
When he left to follow his own practice, a schism was created within the Aikikai and bitterness toward Master Koichi Tohei Sensei was felt. With his denouncement, his photographs were ordered to be removed from Aikikai dojos throughout the world. This was understandably accepted as a great insult to Master Koichi Tohei Sensei. This may now be an appropriate time for this demeanour to be corrected, allowing for a rejoining of the Aikido groups into a truer state of harmony and unity. The only acceptable person to do this would be the present head of the Ueshiba family, accepted leader of Aikido and the Aikikai association. This would truly be an act of unity within Aikido, an indication of a readiness to forget the politics and personality sleights. Although I may be naïve to suggest this, I feel the amount Aikido would gain from this positivity to be justification enough for this claim.
May we all live in harmony, openness and transparency, rather than in the clutches of insecurity, commerciality and ungratefulness." |
0.999925 | Can apple iPhone do screen mirroring!
iOS11 has been released for half a year now. Some people recently saw that after the upgrade of iOS11, the screencast function of the home TV could not be used. Trying several TV/box devices around them, some of them could not normally perform the screencast operation. There will be no connection, black screen phenomenon, what is the reason? The solution is AirPlay.
AirPlay refers to Apple’s unique wireless technology. With it, under the same network conditions, images, audio, and video of iOS devices such as iPhones and iPads can be transferred to devices that support AirPlay, or to iPhones and iPads. The real-time picture is transmitted to the TV, which is a mirror image. At present, most smart TVs support AirPlay, and Android devices use Miracast.
support AirPlay mirroring. The following three methods can specifically introduce how the iPhone screen to the TV, very common the operation steps together to see it.
In the interface of “AirPlay” option, find the ID of the Smart TV you want to connect to and turn on the “mirror” switch of the device.
Return to the just “control interface”, you can see the original “AirPlay” position has become the name of the cool open TV device, which proves that the connection is successful, successful screenshot.
You can connect an iPhone to the TV both wirelessly and with an HDMI cable. First I explain how to connect the iPhone wirelessly to the TV. You have several wireless options below to learn how to connect the iPhone to the TV with an Apple TV and Google Chromecast.
The iPhone works perfectly in combination with the Apple TV. By using WiFi and the AirPlay technology you can easily connect your iPhone to the TV wirelessly.
The Apple TV connects to any brand of television with an HDMI cable. To be able to display the image of your iPhone on the TV, it is important that you connect the Apple TV to the correct Wi-Fi network. The right WIFI network, in this case, is the WIFI network with which your iPhone is connected.
Once you have done this you are ready to play YouTube videos on your TV.
The Airplay logo appears in the video. Click on the logo to stream the video to the TV.
3 Turn iPhone into a server: set up DLNA.
It sounds complicated, but you do not have to be IT professionals for the following solution: With the right app, you do not have to know anything about DLNA to use the thing. Here is the short version: Your iPhone is first converted via App into a DLNA server. The TV can access it if both devices are registered in the same Wi-Fi network. Then you can simply “send” photos or videos to the TV and have them displayed there in large format.
All you need is a Wi-Fi enabled TV, which is already connected to the in-house network. Now install the program TV Assist on your iPhone. The program supports TVs from Samsung, LG, Sony, Panasonic, Sharp, Philips, Thomson and many other manufacturers. Whether it works with your TV, you can test thanks to the free basic versions without risk.
How does streaming with the TV Assist app work?
To stream pictures, videos or music from your smartphone to your TV, call them up inside the app.
Why does throwing screen fail after upgrading iOS11?
Pull up to open the iPhone’s control panel and you can see that the name of the function button on the screen is changed from the original “AirPlay mirror” to “screen mirroring.” In addition, Apple has also improved the mirroring service by changing the device’s Streaming mode to enhance the screen performance and fluency, of course, is good for Apple TV, but after the image component and the version of the agreement changes, some other devices will appear incompatible issues, so some TV/box will appear unwilling to vote Screen situation.
Although the content of smart TVs is increasing, it is impossible to achieve full coverage. Especially now that all video platforms focus on exclusive home-made content, if you feel that it is troublesome to install software or search on TV, the screencast is very good. The way, so this feature is still very practical, in addition to waiting for the TV system upgrade to complete the new version of AirPlay adaptation, you can also try the following methods.
However, the price of digital audio and video converters is really a bit expensive. If you don’t think these two methods are suitable, you can only wait for the TV manufacturers to update the firmware. |
0.99889 | If you're a business owner, you likely know that the day-to-day operations of running your company can be enough to keep your schedule full. However, one of the most important aspects of operating a successful business is performing regular bookkeeping. If you have the resources to hire a bookkeeper, you can avoid much of these hassles yourself. However, many companies are too small to get outside assistance with their books, which can lead to problems, especially if owners neglect bookkeeping or ignore the numbers when making financial decisions. Here are two ways you can increase your financial smarts to help your business increase cash flow.
1. Get started with regular bookkeeping.
The easiest way to begin a bookkeeping routine is to start entering your income and expenses as they happen, rather than waiting until they pile up to do so. While it's true that this will increase the amount of work you do each day, it will also help you avoid running into trouble due to a failure to calculate your current financial standing.
Another option to make bookkeeping easier is to find a good bookkeeping or accounting software program that you can quickly learn how to use. There are several simple programs that contain all of the necessary resources you'll need to balance your books and develop a monthly budget.
2. Use your financial information to plan for business growth.
Once you've gotten into the habit of balancing your company's bank account, you'll have to learn how to use the information to benefit your business's bottom line. When you finish entering your income and expenses for the first month, you can use the program to generate several monthly reports such as those cash flow statements, income statements, and sales forecasts.
These reports will help you to plan how to use your incoming funds. For example, if your company will need to hire new workers or purchase new equipment, you can review your sales forecasts or projected cash flow to decide the best time to make these financial moves.
It doesn't take a college degree in finance to operate a successful business, but it does require a certain amount of financial knowledge. When you learn how to increase your financial IQ, you'll ensure that your company is equipped to face any potential budget problems in the future. |
0.999918 | Thank you for the great article on the Fresno State Amphitheater.
The Amphitheater is a historic part of Fresno State that has welcomed politicians, musicians and comedians over the years. As Fresno State has evolved and grown, our student needs have also developed.
You are also correct in recognizing the challenges with the Amphitheater, which include its proximity to classrooms, noise issues, no ADA accessibility and the lack of a PA sound system. However, the Amphitheater still has a strong potential to be revitalized.
The plans for the Bold New Union include re-imagining the Amphitheater to be incorporated into the design of the new facility. The hope is to revamp the current Amphitheater space and create a synergy between the outdoor space and the potential Bold New student union.
While planning is still underway and is ultimately dependent on the outcome of the referendum, which the students will vote on March 28-March 30, the Bold New Union and Amphitheater could provide numerous opportunities to enhance campus life.
The retooled Amphitheater could host nationally touring acts, activists and comedians, but also bring many new opportunities for community engagement.
For instance, the Amphitheater could serve as an ideal location for already established events like the Taste of Culture, Vintage Days, Homecoming and Bulldog Wednesday.
The re-imagined Amphitheater also brings new opportunities for student performances, outdoor movies, graduation ceremonies, theatrical performances and a new social gathering place. |
0.930551 | Historically, the majority of gold was mined from "placer deposits", where gold has settled out of an existing or ancient waterway downstream of where nuggets had eroded out of rock outcrops. Some early miners also used an early form of hardrock mining, digging solid veins of gold out of rock, where mineralized water had deposited it over thousands of years.
Today, gold is extracted in hardrock mines that directly mine the source rock, or "lode" of gold, where it was originally deposited by geochemical processes. Most ore accessed this way today contains only microscopic grains of gold, and it takes tons of rock to produce ounces of gold. Hardrock mines can be either underground mines or strip mines, and are usually more environmentally destructive than placer mining.
The stereotypical grizzled gold-rush prospector panning for gold was searching for "placer gold", or gold deposited in a waterway. Placer mining takes a variety of forms, including panning, "sluice-boxing", hydraulic mining, and dredging. All of these techniques use gravity and water to separate the dense gold from the lighter sand and gravel. Some modern commercial placer operations are quite large and utilize heavy equipment and river diversions.
Placer mining targets "native" gold that isn't chemically bound up within the rock itself. The sources of all placer gold are "lodes", or veins of gold naturally formed within the rock. Ongoing weathering and erosion of rock outcrops continuously exposes new fragments of gold that wash downstream. Because gold is far denser than most rock (19.3 g/cc as opposed to about 2.7 g/cc) it settles into little pockets between large rocks or into bedrock fissures. Gold accumulates in such places while other rock and sediment is washed further downstream.
The vast majority of current gold production comes from commercial hardrock mining operations. In these mines, the gold is extracted from the rock where it was originally deposited.
Some hardrock mines are underground mines. A tunnel is drilled or blasted to the source of the ore, which is transported out for processing often by truck or rail. A variety of specific techniques can be used for mining the ore, depending on the geology of the area - such as block caving, which allows massive strip-mine scale underground excavation, or the more steretypical cut-and-fill and drift-and-fill techniques, where miners dig our out in long horizontal tunnels.
Other hardrock mines are large strip mines that remove the surface dirt and rock and then extract the ore from the resulting open pit. Removal of ore is often accomplished explosives, enormous power shovels, and massive trucks, some capable of carrying 500 tons of rock in one load.
In both kinds of hardrock mining, the ore is then processed in some manner to remove the gold. Usually this entails crushing the rock into powder and using some combination of gravity, centrifugation, and "froth flotation" to perform an initial separation of gold from rock. In many cases this is followed by some form of cyanide treatment to precipitate out the remaining gold. The remaining ore mud waste is known as "tailings", the disposal of which is one of the largest challenges facing a hardrock mine.
Because placer mining doesn't crush rock and doesn't usually use chemicals to extract gold, the environmental impacts are generally less than those of hardrock mining. The primary impacts of placer mining are habitat destruction and sediment release. Habitat destruction occurs as a result of river diversions, and the disruption of riverbanks and river bottoms. These activities also release large amounts of silt and sediment into downstream waterways, which can severely impact water quality. Modern commercial operations tend to use settling ponds to prevent this discharge.
Hardrock mines have a much larger environmental footprint that placer mining, by virtue of their size, the chemistry of the ore deposits, the generation of extremely large volumes of hazardous waste material, and the use of toxic chemicals. Modern commercial hardrock mines are massive operations, in some cases displacing and processing over 200,000 tons of gold-bearing ore per day. In addition to the direct ecological disruption of mining on this scale, much of the gold mined this way is found in sulfur-bearing rocks. These rocks, when disrupted by mining, can produce acid mine drainage, a problem that often needs active treatment forever. In addition, many small mines use mercury for the separation of gold, while large mines instead use cyanide. Both chemicals are very toxic, and mercury is persistent in the marine food chain.
Gold mining has a long history in Alaska, beginning with the Klondike Gold Rush at the end of the 1800s. Even today there exist a variety of placer mining operations ranging from large commercial placer mines to stream panning by tourists. The 150 or so official placer mines in 2009 produced 55,000 ounces of gold while employing around 225 people. "Recreational" mining (non-commercial operations, usually by individuals) produced an additional 286 ounces.
Alaska's hardrock gold/silver mines (primarily Greens Creek, Fort Knox, and Pogo) employed almost 900 people that same year, and produced over 720,000 ounces of gold. |
0.944627 | ISIS hackers have hijacked a mummy blogger's social media account and threatened to kidnap the woman's baby, a terrified young mother says.
33-year-old mother Hayley Berlingeri had her social media page on Instagram, a photo and video sharing mobile application, hacked on August 5.
The unknown hijacker, believed to be from the Middle East, claimed to be a 14-year-old boy in one of several 'impersonator accounts', Ms Berlingeri said, according to the Adelaide Advertiser.
Writing in Arabic, the user claimed he had links to terror group ISIS, obtained the Adelaide woman's home address and threatened to kidnap her 23-month-old daughter Valentina.
He changed her account settings and began posting images of other children to her page. He also threatened Ms Berlingeri's 260,000 followers and made attempts to scam money from them.
Ms Berlingeri chanced upon her social media following. She originally began the Instagram account to maintain contact with friends and family.
However, this soon all changed when clothing companies began sending children's wear for her daughter Valentina to model for the page, which grew her following to 30,000, before a cute video of Valentina talking about wanting a baby sister attracted more than a million views.
'I didn't think anything of it until I woke up to all these text messages and Instagram messages on my private account saying my account had been hacked,' she told the Adelaide Advertiser.
Ms Berlingeri contacted Instagram with the hope of resolving the issue, and followed instructions to verify her identity and have her account settings reinstated.
For hacked accounts, Instagram instructs users to report the hacking if they no longer have access. For users who do still have access to their account despite the hacking, they should secure it by resetting the password, the service provider's safety page writes.
But the service provider said they could not verify her identity and would not be investigating further, according to a Courier Mail report.
Instagram did not respond to Daily Mail Australia's inquiries, however, the service provider's safety page instructs users to report the issue to local authorities where necessary.
'They are in the best position to assess the threat and intervene,' the page states.
However, Ms Berlingeri said she reported the issue to both state and federal police, who informed the 33-year-old mum that they were powerless to help.
Instagram claims fake or abusive accounts can be removed when they are 'reported'.
'We work hard to keep Instagram a safe and enjoyable place for everyone,' its website reads.
The social media network also provides tips for users to keep their accounts secure, which include picking a strong password, never giving log-in details out and logging out from shared computers or mobile phones.
Ms Berlingeri said the ordeal had left her unsure of whether to continue with her successful blog.
Daily Mail Australia contacted Hayley Berlingeri, Instagram and the government's E-Safety Commissioner for comment. |
0.979803 | The German federal election, 2009 was an election that took place on 27 September 2009 to elect the members of the Bundestag, the federal parliament of Germany. Preliminary results showed that the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) won the election, and the three parties announced their intention to form a new centre-right government with Angela Merkel as Chancellor. Their main opponent, Frank-Walter Steinmeier's Social Democratic Party (SPD), conceded defeat. The Christian Democrats previously governed in coalition with the FDP in most of the 1949–1966 governments of Konrad Adenauer and Ludwig Erhard and the 1982–1998 governments of Helmut Kohl.
Since the 2005 election, Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) had governed in a grand coalition with the SPD. However, it was her stated goal to win a majority for CDU/CSU and FDP (the CDU/CSU's traditional coalition partner) in 2009.
Foreign minister and Vice Chancellor Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) was formally nominated as his party's chancellor-candidate at a convention on 18 October 2008. He aimed to form a government in which the SPD was the strongest party, but which also excluded the far-left party The Left.
The election campaign was considered exceptionally boring, which may be attributable to a perceived lack of charisma on the part of the leaders of the CDU and SPD. Another reason pointed to for the sedate campaign is that the CDU and SPD have both defended the record of their grand coalition, as well as facing the possibility of having to continue the grand coalition in a friendly manner. Merkel was content with the low-key campaign style, which was largely seen as benefiting her party because of her high approval ratings.
One of the lighter moments in the campaign came when CDU candidate Vera Lengsfeld released a campaign poster featuring herself and Merkel in a way that emphasized their cleavage. The poster bore the slogan "We have more to offer" (German: "Wir haben mehr zu bieten").
The federal election was the final and most important election in what is called a Superwahljahr (super election year) in Germany. In addition to the election of a new Bundestag, also scheduled for 2009 were the election to the European Parliament on 7 June, seven local elections on the same day, five state elections and an additional local election in August and September, and the election of the President of Germany by the Federal Assembly on 23 May.
The CDU/CSU and FDP, with an average vote share of around 50% in pre-election polling, were clearly ahead of the other traditional coalition partners in Germany, SPD and the Greens.
The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) were able to form a centre-right government, with Angela Merkel of the CDU continuing as the Chancellor and the leader of the FDP, Guido Westerwelle, becoming Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor.
The CDU/CSU received a slightly lower proportion than in the previous election, with the Bavarian CSU receiving its lowest vote share in decades. Overall, the CDU/CSU had their worst vote share in 60 years In contrast, their preferred coalition partner, the liberal FDP, gained nearly 5% points to give it 14.6% of the vote, the best result of its history. The big loser of the election was the SPD which received its worst result ever in a federal election, receiving only 23% of the total party vote and suffering the biggest percentage loss of any party in German federal election history in 60 years. The two other parties represented in the Bundestag, the Left and the Greens, both made large gains and received the highest vote share of their respective histories. For the first time, The Left won constituency seats outside its traditional stronghold of East Berlin. As a result of the losses by the SPD and the gains by the FDP, the alliance of the CDU/CSU and FDP received an outright majority of seats, ensuring that Angela Merkel would continue as Chancellor.
Had the CDU/CSU and FDP failed to win a majority of seats, possible alternative coalitions may have included a continuation of the grand coalition of CDU/CSU and SPD. A traffic light coalition (SPD–FDP–Greens) was specifically ruled out by FDP leader Guido Westerwelle.
^ Published: 5:42PM BST 27 Sep 2009. "Merkel's rival concedes defeat in German election". Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/6237210/Merkels-rival-concedes-defeat-in-German-election.html. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ "Frank-Walter Steinmeier zum SPD-Kanzlerkandidaten gewählt". Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands. 2008-10-18. http://www.spd.de/menu/1759371.
^ "Apathy in Germany: Record Low Voter Turnout Expected in National Election". Der Spiegel. 25 September 2009. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,651614,00.html. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
^ "'Merkel factor' could decide German vote". BBC News. 17 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8256413.stm. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
^ "The left in the German elections". Socialist Worker Online. 25 September 2009. http://socialistworker.org/2009/09/25/left-german-elections. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
^ "German election a yawner for voters". Los Angeles Times. 27 September 2009. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-germany-election27-2009sep27,0,6021371.story?track=rss. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
^ "German Politician Uses Merkel's Cleavage to Woo Voters". 11 August 2009. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,641787,00.html. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
^ "Opinion Poll Tracker Bundestagswahl 2009 Germany's Federal Election". Alexej Behnisch. 2009-07-17. http://www.abehnisch.com/btw09.html. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
^ a b c d e f g "Sonntagsfrage – Umfragen zur Bundestagswahl (Wahlumfrage, Wahlumfragen)". Wahlrecht.de. http://www.wahlrecht.de/umfragen/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ "Sonntagsfrage – Umfragen zur Bundestagswahl weiterer Institute". Wahlrecht.de. http://www.wahlrecht.de/umfragen/weitere-umfragen.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ "Merkel’s FDP Coalition Partner Approves Four-Year Policy Plan". http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=acOIBUgWZgQ4.
^ "Boost for the FDP: The German Election's Biggest Winner". Der Spiegel Online. 28 September 2009. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,651688,00.html. Retrieved 28 September 2009. |
0.994876 | Meet some out-of-the-box thinkers: people who rather than trying to fit themselves into society are changing society to fit them. Whether it be their lifestyle, work, diet or ethics, their day-to-day lives differ significantly from the norm. These people have consciously chosen these alternate ways of living, but not to be different from others or to be special in any way. They are neither hedonists nor eccentric misfits but rather dissenters and visionaries whose life models introduce forward-thinking idealism into our society. |
0.995722 | Paul Vixie is an American computer scientist whose technical contributions include Domain Name System (DNS) protocol design and procedure, mechanisms to achieve operational robustness of DNS implementations, and significant contributions to open source software principles and methodology. He is currently the CEO of Farsight Security. He previously served as President, Chairman and Founder of Internet Systems Consortium (ISC), as President of MAPS, PAIX and MIBH, as CTO of Abovenet/MFN, and on the boards of several forprofit and non-profit companies. He served on the ARIN Board of Trustees from 2005 to 2013, as ARIN Chairman in 2008 and 2009, and was a founding member of ICANN Root Server System Advisory Committee (RSSAC) and ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC). He operated the ISC's F-Root name server for many years, and is a member of Cogent's C-Root team. He is a sysadmin for Op-Sec-Trust. Vixie has been contributing to Internet protocols and UNIX systems as a protocol designer and software architect since 1980. He wrote Cron (for BSD and Linux), and is considered the primary author and technical architect of BIND 4.9 and BIND 8, and he hired many of the people who wrote BIND 9. He has authored or coauthored a dozen or so RFCs, mostly on DNS and related topics, and of Sendmail: Theory and Practice (Digital Press, 1994). His technical contributions include DNS Response Rate Limiting (RRL), DNS Response Policy Zones (RPZ), and Network Telemetry Capture (NCAP). He earned his Ph.D. from Keio University for work related to DNS and DNSSEC, and was named to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014.
Since commercialization and privatization of the Internet first began in the 1990's, there has been a steady push to move access side DNS (called "recursive") away from customer networks and towards first ISP's and later Cisco, Google, IBM, and Cloudflare. What are the real motives for this trend? What are the risks and costs, and who pays them? Dr. Vixie has worked in the DNS field since 1989 and has invented many of the monitoring and filtering capabilities now used by nearly all DNS services, and he will try to explain what's happening. Special attention will be paid to the new web-based "DNS over HTTP" or "DoH" protocol now being strongly pushed by Mozilla and others. |
0.999993 | The plazas de soberanía (“places of sovereignty”) are the current Spanish territories in continental North Africa, bordering Morocco, and islands off the Moroccan coast. Historically, Spain has held a number of emplacements in North Africa including Oran which was occupied between 1509 and 1708, and again from 172 to 1831. The autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla are today the two remaining plazas mayores de soberanía (or Larger Places of Sovereignty), and the Islas Chafarinas, the Peñón de Alhucemas and the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, the three plazas menores de soberanía (or Smaller Places of Sovereignty).
plazas de soberanía en ingles, what are places of sovereignty? |
0.999558 | Hi, <snip> > I have to take this back, it seems that this build is appending: > > " console=ttyS0,115200" > > To the kernel cmdline, I've just double-checked and this is not upstream > behavior, is this being done by Fedora specific patches ? > > This breaks kernel output and systemd status messages output on > tty0 / the hdmi output, resulting in a blackscreen until gdm > starts. > > As discussed a while back, the proper way to do is set > stdout-path in the devicetree to the serial console, then the > kernel will automatically make it a second console, next to tty0 > and output messages on both, and systemd will output messages > and spawn gettys on both too. This in my testing is not working unless i add console=ttySO,115200 to the bootargs I get nothing out at all on the serial port, though in u-boot it had stdin as serial and stdout as vga. what are all the possible options and how should things just work? the current patch is not a regression for Fedora. I want to make things just work for all. > Upstream u-boot is already setting stdout-path for all sunxi > devices, so from a sunxi pov the appending of " console=ttyS0,115200" > is a regression. If this is done for some other boards, it would > be better to either patch those boards dts files to set stdout-path, > or u-boot to set stdout-path rather then appending " console=ttyS0,115200" > and breaking video output. If you can tell me which specific boards > need work here I can whip up a patch (for others to test). We should patch all boards to be the same. but it needs to work. |
0.943194 | Timo Salonen (born October 8, 1951) is a Finnish former rally driver who won the 1985 World Rally Championship season for Peugeot. It was commented of him that he stood out from other drivers, because he was overweight, wore thick glasses and smoked heavily, but still remained one of the fastest and most competitive drivers in the sport. He was also known for his relaxed attitude and for his habit of steering his rally car with one hand only. These factors led to the nickname Löysä ("Slack"). With his 7 rally wins he remained the most successful driver of Group B era (1983–1986) of WRC.
Salonen achieved his first podium place in the World Rally Championship by driving his Fiat 131 Abarth to second place at the 1977 1000 Lakes Rally. He went on to win the next rally, the 1977 Critérium du Québec, which was only his fifth WRC event and his first outside his home country.
Salonen's factory team career at World Championship level began with Nissan, mainly on long-distance events. In 1984, however, he achieved a string of top-ten finishes, resulting in Jean Todt inviting him to drive for Peugeot in the 1985 season. He began that year playing a supporting role to Ari Vatanen but quickly proved capable of being in a leading role, especially after Vatanen's near-fatal accident in Argentina. Salonen set a record by winning four world rallies in a row – unmatched and unbroken until Sébastien Loeb's six wins in a row in 2005 – and went on to win the World Championship with a record 52-point margin ahead of second-placed Stig Blomqvist. Salonen then remained at Peugeot for the 1986 season, and finished third in the drivers' championship, behind his new team-mate Juha Kankkunen and Lancia driver Markku Alén.
He has remained the most successful driver of Group B with his seven wins and one world champion title.
In the turbulent world of post-Group B rallying, Salonen starred for Mazda, taking a popular win on the 1987 Swedish Rally. His last WRC event in action was the 1992 Rally Portugal in a Mitsubishi Galant VR-4 until he made a one-time comeback at the 2002 Neste Rally Finland. He managed his Peugeot 206 WRC to 14th place overall.
Salonen was mainly co-driven by Seppo Harjanne, who would later go on to achieve even more success with Tommi Mäkinen (the pairing of Tommi Mäkinen and Seppo Harjanne achieved 2 championship titles from 1996 to 1997 by 1 point until Harjanne was replaced by Risto Mannisenmäki from 1998 to 2001). After retiring from rallying, Salonen has worked as the CEO for his car sales company Autotalo Timo Salonen in Finland.
^ "Timo Salonen, ensimmäisen luokan ajaja". Suomen Moottoriurheilumuseo (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ "Timo Salonen". RallyBase. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ "Loeb ties win record with victory in Turkey". Motorsport.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-08-26. |
0.948706 | The 3rd Fleet (第三艦隊, Dai-san Kantai) was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), which was created, and subsequently disbanded on six separate occasions and revived on five separate occasions.
First established on 28 December 1903, the 3rd Fleet was created by the Imperial General Headquarters as an administrative unit to manage vessels considered obsolete for front-line combat service. These vessels were used primarily for training and for coastal patrol duties. The 3rd Fleet came under the aegis of the Combined Fleet for the duration of the Russo-Japanese War from March 1904. Although initially derided as a "dinosaur fleet", the 3rd fleet proved invaluable at the Battle of Tsushima and the Invasion of Sakhalin. It was disbanded on 20 December 1905.
The 3rd Fleet was revived on 24 December 1908 as an expeditionary force during the Chinese Republican Revolution, to safeguard Japanese interests (civilians and property) on the Chinese mainland and (if necessary) to conduct emergency evacuation. It was nicknamed the "South China Fleet" after its chief area of envisioned activity was the South China Sea. Its cruisers patrolled the Yangtze River and other large rivers in China, and its headquarters was in the Japanese concession in Shanghai. It was disbanded on 25 December 1915.
The 3rd Fleet was reconstituted on the same day as the dissolution of the "South China Fleet", initially to act as a training force to supplement Japan's contribution to the World War I under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. When the Russian Revolution was proclaimed by the communist forces in Russia, the mission of the 3rd Fleet was changed to that of patrols of the Russian sea coast for the Siberian Intervention by Japanese ground forces in support of anti-Bolshevik forces. The 3rd Fleet was disbanded on 1 December 1922, and many of its vessels were scrapped almost immediately under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.
The 3rd Fleet was again raised on 2 February 1938 as part of Japan's emergency buildup of forces after the Shanghai Incident. The buildup took the form of three separate expeditionary fleets, consisting primarily of cruisers and gunboats to patrol the Chinese coast and major riverways and to support the landings of Japanese ground forces. With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the 3rd Fleet came under the aegis of the China Area Fleet. It was disbanded on 15 November 1939; however, some of the organizational and command structures for ground forces under the First China Expeditionary Fleet remained in place until August 1943.
The 3rd Fleet was recreated once again on 10 April 1941 with the additional designation "Southern Expeditionary Fleet" for the specific task of invading the Philippine islands. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, its headquarters was in Palau and its mission expanded to include the invasions of Java, Borneo and other islands of the Netherlands East Indies. It was superseded by the 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet under the aegis of the Southwest Area Fleet on 10 March 1942.
The sixth (and final) incarnation of the 3rd Fleet was formed on 14 July 1942 immediately after the disastrous Battle of Midway as an aircraft carrier task force modeled after similar units in the United States Navy. It was centered on the new aircraft carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku. It played an important role during the Pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Santa Cruz, in which the American aircraft carrier Hornet was sunk, but at the cost of many of the best air crews in the Japanese Navy.
After March 1944, the 3rd Fleet was basically merged with the 2nd Fleet, and suffered through the disastrous Battle of the Philippine Sea, losing 3 of its aircraft carriers, including the newly commissioned Taihō and over 350 carrier planes.
In October 1944, the 3rd Fleet was designated the "Northern Force" in a three-force plan to defeat the Allied invasion of the Japanese-held Philippines. The 3rd Fleet carriers were divested of all but 108 aircraft and sent to lure the American-led fleet away from protecting the troop landing ships. On 25–26 October, facing a large force that included ten USN carriers, with 600–1,000 aircraft, 3rd Fleet lost 4 aircraft carriers, one light cruiser and one destroyer at the Battle off Cape Engaño. The 3rd Fleet effectively ceased to exist, and was officially disbanded on 15 December 1944.
Nishida, Hiroshi. "Imperial Japanese Navy". Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 25 August 2007.
Wendel, Marcus. "Axis History Database". Retrieved 25 August 2007. |
0.952862 | This article is about the town of Omagh. For the film of same name, see Omagh (film).
Omagh (/ˈoʊmə/ or /ˈoʊmɑː/; from Irish: An Ómaigh, meaning "the virgin plain" [ənˠ ˈoːmˠəi]) is the county town of County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated where the rivers Drumragh and Camowen meet to form the Strule. Northern Ireland's capital city Belfast is 68 miles (109.5 km) to the east of Omagh, and Derry is 34 miles (55 km) to the north.
The town has a population of 21,297, and the former district council, which was the largest in County Tyrone, had a population of 51,356 at the 2011 Census. Omagh contains the headquarters of the Western Education and Library Board, and also houses offices for the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development at Sperrin House, the Department for Regional Development and the Northern Ireland Roads Service at the Tyrone County Hall and the Northern Ireland Land & Property Services at Boaz House.
The name Omagh is an anglicisation of the Irish name an Óghmaigh (modern Irish an Ómaigh), meaning "the virgin plain". A monastery was apparently established on the site of the town about 792, and a Franciscan friary was founded in 1464. Omagh was founded as a town in 1610. It served as a refuge for fugitives from the east of County Tyrone during the 1641 Rebellion. In 1689, James II arrived at Omagh, en route to Derry. Supporters of William III, Prince of Orange, later burned the town.
In 1768 Omagh replaced Dungannon as the county town of County Tyrone. Omagh acquired railway links to Londonderry with the Londonderry and Enniskillen Railway in 1852, Enniskillen in 1853 and Belfast in 1861. St Lucia Barracks were completed in 1881. In 1899 Tyrone County Hospital was opened. The Government of Northern Ireland made the Great Northern Railway Board close the Omagh – Enniskillen railway line in 1957. In accordance with the Benson Report submitted to the Northern Ireland Government in 1963, the Ulster Transport Authority closed the Portadown – Omagh – Londonderry main line in 1965, leaving Tyrone with no rail service. St Lucia Barracks closed on 1 August 2007.
On 30 December 1942 a Consolidated Catalina Ib of No. 240 Squadron RAF which was operating from RAF Killadeas crashed into the town. The crash killed all eleven occupants, however no one on the ground was killed or injured. The cause of the crash was never ascertained.
Omagh came into the international focus of the media on 15 August 1998, when the Real Irish Republican Army exploded a car bomb in the town centre. 29 people were killed in the blast – 14 women (including one pregnant with twins), 9 children and 6 men. Hundreds more were injured as a result of the blast.
In April 2011, a car bomb killed police constable Ronan Kerr. A group of former Provisional IRA members calling itself the Irish Republican Army made its first public statement later that month claiming responsibility for the killing.
Omagh as seen from the Strule bridge. In the background is the Sacred Heart Catholic church.
These wards are only those that cover the town.
St. Columba's Church of Ireland in Omagh.
Snow is common in Omagh during the winter months. Shown here is the River Strule.
One of the major floods of 1969, shown here on Drumragh Avenue.
An air temperature of −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F) was recorded once, and it remains the coldest air temperature ever recorded in Ireland.[better source needed] Omagh has a history of flooding and suffered major floods in 1909, 1929, 1954, 1969, 1987, 1999 and, most recently, 12 June 2007. As a result of this, flood-walls were built to keep the water in the channel (River Strule) and to prevent it from overflowing into the flood plain. Large areas of land, mainly around the meanders, are unsuitable for development and were developed into large, green open areas, walking routes and parks. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).
Omagh is classified as a large town settlement by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA).
13.92% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaelic) and 4.30% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots.
Glenpark Road. Heading south-west towards Omagh; to the left is the "Rest and be thankful" bench.
The Ulster American Folk Park near Omagh includes the cottage where Thomas Mellon was born in 1813, before emigrating to Pennsylvania, in the United States when he was five. His son Andrew W. Mellon became secretary of the US Treasury. The park is an open-air museum that explores the journey made by the Irish (specifically those from Ulster) to America during the 1800s. The park is used to host events during Easter, Christmas, Fourth of July and Halloween. It also hosts a major Bluegrass festival every year. Over 127,000 people visited the park in 2003.
The Gortin Glens Forest Park, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north of Omagh is a large forest with a deer enclosure and several waterfalls and lakes.
Strule Arts Centre opened in 2007 is an example of urban renewal in Omagh town centre. Creating a modern civic building, in a newly created public space reclaimed from the formerly disused area, between the River Strule and High Street.
Omagh has over 20 playgrounds for children, and a large amount of green open area for all the public. The largest of these is the Grange Park, located near the town centre. Many areas around the meanders of the River Strule have also been developed into open areas. Omagh Leisure Complex is a large public amenity, near the Grange Park and is set in 11 hectares (27 acres) of landscaped grounds and features a leisure centre, boating pond, astroturf pitch and cycle paths.
Omagh is the main retail centre for Tyrone, as well as the West of Ulster (behind Derry and Letterkenny), due to its central location. In the period 2000–2003, over £80 million was invested in Omagh, and 60,960 m2 (656,200 sq ft) of new retail space was created. Shopping areas in Omagh include the Main Street, Great Northern Road Retail Park and the Showgrounds Retail Park on Sedan Avenue in the town centre. Market Street/High Street is also a prominent shopping street, which includes high street stores such as DV8 and Primark.
The 'Omagh Accessible Shared Inclusive Space' (OASIS), a £4.5 million facelift for Omagh's riverbank, was funded by the European Union and planning approved in 2013. The development included the construction of a pedestrian bridge linking Drumragh Avenue and Old Market Place, a riverside walk, exercise areas, electronic information hub, artwork panels, games tables and fishing stands. The plans also included a covered performance and stage area and a neutral civic space able to accommodate markets, concerts and general recreational activities partially occupying lands at Drumragh Avenue car park.
Construction for the project began in March 2014, and the OASIS plaza was officially opened in June 2015.
Looking at the town's Bridge Street area from an elevated height at the College.
Neither the town nor the district of Omagh has any railway service.
The Irish gauge 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Londonderry and Enniskillen Railway (L&ER) opened as far as Omagh on 3 September 1852 and was extended to Enniskillen in 1854. The Portadown, Dungannon and Omagh Junction Railway (PD&O) reached Omagh in 1861, completing the Portadown – Derry route that came to be informally called "The Derry Road". The Great Northern Railway (Ireland) absorbed the PD&O in 1876 and the L&ER in 1883.
The Government of Northern Ireland made the GNR Board close the Omagh – Enniskillen line in 1957. The Ulster Transport Authority took over the GNR's remaining lines in Northern Ireland in 1958. In accordance with The Benson Report submitted to the Northern Ireland Government in 1963, the UTA closed the "Derry Road" through Omagh on 15 February 1965. Later the Omagh Throughpass road was built on the disused trackbed though Omagh railway station.
Ulsterbus in 2007 in Omagh Ulsterbus station.
A proposal to reopen the line between Portadown and Omagh was considered by the NI Department for Regional Development in their Future Railway Investment: A Consultation Paper in early 2013. The proposal is not ranked as a high priority in the report for railway investment from 2015 to 2035. The report estimates that a link from Portadown to Omagh would cost around £475 million, thought it admits that no detailed feasibility study has been carried out.
There are plans to reopen railway lines in Northern Ireland including the line from Portadown via Dungannon to Omagh.
The Omagh Throughpass (Stage 3) opened on 18 August 2006.
Omagh has a number of educational institutions at different levels. Omagh is also the headquarters of the Western Education and Library Board (WELB), which is located in Campsie House on the Hospital Road.
Three Churches in view: Church Street Methodist, Sacred Heart RC, and St Columba's Church of Ireland.
Trinity Presbyterian Church, behind the Three Church view.
Local newspapers and magazines include Omagh Today, the Tyrone Advertiser, Tyrone Constitution, Tyrone Herald, and Ulster Herald.
Radio station Q101.2 FM West broadcasts from Omagh. BBC Radio Ulster also had a studio in the town.
A community radio project, Strule FM, broadcast for four weeks in December 2008, and received a Bronze award for Community Radio at the 2009 Sony Radio Academy Awards.
Omagh was one of the first areas in Northern Ireland, outside the Belfast commuter belt, to transfer to broadband internet. Prior to this, the only means for internet connection was through dial-up connections.
In 2014, Omagh became one of only seven Northern Irish towns to receive superfast 4G mobile data coverage from the EE network.
Gaelic games, primarily Gaelic football, are the most popular sports in Omagh. The town has two Gaelic football clubs, Omagh St. Enda's, which plays its home games in Healy Park, and Drumragh Sarsfields, which plays its home games at Clanabogan.
Healy Park is the home of Tyrone GAA and the county's largest and main sports stadium located on the Gortin Road, has a capacity nearing 25,000, and had the distinction of being the first Gaelic-games stadium in Ulster to have floodlights.
The stadium now hosts the latter matches of the Tyrone Senior Football Championship, as well as Tyrone's home games, and other inter-county matches that require a neutral venue.
Omagh no longer has a top-flight local football team, since the demise of Omagh Town F.C. in 2005.Strathroy Harps FC who are the only Omagh and Tyrone team to win the Irish junior cup twice in 2012 and 2013.
Omagh's rugby team, Omagh Academicals (nicknamed the "Accies"), is an amateur team, made up of primarily of local players.
Omagh Cavaliers Cricket Club located in Omagh.
Brian Friel (1929 - 2015) – playwright was born in Killyclogher near Omagh.
Arty McGlynn – International renowned guitarist.
Gerald Grosvenor (1951-2016) – 6th Duke of Westminster.
Pat Sharkey (b. 1953) – Ipswich Town F.C. and Northern Irish football player in the 1970s.
Ivan Sproule (b. 1981) – current Northern Irish football international and Bristol City F.C. player.
Joe McMahon (b. 1983) – All-Ireland-winning Tyrone Gaelic footballer.
Justin McMahon – All-Ireland-winning Tyrone Gaelic footballer.
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^ "Omagh's riverbank area to get £4.5 million facelift". ulsterherald.com. Ulster Herald. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ "Omagh's £4.5m OASIS project is ready to rock". ulsterherald.com. Ulster Herald. 21 June 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
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^ a b Hajducki, S. Maxwell (1974). A Railway Atlas of Ireland. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. map 7. ISBN 0-7153-5167-2.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Omagh.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Omagh.
"Omagh" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. |
0.999887 | Obesity has become one of the key problems in society. The intake of unhealthy food has increased the weight of children and adults to an extremely unhealthy level. The increased amount of work people need to perform in order to make a living and compete with the time available has drastically reduced the chance of making time to have at least one proper meal. Apart from those who are genuinely interested in preparing food or those who are genuinely interested in keeping themselves healthy and fit, majority of the people do not eat on time or they skip meals. In addition, whatever meal it is that they eat, they are purchased from a restaurant or most probably from a fast food joint.
All food bought from a restaurant is tasty, but the taste of these food is in most cases is a combination of a lot of other ingredients that if consumed in large quantities can be injurious to health, for example oil, additional flavours, and various other substances. The problem with these is that for example, the consumption of too much oily food can cause the accumulation of bad fatty acids in a person’s body. This excess fatty acids will block the coronary arteries leading to future heart problems including chest pains and heart attacks.
There are however many ways people can have good food during their rush hours and then have a full healthy meal later on when time permits them to. Some of these include permeate free milk, sugarless nutritional bars including those rich in grains, nuts and dried fruits that are high in essential elements for a healthy growth.
Overall, there are many ways people can plan their meals even though they are busy. They can arrange for a certain schedule or something more like a menu for the week and allocate one day of the week to ensure that all items are available for the following week.
Some of the foods people can have on a daily basis can be low fat milk, oats, boiled vegetables, boiled grains, maybe a portion of meat, eggs, or anything similar. These are also easy to make, easy to consume, they taste good and above all they are healthy for the body. They consist of all the essential elements that a person needs to have to be mentally and physically fit.
Coming up with a proper meal plan is important because one of the key reasons for diseases today is because people eat too much unhealthy foods. Since parents do not have time they even give these unhealthy foods to their children, and these children eventually end up being obese making it difficult for them to engage in daily activities due to the increase of their body weight.
Though there is a huge variety of drinks in the market, but people go for specialized drinks all because of their taste and special inclination or liking. Sometimes drinks are named after famous people to seek the attention. However, it is not just the matter of special attention, but also the diversified taste too.
The drinks named after Van Gogh is heated discussion all over. This expressionist artist was a painter for almost 10 years and his impression lasts for many years. He committed suicide and prior committing suicide; he has spent few years in a clinic due to mental illness. Van Gogh’s instability as well as suicide is blamed majorly due to a drinking habit. The high consumption of absinthe drink is the major reason behind his death.
The Van Gogh replica is the popular drink amongst immense of the people all over. It is a liquid with unique smell which is made of a distilled mixture of herbs and alcohol. It became the national drink in various parts of France. It is a fashionable drink in artistic surroundings.
It is not just common people, but other range of people started relying on this and wide range of artists has become associated with this drink. To drink absinthe categorized as stylized activity. It's making includes adding of liquor to the glass and slotted absinthe spoon which is placed on the top of the glass along with sugar on top. In the beginning sugar brings a bitter taste, but as ice cold is dripped on the cube, so sugar gets dissolved and the solution becomes apt in taste. Visit http://www.vangoghsenses.com/stroopwafel.php for more Van Gogh in Stroopwafel.
The specialized drinks are made keeping in view every niche, like the method of preparation and the way it is prepared. There is a usage of elixir which first distilled in the mixture of water, herbs and alcohol. It is believed that this drink came into being long before 17th century. The recipe which is used that time is completely different from the recipe used presently. However, it is always ensuring that taste remains the same and does not get altered because drink lovers want the same taste even after years and years. Thus, few modifications are made and the rest of the things remain same always. There are so many platforms where this drink is served and other items also served such as savory macarons for gift purpose and other needs as well. |
0.937348 | red tornado was a member of the all star squadron?
No. The All-Star Squadron was disbanded by the time Red Tornado was created.
Long time reader, first time asker. It's been a great week. I don't know which had me more thrilled, issue 9 or Humanity.
1) Probably asked before by now, but I couldn't find it in unanswered: Can you "translate" Zatanna's spells? I only got the second one, which appears to be "Time to try out a new look". Does Zatara speak backwards too?
2) I noticed the gender swap on Red Inferno and Red Torpedo in Homefront, though I gave it no second thought. However, now with the reveal of the "human" identities in Humanity, was the swap deliberate so you could use the golden age hero James Lockhart/Red Torpedo?
3) In issue #9, you used the name "Nathaniel Adams" as opposed to "Nathaniel Adam". I noticed you used the name before in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Powerless!"; the "Adams" version was, IIRC, introduced in Justice League Unlimited. Did DC ask you to use this name, or do you prefer it over "Adam"?
2. ASKED AND ANSWERED, but yes. Except, I'm not the one who did the gender swap. When I wrote the original Red Tornado mini-series, Inferno was female and Torpedo was male because Torpedo has ALWAYS been male. Of course, they didn't publish my version. So whomever wrote the version they DID publish is the one who did the gender swap. I just went back to the original.
3. I actually do prefer "Adams" over "Adam". I'm sure in this great big world, there's someone out there with the last name "Adam," but even back in the 80s when I first started writing Captain Atom with Cary Bates, I always thought that the last name "Adam" felt artificial. "Adams" always felt more natural to me.
The Red Torpedo and the Red Inferno characters, were they your creations from the canceled Red Tornado mini that you were slated to write for DC?
Calling them my "creations" is pushing it. As both were based on pre-existing characters (i.e. Red Torpedo/Jim Lockhart and Firebrand/Dannette Reilly plus the whole Red Whatevero connection that was handed me by Dan Didio in the first place), but, yes, these were the versions of the characters that would have appeared in my Red Tornado mini-series had it been published. I'm glad I got the chance to utilize them here.
Wanted to write in and say that I'm looking forward to reading your new comic work in the coming year.
I am also very interested in Mecha Nation and Progeny (or is it Prodigy.. I've seen it spelled both on various sites). I'm always interested in new characters from my favorite creators.
Also, just read Gargoyles: Bad Guys #4... wow the hang em high aftermath of the jailbreak... you couldn't get away with that in any cartoon. Very solid issue though, I'm enjoying all of the Gargoyles comics. Sad to see that #12 of the series and #6 of Bad Guys may be the last, but I have high hopes... Kingdom Comics was just formed so i doubt they would let an established comics property like Gargoyles go to waste.
I have to confess I haven't seen Spectacular Spider-Man yet... but I have all 13 episodes on my DVR... thank goodness for that invention. I plan on sitting down and checking them out soon though as I have heard nothing but good things.
Keep up the great work, you keep writing I'll keep buying.
Unfortunately, DC cancelled the Red Tornado limited. It's a shame. The first issue and the designs for characters new and old, penciled by Joe Bennett, were just gorgeous. And I was very happy with the three scripts I wrote before the cancellation.
Oh, and it's Mecha-Nation and Progeny.
Does your Red Tornado mini-series take place in the present, or is it set in the past relative to other DCU titles?
Greg I have enjoyed reading the new gargoyles comics immensely. I have bought each issue along with the paperback edition. To find out when each issue is going to hit the stands I go to the SLG publishing website. You are a terrific storyteller, and I would love to see your take on the red tornado. The SLG website has a link posting their publishing schedule for certain comics. Does the DC website do the same? Will you let us know on AskGreg.com when these issues are supposed to hit the stand at our local comic book store? I get the same feeling from reading the comic book as I did from watching the show so many years ago. I will continue to buy anything having to do with the gargoyles universe in the hope that season two volume 2 is released and furthering the growth of the franchise. If buying other projects you work on will also help the gargoyles I will be right there showing my support.
Didn't I just answer this?
Greg I have enjoyed reading the new gargles comics immensely. I have bought each issue along with the paperback edition. To find out where each issue is going to hit the stance I go to the SLG publishing website. You are a terrific storyteller, and I would love to see your take on the red tornado. The SLG website has a link to that post their publishing schedule for certain comics. Does the DC website do the same? Will you let us know on AskGreg.com when these issues are supposed to hit the stand at our local comic book store? I get the same feeling from reading the comic book as I did from watching the show so many years ago. I will continue to buy anything having to do with the gargles universe in the hope that season two volume 2 is released and furthering the growth of the franchise. If buying other projects you work a lot and will also help the gargoyles. I will be right there showing my support.
You mentioned that the Red Tornado is one of your favorite characters. Would you explain why this particular character stands out in your mind and why you are excited about getting to write about this character.
I don't know what DC has on their website. Check it out and let us know.
I will of course keep everyone as up to date as I can right here at ASK GREG.
I don't want to go into TOO much detail about Red Tornado now -- because I don't want to scoop the mini-series.
Uh... they don't. Not for me. They run at break-neck speed, these days. Here's what I'm up to.
Issue #8 is complete. Late last week it was sent to Disney AND the printer, so that the moment the former approves it, the latter can send it to press.
Issue #9 is written. David Hedgecock is doing roughs and original designs now. The cover, already pencilled and inked by Greg Guler,is being colored by Robby Bevard.
Issue #10 needs to get written. I'll get to that as soon as I'm done writing Red Tornado #1 (see below). Dave will be pencilling that cover off his rough.
Issue #2 is currently being lettered. The art is complete: pencils and inks by Karine Charlebois, finishes by Karine and Robby. The cover, a Guler/Bevard job featuring Yama, is done.
Issue #3 is currently being roughed out by guest artist Christopher A. Jones. Chris is the regular penciller on The Batman Strikes, and he and I worked together on the Captain Atom/Gargoyles/Justice League Europe parody from a few years back. The cover, a Guler/Bevard job featuring Hunter, is done.
Issue #4 is currently being roughed by Karine. The cover, a Guler/Bevard job featuring Fang, is done.
Issue #5 will get scripted as soon as I'm done scripting Red Tornado #1, Gargoyles #10 and Red Tornado #2. Guler is currently working on the cover, which features Dingo.
DC Comics has hired me to write a six issue limited series featuring one of my favorite characters, i.e. Red Tornado. (Duh.) I'm currently scripting issue #1. I'm hoping that any attention I get on this book will help us over on the Gargoyles books.
And, oh yeah... there's my actual job... and the main reason why I'm completely exhausted these days.
Episode #1 - This week we have a music and fx preview. The episode will preview at WonderCon on 2/23 and premiere on KidsWB on 3/8.
Episode #2 - We had a music and fx spottting session last week. This episode will ALSO premiere on KidsWB on 3/8. Or so I've been told.
Episode #3 - I've seen the Teaser and Act One. Hopefully, I'll see the missing acts this week, so that we can do our first pass edit and call retakes. We also have a music spotting session late this week.
Episode #4 - We should get it back from Korea this week to edit and call retakes.
Episodes #5-12 - We're waiting to get these back from Korea.
Episode #13 - Reviewing final color models.
Episodes #14-15 - Seeing design work daily and waiting to see storyboards.
Episodes #16-17 - Seeing design work daily. We'll be recording some pick-ups this week with a couple of actors who missed the main recording sessions earlier this month.
Episode #18 - We're recording this one on Thursday of this week.
Episode #19 - I need to finish editing the script for this one tonight.
Episode #20 - I'll start editing this script tonight or tomorrow.
Episode #21 - The writer should deliver this script late this week.
Episode #22 - The writer's working on this script now.
Episode #23 - The writer's working on this outline now.
Episode #24 - The writer will start this outline when she finishes writing the script to #21.
Episode #25 - I have to write this outline... you know, on my free time.
Episode #26 - The writer will write this outline when he's done writing the script for #22.
And I think that's it. Whew! |
0.973297 | A motorbike is a 2 wheeled motor vehicle. Motor cycle construction differs significantly to suit a span of different functions: long-distance travel, commuting, touring, sport including racing, and off road riding. Motorcycling is traveling on a motor cycle and corresponding cultural activity such as joining a motor cycle group and participating in motorcycle rides. In the super early phase of motorbike history, a great many producers of bikes changed their models to have the capacity for the emerging gasoline engine. As the motors became more dynamic and products outgrew the pedal bike lineage, the amounts of motor bike builders shot up. A great number of of the nineteenth century inventors who labored on the early motorbikes regularly managed to move on to various other technology. Daimler and Roper, to provide an example, the two of them proceeded to develop cars and trucks Motorbikes are commonly a high end possession in the developed community, where they are made use of basically for recreation, as a life-style gizmo or a token of personal character. In third world regions, motorbikes are absolutely utilitarian mainly because lower prices and improved fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world right now, 58% are in the SE Asia and Southern and Eastern Asia regions. The word motorbike has assorted regulatory classifications depending on legal system . There are 3 significant types of street motorcycle: street, off-road, and twin purpose. Inside these types, there are many sub-types and designs of motorcycles for numerous different intentions. There is commonly a racing equivalent to each model, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street motorcycles include cruisers, sportbikes, motor scooters and mopeds, and many most other types. Off-road motorbikes include many brands tailored for off-road racing styles such as dirt biking and are not road legal in most areas. Dual-purpose machines like the dual-sport design are made to go cross-country but normally include functions to make them legal and content on the street as well. Every single configuration offers either specialized improvement or tremendous opportunity, and every individual design develops a distinctive riding position. In the 21st century, the motor cycle industry is mainly dominated by the Chinese motor cycle industry and by Japanese motorcycle corporations. In addition to the large capacity motorbikes, there is a significant niche market in scaled-down functionality (just under three hundred cc) motor bikes, overwhelmingly concentrated in Asiatic and African countries and produced in China as well as India. A Japanese instance is the Nineteen fifty eight Honda Super Cub, which went on to become the biggest selling vehicle of all time, with its sixty millionth unit produced in April two thousand and eight.Nowadays, this industry is controlled by basically Indian companies with Hero MotoCorp expanding as the world's greatest builder of 2 wheelers. The frame is normally made from welded alloy or metal (or alloy) struts, with the rear end suspension being an fundamental constituent in the building. Carbon fibre, titanium and magnesium are applied in a few very highly-priced custom frames. A fork commonly consists of 2 fork tubes , which secure the front wheel axle, and a triple tree, which attaches the fork tubes and the handle bars to the framework with a pivot that makes it possible for steering. |
0.999772 | Designed for a couple with a mutual love of travel and family and different style preferences, this home with stunning ocean views encompasses a harmony of elements. The original garage was in an awkward location and the couple wanted easier direct access to their home. They wanted to accommodate family visits by adding a bedroom and bathroom and improved storage and seating. They desired a more expansive home connected to beautiful natural surroundings.
Significant construction was required to accomplish the goals of the new design, including adding space and reimagining existing space planning, all within the constraints of a rigorous coastal review process and the challenges of working on a steeply sloped footprint. The home now has a vastly improved curb appeal and front access, maximizes natural light, makes views central to the home’s appeal, and easily accommodates overnight guests when family visits. The inspiration for this home was melding the wife’s clean, white, and simple style with the husband’s bold and colorful style. The design now skillfully blends beach, contemporary, and rustic elements along with a dynamic color palette and bold textures. |
0.999999 | Freaked out, the actress pulled over to visit a police station in L.A.Freaked out, the actress pulled over to visit a police station in L.A.
Actress was followed by paparazzi after appearing on Jimmy Kimmel Live!Actress was followed by paparazzi after appearing on Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Eric Vanderburg on Twitter: "Scarlett Johansson slams the paparazzi, warns of another Princess Diana tragedy following scare https://t.co/y1jduq7Bkr"
Actress Scarlett Johansson was taken to the Los Angeles Police Department Hollywood station after a taping of the Jimmy Kimmel Live show. Actress Scarlett Johansson was taken to the Los Angeles Police Department Hollywood station after a taping of the Jimmy Kimmel Live show.
A run-in with paparazzi frightened actress Scarlett Johansson following a taping Monday of "Jimmy Kimmel Live," police said.A run-in with paparazzi frightened actress Scarlett Johansson following a taping Monday of 'Jimmy Kimmel Live,' police said.
Actress Scarlett Johansson was taken to the Los Angeles Police Department's Hollywood Station after being overpowered by paparazzi outside Jimmy Kimmel Live! on Monday, police say.Actress Scarlett Johansson was taken to the Los Angeles Police Department's Hollywood Station after being overpowered by paparazzi outside Jimmy Kimmel Live! on Monday, police say.
Scarlett Johansson taken to LAPD station after being overpowered by paparazzi outside Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Scarlett Johansson called for help from the police after she was allegedly chased through Hollywood by paparazzi on Monday.Scarlett Johansson called for help from the police after she was allegedly chased through Hollywood by paparazzi on Monday.
The actor and her daughter were followed by "five cars full of men with black-out windows" while walking to their hotel.
Cars and cameras don't mix.Cars and cameras don't mix.
Headline Scarlett Johansson blasts paparazzi and warns of new ‘Princess Diana’ incidentThe actress said five cars ran red lights and put ‘other drivers and pedestrians at risk’ after her appearance on a US talk show.
Avengers Endgame actress Scarlett Johansson was left 'frightened' after paparazzi got 'dangerously close'The actress had been ‘jostled by a crowd of cameramen' on Monday.
The "Avengers: Endgame" actress is no newbie to handling paparazzi, but after a scary brush with some on Monday she made a detour to an LAPD precinct.The "Avengers: Endgame" actress is no newbie to handling paparazzi, but after a scary brush with some on Monday she made a detour to an LAPD precinct.
Actress Scarlett Johansson literally had to go to a police station in Los Angeles after being followed by paparazzi in Los Angeles, and she's just released a statement about the experience.Scarlett Johansson makes an important point. |
0.986538 | The most frequently occurring element in a set of data is called mode.
Let's understand the concept of mode.
What is the mode of time taken ?
Since, 144 seconds is the time taken by 3 girls.
So, mode of the time taken by girls is "144 seconds"
Let's see how many times each number appears in this set.
The number that appears most often is 5.
So, 5 is the mode of the given data.
Consider another set: 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4.
Let's find the frequency of each element of the given set where frequency is the number of times a particular element recurs in the set.
So, 4 is the mode.
We can have more than one mode.
A set of data with 2 modes (i.e., two numbers that occur most often, and the same number of times) is called bimodal.
Test scores of 9 fourth graders are listed below.
Since both 18 and 24 occur three times, the modes are 18 and 24. This data set is bimodal.
There can be more than one mode in a data set.
Data set with two modes is called bimodal. |
0.999866 | Hey guys, I would like to share a lever action dual extrusion solution I came up with for Ultimaker 2+. The approach is based on the great effort everyone put into Mark2 and Ultimaker 3. The print head holds two hot ends, which are originally to be installed on standard UM2 head for 1.75 filament. The right nozzle move up and down for nozzle swapping. This compact dual print head can achieve single extrusion print area of 220x223x205, and dual extrusion print area of 202x223x200. Video clips: Files and instructions available at: https://github.com/yyh1002/DXU Credits: Lever lifting mechanism is inspired by Ultimaker 3. The firmware is modified based on Mark2 version of Tinkergnome firmware by @tinkergnome. CURA profiles are modified based on the Mark2 profiles by @tinkergnome and @foehnsturm. Used Mark2Tweaks plugin for CURA by Krys Lawrence.
UMO (1.5.7 PCB) & Marlin Endstop Interrupts?
I'm running Marlin 1.1.8 on my UMO with its original 1.5.7 electronics and an Ulticontroller. I've been building a new version of Marlin 1.1.8 for my Bltouch sensor, which I'm about to hook-up and start testing. The Marlin source code says: // Enable this feature if all enabled endstop pins are interrupt-capable. // This will remove the need to poll the interrupt pins, saving many CPU cycles. //#define ENDSTOP_INTERRUPTS_FEATURE and the Antclabs Bltouch instructions say this feature is optional. Does the 1.5.7 board have at least three interrupt-capable inputs? I only need three inputs because the Bltouch will use one input and provide a Z homing signal so that means I need only two more endstop interrupts for X and Y. Software limits works fine so I don't need MAX_PIN inputs as defined in the pins.ULTIMAKER.h file defaults here: // Limit Switches // #define X_MIN_PIN 22 #define X_MAX_PIN 24 #define Y_MIN_PIN 26 #define Y_MAX_PIN 28 #define Z_MIN_PIN 30 #define Z_MAX_PIN 32 Even though it would be inconvenient to adapt the endstop switch connectors, they could perhaps be connected to pins 11, 12, 13 or maybe even pins 34 and 36, which are labeled "SERVOS" on the PCB silkscreen. I plan to connect my Bltouch control (servo) pin to pin 13 and it seems that pins 11, 12, and 13 are usually used for such things. Also from pins.ULTIMAKER.h: // // Servos // #define SERVO0_PIN 13 // untested Does anyone here have experience with this? Did using interrupts work well (better than the default CPU polling)? Once I get it up and running and tested, I'll fork the Marlin 1.1.8 source (or maybe I'll spin-up 1.1.9, which is the last 1.x.x Marlin, except for bug fixes) to my github account so others can give it a whirl. BTW, this Bltouch V.2 mount looks pretty good to me. There's not all that much info on the Internet about this UMO mod or endstop interrupts. Bltouch Mount Same as above but with Google Translate to English Thanks!
Mark2 is an asymmetrical multi-extrusion upgrade for the Ultimaker 2, based on Foehnsturm's magnetic tool changer. It offers some unique features compared to conventional approaches. Keep it smart and simple The Mark2 upgrade doesn't require to modify or even disassemble the well-working single extrusion setup. Instead it adds a detachable second extruder. This leaves you with several benefits. Powerful - print quality on par with eg. the UM3 or BCN3D Sigma Flexible - use whatever you want: Olsson ruby, 3Dsolex block / nozzles, ... Cost-efficient - all you need is a second drive train, some magnets and screws Simple - all tried-and tested standard components Smart - Z-offset managed by firmware, calibration wizards Open & scalable - a non-extrusion tool head, a 3rd extruder ... all possible Mark2 is an Ultimaker community project, we don't offer a complete kit but we can help you out with a package, including all the parts you need, besides the second drive train. See it live Probably the best way to get an impression of the usability and print quality is to watch a few videos. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLeNzDYMnqAqIeZHWU9iOWnj_2OaemupQG Full Cura 2.5 integration Mark2 comes with a set of Cura definition files and can be added as a pre-configured printer. Tried and tested Mark2 setups have been printing for more than 5.000 hrs now, which equals more than 500.000 tool changes. Beta-testers and co-developers include well-known guys here like Tinkergnome, Ultiarjan and many more. The Mark2 website ultimaker-mark2.com is the place where you find all the information you need for doing this upgrade. ... and The Mark2 Dual Extrusion Project Contest is still running.
Hallo! Ich habe an meinem UMO+ einige Verbesserungen durchgeführt, die ich mit euch teilen möchte. Das Ziel war stets ein verbessertes Druckergebnis zu erzielen. 1. Dual Extrusion Ich wollte ein Dual Extrusion Setup bei meinem UMO+, um PVA als Stützmaterial zu drucken. Ich habe mich für den E3D Chimera+ in der wassergekühlten Variante entschieden. Da es den Chimera+ aber nur für 1,75mm Filament gibt, musste ich es etwas umbauen. Beide Düsen gehen bis 400°C und werden durch eine Wasserkühlung gekühlt. Der Druckkopf ist als modulare Halterung entworfen worden und kann entfernt werden. So können Reparaturen einfach vorgenommen werden und meine Dremel kann als Platinenfräse angebracht werden. 2. BondTech QR Extruder Der originale Extruder wurde gegen zwei BondTech QR getauscht. Teuer aber lohnenswert. 3. 8 mm Achsen Die beiden mittig über Kreuz angeordneten Achsen sind standardmäßig nur 6 mm im Durchmesser. Da ich mehr Stabilität wollte, habe ich sie gegen 8 mm dicke Achsen getauscht. Neue Linearlager von Misumi sind ebenso verbaut und die XY-Blöcke wurden neu designt. 4. Druckbett-Stabilisierung Da das Druckbett bei mir ständig vibriert hat, als ich Objekte druckte, die weit vorne liegen, habe ich dieses stabilisiert. Die Vibrationen sind im Nachhinein sichtbar und können sogar während dem Druck die Glasplatte verschieben. Nun ist das Druckbett extrem stabil. 5. Platinenfräse Ich wollte Platinen selber herstellen. Wozu mit "gefährlichen" und teueren Substanzen arbeiten, wenn man einen 3D-Drucker hat? Einfach den Aufsatz für den Chimera+ abschrauben und den Aufsatz für die biegsame Welle der Dremel anschrauben. 6. Direct-Drive Schrittmotoren Dadurch dass man die Wellen direkt mit den Schrittmotoren verbindet, wird das Backlash halbiert. Wegen den hohen Temperaturen im beheizten Druckraum mussten die Motoren sowieso nach außen. 7. Duet WiFi Habe die ganze Elektronik mit der Duet WiFi Platine getauscht. Die Platine ist übers WLAN steuerbar. Der Ulticontroller fällt weg. Duet WiFi ist RepRap, also kein Marlin mehr. Dieses finde ich um einiges besser. 8. Heated Chamber Eine sehr aufwendige Verbesserung ist der beheizte Druckraum, welcher bis zu 90°C heiß werden kann. Den UMO+ habe ich mit Polycarbonat-Panelen eingekleidet und zusätzlich isoliert. Zwei 500 Watt PTC-Heater erwärmen den Druckraum in rund 1 Stunde auf 90°C. Ein 14x5cm metallischer Hochtemperaturlüfter sitzt innerhalb der oberen Abdeckung und kühlt die Druckobjekte auf Glasübergangstemperatur. ABS und andere schwierig zu druckende Materialien lassen sich nun wie PLA drucken - kein Warping mehr. 9. LED-Beleuchtung Damit man die Druckobjekte im dunklen Druckraum auch noch sehen kann, ist eine LED-Beleuchtung montiert worden. 10. GT3 statt MXL Die originalen Riemen am UMO+ haben das MXL-Profil. Der UM2 hat schon die neueren Riemen mit GT2-Profil, welche weniger Backlash aufzeigen. Mein UMO+ besitzt nun GT3-Riemen. Diese haben das selbe Profil wie GT2, sind jedoch 30% belastbarer (neuere Version der GT2). Meine sind die Gates PowerGrip GT3 Riemen. 11. Metrol End-Stop-Switch Der originale Z-Schalter wurde gegen einen hochwertigen der Firma Metrol getauscht, welcher 0,005mm genau ist. 12. Capricorn Bowden-Tubes Als Bowden-Tubes verwende ich nun die Capricorn TL-Series. Qualitativ hochwertig und passgenaue Durchmesser. 13. Softwareanpassung Viel Druckqualität kann man auch noch über die Software vom Duet bzw. durch Einstellungen rausholen, indem man z.B. die Beschleunigungswerte reduziert. Ein paar mehr Bilder und der Umbau einer E3D-V6 Düse auf Wasserkühlung findet ihr in den folgenden Kommentarseiten.
Dual Extrusion UM2. What is the best option?
I want to add dual extrusion to my UM2+ Currently (as far as I can tell) there are two projects that deal with Dual Extrusion on the UM2+ ULTICREATR 2X http://www.shop.creatr.it/en/ulticreatr/164-ulticreatr-2x.html#/52-printer-ultimaker_2 Mark2 https://magnetic-tool-changer.com/ From what little I can gather, the Ulticreatr 2x setup would have issues with the nozzle hitting the part, the temperature from one nozzle creeping into the other, and oozing. Is this really an issue with the Ulticreatr 2x? Does anyone have first hand experience with this setup? The videos/images on their site are very pretty. The Mark2 looks like it would reduce the printable area on the bed because it has to park the second carriage (it would also take longer to print if there are lots of color changes). Is this an accurate assessment? Are these the only two options? What does it take to build a Dual Extrusion setup? If I were to build my own Dual Extrusion by utilizing the existing parts (similar to how the Ulticreatr 2x works) what more is needed other than a second extruder, motor, bowden, and a nozzle/heatblock set? I guess this question is more of a: Why would I spend $705 USD on the Ulticreatr 2x when I can just buy the parts I need for half that?
PDF READY VERSION AT: https://www.youmagine.com/designs/um2-upgrade-on-umo-assembly-manual Well I finally got one UM2kit and I'm getting ready to install it on one of my umo+. So far everything it's just very plug and play. @Meduza Addon's to install it on Umo+ Rotated printhead https://www.youmagine.com/designs/um2-printhead-top-for-umo Feeder adaptor https://www.youmagine.com/designs/um2-extrusion-upgrade-kit-mount-for-umo I'll post more as soon I get my hands dirty this weekend, but since the printed parts are ready I suppose it won't take much time, unless I stop for an ice-cream or a coffee. I'm also making slideblocks to use the longer um2 shafts, and I'll try to advance in that direction after the basic installation it's done and running. For more on that go to: https://ultimaker.com/en/community/21074-beyond-slideblocks-for-umo-to-use-um2-shafts-hotend First steps - Setting all ready Hotend Before starting. You will need to be sure that the printed part x4 screw holes are clean and the long hotend screws are clean. If not, use a 3mm drill bit or a file (or the screws until they pass clean and smoothly. Take out the bowden and the clip from the um2+ hotend. Unscrew the x4 long screws and take out the top of the hotend black plastic. Don't worry the bottom part with the coupler, nozzle and all that won't move a bit, that part it's independent on um2/um2+ hotend. Then take out the um2 top and replace it with the new printed part. BUT remember to ROTATE it 90 Degrees, so the top bearing it's facing you. Make sure that the back CABLES ain't being crush and they are just like they where when we started this. I must say that it's almost imposible to crush them since they are really neatly installed, but better safe than sorry. Insert the bowden clip, bowden and blue thingy. Ok, hotend ready to use. Let's do some other stuff. Feeder time The metal adaptor that comes with the upgrade kit won't be needed for umo+. Just the white feeder part. Get x4 m3 10mm and screw the motor to the feeder hanger. After that, you need to secure the white gear feeder to the meduza adaptor. This time you need x2 nuts and x2 m3 14-16mm. You could even use 20mm or longer for this since they won't touch anything but to make it look clean try to use 14-16mm. Ok feeder done. One think I noticed @meduza it's that there's no clearance to grip the cable later on. So this part might need a little bit of adjustment. Anyhow isn't biggie. Time to update the hardware  First, disconnect the power and make sure there’s no residual power on the machine (do a turn on/off while unplugged) Take out the board Wooden cover This part depends on what model of board you have, 2.1.1 needs a flat screw driver while 2.1.4 have a different clamp system for the Heater. Unscrew the heater 1 cables  Relax the velcro fastening.  Take out Temp 1 sensor.  If you installed it like me, with the pt100 behind the board, you will need to unscrew the board a bit so there’s wiggle room to pull it out. Move the bed to the z if needed.  Pt100 disconnected fully  Unplug the fan cable. Same as before, if you installed behind the board you know the drill.  Cables ready to take out, pt100, heater, fan.  Pull out the 3 cables, you won’t need them anytime soon.  Disconnect feeder 1 motor  To take the feeder 1 cable out it’s better to push with the fingernail on the top of the plastic, this way you make sure you don’t pull the cables out of the connector.  Time to pull out the feeder motor and from the frame too. Save it for a rainy day.  Hang the new feeder motor with it’s adaptor and pass the cable trough and plug it where the old feeder was.  Fix the hotend somewhere safe so you can work with the new um2+ hotend cables. They come with a tape so it’s very easy to pull them trough the hole.  Since the cables come with a snake’s skin protector, you can avoid to insert them on the umo+ guide, also it’s much easier to remove if sometime goes wront.  Ok cables in.  Stick the cables on a side and pick the heater cables to install then.  Install heater 1 IMPORTANT STEP. Now the PT100, I really recommend to pass it behind the board. Pass it behind the board, if you didn’t unscrew a bit the board (from inside the machine, not the ones outside) you can do it now. Use sometime to pass the cable behind. I used the tweezers I use to pick the filament when it purges.  Connect the pt100. As you can see the cable reach perfectly, but there’s very little wiggle room, that’s why it’s important to pass it behind the board.  Now the fan. Cable yellow/green colores with a molex. Same as the pt100, pass it behind the board.  And now plug it  IMPORTANT STEP This might be a new connector for some of you, this one it’s the 5v hotend fan. If you have a 2.1.1 this little fan (it’s almost noise-less, for real) will stay on always. On 2.1.4 boards it won’t start until the hotend reaches 40C.  It only has one way to be plugged in  Now you can push up the board and tight the screws again. Remember to push the board up I did forgot and had to do it later…  Allright!! Now short the cables, use the velcro fastening thingy and rearrange a bit the mess.  Hotend time! Since I use Twisterblocks this step it’s very very fast. For users with standard wooden blocks, go to the page 54 of the Ultimaker Original Plus Assembly Manual It’s a very easy and fast step, so don’t worry.  UMO+ hotend out! Take the x/y shafts. It’s a good moment to clean them with a fiberless cloth.  You should have the hotend and feeder ready to save them for a rainy day. Bag them so they don’t get dust.  Time to install the new um2+ hotend!!  Secure the hotend. Basically the step you did to dissasemble the slideblocks, but reverse it.  Everything almost ready!  Remember to recalibrate x/y. With my twisterblocks I didn’t had to do it, but with the original wood blocks you will need to do this. if you forgot how to do it. It’s a very good video!  Time to adjust the firmware! Set the Esteps on to 369.0 (Control / Motion & scroll down to find it ) Set the numbers like the img. Now the PID of the hotend. (Control / Temperature / scroll down to find it ) Set the numbers like the img.  Remember to save them!  Thinks that are different. UM2+ Fans don’t start to move until they reach 100/255, so you will need to readjust your cooling settings. Ultimaker 2 Firmware has a KICKSTART at 200millisec (keep reading about this on the next point) and a minimum pwm of 20. So for UMO+ you need the Amedee custom firmware builder to make it work easier. The best custom umo+ firmware builder it’s made by @amedee. Read the basic tutorial I made at Ultimaker Original custom firmware builder. Remember to realign the Z! Also if you plan to use I2K to go higher than 260C you will need to install a custom firmware. Enjoy!!!
Ultimaker 3 print core "hack"
Hello To my undestanding the Ultimaker is open source so i hope it is ok i ask this. I am trying to figure out how the interface to the print cores is done. I need to figure this out since i need to test a crazy idea i have. This idea includes having to control the temperature of the hotend. I have bought a spare BB 0.4 mm print core i need to control from a arduino or raspberry pi. I found the schematics for the print head here: https://github.com/Ultimaker/Ultimaker3/tree/master/PCB files I am not sure but if i am correct the answer is hidden somewhere here: https://github.com/Ultimaker/Ultimaker3/blob/master/PCB files/2118-G Cartridge PCB/Project Outputs for Cartridge PCB/Schematic Prints.PDF and here: https://github.com/Ultimaker/Ultimaker3/blob/master/PCB files/2012-K Print head PCB/Schematic and layout pdf/Schematic Prints_printhead_2012-K_01.PDF From the latter it looks like it is a standard i2c interface. I am looking at the top right corner where it says hotend 2. From the first - which i assume is the diagram for the print core - i guess the TP1 to TP4 correstponds to the P1 to P4 below in the diagram. 1) is the connection to the temperature sensor i assume 2) is a connection to ground 3) is the positive connection to the heat sensor and the positive connection to the heater 4) is the ??? This doesn't make sence. Is there two heaters or ??? is it possible to have the sda and scl on the same wire (3)? Can you help me?
Hat jemand schon den IR-Sensor von David Crocker am Ultimainboard 2.1.4 angeklemmt bekommen bzw. ABL mi Marlin 1.1.9 oder jünger zum laufen gebracht? Bin jetzt am überlegen, wie ich es am Besten bewerkstelligen soll... Variante 1: Transistor an die Signalleitung klemmen, der an den Anschluss Z-Switch kommt, Z-Min und Z-Max wechseln. Variante 2: Über einen der freien Pins am Board codieren und Firmware anpassen.
I’ve owned a umo+ for quite a while now and am interested in upgrading to a dual extrusion system. In my research I was looking into the Mark 2 upgrade. I was wondering if it would be possible to upgrade my umo+ using the um2+ extrusion kit. Using neotko’s guide and then just following the Mark 2 instructions for the um2. Just curious if it would be a possible upgrade.
I am finally getting around to posting this. We bought our UM3E about 12 months ago. The first time I ran a print over night, the filament jumped over the edge of the spool, got bound up around the spool post, and caused the print to fail (in the last 60 minutes of the 20 hour print job). I was very frustrated. So I designed a simple add-on to prevent this from happening again. The factory equipment restrains the filament at one point around the spool, leaving it free to jump the spool around the rest of spool. To fix this, I created two additional restraint arms. To make sure it fit correctly to the existing components, I downloaded the part CAD files from Ultimaker. It fits over the spool post, and positively locks into place against the existing retainer arm (to prevent it from rotating with the spool). When changing spools, you just sit the retainer on the side of the spool, and load it normally. A little turn ensures it is locked in.
Guten morgen zusammen, nach erfolgreicher Installation und auch firmeware tausch auf die vorgesehene von bondtech macht mein Spielzeug nun mysteriöse Geräusche im Gehäuse des Extruders beim Einzug des filmendes beim Drucken „knack knack knack knack“ hört sich an als ob etwas überdreht. Hat wer sowas vielleicht schon erlebt und eine Lösung gefunden? Schönen Sonntag!
Hi Folks, Yesterday I come across a small stepper motor, that might be used on the extruder itself, or for some other use.. The weight is 50 gram and length 30 mm with 4 mm shaft. Not the smallest, but cost only 4 USD (500 Yen) so I bought 3 ea. Here is a picture: The "big" connector we are using on UM2 is shown beside the micro connector this mini stepper use. Specs is found here: https://wakamatsu.co.jp/biz/products/detail.php?product_id=62020023 This stepper is made here in Japan. Thanks Torgeir.
Hello ! I recently changed my PLA supplier (now PLA economy from Colorfabb) in 2.2kg spool and I started to hear clicking sound on both my UM2+. I have bondtech feeders, tinkergnome and (normally) I set everything up correctly. I do not have underextrusion at all... I tried to loose the tensionning screw on the feeder and to increase the printing speed but I still have this (VERY ANNOYING) clicking sound. It occurs each 5 or 10 seconds. Maybe I did not hear it before because of the size of the spool and the lack of resonance... Do you have an idea ? If you need any extra info and/or pics, do not hesitate ! I am note sure what could be of use here... Thanks a lot ?
SOLVED BuildTak possible on UM3?
I use BuildTak on my UM2+ and love it. Is it possible to use BuildTak on the UM3? I wonder if it would interfere with the new capacitive leveling function. It would seem like adding an extra couple of mm wouldn't make a difference with a capacitive sensor, but I wonder if Ultimaker can answer this officially.
Hi all, This is my first time posting here so if there is anything I don't do correctly please let me know. Thanks! So I am working on adding a DIY heated bed to my Ultimaker Original. I am going the route of basically recreating the HBK on my own. By this I mean I got the aluminum build platform and UM2 style heatbed. The heatbed I got stated it had a 100k thermistor built in. My current design consists of the heatbed powered directly from a 24v power supply which is switched via a Solid State DC relay by the Ultimaker board. I have the relay hooked up to the "Heatbed" screw terminals on the ultimaker board. The thermistor wires are hooked into Temp3 screw terminals. I already soldered in the 4.7k resistor into the R4 position on the board. I tried updating the firmware via the Ultimaker firmware builder but was unsure what selection to choose for my thermistor (from the dropdown menu). I am running into issues with the board not recognizing the thermistor which could be a product of this. The LCD reads 100/0 for the bed and when I try to set a temp for it, it immediately clears it back to 0. I have the board currently detached from the rest of the printer (besides the arduino), and couldn't imagine this would cause any problems, but figured it was worth mentioning. So my question is, what selection should work for the 100k thermistor and 4.7k resistor in the ultimaker firmware builder? Or am I better off using something else to do so. I picked one of the 100k thermistor options from the dropdown, but if I did pick correctly where should I look next as the cause of these problems. Thank you all!!
I recently added a 10-Watt laser to my UM2E+ printer. I also have a UM3E printer, which I used to print parts to do this. I have carefully enclosed the printer, ventilated it to outside, added OD3+ door and window for safety, coupled with wearing OD3+ goggles. I've attached a photo of the setup. It functions re asonably well, using both Inkscape and T2Laser software packages. What I would very much appreciate help with now has to do with the printer firmware. I see various comments about firmware mods for related purposes in the community, but I have no experience at all with the software packages mentioned. The particular items that would be most valuable are, first of all, a disabling of the firmware command causing the printer to home the head after each print job. That is no longer possible with the laser attached, since the laser mount would hit the wall just before it gets to the home position. What I do now is simply switch off the printer when it starts to head home. Other items would include the automatic "kickstart" for the fans, I'm using the fan control to provide the control of the laser power. The extra "flashes" when it goes up from zero are not desired. What would perhaps be most useful of all, though, would be the ability to see and control the X, Y, and Z values from the menu and to set the the X, Y, and Z limits that now exist because of the presence of the laser. I will be very interested in any comments or suggestions as to how I should proceed.
I own two Ultimaker 2+ and have created a laser attachment for the print head and a control board plus scripts to expose PCBs with the Ultimaker. It's a small UM firmware mod (on basis of the tinker firmware) that give a "sync" signal on one of the extension ports of the Ultimaker mainboard and a Arduino based controller (Arduino Pro Micro, the quite small thingy) that receives the pixels via USB/serial connection (for example from a Raspberry Pi that's running OctoPrint in parallel) and "streams" them to the laser driver upon receiving the sync signal from the UM. Essentially the print head is moving with constant speed left-to-right and the laser is switched by the controller independently matching that speed. So the core idea is to use the mechanics of the Ultimaker 2, but aside of the sync signal not do any larger mods to it. Which even makes it a universal solution for any precise mechanic like that. I had done one try to get the pixel streaming into the firmware, but there is a conflict between the timer interrupts for motor control and the pixel streaming coming up. Possibly doable to untangle that, but that felt like a painful road so I decided for that external controller, simplifying the thing enormously. With that solution I can achieve results down to 3-4mil of resolution which is much better than what I could achieve with the regular film printing & exposure methods or toner transfer. See attached photos (thanks to Henner Zeller the creator of the LDgraphy laser exposure device for the excellent test pattern, https://github.com/hzeller/ldgraphy). Video of the exposure process: That for the background, now to the question that I have. Currently the creation of the G-Code for the printer and the "bitstream" file are plain Python scripts I have to call, transfer the files to the OctoPi, run my "bit streamer" and start OctoPi with the G-Code file. Pretty manual process. Now I would like to integrate all this into a OctoPrint plug-in to use OctoPi as a central UI. That would be much more transparent and comfortable and could also provide the calibration tools to adjust PCB position and focus height in a few clicks. Would anyone be interested to join in to develop and test this? P.S. the holder of the laser head attachment bases on the Mark 2 dual head magnetic plate, so it's easily attachable and removable. |
0.998101 | Tell me when your book is coming out.
I'd like to receive a weekly blog post from you.
I'd like to receive a monthly newsletter from you. |
0.999199 | A city Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants In its approximately 12 centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate Southern and Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. Rome was preponderant throughout the Mediterranean region and was one of the most powerful entities of the ancient world.Ancient Rome made significant contributions to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology, and language in the Western world, and its history continues to have a great influence on the world today. |
0.952202 | To the editor: Lopsided partisan representation survives in some states in spite of equal vote totals between the two parties because of the brazen attempts by the Republican Party to unconstitutionally set electoral boundaries according to party affiliation instead of population numbers.
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts will forever be known as the man who gutted the Voting Rights Act in 2013 by eliminating the rule of oversight on states setting their own voting restriction activities.
Shortly after that decision in 2013, several states dominated by Republican politicians enacted voter suppression laws, disenfranchising hundreds of thousands of low-income voters and effectively those of color. Furthermore, the court has favored Republicans in gerrymandering cases.
Roberts has ensured that democratic ideal of “one citizen, one vote” is now dead in states with Republican Party dominance. Is he proud of his legacy?
To the editor: At its heart gerrymandering is undemocratic. It wastes votes of the majority of citizens. To support this practice is to support the tyranny of the minority.
A quick solution that renders gerrymandering impotent is to implement proportional terms of service. Under this system, any candidate with a vote count in excess of 30% of the total would be obligated to serve in office a time period relative to his or her vote percentage.
Third-party candidates may feel emboldened, and the total number of “wasted” votes would be minimized. This could be accompanied by longer terms and more frequent censuses.
Desperate times require desperate solutions. |
0.936898 | Did you know that your oral health and your diet are inter-connected?
Research has shown that a balanced diet plays an important part in keeping your teeth and gums (as well as the rest of your body) healthy. Similarly, eating well and taking nutritional supplements can help you to recover more quickly from oral health issues or surgery.
Eating unhealthily can result in poor oral health, which in turn can lead to gum disease. On the other hand, sore gums or tooth loss can cause eating difficulties, which may lead to unhealthy food choices.
Scientists have proven that sugar is the main cause of tooth decay. The more often you eat sugar, and the longer it stays in your mouth, the higher your risk of tooth decay.
A good oral care routine and fluoride toothpaste can help reduce this risk, but the most effective solution is to simply consume less sugar.
A balanced diet is the best way to stay healthy and keep your teeth and gums in good shape.
Calcium-rich foods and protein are particularly important for maintaining strong teeth and preventing tooth decay. Try to avoid sugary snacks and fizzy drinks, particularly in between meals.
Also, be aware that some foods and drinks, such as tea and coffee, may cause staining or discoloration. |
0.999999 | - Apple shipped a record 1,610,000 Macintosh computers representing 30 percent growth in Macs over the year-ago quarter.
- iPod saw a 35 percent growth year over year with 8,729,000 iPods sold during the quarter.
- Apple Retail Store Mac unit sales were up 60% year over year and for the first time more than 50% of all Macs sold in stores went to first time Mac owners.
Also Apple is gaining market share in the personal computer space as we predicted they would. Gartner has Apple ranked 4th in US with 6.1% market share in Q3CY2006 compared to 4.6% in Q3CY2005.
That is really great and I believe Apple's market share will continue to grow. Just a keen eye on the sheer number of people walking around with Mac's these days emphasizes this growth.
Analyze This: Are Gamers Really Saying "I Want My HDTV!"?
I personally feel Microsoft and Sony are emphasizing [HDTV] "just enough." HDTV is important to the future of gaming in general. I am seeing increasing interest on the PC gaming side, as well. HDTV is a big part of the next generation of entertainment, but it is hard to justify over-emphasizing it when HDTV sets are still not the majority of TVs in houses, and Europe in particular really lacks in HDTV set sales.
Practically speaking, Microsoft wants the Xbox 360 to be a "convergence device." They are banking on the idea that it will be more convenient for you to buy a HD-DVD drive for the Xbox 360 than to buy a whole new DVD player. I am quite disappointed, however, that the HD-DVD drive will not be used for game content, and is a negative next to the PS3.
It is hard to say [if] Nintendo made a mistake not including HDTV; I feel they made the decision knowing what their market wants. They continue to show that they understand their market, and what their market wants, incredibly well.
I do not think the gaming industry is jumping in prematurely at all. There is great demand among the early market that flocked to buy the Xbox 360 and that will flock to buy the PS3. It is definitely important to give the market a 720p and 1080i/p gaming experience, but I would never advise a game developer to not support standard definition TVs for the foreseeable future. Although it is not premature to start to innovate game graphics and experiences for HDTV gamers, it is irresponsible to not support the still very large market of non hi-def TVs.
Consumers generally say they do not want to upgrade yet [to HDTV] because there is not enough content available. So if a person watches more TV and movies than playing games, then the answer is when more movies and TV become available, they will upgrade. If the consumer plays a lot of video games as well, then that only adds to the amount of hi-def content available for them to enjoy, so the decision becomes easier. My advice to consumers has always been if the majority of entertainment medium you consume is available in hi-def, then upgrade and enjoy. |
0.999949 | What are the best selling Pokemon games of all time?
Pokemon is one of the best selling game franchises of all time. The iconic Mario series is the only franchise to top Pokemon to date. Here we list the top selling Pokemon games of all time.
The Mario series, which includes Super Mario, Mario Kart and more, has sold an incredible estimated 570 million copies. Pokemon, which comes in number two, has sold an estimated 301 million copies.
Iconic video game franchises GTA and FIFA also fall behind Pokemon. They are third and fourth in the list, with respective estimated sales of 280 and 260 million. Coming in at number 5 is unsurprisingly Call of Duty. The most famous first-person shooter has sold 250 million copies.
For the sake of determining the most popular Pokemon games, versions such as Gold, Silver and Crystal will be combined as they are essentially the same game.
The first ever Pokemon game is by far the best selling. It was released on the Gameboy in 1996. Even today, when someone says Pokemon game, most people think of Pokemon Red and Blue.
Interestingly, the lesser-known Pokemon Green was only released in Japan. This is why the majority of audiences aren't familiar with the game. Given this we can safely assume the Green version contributed little to the overall sales.
Green, along with Pokemon Red and Blue, generated a huge 31.38 million sales. Consequently, Pokemon Yellow has sold 14.64 million copies.
Given the popularity of the first Pokemon game, it is unsurprising that the second game to be released, Pokemon Gold, Silver and Crystal, comes in at number two on the chart.
There was quite a gap between the release date depending on region. Japan first got this game in 1999 and Europe had to wait until 2001. It was released on the Gameboy Color and based on the Johto region.
Between the three, 29.49 million copies were sold with Gold and Silver contributing to the bulk of the sales with 23.1 million.
Pokemon Diamond and Pearl were the first Pokemon games released on the Nintendo DS. Pokemon Platinum, the enhanced version of Diamond and Pearl, was released two years later.
The game introduced five time periods, in comparison to Gold and Silver's three, and made several changes to the battle mechanics.
First released in 2006 (2007 elsewhere), Diamond and Pearl generated 17.67 million sales. Therefore, Pokemon Platinum sold 7.6 million.
Pokemon Ruby and Sapphire was the third Pokemon game to be released.
It was released for the Gameboy Advance. Once again Japan got a head-start on the rest of the world with a November 2002 release. It was released to the rest of the world by July of 2003. It was the first Pokemon to introduce double battles.
A similar trend continues with Ruby and Sapphire's enhanced version, Emerald, whereby its predecessor accumulates most of the sales. Pokemon Emerald contributed 7.06 million sales of the 23.28.
Some would look at this list and think the introduction of a new generation of Pokemon would boost the sales. However, each of these games have been the first Pokemon on new Nintendo handheld hardware.
Read More: Pokemon Sword and Shield to be the first open world Pokemon game?
Pokemon X and Y was the first Pokemon game to appear on the Nintendo 3DS. It is the first Pokemon game on handheld to feature fully 3D polygonal graphics. Moreover, it features mega evolution for the first time.
Released in 2013, Pokemon X and Y sold a combined 16.37 million copies.
Other mainline Pokemon games such as Pokemon Sun/Moon and Red/Blue remake, Pokemon Fire Red/Leaf Green weren't far behind.
Interestingly, classic games such as Pokemon Stadium and Pokemon Snap weren't close to making the top 5. |
0.926141 | In the Black Hills of the Dakotas, Sitting Bull, leader of a large Sioux Indian tribe, watches with anger as one wagon train after another brings in white prospectors looking for gold. The prospectors are cutting through Indian territory, despite attempts by the U.S. Cavalry to divert them to the east or south. After breaking up a skirmish between the Sioux and some prospectors, Major Bob Parrish returns to his fort, where he and Colonel George Armstrong Custer argue over the role of the Cavalry in the territory. Parrish's insistence on keeping the peace with the Indians by going after the trouble-making prospectors results in his reassignment by General Howell to the Red Rock Indian Agency. Howell's daughter and Parrish's fiancée Kathy, who wants a husband with a future in the Army, decides to break off the engagement when she learns of the reassignment. When Parrish arrives at Red Rock, he is appalled at the living conditions that have been forced on the Indians, and complains to Webber, the cruel civilian agency head. Though sent to the agency to police the camp, Parrish refuses to order his men to shoot the Indians when they break out of the stockade. Webber, frustrated by the Cavalry's inaction, shoots and kills the Indian Young Buffalo. Later, cavalrymen arrive with orders to arrest Parrish, who is being sent to Washington to be court-martialed for sympathizing with the Indians and allowing the prisoners at Red Rock to escape. In Washington, Parrish meets with President Ulysses S. Grant, who demotes him to captain but assigns him to arrange a meeting with Sitting Bull. Parrish returns to the Black Hills, only to discover that Kathy is now engaged to Charles Wentworth, a war correspondent. With the help of Sam, a black runaway slave, Parrish is taken to Sitting Bull. The chief agrees to a temporary truce and a meeting with Grant, but he refuses to go to Washington, so Parrish asks the President to come to the Dakotas. Grant consents to the meeting, but before the peace treaty meeting can convene, Custer, ignoring Parrish's pleas to keep his distance, spoils the truce by provoking an Indian attack. The ensuing battle results in the death of Custer and the massacre of his regiment at Little Big Horn. Following the massacre, Parrish, determined to prevent further bloodshed, warns Sitting Bull that an Army unit is approaching, and guides the Sioux to a safe place. For his role in the evacuation, Parrish is later convicted of treason and ordered to die by firing squad. Kathy, who still loves Parrish and who has broken off her engagement to Wentworth, meets with Grant and tries unsuccessfully to prevent Parrish's execution. With only a short time to spare before Parrish's set execution, Kathy, realizing that the only testimony that can save her sweetheart is that of Sitting Bull, finds the chief and brings him to the execution site. After convincing Grant of Parrish's patriotism and preventing the captain's execution, Sitting Bull returns to his people, hopeful that now peace will prevail.
Sound: Mono Production Co: W. R. Frank Productions, Tele-Voz, S. A. |
0.996131 | Wolverhampton is preparing to turn Orange again as the city says 'No' to gender based violence.
Residents, businesses, schools, faith groups, charities and other organisations across the city are once more being encouraged to 'Orange Wolverhampton' between 25 November and 10 December.
In doing so, they will help raise awareness of Wolverhampton's drive to end gender-based violence - primarily that committed against women and girls, including domestic abuse, female genital mutilation, forced marriage, so called 'honour based' violence and sexual violence.
At the same time, they will be highlighting the help and support that is available to victims in Wolverhampton from local and national organisations such as The Haven, Wolverhampton Domestic Violence Forum, St George's Hub, Karma Nirvana and the City of Wolverhampton Council.
More than 50 organisations took part in 2017's campaign, holding wear orange days, turning their websites and social media channels orange, sharing key messages about the campaign with staff, customers and service users, holding orange cake sales or coffee mornings, lighting their buildings orange, flying orange flags and much more.
Some 16,000 people also showed their support by wearing orange ribbons throughout the 16 day campaign.
Councillor Hazel Malcolm, the City of Wolverhampton Council's Cabinet Member for Public Health and Wellbeing, said: "Last year's Orange Wolverhampton campaign was the biggest so far, with thousands of people showing their support in one way or another.
"We want to make this year's campaign even bigger - and this is your chance to get involved. There are so many things you can do, big and small, all of which will help raise awareness of these issues.
"The colour orange symbolises a brighter future and a world free from gender-based violence, and turning Wolverhampton Orange is an important part of our work to make sure victims know how to get the help and support they need."
For more information and to sign up to this year's campaign, please visit the new Orange Wolverhampton website at Type=links;Linkid=10998;Title=OrangeWolves;Target=_blank;.
Key dates for this year's campaign include: Wear Orange Day on Monday 26 November, when people are encouraged to wear orange clothing; the return of the Orange Wolverhampton pop up shop in the Wulfrun Centre on Thursday 29 November, where people can find out more about the campaign and the help and support available locally; and Eat Orange Day on Fridays 30 November and 7 December, on which people are asked to consume some orange food or drink.
Orange Wolverhampton supports the United Nations' Orange the World campaign to end violence against women and girls, which takes place annually between 25 November, International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, and 10 December, UN Human Rights Day.
In an emergency, always call police on 999.
For more detailed local information please visit Type=links;Linkid=7041;Title=Wolverhampton Safeguarding;Target=_blank;. |
0.999963 | Create a reminder list called "Myself". Tell Siri, "Add Myself a Reminder [your note here]". This will generate an email so stuff gets done. |
0.999979 | Conceptualize a brand and create assets for a product design conference, including Brand Guidelines, a Conference Guidebook, Nametags, and miscellaneous merch.
I put together a naming and experience map to identify what kind of feeling I wanted to evoke from the brand. From there, I refined the word map to the what specific language to use would be.
The Mission Statement I landed on was: "To inform and inspire sustainable solutions in product design, architecture, and interiors". Later in the process, I removed architecture and interiors as elements of the conference.
At first, I was centered around the visual form of the "G" in Galvanize. I hadn't fully figured out the story I was telling with the brand, and I was heading down a path of visual ambiguity. After I found the story I wanted to tell, I built a logo that expresses bold ideals of urgency, motion, and the geometric language of product design.
After writing copy and gathering images, I laid the groundwork for the Conference Booklet. The problem the booklet solves is a matter of narrative— the booklet needs to connect the audience with the narrative in a way that is clear, cohesive, and familiar.
This problem is solved with a booklet that is cohesive with the brand, easy to use, and doesn't stray outside the Galvanize story.
I started putting together a motion-based promo video for the conference— I began storyboarding, and moved it into After Effects once the timing and assets were figured out.
The final motion graphic introduces the mission and aesthetics of the conference, and would live online, or as a projection in an exhibition space.
Designing an exhibition space for Galvanize Conference was an exercise in problem solving.
How can a space be informative, exciting, and serve as a jumping-off point for the conference?
I began sketching floorplans based on the Seattle Conference Space, modelled it into a maquette, and brought the ideas into Sketchup. The bones of the exhibit are influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright's use of compression and release in architecture— The small opening to the exhibit space pushes visitors into a more introspective mode, where they'll be more receptive to exploring the information in the space.
I designed a large interactive element to be incorporated into the exhibit.
The goal of the exhibit was to inform visitors about the history, evolution, and impact of product design— the large screen allows visitors to explore this in a geographic and categorical context. |
0.987586 | A style refers to the strategy that a boxer employs during a match, with most boxers favouring one of three main styles. A boxer’s choice of style typically depends on his or her physical and mental capabilities.
This style emphasizes on the boxer maintaining a certain distance between himself and the opponent. Punches in this style are usually faster and long range, with jabs frequently employed. This style generally aims to wear the opponent down over time. However, it is more likely to result in points rather than knockouts, due to weaker blows.
The out-fighter style benefits the boxer who utilizes it as he is able to control the pace of the round. This style is notably favoured by the famous boxer, Muhammed Ali.
The brawler is also known as the slugger style. This style is normally used by boxers with very strong punches, and they are characterised by slower mobility compared to out-fighters. Brawlers are also prone towards employing continuous single punches such as upper-cuts, rather than using combinations. The most important characteristic of a brawler is the power behind every blow as well as their endurance.
Brawlers also have to be able to withstand counter punches better than their opponents, as their lack of speed and predictable punching style leave them vulnerable to counter attacks.
This style of fighting improves chances of a knockout compared to other styles due to the fact that punches from brawlers pack a lot more force and impact.
The in-fighter is also known as the swarmer or pressure fighter. This style is the opposite of the out-fighter, as the boxer usually attempts to stay close to the opponent, while throwing in as many combinations as possible.
The swarmer boxer has to have a relatively good endurance for punches, because they will have to take several before they can maneuver themselves close enough to their opponent.
In-fighter boxers are usually shorter than their opponent, and as such can throw their entire body’s mass behind an uppercut. They also employ non-stop aggression and bend at the waist after throwing a punch to avoid counters from their opponents due to their shorter stature. Mike Tyson and Manny Pacquiao are both swarmer boxers. |
0.961446 | The flag of Puerto Rico is similar to that of Cuba as they were designed at the same time by the same activists.
When is Independence Day in Puerto Rico?
How long until Discovery of Day?
This holiday next takes place in 211 Days.
Discovery Day (Spanish: Día del Descubrimiento de Puerto Rico) is a public holiday in Puerto Rico observed on 19th November.
It marks the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the island in 1493.
On 24 September 1493, Christopher Columbus embarked on his second voyage to the new world with 17 ships and over 1,200 soldiers.
For 15 years, the islands were largely ignored, until Juan Ponce de León, a lieutenant under Columbus, was granted permission to explore the island in 1508. On the north coast he found a large bay that could harbour many sailing vessels; founding Caparra, the island's first European colony nearby. By 1521 the town had moved to the northern end of the harbour and renamed Puerto Rico ("Rich Port"). Over the years, the name Puerto Rico came to be applied to the whole island.
Puerto Rico has been a US territory since 1898. Everyone born on the island is an American citizen and holds a US passport. |
0.94195 | Why would a person become an artist if self-expression doesn’t come easily? Is the driving motivation the struggle to communicate a deep, almost inexpressible yearning? Ease of expression is not my talent. With age, I’ve learned to see and accept what my strengths and weaknesses are as an artist. I recognize when I’m channeling the Giacometti-like tendencies, being tormented by a sense of failure, being unable to perceive the beauty before me. But, somehow I always find enough love in the practice of creation and I can recognize the magic of lines intersecting in just the right way, so that shadows falling across a face suddenly form a narrative. The narrative may be darkening thoughts, puffing up like a storm cloud, but in the act of creation, the cloud exists in the vast, openness of expression, with room to breathe and the space to become something else, no longer trapped inside a single person’s head…like a cloud bursting out of the darkness, it floats to find another soul. |
0.955784 | You too can be a "bird watcher"
My brother and I are both into bird watching. The only difference is, his bird watching occurs in the daytime.
I've been spotting satellites in the sky for well over 25 years. Problem was, I didn't realize it until about the time I graduated high school.
I don't remember when I saw my first artificial satellite, but I do remember it was during a meteor shower while at my grandparents' home in "the sticks" of upper east Tennessee. The sky was clear, there were no city lights to obscure, and the Milky Way was as spectacular as you could imagine.
I spent many a night getting up late/early to catch a meteor shower, usually in the late fall or winter (around the time of the Leonids), and we'd trudge from the house to the nearby field some 100 yards away, where we'd hop on a flatbed hauler and and stare skyward, wrapped in sleeping bags, comforters, blankets, and thick jackets.
Every so often, amongst the skimmers, fireballs and bolides I would see what appeared to be an airplane. But I wouldn't hear any sounds, see any blinking lights, and it would occasionally disappear into thin air. None of us really knew what they were (my mom would assume an airplane too high to hear) and I'd call them "crazy stars". Hey, I was, what, 12, 13 years old at the time?
At that age I couldn't spot the Big Dipper, Little Dipper, Orion, Draco, Aries, Vega, etc. I knew the moon was up there and that was it. Heck, to me, the body of Orion looked like the Big Dipper, and the Pleiades were the little dipper. I thought this for years until I got into high school.
Only in the last few years have I been able to tell a few constellations here and there. It helps to know your constellations when looking for satellites.
I've seen several types of satellites, from the Space Shuttle to the Mir, from the ISS to spy satellites. There are a lot of them up there. There are thousands of objects in orbit, most are space debris, such as spent rocket motors, dead satellites, or in some cases items that shed from satellites. Of the thousands of objects in orbit, many are too small to be tracked.
So, how is it possible we can see a satellite in the middle of the night? Quite simply, it's dark on the ground, but up in space where the satellite is, the sun is still shining. It will reflect the sunlight off the body or the solar panels, or both, and those who are looking up can possibly see it cruising by. Usually when you see them, they are going into the orbital sunrise or sunset, where the satellite is going into or coming out of the dark side of the earth. Many satellites are polar orbiting, such as NOAA's weather satellites or reconnaissance satellites for the military.
Most of the satellites you can see are called Low-Earth-Orbiting satellites, or LEOs. They are usually between 100 and 500 miles above earth and circle the earth between 90 to 100 minutes. Normally they range in size from disco balls to that of a school bus. The largest (and brightest) man-made satellite is the International Space Station. We'll start with that one.
The ISS is about as bright as Venus when it moves across the sky. Even in the largest of cities, the ISS can still be seen. It takes little effort to view the spacecraft, just a clear sky and a viewing opportunity will be all you need. Sometimes the occupants may be on the station's ham radio, but it depends on the crew's time, and desire to talk.
So the big question is when and where? The best source for starters is the NASA website for novices. Input your country, then state, then city, and you'll get a listing of possible sightings over your city.
In the image shown, the passes for the ISS over my hometown are listed. The MAX ELEV is how high above the horizon (in degrees) the ISS is travelling over my location. 0 degrees is the horizon, and 90 degrees is overhead. The APPROACH and DEPARTURE listings tell you where to look in relation to North.
What you will see is an object that looks like a star or planet (again, as bright as Venus or Jupiter) but is slowly moving across the sky. No blinking lights (that's an airplane) and no sound. If it disappears, it's gone behind the dark side of the earth and out of the sunlight. This will happen after sunset. In the mornings the ISS may suddenly appear out of nowhere as it enters an orbital sunrise.
In the video above, you get an idea what you would be seeing, but a lot brighter than the picture gives justice.
Another web site I recommend for satellite watching is Heavens-Above.com. Heavens-Above has a large satellite database that you can reference. You can register, enter your location (by city, or even by your coordinates) and you can get pass information on various kinds of satellites.
Yet another website with a more in-depth scope of the satellites and various kinds of passes is CalSky. It takes a bit of getting used to, but it's very good at detailing more satellites and more passes of various kinds of "birds".
Real quick, how exactly do these web sites know when a satellite will pass over? A set of mathematical elements known as Keplarian elements are used. By using these elements, these web sites (or with some satellite tracking software) can predict with remarkable accuracy the location, distance, height, speed, and trajectory than an object is traveling around the earth. These elements are updated almost daily by NORAD, which tracks these orbiting objects constantly.
Okay, so I've started you out with the ISS, and given you some sites. Now I want to discuss what kinds of satellites you might see.
We've covered the ISS, but the Space Shuttle and the Soyuz and now the Chinese Shenzhou vehicles are also flying up there are manned space vehicles. I've see the Shuttle before, during, and after docking with the ISS and Mir. One morning a few years ago, just out of the blue, I woke up around 5:30 in the morning. I turned on the TV to NASA Television and found that the shuttle (launched the day before) was flying over Tennessee and about to enter an orbital sunrise, so I quickly rushed outside. No sooner than I look up do I see the Shuttle coming out of the dark straight overhead and zipping off to the Northeast on its way to rendezvous with the ISS some 24 hours later.
I have seen the Soyuz once or twice, the Shuttle countless times, and the ISS is a regular guest. I have yet to see the Shenzhou vehicles. Usually by the time the elements are published by NORAD and trickled down to the public sites, the Soyuz and Shenzhous have docked or landed.
Notice the steeper "sine wave" of the ISS orbit. As you can see, more of the earth's land is covered by the ISS. This allows more sighting opportunities in the higher lattitudes like Alaska and Canada and even Antarctica. Canada never sees HST.
However, those in the higher lattitudes aren't out of luck. The polar orbiting satellites are plentiful and are visible even from the poles.
The image above is of a polar orbiting satellite. While not completely vertical, you can see that the orbit is almost in synch with the solar terminator and is nearly in constant sunlight. This is advantageous to those looking for birds during the winter, when the increasing darkness decreases the opportunities to view the lower lattitude satellites such as HST.
Inactive space vehicles are satellites that have died or malfunctioned, or rocket parts and motors that were used to carry the working satellite into orbit and were separated from the working satellite and placed in a decaying orbit that will eventually cause it to burn up in the earth's atmosphere. Inactive satellites are basically space junk that are uncontrolled and their orbital track seldom changes.
Many of the inactive/junk satellites will actually be tumbling or spinning, and will flash as it passes overhead. Other satellites that are active may get brighter or dimmer as the sunlight reflection off the solar panels change. Zi Yuan 2 is an example of a tumbling satellite. Launched by the Chinese as a reconnaissance satellite, it is in a polar orbit that keeps it nearly in constant sunlight, and it will often pass overhead and vary in brightness from nearly invisible to extremely bright.
Another tumbler that caught my attention is the SL-16 Rocket Booster (R/B). I was looking for the ISS one night and saw this bird coming from the southwest, but thought it was an airplane. My attention was diverted to another satellite but this one kept in the corner of my eye until I finally focused on it and realized it was in fact a tumbling satellite, and spinning very rapidly. Definitely worth looking for.
It's hard to see the tumbler until halfway through the video. Sometimes Heaven's-Above and Calsky will not list tumbling satellites when doing a search on satellites that pass over your location, due to their varying brightness. But they are a great resource for locating Iridium flares, even in the daytime.
So, can you view satellites from anywhere? Pretty much. The ISS being the biggest object and the brightest, it can be seen from downtown Manhattan. Other satellites, however, require a bit of work. But even with my being on the fringes of the city, I can see even the dimmest of satellites using a clear sky and a pair of binoculars. More often than not (and comparatively speaking I'm still a novice) I see satellites that don't show up on the lists I create from these web sites. I will post to a mailing list I'm subscribed to and the users on that list will often pinpoint the satellite I was viewing.
A clear and dark sky is your best setting for spotting satellites. I've gone back to my grandparents' home on occasion, my mother-in-law has some land with no nearby lighting, and I've even gone up to Clingman's Dome in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to spot many of the dimmer ones. If you can see the Milky Way, you are in an ideal location for "bird watching".
I hope this is a good starting point for you. There are plenty of resources online to help get you started in the hunt for satellites. Get started with the ISS, and go from there. There are many who have turned satellite watching into an art form. They even go after the geosynchronous satellites, especially during the periods when the sun is at the equatorial region, and the chances of catching a geosat flare are most likely to occur.
You don't have to be an expert, you don't even have to run pass predictions to step outside and look up for a few minutes after dark or before dawn. But it helps to know what you're looking for, and when and where. So step outside tonight and do a little "bird watching" of your own.
Two new hams in my family?
On the way home from visiting family, I talked to my daughters (ages 8 and 6) and asked them "so, would you like to learn how to be a ham operator?" and enthusiastically, both answered "yes" repeatedly until I told them I got it.
It made me feel good to know they were both interested. Already, I'm thinking about those applications to the ARRL for scholarships in 10 years...better keep my membership current!!!
It's not too terribly surprising, really, at least for the older of the two. Lauren's been listening to me talk on the radio during Field Day (the above picture was taken when she was two), launch balloons, and even read off a weather warning during a recent SKYWARN net.
Some friends of ours from Bristol, TN have a son who go his ticket about a year or so ago. He's active in their SKYWARN group and likes it thus far.
So now I have at least one who's looking to get ticketed soon, my other one, Amber, I'm not so sure of, at least not yet. Granted, if she got her license it would be big news around here since she's 6 (7 in a couple of weeks) and to have both of them licensed might turn a few heads. Question is, how do I teach them, and how will they administer the exam?
I'll probably start online and look over the sample questions, then talk with them about what this means, or what that indicates, or how something works, etc. Then we'll see if they're still interested. Between Brownie Scouts, school and the possibility I may become a soccer mom before too long, I don't know if I'll keep their attention long enough to get their ham tickets.
I know that the VEs can administer an oral exam, which they'll have to do for Amber since she's not reading at that level yet, and probably give one to Lauren. Even though she's an excellent reader, she sometimes has issues with the comprehension, and I don't want her to just memorize the questions and answers, I want them to understand why something works this way or that.
We at TWIAR pride ourselves on reliable information and smart news stories and headlines.
Unfortunately we don't receive any money for it.
If pride were a commodity, TWIAR would be the New York Times of journalism.
However, those newspapers that DO get paid to report the news occasionally overlook the obvious.
I received this email earlier today. It reminds us that the media occasionally gets it wrong.
So I was browsing the Coke Rewards site while on lunch today, and was somewhat taken aback by what appeared to be a really weak photoshop job by the Coca-Cola folks of pasting gymnast Shawn Johnson's head over someone else's in a shot showing "Olympians" with Coke gear.
I've just set up a Twitter feed for TWIAR.
If you have a Twitter page, please start following us.
You can take the RSS feed from the page and add it to your site, you can set it up to send the updates to your mobile phone, and you can get the latest in amateur radio news, from TWIAR, the ARRL, or any publication featuring amateur radio from around the world.
The Twitter page will be updated with the latest news in amateur radio, and if there's any info on TWIAR itself (new editions posted, problems with audio uploads, etc) and messages of interest to our TWIAR listeners. |
0.998682 | Intelligent web-based workflows for minimizing human effort in annotating textual data and integrating ontological concepts.
Scalable, cloud based semantic enrichment algorithms utilizing MapReduce, stochastic learning techniques and intelligent data set selection.
Current open, cross-domain information extraction systems are capable of extracting simple, high-frequent factual relationships, for example birthdates, from open data sets like the Web. However, the extraction and disambiguation of non-frequent entities for non-general domains, like drug-effects in the biomedical domain, and their integration into distributed Linked Data repositories remains unsolved.
Solving this challenge requires involving human experts in information extraction tasks by supporting the collaborative assessment of extracted factual information. Only crowd-sourcing of fact extraction will allow CODE to scale beyond single research fields while achieving satisfactory quality.
Therefore, CODE will develop iterative workflows around semi-supervised, stochastic machine learning techniques to extract and disambiguate facts from academic research papers. The iterative, user centered enrichment workflow will minimize the user effort for creating training data and validating achieved results. CODE will go beyond state-of-the-art by developing the necessary algorithms and data structures to support this workflow. |
0.999999 | Who were the Sirens of Ancient Greek mythology? The meaning and definition of the Sirens are as follows: Definition: The ancient Greek Sirens were dangerous sea nymphs, winged maidens, supernatural beings who are described as beautiful, bewitching, enchanting and enticing. The Sirens were endowed with such wonderful voices, that their sweet songs were said to have lured mariners to their destruction. These mythical aquatic sisters are often depicted with the head and torso of a human female with large wings and occasionally the legs of a bird. Other depictions portray them as beautiful nymphs, sitting on rocks or in meadows. The Sirens were the daughters of Phocys and Ceto. Phorcys was a primeval god of the hidden dangers of the deep and was depicted as a fish-tailed merman with crab-claw fore-legs and red-spiked skin. His consort was his sister Ceto, the primordial sea goddess, and their union produced terrible monsters such as the Echina, Ladon and the Gorgons.
never again shall that man see wife or child, or have joy of his home-coming.
All round where the Sirens sit are great heaps of the bones of men."
The Sirens were therefore believed to be seductresses that lured sailors to their deaths. In ancient Greek mythology the story of the Odyssey is described by Homer. In the myth Odysseus is warned by the enchantress Circe that he will pass the island inhabited by the enchantresses. Circe tells Odysseus to plug his men's ears with wax so they cannot hear the songs and music of the sirens. Circe also tells Odysseus to order his crew to bind him tightly to the mast of the ship so he may listen if he wants to experience their seductive music and songs. Odysseus orders his crew of sailors to plug their ears so they would not hear the Siren's fatal song (Refer to the Myth of Odysseus and the Sirens). Their voices were described as "golden-sweet above the sound of wind and wave, like drops of amber floating on the tide."
A similar story involves Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece. In this myth Jason and his crew were also saved from the Sirens because they had Orpheus, who was a wondrous musician on board with them. He played music that was even more beautiful so the men hardly heard the sound of the dangerous enchantresses and were not lured to their lair.
The names of the Sirens convey a picture of them using the words beautiful, persuasive, soothing and their image is compounded by descriptive terms related for their gift of enchanting music and song.
According to ancient Greek mythology the Sirens were fated to die if someone heard their singing and escaped them. They sat on the shore and lured mariners with their seductive and compelling music and song. Anyone who heard their song became totally mesmerized and became obsessed with reaching the shore to get closer to the enchanting sound. And then the Sirens would eat them.
In some of the legends in Greek mythology they were companions of the young Persephone and were given wings by her mother, the goddess Demeter, to search for Persephone when she was abducted by Hades. The legends of the Sirens continued with a story in which they entered a musical contest with the Muses. The songs of the Muses were loyal and true, whilst those of the Sirens were the false and deceptive strains. The Sirens were defeated by the Muses, and as a mark of humiliation, the gods of Olympus deprived them of the feathers with which their bodies were adorned.
The following Sea Gods family tree illustrates the genealogy of the Sirens as detailed in ancient Greek Mythology and legends. The Sirens were the daughters of Phocys and Ceto. |
0.93276 | ABC's upcoming Warner Bros. TV pilot, "Poe", is prepping to start shooting in Toronto, March 14 to March 31, produced by Terry Gould for executive producers Alex Graves, D.Lin, B. Kern, C. Hollier.
To be directed by Graves, from a script by Chris Hollier ("Alias"), the crime procedural "...follows 'Edgar Allan Poe' (Chris Egan) as the world's first detective, as he uses unconventional methods to investigate dark mysteries in 19th-century Boston".
Also cast is actress Tabrett Bethell, who will play Poe's companion 'Sarah'.
The real E.A. Poe, who died under mysterious circumstances at the age of 40, was a writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the 'American Romantic Movement'.
Poe, who died under mysterious circumstances at the age of 40, was noted as a writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the 'American Romantic Movement'.
Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and considered the inventor of the 'detective-fiction' genre, years before the debut of author Arthur Conan Doyle's 19th century sleuth, "Sherlock Holmes".
Poe's early short stories featured Parisian detective 'C. Auguste Dupin', laying the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Poe's stories "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", "The Man That Was Used Up", "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" and "The Purloined Letter" all featured the meershaum pipe-smoking Dupin.
"Each of Poe's detective stories is a root from which a whole literature has developed," said "Holmes" author Doyle. "Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?" |
0.999999 | How clean is the air in your house?
It is a little-known fact that the air inside your house is dirtier than the air outside it. No matter what you do � how many windows you open or whatever � this will always be the case. This is true simply because of the amount of hiding places that your house has for dust and other particles, while at the same time having a limited amount of escape routes for the particles.
To go some way towards alleviating this problem, you might want to consider getting an air purifier. This will be especially useful to you if you have allergies or asthma that can be aggravated by dust or other particles such as pollen, as an air purifier can remove most of them from the air for you. If you smoke, you should definitely consider an air purifier, as otherwise all the pollutants in the smoke will build up in your house�s air over time, making it very unpleasant to breathe your indoor air.
Air purifiers come in all sorts of different types, each working in different ways. The most popular filter is a kind of fibre mat that goes inside a frame or housing, and can quickly remove 99.97% of pollutants from the air � this is known as a high efficiency particulate absorbing filter. However, these highly effective air purifiers can be expensive, especially as they need to be replaced quite often at a high cost each time. |
0.998846 | Which site hosting package will serve me best?
There are different types of web hosting solutions appropriate for different sites when it comes to the resources or the web hosting platform they demand. To choose the most suitable hosting service for your site, you must access what server-side software programs it demands, how many daily hits you expect at the beginning and in the future, as well as any other special requirements that may need to be fulfilled.
The most relevant alternative for small scale websites with a few hundred or web space hosting, each client pays only for their account, which reduces the overall cost per person substantially. There are various web hosting plans differing from one web hosting company to another, furnishing different quotas of web storage and web traffic, different email account quotas and so on. The plus is that you can order a plan that will have the resources your web portal actually demands. You will not have to pay a lot for a package you will not use, or wind up with a small package that cannot shelter the online portal. At Papua Web Hosting, there is a big variety of shared hosting accounts suitable for private or small business web portals that even offer pre-installed script-based systems like Joomla, Mambo, Drupal or WordPress - to render it simpler. If you kick off with a less powerful plan and you require more system resources, upgrading to a more feature-rich package requires just a click of the mouse.
A downside of the shared website hosting solution is that the web servers have some software programs installed on them and you are unable to install additional software applications. Given web portals, especially online shops, demand software applications to be installed on the web hosting server for them to perform, and with a shared web hosting account, you can activate solely software that does not require server root access.
For web pages that require root-level access, or if your web portal has many thousands or even millions of visitors per day, what you need is a VPS or a dedicated server. A VPS web server is a virtual emulation of a dedicated server and it functions in precisely the same way.
Both environments typically come with complete server root access and can be rebooted via a software program by the customer, autonomously from the web hosting company. Similar to the shared web site hosting packages, the private virtual server and the dedicated hosting server accounts involve different functionalities depending on what the web hosting vendor has to offer. A virtual web server hosting plan includes guaranteed server space, random access memory and CPU usage quotas that can at times be expanded for short spells of time provided that there are spare resources on the physical machine. With a dedicated hosting server, the only limiting factor is the hardware equipment it is making use of, and it can be revamped by altering or adding components. A private virtual server is easier to run as it includes a virtualization tool, which can be utilized to restart it, to install applications, check stats, etc. The administration of a dedicated web hosting server is more complex, so such an account would rather be utilized by trained users.
Nevertheless, given web hosting companies offer managed dedicated server hosting services where they perform dedicated hosting server administration assignments instead of the customer. This can be included in the plan or an additional service.
Opting for the top hosting package is important as it can influence the stable functioning of a web page. Before settling on an account, compare the pros and cons, inspect carefully all the requirements for the web page to perform properly, especially if it is script-powered, and, last but not least, if you have already picked a web hosting supplier, the best thing to do would be to ask their support staff for a recommendation as to which plan exactly would be best for the stable performance of your web site. |
0.997024 | What are my dreams about? Dreams are about my issues/ concerns/ problems during waking life.
Dreams continue from waking reality. |
0.999481 | How much do you share with your trusted partner? That depends on who the partner is, the level of accountability you want, and what you are seeking accountability for.
You should desire to seek accountability for every aspect of your life. If you are married, you should be transparent with your spouse about all matters. Keeping secrets in marriage tends toward disharmony, suspicion, arguments, and worse. Instead, seek open, honest communication with your spouse to build intimacy and trust.
What you share with them obviously depends on what you want them to observe and evaluate.
Besides your spouse, you will likely have multiple specific partners for various aspects of your life. For example, you may have different partners for your physical fitness, your financial commitments, your online activity, your reading regimen, and so on. What you share with them obviously depends on what you want them to observe and evaluate.
What Are You Seeking Accountability for?
You need to give them enough information to effectively evaluate your success.
The goal or obligation you intend to achieve.
Your attitudes, beliefs, desires, and decisions surrounding your commitment.
Past and present actions that have helped or hindered your progress.
Share other specifics as appropriate. Avoid overburdening your partner with nonessential information. Keep your words pure and positive. Avoid making excuses. Tell your own story and refrain from degrading others.
Keep your success in view as you determine what to share. What will help move you forward? |
0.978478 | To ask the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, what assessment he has made of the availability of suitable accommodation providers for teenagers aged over 16 suffering with mental health issues and at high risk of self-harm.
The Department has not carried out an assessment. Accommodation for teenagers aged over 16 suffering with mental health issues may be commissioned through a number of bodies including NHS England, clinical commissioning groups and local authorities. |
0.97991 | How to translate plain form + ばかり? And what's the difference between plain form + ばかり vs. te form + ばかり?
For example: 赤ちゃんが泣いてばかりいます。In my understanding this means "The baby is always crying/does nothing but cry".
can I say 赤ちゃんが泣くばかりです。And if yes, how would it be different from the above?
Finally, is one form more common than the other or are both commonly used? I mostly see grammar explanations for the te form version, but I also found examples with the plain form (without also finding a clear explanation of the difference).
I think the biggest difference between the two is that 「V辞書形+ばかり」 is used when the verb has caused a state change and that change is continuing to happen. As mentioned in the answer by Nicholas Couvrat, it's generally used negatively. I.e. something bad is continuing to happen.
Another to note is that 「V辞書形+ばかり」 can mean "V is the only thing one can do/is left to do"
衛生状態は救いがたいまでに悪化、その劣悪さは目をおおわしむるばかりとなった。 - Here the Japanese translation captures the lack of choices available. Note that おおわしむる is 覆わしむる which means the same as 覆わせる.
Hygienic conditions reached their horrifying low when the corpses of thousands of victims were simply left lying in the compound.
「て形+ばかり」 is used when something happens repetitively. It is also used primarily negatively.
Lastly, ~てばかり+いる/います is possible with the same meaning, but V辞書形+ばかり+いる/います is not.
Expresses the fact that a (bad) change is ongoing, or that something changed state and then stayed that way. Or that some state is staying the way it is for a long time (this is the usage that looks similar to the て form. I would say the nuance is that a) it emphasizes the fact that some kind of change led to this and b) it stresses the fact that something is staying the way it is rather than happening often -- if someone disagrees, feel free to comment).
As to your question, I would say that ないてばかり feels more natural to me. 泣くばかり sounds a bit like it started one day and never stopped... but as I said above, the two forms can sometimes look alike, so someone else might have a different interpretation.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged grammar particles particle-ばかり or ask your own question.
Did I translate the て-form correctly in this sentence?
What does 丸ごとアルミホイルで包み mean here? |
0.999999 | Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě Iva Ann Leavitt.
Iva Ann Leavitt je pohřben(a) na hřbitově Leavitt Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
Iva Ann Leavitt was 8 years old when Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated by a Yugoslav nationalist named Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, sparking the outbreak of World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este was a member of the imperial Habsburg dynasty, and from 1896 until his death the heir presumptive (Thronfolger) to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia, which in turn triggered a series of events that resulted in Austria-Hungary's allies and Serbia's declaring war on each other, starting World War I.
Iva Ann Leavitt was 22 years old when Walt Disney character Mickey Mouse premieres in his first cartoon, "Plane Crazy". Walter Elias Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.
Iva Ann Leavitt was 33 years old when Adolf Hitler signs an order to begin the systematic euthanasia of mentally ill and disabled people. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust.
Iva Ann Leavitt was 39 years old when World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
Iva Ann Leavitt was 51 years old when Space Race: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.
Iva Ann Leavitt was 57 years old when John F. Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas; hours later, Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One as the 36th President of the United States. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. As a member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented the state of Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate prior to becoming president. |
0.999999 | Replace body-negative words with encouraging words such as "love", "fuel", and "amazing body"
The Female Athlete Triad (the triad) is a spectrum of inadequate energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density frequent in female athletes. It is 2 to 3 times more common in sports that emphasize leanness, such as distance running. This plug-in's conception was motivated by research that found that the words "weight loss" or "lose weight" occurred on over 75% of articles that populated on Runners World and Competitor when "improve performance" was searched. These findings show that there can be an emphasis on body modification in order to succeed in runner; however, there is not enough emphasis on the negative effects of too low body fat. These side effects not only include contraction of the Female Athlete Triad but also worse performance.
Hopefully, this plug in can remove those body-focused words that encourage women, whether runners or not to lose weight or view nutritional fat as something other than fuel. |
0.922251 | How much does it cost to travel to Tel Aviv?
How much money will you need in Tel Aviv? ₪417 ($116) is the average daily price for traveling in Tel Aviv. The average price of food for one day is ₪83 ($23). The average price of a hotel for a couple is ₪516 ($143). Additional pricing is in the table below. These average travel prices have been collected from other travelers to help you plan your own travel budget.
How much money do I need for Tel Aviv?
Tel Aviv is the second largest city in Israel and is situated on the Mediterranean coast 60 kilometers north of Jerusalem. It's a rapidly growing city and is one of the most modern and cosmopolitan cities in Israel. The official name is Tel Aviv-Yafo because the city has grown to include the ancient port city of Yafo. If you're looking for an embassy, you are likely to find it in Tel Aviv, despite Jerusalem being the official capital of Israel.
Tel Aviv has a Mediterranean climate and the summers are hot while the winters are mild and wet. January is usually the coldest month with an average high of about 64 degrees Fahrenheit and an average low of 48 degrees Fahrenheit. August is the hottest month with average highs in the high 80s Fahrenheit and lows in the low 70s Fahrenheit.
Areas throughout Tel Aviv that are worth checking out include Old Jaffa, which is one of the oldest ports in the world. You'll also find a popular flea market nearby. Rabin Square is the largest public square in Israel and Dizengoff Centre is the most famous shopping area in Tel Aviv. Also be sure and take a stroll down the shore promenade where you can people watch and enjoy the warm Mediterranean coastline. Joshua Gardens is Tel Aviv's main central park and is also worth a visit.
There are also a handful of museums in Tel Aviv that are worth a visit. These include Tel Aviv Museum of Art and the Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.
Tel Aviv is a city of neighborhoods, and you could easily pass several days exploring some of the more interesting neighborhoods. There are more than 50 neighborhoods in total with some of the more interesting ones being Neve Tzedek, Florentin, and Ramat-Ha'Chayal.
The city center is at the heart of the city. This is where most of the tourist attractions are. This area is defined by Allenby Street to the south and Yarkon River to the north.
The northern part of the city is the wealthiest area. There are many parks, Tel Aviv University, and Eretz Israel Museum in this area.
The southern areas are younger and home to many foreign workers and illegal immigrants. Some of the neighborhoods have become quite trendy.
Jaffa (Yafo) is one of the world's oldest ports and has a lot of religious and historical significance.
There is no shortage of activities that you can enjoy while you're in Tel Aviv. Many people visit the beach, which is best enjoyed during the summer months. It's a festive atmosphere, particularly on Friday afternoons when music, barbecues, and party crowds are easy to find.
If you're interested in enjoying performing arts, then your options include Israel's Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Israel Opera, Tmuna Theater, Suzanna Dellal Center, Habima National Theater, and Hacameri Municipal Theater.
Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Israel and there are three major football clubs in Tel Aviv. These are Maccabi Tel Aviv, Hapoel Tel Aviv, and Bnei Yuhuda.
Popular festivals in the city include the White Night Festival, Tel Aviv Fashion Market, Night Flea, Docaviv, The Tel Aviv International LGBT Film Festival, the Tel Aviv International student Film Festival, and Ta'am Ha'ir.
The restaurant scene is Tel Aviv is excellent. You can really find any food option you might desire. There are many international options throughout the city including Chinese, sushi, French, or Italian. Food can be quite expensive, and if you're on a budget you'll find falafel or hummus options at many of the street stands around town.
The best way to travel between neighborhoods in Tel Aviv is by bus. The bus system, like elsewhere in Israel, is quite efficient and easy to understand. Another option is by taxi. Taxis are readily available almost anywhere. You can expect to pay anywhere from 20 to 30 NIS for a local ride in Tel Aviv, and do confirm that your driver is using their meter.
Bicycling is also gaining popularity in the city. The flat terrain and comfortable weather make it a good place to explore by bike. There are an increasing number of bike paths around as well. You can rent bikes at several of the bike shops around town.
Tel Aviv is a modern city, with an excellent party vibe and beautiful beaches. It has a completely different feel than it's nearby neighbor, Jerusalem. There are many international restaurants to choose from and tons of clubs to visit. One of the most interesting parts of Tel Aviv is the markets though. You can find fresh Mediterranean produce, homemade arts and crafts, among other things around these great street stalls. You can pass several hours checking out what people are selling. Some of the more interesting booths have photography from around Israel. The photography has managed to capture scenes at the Western Wall and various events than an outsider would never be able to capture. |
0.99931 | Taiji History Of the many theories regarding the origin of Taijiquan, one of the most widely accepted is that this tradition originated with the Chen family in the Henan province of China. Here is an excerpt from Chen Style Taijiquan: The Source of Taiji Boxing (Sim and Gaffney, 2002) "The birthplace of Taijiquan is commonly accepted to be Chenjiagou, in Wenxian, Henan province of China. There are many accounts of how Taijiquan came to be, some historical, some fictional, but the most recent and credible findings point to the Chen family." Looking back through the generations of the Chen family lineage, several important figures rise to the fore in tracing the origins of taijiquan.
Chen Wangting 9th generation of the Chen family, was a martial artist and a scholar. He was renowned for his strength and his fighting skills. Shortly after the fall of the Ming dynasty, he retired from a military career and developed a form of martial art called "The First Method". This method incorporated jinglou yin yang theory, the energy channel theory of traditional Chinese medicine, and Qi Jigyang, the "Canon of Boxing" (classic text on strategy and martial arts developed by a well known general). Chen Wangting's taijiquan contained five sets of forms as well as one set of long fist and one set of cannon fist, for seven sets total. The emphasis was on whole body relaxation, training the mind, softness progressing to firmness then back to softness, and slow and fast actions. The Chen family relied on their martial skills not only for survival but for their livelihood, and worked as bodyguards and escorts. They kept their secret skills in the family and the village for five generations.
Chen Changxing of the 14th generation, is given credit for synthesizing the forms created by his ancestors. Laojia Yi Lu and Laojia Er Lu are the results of this synthesis, two all inclusive forms that preserve many of the original postures and respect all of the principles of the original forms of Chen Wangting. This was a turning point in the evolution of Taijiquan since all other forms of Taijiquan were derived from the original form of Laojia Yi Lu. Historically, this skill was a closely guarded family secret and Chen Changxing was the first of the family to open the door to this knowledge to an outsider. Yang Luchan a visiting student of Chen Changxing, after persistent requests, gained permission to learn the Chen family style. Yang was instructed to never teach Chen style to the public. Hence, in order to honor his promise, Yang revised the form and named his version of the taiji from, Yang Style Taijiquan.
Chen Fa-Ke (1887-1957), the great grandson of Chen Changxing created the Xinjia (new frame) which is widely practiced in the world today. Xinjia combined the elements of Laojia Yi Lu and Laojia Er Lu, added moves, and incorporated more complex silk reeling (chan si) and explosive discharges (fajing). Chen Fa-Ke enhanced the fighting applications and made the form more efficient in practical use. These same changes were then applied to Laojia Er Lu. Chen Fa-Ke taught Chen style Taijiquan in Beijing for nearly 30 years, bringing Chen family style into public awareness.
Chen Xiao Wang (1946-)19th generation, grandson of Chen Fa-Ke, began training under his father, Chen Zhaoxu, at age 8. He also trained under Chen Zhaopei and Chen Zhaokui, becoming known as one of the four "Buddhas' Warrior Attendants", the four outstanding exponents of the 19th generation in Chenjiagou. In 1980 he won first place in the National Wushu Tournament, beginning a string of first place honors on the national level. He is the creator of two simplified forms, the 19 and 38 posture routines. He is the current standard bearer for Chen family style taijiquan. |
0.926124 | The Cayman Islands are a British Crown Colony located in the northern part of the Caribbean. The Cayman Islands consist of three islands: Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac. The capital is George Town, on Grand Cayman.
Christopher Columbus sighted the Caymans during his 1503 voyage, naming them "Las Tortugas" because of the large number of turtles he found there. By 1530 the islands were known as the Caymanus, a name that may have derived from confusion between the iguana, which is found on the islands, and the alligator (cayman in Spanish).
No serious effort was made to settle the islands in the first decades after European discovery. Ships of various nations stopped at the Caymans to get food, mainly turtles. Both groups of islands became haunts for pirates, particularly the Turks and Caicos. From there, raiders attacked Spanish galleons sailing from Cuba, Hispaniola (the island containing present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Central America en route to Europe. The earliest European settlers in both territories were a mixture of buccaneers, shipwrecked sailors, and debtors.
Spain held early control over the Caymans, but the islands were ceded by Spain to the English crown in 1670 under the terms of the Treaty of Madrid. The first English settlement took place in 1734 after the first land grant. After 1734 most of the colonists came from Jamaica, and the Caymans became a dependency of Jamaica. The islands of Cayman Brac and Little Cayman were settled in 1833 by several families from Grand Cayman, but no administrative connection existed until a justice of the peace arrived on Cayman Brac in 1877. Sailing ships continued to visit the islands into the nineteenth century, but later steamships stopped rarely. Life in the Caymans was generally quiet until the middle of the twentieth century.
Both the Caymans and the Turks and Caicos remained formal Jamaican dependencies until 1959, and the governor of Jamaica held responsibility for them until Jamaican independence in 1962. At that point, both territories became separate British dependencies. The Caymans created a separate constitution in 1959, and a British administrator was appointed for the Caymans in 1962 (the title was changed to governor in 1971). The 1959 Constitution was revised in 1972. The Turks and Caicos received their own governor in 1972 and established a new constitution in 1976.
In the late 1980s, the Cayman Islands were politically stable and highly prosperous by Caribbean standards. Tourism and offshore banking and financial services, the latter made possible by the islands' tax-haven status, were the two main industries.
Submit and View Queries and Surnames Submit a Query or Surnames for your lost Cayman Island ancestor. Please use the linking feature only for genealogical material otherwise your query may be deleted. |
0.999997 | How do you find angles of a scalene triangle?
The scalene triangles are weird because they are defined by what they aren't. The inside angles of a scalene triangle are always all different. If all three angles are different, then the triangle is scalene, and all the sides are different lengths.
Calculate the area and perimeter of a scalene triangle. s = (a + b + c) / 2 area = sqrt(s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c)) A scalene triangle is a triangle where all sides are unequal. |
0.999982 | Do MEPs really want to make citizens more interested in the EU?
The plea of several members of the European Parliament (MEPs) for more media coverage about the European Union does not make any sense. It shows that MEPs like to complain about the general disinterest in Europe, but that they are not prepared to change this themselves.
In the coming months, MEPs face the biggest challenge of their term of office: they have to convince the citizens of the EU to vote for the European Parliament. This will not be an easy task: many citizens are not interested in Europe, do not have much knowledge about Europe and do not plan to vote in June. The legitimacy of the European Parliament depends on these citizens: they should vote and should know why they vote for whom. If these conditions are not met, the European Parliament does not represent anyone.
It seems common sense that MEPs want to work on this problem, because in their next term of office, they will be confronted with the question who they represent. However, this common sense seems to be untrue: March 19, it became clear again that several MEPs do not feel responsible for the disinterest of citizens: in a public meeting at the University of Antwerp, Saïd El Khadraoui (SP.A – Belgium) and Ivo Belet (CD&V – Belgium) told the audience that journalists should write more about European issues. According to these MEPs, citizens can only become more passionate about the European project when the media give more attention to their work.
This plea does not make any sense. There is no organization that does not want more media coverage: every shop, producer, university and ngo wants more free publicity. They all think that their work is of such importance that attention from the media is needed or justified: the European Parliament is not unique in this respect. But journalists do not work according to these wishes, they follow the public agenda. As long as Europe is not on that agenda, there will not be more coverage. It seems that there will not be much news about Europe in the coming months, and there will not even be one citizen to protest against it.
MEPs seem to be the best candidates to get Europe on the public agenda. This task is difficult, but not impossible. When journalists are their biggest problem, MEPs could at least experiment with new media tools to inform their constituents, and bypass journalists altogether. Surprisingly, MEPs are not so active when it comes to new media: they only follow general trends in this area, mostly set by national politicians such as personal websites and Facebook-profiles. New media could make journalists superfluous, but MEPs do not give any priority to these options.
Another possibility is to look for themes which would encourage citizens to become more knowledgeable about European affairs and which would draw citizens’ attention. If such themes are high on the public agenda, journalists will be more or less forced to write about European issues. One of the best topics would be the lack of European democracy. The influence of citizens on the policies of the European Union is small, with or without the elections for the European Parliament. This message would alarm many citizens. MEPs know that this would be a hot topic: the Dutch MEP Paul van Buitenen was very successful with his plea for more European transparency in 2004. Why do MEPs ignore this issue to get Europe on the public agenda?
The most likely explanation is that MEPs are not really interested in debate with European citizens. They are aware of the possibilities that new media offer them to reach their constituents, and they know that there are European themes that could lead to public discussion about Europe. MEPs like to state that the relation between citizens and Europe should be strengthened, but they do not seem to be willing to work on this themselves. Is it disinterest, awkwardness, rush or unwillingness?
When Italian unification was achieved, one of its architects, Benso de Caour said: "now that we have made Italy we need to make the Italians," which is a perfect example of the cart having been put before the horse. Could the same mistake have been made for a united Europe? It would appear so, judging from a constitution, the so called Brussel treaty, with no vision and no cultural cement. A union of banks and soccer games will not long last unfortunately and those who ignore the lessons of history are bound to repeat its mistakes. |
0.999983 | <span style="display:block;position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="3N2OJ11556006331"><iframe lazy-loadable="true" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I6Z5JpsItEs?rel=0?enablejsapi=1" width="100%" height="auto" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;"></iframe></span><p>Mayer said his department was working with the Riverside County Sheriff and the District Attorney's office to build an animal cruelty case against the woman.<br></p><p>"There is no excuse for dumping puppies," Mayer said. "Especially in today's age when we or other shelters would be willing to get these animals to foster parents or rescue partners. This was a shameful act."</p><p>The puppies, which are believed to be terrier mixes, were initially cared for by the department's veterinary team. Southern California group <a href="http://meoowzresq.org/" target="_blank">MeoowzResQ</a>, which normally specializes in cat and kitten fostering, has agreed to take over their treatment. The puppies need to be bottle fed and closely watched for a few weeks, <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/woman-caught-video-tossing-plastic-bag-full-3-day-old-puppies-near-coachella-1402289" target="_blank">Newsweek reported</a>.</p><p>The department emphasized that there is never any need to abandon puppies, Newsweek reported. There are shelters open on weekdays in the county which have re-homed around 5,000 dogs between 2017 and 2018, according to department data.</p><p>It is not yet known how severe a penalty the woman will face for her actions. California animal cruelty laws allow for both misdemeanor and felony charges.</p>According to the <a href="https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/pets-numbers" target="_blank">best estimates</a> of the <a href="https://www.humanesociety.org/" target="_blank">Humane Society of the United States</a>, six to eight million cats and dogs enter shelters in the U.S. each year. Around four million are adopted from shelters annually, and sadly three million are euthanized. Of those euthanized, around 2.4 million were healthy and could have been treated and adopted. |
0.995868 | Can you tell me from the cards the outcome of my home and job search, and how long I can expect this to take before I find both?
The next five weeks are not an easy period. Things get better after that. For the health side- you need to be careful and look after yourself.
On the job front - there seems to be a little choice available that you would consider worthwhile, but you need to get over your pride and look for something that will give you financial security right now. Don't think that a job being offered is not worthy of your talents, right now aim to get a job.
There may be unexpected help from your husband. He does not talk too much or share his feelings, but he may be able to help out in the present situation. |
0.99977 | If you have an anger problem it can have a negative impact on all your social relationships. Your partner, friends, kids, co-workers, and bosses may all come to think you're a temperamental jerk. Your outbursts may lead you into trouble with your loved ones, your social circle, your job, or even the law.
Anger management issues are common. Along with sadness and anxiety, anger is one of the core human emotions that can lead to problems if it gets out of hand. Fortunately, over the years mental health professionals have developed a variety of strategies for dealing with it. If you're naturally hot headed you may never become extremely laid back, but you can get to a point where you can keep the worst of your anger from damaging your life. This article will summarize many of the approaches that can help you do that.
Inborn temperament - Just like some people are wired to be more anxious and cautious, others are intrinsically more quick-tempered and irritable, and have a lower tolerance for frustration.
Having angry parents - Many people with a bad temper say one or both of their parents got angry easily, and they couldn't help but pick up their style.
Family environment - Growing up in a chaotic, stressful family situation, where the members don't know how to resolve conflict very well, can predispose some individuals to developing a temper.
Culture - Some cultures have a reputation for being 'passionate'. Masculine culture often teaches that anger is the only acceptable emotion for a man to feel when he is upset. Certain work environments also encourage a macho, confrontational approach to dealing with disputes.
Finding that it works - Although it's usually harmful in the long run, anger has its short-term benefits. Someone may have learned from experience that having an angry style helps them get that they want.
Circumstances where you can get away with being temperamental - This one isn't so much about where anger comes from, but how it can survive to the present day. Some people show signs of anger problems earlier in their life, but their environment doesn't tolerate it and nips the issue in the bud. For example, a child may be sent to an anger management group, or a teenager may be forced to start seeing a counselor after she gets into too many fights. Other people go through life never having to address their temper. They may have friends and family who put up with it, or their outbursts aren't frequent or severe enough that they're forced to do something about them.
Go somewhere else where you can begin to calm down. Just being away from the source of your frustration may be enough to help you cool off. It also gives you space to apply some other techniques to calm yourself.
Unfortunately you won't always be able to escape. If you're fighting with your partner they may block the door or follow you. You may be stuck in traffic. You may be at work. Sometimes there are ways out of even these situations. Maybe you could tell your partner that you need a few minutes alone to collect yourself. At work you could pretend you need to use the washroom. In traffic you could pull into a parking lot, or switch to another route.
If you're still in the anger-inducing situation this well-known trick can buy you some time, so you don't succumb to your first impulse to lash out. Those ten seconds can allow the worst of your anger to dissipate. The act of counting also slightly distracts you.
Taking slow, deep breaths physically calms your body and mind. When you inhale, breathe using your abdomen. Your belly should expand, rather than your chest and shoulders. Take in a good deal of air, hold it for a few seconds, then slowly exhale. The timing doesn't matter down to the exact second, but one way to ensure you're breathing deeply is to use the 4-7-8 exercise. Inhale for four seconds, hold for seven, then exhale over the last eight. Repeat a few times until you start to feel more in control.
This idea works in the same way as counting to ten. If you use this approach you'll eventually hit on a phrase that works best for you. Some examples are, "Take it easy", "Chill out", "Be calm", "It's not a big deal", or "Will I really care about this tomorrow?"
For example you could imagine yourself sitting on a tropical island beach as waves gently lap the shore, or lying in a field on a warm summer day as the grass and wildflowers sway in the breeze.
It's hard to feel angry at the same time that you're amused at something. If someone's annoyed you, try picturing them in a funny or absurd way. For example, if your boss has been sending you nitpicky emails all day, imagine them as a giant squawking parrot sitting behind a computer.
This is another option you may not always have access to, but if you can it may help to run around the block, or bang out a bunch of push ups in your room. Be careful about more aggressive actions like punching a pillow. Studies have shown that rather than venting your anger, they can rile you up even more.
If you've already gotten really angry it's often too late. The best way to control your temper is to employ a mix of approaches to prevent as many blow ups as possible in the first place. I'll cover a lot of ideas below, and this section will make up the bulk of this article.
Many angry people know they have a short fuse, and accept that most of the blames falls on them when they lose their cool. After all, not everyone gets so wound up by the things that set them off. It's that saying, "Nothing forces you to be angry. On some level you're allowing yourself to feel that way." Some angry people don't take full responsibility for their outbursts though, and place the blame in a variety of other places. These factors may contribute to a person's anger, but they don't fully let them off the hook. Do you use any of these phrases to excuse your outbursts?
Temperament - "I've always been a hothead. I can't help it. People should know that by now."
Culture - "I'm Portuguese/Italian/Irish/etc. We're a fiery people."
Childhood - "It's not my fault I'm like this. My family situation was nuts growing up."
Expecting people to tiptoe around them - "He should have known I'm grumpy after work. He should have brought it up with me later if he didn't want me to get mad."
Other people's actions - "He shouldn't have cut me off", "If the new guy wasn't such an idiot I wouldn't lose my cool at work all the time", "She wouldn't stop trying to pick a fight, even after I told her I'd talk about it later."
Outside circumstances - "I get cranky when I haven't eaten", "Things are tough at work. I'm stressed out. It's not my fault. "
To get a handle on your anger you first need to know what it looks like for you.
In addition to that, map out what your anger looks like at different intensity levels.
What are the signs that you're minorly irritated?
What's the collection of symptoms that lets you know you're becoming moderately annoyed?
What are the indicators that an outburst is seconds away, and you need do something about it as soon as possible?
As I mentioned a little earlier, angry people are sometimes caught off guard by their own tempers. A statement you'll often hear along those lines is, "I don't know what happened. I just got so mad all of the sudden and before I knew it I had put my hand through the wall and scared my girlfriend half to death" If you've been through this what likely happened is that you were in a tense situation where your anger was building, but you were too caught up in the conflict at hand, and didn't notice what was happening with your mood until you were enraged and past the point of no return.
When a person explodes under these circumstances their anger may have started ramping up before they were even in the situation, and they were anticipating how poorly it could go. They may have worked themselves up on the drive to their job, or before meeting their buddies, or while they waited for their partner to get home before they confronted them. Once the actual situation started, little things began to happen that caused their frustration to build (e.g., their partner disagreed with them and started making personal attacks, or their manager called them out for a mistake they had nothing to do with). After twenty minutes of petty bickering, or half a shift of getting picked on, it's then that they snapped 'out of nowhere'.
Monitoring your anger helps you get out of trouble situations before it's too late (when no amount of calming breathing or relaxing imagery will help you). Checking in on yourself is something you can do throughout the day. It's especially important to start checking in on your mood when you're in a triggering situation, or you've already noticed yourself starting to get annoyed. Whatever your level of anger, take steps to reduce it.
Employ one of the calming techniques mentioned above. They're actually more effective when your anger levels are lower and they have less 'work' to do.
If possible, go somewhere else, at least for a while. Take an early lunch break and get away from your demanding clients. Tell your partner you can feel yourself getting a bit annoyed, and that you'd like five minutes to collect your thoughts. Go home early if you're hanging out with your friends and they're all squabbling.
Try to change the dynamics of the situation. For example, you may notice you're arguing with your partner in a petty, counterproductive way, and decide to 'fight fair' instead. If your boss is giving you a hard time, rather than silently absorbing her attacks, you could start a discussion with her about whether there's a more efficient way you could be working, or if it would be better if you switched to another task that day.
Develop a habit of asking yourself, "Is this that big a deal? Do I really want to go with my first reaction of getting riled up?" Taking those few seconds to stop and think can take most of the momentum away from your anger.
Question the assumptions and logic behind your angry thoughts. You may find you're starting to get yourself into a tizzy over nothing. More on that in a second.
If you've gotten really mad you won't be able to think straight in the moment. In these cases it helps to have a pre-set plan. For example, if a father frequently snaps at his kids when they squabble at home, his plan could be that when he's about to lash out that he'll go his bedroom for five minutes, during which time he'll sit on his bed and breathe deeply. If possible he'll get his wife to step in and hold down the fort while he's away. At the end of the five minutes he'll come back downstairs and deal with the kids' behavior.
Depressed people tend to think in a self-effacing, pessimistic, hopeless way that sustains their depression. Anxious people see the world as more threatening than it is, which reinforces their worries. Angry people have their own thought patterns which make it more likely they'll lose their temper and act out.
The thoughts of angry people can be distorted in the usual ways our thinking can go awry. In their case their distorted thoughts cause them to get madder. For example, they might see the world in overly Black or White terms, or assume they know what other people are thinking.
Anger-prone individuals are way more likely to see other people as personally out to get them. If someone spills something on them, they think the person did it on purpose. If someone gives them some constructive criticism, they'll see it as a personal attack and go on the defensive.
Some angry types tend to think that the world is full of jerks and idiots, and that everything would run a lot more smoothly if everyone was more like them. They're the people who are always stewing about how no one else seems to know how to drive, or how their man child boyfriend would be helpless without them.
At the moment that something's annoyed them, angry people often have knee-jerk negative thoughts that make them more irritated. For example, if their partner asks them to take out the garbage, they may think something like, "Ugh, they're always trying to control me. What's their problem?!"
If someone trespasses against them, angry people have a worldview that they have to retaliate to even the score. The idea of a person getting away with something rankles them to the core of their very being. They feel they're justified in giving the person a piece of their mind, or getting in their face, or purposely cutting them off in traffic. Or they may get revenge in a more subtle way, like giving their boss a dirty look, or pretending not to hear their wife ask them to take the dog for a walk.
Similarly, they may think that if that if someone upsets them, and they don't show their anger in response, then they're basically declaring that what the other person did was okay.
Angry people tend to have the unrealistic unconscious expectation that life should never annoy them and they should never have to feel frustrated or not get what they want. They become angry when those standards inevitably aren't met. For example, they'll believe they should be able to get through their work day with no unexpected annoyances, or be able to do a commute where every other driver behaves perfectly.
Angry people are good at working themselves up and priming themselves to have more angry interactions in the future. For example, they may spend hours thinking of all the ways their boyfriend is selfish.
Along the same lines, angry people have a tendency to ruminate. If someone's annoyed them in the past, they won't let it go. Instead they'll stew about it for days, and when they next see the person they'll be that much more prepped to lose their temper around them.
During confrontations, angry people may have fleeting fantasies of becoming violent, e.g., clocking their dad during an argument, or picking up a bowl and throwing it through the window, just to see the look on their husband's face. Even if they don't act on them, the thoughts still ratchet up their irritation.
If you haven't already, read this article on the ways to challenge negative or unrealistic thoughts. When you catch yourself thinking in a counterproductive way, try to look at the circumstances logically and substitute in a more realistic way of looking at it.
Realize most people don't mean it when they do something that upsets you. Try to see their actions the same way you would if a pigeon pooped on your car. It's still a bit irksome, but you can't really hold it against the bird. It's just random bad luck.
Accept that even the most competent people make mistakes sometimes, and again, that it's nothing personal.
Don't feel you have to even the score every time someone bothers you.
Revise your expectations about how often life will bug you. Accept that no matter what you do, things will happen that will be irritating.
If you catch yourself ruminating, try to think of something else. Or at least be aware you're doing it. Also be aware of any fantasies of retaliation you have, and respond in the same way.
This is a more indirect approach. Your anger will be more volatile when you're tense and stressed out. Implementing practices to calm yourself and reduce that stress will cut down on your baseline level of grouchiness.
Change your routine so you have more time to unwind - e.g., go for a walk after getting home from work, or set aside half an hour before bedtime where you can relax and read a book.
Exercise - Physical activity is a great stress reducer.
Make time for yourself - When we're stressed we often forget to set aside time to recharge our batteries.
Learn relaxation techniques - e.g., Meditation, deep breathing, or progressive muscle relaxation.
Do very fun things - By this I mean doing things that are fun enough that you look forward to them, and they noticeably boost your mood. I'm referring to outings like going on a hike with your friends, rather than activities that are more about vegging out, like absentmindedly flipping through TV channels in the evening.
Do straight-up relaxing activities - e.g., getting a massage, lying out in the sun, or sitting in a sauna.
It's not always possible, but in the end it may be better to get out of a bad job, or an unhealthy, conflict-filled relationship.
If getting out isn't an option, then try to mend your relationship, or make some changes at work.
Improve your parenting skills if your kids are a constant source of frustration.
Take steps to treat any mental health conditions that contribute to your temper.
Anger issues are often tied to problems with communication.
Sometimes when people get angry it's obvious they're blowing up over nothing, or are actually mad at something else and taking out their frustration on an easier target. However, we often get angry for totally justifiable reasons. That's why the emotion exists. It alerts us to when we've been wronged, and motivates us to do something to fix the situation. When people have anger problems their core reasons for getting angry may be correct, but they often go too far in expressing the emotion. Learning anger management techniques doesn't mean you have to start letting people walk all over you, or swallow all your feelings and opinions.
While it's perfectly okay to feel angry, and you might have a legitimate gripe you want to share, what's not alright is to express your anger in an aggressive, destructive, intimidating way that tramples all over other people. Instead, learn to communicate assertively. Assertiveness, in contrast to aggressiveness, is when you stand up for your rights and needs, but do so in a way that respects the rights and needs of others.
For example, if you feel your partner sometimes makes jokes at your expense in front of her friends, an aggressive response may be to yell at them on the drive home after a party. A more assertive response would be to sit them down on a weekend morning and matter-of-factly tell them that it bothers you when they put you down, and that you'd like them to stop.
This point is related to assertiveness skills. If someone wrongs you it's not healthy in the long run to suppress those feelings, as they'll just come out later. You might reach a breaking point and explode. You may take your temper out on an undeserving target. You could suppress so much anger that you develop a grouchy, negative personality, or become depressed.
Not bottling things up involves bringing up bothersome issues as they happen (and in a productive manner, like the point above mentions). Of course, it's not practical or realistic to tell others about every instance in which they make you feel slighted, but at the same time, you can probably bring things to people's attention a lot sooner than you normally would. For example, if your friend has a habit of being unreliable, you may give them a pass the first two times they do it, but say something on the third. In the past you may have let them flake on you for months without saying anything, only to suddenly erupt at them one day. If you find you have a hard time asserting yourself in this way, it's a skill you can develop.
Try to get into a habit of listening to other people and trying to understand where they're coming from, as opposed to feeling you have to win every argument and defend your position at all costs. Resist the urge to speak right away. If you give it time, you'll be way less likely to say something careless in the heat of the moment.
Whole books have been written about this topic, so I can't begin to do it justice in one paragraph. If you usually get angry during fights with your partner or family members, read up on how to fight fair and respectfully. Also, during arguments with our loved ones, there are common interpersonal dynamics that can come into play that can cause disagreements to quickly escalate (e.g., the Pursuer - Distancer dynamic). Knowing about them will aid you in preventing these situations from getting too hairy.
This is another area where I can only bring it to your attention and then leave it to you to look for further information on your own. If you often get pissed off at your co-workers or boss it could help to bolster your work-related people skills. For example, you may need to learn skills in working as an effective part of a team, dealing with difficult co-workers or customers, managing other people, or getting along with superiors.
Aside from the more practical suggestions above, delving into the motivations behind your anger may help. Insight alone won't cure you, but it can give you an idea of some issues you need to address.
Anxiety - When a person is worried about something bad happening, they may adopt a tough, demanding attitude to try to gain a sense of control over the situation. Anxiety can also generally make people feel tense and irritable.
Sadness - Someone may feel angry at the world because of a recent loss or setback. Depression is also associated with feelings of irritability.
Hurt Feelings - For example, a woman may be mad at a man who turned her down, but deeper down she's feeling hurt and rejected.
Insecurity, envy, defensiveness - People can become angry when their insecurities are triggered, e.g., feeling touchy around a more successful colleague.
They're mad at someone or something else and are displacing it to a different target.
They have too much stress in their lives.
They haven't gotten enough sleep lately, and they're tired and cranky.
They're in pain, e.g., headache, toothache, sore back.
Something in their past got triggered, such as an argument with a spouse reminding them of a toxic family dynamic from their childhood.
It's healthy and necessary to express your anger at the moment you feel it, regardless of how ill-timed or hurtful that would be.
Showing anger indicates you're someone who can't be pushed around.
Being angry makes you tough and manly.
If you're not angry, you're not in control.
Being angry makes you an effective, authoritative boss.
If you didn't get angry, no one would ever listen to you or take you seriously.
If you don't get really angry while arguing with your spouse, it means you don't care about the relationship.
Being angry is tied into other positive traits you have, like having high standards or caring about your work. You can't have one without the other, so the anger is a necessary evil.
Being able to get your way, because your outbursts are intimidating, or they're just so tiresome that people would rather give in than have to deal with them.
Tearing into someone often feels satisfying at time. You get to feel self-righteous and superior as you give that ignorant customer service rep a piece of your mind. You get to show that frustrating game who's really boss when you whip your controller into the floor.
Losing your cool is a great way to shut down an argument you don't want to be in anymore. Once you've screamed at someone or put your foot through a door, the discussion is pretty much concluded for the day.
Angry and controlling behavior can be a way to manage feelings of anxiety. A person may believe that if they're volatile and demanding that they can prevent something bad from happening. For example, a manager at a busy restaurant may fret that the service will fall apart unless he's constantly barking orders at the staff.
Getting angry can be an effective way to harm or punish someone. For example, if a couple are arguing, and the wife says something mean to her husband, he could get back at her by getting mad and dumping the salad she just made into the garbage.
Anger can be a rush. It can become addictive to blow up at people. In a relationship it can feel more exciting to go through constant cycles of explosive fights and passionate reconciliation.
Even with the best emotion management techniques you may still get angry from time to time. When you do get angry the after effects are often influenced by how everyone saw you before you got mad at them. You can take some preventative measures to soften the impact of your blow ups.
Imagine two people in a workplace who occasionally lose their tempers. One person is normally very friendly, helpful, and good-natured. He's self-aware about his bad temper, and makes sure to let new employees know about it in a joking, self-effacing way. That way, if he ever does get pissed at them, at least they were mentally prepared for the possibility. When his co-workers sometimes joke about what a hothead he is, he's able to laugh at himself. He takes responsibility for his outbursts and doesn't try to blame them on anyone else. In the past when he's lost his cool he's made sure to apologize for it. It's clear to everyone he's actively taking steps to work on his problem.
Our second hypothetical worker is the opposite. Day to day he's grumpy, difficult, and sullen. He seemingly has no insight into how crotchety he is. He doesn't even make a token, bare-minimum effort to socialize with his co-workers. He's caught new employees off guard by screaming at them out of the blue. After he gets angry he typically lectures the victim on all the ways they screwed up that caused him to get so annoyed.
Imagine each of these people loses their cool one day. Worker A's relationships will come out relatively unscathed. Even though he sometimes gets too angry, his behavior during the other 99% of the time has given him a 'bank account' of good will. When he makes a withdrawal by losing his temper, he still has enough good reputation left over. As for Worker B, everyone already thinks he's a moody jerk. Every outburst he has just digs him in a little deeper, and damages his relationships that much more.
This approach has limits. Being aware of your anger issues will earn you points initially, but if over time you keep acting in the same old toxic style your self-insight will lose its luster. People will see you're not actually changing your behavior, and they won't excuse you for acting like a jerk just because you know you can be that way. |
0.985247 | What compliance provisions were amended by the MACT combustor rule issued on December 19, 2005?
EPA issued a rule on December 19, 2005, amending three bag leak detection system requirements (BLDS) for incinerators, cement kilns, and lightweight aggregate kilns. A bag leak detector is an instrument capable of monitoring changes in particulate matter emissions for the purpose of detecting fabric filter bag leaks or similar failures. In the October 12, 2005 final rule, we inadvertently included three new or revised BLDS requirements among implementation requirements taking effect on December 12, 2005 (i.e., the effective date of the October 2005 final rule), rather than, as intended, after three years when these sources begin complying with the revised emission standards. We intended to establish the compliance date for these provisions three years after promulgation because the provisions establish more stringent requirements for these sources, which cannot readily be complied with on short notice. The BLDS amendments issued on December 19, 2005, correct the date to October 14, 2008. |
0.946273 | Are there any good 本 about angels?
I know that Anne ご飯, 米 is 書く a new series called Song of the Seraphim, which should feature 天使 (instead of Vampire, which she has since rejected)if あなた are interested in her work. The first book is called エンジェル Time, though I don't think the main character is an angel, but a man, though I think he meets an angel. Not quite sure how it goes since I haven't yet read the book, but I know it is supposed to involve angels. |
0.900429 | What tax rate? Can I assume you are looking for a property tax rate? If so you need to contact the local county tax collector. Tax rates are not standard across the country. |
0.977719 | For the German Nazi party official, see Rudolf Hess.
Hess was born in Frauenfeld as the second of three children to Clemens Hess and Gertrud Hess (née Fischer). His father encouraged him to pursue a scientific career and with him he conducted experiments in his physics laboratory. He started to study medicine in Lausanne in 1899 and then in Berlin, Kiel and Zurich. He received his medical degree from the University of Zürich in 1906 and trained as surgeon in Münsterlingen (in the same canton as his birthplace Frauenfeld) under Conrad Brunner (1859 - 1927). He developed a viscosimeter to measure blood viscosity and published his dissertation in 1906 titled Zum Thema Viskosität des Blutes und Herzarbeit. In 1907, he went to the University of Zurich to study under Otto Haab to be trained as an ophthalmologist and opened his own private practice in Rapperswil SG. In these years, he developed the "Hess screen", married Louise Sandmeier and in 1910 their daughter Gertrud Hess was born. In 1913 his son Rudolf Max Hess was born.
In 1912, he left his lucrative private practice as an ophthalmologist and went into research under Justus Gaule (1849–1939), habilitating in 1913 to become Privatdozent. His main interests were the regulation of blood flow and respiration. During the First World War he spent a year at the Physiological Institute of the University of Bonn under Max Verworn. In 1916, Gaule retired and Hess first became interim director of the Department of the Physiological Institute at the University of Zürich and in 1917 he was officially promoted to full professor and director of the institute as which he served until retirement 1951.
In the 1930s, he began mapping the parts of the diencephalon that control the internal organs using cats. This research won him the Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine 1949. Hess also helped to found the meteorological research foundation International Foundation for the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch in 1930 and served as its director until 1937. Furthermore, he politically campaigned against the anti-vivisectionists that wanted to forbid animal experimentation.
Hess retired in 1951 but continued working at the university in an office. In 1967, he moved to Ascona and died of heart failure in 1973 at the age of 92 in Locarno, Switzerland. His widow died in 1987.
Hess used brain stimulation techniques that were developed in the late 1920s, using electrodes to stimulate the brain at well-defined anatomical regions. This allowed him to map regions of the brain to specific physiological responses. He developed a special technique he called "interrupted direct-current (DC) stimulation" which used stimuli of long duration (typically 12.5 or 25 ms) with ramp-like upward and downward slopes. Also, the stimuli were rather weak (around 0.5–1.5 V) and of low frequency (2–12 Hz, usually 8 Hz) and he used very fine electrodes with a diameter of 0.25 mm.
By stimulating the hypothalamus, he could induce behaviors from excitement to apathy; depending on the region of stimulation. He found that he could induce different types of responses when stimulating the anterior (lateral) hypothalamus compared to stimulating the posterior ventromedial hypothalamus. When stimulating the anterior part, he could induce fall of blood pressure, slowing of respiration and responses such as hunger, thirst, micturition (urination) and defecation. On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior part led to extreme excitement and defense-like behavior.
Hess also found that he could induce sleep in cats — a finding that was highly controversial at the time but later confirmed by other researches, including his son Rudolf Max Hess.
^ His Nobel Lecture on "The Central Control of the Activity of Internal Organs"
^ Hess WR. (1906). "Zum Thema Viskosität des Blutes und Herzarbeit. Dissertation". Vierteljahresschr Natur forsch Ges Zürich. 51: 236–51.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Christian W. Hess. "W.R. Hess Biography" (PDF). Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 159 (4): 255–261.
C. W. Hess. "W.R. Hess Biography in SANP 2008, Nr. 4" (PDF).
Marc A. Shampo; Robert A. Kyle; David P. Steensma. "Walter Hess—Nobel Prize for Work on the Brain". Mayo Clin Proc. 86: E49. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0560. PMC 3184029. PMID 22069789. |
0.959461 | Lots of people buy stuff online from their phones, but are these transactions really safe? These two apps for Android can give you the extra safety that you desire.
I think that everyone who's reading this has made some kind of on-line transaction at least once in their life. Online purchases have gone up exponentially in the last few years, and billions of dollars are being made from selling stuff over the Internet. Another important statistic is that Internet browsing and shopping with mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets is gaining a lot of ground and is actually overtaking PC usage. Just a couple of years ago phone malware was something trivial that could at most force you to buy a new device, but now users have to be incredibly careful, as attackers can steal some very important information such as your credit card number and PIN code, bank account information, social security number, etc.
Developed by IObit, Android Mobile Care (full name: AMC Security-Protector, Booster) is a reliable app that can keep your smartphone or tablet safe as well improve its overall performance. However, what you might not know is that AMC is one of the first mobile applications to ever take monetary transactions into account and offer protective measures dedicated to them. No, I'm not just talking about protection from key-loggers and online phishing schemes, which many similar products include, but specifically about an interesting feature called Payment Guard.
Payment Guard is a cool function which keeps an eye out for copycat apps that try to trick you into giving up your bank or card information. What are those copycat apps? Well, since modern phones have a lot of protection, many cyber-criminals create apps that look just like their poplar genuine counterparts (banking applications, shopping applications and even games with in-app purchases). These apps, which look just like the originals (with only a few subtle differences), will ask you to provide your financial information, so if you're not careful, they can trick you and compromise your accounts. As far as I know, IObit has partnerships with over 1,000 popular banking and E-Xommerce apps, so in most cases it will be able to tell when the app that you are using has been tempered with or is not the original.
Additionally, AMC checks the WiFi hotspots that you connect to in order to ensure that they weren't set up with malicious intent and offers a pretty effective Surfing Guard that makes sure you don't accidentally access websites that are crawling with malware.
Another interesting Android tool that protects your money is called BillGuard (BillGuard - Money & ID Tracker). BillGuard can do a whole lot of interesting things and is one of the most versatile financial apps I've ever seen on Google's Play Store. For starters, this application will alert you about suspicious charges, which means that whenever something breaks your shopping pattern, you will quickly find out about it. Of course, there may be a few false alarms, but if something really does happen, and you're notified in time, you won't regret having installed this app. Moreover, the tool can alert you whenever it thinks you were the victim of a phishing attack and your card data has been compromised. However, the thing I like the most about BillGuard is that it instantly catches on when your cards are used in a different location from the one you're in, which, you must admit, is a really useful trick.
Additional functionality includes the ability to keep a close eye on all your bank accounts, spending habits, etc. Furthermore, the tool can quickly organize all your charges and, in case if you found an unfair charge, you can ask for a refund with a single tap on your screen.
As I said before, there are no apps that can completely guarantee your safety 24/7, but these two applications can make it a lot harder for cyber-criminals to exploit your smartphone's weaknesses and steal your hard earned-money. And if you're one of those people who think that he or she can simply avoid online purchases all-together, just wait until the only place you find the product that you really like is the Internet.
Article What do we really know about Spotify? |
0.959238 | Moses Eugene Malone (March 23, 1955 – September 13, 2015) was an American basketball player who played in both the American Basketball Association (ABA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1974 through 1995. The center was named the NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) three times and was a 12-time NBA All-Star and an eight-time All-NBA Team selection. Malone won his only NBA championship in 1983, when he was both the league and Finals MVP with the Philadelphia 76ers. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2001.
Malone began his professional career out of high school after he was selected in the third round of the 1974 ABA Draft by the Utah Stars. He was named an ABA All-Star as a rookie and played two seasons in the league until it merged with the NBA in 1976. He landed in the NBA with the Buffalo Braves, who traded him after two games to the Houston Rockets. Malone became a five-time All-Star in six seasons with the Rockets. After leading the NBA in rebounding in 1979, he was named league MVP for the first time. He led the Rockets to the NBA Finals in 1981, and won his second MVP award in 1982. Malone was traded to Philadelphia the following season, when he repeated as MVP and led the 76ers to a championship in his first year. In his first of two stints with Philadelphia, he was an All-Star in each of his four seasons. Following another trade, Malone was an All-Star in his only two seasons with the then Washington Bullets (today's Wizards). He signed as a free agent with the Atlanta Hawks, earning his 12th straight and final All-Star selection in his first season. In his later years, he played with the Milwaukee Bucks before returning to the 76ers and completing his career with the San Antonio Spurs.
Malone was a tireless and physical player who led the NBA in rebounding six times, including a then-record five straight seasons (1981–1985). Nicknamed the "Chairman of the Boards" for his rebounding prowess, he finished his career as the all-time leader in offensive rebounds after leading both the ABA and NBA in the category a combined nine times. Combining his ABA and NBA statistics, Malone ranks ninth all-time in career points (29,580) and third in total rebounds (17,834). He was named to both the ABA All-Time Team and the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team.
Malone was born in Petersburg, Virginia. He was an only child, raised primarily by his mother, Mary, who had dropped out of school after finishing the fifth grade. When Malone was two years old, Mary forced her husband to move out of their home due to his alcohol use. Malone's father then moved to Texas.
Malone attended Petersburg High School, where he played basketball for the school's Crimson Wave. The team went undefeated in his final two years, winning 50 games and back-to-back Virginia state championships. Malone signed a letter of intent to play college basketball for the University of Maryland under head coach Lefty Driesell.
After the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association (ABA) selected him in the third round of the 1974 ABA Draft, Malone decided to become a professional. The New York Times called him "the first high schooler in modern basketball to go directly to the pros". He began his professional career with Utah in the 1974–75 season after signing a five-year contract worth $1 million. At 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) and a somewhat skinny 215 pounds (98 kg) at the time, Malone began his career playing at forward until he bulked up enough to handle the rigors at center. As a rookie, he was named an ABA All-Star and earned ABA All-Rookie honors.
The Stars folded 16 games into the 1975–76 season, and Malone was sold to the ABA's Spirits of St. Louis to help pay down the Stars' debts. He played for the Spirits for the remainder of the 1975–76 season. In two seasons in the ABA, Malone averaged 17.2 points and 12.9 rebounds per game.
The ABA–NBA merger occurred after the 1975–76 season, but the Spirits of St. Louis were not among the ABA teams chosen to join the NBA. Malone had already been selected by the NBA's New Orleans Jazz in a December 1975 pre-merger draft for ABA players of undergraduate age. However, the NBA let them place Malone into the 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft pool in exchange for the return of their first-round draft pick in 1977, which they used to trade for Gail Goodrich. In the 1976 dispersal draft, held for the remaining ABA players, Malone was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers with the fifth overall pick in the draft.
The Blazers, however, had also acquired power forward Maurice Lucas in the draft and believed that Malone and Lucas had similar skill sets. Concerns over the team's salary costs compelled them to choose one and release the other. Prior to the first game of the 1976–77 season, Portland traded Malone to the Buffalo Braves for a first-round draft choice in the 1978 NBA draft and $232,000. Malone played in two games with Buffalo. Because they could not meet Malone's demands for playing time, they then traded him to the Houston Rockets in exchange for two first-round draft picks, one in each of the 1977 and 1978 drafts.
With the Houston Rockets, Malone played forward opposite Rudy Tomjanovich. He appeared in 82 games overall for both Buffalo and Houston and finished the season averaging 13.2 points per game (ppg) with 13.1 rebounds per game (rpg), ranking third in rpg. Malone set a then-NBA record with 437 offensive rebounds in a season, though he surpassed that mark two years later. Malone also blocked 2.21 shots per game, the seventh-most in the league. In the second game of the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Washington Bullets, Malone recorded 15 offensive rebounds in the overtime win, setting an NBA playoff record. The Rockets reached the Eastern Conference Finals, where they lost 4–2 to the Philadelphia 76ers.
During his second season in the NBA, Malone was diagnosed with a stress fracture in his right foot, which caused him to miss the final 23 games of the season. Despite the time missed to injury, Malone led the NBA with 380 total offensive rebounds and finished second with 15.0 rpg. Malone made his first appearance in an NBA All-Star Game in 1978. His scoring improved to 19.4 ppg.
During the 1978–79 season, Malone emerged as one of the top centers in the league after gaining 15 pounds (6.8 kg) in the offseason. He averaged 24.8 points with a career-best .540 shooting percentage and established another career high with a league-leading 17.6 rpg while winning the NBA Most Valuable Player Award. He again led the league in offensive rebounds, setting an all-time single-season record with 587 offensive rebounds. He was voted to the All-NBA First Team and the All-Defensive Second Team. He was also voted by fans to start for the East at center in the 1979 NBA All-Star Game. On February 9, he grabbed a career-high 37 rebounds versus the New Orleans Jazz. Although the Rockets qualified for the playoffs, they were eliminated by the Atlanta Hawks in a first-round sweep. Malone averaged 24.5 points and 20.5 rebounds in the two games.
In 1979–80, Malone averaged 25.8 points, fifth-best in the NBA, and 14.5 rebounds, second-best in the league. He was named an All-Star for a third straight season and was also named to the All-NBA Second Team. In the opening round of the playoffs, Houston defeated the San Antonio Spurs in a best-of-three series. Malone registered 37 points and 20 rebounds in the deciding third game, leading the Rockets to a 141–120 victory. In the conference semifinals, the Rockets lost in a sweep to the Boston Celtics. In the following 1980–81 season, Malone led the league with 14.8 rpg in 80 games and was again an All-Star as well as a member of the All-NBA Second Team. He finished second in scoring (28.8) to Adrian Dantley (30.7). On March 11, Malone scored 51 points against the Golden State Warriors.
In their first season in the Midwest Division, Houston and the Kansas City Kings tied for second place with identical 40–42 records. The Rockets, with Malone's 26.8 ppg and 14.5 rpg during the playoffs, reached the 1981 NBA Finals, but lost 4–2 to the Celtics. During the following season, Malone averaged 31.1 points with 14.7 rebounds and won his second MVP award. He repeated as the NBA leader in rebounds and was the runner-up for the league's scoring title to George Gervin (32.3). He was also the league leader in offensive rebounds (558) and minutes played (3,398, 42.0 per game). At the end of the season, Malone earned his second placement on the All-NBA First Team. He set a career high in scoring average and also set a single-game career high with 53 points on February 2 against the San Diego Clippers. Nine days later, on February 11 against the Seattle SuperSonics, Malone eclipsed his own league record with 21 offensive rebounds. In Malone's last season in Houston, the Rockets followed their NBA Finals appearance in 1981 with a first-round exit in the 1982 playoffs. Though he averaged 24.0 points with 17.0 rebounds, Seattle defeated Houston 2–1.
Malone became a restricted free agent after the 1981–82 season. He signed an offer sheet of six-years for $13.2 million with the Philadelphia 76ers on September 2, 1982. The 76ers were coming off a 4–2 loss in the Finals to the Los Angeles Lakers, whose center, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, dominated their big-man duo of Darryl Dawkins and Caldwell Jones. The Rockets were sold, and the new owners decided that Malone's $2 million annual salary did not fit their plans. Houston matched the offer and agreed to trade Malone to the 76ers for Jones and their first-round pick in the 1983 NBA draft on September 15. With Julius Erving, Maurice Cheeks, Andrew Toney, and Bobby Jones, the Sixers won the NBA championship. Malone was named the league MVP for the second straight year, becoming the only NBA player ever to win the award in consecutive seasons with two different teams, a feat matched only by Barry Bonds (1992–1993) in the four major American sports leagues.
That year, Malone averaged 15.3 rebounds per game, which led the league for the third consecutive year, and also averaged 24.5 points, which was fifth-best in the NBA. He was an All-Star for the sixth consecutive season and earned first-team honors on both the All-NBA and All-Defensive teams. The 76ers lost only one game in the postseason as they won the league championship, defeating the Lakers in a 4–0 sweep in the 1983 NBA Finals. In 13 playoff games, Malone averaged 26.0 points with 15.8 rebounds. He was named the Finals MVP, having outrebounded Abdul-Jabbar 72–30 in the series. It was also around this time that Malone began to tutor Hakeem Olajuwon, passing on the torch to the future Rockets superstar.
His head coach Billy Cunningham said, "Let's not make believe. The difference from last year was Moses." Before the playoffs began, Malone predicted in Southern vernacular that Philadelphia would go "fo, fo, fo", envisioning a four-game sweep in each of the playoffs' three rounds. His prediction (and its formulation) became famous: The New York Times called it "an enduring quotation" and "an unforgettable line," and Comcast SportsNet called it "one of the greatest rallying cries ever uttered." As it transpired, the Sixers only lost one playoff game (Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals to the Milwaukee Bucks) en route to making Malone a world champion for the first time, sweeping the Knicks in the first round and the Lakers in the finals. This led some to rephrase Malone's prediction as "fo, fi, fo" (four, five, four). The inside of that year's championship ring was inscribed with "fo' fi' fo." The 76ers' 12–1 cruise through the 1983 playoffs was, at the time, the most dominant playoff run in NBA history.
In the 1983–84 season, Malone led the league in rebounding with 13.4 rpg. He was limited to 71 games that season due to ankle injuries, his lowest since the 1977–78 season. Malone scored 22.7 ppg in his second season with Philadelphia and was named to the All-NBA Second Team. Malone was selected again for the All-Star Game, but he was unable to play because of an ankle injury. During the season, he averaged 21.4 points with 13.8 rebounds in five games in the playoffs, but Philadelphia lost in a first-round upset against the New Jersey Nets.
The Sixers selected Charles Barkley in the 1984 NBA draft. When he reported to training camp at 300 pounds (140 kg), Malone began to mentor him, encouraging him to get in better shape. Barkley got down to 255 pounds (116 kg) and made the NBA All-Rookie Team. In the 1984–85 season, Malone recorded 13.1 rpg, leading the NBA in rebounding for a record-setting fifth straight season (since surpassed by Dennis Rodman with seven consecutive seasons). He was voted by a fan ballot to the All-Star team for the eighth time and finished the season with 24.6 ppg, which ranked ninth-best in the league. He received his fourth All-NBA First Team honor and finished third in the NBA Most Valuable Player Award balloting; the award was won by Larry Bird. Malone scored his 15,000th NBA point on November 28, and grabbed his 10,000th NBA rebound on March 29. He scored 51 points against the Detroit Pistons on November 14. The 76ers reached the Eastern Conference Finals in 1985 but were defeated 4–1 by the Celtics.
Malone's 1985–86 season ended when he suffered an orbital fracture in his right eye in a March 28 game against the Bucks. Despite hopes that he might return during the playoffs, he was ruled out for the postseason. In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, Philadelphia lost 4–3 to the Bucks. Malone averaged 23.8 points with 11.8 rebounds in 74 appearances that season. He ranked seventh in the league in scoring and fourth in rebounding, ending his five-season streak as the NBA rebounding champion. Malone was named an All-Star, but he was not named to the All-NBA Team, the first time he was not selected since 1978.
Shortly after the 1985–86 season, Philadelphia traded Malone, Terry Catledge, and two first-round draft picks to the Washington Bullets in exchange for Jeff Ruland and Clifford T. Robinson. Malone bounced back from an injury-shortened 1985–86 campaign, averaging 24.1 points with 11.3 rebounds. He was named to his 10th consecutive All-Star Game and again was named to the All-NBA Second Team. Malone was the only player to finish in the top 10 in both ppg and rpg; he placed ninth in both categories.
Malone scored his 20,000th NBA point on April 12 against the Detroit Pistons. He scored 50 points versus the New Jersey Nets on April 8, joining Earl Monroe (56) and Phil Chenier (52) as the only Bullets players ever to score 50 points in a game. Washington appeared in the postseason but was swept by the Pistons in the first round. Malone averaged 20.7 points and 12.7 rebounds in the series.
In his 12th NBA season, Malone ranked eighth in the NBA in rebounding (11.2) and 19th in scoring (20.3). Malone was named to his 11th consecutive All-Star Game in 1988. Malone scored in double figures in 76 of 79 games and recorded 55 double-doubles for the year. The Bullets reached the 1988 NBA Playoffs, but Detroit defeated the Bullets 3–2 in their first-round series. Malone averaged 18.6 points with 11.2 rebounds in the series.
Before the 1988–89 season, Malone agreed to a three-year deal to play with the Atlanta Hawks. The Hawks, featuring Dominique Wilkins, had won at least 50 games in the prior three seasons, and believed the free agent center was a missing piece to a potential championship team. During the season, Malone averaged 20.2 points with 11.8 rebounds, becoming the first and only player in professional history to average 20 points and 10 rebounds for four different teams. He was voted by a fan ballot to the 1989 NBA All-Star Game, which was his 12th straight and final appearance. Malone reached double figures in points in 75 of his 81 games and recorded double figures in rebounds 55 times. On February 4, 1989, he scored a season-high 37 points against the Phoenix Suns. The Hawks were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by Milwaukee. In the series, Malone scored 21.0 ppg and had 12.0 rpg.
The following season, Malone finished with 18.9 ppg and 10.0 rpg, ending a string of 11 consecutive 20–10 campaigns. Malone led the NBA with 364 offensive rebounds and tied for eighth in rpg. In Mike Fratello's final year as head coach, Atlanta finished with a 41–41 record, failing to qualify for the playoffs. Malone began the 1990–91 season as the Hawks' starting center, but after 15 games, Atlanta's new coach, Bob Weiss, made Jon Koncak the starter and Malone his backup for the final 67 contests.
During the 1990–91 season, Malone averaged 10.6 points with 8.1 rebounds while playing 23.3 minutes per game—all career lows at that point. On November 3, against the Indiana Pacers, Malone became the NBA career leader in free throws made with 7,695, besting the previous record set by Oscar Robertson. On November 21, against the Bucks, Malone scored his 25,000th career point. On March 15, he recorded his 15,000th career rebound against the Dallas Mavericks. Malone surpassed Wilt Chamberlain's mark of consecutive games without fouling out with his 1,046th straight game against the Detroit Pistons on April 19. The Hawks returned to the playoffs but were eliminated in the first round by Detroit, 4–1. In the series, Malone averaged just 4.2 points with 6.2 rebounds.
A free agent after the 1990–91 season, Malone signed a two-year contract with the Milwaukee Bucks. Malone was reported to earn $1.6 million in the first season and $2 million for the second season. The Bucks named Malone their starting center for the 1991–92 season. Malone played in all 82 games that season and averaged 15.6 points with 9.1 rebounds. He led the Bucks in rebounding and finished second on the team in scoring. He scored a season-high 30 points twice and grabbed 19 rebounds against the Seattle SuperSonics on March 27. Milwaukee finished with a 31–51 record, tied for last place of the Central Division with the Charlotte Hornets.
After one practice in training camp in October 1992, Malone was sidelined due to a herniated disc in his back. After trying to play through the pain, he decided to have surgery in November. Recovery from the surgery caused Malone to miss the majority of the 1992–93 season. He returned to the Bucks on March 27, appearing in 11 games during the remainder of the season. Struggling with the younger players on their roster, the Bucks finished 28–54 and last in the Central Division.
The Philadelphia 76ers signed Malone as a free agent in August, so that he could serve as a back up and mentor to 7-foot-6-inch (2.29 m) rookie Shawn Bradley. Malone appeared in 55 games as a reserve for the 76ers, averaging 5.3 points with 4.1 rebounds.
In 1994, Malone signed with the San Antonio Spurs, where he was used as a back-up center to David Robinson. The 1994–95 NBA season was his last in the NBA, and at that time, he was the only remaining active former ABA player. During the final game of his NBA career, against the Charlotte Hornets, he hit a buzzer-beating three-point shot from the opposing free throw line, seventy-four feet away from the goal. It was only the eighth three-pointer of his career. He played 17 games for the Spurs.
Malone stood 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) and weighed 260 pounds (120 kg). He wore down his opponents with his relentless effort and physical play. Nicknamed "Chairman of the Boards" for his rebounding prowess, he was notable for rebounding and scoring off his own misses, possessing the strength, quickness, and zeal to recover the ball before his opponents. This led to some contending he intentionally missed shots to pad his rebounding statistics. He was not a very good passer. When Carroll Dawson, an assistant coach with the Rockets, suggested that Malone needed to improve his passing, he replied, "They ain't paying me to pass."
He finished his career with the most combined ABA and NBA offensive rebounds (7,382), 35 percent over runner-up Artis Gilmore. Nine times he led his respective league in offensive rebounds, and five other times he finished in the top three. He also holds NBA records for the most offensive rebounds in a career (6,731), season (587), and game (21). Malone was a 13-time All-Star, and earned eight All-NBA selections, ranking ninth all-time with 29,580 points, and third with 17,834 rebounds. He is one of three players to exceed 28,000 points and 17,000 rebounds.[a] He also ranks second all-time in free throws made (9,018) and attempted (11,864). Malone is one of just eight players who have been named NBA MVP three or more times. He led the league in rebounds six times, including five straight from 1980 through 1985. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2001. The Rockets retired his No. 24 jersey in 1998, and the 76ers retired his No. 2 on February 8, 2019. In addition, to retiring Malone's jersey number, the 76ers also unveiled a statue in front of the team's training facility in Camden, New Jersey.
Malone and his wife, Alfreda Gill, had two sons, Moses Eugene Jr. and Michael Malone. Alfreda sued for divorce in September 1991, on the grounds of irreconcilable differences, cruelty, and adultery. She got a restraining order in June 1992, ordering Malone to refrain from contact with her during the course of the lawsuit. At that time, Malone denied allegations that he abused his wife or threatened to kill her. The divorce was granted in October 1992.
In January 1993, Malone was arrested driving in Galveston, Texas, across Galveston Bay from his wife's home, for having violated a peace bond Alfreda had obtained. Her affidavit for its issuance alleged that Malone had stalked her, illegally entered her home in League City, Texas, damaged her property and threatened to kill her. Malone posted bail and was released.
Malone dated Leah Nash, whom he had met in 2006, though they did not marry nor live together. They had a son, Micah Francois Malone, who was six years old at the time of Malone's death.
Malone died in his sleep at the age of 60, on the morning of September 13, 2015, at a hotel in Norfolk, Virginia. He had been scheduled to play in a charity golf tournament that day and was found unresponsive in his room when he did not appear for breakfast or answer his phone. The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for Virginia listed the cause of death as hypertensive and atherosclerotic heart disease. Malone had previously complained of an irregular heartbeat and was reported to have been wearing a heart monitor when he died.
Malone is buried at Memorial Oaks Cemetery in Houston, Texas.
This page is based on the Wikipedia article Moses Malone; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA. |
0.999999 | Share "Choosing an Aquarium Filter"
A proper filter is the most important piece of equipment needed to keep an aquarium healthy, but how do you choose the best filter for your tank?
Mechanical Filtration: In a mechanical filter, water is forced through a medium that physically catches particles and debris so it does not continue to circulate through the water. These filters can be cleaned and refreshed to keep water at its best.
Chemical Filtration: Chemical filters have a chemically-treated medium that water is forced through, and as the water comes into contact with the medium, undesirable chemicals in the water are neutralized, cleaning the water.
Biological Filtration: These filters use specific bacteria in an ecological balance to break down debris or unwanted chemicals to clean the water, returning cleaner water to the tank without risking unnatural contamination from filter malfunctions.
The best filters combine more than one technique to keep aquarium water clean and healthy, and many filters use all three types of filtration simultaneously.
Box or Corner Filters: These small, compact filters are positioned in the corner of a tank and often use a foam medium for both mechanical and chemical filtration. They take up tank space and are highly visible, but are also less expensive. These filters are useful for small tanks with small fish, but are not as efficient for larger aquariums.
Under Gravel Filters: These larger filters are positioned at the bottom of a tank under a layer of decorative gravel, and typically use biological filtration to clean the tank. They are ideal for beginners and need very little maintenance other than occasionally vacuuming, but they should be supplemented with additional filters in large tanks.
Power Filters: These larger, more efficient filters are usually attached to the side of a tank and are positioned in the water. They often employ all three methods of filtration, and are available for all different tank sizes and styles. Some models can be noisy, and serious aquarium hobbyists may not like seeing the filters in the tank.
Canister Filters: These are large, efficient filters that can easily handle big tanks that are home to big fish and large schools. These filters are typically stored beneath a tank in a large case or stand, but are great options for more elaborate tanks.
There are other types of filters as well, such as wet-dry filters or trickle filters, but they are recommended only for the most advanced aquarium keepers.
Several factors must be considered when choosing the best filter for your aquarium.
Tank Size: Larger tanks will require larger, more efficient filters, while smaller tanks can be cleaned with more basic options..
Fish Population: A tank with more fish or larger species will require better filters to thoroughly remove waste and unwanted chemicals.
Fish Sensitivity: Some fish are more sensitive to water changes and chemical balance and will need more efficient filters to stay healthy.
Water Quality: If local water supplies are tainted or less suitable for aquarium use, a better filter will be necessary to keep a tank clean.
Maintenance: A better filter will keep a tank clean longer for less additional cleaning and maintenance, but filters themselves also need cleaning.
Cost: Better filters have higher price tags, but the cost can be worthwhile for more efficient operation or to protect more expensive or delicate fish.
By choosing the right filter, aquarium maintenance can be minimized and fish will live healthier, longer lives as part of a fresh, clean tank. |
0.941734 | How do you measure financial performance?
What management reports do sole and small-firm practitioners look at to determine how well they're doing? It's a very good question. There is much data out there, and most good financial information systems can and do produce far more information/data than an attorney can use or assimilate intelligently.
I believe the only practical approach is to decide what it is that is important to you to help you reach your goals, and then look at that information.
First and foremost, in my mind, is the development of a cash flow statement. Prepare a forward-looking budget of cash receipts and payments for the next 12 months. Keep that statement on a rolling 12-month cycle such that as you conclude the current month, you look at the 12th month and add it into your budget, adjusting all the other months if needed based on new information.
Next, keep your aged accounts receivable listing always at your elbow to make sure that your clients are paying you in accordance with their agreement. If they don't, "fire" them and move on to the next client. Don't let them waste your time or build up the amounts they owe you.
If you do these two things, you will be far ahead of the curve.
You can look at other areas of measurement as well, such as realization rate (the amount of time you have worked and billed, and the amount of that billed time that has yet to be paid). Look at your bank balances, obviously. Look at how quickly your clients pay. What is your accounts receivable turnover?
All these and other metrics are important. But, above all else, spend your time focused on marketing for new work, doing the work brought to you and collecting that which you billed. The rest will fall into place.
get paid (the collections function, which is inseparable from basic finance).
These three elements are the essence of what I call "business competency." It doesn't involve mastering all the management jargon out there, or looking at things though the eyes of an MBA.
Many lawyers, whose undergraduate and law school training had little practical business focus, think either they can't or shouldn't be business-minded. But the lawyer who has business competency understands the operation of the firm as a business (budget, collections, profit, loss), the firm's billing structure, how firm profitability is determined and the importance of clients. |
0.909662 | If a divorce decree states the ex spouse should leave 100% of life insurance for the childrens' college fund, but the ex-spouse has a will stating differently with trust designed by an attorney, which governs? Does the will trump the divorce decree?
The divorce decree should over-ride the will, but the actual answer may depend on the language in the divorce agreement, the will and state law. You're best off having the matter double checked by your matrimonial attorney. The divorce agreement could have included the actual details of what the insurance requirements are (including type and quality of coverage, not just amount). The agreement could also include a requirement that the ex-spouse who is required to maintain insurance submit proof of insurance to the beneficiary spouse. The best way to go if there is still planning possibilities (i.e. the divorce is still being negotiated) is to have an insurance trust set up with an independent trustee (CPA, bank, trust company) who will monitor the insurance coverage. This approach can protect everyone. The beneficiary spouse and children are assured that the right coverage is in place. The insured spouse gets the ability to have the insurance continue for new beneficiaries when the requirements under the divorce agreement end (e.g., spouse remarries, children are emancipated), etc. |
0.973427 | Compare the calories burned canoeing to a variety of other activities at the calories burned chart.
Anyone that has done an all day or multi day canoe trip knows from the sore muscles afterwards that the amount of calories burned canoeing is not insignificant. Canoeing can also be a lot of fun, however, and is often a unique way to experience the outdoors and the water, which is just one more benefit of canoeing.
Unlike something like running, however, you cannot just hope out the door to go canoeing. It requires a canoe, a water surface to canoe on and a few other things that make the entry barriers to canoeing fairly big. If you have the equipment, the location and the time, however, canoeing can be a great way to burn calories and get a little muscle and definition in the process.
And if you’re really putting your back in to it, canoeing can actually burn a significant amount of calories. And if you’re on a multi-day trip, or are spending an extended period of time in the boat, the time can add up and the calories burned canoeing, along with the weight lost, can be significant.
The amount of calories burned canoeing varies, depending on a couple things. One of them is your weight, but another big one is the pace at which you are canoeing.
So as you can see from that list, the amount of calories burned canoeing depends quite a bit on the effort that you put in to your canoeing. Of course if you’re out on a multi-day camping trip, for instance, then you’re going to want to take it easy and go at a slow or moderate pace, because the calories burned canoeing will add up quickly, and you’ll be starved by the end of the day regardless of the level of effort you put in. |
0.997698 | Is there a roasted on date on the coffee? I would guess that it is just close to the date, as coffee is still undergoing chemical changes for a couple of days (even weeks) after roasting. One change is it is giving off CO2, water coming into contact with the grounds will release it.
So my general process is a super coarse grind, I tend to stay regionally similiar (for instance if doing a central American them I'll stick to that region, with a handful of caveats for Caribbean and south American varieties my preferred blend is actually 1 part district roasters chiapas, 1 part Brazilian tres Coraces, and 1 part guatemalans finca el guayabo,) in a refrigerator over 36 hours, agitating every 8 hours to ensure equal extraction, then straining through a metal sieve so as to preserve as much of the oils I can and limit absorption from a traditional paper or cheese cloth filter. I have contemplated adding in cacao and cinnamon into the serving vessel just to see what kind of liveliness that generates, because as it stands, the blend is incredibly smooth, very easy to drink, I get loads of compliments from it, but it's not particularly lively. Part of that is just my obstinance in not liking super fruity beans, and on a personal level, I find the fruit notes a bit abrasive in a cold brew. I guess ultimately what I'm suggesting is perhaps I need to do some trial runs basically doing mulling spices in the serving vessel for a secondary cold steep.
Can i use funnels instead of coffee drippers (for cold brew process)? |
0.999562 | Yes, those words will be meaningless to most Americans, but Canada’s highest civilian honour, the Order of Canada – similar to a knighthood – has been given to, among several dozen honorees this month on the occasion of Dominion Day (as it used to be called more meaningfully), July 1, the Auschwitz survivor who got abortion legalized in Canada by performing tons of them illegally, even in front of documentary cameras, and even going to jail for it, before getting the Supreme Court of Canada to outlaw outlawing it in 1988: Dr. Henry Morgentaler.
Whatever one thinks about abortion, it’s inappropriate to give a national honour in Canada to someone who is not only politically controversial – lots of good people are politically controversial – but considered by millions of good, sincere, law-abiding, even progressive,* Canadians – leaving to one side the hate-spewing anti-abortion extremists – to be a butcher of innocent, viable human beings, and at their most defenceless: in the womb, by their own mothers. Morgentaler is officially cited “For his commitment to increased health care options for women” and for his services to humanism and civil liberties. I’m not aware of what he may have done for the latter two areas, but throughout Canada his name means one thing, legalized abortion – just like “Jane Roe” in the States. Can you imagine “Roe” (of Roe v. Wade fame, the appellant being kept officially anonymous at the time) getting the Presidential Medal of Freedom – again, whatever you think of abortion? Not even the most “liberal” US President would think of doing so, even if s/he wanted to; it’d tear the country apart.
Furthermore, using the Order of Canada to enshrine the abortion euphemism “health care options for women” in the national Honours system is not only offensive, it just demeans Honours; it sounds Nazi or Bolshevik, like something out of 1984. OK, that opinion may depend on what you make of abortion in the first place. And clearly I oppose the liberalization of abortion since the 1960s in the US and Canada and elsewhere. But drawing back to the matter of the honour itself, millions of good, sincere, law-abiding, even progressive, Canadians – leaving to one side the hate-spewing anti-abortion extremists – might consider instead that he worked for decreased health care options for children! Should someone get an award for that?!
As the newspaper article describes, Canadian Honours are supposed to be apolitical, non-ideological. (So anti-abortion activists lamenting that it happened under a “Conservative” Party government don’t get it.) Her Majesty’s Canadian Ministry, aka the government of the day, is supposedly not involved, and neither is The Queen herself AFAIK. I don’t even know how much discretion the Governor General herself has in the face of the recommendations of the Advisory Committee, before the fact anyway. Honours are supposed to reflect Canada as a diverse yet unified nation. This kind of thing just divides. George W. Bush is ‘a divider, not a uniter;’ and so is this honour, for Canada.
That said, I’m not sure that, bestowed, it can or should be revoked just on account of the firestorm of criticism – for the very same, apolitical, reasons. But it does raise a question, for good or for ill, about the people and/or the process that chooses honorees. Britain’s recent cash-for-honours scandal was nothing new there,** and Canadians designed their Honours system in the 1960s explicitly to try to avoid scandal and the taint of politics, corruption, etc. Furthermore, not only are honours in a Monarchy a national feel-good exercise; the Sovereign is fons honorum, the Fount of Honours, so in theory they reflect on her. Scandal in honours dishonors The Crown itself, and thus symbolically the whole nation.
However you feel about abortion, this bestowal of an honour is dishonorable.
Abortion is a homicidal right.
You can’t have an abortion unless you’ve already reproduced, right? |
0.993627 | How Do I Choose the Best Low-Rise Pants?
Low-rise pants fit below the hips.
In order to choose the best low-rise pants, you will have to spend a fair amount of time in the dressing room. When shopping, try to forget about what size you usually wear, and gather options in a variety of styles and sizes around your range. Once you have a good assortment of options, start to try the pants on. Move around in them to see how well they fit, and keep in mind that you can have items tailored if necessary. If you are shopping online, it is important to take accurate measurements of your hips and other areas to determine the proper size, and buying from a company with a good return policy can also be helpful.
No matter in what store you shop, your pant size is likely to vary, oftentimes drastically. This is especially true when it comes to low-rise pants, as they fit below the hips, rather than around or above them. If you are not shaped exactly as the manufacturer believes most people of that size are, your pant size may be one or more sizes smaller or larger than what you usually wear.
When choosing different options, find a design or brand that you like and pick up a few different styles in different sizes. Choose one in your usual size, and several different pants in two sizes above and below this size, keeping in mind that even styles by the same brand may vary in fit, even if the size is the same. This will give you a chance to compare how each size and style fits you differently.
Once you have a good selection of low-rise pants, start trying them on. Set aside any items that are obviously too big or too small. Of the low-rise pants that seem to fit, try moving around in them. When it comes to this style, often referred to as hip huggers, poorly made pants can often change position around your hips when you are bending over, sitting down, or simply walking. This can make the pants seem as if they do not fit, or leave you vulnerable to showing more skin than you intend to show.
Keep in mind, when trying on each pair of pants, that you can have items tailored if they fit well in most areas but poorly in others. For example, if the low-rise pants fit you perfectly around your backside, yet gap at the hips, you can always have the pants altered. In most cases, it is easier to take something in rather than make it larger, so, if possible, choose low-rise pants that are slightly too big that can be tailored to fit you perfectly.
Choosing the best low-rise pants when shopping online can be significantly more difficult than shopping in a store. Once you have found a selection of retailers, look at each company’s sizing chart and take your own measurements according to these numbers. Using a soft measuring tape is typically best, and it can be helpful to have another person aid in the measuring. It can be difficult to get accurate measurements on your own in areas around your hips, as the tape may slide around or sit lower in some places than others. When shopping online, make sure that the items will be easy to return in the event that they do not fit you well.
What Are Hip Hop Jeans?
What is Slim Fit Clothing?
In Fashion, what is a Hipster?
What are Low Rise Pants? |
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0.999659 | Główny artykuł: Zimowe Igrzyska Olimpijskie 2006.
Lista przedstawia chorążych reprezentacji narodowych komitetów olimijskich uczestniczących w Zimowych Igrzyskach Olimpijskich w 2006 w Turynie, którzy nieśli flagi państwowe podczas ceremonii otwarcia igrzysk 10 lutego 2006.
Tradycyjnie jako pierwsza na stadion weszła Grecja, następnie ekipy państw w kolejności alfabetycznej według nazwy włoskiej, zaś ostatni gospodarz, czyli Włochy.
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↑ Senegal at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Slovakia at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Slovenia at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Spain at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ United States at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ South Africa at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Sweden at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Switzerland at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Tajikistan at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Chinese Taipei at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Thailand at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Turkey at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
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↑ Hungary at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
↑ Uzbekistan at the Olympic Games (ang.). sports-reference.com. [dostęp 2014-03-06].
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Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 26 lut 2019, 14:08. |
0.999992 | AKSARBENT: Don Bacon's no-collusion delusion: Russians are spreading collusion gossip to bamboozle you! Also, mainstream media. Obama!
Don Bacon's no-collusion delusion: Russians are spreading collusion gossip to bamboozle you!
The following is condensed. Go to the website of Don Bacon's friends at Tony Perkins's anti-LGBT hate group, The Family Research Council to hear the entire interview in all its fractured glory. |
0.96268 | Originally fossils only provided us with relative ages because, although early paleontologists understood biological succession, they did not know the absolute ages of the different organisms. It was only in the early part of the 20th century, when isotopic dating methods were first applied, that it became possible to discover the absolute ages of the rocks containing fossils. In most cases, we cannot use isotopic techniques to directly date fossils or the sedimentary rocks they are found in, but we can constrain their ages by dating igneous rocks that cut across sedimentary rocks, or volcanic ash layers that lie within sedimentary layers.
Isotopic dating of rocks, or the minerals in them, is based on the fact that we know the decay rates of certain unstable isotopes of elements and that these rates have been constant over geological time. It is also based on the premise that when the atoms of an element decay within a mineral or a rock, they stay there and don’t escape to the surrounding rock, water, or air. One of the isotope pairs widely used in geology is the decay of 40K to 40Ar (potassium-40 to argon-40). 40K is a radioactive isotope of potassium that is present in very small amounts in all minerals that have potassium in them. It has a half-life of 1.3 billion years, meaning that over a period of 1.3 Ga one-half of the 40K atoms in a mineral or rock will decay to 40Ar, and over the next 1.3 Ga one-half of the remaining atoms will decay, and so on (Figure 8.14).
In order to use the K-Ar dating technique, we need to have an igneous or metamorphic rock that includes a potassium-bearing mineral. One good example is granite, which normally has some potassium feldspar (Figure 8.15). Feldspar does not have any argon in it when it forms. Over time, the 40K in the feldspar decays to 40Ar. Argon is a gas and the atoms of 40Ar remain embedded within the crystal, unless the rock is subjected to high temperatures after it forms. The sample must be analyzed using a very sensitive mass-spectrometer, which can detect the differences between the masses of atoms, and can therefore distinguish between 40K and the much more abundant 39K. Biotite and hornblende are also commonly used for K-Ar dating.
Why can’t we use isotopic dating techniques with sedimentary rocks?
An important assumption that we have to be able to make when using isotopic dating is that when the rock formed none of the daughter isotope was present (e.g., 40Ar in the case of the K-Ar method). A clastic sedimentary rock is made up of older rock and mineral fragments, and when the rock forms it is almost certain that all of the fragments already have daughter isotopes in them. Furthermore, in almost all cases, the fragments have come from a range of source rocks that all formed at different times. If we dated a number of individual grains in the sedimentary rock, we would likely get a range of different dates, all older than the age of the rock. It might be possible to date some chemical sedimentary rocks isotopically, but there are no useful isotopes that can be used on old chemical sedimentary rocks. Radiocarbon dating can be used on sediments or sedimentary rocks that contain carbon, but it cannot be used on materials older than about 60 ka.
Assume that a feldspar crystal from the granite shown in Figure 8.15 was analyzed for 40K and 40Ar. The proportion of 40K remaining is 0.91. Using the decay curve shown on this graph, estimate the age of the rock.
K-Ar is just one of many isotope-pairs that are useful for dating geological materials. Some of the other important pairs are listed in Table 8.2, along with the age ranges that they apply to and some comments on their applications. When radiometric techniques are applied to metamorphic rocks, the results normally tell us the date of metamorphism, not the date when the parent rock formed.
Radiocarbon dating (using 14C) can be applied to many geological materials, including sediments and sedimentary rocks, but the materials in question must be younger than 60 ka. Fragments of wood incorporated into young sediments are good candidates for carbon dating, and this technique has been used widely in studies involving late Pleistocene glaciers and glacial sediments. An example is shown in Figure 8.16; radiocarbon dates from wood fragments in glacial sediments have been used to estimate the time of the last glacial advance along the Strait of Georgia.
8.4 Isotopic Dating Methods by Steven Earle is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. |
0.941301 | In order to fully understand the Bayesian rule it is important to be familiar with some concepts of standard probability theory. Assume we have two events, let’s call them A and B. The probability that event A occurs is P(A) and the probability that event B occurs is P(B). If event A and event B are independent from each other, the probability that both events are occurring at the same time, also known as the joint probability . |
0.89758 | Different kinds of drugs are used to treat different heart disease. Some heart medications are used to treat a risk factor for heart disease, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol and others are prescribed to prevent or relieve the symptoms of heart disease. Even if you take medications for heart disease, it's important to maintain a heart-healthy lifestyle, as healthy habits will keep the dosage of your medication as low as possible.
Beta Blockers: These drugs are used in treating hypertension. Beta blocker slows the heart rate and lessens the force with which the heart muscle contracts. In other words, they make the heart pump stronger delivering blood supply more effectively to all areas of the body.
Tiredness and difficulty in sleeping.
Ace inhibitors (ACE): Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are heart medications that help to widen or dilate the blood vessels thus improving the amount of blood that the heart pumps out and it also helps lower blood pressure. As ACE inhibitors increase blood flow, it decreases the amount of work the heart has to do thus improving the condition of a failing heart.
Heart failure: ACE inhibitors are critical in the treatment of heart failure as they prevent further weakening of the heart and prolong your life.
Heart attack: ACE inhibitors can prevent the damage to the heart after a heart attack.
Diabetes: Some ACE inhibitors slow the process that leads to kidney damage in type 2 diabetics.
Heart disease prevention: ACE inhibitor decreases the risk of having a heart attack or stroke.
Calcium channel blockers: These are medications that are used to treat certain kind of arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation and other conditions like high blood pressure. Calcium in the heart cells makes the heart to contract and the arteries to narrow, but calcium channel blockers prevents the entry of calcium into the muscle cells of the heart and the arteries.
Tenderness or bleeding of the gums.
Swelling of feet, ankles, and legs.
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs): These medications help lower blood pressure and are commonly prescribed for the treatment of heart failure. These heart drugs allow more blood flow by decreasing the chemicals that narrow the blood vessels and they also decrease certain chemicals that cause salt and fluid build-up in the body.
Swelling of the neck, face, and tongue.
Antiarrhythmic: These medications are prescribed when the heart beats at an irregular heart rhythm. They get rid of the arrhythmia and cause the heart to pump more effectively. Arrhythmias happen when the atrium and the ventricles which normally beat in a synchronized way, lose their normal rhythm.
Anticoagulants: They are also referred as blood thinners and these drugs are used to prevent coagulation or clotting inside the blood stream. They prevent the formation of blood clot or stop a clot already formed from getting larger. People who had a heart attack, had a stroke, or have a history of blood clots are usually put on blood thinners.
Water pills (Diuretics): Diuretics also known as "water pills" are used to treat fluid retention in the body by getting rid of excess water and sodium through the kidneys.
Aspirin: It is commonly used as a blood thinning medication for those who are at risk of developing blood clots or people who have suffered a heart attack or a stroke.
Decreases pain: They fight pain and inflammation associated with heart disease.
Digitalis: This heart drug works directly on the heart muscle to strengthen and regulate the heartbeat. It is also used to treat certain heart conditions. |
0.999917 | A one-hour preview event for the documentary film Cosplay Dreams 3D, examining the fascinating, highly visual world of costume play, will be held Sunday, November 2 at 12pm at Stan Lee's Comikaze Expo at the Los Angeles Convention Center. In addition to the film presentation, an unparalleled glasses-free 3D experience will be offered in the Cosplay Dreams 3D booth #122 for more than 50,000 attendees of the 3-day convention (Oct. 31 - Nov. 2). Passage Productions and Drama House Productions, creators of the documentary, have teamed up with Stream TV Networks to present highlights of the project in Ultra-D, which uses 4K display technology for brilliant no-glasses-required 3D.
The exclusive preview event will showcase 25 sneak peek minutes of the film in 3D, complete with amazing visual effects-driven "dream sequences" and previously unseen footage, followed by an all-star panel of Cosplay celebrities: Cosplay super-star Yaya Han (Heroes of Cosplay, SyFy), Cosplayer to the stars "Fanboy Brandon" Hillock (My Big Fat Geek Wedding, SyFy), singer/songwriter and YouTube sensation Traci Hines, Cosplay diversity activist Ginger Burton, and other stars of the film.
Cosplay is short for costume play, a growing worldwide phenomenon in which millions of ordinary people called "Cosplayers" wear costumes to emulate and pay homage to their favorite anime, comic book, video game, TV, film and manga (Japanese comic book) characters.
"This will be the last time we'll be previewing Cosplay Dreams 3D before it makes its world premiere as the headline film for the Los Angeles 3D Film Festival on December 6th," comments executive producer Christine Kasal Parascandolo. "We had a massive response at our San Diego Comic-Con panel, and it gets us so excited as filmmakers to screen our film for such a positive and passionate audience."
The documentary filmmakers will host and moderate the preview panel and answer questions about their fascinating journey in making this one-of-a-kind film. The team will also unveil a behind-the-scenes video about the making of the original song "Wonderful Weird" performed by indie-pop group Peter Panic and featuring Cosplay Idol Traci Hines. The song will be released at the panel event.
The film's producers are also excited to announce an alliance with Stream TV Networks, developer of the award-winning Ultra-D glasses-free 3D screen technology that will be integrated into consumer products by various brand partners in 2015.
"3D without glasses is what people have been waiting for, and we are thrilled that our glasses-free 3D technology will showcase this incredible 3D movie for 50,000 fans at the Comikaze Expo," said Stream TV CEO, Mathu Rajan. "Fans of 3D will see that the wait for an immersive viewing experience - no glasses required - is almost over."
"When we first saw our film in Ultra-D, it was like seeing it for the first time," exclaims the film's Director Gulliver Parascandolo. "I've only dreamed about this kind of technology, and looking into that Ultra-D monitor and seeing the images come right out of the screen... it was like looking into the future! I can only imagine how the fans at Comikaze are going to react!"
The Cosplay Dreams 3D booth featuring the Ultra-D display will be located in the award-winning Video Game History Museum at Comikaze, booth 122 inside the Los Angeles Convention Center October 31 - November 2. The preview panel will be held in Screening Room 411A on the third floor at 12PM - November 2. |
0.948779 | Maria Ivanovna informed all of her fifth-graders that in a month they would have a class on the topic “Masterpieces of World Architecture.” Each of the students had to prepare a short report about a famous architectural structure. As always, the best students prepared their reports in advance and the worst students started preparing for the class only several minutes before it.
The class has begun. According to the tradition, at such classes the children are sitting in a circle and speaking one after another in clockwise order. The best students like to be the first to speak, while the worst students want to be the last because they are trying to finish their reports right during the class.
Maria Ivanovna has asked each student which in turn they want to present their reports. Now she has to decide who will be the first to speak so that as many children as possible will have their turn to speak exactly as they want.
The first line contains the number n of students in the class (2 ≤ n ≤ 105). Maria Ivanovna has numbered all the children from 1 to n clockwise in the order in which they are sitting. The second line contains integers a1, …, an (1 ≤ ai ≤ n) separated with a space, where ai is the number told by the ith student.
Output the number of the student who should start the class “Masterpieces of World Architecture” by presenting their report. If there are several possible answers, output any of them. |
0.995551 | One of the very first things you should purchase for your newborn is a car seat. Unfortunately, this can be a difficult task because there are several different types of car seats available on the market. Due to the many options, it can be hard the safest car seat with the most comfortable fit for your child.
The very first thing you should do is make a list of the types of car seats that are compatible with your car. There's nothing more frustrating than putting a lot of research and time into finding the perfect product for your needs, only for it to prove absolutely useless to you.
You should also choose the places where you want to shop for your car seat. One can find a large selection of car seats at discount stores like Kmart and Target. Department stores and baby superstores are also excellent sources for car seats. If you want a higher-end car seat, you'll most likely have to visit specialty boutique stores.
When it comes to the type of car seat, you can choose from the following: infant car seats and convertible car seats.
The advantage of infant car seats is that it keeps the infant rear-facing, which is the safest position for a young child. It also allows you to take your baby out of the car without disturbing him or her. The disadvantage of an infant car seat is that you'll have to switch to a rear-facing convertible model soon after birth, so you won't get much use out of the infant seat.
The advantage of the convertible model is that it can become forward-facing once your child becomes a toddler. Therefore, you won't have to purchase a new car seat. The disadvantage of the convertible model is that they don't fit newborns as well as infant seats.
There are many features you should consider when it comes to purchasing a car seat. Some features are actually important when it comes to convenience and safety, while others are less important.
The LATCH connections is what secures the car seat to the vehicle's metal anchors. Ideally, you should go for a car seat with "push-on" style LATCH connectors, as they are easier to use than the hook-style LATCH connectors.
When it comes to the harness, a five-point system is much more safer for your child. It is also ideal that you purchase a car seat with an external harness adjustment. There should be multiple recline adjustments instead of just a single "foot." While definitely not as important to your child's safety, you should also consider fabric, covers, padding, and cushioning.
Some of the best brands of car seats are Clek, Harmony, Dorel, Orbit Baby, and The First Years. You should definitely consider brand when it comes to your car seat, because some brands of car seats are of greater quality than others.
Parents of preemies and children with special needs tend to have to seek out a special car seat for their children. There are infant car seats for babies who weigh less than five pounds, and there are also car beds for infants who must lay down while being transported due to a medical condition. There are also car seats that specially designed for children who happen to have hip casts, breathing problems, neurological disorders, and other disabilities. |
0.950642 | The Italian Renaissance of the 13th and 14th centuries spread through the rest of Europe, representing a time when Europe sought knowledge from the ancient world and moved out of the Dark Ages. A renewed interest in science and experimentation, and a focus on the importance of living well in the present as opposed to the afterlife as promoted by the Church. The Renaissance brought on an explosion in art, poetry, and architecture. New techniques and styles developed as these art forms moved away from the colder and darker styles of the Middle Ages. This period, in this view, represents Europe emerging from a long period of backwardness and the rise of trade and exploration. The Italian Renaissance is often labeled as the beginning of the "modern" epoch.
However, it is important to recognize the countless modern institutions that did have their roots in the Middle Ages, such as nation-states, parliaments, limited government, bureaucracies, and regulation of goods and services.
In the wake of the Black Death, which decreased in incidence in 1351, faith in the power and significance of the church declined. The multitude of deaths (approximately 25-30 million between 1347 and 1351) signaled the need for a revival in art, education, and society in general. A large decrease in workers led to demands for higher wages, and thus uprisings were staged in several countries throughout Europe, particularly Germany, France, and Italy.
The Renaissance began in northern Italy in the early 1300s. Although it was not inevitable, several factors—nationalism (due to an increased pride in the days of early Rome), the Crusades, revival of trade—helped to bring about reform. Throughout Italy (Florence, Genoa, Rome, Naples, and Milan in particular) scholars revived their studies of early Greek and Latin literature, derived from archived manuscripts. Upon examining these early works, they realized that culture was essential to living a meaningful life, and education (especially history) was important in understanding both the world of yesterday and contemporary times, as well as gaining insight into the future. Thus, Italian scholars called for a 'Renaissance' (French for rebirth) in European education and culture.
The denizens of Florence fell into one of four main social classes. These included the grandi (the great), the rulers of the city; the popolo grosso (big people), the capitalist merchants (these challenged the grandi for power); the smaller businesspeople, and the popolo minuto (little people), the lower economic classes, such as the paupers, who, despite constituting a third of the Florentine population, had no wealth at all.
This division of society was prone to conflict, and eventually resulted in the successful Ciompi Revolt of 1378. The Ciompi Revolt was that of the poor, who revolted because of the constant feuds between the grandi and the popolo grosso, the anarchy from the Black Death, and the collapse of banks, which made the popolo minuto even poorer. After a while, the Ciompi Revolt led to a four-year reign by the popolo minuto until Cosimo de’ Medici came into power in 1434 and restored the stability of Florence.
The plague resulted in more favorable working positions for women, although the overall participation of women in public life varied with class as well as region. Married couples worked together frequently, and most men and women remarried quickly if their spouse died.
At the beginning of the Renaissance, the boundary between the poor and criminals was very thin. Larger cities frequently had problems with organized gangs. The so-called "decent society" treated the marginal elements of society with great suspicion and hatred. Women were featured prominently in the underclass, and many poor women found prostitution their only option.
The Hundred Years' War resulted in the various governments in Europe borrowing a great deal of money that they could not pay back. Thus, merchants were less likely to take risks, and instead invested in government bonds. The result of this was an overall decrease in trade.
Pico della Mirandola, 1463-1494, one of the most famous humanists of the Renaissance. By an unknown artist, in the Uffizi, Florence.
At the time, Italy was the center of culture in Europe. Middle class writers were supported by noble patronage, and as a result, during the beginning of the Renaissance literature blossomed alongside classic revival. This resulted in the rise of humanism, an intellectual movement that advocated the study of history and literature as the chief means of identifying with the glories of the ancient world. Humanism advocated classical learning and active participation of the individual in civic affairs.
Renaissance scholars advocated the concept of "returning to the sources," attempting to reconcile the disciplines of the Christian faith with ancient learning. In addition, the concept of civic humanism arose, which advocated participation in government. Civilization was inspired by the writings of Roman emperors, and by the end of the 1400s intellectuals had a command of the Latin language.
In the 1440s, Johannes Gutenberg created a printing press with movable type. This revolution in communication greatly assisted in the spread of Renaissance ideals throughout Europe, allowing the ideas to be printed for mass circulation, for the first time in history. Gutenberg was the first European ever to create a printing press with a movable type, though the Chinese had long before innovated this technology.
The Renaissance conception of life and man's role on earth was more secular than in the past, but in no way was it nonreligious. It was now believed that God holds people above everything else, and that the greatest thing about being human is the human's free will to choose. People were celebrated, as Renaissance scholars argued that men are made in God's image, and that we should celebrate our God-given talents and abilities. People believed that life on Earth was intrinsically valuable, and that citizens should strive to be the best that they can. The emphasis of the Renaissance was on the individual rather than the collective.
Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374) was an Italian scholar, poet, and early humanist. In his sonnets, he created the image of real people with personality, debunking the typical Medieval conceptions and stereotypes of people.
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) wrote The Decameron, a short story about the lives of people living during the Black Death. The book focused on people's responses to the plague rather than God's wrath. In this sense, the book was not about religion, but rather about people, a relatively new concept at the time.
Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494) was an Italian Renaissance humanist philosopher and scholar. He authored the "Oration on the Dignity of Man," which has become known as the "Manifesto of the Renaissance." In this, he explained that man has unlimited potential, and with his free will can be anything he wants to be. He argued that man should make use of his abilities and not waste them. Finally, he explained that people should live their life with virtue, or the quality of being a man - shaping their own destiny, using all of their opportunities, and working aggressively through life.
Sir Thomas More was an English lawyer, writer, and politician. He was a devout Catholic who wrote Utopia, a novel that depicted Christian Humanist ideals producing an ideal fictional society. In his utopia, there was no crime, poverty, nor war. Much of the novel is a conversation that criticizes European practices, especially capital punishment.
Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch humanist and theologian. He was also a Catholic. In his Handbook of a Christian Knight, he argued that through education, society can be reformed in the pious Christian model. He believed faith, good works, and charity were the core Christian values, and that elaborate ceremonies were superfluous. In his The Praise of Folly, Erasmus claimed that the true Christian table of virtues, namely modesty, humility, and simplicity, had been replaced by a different, perverted value system of opulence, power, wealth, and so on.
Renaissance art tended to focus on the human body with accurate proportions, and the most common subjects of art were religion, mythology, portraits, and the use of classical (Greco-Roman) subjects. Artisans of the Renaissance used oil paint to add shadow and light, and the use of the vanishing point in art became prominent during this time.
Artists of the Renaissance depended on patronage, or financial support from the wealthy.
Leonardo da Vinci of Florence was known as one of the great masters of the High Renaissance, as a result of his innovations in both art and science. Leonardo is often viewed as the archetype of the "Renaissance Man" or "polymath" because of his expertise and interest in many different areas, including art, science, music, mechanics, architecture and the arts of war and philosophy.
Leonardo is best known for his paintings, the most famous of which are The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa. There remain about fifteen paintings attributed reliably to Leonardo, and many others to his pupils and imitators. He also left several important drawings of which the "Vitruvian Man" is the most famous and probably the most reproduced drawing in the world. Leonardo left many note books of studies of many subjects, often profusely illustrated. Much of his work was intended for publication but only a small percentage of his work was published, relating to art and mathematics.
In science, Leonardo practised meticulous observation and documentation. He dissected thirty corpses in order to study human anatomy and produced detailed drawings of the human skeletal, muscular, and internal organ systems including human fetuses. He made discoveries in anatomy, meteorology and geology, hydraulics, and aerodynamics. This led to his devising of many ingenious plans, including an underwater diving suit and non-functioning flying machines. He also sketched plans for elaborate killing machines. Many of these projects have proved impossible to create. On the other hand, he successfully built a mechanical lion that walked, roared and opened its chest to produce a bunch of flowers.
Michelangelo's David statue, in Florence. Note that the original is kept at the Accademia in Florence. The statue in the Piazza della Signoria is a copy.
Michelangelo was one of the most prominent and important artists of the Renaissance, supported by the Medici family of Florence. Michelangelo's monumental sculpture of David preparing to kill the giant Goliath with his rock and sling is the perfect confirmation of the return to a humanistic appreciation of physical beauty from the austere medieval conception of emaciated, self-flagellated saints. Michelangelo also adorned the ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel with his "Creation of Adam" and other scenes and painted the Last Judgment on one wall of the Sistine Chapel in present day Vatican City.
Raphael was a famous painter and architect during the Renaissance.
Some of Raphael's famous paintings include The School Of Athens, The Nymph Galatea, and Portrait of Pope Leo X with two Cardinals.
The Prince, a political treatise by the Florentine writer Niccolò Machiavelli (1464–1527), was an essential work of the Renaissance. For the first time, politics was presented as an objective science. Machiavelli recorded successful rulers and then drew conclusions without judgments. In other words, Machiavelli's politics were divorced from morality and religion.
The Southern Renaissance in Italy occurred earlier, from about 1300 to 1600, while the Northern Renaissance occurred later, ending in about 1630. The Southern Renaissance emphasized pagan and Greco-Roman ideals, and as a result was considerably more secular, while the Northern Renaissance advocated "Christian" humanism, or humility, tolerance, focus on the individual, and the importance of earnest life on earth. While the Southern Renaissance emphasized art and culture, the Northern Renaissance emphasized the sciences and new technology. This failed to occur in the south primarily because the Roman Catholic Church stunted learning and the sciences. While the Northern Renaissance was religiously diverse, with the rise of Protestantism and a great deal of religious division, the Southern Renaissance was entirely Roman Catholic. The Southern Renaissance saw far fewer universities, while the Northern Renaissance saw more universities and education. Also, Northern Renaissance humanists pushed for social reform based on Christian ideals.
With the Renaissance came the rise of new monarchs. These new monarchs were kings who took responsibility for the welfare of all of society. They centralized power and consolidated authority - the kings now controlled tariffs, taxes, the army, many aspects of religion, and the laws and judiciary.
In the way of the rise of new monarchs stood the church and nobles, who feared losing their power to the king. In addition, these new monarchs needed money, and they needed to establish a competent military rather than mercenaries.
The middle class allied themselves with the new monarchs. The monarchs desired their support because their money came from trade, and this trade provided a great source of taxable revenue. The middle class supported the monarchs because they received the elimination of local tariffs, as well as peace and stability.
From the tenth century onwards France had been governed by the Capetian dynasty. Although the family ruled over what might be, in theory, considered the most powerful country in Europe, the French monarchs had little control over their vassals, and many parts of France functioned as though they were independent states. The most powerful vassals of the French kings were the Plantagenet dynasty of England, who, through their Angevin ancestry, ruled large parts of western France. The ensuing conflicts, known as the Hundred Years War, helped to solidify the power of the French monarchs over their country.
In France, the Valois dynasty came to the throne in 1328.
Charles VII expelled the English and lowered the church's power under the state in 1422.
Louis XI expanded the French state, laying the foundations for absolutism, in 1461.
Edward IV began the restoration of royal authority, but the strengthening of the crown gained momentum only after the Tudor family came to power.
Henry VII manipulated the Parliament to make it a tool of the king. He created the Royal court and the Star Chamber, in which royalty had the power to torture while questioning; this legal system allowed the king to limit the power of the aristocracy. He also promoted trade in order to gain the support of the middle class.
His son, Henry VIII, took this process still further when, as a result of his desire to have a male heir, he founded the Anglican Church in England and broke away from the Catholic Church (this was also known as the reformation) After Henry married Catherine of Aragon, she failed to produce a male heir, and Henry desired to divorce her in order to marry a new lady, Anne Boleyn, who he hoped would be able to produce a son. The Catholic Church strictly prohibited divorce, however, and Henry found that the only way to sever his marriage was to separate from the Pope's jurisdiction. As a result, he withdrew England from the Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England, and in the First Act of Supremacy he established the monarch of England as the head of the Church.
With the success of the Spanish reconquista, Spain expelled the Jews and Muslims. The marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic monarchs (Spanish:Los Reyes Católicos), was the final element which unified Spain. They revived the Spanish Inquisition to remove the last of the Jews.
In the Holy Roman Empire, which occupied Austria and Bohemia, the Hapsburg Dynasty began. The Empire expanded its territory, acquiring Burgundy and attempting to unite Germany. The emperor's son married the daughter of the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella; their son, Charles V, became heir to Spain, Austria, and Burgundy.
The Ottoman Turks were Muslims from Asia Minor who gradually conquered the old Byzantine Empire, completed in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople (renamed to Istanbul).
New monarchs began to utilize the court during this time to increase their power by setting themselves apart from the lay people and by allowing the king to control the nobles. The court became the center of politics and religion in their respective nations.
Nobles were required to live in the courts, and were as a result under constant watch by the king. Thus, the most important function of the court was that it allowed the king to control the nobles and prevent coup. In addition, however, the courts served an important social function, as the king's social circle was the nobles, and the court allowed him to interact with them.
Court life was incredibly lavish, with events including hunting, mock battles, balls, parties, dances, celebratory dinners, gambling, and general socialization. The middle class loved this, and frequently copied the behaviors of the nobility from the courts.
↑ Kagan, Donalt et al. The Western Heritage Since 1300. 3rd ed. New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. |
0.995922 | Say it ain't so...Is there a global wine drought?
Going Global showcases entrepreneurs taking their businesses around the world, tackling issues like business strategy, marketing and international logistics.
(CNN) -- Global wine production is booming with vineyards springing up everywhere from China to the United States, Chile and New Zealand.
The report stated that the international demand for wine outweighed production by 300 million cases in 2012 -- dropping to its lowest point in over 40 years.
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"It's how you interpret those figures. For all intents and purposes, for those of us in the West who are consumers, no -- there is not going to be a wine shortage," says Felicity Carter, editor-in-chief of Meininger's Wine Business International magazine.
"The question is whether there is going to be a wine shortage for consumers in markets that are extremely price sensitive -- like parts of Eastern Europe -- because the cheaper wine that they drink will be diverted to bulk up wine that goes into big consumption markets."
"The question is whether there is going to be a wine shortage for consumers in markets that are extremely price sensitive.
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"The question is can you substitute other types of wine for those? Now, the answer is yes."
She adds: "Morgan Stanley, by the way, were not wrong in what they said. They did use very good figures and they do know what they are talking about but the world of wine is just so complex."
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0.975879 | Multiple developmental processes, including cellular specification, axon and dendrite targeting, and synaptic partner matching, must be tightly coordinated to ensure precise neural circuit assembly. Accordingly, many studies have focused on exploring the developmental mechanisms underlying wiring specificity, revealing, over the past several decades, numerous molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate neural cell fate specification, axon guidance, and dendrite morphogenesis [1–3]. Synaptic partner matching, the final step in circuit assembly, remains relatively poorly understood, and underlying molecules and mechanisms are just being revealed [4–7].
In this review, we discuss how neuronal lineage and birth timing are linked to wiring specificity at the cellular and molecular levels. Progenitors undergo a series of cell proliferation and differentiation events in the process of generating postmitotic neurons. Cell lineage denotes this series of events for an individual cell or cell type. Here, we use the term lineage to refer to the last few rounds of cell divisions that generate postmitotic neurons from a proximal progenitor. Many molecular factors and cellular mechanisms synergize to ensure that each step, from progenitor proliferation to wiring of immature neurons, is tightly controlled. In some neuronal systems, different neuronal subtypes are sequentially generated from one progenitor or a pool of common progenitors, and birth order or birth timing can predict their cell fates and wiring patterns; we classify such lineage-related processes, which specify neuronal cell fate and wiring, as intrinsic mechanisms. In other neuronal systems, cell fate and consequent wiring patterns have been demonstrated to independent on lineage. As processes such as lateral inhibition, extracellular induction and stochastic regulation have been shown to play important roles in wiring these circuits, we classify these as extrinsic and stochastic mechanisms. In this review, we discuss how intrinsic, extrinsic, and stochastic mechanisms contribute to wiring specificity within lineages in both Drosophila and mouse nervous systems, using findings from six relatively well-studied systems and dividing these findings into intrinsic and extrinsic/stochastic sections based on our current understanding. We note that various combinations of intrinsic, extrinsic and stochastic mechanisms may be used in most or all developing neuronal systems; our categorizations of a specific system as using intrinsic or extrinsic/stochastic mechanisms below reflect either the biased use of one mechanism over the other or that our understanding of one mechanism is more complete than our understanding of the other in that system.
Some neuronal circuits appear to rely heavily on intrinsic mechanisms in the establishment of wiring specificity. Here we review how birth timing-related intrinsic factors guide development of wiring specificity in several model systems, including Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs), mushroom body (MB) neurons and mouse cortical excitatory neurons. In reviewing findings from each system, we first describe the established relationships between cell lineage or birth timing and wiring specificity, and then summarize potential mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels underlying such regulation.
In the Drosophila olfactory system, 50 classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) form one-to-one connections with 50 classes of second-order projection neurons (PNs) in the antennal lobe in 50 discrete glomeruli [8–10]. Each PN class restricts its dendrites to one glomerulus and features a stereotyped axonal arborization pattern in the lateral horn, a higher brain center that processes olfactory information [11–15]. Drosophila PNs have provided an excellent system for investigating the relationship between cell lineage and wiring specificity. Studies of this system have demonstrated that dendrite targeting of different classes of PNs can be completely predicted from their birth order or timing within the PN lineage [12, 16, 17].
Using mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM; see Box), Jefferis et al. found that PNs are derived from three separate neuroblast lineages, named the anterodorsal, lateral and ventral lineages according to their cell bodies’ positions relative to the antennal lobe . Anterodorsal and lateral PNs (adPNs and lPNs) are excitatory neurons that send their dendrites to single, distinct glomeruli, whereas ventral PNs (vPNs) are inhibitory GABAergic neurons that send their dendrites to one or more glomeruli [13, 18]. Within each lineage, one neuroblast repeatedly undergoes asymmetric division, giving rise to a new neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell, which divides again to generate two neurons (Fig. 1a). In the adPN and vPN lineages, only one of the two post-mitotic neurons survives and develops into a PN, while in the lPN lineage, both post-mitotic neurons survive, developing into one PN and one local interneuron [17, 19].
Since MARCM allows temporal control over the induction of mCD8GFP-marked single cell clones , investigating the cell body position and target choice of single PNs induced at different times has allowed researchers to correlate PN classes with their lineage and birth order. Interestingly, within each lineage, different PN classes are born sequentially in a stereotyped order . Two later studies using twin-spot MARCM, which allows labeling of sister clones from a common progenitor with two different fluorescent proteins , characterized the birth order of adPNs and lPNs more comprehensively. The authors captured every single neuron from one lineage based on birth order and identified several additional PN classes in both lineages not previously characterized [16, 17]. Meanwhile, twin-spot MARCM enabled the authors to deduce the number of cells in individual PN classes, revealing that each class comprises a stereotyped number of cells ranging from one to seven. Consistent with previous findings, both studies showed that lineage and birth order predict PN cell fate and dendrite targeting.
The stereotyped birth order of different PN classes suggests that there must be lineage-related intrinsic factors controlling cell fates of PNs and their dendritic targeting. What are these intrinsic factors? Transcription factors and cell-surface/secreted molecules are widely believed to be key factors regulating cell fate and wiring specificity, respectively. Accordingly, various transcription factors and cell-surface/secreted molecules have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating PN axon/dendrite targeting . Recent findings suggest that transcription factors act within each lineage to specify different PN classes, and cell-surface/secreted molecules act downstream of transcription factors to directly execute the molecular processes underlying wiring specificity .
For example, Abnormal chemosensory jump 6 (Acj6) and Ventral veins lacking (Vvl, also called Drifter), two POU domain transcription factors, have been shown to be lineage-specific factors for adPNs and lPNs, respectively . Acj6 and Vvl not only show lineage-specific expression patterns, but also are required for dendrite targeting of adPNs and lPNs, respectively. Loss of Acj6 in the adPNs or loss of Vvl in lPNs causes significant dendritic targeting defects. Misexpression of Acj6 in lPNs or Vvl in adPNs leads to aberrant targeting of PN dendrites to the glomeruli normally occupied by the other PN lineage. Acj6 also controls the axon terminal arborization of adPNs in the lateral horn, indicating that one transcription factor can affect wiring of both dendrites and axons in the same cell type. Additionally, Lim1, another POU domain transcription factor, is expressed in and required for dendrite targeting of vPNs but not for the other two lineages . Since each lineage generates multiple PN classes, individual lineage factors are insufficient to specify different PN classes and corresponding axon/dendrite targeting. Indeed, additional lineage-specific transcription factors expressed in a subset of cells within a lineage, such as Islet and C15, have been identified [22, 24].
Different expression levels of the same transcription factor can also help to specify PN classes. For example, a temporal gradient of Chinmo, a BTB-Zinc finger transcription factor, governs assignment of neuronal identity in both PN and mushroom body lineages (see below) . Loss of Chinmo leads to a transformation of early-born neuronal fates to late-born neuronal fates, and misexpression of Chinmo causes the opposite effects. Interestingly, a recent study shows that in addition to lineage-specific transcription factors, two RNA-binding proteins, IGF-II mRNA-binding protein (Imp) and Syncrip (Syp), could also act as intrinsic factors to specify PN identity . Imp and Syp show opposing temporal gradients across the progression of both PN and mushroom body lineages (see below), and they promote early and late neuronal fates, respectively. Imp and Syp appear to govern temporal neuronal fates at least partially through Chinmo. Another recent study reveals that the transcription factor Seven-up (Svp) is critical for establishing Imp/Syp temporal gradients . In summary, PNs of specific classes, which target their dendrites to specific glomeruli, are born in an invariant order, and this process seems to be controlled by a combination of transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins.
Like Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs), different types of Drosophila mushroom body (MB) intrinsic neurons, also known as Kenyon cells (KCs), are also born sequentially and in an invariant order (Fig. 1b), suggesting that lineage-related intrinsic factors also influence the progression of the MB lineage. The Drosophila MB is a higher order center for olfactory learning and memory and other brain functions such as sleep and courtship [28–32]. The MB contains four main parts: somata, calyx, peduncle and lobes. KC somata cluster in the dorsal posterior brain and send processes anteriorly, forming dendritic branches that comprise the calyx and then converge to form the peduncle. The axon bundle bifurcates at the anterior end of the peduncle to form dorsal (α and α’) and medial (β, β’ and γ) lobes (Fig. 1b). KCs are classified as γ, α’/β’ or α/β neurons, according to the lobes in which their axons terminate. All KCs originate from four neuroblasts in each hemisphere and each neuroblast generates an indistinguishable set of KCs. Clonal analysis using MARCM revealed that these three types of neurons are born sequentially from these common neuroblasts in a stereotyped order .
γ neurons are born first, before the midlarval stage; next, in the late larval stages, α’/β’ neurons are born; lastly, during the pupal stages, α/β neurons are born . In the larval brain, both γ and α’/β’ neurons send axons to both dorsal and medial lobes. Whereas α’/β’ retain their bifurcated axon branches during metamorphosis, bifurcated axons of γ neurons degenerate in the early pupal stage and axon fragments are phagocytosed by the glial cells. γ neurons then extend axons only medially to form the adult γ lobe [33–36]. KC dendrites integrate inputs from projection neurons encoding olfactory, thermal, gustatory and visual stimuli [32, 37, 38], while MB output neurons elaborate segregated dendrites that form 15 distinct compartments in the MB lobes [32, 39]. In summary, three classes of KCs form connections with upstream and downstream partners, and current evidence suggests that lineage information fully predicts cell fate and wiring specificity.
Intrinsic factors such as Chinmo, Imp and Syp, which specify PN fates, also specify neuronal fates in the MB lineage [25, 26]. Interestingly, studies of the Drosophila embryonic ventral nerve cord suggest that sequential expression of another set of transcription factors (Hunchback/Hb, Kruppel/Kr, Pdm, and Castor/Cas) drives temporal cell fate specification . These factors are transiently expressed in neuroblasts; inheritance by post-mitotic cells is what ultimately specifies cellular identities [40, 41]. Recent studies have also shown that optic lobe neuroblasts use a similar temporal patterning strategy featuring yet another set of molecules to control neural fate in the medulla [42, 43]. These findings suggest that different neuronal systems in the developing Drosophila central nervous system use analogous temporal patterning strategies that nevertheless employ different sets of molecules.
Several questions regarding the development of Drosophila PNs and KCs remain unaddressed. What other intrinsic factors and mechanisms control neuronal specification? How do multiple factors cooperate to specify different neuronal classes? How do intrinsic mechanisms ultimately control wiring specificity? One recent study that applied single-cell RNA-sequencing to Drosophila PNs shed light onto these questions, suggesting that combinations of transcription factors and cell-surface molecules may play a critical role in specifying different PN subtypes . However, how these two sets of molecules interface remains unclear, and should be investigated in future studies.
Intrinsic mechanisms also regulate birth timing-dependent neural wiring in the developing mammalian brain. The role birth timing plays in organizing mammalian neuronal wiring is perhaps nowhere more apparent than in the developing cerebral cortex [44–48], which throughout embryonic and postnatal development forms a structure featuring six layers of excitatory neurons that largely project to different extra-cortical targets (Fig. 1c). Asymmetric divisions of individual radial glia (RG), the primary neural progenitor cells in the developing cortex , generate newborn excitatory neurons that migrate out from the ventricular zone along radial glial fibers, resulting in the formation of cortical columns . RG also generate intermediate progenitor cells that also eventually differentiate into neurons [51–53]. Because the cortex develops in an inside-out manner, such that earlier-born neurons populate the deeper layers and progressively later-born neurons populate progressively more superficial layers, much work has investigated the relationship between birth timing and eventual cell position in various cortical layers. Astrocytes are born last, after all cortical neurons are born. Importantly, projection neurons that occupy different layers project to different targets: corticocortical projection neurons of layers II/III, V and VI project to the contralateral cortex; layer IV thalamorecipient neurons receive input from the thalamus and broadcast output to other layers (primarily layer II) of proximal cortex; layer V subcerebral projection neurons project to subcortical targets such as the superior colliculus, pons and spinal cord; and layer VI corticothalamic projection neurons project to the thalamus [54, 55]. Thus, these basic layer-specific projection patterns exemplify the effects of birth timing on both cell fate and neural wiring of cortex excitatory neurons.
The mechanisms underlying layer-specific neuronal specification appear to rely heavily on intrinsic properties of progenitor cells, and ongoing work investigates whether these properties apply uniformly to all RG. Two extreme models posit that a) timing is the sole determinant of the potential of a given RG cell, or b) pre-specified, potential-restricted RG subtypes preferentially generate neuronal subtypes with specific projection patterns. The most parsimonious model proposes that all progenitors have equal potential, and thus that birth timing is the only factor influencing progenitor competence. Support for this model comes from early transplantation studies in which early-stage progenitors transplanted into late-stage cortex could produce all neuronal subtypes, but late-stage progenitors transplanted into early-stage cortex could produce only superficial-layer subtypes [56–59]. These studies indicated that the competence of a given RG becomes progressively limited across cortical development, although later transplantation studies indicated that both intrinsic and environmental cues control RG competence [60, 61]. Retroviral labeling studies, in which early viral injections resulted in labeling of neurons of all layers and later viral injections resulted in labeling of superficial layer neurons, corroborated these results [62–65]. Finally, various in vitro approaches have recapitulated birth timing-dependent layering of cortical developmental processes [61, 66–68]. Taken together, these studies suggest that neuronal birthdate is an important determinant of neuronal positioning in the cortex, and thus of wiring patterns, but do not address the possibility of differences in the relative abundance of pre-specified, potential-restricted progenitor cells.
An alternative model, which still incorporates intrinsic, birth timing-dependent mechanisms, would posit that potential-restricted progenitors preferentially generate different neuronal subtypes, such that some progenitors give birth to neurons that predominantly populate lower layers while others give birth to neurons that predominantly populate more superficial layers. Sparse expression of subtype-specific transcription factors such as Fezf2, which defines adult subcortical projection neurons [69–71], and Cux1/Cux2, which define adult callosal projection neurons, suggests that different progenitor subsets may be at least partially committed to generating different neuronal subtypes [72, 73]. Further investigations of this hypothesis used Cre/CreER transgenic mouse lines (see Box) to trace Cux2+ and Fezf2+ lineages in order to investigate the eventual positions of neurons derived from Cux2+ and Fezf2+ progenitors. These studies yielded contradictory results, with an initial study reporting a population of cortical progenitors that preferentially generates neurons populating more superficial layers and a subsequent study from another group using similar approaches, including experiments utilizing some of the same mice on different genetic backgrounds, reporting contrasting findings . Taken together, these results highlight the necessity of careful performance and interpretation of fate-mapping experiments using mouse genetic tools [76, 77]. An additional study utilizing MADM-based clonal labeling provided evidence that RG divide in a stereotyped manner consistent with a more parsimonious, strictly timing-dependent model of cortical neurogenesis , but results from such MADM-based studies can potentially suffer from biases due to the genomic positioning of MADM cassettes; some loci may be more susceptible to recombination in certain cell types than others. Thus, while positioning of excitatory cortical neurons seems to be largely predicted by birthdate, the degree to which production of various projection neuron subtypes is limited to pre-specified progenitors remains an area of active investigation.
Recent studies of excitatory cortical neurogenesis have focused on the functional consequences of lineage-dependent cell positioning. Sister excitatory neurons in ontogenetic radial clones labeled by in utero intraventricular injection of eGFP-expressing retroviruses, for example, are preferentially connected and have stronger connections in the second and third postnatal weeks than unrelated neurons . Furthermore, gap junctions mediate transient electrical coupling between sister excitatory neurons and are required for development of these preferential connections and subsequent similarity of functional response properties between sister neurons [80, 81], as predicted by prescient dye-tracing studies [82–85]. Such functional similarities may be most prominent in neurons born very closely in time, and thus most closely related by lineage [86, 87], although other factors, such as the distance between clones and thus the degree to which they share a developmental microenvironment may also predict functional connectivity patterns. Determining the relative contributions of lineage and local environmental factors will be difficult. Finally, as multiple reports have noted that neurons with similar response properties tend to be preferentially connected [88–91], it may be that lineage and birth timing predict preferential connectivity established by gap junctions together with shared response properties driven by thalamocortical specificity and plasticity-mediated maturation of functional corticocortical connections in the immature cortex . However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, thought to be executed at the length scale of spines , remain poorly understood. Taken together, these findings indicate that birth timing biases excitatory cortical neuron positioning and wiring, and that lineage relationships can predict functional connectivity and response properties.
Cortical interneurons, however, develop from distinct lineages originating in the medial ganglionic eminence, caudal ganglionic eminence and preoptic area [93, 94]. While several groups have been actively investigating the possible lineage-dependence of inhibitory interneuron positioning using a combination of viral fluorescent labeling and barcoding [95–101], differing results and divergent interpretations of common datasets highlight the need for careful application of lineage tracing tools (see Box) and analytic and statistical definitions and procedures. Thus, the possible lineage-dependence of cortical interneuron positioning and wiring has been the subject of intense investigation; additionally, any possible birth timing-dependence of cortical interneuron positioning and wiring is not fully understood and also warrants further study [102, 103]. Finally, studies of the developing vertebrate retina have also provided valuable insight into the intrinsic mechanisms underlying birth timing-dependent regulation of cell fate and wiring specificity, which has been extensively reviewed .
In other neural systems, birth timing and cell lineage do not appear to tightly constrain wiring patterns, suggesting that extrinsic and/or stochastic mechanisms play a more dominant role in regulating wiring specificity in these systems. Here, we discuss how such mechanisms influence the wiring specificity of Drosophila photoreceptor cells and olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and mouse cerebellar granule cells (GCs).
The Drosophila retina is a powerful model system for studying cell fate specification and wiring specificity. Current models suggest that cell fate specification of Drosophila photoreceptor cells involves a series of cell-cell interactions and some stochastic processes (Fig. 2a).
The Drosophila compound eye consists of around 800 identical units called ommatidia, and each ommatidium contains eight photoreceptors (R1-R8) arranged in a stereotyped pattern . R1-R6 photoreceptors reside at the periphery of each ommatidium and project axons to the lamina, the first layer underneath the retina, where they form synaptic connections with lamina neurons. R7 and R8 photoreceptors reside in the center of the ommatidium and project their axons to the M6 and M3 layers of the medulla, the ganglion below the lamina, where they synapse with transmedullary neurons that send visual information to the lobula complex, a higher visual center. In developing ommatidia, the eight R neurons are generated in the following order: R8, R2/R5, R3/R4, R1/R6 and R7 [105, 106]. Interestingly, although eight classes of photoreceptors are produced in a fixed order, genetic mosaic analysis revealed that there is no lineage relationship between different classes . These data suggest that inductive mechanisms, rather than cell lineage, specify Drosophila R cell fates. Below we review how cell-cell interactions and stochastic mechanisms specify R7 and R8 cell fates, as these cells have the best-characterized developmental mechanisms.
Two genes, sevenless and bride of sevenless (boss), are critical for R7 specification, as mutation of either leads to complete loss of R7 cells in all ommatidia [106, 108]. Mosaic analysis, allowing deletion of specific genes in one or several specific cells but not in neighboring cells, revealed more detailed mechanisms. Deletion of sevenless in non-R7 R cells does not affect the development of R7 cells, whereas deletion of sevenless in R7 cells always causes the transformation of R7 cells into non-neuronal cells, indicating that sevenless acts cell-autonomously. Conversely, boss acts cell-nonautonomously: its expression in R8 cells is indispensible for R7 development. Further molecular studies identified Boss as a 7-transmembrane ligand expressed in R8 cells, and Sevenless as a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in R7 (and a few other cell types). Furthermore, the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade acts downstream of the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase pathway that activates R7-specific genes [109, 110].
After R7 and R8 cells acquire their fates, cell type-specific rhodopsin (Rh) proteins are selectively expressed in those cells, allowing them to detect light of different wavelengths. Both R7 and R8 cells comprise two Rh-expressing subtypes: R7 cells can express Rh3 or Rh4 while R8 cells can express Rh5 or Rh6. These subtypes are paired precisely in ommatidia: 30% of ommatidia contain Rh3-expressing R7 paired with Rh5-expressing R8; 70% of ommatidia contain Rh4-expressing R7 paired with Rh6-expressing R8. Interestingly, the distribution of R7 subtypes seems to be regulated by the stochastic expression of transcription factor Spineless in R7 cells . Spineless activates Rh4 and inhibits Rh3 expression in R7, and represses an unknown signal required to induce neighboring R8 cells to express Rh5. Conversely, Spineless-negative R7 cells express Rh3 and induce neighboring R8 cells to express Rh5. Consequently, Rh3-expressing R7 cells are always paired with Rh5-expressing R8 cells while Rh4-expressing R7 cells are always paired with Rh6-expressing R8 cells [111, 112].
As both inductive and stochastic mechanisms drive cell fate specification of Drosophila R7 and R8 cells, how, then, is cell fate specification linked to axon targeting? Several molecules have been shown to regulate R cell axon targeting, including trio, dock, Pak, insulin receptor (InR), Dscam, N-cadherin, Lar, Netrin/Frazzled, and Capricious [113–119]. While most of these factors have not been associated with cell specification mechanisms, Capricious provides an example of a molecule involved in both processes . Capricious is a leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein expressed in R8 cells but not in R7 cells. Gain- and loss-of function analyses suggest that Capricious regulates axon guidance in R8 cells. Strikingly, Capricious is activated by a transcription factor called Senseless, which is specifically expressed in R8 cells and acts as a key determinant for R8 cell fate by promoting R8-specifc rhodopsins and inhibiting R7-specific rhodopsins . R7 cells express Prospero, another transcription factor, but downstream axon guidance molecules remain to be identified .
These findings suggest a model in which cell fate specification factors continually ensure that each cell type expresses a unique set of axon guidance molecules that drive wiring specificity. However, current studies largely focus on investigating either putative specification factors or ultimate wiring molecules. We expect that future studies integrating different techniques (see Box) will help to bridge investigation of both classes of molecules.
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are the primary sensory neurons of the Drosophila olfactory system. There are 50 classes of Drosophila ORNs (~ 1300 cells) whose cell bodies are located in the antenna or maxillary palp. Each ORN class is defined by expression of a single olfactory receptor (Or) or a unique combination of ionotropic receptors and by the glomerulus to which their axons target in the antennal lobe [121–125]. Two fundamental questions regarding the development and wiring of Drosophila ORNs remain to be addressed: How are Or genes regulated in different ORN classes? And how is Or regulation coordinated with stereotyped axon targeting? One simple solution is to use olfactory receptors to instruct the axon targeting; indeed, this strategy appears to drive the development of the mouse olfactory system [126–129]. However, it appears that Or genes do not drive axon targeting in Drosophila . Below, we discuss these two events separately and then speculate about how they may be linked.
ORN specification appears to utilize a combination of intrinsic, extrinsic and stochastic mechanisms and consists of multiple sequential steps: pre-patterning of the antennal imaginal disc by larval and pupal patterning factors including Hedgehog, Wingless, and Decapentaplegic ; sensillar assignment by transcription factors Lozenge, Atonal and Amos [132–134]; and final specification by additional mechanisms such as lateral inhibition via Notch signaling, epigenetic processes and additional transcription factors [135–137]. Sensilla are hair structures that cover the antenna and maxillary palp and host ORNs and supporting cells. Since different sensilla and their subtypes are distributed in a stereotyped manner on the antenna and maxillary palp and are associated with specific ORN types, sensillar specification is likely controlled by intrinsic factors. However, the further specification of ORN types within individual sensilla involves extrinsic factors. Here we discuss the final step of ORN specification, which leads to Or expression.
Within each sensillum, one multipotent precursor cell undergoes several rounds of asymmetric division, giving rise to between one and four fully differentiated ORNs and four supporting cells (Fig. 2b). Binary segregation of Notch activity (ON or OFF) is iteratively used during each round of division to regulate temporal and final cell fates , echoing a mechanism reported to drive development of the Drosophila peripheral somatosensory system . During the initial division, the Notch-ON daughter cell acquires the supporting cell precursor fate and the Notch-OFF daughter cell acquires the neuronal precursor fate. The last round of division in the neuronal precursor lineage produces two distinct ORNs, one Notch-ON and the other Notch-OFF, expressing two different olfactory receptors and sending axons to different glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Genetic activation or inhibition of Notch activity leads to generation of two Notch-ON ORNs or two Notch-OFF ORNs, respectively. For example, mutation of the Notch positive effector mastermind leads to the generation of two Notch-OFF ORNs that project to the same glomerulus. Conversely, mutation of the Notch antagonist numb results in two Notch-ON ORNs that also project to the same glomerulus. Thus, Notch signaling is required for ORN fate specification, likely through lateral inhibition . The exact number of ORNs within one sensillum varies and seems to be regulated by other mechanisms, such as cell death and glial fate adoption . In summary, as different ORN classes are not born sequentially, birth timing and lineage do not predict ORN fate, as with PNs and KCs; instead, fate specification of ORNs born within a single sensillum through asymmetric division of a common precursor involves Notch signaling-mediated lateral inhibition .
Notch signaling occurs in all sensilla, but only assigns ORNs to two classes: Notch-ON and Notch-OFF. Thus, there must be additional context-dependent factors that complement Notch signaling, providing each precursor with the potential to acquire a different fate. One possibility is that the initial or intermediate precursor cell retains an intrinsic cellular memory that Notch signaling acts on during each cell division. Indeed, two recent studies showed that a cellular memory could be imprinted upon precursors through epigenetic regulation. One study discovered that the chromatin modifier Hamlet modulates cellular responses to Notch signaling in a context-dependent manner and controls Or expression choice. Hamlet executes locus-specific modifications of histone methylation and histone density to control the accessibility of DNA binding protein at the Notch target promoter regions . Another study showed that the transcriptional corepressor Atrophin regulates Or genes in Notch-ON ORNs by controlling histone 3 acetylation . Thus, these data suggest that regulation of chromatin and epigenetic status provides more diverse contexts for Notch signaling to act on, allowing specification of more ORN classes. We anticipate that a more comprehensive investigation of the chromatin statuses of ORNs and their precursors, for example, at the single cell level, would greatly enhance our understanding of the epigenetic regulation of these processes.
Transcription factors also play critical roles in regulating Or expression in post-mitotic ORNs, demonstrating that intrinsic and stochastic Notch-mediated mechanisms together guide ORN specification. Acj6 was first identified via an olfactory behavioral screen in which the acj6 mutant displayed reduced jump responses to odor stimuli . Acj6 is expressed in adult antenna and maxillary palp ORNs and is required for Or expression in a subset of ORN classes [144, 145]. Later work identified 13 alternative spliced isoforms of acj6, and overexpression of different isoforms in the acj6 mutant background revealed that different isoforms specify different ORNs . Individual isoforms could positively or negatively regulate the expression of certain Or genes. Pdm3, another POU domain transcription factor, showed broad expression in ORNs, but is specifically required for the activation of one Or gene, Or42a . Interestingly, Acj6 is also required for Or42a expression, and acj6 and pdm3 appear to genetically interact. These data suggest that a combinatorial code of different transcription factors may regulate expression of Or genes. Accordingly, another study identified six new transcription factors that, in combination with Acj6, regulate Or expression in different ORNs .
How do transcription factors regulate Or expression in post-mitotic ORNs? If transcription factors directly regulate expression of specific olfactory receptors, there should be binding motifs in Or promoter regions. Three lines of evidence support this idea. First, an artificial Or promoter fused to a reporter could recapitulate expression of the endogenous Or even if the promoter-fused reporter was not inserted into the endogenous locus , suggesting that cis-regulatory elements in the Or promoter regulate Or expression. Second, several Or promoters have been shown to share a common binding motif which could be bound by an activator or a repressor depending on the positioning of the motif within the promoter . Third, a specific set of Or genes have been shown to have an acj6 binding motif .
Taken together, these studies suggest that ORN cell fate specification involves interplay between intrinsic, extrinsic and stochastic factors. While we have discussed how distinct mechanisms drive ORN specification, it remains unclear how these mechanisms relate to ORN axon targeting at earlier developmental stages. So far, a number of signaling pathways and molecules, including Sema-2b/PlexB and Hh signaling and N-Cadherin, Dscam, Robo, Ten-a/Ten-m and Toll-6/Toll-7, has been shown to regulate ORN axon targeting [5, 6, 151–156]. However, most of these factors have not been shown to regulate ORN fate. Interestingly, Acj6, in addition to regulating expression of certain Or genes, also regulates axon targeting of some ORN classes . The exact mechanism underlying such regulation of axon guidance remains unclear and is presumably independent of regulation of Or expression. Another study reported that Notch signaling in Notch-ON ORNs suppresses the expression of Sema2b, a key regulator of ORN axon trajectory choice . Since trajectory choice is a critical step in the process of ORN wiring specificity, this finding linked ORN fate determination and wiring specificity.
Many interesting questions remain: What other transcription factors independently regulate Or genes? What is the combinatorial code regulating Or expression? Are there common upstream factors that regulate both Or expression and wiring specificity molecules? We anticipate that systematic analysis of single ORN transcriptomes during development will help to address these questions.
Inductive factors are well-documented to regulate differentiation, migration and wiring processes during development of the mammalian cerebellum. Like the cortex, the cerebellum is a layered structure with different cell types residing in different layers. Notably, cerebellar granule cells (GCs), small excitatory neurons packed into the internal granule cell layer, comprise over half of all neurons in mammalian brains. GCs send parallel fiber axons to the molecular layer, where they synapse onto dendritic spines studding the planar dendritic arbors of Purkinje cells, the inhibitory output projection neurons of the cerebellar cortex (Fig. 2c).
During prenatal cerebellar development, the rhombic lip generates granule cell progenitors (GCPs) that migrate to and undergo prolonged clonal expansion in the external germinal layer before exiting the cell cycle. GCPs then migrate through the developing molecular layer to form the internal granule layer, establish parallel fiber synapses with Purkinje cells and receive mossy fiber inputs via specialized dendritic claws (Fig. 2c; [158, 159]). As with cerebral cortical development, cerebellar cortical development proceeds in an “inside-out” fashion, as earlier-born GCs project their axons to deeper portions of the molecular layer and progressively later-born GCs project their axons to progressively more superficial depths [160–162]. GCP expansion seems to occur at a steady rate of around one or fewer divisions per day, followed by rapid expansion of clonally-related GCPs shortly before differentiation and migration .
Interestingly, single GCPs labeled at time points as early as E13.5 give rise to clones that project their axons to restricted depths of the molecular layer, indicating that these clones differentiate within a restricted time window (Fig. 2c; ). This finding suggests that clonally-related GCs may innervate nearby regions of a given Purkinje cell dendritic arbor , and while the functional significance of such lineage-related clonal axonal clustering remains unknown, one study reported spatially clustered patterns of parallel fiber activity during sensory processing that could facilitate generation of dendritic spikes, nonlinear postsynaptic calcium signaling and synaptic plasticity in Purkinje cells . While the axons of GCs born around the same time project to restricted depths of the molecular layer, it remains unknown whether or not clonally- or birth timing-related GCs receive common mossy fiber inputs. To address this question, future studies should develop strategies to access early- and late-born granule cells and characterize their mossy fiber inputs.
Several secreted factors have been shown to regulate GCP differentiation, and thus to regulate the depth to which progeny GCs project their axons. One of the best-studied factors is Purkinje cell-derived sonic hedgehog (Shh), which serves to prolong GCP proliferation and inhibit GC differentiation [166–168]. Mutations in Shh and its downstream effectors have been observed in various forms of pediatric medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain tumor, which is caused by GCP over-proliferation. Shh signals via its canonical receptor Ptch1 and coreceptors Boc/Cdon and Gas1, which release Smo signaling in GCPs, leading to transcriptional activation via transcription factors Gli1 and Gli2 [169–172]. Additionally, in vitro studies revealed that GCP-derived Jag1 activates Notch2 signaling, which also supports proliferation .
Additionally, in vitro studies have identified secreted factors that promote GCP differentiation and migration. For example, BMP signaling inhibits GCP proliferation in vitro and induces differentiation by proteasome-mediated degradation of Math1, a transcription factor active in proliferating GCPs, and this signaling is disrupted in mouse models of medulloblastoma . Wnt3, which is expressed in developing and adult Purkinje cells , also suppresses GCP proliferation and inhibits medulloblastoma growth, and does so by inhibiting transcriptional responsivity to both Shh and Math1 . Interestingly, Wnt3 expression in Purkinje cells increases postnatally and is lost in mutants lacking GCs, implying that Wnt3 expression depends on interactions between GCs and Purkinje cells . Finally, proNT3 promotes differentiation by inhibiting Shh-induced proliferation following activation of the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75 . In vitro studies showed that proNT3 prevents Shh-induced proliferation of GCPs and upregulation of Shh pathways and genetic deletion of p75 in GCPs resulted in increased GCP proliferation . However, the cellular source of the proNT3 required for this process remains unclear. Interestingly, GC-derived NT3 is also required for proper Purkinje cell dendritic morphogenesis , highlighting the multifunctionality of NT3 signaling in cerebellar development. Taken together, these studies reveal several secreted factors that promote GCP differentiation and migration yet primarily feature in vitro experiments, leaving the cellular sources of these factors indeterminate [179–182]. In the future, in vivo loss-of-function experiments utilizing cell-type specific Cre lines and floxed genes should be performed to recapitulate reported in vitro phenotypes.
Thus, various extracellular factors secreted by a variety of sources have been shown to regulate GC proliferation and differentiation, and thus also birth timing and axonal projection depth, as clonally-related GCs exit the cell cycle around the same time and thus also project their axons to restricted depths of the molecular layer. Specifically, these studies suggest that GCPs, unlike cortical progenitors, which divide asymmetrically, resulting in specification of postmitotic cell position and wiring based largely on birth timing (see transplantation studies described above), are highly sensitive to various local environmental cues secreted by Purkinje cells and GCPs themselves. Such cues either positively or negatively regulate GCP proliferation and differentiation, and future studies should focus on unambiguously identifying the cellular sources of these signals and the corresponding upstream mechanisms that in turn regulate activation of these signals.
To address the role neuronal lineage plays in establishing wiring specificity in a developing neural circuit, neurons belonging to a specific lineage must be unambiguously marked at specific developmental stages, enabling subsequent characterization of neuronal morphology and wiring. Moreover, gene disruption in a targeted neuronal population allows researchers to address the molecular mechanisms underlying circuit assembly. Here, we review several powerful approaches for lineage tracing in developing neural circuits and discuss how these may be combined with emerging methods for characterizing circuit organization.
Pioneering techniques for neuronal lineage tracing include tissue transplantation and retroviral labeling [57, 183–187]. Prior to the development of genetic approaches, tissue transplantation allowed tracking of neural fates in developing nervous systems in situ. However, transplantation studies often require complicated, invasive embryonic surgical manipulations, limiting their resolution, flexibility, and applicability. Retroviral labeling strategies feature a retrovirus that infects a neuroblast and integrates its own genome into the host cell’s genome, resulting in inheritance of the viral payload by all progeny in the cell’s lineage. Recent approaches to retroviral labeling often utilize barcoded sequences as cell markers, expanding the throughput of viral lineage tracing and minimizing the likelihood of false clonal assignment. Consequently, retroviral labeling is still widely used for tracing neuronal lineage in developing mammalian neural systems.
Prototypical and subsequent genetic methods for clonal labeling have predominantly relied upon enzymatic DNA recombination by, most commonly, Flp and Cre recombinases. This recombination consists of removal of transcriptional terminator sequences flanked by unidirectional recognition target sequences (FRT and lox variants, respectively) or inversion of such sequences flanking an inverted reporter gene ORF, resulting in expression of reporter genes such as β-galactosidase (β-gal) or fluorescent proteins (Fig. 3a). DNA recombination is thus a simple and powerful genetic trick used widely in both invertebrate and vertebrate genetic model organisms for neuronal lineage tracing [188–196].
Many improvements have been made to basic recombinase-based strategies. For example, while many early genetic strategies relied on β-gal expression, which allows for sensitive, robust histological labeling of clones, β-gal localizes mostly to neuronal somata and does not robustly label axons and dendrites. Fusing the coding sequence of tau, a microtubule binding protein, to β-gal results in improved axonal labeling [197, 198]. Furthermore, fluorescent proteins such as GFP and tdT diffuse more easily into neuronal processes, and their membrane-tethered derivatives, such as mCD8-GFP and mtdT, diffuse profusely into neuronal processes due to the high surface area-to-volume ratios of these compartments [20, 189], allowing single-process resolution mapping of neuronal morphology. Recombinase activity can also be targeted to specific cell populations and developmental timepoints. For example, Flp/Cre expression driven by specific enhancers, promoters and genetic loci allows genetic access to targeted cell populations. Additionally, Flp expression driven by a heat shock promoter (hs-Flp) in Drosophila allows control over the time window and scale of clonal induction by heat shock at different time points and with varying durations. Analogous temporal control over Cre recombinase activity can be achieved using the estrogen receptor-fused Cre (CreER) and specifying injection times and agonist dosages . Moreover, recombinase-based intersectional methods allow greater genetic specificity, thus enhancing the resolution of neuronal fate mapping [200–203]. Finally, recombinase-based clonal labeling strategies that combine mosaic genetic analysis and lineage tracing, such as mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) in Drosophila and mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) in mice , are widely used to study developing neural circuits.
MARCM takes advantage of the yeast binary expression system GAL4/UAS, in which expression of GAL4 protein results in expression of a genetic element downstream of the upstream activator sequence (UAS), and the corresponding suppressor protein GAL80, as well as Flp/FRT-mediated inter-chromosomal mitotic recombination, to generate genetically distinct daughter cells/clones: homozygous mutant cells lack GAL80 while heterozygous and homozygous wild-type (WT) cells express GAL80. Thus, expression of the marker protein driven by UAS can be limited to the mutant homozygous lineage (Fig. 3b), allowing mosaic analysis of neuronal morphology and wiring [12, 20, 21, 23, 204]. Several MARCM variants exist, including reverse MARCM, in which most cells have a given gene disruption and only a few, labeled cells remain wildtype ; twin-spot MARCM, in which clones of interest and sister clones are visualized with complementary fluorescent markers ; and Q-MARCM, which uses the Q repressible binary system orthogonal to the GAL4/UAS system [206, 207]. MARCM has been used extensively for sparse and single-cell labeling for clonal analysis, as well as dissection of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous gene functions. Since various GAL4 and Flp driver lines can specify the cell-type and/or developmental stage MARCM targets, MARCM affords significant cell-type specificity and temporal resolution, and thus great flexibility for use in various Drosophila neural systems to study circuit assembly in WT conditions and to assess gene function in development, given the abundance of GAL4 and Flp driver lines available to the Drosophila community.
MADM utilizes mitotic inter-chromosomal recombination for reconstitution of the coding regions of two distinct effector genes that are inherited by separate sister cells. These genes are typically fluorescent proteins that allow generation of a color code representing the genetic status of subsequent daughter cells or clones; in the original MADM6 configuration, for example, homozygous mutant cells are green, homozygous WT cells are red and heterozygous cells are either yellow or unlabeled (Fig. 3c) [164, 208]. Thus, this technique allows cell-autonomous analysis of gene disruptions in sparsely labeled cells expressing one of two fluorescent reporters (e.g. GFP and tdTomato). Since MADM requires two different gene cassettes to be inserted into homologous chromosomal loci near centromeres, it is limited to genes distal to these cassettes on chromosomes into which these cassettes have been integrated, with corresponding MADM mice generated. MADM-mediated clonal analysis is often accomplished using CreER driver lines and providing pulses of tamoxifen or its chemical analogs at specific developmental stages. This adaptation increases temporal control over MADM-mediated clonal labeling and genetic manipulations. Moreover, use of different Cre lines extends cell-type specificity to MADM. Finally, MADM alleles may also express effector genes, such as the tetracycline transactivator protein, instead of fluorescent markers, allowing, for example, simultaneous generation of a lineage misexpressing a gene of interest and a homozygous mutant sibling lineage . MADM has been applied to study a variety of developing neural structures including the developing cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellum and enteric nervous system [78, 98, 163, 178, 208–219], as well as adult neural stem cells . Finally, mice are being generated to allow MADM access to all autosomes (S. Hippenmeyer, personal communications).
Following labeling and genetic manipulation of a given lineage, assessment of neuronal wiring can take various forms. Fluorescent imaging and physiological recording are common and complementary ways to characterize neuronal wiring patterns. Live imaging can also be applied to monitor real-time dynamics of a labelled lineage [104, 221–224]. Multicolor stochastic labeling methods, such as Brainbow, dBrainbow and MCFO, allow analysis of neuronal network architecture on a large scale [225–229]. Recent innovations in light-sheet microscopy, tissue clearing techniques and image processing and registration enable performance of automated, high-throughput reconstruction in intact mouse brains [230–244]. These new technologies may allow detection and characterization of clones following extremely sparse clonal labeling and thus may eclipse traditional, more laborious methods in large volume tissue samples. Using a barcode-sequencing strategy, two recent studies achieved large-scale lineage mapping in vivo [245, 246], which could be coupled with emerging in situ RNA sequencing methods [247, 248] to enable brain-wide profiling of neuronal lineages and connections. In addition to anatomical analysis, in vivo functional imaging with genetically encoded calcium and voltage sensors has been widely used to study neuronal physiology [80, 249–255], offering additional means to address the functional association of sibling neurons, in additional to more traditional physiological approaches [79, 81]. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing has been applied to developing brains to identify molecular signatures of different types of neurons and their transcriptomic dynamics [22, 256–258], allowing systematic investigation of how neuronal lineage defines the molecular consortium controlling wiring specificity. Combining advanced genetic strategies with scalable profiling techniques provides an unprecedented opportunity to discover new principles of lineage-dependent neural circuit assembly.
Here we have discussed how neuronal lineage contributes to neural cell fate and wiring specificity in six different neuronal systems in Drosophila and mice. From birth to synaptic communication with appropriate upstream and downstream partners, a given neuron undergoes multiple steps to integrate into a functional neural circuit. Different neural systems have been observed to utilize different combinations of distinct intrinsic, extrinsic and stochastic mechanisms. Such a diversity of developmental mechanisms should be expected, given the diversity of information processing requirements these host neural systems attend to, and current investigations should both anticipate and appreciate discovery of new mechanisms that further enhance our understanding of these processes.
Understanding the mechanisms underlying neural cell fate specification and wiring specificity will be key to understanding how the brain develops and functions. While the diverse neural systems investigated have allowed discovery of a diversity of fate specification and wiring specificity mechanisms, undoubtedly many more remain undiscovered. Due to the complexity of the nervous system, most studies have focused on either how cell fate is specified within a lineage or how wiring patterns are established. Thus, future studies should aim to link these levels of analysis, and modern genetic tools combined with molecular profiling and anatomical characterization techniques should catalyze discovery of new mechanisms and principles underlying regulation of these developmental processes.
We thank Jan Lui, Tongchao Li and Daniel Pederick for helpful comments on the manuscript. Hongjie Li is a Stanford Neuroscience Institute Interdisciplinary Scholar. S. Andrew Shuster is a Stanford Graduate Fellow and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow. Jiefu Li is a Vanessa Kong Kerzner Graduate Fellow and a Genentech Foundation Predoctoral Fellow. Liqun Luo is an HHMI investigator. Supported by NIH grants R01-DC005982 and R01-NS050580 to L.L.
This study is supported by funds from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Liqun Luo), Simons Foundation (Liqun Luo), National Science Foundation (Liqun Luo) and National Institutes of Health (Liqun Luo).
HL, SAS, JL, and LL wrote the manuscript together. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Kolodkin AL, Tessier-Lavigne M. Mechanisms and molecules of neuronal wiring: a primer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011;3 https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001727.
Yu H-H, Kao C-F, He Y, Ding P, Kao J-C, Lee T. A complete developmental sequence of a Drosophila neuronal lineage as revealed by twin-spot MARCM. PLoS Biol. 2010;8 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000461.
Zanin JP, Abercrombie E, Friedman WJ. Proneurotrophin-3 promotes cell cycle withdrawal of developing cerebellar granule cell progenitors via the p75 neurotrophin receptor. elife. 2016;5 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16654.
Dymecki SM, Ray RS, Kim JC. Mapping cell fate and function using recombinase-based intersectional strategies. In: Guide to techniques in mouse development, part B: mouse molecular genetics. 2nd ed: Elsevier; 2010. p. 183–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(10)77011-7.
Özel MN, Langen M, Hassan BA, Hiesinger PR. Filopodial dynamics and growth cone stabilization in Drosophila visual circuit development. elife. 2015;4 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10721. |
0.999261 | To ask the Scottish Government whether it will outline the process for redesignating national cycle routes.
The process for re-designating the National Cycle Network (NCN) is the responsibility of Sustrans, the UK Charity which owns the NCN.
In re-designating a NCN path, the route manager or responsible party, mainly local authorities, would approach and discuss the route with Sustrans. The route would then be assessed against NCN standard criteria and strategic route assessment criteria. If it met these criteria, a route number would be issued and the responsible party would then be expected to sign the route to standard, with support from Sustrans.
As part of the criteria, the route would need to link communities, be of a given minimum distance and serve a core strategic purpose, for example, encouraging recreational cycling, cycle tourism, or everyday journeys.
Some local authorities such as Edinburgh, Fife and Moray and have their own numbering systems for signing local and regional routes that either don't meet NCN criteria or do not have 'national significance'. |
0.999365 | If you haven't checked out my full thoughts on "What is Love?" already, you can see my review here. If you want the TL;DR of it, I thought that this was a catchy and enjoyable title track that fit in with what I was hoping for the song to be like.
This song is practically the definition of candy pop. It's upbeat and snappy, and it throws several catchy melodies out that can easily get stuck in your head. The bubbly nature of the song works for what I personally expect out of TWICE, though I personally didn't think that the chorus was all that great. Still, the fast-paced raps in the verses in tandem with the video game-like instrumental bits works well, and the buildup towards the chorus was solid. Overall the song is a good way to follow up on "What is Love?" as an opener.
"HO!" evokes a more doo-wop sort of feel with it's combination of drowned out keyboard chords, simple drumbeat, and sputtering horns. It's another upbeat track, though I'll admit that this one challenged the group's vocals moreso than a lot of their other tracks. The verses are fairly simple, I'd even venture to say dull or bland, but the entire chorus is a roller coaster of high-energy vocals that have you wanting to shout and dance along. The first pre-chorus took me a bit out of the song, but I also feel like that little break was necessary to prepare you for the loudness of the chorus. I really dug the bridge "ooh" background vocals a ton, and the entire run from there on was pretty fantastic. All in all, this song has a great vibe to it and I could have seen this as a title track alternative.
This track wastes no time before throwing a heavier set of instrumentals at you. Booming claps of drums and bass-heavy synth quickly fill in the introduction, though these shift to much lighter tones at the pre-chorus and chorus. This song has a bit of that mish-mash feeling, sounding like two different songs that were slapped together instead of a cohesive piece. This disjointing unfortunately ends up causing the verses to sound much more interesting than the refrain or pre-chorus. The bridge ascension was incredible, and while the dubstep trend is pretty far behind us these days, it worked surprisingly well for me here. The entire last bit had a great instrumental shift - I just wish that the chorus was more interesting so that the shift could have been more engaging overall.
The last track, fittingly, slows things down for a more organic-styled acoustic guitar R&B melody. Soft and buttery vocals are what one should expect, and TWICE doesn't disappoint on those prospects. While the song is overall quieter and diminished, there are lots of catchy pieces still. While listening to this track, I was imagining that it would be a really good way for TWICE to end a live concert with. In a similar vein, this is a good song to end the mini-album on, providing a pretty clear feeling of closure and allowing listeners to end on a softer note rather than leaving on a high.
TWICE's What is Love? is a quick mini-album that encapsulates a lot of what makes the group such a commercial success. They have catchy songs that are easy to sing along with and keep things simple for the most part. While I personally have been critical on a few aspects of TWICE in the past, this mini-album does prove that the group is progressing vocally. I'm still looking for a progression of them musically, but perhaps that will come up in the next album. Overall, this album is pretty solid and worth checking out if you're a fan of upbeat, poppy jams. |
0.997067 | Imagine a scenario whereas cybercriminals empty your bank account within a matter of seconds.
Such a scenario may sound like that of a science fiction script plot, however, the FBI is issuing new warnings over exactly such a potential matter. The FBI claims to have valid concerns that cybercriminals plan to target small to medium sized banks and empty out customer accounts using ATM machines. According to cybersecurity blog, KrebsOnSecurity, the FBI sent a confidential memo titled, “ATM cashout,” to banks around the world to warn them of the potential scam.
The crime is said to be planned for a weekend day when banks are commonly not open and the entire “cashout” could be accomplished in less than a few hours, according to the memo. The cybercriminals want to target smaller and medium-sized banks due to less sophisticated security infrastructure. They also want to run the scam on a weekend when banks are closed as an extra layer for success.
The warning is likely related to the upcoming labor day holiday weekend which would give cybercriminals an additional day of bank closures to carry out a scam.
“The FBI has obtained unspecified reporting indicating cybercriminals are planning to conduct a global Automated Teller Machine (ATM) cash-out scheme in the coming days, likely associated with an unknown card issuer breach and commonly referred to as an ‘unlimited operation’,” the memo, obtained by expert Brian Krebs, reportedly states.
Smaller scale “cashout” attacks have occurred. The National Bank of Blacksburg lost $2.4 million to such a scheme that utilized hundreds of United States ATM machines.
Thailand saw several hundred thousand dollars vanish from a state-run bank in 2016.
In other words, the scam has proven logistically sound and it is likely much larger “cashouts” are on the horizon.
The cybercriminals savvily disable withdraw limits set by banks for ATM users. This allows the criminals to completely empty the targeted bank accounts.
Banks around the country are being asked to examine their current security measures and raise awareness to the potential scam. The banks are being asked to deploy 2-factor-authorization on accounts, which commonly uses either the bank account holder’s phone number for texting codes or an app that exists on the bank account holder’s smartphone. Banks may additionally utilize whitelisting measures as a way to combat foreign targets.
While individual bank accounts in the United States are insured, additional and more stringent security measures could ramp up bank costs, which would likely be passed down to the account holders.
However, this is the modern cyber world and banks, as well as bank account holders, are always going to need to evolve their security applications. |
0.941584 | Preventive, Which test we use on induction motors on 380 V?
I realized that just insulation resistance is enough.
But, the books and others literatures show another tests like: Polarization index, ohmic resistance, unbalanced current and others less ordinary like: loop test. I like to be efficient and simplify the job for techs. I'm afraid because, maybe, I should be flexible a lot.
Q: What to you make in your company?
In my experience, it is more efficient to make sure that you - in the unlikely case of an electric failure - minimize the downtime instead.
Which means make sure that you have a replacement motor at hands (or a reliable source able to deliver one fast), tools available and the technicians trained in replacing them. At least this approach worked very well for me, but of course, this depends a lot on your specific work environment. |
0.79304 | On 24 May 1904, during a heavy thunderstorm, the Japanese Fourth Division attacked the walled town of Chinchou (modern-day Jinzhou 金州), just north of Nanzan hill.
Despite being defended by no more than 400 men with antiquated artillery, the Fourth Division failed on two attempts to breach its gates. Two battalions from the First Division attacked independently at 0530 hours on 25 May 1904, finally breaching the defenses and taking the town.
With his flank thus secure, General Oku could then commence the main assault on the entrenched Russian forces on Nanshan hill. The Japanese infantry assault was assisted by a prolonged artillery barrage from Japanese gunboats offshore.
The Russians, with mines, machine guns and barbed wire obstacles, inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese during repeated assaults. By 1800 hours, after nine attempts, the Japanese had failed to overrun the firmly entrenched Russian positions. General Oku had committed all of their reserves, and both sides had used up most of their artillery ammunition. Finding his calls for reinforcement unanswered, Colonel Tretyakov was amazed to find that the uncommitted reserve regiments were in full retreat and that his remaining ammunition reserves had been blown up under orders of General Foch. Foch, paranoid of a possible Japanese landing between his position and the safety of Port Arthur, was panicked by a flanking attack by the decimated Japanese Fourth Division along the west coast. In his rush to flee the battle, Foch had neglected to tell Tretyakov of the order to retreat, and Tretyakov thus found himself in the precarious position of being encircled, with no ammunition and no reserve force available for a counter-attack.
By 1920 hours, the Japanese flag flew from the summit of Nanshan hill. Tretyakov, who had fought well and who had lost only 400 men during the battle, lost 650 more men in his unsupported retreat back to the main defensive lines around Port Arthur.
One hundred and three transports crowded with troops had been lying at Chinampo awaiting the news of the result of the battle of the Yalu. These transports carried the 1st, 3rd, and 4th Divisions, and an artillery brigade, which were destined to land on the south coast of Manchuria, between Takushan and Talienwan, to cut the communication between Port Arthur and the main Russian army, and advance along the railway against Liaoyang. For reasons connected with the suitability of the coast line, the point selected for the disembarkation was Houtushih, near the mouth of the Tasha river. Elaborate precautions were taken by the fleet to block the approach of Russian torpedo boats. The straits between Eliott Islands and the mainland were mined and patrolled. On 6th May the disembarkation commenced, and was not interfered with by the Russians, who hurriedly fell back northwards after making a reconnaissance; on the 7th and 8th the 3rd and 1st Divisions occupied a line along the Pitzuwo-Chinchou road from the Tasha to the Shouyi rivers. On the 10th the 4th Division began to land and assamble at Machiatun.
On the 6th a force of the divisional cavalry supported by one and a half battalions had moved at once on Pulantien and cut the railway. It appears, however, that the demage was made good, and the communications were only definitely cut about the 13th. |
0.909882 | Most people have probably experienced situations in which they've encountered a person with a cheerful, energetic attitude, and felt more cheerful and energetic themselves afterward. In all likelihood, most people also have been in situations where they have encountered a person with a negative attitude, and felt less cheerful themselves as a result of the encounter.
Energy flows from molecules with higher kinetic energy to those with lower kinetic energy. Does energy also flow from one person to the next? Or could it be the power of suggestion? Or imitation? Or something else entirely?
I suspect it is a transfer of energy. |
0.941172 | In radiometric dating, scientists look at the ratios of naturally occuring radioactive isotopes (atoms that carry an electrical charge) found in igneous rocks. These unstable radioactive isotopes decay to non-radioactive elements at constant rates, known as the element's half-life.
Index fossils are certain fossils that lived for a short period of time but covered a large area, so If you found an index fossil and knew the time period over which it lived that would be the same age of rock. Index fossils help correlate rock layers around the world.
Precambrian events include earth's formation, atmosphere formation, ocean formation, start of life.
The Paleozoic is bracketed by two of the most important events in the history of animal life. At its beginning, multicelled animals underwent a dramatic "explosion" in diversity, and almost all living animal phyla appeared within a few millions of years. At the other end of the Paleozoic, the largest mass extinction in history wiped out approximately 90% of all marine animal species.
During the Mesozoic, the Earth was very different than it is now. The climate was warmer, the seasons were very mild, the sea level was higher, and there was no polar ice. Even the shape of the continents on Earth was different; the continents were jammed together at the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, forming the supercontinent of Pangaea, but would start breaking apart toward the middle of the Mesozoic Era.
The Cenozoic Era is divided into two periods, the Paleogene and Neogene which are divided into epochs. The Cenozoic has seen the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and the rise of mankind. It is marked by the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period and the end of the Mesozoic Era. This era is the era of new life. Mammals may not have risen from the oceans at this time, but they did evolve into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and avian forms.
Panspermia is the theory that microorganisms or biochemical compounds from outer space are responsible for originating life on Earth and possibly in other parts of the universe where suitable atmospheric conditions exist. Essentially, it is a hypothesis which states that life on earth came from outer space.
Biopoiesis is a process by which living organisms are thought to develop from nonliving matter, and the basis of a theory on the origin of life on Earth. |
0.999731 | Convert leads into customers faster with a comprehensive lead generation strategy that increases your brand perception, exposure, and trust.
While other companies think lead generation is only about getting as many leads as possible, we also focus on positioning your business as the best option out there. After all, why spend a lot of time nurturing some leads when you can convert them into customers right away?
It’s partly about creating a good perception of your brand coupled with proven lead generation techniques, from inbound and outbound, lead generation, smart profiling, and measuring the quality of your leads.
If you want a comprehensive approach to lead generation, then the combination of inbound and outbound lead generation campaigns is what you need. These including setting up blogs, building up your mailing list, and connecting with trusted industry influencers.
That’s not all, you can also take advantage of our expertise in marketing psychology, SEO, PPC, and other areas to help ensure that your message can be found easily online and really resonates with your target audience. |
0.952164 | This article is about the type of entertainment venue. For other uses, see Opera House (disambiguation).
While some venues are constructed specifically for operas, other opera houses are part of larger performing arts centers. Indeed the term opera house itself is often used as a term of prestige for any large performing-arts center.
The first public opera house was the Teatro San Cassiano in Venice, opened in 1637. Italy is a country where opera has been popular through the centuries among ordinary people as well as wealthy patrons and it continues to have a large number of working opera houses such as Teatro Massimo in Palermo (the biggest in Italy), Teatro di San Carlo in Naples (the world's oldest working opera house) and Teatro La Scala in Milan. In contrast, there was no opera house in London when Henry Purcell was composing and the first opera house in Germany was built in Hamburg in 1678.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, opera houses were often financed by rulers, nobles, and wealthy people who used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambition and social position. With the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the 19th century, European culture moved away from its patronage system to a publicly supported system.
Early United States opera houses served a variety of functions in towns and cities, hosting community dances, fairs, plays, and vaudeville shows as well as operas and other musical events. In the 2000s, most opera and theatre companies are supported by funds from a combination of government and institutional grants, ticket sales, and private donations.
The Teatro San Carlo in Naples, opened in 1737, introduced the horseshoe-shaped auditorium, the oldest in the world, a model for the Italian theater. On this model were built subsequent theaters in Italy and Europe, among others, the court theater of the Palace of Caserta, which became the model for other theaters. Given the popularity of opera in 18th and 19th century Europe, opera houses are usually large, often containing more than 1,000 seats. Traditionally, Europe's major opera houses built in the 19th century contained between about 1,500 to 3,000 seats, examples being Brussels' La Monnaie (after renovations, 1,700 seats), Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater (with 1,636), Warsaw's Grand Theatre (the main auditorium with 1,841), Paris' Palais Garnier (with 2,200), the Royal Opera House in London (with 2,268) and the Vienna State Opera (the new auditorium with 2,280). Modern opera houses of the 20th century such as New York's Metropolitan Opera House (with 3,800) and the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco (with 3,146) are larger. Many operas are better suited to being presented in smaller theaters, such as Venice's La Fenice with about 1,000 seats.
In a traditional opera house, the auditorium is U-shaped, with the length of the sides determining the audience capacity. Around this are tiers of balconies, and often, nearer to the stage, are boxes (small partitioned sections of a balcony).
Since the latter part of the 19th century, opera houses often have an orchestra pit, where a large number of orchestra players may be seated at a level below the audience, so that they can play without overwhelming the singing voices. This is especially true of Wagner's Bayreuth Festspielhaus where the pit is partially covered.
The size of an opera orchestra varies, but for some operas, oratorios and other works, it may be very large; for some romantic period works (or for many of the operas of Richard Strauss), it can be more than 100 players. Similarly, an opera may have a large cast of characters, chorus, dancers and supernumeraries. Therefore, a major opera house will have extensive dressing room facilities. Opera houses often have on-premises set and costume building shops and facilities for storage of costumes, make-up, masks, and stage properties, and may also have rehearsal spaces.
Major opera houses throughout the world often have highly mechanized stages, with large stage elevators permitting heavy sets to be changed rapidly. At the Metropolitan Opera, for instance, sets are often changed during the action, as the audience watches, with singers rising or descending as they sing. This occurs in the Met's productions of operas such as Aida and Tales of Hoffman. London's Royal Opera House, which was remodeled in the late 1990s, retained the original 1858 auditorium at its core, but added completely new backstage and wing spaces as well as an additional performance space and public areas. Much the same happened in the remodeling of Milan's La Scala opera house between 2002 and 2004.
Although stage, lighting and other production aspects of opera houses often make use of the latest technology, traditional opera houses have not used sound reinforcement systems with microphones and loudspeakers to amplify the singers, since trained opera singers are normally able to project their unamplified voices in the hall. Since the 1990s, however, some opera houses have begun using a subtle form of sound reinforcement called acoustic enhancement (see below).
Often, operas are presented in their original languages, which may be different from the first language of the audience. For example, a Wagnerian opera presented in London may be in German. Therefore, since the 1980s modern opera houses have assisted the audience by providing translated supertitles, projections of the words above or near to the stage. More recently, electronic libretto systems have begun to be used in some opera houses, including New York's Metropolitan Opera, Milan's La Scala, and the Crosby Theatre of The Santa Fe Opera, which provide two lines of text on individual screens attached to the backs of the seats so as to not interfere with the visual aspects of the performance.
A subtle type of sound reinforcement called acoustic enhancement is used in some opera houses. Acoustic enhancement systems help give a more even sound in the hall and prevent "dead spots" in the audience seating area by "...augment[ing] a hall's intrinsic acoustic characteristics." The systems use "...an array of microphones connected to a computer [which is] connected to an array of loudspeakers." However, as concertgoers have become aware of the use of these systems, debates have arisen, because "...purists maintain that the natural acoustic sound of [Classical] voices [or] instruments in a given hall should not be altered."
Kai Harada states that opera houses have begun using electronic acoustic enhancement systems "...to compensate for flaws in a venue's acoustical architecture." Despite the uproar that has arisen amongst operagoers, Harada points out that none of the opera houses using acoustic enhancement systems "...use traditional, Broadway-style sound reinforcement, in which most if not all singers are equipped with radio microphones mixed to a series of unsightly loudspeakers scattered throughout the theatre." Instead, most opera houses use the sound reinforcement system for acoustic enhancement, and for subtle boosting of offstage voices, onstage dialogue, and sound effects (e.g., church bells in Tosca or thunder in Wagnerian operas).
One example of the use of this kind of enhancement is the New York State Theater when it was used by the New York City Opera company.
In the 19th-century United States, many theaters were given the name "opera house," even ones where opera was seldom if ever performed. Opera was viewed as a more respectable art form than theater; calling a local theater an "opera house" therefore served to elevate it and overcome objections from those who found the theater morally objectionable.
Bayerisches Nationaltheater from 1818 in Munich, Bavaria, Germany; one of the world's most renowned opera houses, burnt down / reconstructed twice: 1823–25 and after WW II from 1958–63.
^ "The Name Opera House". Dramatic Mirror. March 7, 1885.
Hughes, Spike. Great Opera Houses; A Traveller's Guide to Their History and Traditions, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1956.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opera houses.
Costume is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or group that reflects their class, profession, nationality, activity or epoch. The term was used to describe typical appropriate clothing for certain activities, such as riding costume, swimming costume, dance costume. Appropriate and acceptable costume is subject to changes in fashion and local cultural norms, before the advent of ready-to-wear apparel, clothing was made by hand. Costume comes from the same Italian word, inherited via French, National costume or regional costume expresses local identity and emphasizes a cultures unique attributes. They are often a source of national pride, examples include the Scottish kilt or Japanese kimono. In Bhutan there is a national dress prescribed for men and women. These have been in vogue for thousands of years and have developed into a dress style. The dress worn by men is known as Gho which is a robe worn up to knee-length and is fastened at the waist by a called the Kera. The front part of the dress which is formed like a pouch, in olden days was used to hold baskets of food and short dagger, but now it is used to keep cell phone and the betel nut called Doma.
The dress worn by women consist of three known as Kira and Wonju. The long dress which extends up to the ankle is Kira, the jacket worn above this is Tego which is provided with Wonju, the inner jacket. However, while visiting the Dzong or monastery a long scarf or stoll, called Kabney is worn by men across the shoulder, women wear scarfs or stolls called Rachus, made of raw silk with embroidery, over their shoulder but not indicative of their rank. Some stylized theatrical costumes, such as Harlequin and Pantaloon in the Commedia dellarte, exaggerate an aspect of a character, the wearing of costumes is an important part of holidays developed from religious festivals such as Mardi Gras, and Halloween. Christmas costumes typically portray characters such as Santa Claus, in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States the American version of a Santa suit and beard is popular, in the Netherlands, the costume of Zwarte Piet is customary. Easter costumes are associated with the Easter Bunny or other animal costumes, in Judaism, a common practice is to dress up on Purim.
A theater, theatre or playhouse, is a structure where theatrical works or plays are performed, or other performances such as musical concerts may be produced. While a theater is not required for performance, a theater serves to define the performance and audience spaces, the facility is traditionally organized to provide support areas for performers, the technical crew and the audience members. There are as many types of theaters as there are types of performance, theaters may be built specifically for a certain types of productions, they may serve for more general performance needs or they may be adapted or converted for use as a theater. They may range from open-air amphitheaters to ornate, cathedral-like structures to simple, some theaters may have a fixed acting area, while some theaters, such as black box theaters, may not, allowing the director and designers to construct an acting area suitable for the production. The most important of these areas is the acting space generally known as the stage, in some theaters, specifically proscenium theaters, arena theaters and amphitheaters, this area is permanent part of the structure.
In a blackbox theater the area is undefined so that each theater may adapt specifically to a production. In addition to these spaces, there may be offstage spaces as well. These include wings on either side of a stage where props, sets. A Prompters box may be found backstage, in an amphitheater, an area behind the stage may be designated for such uses while a blackbox theater may have spaces outside of the actual theater designated for such uses. Often a theater will incorporate other spaces intended for the performers, a booth facing the stage may be incorporated into the house where lighting and sound personnel may view the show and run their respective instruments. Other rooms in the building may be used for dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, spaces for constructing sets and costumes, as well as storage. There are usually two main entrances, one at the front, used by the audience, that leads into the back of the audience, the second is called the stage door, and it is accessible from backstage.
The War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California is located on the western side of Van Ness Avenue across from the rear facade of City Hall. It is part of the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center and it has been the home of the San Francisco Opera since opening night in 1932. In 1927, $4 million in bonds were issued to finance the design. A colonnade of paired columns screens colossal arch-headed windows above a rusticated basement. The interior contains an entrance hall with a high barrel vaulted and coffered ceiling parallel to the street. The theater space is dominated by an aluminum and glass panel chandelier under a blue vault. The theater has 3,146 seats plus standing room for 200 behind the orchestra and this is smaller than the Metropolitan Opera and the Chicago Lyric Opera, but it follows the trend of larger capacity in American opera houses than the main European opera houses of the 19th century. The San Francisco Symphony performed most of its concerts in the house, RCA Victor recorded the orchestra here, under the direction of Pierre Monteux, from 1941 to 1952 and in a special stereophonic session in January 1960.
The orchestra made a few recordings for RCA with Enrique Jorda in 1957 and 1958, in years, the orchestra used a special acoustical shell that was placed around the musicians, greatly enhancing acoustics for concerts. The orchestras final concert in the house was an all-Beethoven concert, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the house was regularly blacked out and performances were monitored by air raid wardens. In spring of 1945, the United Nations had its first conference there, the UN Charter was drafted and signed in the Herbst Theatre next door. Six years in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco was drafted and signed here, during the years of Kurt Herbert Adlers general directorship, the inadequacies of the house became apparent as the season was expanded. In particular, there was a lack of space and rehearsal space. In 1974, The Pointer Sisters were the first pop act to perform at the theatre, in 1979 the backstage area was extended, followed in 1981 by the opening of a new wing built onto the house on the Franklin Street side.
Bayreuth is a sizeable town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtelgebirge Mountains. The towns roots date back to 1194, in the early 21st century, it is the capital of Upper Franconia and has a population of 72,576. It is world-famous for its annual Bayreuth Festival, at performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented. The town is believed to have founded by the counts of Andechs probably around the mid-12th century. The syllable -rute may mean Rodung or clearing, whilst Baier- indicates immigrants from the Bavarian region, already documented earlier, were villages merged into Bayreuth, Seulbitz and St. Johannis. Even the district of Altstadt west of the centre must be older than the town of Bayreuth itself. Even older traces of human presence were found in the hamlets of Meyernberg, pieces of pottery, while Bayreuth was previously referred to as a villa, the term civitas appeared for the first time in a document published in 1231.
One can therefore assume that Bayreuth was awarded its town charter between 1200 and 1230, the town was ruled until 1248 by the counts of Andechs-Merania. After they died out in 1260 the burgraves of Nuremberg from the House of Hohenzollern took over the inheritance, however, their residence and the centre of the territory was the castle of Plassenburg in Kulmbach. The town of Bayreuth developed slowly and was affected time and again by disasters, as early as 1361 Emperor Charles IV had conferred on Burgrave Frederick V the right to mint coins for the towns of Bayreuth and Kulmbach. Bayreuth was first published on a map in 1421, in February 1430, the Hussites devastated Bayreuth and the town hall and churches were razed. In 1605 a great fire, caused by negligence, destroyed 137 of the towns 251 houses, in 1620 plague broke out and, in 1621, there was another big fire in the town. The town suffered during the Thirty Years War, the first Hohenzollern palace was built in 1440-1457 under Margrave John the Alchemist.
The stage of the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco.
Stage of the Polish Theatre in Bielsko-Biała.
Stage of the Polish Theatre in Warsaw.
"The Flowering of the English Baroque", bronze memorial sculpture by Glynn Williams in a small park on Victoria St, Westminster.
The lobby has staircases with overlooks at each end and entrances to the main level at left. |
0.939513 | David Oyetokunbo Oyelowo, OBE (/oʊˈjɛloʊwoʊ/ ə-YEL-ə-woh; born 1 April 1976) is a British Nigerian actor and producer born in England.
He has played supporting roles in the films Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011), Middle of Nowhere (2012), Lincoln (2012), and garnered praise for portraying Louis Gaines in The Butler (2013). On television, he played MI5 officer Danny Hunter in the British series Spooks (2002–04). Perhaps his highest-profile role was as Martin Luther King, Jr. in the American biographical drama film Selma (2014).
Oyelowo was born in Oxford, England to Nigerian parents of Yoruba ethnicity. He was raised as a Baptist. He grew up in Tooting Bec until he was six, when his family moved to Lagos, Nigeria, where his father Stephen worked for the national airline and mother for a railway company. David attended a "'military-style' boarding school'. They returned to London when Oyelowo was fourteen, settling in Islington.
While enrolled in theatre studies at City and Islington College, his teacher suggested that he become an actor. Oyelowo enrolled for a year in an art foundation course, at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). He finished his three-year training in 1998. He also spent time with the National Youth Theatre.
He began his stage career in 1999 when he was offered a season with the Royal Shakespeare Company playing roles in Ben Jonson's Volpone, as the title character in Oroonoko (which he also performed in the BBC radio adaptation) and Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra (1999) alongside Guy Henry, Frances de la Tour and Alan Bates. He is however best known for his next stage performance as King Henry VI in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2001 productions of Shakespeare's trilogy of plays about the king as a part of its season This England: The Histories. In a major landmark for colour-blind casting, Oyelowo was the first black actor to play an English king in a major production of Shakespeare, and although this casting choice was initially criticised by some in the media, Oyelowo's performance was critically acclaimed and later won the 2001 Ian Charleson Award for best performance by an actor under 30 in a classical play.
In 2005, he appeared in a production of Prometheus Bound, which was revived in New York City in 2007. In 2006, he made his directorial debut on a production of The White Devil, produced by Inservice, his theatre company in Brighton which is co-run with fellow Brighton-based actors Priyanga Burford, Israel Aduramo, Penelope Cobbuld, and his wife, Jessica. He played Othello in 2016 at the New York Theatre Workshop with Daniel Craig as Iago, directed by Sam Gold.
He starred in the HBO original film Nightingale (2014).
He appeared as Olaudah Equiano in Grace Unshackled – The Olaudah Equiano Story, a radio play adapting Equiano's autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. This was first broadcast on BBC 7 on 8 April 2007, with his wife Jessica Oyelowo as Mrs. Equiano.
As of 2014, he provides the voice of Imperial Security Bureau Agent Kallus on the animated series Star Wars Rebels.
In 2012, Oyelowo appeared in Middle of Nowhere. Writer-director Ava DuVernay had been a fan of his work and had considered asking him to take the role, however before she could Oyelowo received the script coincidentally from a friend of DuVernay's who happened to be sitting next to him on the plane and was considering investing in the project. The film premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival to critical raves. That same year Oyelowo appeared in Lee Daniels' The Paperboy, which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. Oyelowo also stars in Five Nights in Maine, which was directed by Maris Curran. Oyelowo reunited with Daniels the following year in The Butler.
He worked with his Middle of Nowhere director Ava DuVernay again for Selma (2014), playing civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr. The film, based on the 1965 Selma to Montgomery voting rights marches, had originally been set to be directed by Lee Daniels, but the project was dropped by Daniels so he could focus on The Butler.
Oyelowo is slated to star with Lupita Nyong'o in Americanah, a film to be adapted from the Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie novel. The story follows a pair of young Nigerian immigrants who face a lifetime of struggle while their relationship endures.
For his portrayal of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Selma, Oyelowo received in 2014 the Critic's Choice Award for Best Actor and the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture. He received his first Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama.
Also in 2014, for his performance in Nightingale, he won the Critics’ Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie, Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film, NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special and a Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries and TV Movie.
↑ The International Who's Who 2004. Europa Publications / Routledge. 2003. p. 1,271. ISBN 978-1857432176.
↑ Handy, David (November 7, 2014). "How David Oyelowo Approached the Daunting role of Martin Luther King Jr. in Selma". Vanity Fair. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
↑ "Oyelowo: British TV 'ignoring' black actors". BBC. 3 February 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
1 2 "Golden Globe: 'Birdman,' 'Boyhood' and 'Imitation Game' Top Nominations". Variety. 11 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
1 2 "Oyelowo for Star Wars: Rebels?". Belfast Telegraph. 24 September 2013.
1 2 "David Oyelowo: An actor's life". The Independent. UK. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
1 2 3 4 Gilbert, Gerard (February 8, 2013). "Upwardly mobile: David Oyelowo on going from Tooting Bec to Tom Cruise's jet". The Independent. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
1 2 3 4 5 "From Spooks to Lincoln, Complicit star David Oyelowo is about to make it big in Hollywood". Metro UK. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
↑ West, Naomi (8 September 2007). "As he likes it". The Daily Telegraph.
1 2 Gilbert, Gerard (9 February 2013). "Upwardly mobile: David Oyelowo on going from Tooting Bec to Tom Cruise's jet". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
↑ "Notices" (PDF). London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Spring 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
↑ NationalYouthTheatre [NYTofGB] (2015-05-27). "Both #NYTalumni !" (Tweet). Retrieved 2015-08-14 – via Twitter.
↑ John, Emma (1 August 2005). "'In my head this is massive'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014.
↑ "Small Island: David Oyelowo plays Gilbert". BBC. 14 October 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
↑ Anthony, Andrew (4 April 2010). "Blood and Oil; Canoe Man; Ashes to Ashes". The Guardian. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
↑ Hughes, William (August 12, 2015). "Selma Star David Oyelowo to Play James Bond—in Audiobook Form". The A. V. Club.
1 2 Macaskil, Grace (27 September 2014). "Star Wars Rebels actor David Oyelowo had 'no idea' what he was auditioning for". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
↑ Philbrick, Jami (11 October 2012). "IAR Exclusive Interview: David Oyelowo Talks 'Middle of Nowhere,' 'The Paperboy,' 'Lincoln' and 'Jack Reacher'". Retrieved 13 September 2014.
↑ Calhoun, Dave. "Cannes Film Festival 2012 line-up announced". Time Out. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 61450. p. N14. 30 December 2015.
↑ "'Selma's David Oyelowo on Playing MLK and What It Means to Be a Christian". Sojourners. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
1 2 Taylor, Ben (2015-01-14). "David Oyelowo: 5 facts including wife, Selma and new movies 2015". Swide. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
"David Oyelowo Interview". Streetbrand Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Kellaway, Kate (8 July 2001). "My kingdom for a part". The Observer. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2007. |
0.938445 | (CNN) -- Rubens Barrichello has been reassured by Brawn GP that there is no hidden agenda to give priority to world championship leader Jenson Button as the team bids to extend its flying start to the Formula One season.
Barrichello leads pole-sitter Button into the first corner in Barcelona where he was runner-up to his team-mate.
Brazilian Barrichello was forced to play second fiddle to Michael Schumacher at Ferrari and said he would quit should he "get a whiff of team orders" at Brawn after finishing runner-up at Sunday's Spanish Grand Prix.
"I'm very experienced and...I won't follow any team orders any more. I'm making it clear now so everybody knows," Barrichello told media after Brawn switched winner Button to a two-stop strategy during the race.
The 36-year-old Barrichello had taken pole-sitter Button from third on the grid on the run down to the first corner at Barcelona's Circuit de Catalunya and believed he should have gone on to win.
"Rubens' unhappiness is natural," said team chief Ross Brawn. "But then any driver who gets beaten and is happy is not a driver I want in the team.
"So the fact Rubens is unhappy is a healthy sign because I would see it as very strange if he was quite content to finish second behind Jenson."
Button has now triumphed in four of this year's five grands prix to lead Barrichello by 14 points in the standings with the next race at Monaco on May 24.
"I think Rubens has had a little bit of bad luck, and I know luck shouldn't come into it," Brawn told PA Sport. "In China he was looking very strong. In fact for a dry race he was in better shape than Jenson.
"But then in the wet he had a problem with the brakes. One of them glazed over on the rear which made life very interesting for him.
"In qualifying in Bahrain, when we'd gone for a pretty aggressive strategy which meant being at the front, he didn't achieve it as he had a problem with his front-wing.
"But I'm pleased with Rubens' performance this year. He's contributed an awful lot to the team, helping sort the car out.
"He gives very valuable technical information, and I think it just hasn't quite fallen for him this season.
"Jenson's doing a superb job, so that's the reference, but I'm very happy with Rubens, and I'm sure if we get a smooth weekend he'll be up there."
Briton Button echoed Brawn's comments, saying: "We're all here to win. It went my way (in Spain) and it may go his (Barrichello's) way in Monaco. That's the way it is.
"He had a problem on his stint, I didn't. I made it work and I won the race, but then it could swing around at the next one.
"That's the way we go racing, the way it should be, and the way it has been for most teams in Formula One.
"I don't ever want to go down that avenue of talking about that (team orders) because it is so far from the situation within our team." |
0.999994 | Having enough money for necessities at the end of the week or month, for that matter is important. People are often looking for ways to save money in order to make ends meet. Here are some tips on how to save money on food costs.
1. Purchase Items on Sale– Watch for sales in order to save money on food costs. Buy larger packages in order to get the most value for your money.
2. Avoid Dining Out– Avoid dining out at restaurants as this will cost you a lot more than the purchase price. If you like to dine out in restaurants, cut back on the amount of times that you dine out in order to save yourself some money.
3. Budget Meals– Learn how to make meals that will help your food dollars stretch. An example would be to make chili instead of meat loaf. Although more ingredients are in chili, one pot of chili will feed everyone more than once and provide them with enough nutrition to get through their day. Casserole cooking is also another great way to save money on meals.
4. Freezer Meals– Take the time to make some freezer meals. Freezer meals can help to stretch your food dollars when the refrigerator and pantry are empty. Chili, soups, spaghetti, rice or other pasta dishes will help to stretch your food dollars.
5. Buy in Season– Save money on food costs by buying fruit and vegetables in season. You could also buy a large amount of fresh vegetables and freeze them to use in the winter months. Although it may cost you a little bit more than you expected upfront, just think of how great those vegetables will taste in the winter months when the cost of them have risen so high.
How do you save money when it comes to food?
I try to do meal planning, that helps. Also we buy meat and keep it in the freezer. |
0.933439 | Most of the text mining tasks, such as clustering, is dominated by statistical approaches that treat text as a bag of words. Semantics in the text is largely ignored in the mining process, and the mining results are often not easily interpretable. One particular challenge faced by such approaches is short text understanding, as short text lacks enough content from which a statistical conclusion can be drawn. For example, traditional topic analysis methods consider topic segments with tens of hundreds of words. Latent topic modeling, such as latent Dirichlet allocation, also requires sufficient words to infer document topic distribution. We enhance machine learning algorithms by first giving the machine a probabilistic knowledgebase that contains as big, rich, and consistent concepts (of worldly facts) as those in our mental world. Then a Bayesian inference mechanism is developed to conceptualize words and short text. We conducted comprehensive tests of our method on conceptualizing set of text terms, as well as clustering Twitter messages (tweets), which are typically approximately ten words long. Compared to latent semantic topic modeling and other four kinds of methods that using WordNet, Freebase and Wikipedia (category links and explicit semantic analysis), we show significant improvements in terms of tweets clustering accuracy. |
0.932317 | how do you cut down on the costs of things like that?
Buying a big freezer is one of the cheapest ways to economize, it will pay for itself many times over. How many times do you run into a sale on meat or whatever, and you realize there's just not enough room in your freezer. I'm even tempted to buy a second freezer.
dishes and freeze all the extra with a label and date. This way I have 4 or 5 choices every month to eat for dinner. I wait for chicken to go on sale and will deep fry 6 big packages of drumsticks, thighs, whatever, and all goes into the freezer, and anytime I'm hungry for chicken, it's there.
Come summer now (too hot to cook in the summer here) I have been noted to cook enough food to last me for two months. So, I just make one horrible mess in the kitchen one free day, and kiss the stove good-bye for a month or two. It totally exhausts me when I run into a co-worker who tells me she's going to go home and cook that day. Not me!
Great tips here. We too are learning to stick to the outside isles. I remember before we moved that we need extra cash...we went out and picked up cans off the sides of the road..mainly the back roads, we had 3-4 garbage bags and earned about 90.00. it was easy as pie. We told the kids to look at as "free money"
here bottles are accepted at 5 cents - a garbage bag is about 100 tin cans or 20-30 big drink bottles. That's $1 - $5 per garbage bag. But $90 for 3-4 bags?
I make lots of dishes with whole grain pasta, a lot more filling than white flour and healthier.
I totally agree about the whole grain pasta, but found some members of the family hated the taste and refused to eat the whole grain pasta.
My solution was to get an airtight container in which I mix half white flour penne (on sale at Costco), half whole grain pasta (also at Costco), and some token wagon wheels (white flour, and I have to buy them at the local grocery, but the kids will eat the whole grain if I toss in the wagon wheels). As long as there is some white pasta in the mix, everyone will eat it.
And it's true, it does taste much better when you mix it like this. Also, it looks more appealling, which is half the battle of getting the kids to eat it.
This is a resource for families (or anyone really) to buy food at a very discounted price. Basically you pay $30 bucks and you get a box of food that the organization says will feed a family of four for a week. I don't know if that's true but it is quite a bit of food. Check the link for a listing of what's in the current box.
Be careful buying freezers and make sure they're energy efficient. Refrigerators and freezers, especially self-defrosting styles -- are big users of electricity.
We spent a huge $400 last month on food! It was insane and thought what the hell is costing so much. I decided to eliminate steaks, pork chops, and other large chops of meat beyond hamburger, chicken and hotdogs.
First we went to the dollar store and bought Mexican produce and dollar 32 oz 100% juice bottles. Along with other items i can't remember. $25 total.
We bought our stuff 2 weeks ago and the freezer is still full, awesome. I've also found simple, great tasting food, that doesn't require a lot of items are good.
Last thing and i'll shut up. Enchalada sauce, boiled chicken in garlic, and cooked rice = dinner wraped in a tortilla. It's so good, green and red sauce version are both awesome and lasts. I had 2 for dinner last night and still have left overs.
You don't have to eat top ramon to eat cheap, just come here to city-data or google! |
0.999071 | What is it? Great question. There are several different ways to make cold coffee, and "cold brew," "iced coffee," and "toddy" are commonly interchanged in everyday cafe lingo. First, let's define our terms.
Iced coffee is brewed hot and then chilled, usually right away by brewing via pourover into a container filled with ice. Also referenced as "Japanese iced coffee," the extraction occurs as with hot brewing, and the dilution of hot-coffee-meets-ice is solved by brewing with a slightly higher coffee to water ratio.
This method removes heat from the equation, and therefore requires more extraction time. Commonly synonymous with Toddy, a cold brew full immersion method combines a large amount of coarsely ground coffee with cold water, letting it extract for 12-18 hours. This process produces a low-acidity concentrate that is generally "cut" or diluted with water or ice for a more balanced beverage.
What real difference does it make? Taste. Iced coffee, when brewed well, will provide more clarity of flavor and that sparkling acidity, fruitiness and pizazz you look for in a good single origin pourover. Cold brew, as mentioned, has a lower acidity and will taste more chocolatey - it's a good choice if acidic brews aren't your thing.
Another popular cold brew method is the Kyoto - a Japanese style brewing system that allows ice and water to drip slowly into a bed of coffee grounds, which become saturated and produces a concentrated brew over a period of several hours, depending on the brewer's size.
Kyoto has a mysterious way of turning "boozy" in flavor, and (if you're a nerdy barista or wanna-be) you can really play around with drip time, coffee to water ratio and aging to get some awesome, funky, bourbon-esque flavors out of your Kyoto brews. Next time you're in Kansas City, head over to About the Coffee and they'll show you what I mean.
Another fun trend in the world of iced coffee is Nitro Cold Brew - the infusion of nitrogen gas into cold coffee, creating a foamy, Guinness-like "head" and a smooth mouthfeel. This creation is popping up more and more in cafes around the country - pours served up by Chocolate Fish Coffee Roaster's at Caffeine Crawl Sacramento 2014 really whet our tastebuds, and if you haven't tried it, you should - it's delicious.
There's plenty of fun things to do with cold coffee at home, including making it yourself. For starters, all you need is a Mason jar, coffee, and this recipe from Serious Eats. Sipped on the front porch over ice or turned into a refreshing mocktail like this tonic + orange creation from The Mud House, the possibilities are endless. There are also plenty of cold brewers available for easy home use, including Toddy, Bruer, Filtron and more.
If you're curious, Prima Coffee, Rohs Street Cafe & Peter Guiliano's blog, Pax Coffea, have the scoop on the scientific side of cold coffee brewing - there's plenty to learn about solubility, volatility and oxidation. Hit up your favorite local coffee shop for their take on iced coffee/cold brew, and tell us your favorite method below! |
0.951415 | Jiangsu (Simplified Chinese: 江苏; Traditional Chinese: 江蘇; pinyin: Jiāngsū; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China located along the country's eastern coast. Jiangsu borders Shandong to the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai municipality to the south. Its name comes from jiang, (short for the city of Jiangning (now Nanjing) and su (for the city of Suzhou). The abbreviation for this province is "苏" (sū), the second character of its name.
Jiangsu has a coastline that extends over a thousand kilometers along the Yellow Sea, with the Yangtze River passing through its southern parts. Since the inception of economic reforms in 1978, Jiangsu, like many of the other areas along the "gold coast" of China, has been a hot spot for economic development, and now has emerged as one of China's most prosperous provinces. The economic divide between the rich southern regions and the impoverished north remains a prominent issue in the province, as does the national divide between rich and poor, which has steadily increased ever since the implementation of economic reforms.
During the earliest Chinese dynasties, the area of what is now Jiangsu was far removed from the center of Chinese civilization, which was predominantly located in the northwest of the country in what is currently Henan. During the Zhou Dynasty, more contact was made between these two areas, and eventually the state of Wu (centered at Gusu, now Suzhou) appeared as a vassal to the Zhou Dynasty in south Jiangsu, one of the many hundreds of states that existed across northern and central China at that time. Near the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu became a great power under King Helu of Wu, and in 484 B.C.E. was able to defeat the state of Qi, a major power in the north in modern-day Shandong province, and contest for the position of overlord over all states of China. The state of Wu was subjugated in 473 B.C.E. by the state of Yue, another state that had emerged to the south in modern-day Zhejiang province. Yue was in turn subjugated by the powerful state of Chu from the west in 333 B.C.E. Eventually the state of Qin swept away all the other states, and established China as a unified nation in 221 B.C.E.
Under the reign of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.), which brought China to its first golden age, Jiangsu was a relative backwater, far removed from the centers of civilization in the North China Plain. Jiangsu at that time was administered under two zhou (provinces): Xuzhou Province in the north, and Yangzhou Province in the south. Although south Jiangsu was eventually the base for the kingdom of Wu (one of the Three Kingdoms from 222 to 280), it did not become significant until the invasion of northern nomads during the Western Jin Dynasty, starting from the fourth century. As northern nomadic groups established kingdoms across the north, the ethnic Han Chinese aristocracy fled southwards and set up a refugee Eastern Jin Dynasty in 317, in Jiankang (modern day Nanjing). From then until 581 (a period known as the Southern and Northern Dynasties), Nanjing in south Jiangsu was the base of four more ethnic Han Chinese dynasties, who each faced off with rival northern barbarian (but increasingly sinicized) dynasties. In the meantime, north Jiangsu acted as a buffer of sorts between north and south, and while it initially started as a part of southern dynasties, as the northern dynasties began to gain more ground, it became part of the northern dynasties.
In 581, unity was reestablished again between the two sides under the Tang Dynasty (618-907). During this period, China once more went through a golden age, although Jiangsu was still rather unremarkable among the different parts of China. It was during the Song Dynasty (960-1279), which saw the development of a wealthy mercantile class and emergent market economy in China that south Jiangsu emerged as a major center of trade. From then on, south Jiangsu, especially major cities like Suzhou and Yangzhou became synonymous with opulence and luxury in China. Today, south Jiangsu remains one of the richest parts of China, and Shanghai, arguably the wealthiest and most cosmopolitan of mainland China cities, is a direct extension of south Jiangsu culture.
The Jurchen Jin Dynasty gained control of North China in 1127, and the river Huaihe, which used to cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea, became the border between the north under the Jin, and the south under the Southern Song Dynasty. The Mongols later took control of all of China in the thirteenth century, and the Ming Dynasty which was established in 1368 after driving out the Mongols, initially placed its capital in Nanjing. Following a coup by Zhu Di (later Yongle Emperor), the capital was moved farther to the north, to Beijing. (The naming of the two cities continues to reflect this, as "Nanjing" literally means "southern capital," and "Beijing" literally means "northern capital.") At this time, the entirety of modern day Jiangsu as well as neighboring Anhui province kept their special status as territory-governed directly by the central government, and were called Nanzhili (南直隸 "Southern directly-governed"). Meanwhile, South Jiangsu continued to be an important center of trade in China, and some historians observe in the flourishing textiles industry of the time a nascent industrialization process and the growth of capitalism, which was a trend that was later aborted, several centuries before similar trends took hold in the West.
The Qing Dynasty changed the status of Jiangsu by establishing the Nanzhili areas as Jiangnan province. In 1666, Jiangsu and Anhui were split apart as separate provinces, and Jiangsu was given approximately the same borders that it has today. With the start of the Western incursion into China in the 1840s, the rich and mercantile south Jiangsu was increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shanghai, originally an unremarkable little town of Jiangsu, quickly developed into a metropolis of trade, banking, and cosmopolitanism, and was later split into an independent municipality. South Jiangsu also played a central role in the Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864), which was a massive and deadly rebellion that attempted to set up a Christian theocracy in China. This movement started far to the south in Guangdong province, but swept through much of South China, and by 1853 had established Nanjing as its capital, renaming it as Tianjing, which means "Heavenly Capital").
The Huqiu Tower of Tiger Hill, Suzhou, built in the year 961.
The Republic of China was established in 1912, and China was soon torn apart by warlords. Jiangsu changed hands several times during this chaotic period, but in April 1927, Chiang Kai-Shek established a government at Nanjing and he was soon able to bring most of China under his control. This increase in order was abruptly interrupted by the second Sino-Japanese War, which began full-scale in 1937. On December 13, 1937, Nanjing fell, and the combined atrocities of the occupying Japanese for the next 3 months would come to be known as the Nanjing Massacre. Nanjing became the seat of the collaborationist government of Eastern China under Wang Jingwei, and Jiangsu remained under occupation until the end of the war in 1945.
After the war, Nanjing once again became the capital of the Republic of China, though now the Chinese Civil War had broken out between the Kuomintang government and Communist forces based further north, mostly in Manchuria. The decisive Huaihai Campaign was fought in northern Jiangsu, resulting in Kuomintang defeat and the subsequent seizure of Nanjing by the communists. The Kuomintang fled southwards, and eventually ended up in Taipei, from which the Republic of China government continues to administer Taiwan and its neighboring islands, though it also continues to claim (technically, at least) Nanjing as its rightful capital.
After communist takeover, Beijing was made capital of China and Nanjing was demoted to be the position of provincial capital of Jiangsu province. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping initially focused on the south coast of China, in Guangdong province, which effectively left Jiangsu behind. However, starting from the 1990s these reforms have been applied more evenly to the rest of China. As a result, Suzhou and Wuxi, two southern cities of Jiangsu in close proximity to neighboring Shanghai Municipality have become particularly prosperous, placing among the top 10 cities in China in gross domestic product and outstripping the provincial capital of Nanjing. While the level of economic growth in Jiangsu has increased rapidly since the 1970s, the growing income disparity between north Jiangsu and south Jiangsu remains a major issue for the People's Republic of China.
Town of Zhouzhuang, Jiangsu. South Jiangsu is famed for its towns crisscrossed by canals.
Jiangsu is very flat and low-lying, with plains covering roughly 68 percent of its total area and water covering another 18 percent. Most of the province stands less than fifty meters above sea level, which has allowed Jiangsu to create a well-developed irrigation system, and has earned it the title of shuǐxiāng, or the "land of water." A great example of this can be seen in the southern city of Suzhou, which is so crisscrossed with canals that it has been dubbed the "Venice of the East." The Grand Canal of China cuts through Jiangsu from north to south, traversing all of the provincial river systems running east to west. The Yangtze River, the longest river of China, cuts through the province in the south and reaches the East China Sea. Mount Yuntai near the city of Lianyungang is the highest point in this province, with an altitude of 625 meters.
Historically, the Huaihe River, a major river in central China and the traditional border between North China and South China, cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea. However, starting from 1194 C.E., the Yellow River further to the north changed its course several times, running into the Huaihe River in north Jiangsu each time instead of its other usual path northwards into the Bohai Bay. The silting caused by the Yellow River was so heavy that after its last episode of "hijacking" the Huaihe ended in 1855, the Huaihe was no longer able to go through its usual path into the sea. Instead, it flooded, pooled up (thereby forming and enlarging Lake Hongze and Lake Gaoyou), and flowed southwards through the Grand Canal into the Yangtze. The old path of the Huaihe River is now marked by a series of irrigation channels, the most significant of which is the North Jiangsu Irrigation Main Channel (苏北灌溉总渠), which channels a small amount of the water of the Huaihe along its old path into the sea.
Jiangsu Province spans the warm-temperate/humid and subtropical/humid climate zones, and has clear-cut seasonal changes, with temperatures at an average of -2 to 4°C in January and 26 to 30°C in July. There are frequent rains between spring and summer (meiyu), typhoons with rainstorms in late summer and early autumn. The annual average rainfall is 800 to 1,200 mm, concentrated mostly in summer when the southeast monsoon carries rainwater into the province.
The 13 prefecture-level divisions of Jiangsu are subdivided into 106 county-level divisions (54 districts, 27 county-level cities, and 25 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1488 township-level divisions (1078 towns, 122 townships, one ethnic township, and 287 subdistricts).
See List of administrative divisions of Jiangsu for a complete list of county-level divisions.
Jiangsu has an extensive irrigation system supporting its agricultural sector, which is based primarily on rice and wheat, followed by maize and sorghum. Some of the province's important cash crops include cotton, soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, sesame, ambary hemp, and tea, while other products include peppermint, spearmint, bamboo, medicinal herbs, apples, pears, peaches, loquats, and ginkgo. Silkworms also form an important part of Jiangsu's agriculture, with the Lake Taihu region to the south serving as a major base of silk production in all of China. In addition to this, Jiangsu is abundant in marine life, including the yellow-fin tuna, hairtail, changfish, shrimp, algae, and shellfish. As such, it serves as an important source of freshwater fish and other aquatic products for the country.
In terms of mineral resources, Jiangsu has sizable reserves of copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold, and manganese. It also has coal, petroleum, and natural gas deposits, but its most significant mineral products are non-metal minerals such as halite (rock salt), sulfur, phosphorus, cyanite, sapphire, diamond, limestone, quartz sand, clay, and marble. The salt mines of Huaiyin have more than 0.4 trillion tons of deposits, which make it one of the greatest collections of salt in China.
Jiangsu has historically been oriented towards light industries such as textiles and the food industry, but since 1949, the province has also developed other industries machinery, electronics, chemicals, construction materials, and an automobile industry. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping have greatly benefited southern cities, especially Suzhou and Wuxi, which outstrip the provincial capital Nanjing in total output. In the eastern outskirts of Suzhou, Singapore has built the Suzhou Industrial Park, a flagship of PRC-Singapore cooperation and the only industrial park in China that is in its entirety the investment of one single foreign country.
Jiangsu is very wealthy among the provinces of China, with the second highest total GDP (after Guangdong Province). Its GDP per capita was 14,500 yuan in 2002, but geographical disparity is great, and southern cities like Suzhou and Wuxi have GDP per capita around twice the provincial average, making south Jiangsu one of the most prosperous regions in China.
In 2004, Jiangsu's nominal GDP was 1.54 trillion yuan (US$191.42 billion), making it the third largest GDP of all the provinces and an annual growth rate of 13.5%. Its per capita GDP was 16,796 yuan (US$2,029). The share of GDP of Jiangsu's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were 8.9 percent, 54.5 percent, and 36.6 percent respectively. The share of GDP by the public and private sector was 49.0 percent and 51.0 percent respectively.
A multi-tiered educational system including pre-school education, elementary education, education for the disabled, vocational education, higher education and adult education is now in place in Jiangsu.
According to statistics taken at the end of 2000, Jiangsu had 71 institutes of higher education with 451,800 students and 33,100 teachers, 4,222 junior and senior high schools with 4.34 million students and 250,200 teachers, and 19,100 primary schools with 7.19 million students and 289,000 teachers.
In the past several years, overall education levels have risen tremendously. In 2000, the illiterate population was 4.69 million, but that represented a significant decline from 1990, when the illiterate population was 11.56 million. Along with this, the illiterate population totaled 17.23 million in 1990, but in 2000, it was down to 6.31 million, a decrease of about 10.93 percent.
The province of Jiangsu was formed in the seventeenth century, and before that time the northern and southern parts of the province had a much weaker cultural and economic connection. Traditionally, the notion of South Jiangsu has been associated with the cultural makeup of the three major cities of Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou, all of which have cultures that are distinct from the rest of the province and have come to be known collectively as Wu culture. The other parts of the province are dominated by the so-called "Jianghuai Culture," which is comprised of the cultures of the area between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. In history, the term North Jiangsu refers to the cities to the north of the Yangtze River. For the cities of Nanjing and Zhenjiang, neither of the two terms (North Jiangsu and South Jiangsu) can be applied, because although they are to the south of the River, culturally they are still part of the Jianghuai Region. Since about 1998, a new cultural classification has been used frequently by the government and mainly defined by economic means. It groups all the cities to the south of the Yangtze River as South Jiangsu, the cities of Yangzhou, Nantong and Taizhou as Middle Jiangsu, and all the rest of the province as North Jiangsu.
Two main subdivisions of the Chinese language, Mandarin (not Putonghua, the national standard speech based on the Beijing dialect, also commonly called Mandarin) and Wu, are spoken in different parts of Jiangsu. Dialects of Mandarin are spoken over the traditional North Jiangsu, Nanjing and Zhenjiang, while Wu is used in South Jiangsu. Mandarin and Wu are not mutually intelligible, and the dividing line is sharp and well-defined. In addition, Standard Chinese (Putonghua/Mandarin) is also spoken by most people in the province.
Jiangsu is rich in cultural traditions. Kunqu, originating in Kunshan, is one of the most renowned and prestigious forms of Chinese opera. Pingtan, a form of storytelling accompanied by music, is also popular and it can be subdivided into types by origin: Suzhou Pingtan (of Suzhou), Yangzhou Pingtan (of Yangzhou), and Nanjing Pingtan (of Nanjing). Xiju, a form of traditional Chinese opera, is popular in Wuxi, while Huaiju is popular further north, around Yancheng. Jiangsu cuisine also holds the distinction of being one of the eight great traditions of the Chinese cuisine.
Suzhou is famous for its silk, embroidery art, jasmine tea, stone bridges, pagodas, and its classical gardens. Nearby Yixing is famous for its teaware, and Yangzhou is famous for its lacquerware and jadeware. Nanjing's yunjin is a famous form of woven silk, while Wuxi is famous for its peaches.
Since ancient times, south Jiangsu has been famed for its prosperity and opulence, and simply inserting south Jiangsu place names (Suzhou, Yangzhou, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a literary trick which was used by many famous poets throughout Chinese history. In particular, the fame of Suzhou (as well as Hangzhou in neighbouring Zhejiang province) has led to the popular saying: 上有天堂，下有蘇杭 (above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two currently prosperous cities.
The majority of Jiangsu residents are ethnic Han Chinese. However, in addition to the ethnic Han group, Jiangsu is also home to 55 minority ethnic groups with a total population of 210,000, accounting for 0.29 percent of the provincial total. Some of these minorities include the Hui and the Manchus.
Jiangsu is a province that is blessed with an abundance of tourist sites. Nanjing was the capital of several Chinese dynasties and contains a variety of historic sites, such as the Purple Mountain, Purple Mountain Observatory, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Ming Dynasty city wall and gates, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (The mausoleum of the first Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang), Lake Xuanwu, Jiming Temple, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial, Nanjing Confucius Temple, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, and the Nanjing Zoo. Suzhou is renowned for its classical gardens (designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site), as well as Hanshan Temple, and Huqiu Tower. Nearby is the water-town of Zhouzhuang, an international tourist destination where Venice-like waterways, bridges and dwellings have been preserved over centuries. Yangzhou is known for its Thin West Lake, and Wuxi is known for being the home of the world's tallest Buddha statue. In the north, Xuzhou is designated as one of China's "eminent historical cities."
This page was last modified on 5 May 2018, at 15:22. |
0.993968 | The Murasaki Brothers (ムラサキの兄弟, Murasaki no Kyōdai) are five ninja brothers that appeared to stop Goku from reaching the top of Muscle Tower.
According to the special magazine Dragon Ball: Bouken Special, Ninja Murasaki's four brothers are named Kon, Aka, Nao, and Cha. Aka means "red", Kon means "navy blue", and "Cha" means "brown", as well as the "ao" in "Nao" meaning blue in Japanese. Those colors mixed with each other gives purple, the meaning of "Murasaki" in Japanese.
Main article: Ninja Murasaki The oldest of the brothers, and the one who confronts Goku on the Muscle Tower.
Kon (コン, Kon) is the 2nd oldest of the brothers. He is defeated by Goku in the Muscle Tower, as are the rest of his brothers. Kon usually wields a set of kunai knives. In Xenoverse 2 he is named Konkon.
Cha (チャ, Cha) is the 3rd oldest of the brothers. He is defeated by Goku, as are the rest of his brothers. Cha wields a British Webley Mk. IV revolver. In Xenoverse 2, he is named Chacha.
This article is about one of Ninja Murasaki's brothers. For the fusion, see Aka.
Aka (アカ, Aka) is the 4th oldest of the brothers. He is defeated by Goku, as are the rest of his brothers. Aka wields a blowgun. In Xenoverse 2, he is named Akkah.
Nao (ナオ, Nao) is the youngest of the brothers. He is defeated by Goku, as are the rest of his brothers. Nao speaks in a notably different accent (a slight southern accent) to the other Murasaki brothers. He wields a kusarigama. In Xenoverse 2, he is named Aoh.
Main article: Red Ribbon Army Saga The four were supposedly "clones" of the original Murasaki but, in reality, they are his identical brothers. They each wield a different weapon. They distract Goku while Murasaki escapes. Goku manages to defeat all of them with punches, kicks, and the last one with a Power Pole whack to the head. They are killed when Android 8 destroys Muscle Tower, which collapses on them, though Murasaki himself survives in the anime.
Ninja Murasaki and his four brothers appear in the crossover episode "Gokuu-kun Arale no Gakkou de Dai Pinch!" of the 1997 Dr. Slump remake. When Goku arrives in Penguin Village with all the Dragon Balls in his knapsack, except one that Arale Norimaki had found, Murasaki and his brothers attempt to get them all from Goku but are defeated by Arale and Goku working together.
Main article: Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 The Murasaki Brothers appear as members of the Time Patrol, with each one having been sent to one of the five areas stuck in rift time to investigate by the Supreme Kai of Time. Each one will provide the Future Warrior with information about the area they are found in.
Additionally, a Frieza Race Time Patroller named Jierra will tell the Future Warrior about an altered history at Muscle Tower that causes the Murasaki Brothers to somehow multiply from just 5 brothers to 20.
The Murasaki Brothers appear as bosses in Dragon Ball: Advanced Adventure, Dragon Ball: Revenge of King Piccolo, and Dragon Ball: Origins 2. The Murasaki Brothers are also referenced in Dragon Ball Heroes, as part of a special mission where a team of five Murasakis has to be defeated.
Ninjas who look similar to the Murasaki Brothers are enemies in Dragon Ball Z: Buu's Fury.
In Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2, the Murasaki Brothers appear as members of the Time Patrol under Chronoa who are sent to investigate each of the five Time Miniature large rift anomalies that have appeared in Conton City in Age 850. Ninja Murasaki appears at Satan House, Konkon appears at Capsule Corporation, Chacha appears at Guru's House, Akkah appears at Majin Buu's house, and Aoh appears outside Frieza's Spaceship though inside it's rift. Though they are not villains in Xenoverse 2, most of them tend to be cowardly or lazy, while Ninja Murasaki decides not to join the Saiya Squad in playing superhero as ninja work in the shadows which he explains to the Future Warrior. Presumably, their ninja training makes them ideal for investigations that require stealth and intelligence gather such as the large rifts.
In the English version of Xenoverse 2, the brothers (aside from Murasaki) are named Konkon, Chacha, Akkah, and Aoh. Additionally each brother wears different color clothing, Murasaki wears purple, Konkon wears dark blue, Chacha wears brown, Akkah wears red, and Aoh wears blue.
In Xenoverse 2, the Murasaki Brothers all wear male Time Patroller Battle Armor, which is odd as it is normally exclusive to male Saiyan Time Patrollers, yet the Murasaki Brothers themselves are Human-type Earthlings. It is also odd that they do not wear the Murasaki-style Ninja Suit despite it being an available costume in Xenoverse 2 though presumably they chose to wear Battle Armor as it presumably offers better protection than their traditional ninja garbs.
Additionally they all wear the Ninja Katana accessory (which are replicas of Sasanishiki), with the potential exception of Murasaki who may be equipped with his sword Sasanishiki.
Akina • Bulla • Bulma Leigh • Gohan (Future • Xeno) • Goten (Xeno) • Trunks (Future) • Pan • Goku Jr. • Vegeta Jr. |
0.999857 | There is no general common law obligation on decision-makers to give reasons, but a statute might impose it.
The High Court has recently restated the position that there is no general common law obligation on administrative decision-makers to give reasons for their decisions in the absence of an express statutory requirement: Wingfoot Australia Partners Pty Ltd v Kocak HCA 43, confirming Public Service Board of NSW v Osmond (1986) 159 CLR 356.
Accordingly, the legal consequence of failing to provide reasons or providing inadequate reasons depends upon the statutory context.
The High Court has also clarified that a failure to give adequate reasons can, in a particular statutory context where reasons are expressly required, constitute a failure to make a valid decision.
Mr Kocak had been employed in making tyres by Wingfoot, a tyre manufacturer from 1992 to 2001. In 1996, he injured his neck when pulling a spool of heavy rubber towards himself. By 2009, Mr Kocak suffered from a significant medical condition of the neck/cervical spine.
Mr Kocak claimed that the 1996 neck injury caused his current significant condition and sought a declaration of entitlement to medical expenses pursuant to the Accident Compensation Act 1985 (Vic). Wingfoot denied liability and claimed that the 1996 incident was unrelated to the present condition.
to what extent does the condition result from or is materially contributed to by the 1996 injury?
The Medical Panel's answers to these questions were critically important as its opinion was binding for the purposes of determining the question or matter under or for the purposes of the Accident Compensation Act 1985 (although the High Court found that the opinion was binding only for the purposes of the matter in which the medical question arose and was not binding for the purposes of all matters such as the subsequent determination of Mr Kocak's common law claim for damages). The Medical Panel was obliged to give written reasons.
Mr Kocak had substantial expert medical opinion backed by radiographic evidence to support his claim that a neck injury suffered in the course of his employment making rubber tyres for Wingfoot in 1996 was a cause of his present serious medical condition. However, the Medical Panel found that the 1996 injury was merely a soft tissue injury that could not possibly have caused his chronic neck/cervical spine condition.
The Victorian Court of Appeal quashed the opinion of the Medical Panel. It found that the Panel was obliged to provide a comprehensible explanation for rejecting Mr Kocak's expert medical opinions and for preferring Wingfoot's expert medical opinions over them. As the reasons did not provide this explanation, they were not proper or adequate reasons. Wingfoot then sought special leave to appeal to the High Court.
The High Court answers the "question of public importance": how good must the reasons be?
The High Court unanimously allowed Wingfoot's appeal from the Court of Appeal. The High Court held that, in the context of the Victorian legislation, while inadequacy of reasons is an error of law on the face of the record so that a court can quash the Medical Panel's opinion, there was no utility in issuing a writ of certiorari to quash the decision in this case, as the proceedings in which medical questions had been referred to the Medical Panel for binding determination had been finally determined. The High Court also found that, in the circumstances of this case, the Medical Panel's reasons were adequate.
Although the unavailability of certiorari was sufficient to dispose of the appeal in this case, the High Court went on to consider the "question of public importance": were the Medical Panel's reasons inadequate to meet the standard required of a written statement of reasons, and what standard of reasons was required for a valid decision in the context of this particular statutory scheme where the decision-maker was expressly required to prepare written reasons.
The High Court found that the Medical Panel's reasons met the standard of reasons required; the Medical Panel's duty to give reasons is "no more nor less than a statutory duty" and that the required standard is to be to be determined as an exercise in statutory construction.
"The statement of reasons must explain the actual path of reasoning by which the Medical Panel in fact arrived at the opinion the Medical Panel in fact formed on the medical question referred to it. The statement of reasons must explain that actual path of reasoning in sufficient detail to enable a court to see whether the opinion does or does not involve any error of law. If a statement of reasons meeting that standard discloses an error of law in the way the Medical Panel formed its opinion, the legal effect of the opinion can be removed by an order in the nature of certiorari for that error of law on the face of the record of the opinion. If a statement of reasons fails to meet that standard, that failure is itself an error of law on the face of the record of the opinion, on the basis of which an order in the nature of certiorari can be made removing the legal effect of the opinion."
In the High Court's view, the Medical Panel's opinion met the required standard as the primary judge had found, and no further reasoning was required to enable a court to see whether the opinion does or does not involve any error of law. In this case, the Court of Appeal was found to have erred by imposing a judicial standard of reasons on an expert body for no additional legal benefit.
The High Court found that discussions in cases decided in the context of other statutes and academic discussion on the value of reason-writing did not assist in the Court's task of determining the standard of reasons required of a particular decision-maker in a particular statutory context as the standard of reasons required "can vary markedly with the context".
This case firmly establishes that there is no general common law obligation on decision-makers to give reasons. However, it also makes clear that in the right statutory context an express obligation to give reasons may form the basis of a precondition for a valid decision. Finally, it is clear that the content of the obligation and the standard of reasons required in any particular decision-making context is ultimately a question of statutory interpretation. |
0.739331 | Bitcoin is a currency, technology, and, most recently, futures product. Several clearinghouses have allowed bitcoin futures trading. For example, CBOE launched trading in bitcoin futures on December 10, 2017, while CME Group did so a week later. NASDAQ and Cantor Fitzgerald’s exchange are also considering offering bitcoin futures.
Futures generally contribute to systemic risk, but distinctive features of bitcoin futures heighten concerns. Thus, the Futures Industry Association (FIA), a trade organization representing major banks and brokers, has protested the introduction of bitcoin futures to the market without more scrutiny, given their enormous potential to disrupt the economy. This has created an unusual public gulf between institutional traders and the clearinghouses.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) responded to FIA’s concerns with heightened review for cryptocurrency futures. Now, the question is how to minimize the systemic risk. There are several possible approaches, each with its advantages and drawbacks, but the main factor is risk management, with the biggest risk posed by a default on a bitcoin futures contract. Particularly important to avoid is the bankruptcy or financial weakening of the clearinghouses through which bitcoin futures are traded.
The first regulatory method is to simply prohibit bitcoin futures entirely, as some banks and governments have done. However, a general rule prohibiting trading in bitcoin futures can be considered after other methods of preventing crises have been exhausted.
One option is to limit the number of positions that any one person may hold. Position limits reduce excessive speculation, deter market manipulation, ensure sufficient market liquidity for bona fide hedgers, and protect the price discovery function of the market. These sorts of limits curtail the amount of risk each trader can carry when it comes to bitcoin futures.
Another option is to increase the margin deposits on bitcoin futures. To control the risk of default, clearinghouses maintain a margin regime that includes an initial margin and a variation margin, both of which consist of collateral posted by a clearing member to protect the clearinghouse in the case of default. Bitcoin’s volatility led CME to require traders to post margin deposits of more than 40 percent on their bitcoin futures. Most futures contracts require margin deposits of less than 10 percent. Reducing margin requirements would make bitcoin cheaper to trade and bitcoin futures more attractive but might also introduce risks to CME’s clearing system.
Clearinghouses have over the years also used transaction fees to create guarantee funds designed to cover bad trades. To minimize risk, separate guarantee funds could be introduced for bitcoin futures. In other words, the party who creates the risk should pay for it. These separate guarantee funds for bitcoin futures could be created by the clearinghouse or its members.
Finally, the health of much of the financial sector has been left to stress testing, which examines the performance of the regulated entity in hypothetical, challenging circumstances. Stress testing should continue in the bitcoin context by applying it to positions at the clearinghouses. A failed stress test would raise concerns about whether a firm or clearinghouse had enough capital to stay solvent in a crisis.
In sum, while bitcoin futures are new, their risks are old. However, these familiar risks can be reduced with any of these approaches.
CBOE, XBT-Cboe Bitcoin Futures, available at http://cfe.cboe.com/cfe-products/xbt-cboe-bitcoin-futures; CME Group, CME Bitcoin Futures Frequently Asked Questions, available at http://www.cmegroup.com/education/cme-bitcoin-futures-frequently-asked-questions.html.
Sean J. Griffith, Substituted Compliance and Systemic Risk: How to Make a Global Market in Derivatives Regulation, 98 Minn. L. Rev. 1291, 1295 (2014) (defining systemic risk as “the linkages and interdependencies between participants in the financial market” and calling it “an appropriate target for regulatory attention”). “Derivatives are all about risk. They are, at their core, nothing more than a contractual means by which parties allocate the risk of a fluctuation in price of an underlying reference asset.” Id. at 1295.
See, e.g., David Felsenthal, Daniel Silver, Jesse Overall & Brian Yin, Clifford Chance Discusses the Role of the CFTC in the Regulation of Bitcoin, The CLS Blue Sky Blog, available at http://clsbluesky.law.columbia.edu/2018/02/16/clifford-chance-discusses-the-role-of-the-cftc-in-the-regulation-of-bitcoin/#_ftnref13.
Griffith, supra note 2, at 1295-96.
Reuters Staff, Merrill Lynch Bans Clients from Investing in Silbert Bitcoin Fund (Jan. 3, 2018), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bank-of-america-merrill-lynch-bitcoin/merrill-lynch-bans-clients-from-investing-in-silbert-bitcoin-fund-idUSKBN1ET02N; Evelyn Cheng & Cheang Ming, Bitcoin Briefly Falls 11% after South Korea Moves to Ban New Cryptocurrency Trading Accounts, CNBC (Dec. 28, 2017), available at https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/28/bitcoin-drops-11-percent-as-south-korea-moves-to-regulate-cryptocurrency-trading.html.
Andrew Notini, Note, Paper Tiger: The Validity of CFTC Position-Limit Rulemaking under Dodd-Frank, 46 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 185, 192-93 (2013).
Reuters Staff, Bitcoin Futures Contracts at CME and Cboe, Reuters (Dec. 15, 2017), available at https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-bitcoin-futures-contracts/bitcoin-futures-contracts-at-cme-and-cboe-idUSKBN1E92K9.
Gregory Meyer, Nicole Bullock, Joe Rennison, & Alexandra Scaggs, Bitcoin Futures Face Safeguards to Tackle Wild Gyrations, Financial Times (Nov. 16, 2017), available at https://www.ft.com/content/4bbf1ef6-ca4a-11e7-ab18-7a9fb7d6163e.
Julia Lees Allen, Note, Derivatives Clearinghouses and Systematic Risk: A Bankruptcy and Dodd-Frank Analysis, 64 Stan. L. Rev. 1079, 1089 n.36 (2012).
Id. at 1091 (describing the stress tests that the LCH clearing company uses for its default fund).
U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, CFTC Announces Clearinghouse Liquidity Stress Test Results (Oct. 16, 2017), available at http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/pr7630-17.
This post comes to us from Professor Margaret Ryznar at Indiana University’s McKinney School of Law. It is based on her forthcoming Houston Law Review article, “The Future of Bitcoin Futures,” available here. |
0.974947 | Does open source make it easier for a SMB to get going? We are going to show examples in practice. The first small business relies on a mix of Open Source and commercial software; the second is almost solely dependent on Open Source. The economics of the businesses are noticeably different.
The first example is of someone with no intention to go big but rather do something she loved, and decided to make some money doing it. There were no patent attorneys, trademark lawyers, big events in San Francisco or New York. She seems very happy with where her business is today and where she is going with it. And happiness is one part of the metrics game that does not show up on a balance sheet. The second example is a couple who wanted to start their own business, looked around for something they could try to make a go of, and found a unique niche. They would like to get big but understand that they need to take steps to get there.
In both cases, it is hard to imagine these companies trying to start up 20 years ago, when you could barely reach new customer outside of your own town, let alone reach international customers, or change their offerings quickly (remember brochures), or build their own marketing list rather than renting strangers' names. |
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