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0.983827 | How secure are iPhone App Store mobile applications?
Expert Michael Cobb reviews the steps that Apple has taken to ensure the quality and safety of any applications developed for the iPhone.
The iPhone App Store has become quite popular as of late. However, most of the applications are built by third-party developers. How secure are they, and how can I be assured that an application an end user downloads onto his or her iPhone won't endanger enterprise data that may be on the device?
Despite being a very cool smartphone, the iPhone's popularity largely hinges on its wide range of available applications. This is why Apple released an official software development kit (SDK). The iPhone Developer Standard and Enterprise Programs provide the development resources needed to create, test and distribute free, commercial or proprietary in-house applications. By opening up the iPhone OS and publishing the SDK, Apple can harness the ingenuity and efforts of thousands of developers to create a wide array of iPhone applications.
Apple has taken a number of steps to ensure the quality and safety of any applications developed for the iPhone. To start, any developer wishing to create an iPhone application must apply for a code-signing certificate from Apple, which has to be used to "sign" the application once it is created. The iPhone OS then uses this certificate to check the authenticity and integrity of the application before installing and executing it. (A software update released in September 2007 by Apple erased software that hadn't been sanctioned by the company.) Apple also adopted the trusted-source approach for distributing third-party iPhone apps. In other words, iPhone applications must come from the iPhone App Store, which makes it much harder for hackers to distribute malicious or harmful applications.
Once installed, an application runs in a sandboxed environment: It can only access files stored in its own private directory, with no access to system files or the files belonging to other applications, although it does have read-only access to system configuration information. An application also can't directly access the hardware. Using hardware-based features, such as Wi-Fi connections and accelerometers, can only be accomplished by going through APIs provided by the SDK frameworks. Finally, only one application can run at a time, making it difficult for a malicious application to run in the background.
So far, so good. Even so, I would proceed with caution before allowing such a radically new device to access sensitive enterprise data. There were reports that the key of the beta Application SDK was leaked. If that happened to the release version, hackers could create malicious yet compliant applications. There are also concerns that some of the security features of the iPhone's underlying Unix OS were stripped away to reduce memory requirements. It's been reported that nearly every iPhone process runs as root, which is clearly a breach of the principle of least privilege, as any process would enjoy near full system rights to do whatever its programmer instructed.
Also of note is that most iPhone applications being developed aren't being created with enterprise requirements in mind. The iPhone has been aimed mainly at the individual, not a corporate user. This will change as iPhone usage spreads, but at this point in time, I think it is important that companies quickly move to establish acceptable usage policies that state which applications can be downloaded onto the device. This list of applications should include only those that have been tested and deemed appropriate for users. Keeping the number of applications to a minimum will not only reduce risk, but also improve the iPhone's performance while reducing the number of support calls you receive. Personally, I wouldn't allow any mobile device that can't be remotely disabled and wiped to connect to the corporate network or access enterprise data. Laptops can now have such functionality installed. Dell Inc., for example, is embedding ComputraceComplete from Absolute Software Corp. into its laptops, which will erase data on stolen machines as well as provide tracking and recovery services. As smartphones are even smaller and easier to lose or (steal), they need the same type of protection. |
0.999999 | I've come up with 6 excellent reasons to eat local food. Can you come up with more?
Environment: It's better for the environment because it doesn't need to be shipped, trucked, and stored, and usually has less packaging. You'll be helping reduce the amount of pollution and carbon emissions from transport, and reducing the amount of wasted energy.
Taste: Local food tastes better! It's fresher because it hasn't travelled all over the nation (or the world) in cold-storage on trucks or ships. You get the food much quicker after it's been made or harvested. For example, winter tomatoes from a national supermarket never taste good - they're bred for their ability to be stacked and stored for lengthy periods of time, not for their taste. Summer tomatoes, grown locally and maybe from an unusual heirloom variety, will be juicier and better-textured.
Community: You're helping support your local economy, instead of contributing to the fat bonuses of corporate multinational CEOs. Small businesses depend on our participation, and are often the backbone of a community.
Health: Unless you live in the middle of a chocolate and beer region (and if so, lucky you!), there's a good chance you'll be eating more healthy food. Processed, sugary snacks are often hard to find from local sources, since it's easier to mass-produce them in a factory and ship them interstate. Meanwhile, fresh fruit and vegies, olive oils, native herbs and spices, nuts and milk and bread are much easier to source from your local area.
Information: If you're health-conscious or prefer organic foods, it's much easier to find out the origins and processing of a local food than one made far away. You can actually meet or call the farmer or owner, and have a chat about how they run their business. This in turn gives them an incentive to do the right thing, since they're likely to be questioned on it! Most of the reports about unsafe food practices come from multinational food processors who don't feel obliged to communicate with their customers, or worried that anyone will find out if they're cutting corners on safety or health.
It's fun! Going to farmer's markets or joining a Community Supported Agriculture group (more on those in a future blog post) is way more fun than trudging around supermarkets with a trolley. You get to meet and chat with the people who grow your food, and are more likely to get free taste tests! |
0.999633 | In French, to say that someone strongly believes in and supports a cause (e.g. freedom) or an idea (e.g. the unity of Europe), we use the expression "acquis à la cause de".
"Acquis à la cause de l'unité européenne, il est un grand défenseur des institutions actuelles"
"Strongly convinced by the necessity of European unity, he is a strong advocate of the current institutions".
It seems awkward to me however... Would someone (preferably a native speaker) have a better / more idiomatic expression ?
As a strong backer/supporter of European unity, he fiercely/zealously/passionately defends [or: he will fiercely/zealously/passionately defend] the existing institutions. |
0.999999 | Leonard Prescott, vice president and general manager of Weaver-Yamazaki Pharmaceutical of Japan, believed that John Higgins, his executive assistant, was losing effectiveness in representing the U.S. parent company because of an extraordinary identification with the Japanese culture.
The parent company, Weaver Pharmaceutical, had extensive international operations and was one of the largest U.S. drug firms. Its competitive position depended heavily on research and development (R&D). Sales activity in Japan started in the early 1930s when Yamazaki Pharmaceutical, a major producer of drugs and chemicals in Japan, began distributing Weaver's products. World War II disrupted sales, but Weaver resumed exporting to Japan in 1948 and subsequently captured a substantial market share. To prepare for increasingly keen competition from Japanese producers, Weaver and Yamazaki established in 1954 a jointly owned and operated manufacturing subsidiary to produce part of Weaver's product line.
Through the combined effort of both parent companies, the subsidiary soon began manufacturing sufficiently broad lines of products to fill the general demands of the Japanese market. Imports from the United States were limited to highly specialized items. The company conducted substantial R&D on its own, coordinated through a joint committee representing both Weaver and Yamazaki to avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts. The subsidiary turned out many new products, some of which were marketed successfully in the United States and elsewhere. Weaver's management considered the Japanese operation to be one of its most successful international ventures and felt that the company's future prospects were promising, especially given the steady improvement in Japan's standard of living.
The subsidiary was headed by Shozo Suzuki who, as executive vice president of Yamazaki and president of several other subsidiaries, limited his participation in Weaver-Yamazaki to determining basic policies. Daily operations were managed by Prescott, assisted by Higgins and several Japanese directors. Although several other Americans were assigned to the venture, they were concerned with R&D and held no overall management responsibilities.
Weaver Pharmaceutical had a policy of moving U.S. personnel from one foreign post to another with occasional tours in the home-office international division. Each such assignment generally lasted for three to five years. There were a limited number of expatriates, so company personnel policy was flexible enough to allow an employee to stay in a country for an indefinite time if desired. A few expatriates had stayed in one foreign post for over ten years.
Prescott replaced the former general manager, who had been in Japan for six years.
Essay about Business Analysis: The Case of 7-Eleven Inc.
An experienced international businessman who had spent most of his 25-year career at Weaver abroad, he had served in India, the Philippines, and Mexico, with several years in the home-office international division. He was delighted to be challenged with expanding Japanese operations. Two years later, he was pleased with the company's progress and felt a sense of accomplishment in having developed a smoothly functioning organization.
Born in a small Midwestern town, Higgins entered his state university after high school. Midway through college, however, he joined the army. Because he had shown an interest in languages in college, he was able to attend the Army Language School for intensive training in Japanese. Fifteen months later, he was assigned as an interpreter and translator in Tokyo and subsequently took more courses in Japanese language, literature, and history. He made many Japanese friends, fell in love with Japan, and vowed to return there. After five years in the army, Higgins returned to college. Because he wanted to use Japanese as a means rather than an end in itself, he finished his college work in management, graduating with honors, and then joined Weaver. After a year in the company training program, he was assigned to Japan, a year before Prescott's arrival.
Higgins was pleased to return to Japan, not only because of his love for the country but I also because of the opportunity to improve the "ugly American" image held abroad. His language ability and interest in Japan enabled him to intermingle with broad segments of the Japanese population. He noted with disdain that U.S. managers tended to impose their j value systems, ideals, and thinking patterns on the Japanese, believing that anything from the United States was universally right and applicable.
Under both Prescott and his predecessor, Higgins's responsibilities included trou¬bleshooting with major Japanese customers, attending trade meetings, negotiating with government officials, conducting marketing research, and helping with day-to-day administration. Both general managers sought his advice on many difficult and complex administrative problems and found him capable. Prescott became concerned, however, with the notable changes in Higgins's attitude and thinking. He felt that Higgins had absorbed and internalized the Japanese culture to such a degree that he had lost the U.S. point of view. He had "gone native," resulting in a substantial loss of administrative effectiveness.
Prescott mentally listed a few examples to describe what he meant by Higgins's "complete emotional involvement" with Japanese culture. The year before, Higgins had married a Japanese woman who had studied in the United States and graduated from a prestigious Japanese university. At that time, Higgins had asked for and received permission to extend his stay in Japan indefinitely. This seemed to Prescott to mark a turning point in Higgins's behavior. Higgins moved to a strictly Japanese neighborhood, relaxed in a kimono at home, used the public bath, and was invited to weddings, neighborhood parties, and even Buddhist funerals. Although Weaver had a policy of granting two months' home leave every two years, with paid transportation for the employee and his family, Higgins declined to take trips, preferring instead to visit remote parts of Japan with his wife.
At work, Higgins also had taken on many characteristics of a typical Japanese executive. He spent considerable time listening to the personal problems of his subordinates, maintained close social ties with many of the men in the company, and had even arranged marriages for some of the young employees. Consequently, many employees sought out Higgins in order to register their complaints and demands with management. These included requests for more liberal fringe benefits, such as more recreational activities and the acquisition of rest houses at resort areas. Many employees also complained to Higgins about a new personnel policy, installed by Prescott, that involved a move away from basing promotions on seniority and toward basing them on superiors' evaluations of subordinates. The employees asked Higgins to intercede on their behalf. He did so, insisting their demands were justified.
Although Prescott believed it was helpful to learn the feelings of middle managers from Higgins, he disliked having to deal with Higgins as an adversary rather than an ally. Prescott became hesitant to ask his assistant's opinion because Higgins invariably raised objections to changes that were contrary to the Japanese norm. Prescott believed that there were dynamic changes occurring in traditional Japanese customs and culture, and he was confident that many Japanese were not tied to existing cultural patterns as rigidly as Higgins seemed to think. This opinion was bolstered by the fact that many Japanese subordinates were more willing than Higgins was to try out new ideas. Prescott also thought that there was no point in a progressive U.S. company's merely copying the local customs. He felt that the company's real contribution to Japanese society was in introducing new ideas and innovations.
Recent incidents had raised some doubts in Prescott's mind as to the soundness of Higgins's judgment, which Prescott had never questioned before. One example involved the dismissal of a manager who in Prescott's opinion lacked initiative, leadership, and general competency. After two years of continued prodding by his superiors, including Prescott, the manager still showed little interest in self-improvement. Both Higgins and the personnel manager objected vigorously to the dismissal because the company had never fired anyone before. They also argued that the employee was loyal and honest and that the company was partially at fault for having kept him on for the last ten years without spotting the incompetency. A few weeks after the dismissal, Prescott accidentally learned that Higgins had interceded on behalf of the fired employee, with the result that Yamazaki Pharmaceutical had taken him on. When confronted with this action, Higgins simply said that he had done what was expected of a superior in any Japanese company.
Prescott believed these incidents suggested a serious problem. Higgins had been an effective and efficient manager whose knowledge of the language and the people had proved invaluable. Prescott knew that Higgins had received several outstanding offers to go with other companies in Japan. And on numerous occasions, Prescott's friends in U.S. companies said they envied him for having a man of Higgins's qualifications as an assistant. However, Prescott felt Higgins would be far more effective if he took a more emotionally detached attitude toward Japan. In Prescott's view, the best international executive was one who retained a belief in the fundamentals of the home point of view while also understanding foreign attitudes. This understanding, of course, should be thorough or even instinctive, but it also should be objective, characterized neither by disdain nor by strong emotional attachment. |
0.989986 | So his mother's hard work and trying to provide for him wasn't enough for him? Ive heard this story several times and each time it seems like this man was the only person there for him. I think what the article is saying is for someone who understand the stuggle of poverty and being underpaid and growing up in a single parent home, you would think that he would have a plan and be more supportive to help lower class which is his community and yet he is against it and wants to cut programs. Yes most people work hard for a living but tthere are people who still works hard like his mother and still can't afford to live. |
0.992976 | What are the different kinds of Christmas trees?
How to care of Christmas tree.
Fraser Fir is considered very fragrant and with beautiful two tone coloring. The Fraser Fir has short dark-green needles on top with silver undersides The Fraser Fir takes around 10 years to reach 6 feet. The tree is lush, deep green foliage, a beautiful pyramidal in shape, a wonderful holidays fragrance, and great needle retention. The Fraser fir makes a perfect Christmas tree.
The needles are short, flat and soft to the touch. These needles are a blend of dark green with silver bottom, making it vibrant color combination. The tree is known for its solid needle retention during the holidays. The branches are sting making them easy to hold all those precious ornaments. The tree has the space to showcase ornaments well, and to display lights brightly. |
0.999996 | Japan mobilised 50,000 military and other rescue personnel to spearhead a Herculean rescue and recovery effort, a day after being hit by its most devastating quake and tsunami on record.
"I realized the huge extent of the tsunami damage," the centre-left premier said after taking a helicopter tour of the apocalyptic scenes, before meeting his cabinet ministers for an emergency meeting in Tokyo.
Read the rest of the story: Japan launches gargantuan quake rescue effort. |
0.979058 | How well do you know ants? Answer the following questions by selecting true or false. Better yet, stump your family and friends by giving them the quiz. When you are done, you can find the answers below the photograph.
1. Some ants can explode when threatened by enemies, true or false?
2. Peony plants require ants for their buds to open into flowers, true or false?
3. All species of ants can sting, true or false?
4. Soldier ants are all males, true or false?
5. Ants can be used as stitches to close wounds, true or false?
6. Ants are silent, true or false?
7. Ants plow more soil than earthworms, true or false?
8. Scientists who study ants are called antomologists, true or false?
9. Certain types of caterpillars eat ants, true or false?
10. Ants plant the seeds of many wildflowers, including violets, true or false?
11. Ants pollinate many types of flowers, true or false?
12. Ant larvae can make silk, true or false?
True: The soldier ants of the carpenter ant Camponotus saundersi swell up and explode all over their enemies.
False: Although this is a common myth, the truth is that if you keep ants off the peonies by spreading sticky substances on the stems, the peonies will still open. The actual relationship is that the peony buds supply nectar to the ants and in return the ants keep off pests like caterpillars.
False: Many species of ants lack stingers. They may spray formic acid or bite (or explode) to defend themselves, rather than actually sting.
See the bite or sting post for more information.
False: All worker ants are technically females and because soldiers are specialized workers, they are females. The only males are wasp-like forms that have wings and do now work inside the nest.
True: Certain species of army ants with large jaws have been used as stitches or sutures to close wounds. The soldier ant is enticed to bite across the wound and it clamps down, closing its jaws.
False: As scientists develop more and more sensitive equipment to record sounds, we are finding that many types of ants actually make a lot of noise. For example, R. Hickling has some recordings of fire ants squeaking (stridulating). Even more interesting, certain caterpillars make sounds to attract and communicate with ants.
True! Surprised? Ants nest in the ground and improve the soil by tunneling and adding nutrients. Earthworms were introduced to eastern North America by the early European colonists. They did not exist here before that.
False. Scientists who study insects are called entomologists. Specialists who study ants are called myrmecologists, coming from the Greek word for ant. The Latin word for ant is Formica.
True! Caterpillars of some butterflies, particularly blues, have complex relationships with ants and spend time in the ant nests feeding on ant larvae.
True. Ants carry seeds around and drop them in their waste piles, which is an ideal place for seeds to grow. In fact scientists have shown there are far fewer wildflowers where ants are absent.
False: Ants are not very good pollinators, although there are a few very specialized flowers that rely on ant pollinators.
True: Ant larvae produce silk with glands in their mouths. Many species spin silk bags around themselves, called cocoons, when they are ready to pupate and change into adult ants. |
0.957234 | What is the secret to great marketing?
To be able to do this you need to have a marketing strategy in place so that you know at all times what you’re doing, why and when. It means that you are consistent in your communication and standards are kept high at all times. Failure to plan means doing activities at the last minute, which will inevitably mean that they will be implemented poorly and you may miss out on some great opportunities. Also, for marketing to be effective, you must organise a number of activities which all work together in order to have the biggest impact, this is not possible if you do things on an ad hoc basis.
By working with a Marketing Consultant, such as myself, you will actually save time, effort and money, and your campaigns will be more successful. However, if you are tight on budget, there is some excellent information available for free on the internet and in blogs such as this, or go along to a networking event and talk to other people like yourself, it’s amazing the ideas and knowledge you can acquire.
I will be regularly posting tips and techniques to this blog that you may find of interest, so watch this space or sign up to my newsletter ‘In the Know’ so you don’t miss out. |
0.999823 | We need a developer to create a web based facial recognition system using JS/Ajax/PHP.
- User will use another form to upload a JPG to be compared with previously stored images. Results will be displayed in an organized list based on the returned JSON data.
- Use bootstrap template to display basic stats such as number of images uploaded, number searches performed, number of successful face matches.
- Use of functions to keep the API specific code separate from the rest of it is important in the event we need to switch API's in the future.
- Utilize the facial recognition API to process user uploaded images and check for a face. If one is found, store simple data to local database. If no face detected, notify the user the image is not usable.
- Utilize the API to search previously uploaded images with the user uploaded image and return results via JSON. Update simple data in local database like incrementing # of searches performed, match rates on images, etc.
- Allow for manual upload of CSV file or fetch by URL which will contain image data such as image URL, a person's name, birthdate, and other unique identifier. |
0.999995 | In Chaplin's satire on Nazi Germany, dictator Adenoid Hynkel has a double... a poor Jewish barber... who one day is mistaken for Hynkel.
I was surprised and impressed to find out this movie was released in 1940, before the United States entered World War II. On the surface, satirizing something as solemn and horrible as Nazi Germany could be misconstrued as rash. But Chaplin's brilliance isn't limited to making a joke out of everything. In fact, the seriousness of his message wouldn't have been nearly as valid if not for the excellent use of humor in this movie along with the moments of stark drama blended in. Drama alone wouldn't have had the bite and resonance that this film did. Laughing at someone (Adenoid Hynkel) can be the best way to attack them, while laughing with someone (the Jewish Barber) can be the best way to love them. In the Jewish Barber's final speech, I forgot for a moment that the war he was talking about happened more than half a century ago. They are words that have meaning now, and in any time of war. For this reason I believe the film did far greater good than harm, as it still has the same profound effect today.
Released in 1940, "The Great Dictator" was the first Hollywood film that denounced Hitler directly (albeit in the guise of Adenoid Hynkel), took a virulent stand against fascism, and directly addressed Anti-Semitism.<br/><br/>Over-long, at times heavy-handed, it still has many wonderful sequences, including the famous dance with the globe, and all the scenes of Chaplin with Jack Oakie, each trying to out-do the other and prove his superiority.<br/><br/>One criticism that seems to occasionally rear its head is the implication that Chaplin's pre-World War II anti-fascism was somehow wrong-headed. The atrocities of the Holocaust weren't fully known to the world yet, so Chaplin's anti-Hitler diatribe is, in the minds of some, misguided. After the war this mindset would result in the debacle of the blacklist, when Chaplin, among others, were branded "pre-mature anti-fascists." In other words, it wasn't politically acceptable to be against Nazism until war broke out with the U.S. Hard to believe anyone could still see things that way now, but some do.<br/><br/>The film industry of the 1930s wanted no part of international politics, no matter how blatant the brutality of a given regime. Profits were at stake. It was little goyisha Charley Chaplin, playing a Jewish barber, who took a public stand.<br/><br/>While "The Great Dictator" may not among Chaplin's finest films, it may, historically, be his finest hour.
..this movie has been done when Hitler ( and Mussolini who is as well in the movie) was at the top and many politics and even the Roman Church used to close eyes about brutality and evil of Nazism. Especially in USA there were many people who had not understood what was really going on in Germany and Europe ( Charles Lindenbergh for example ).It would be as today a big actor would made a parody of Berlusconi or Chirac. Chaplin maybe made a lot of mistakes in his life, but this is really a masterpiece of humanity and IMHO a great demonstration he was a courageous man. The movie is funny and deep, the final speech has a terrible strength and is still updated. I think this movie is one of the best ever done. |
0.956727 | Should we abolish nuclear weapons?
It's not *can* we, it's *should* we.
If we're not gonna ever use them, why have them?
These leaders want to eliminate, which means according to Merriam Webster to put an end to or get rid of, nuclear weapons. These leaders became leaders because of their strong opinion, and because of their intellect. Why not listen to them, and follow their opinon?
10 years ago Side: Yes.
Absolutely. There is no reason anyone should ever use a nuclear weapon again. The nuclear deterant argument is completely stupid, and only acts as an aggressor towards countries without nuclear power. The only reason countries such as Iran want nukes is because Isreal has them, and the US, and the UK. Why can we have them, but no one else? Seems a little bit hypocritical. Why keep them if you plan on never using them? The best nuclear deterant is to get rid of them.
Nuclear weapons aren't deterrents for very long, especially if plans are leaked.
The reason Iran should not have them is because they want to wipe Israel off the map and because they support terrorism. Imagine them giving a dirty bomb to some terrorist group.
10 years ago Side: No.
The US has the largest supply of nuclear weapons in the world, and is also one of the biggest supporters of terrorism around the world. Guess who funded and armed Saddam Hussein? The US. Guess who was funding militant Islam terrorist in Afghanistan pre-1979. The US. Who was funding and arming Osama Bin Laden pre-2001? The US. So, using your argument, why should the US (the UK, etc) be able to fund terrorism around the globe and still be allowed to have nukes?
And the reason the situation in the middle east in regards to Isreal has gotten so out of hand is due to the US and UK's unrelenting support for Isreal.
Regardless, the point is that NO ONE should have them. Not us, not them. I'd rather see the £18billion sidelined for replacement of the Trident system spent on the NHS, fixing our public transport, providing free care for the elderly, reducing tax, etc. THAT's what people want, not a load of weapons that should never ever be used under any circumstances.
1. Iran knows that it will be wiped off the face of the earth should it take out Israel; either directly or through a clandestine attack. We would find out, and even if we only suspected we'd probably nuke them anyways.
2. Giving terrorists a dirty or other sort of nuclear weapon is something the Iranians would probably never do (on purpose).
It is very likely that they will give it to a cell that would use it to overthrow them and install a rival theocratic sect (or a sect that believes its government to be corrupt).
Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and other Islamic, fundamentalist nations are finding themselves at the wrong end of radical Islamic terrorists. None of these governments really believe in Islam, they are just in it for the power, money, and privilege. The people, and the terrorists, know this well enough.
None of these governments is likely to give an extremely dangerous weapon to a group they do not directly control and which is likely to turn on them whenever they get the chance.
At this point, Iran probably wouldn't even let this happen by accident.
The whole conflict over Iran is manufactured by our war mongering commander and chief. Iran has been faithful to America, even down to morning the victims of September the 11th a year after it happened. They are not our enemies nor do they support our enemies.
The risks of terrorists getting nuclear weapons, or of nuclear accidents is too great. yes Nuclear weapons were a deterrent and probably prevented any considered conflict between nations that had nuclear stockpiles but those nations had people they were expected to protect. they knew that using such weapons would mean the ultimate suffering or annihilation of their people and or country. but we have seen that terrorists don't care and it isn't like one can really retaliate with nuclear weapons against terrorists since they live in countries with innocent people who mean no harm. a nuclear weapon gives a religious zealot of any religion a method to do great harm, why should we give them the opportunity? It will probably be a long time before nations such as America, Israel, Russia, India, or Pakistan agree to abolishing nuclear weapons and if that day comes it might be too late, but we should actively work to reduce the number that we have. The greater threat now is terrorism not invasions from other countries. What moral reason does any nation have to keep weapons of such ultimate destruction?
Nukes might have made war hungry people like Bush not able to seriously consider invading Russia, or any other nuclear power but would bush have been able, would the American people bean that brainwashed to accept such an idea? would the world accept such an action? I agree that there are a lot of people who want war but we need to work to stop them. We need to be able to accept different forms of government if they don't do true harm to their people. just because not every nation was capitalist doesn't mean it's bad, just because a nation isn't Jewish or Christian doesn't mean it is evil.
If America does continue to make its "star wars" missile defense or missile shield, and it is reliable, then won't it make the policy of Mutually Assured Destruction void? If this is the case than retaining nuclear stockpiles will not prevent nations from attacking. there are people who want war in many countries but it is those in America or allied with america that have the greatest potential to unleash a terrible war and we shouldn't give them that option.
i think we should abolish nuclear weapons. There are other means to win wars. When we attack an enemy county with a nuclear weapon we are not only hurting thier military we are also attacking their people who do not want the war and they are civilians who just want to be left alone. That nuclear weapen will not just kill people and then enemies militaty but also tear families apart and cripple many people. The land that was attacked by a nuclear weapon will not be safe to live because of the radiation and can reside there.
9 years ago Side: Yes.
The problem with your statement is that these nuclear weapons have already been made. Most countries (Like the US and Russia) are not making any new weapons. There are treaties for nuclear disarmament. At its peak, the United States had approximately 30,000 nuclear weapons, and they have reduced that to about 8,000 total. The money has already been spent on building these weapons, it can't be taken back. Building more nuclear power plants is not free either, they are quite expensive. Regardless of whether or not nuclear weapons should be abolished, this is not a good argument for abolishing these weapons.
7 years ago Side: No.
I am completely against nuclear weapons. Can you even fathom the thought of being wiped off the face of this earth without first seeing your attacker? And if there is one thing in the world that scares me to death, its being destroyed by a nuclear weapon.
8 years ago Side: Yes.
Ibid; "American Portrait: ANP," WFAA-TV (Dallas), 1993. Between July 1955 and March 1957, a specially modified B-36 bomber made 47 flights with a three megawatt air-cooled operational test reactor (the reactor, however, did not power the plane).
A Review of the Department of Energy Classification Policy and Practice, Committee on Declassification of Information for the Department of Energy Environmental Remediation and Related Programs, National Research Council, 1995, pp. 7-8, 68.
Some stupid presidents, prime ministor, or dictator will get mad and use them.
We will kill our selfs with them; its in human nature to fight. We have been doing it for almost the begining of time!
6 years ago Side: Yes.
Before I make my argument, I would like to establish what "we" means. I consider "we" as the people around the world, not just the US.
The answer to this question: Yes we should. If any nuclear war will start it'll be the end of the world. There are times in history where it has come very close to nuclear war like the Cuban missile crisis.
Also according to professor Ken Johnson of the U of R there was another scene in history where the US launched an weather balloon, and the Russians thought it was actually a nuclear bomb. They were about to launch their nuclear weapons on the US when lucky the weather balloon went on a different path, and the Russians had not released their nukes.
We do not want the world to be destroyed, and therefore we should get rid of nuclear weaponry.
If nuclear weapons aren't abolished, humanity will one day cause its own destruction through nuclear weapons.
3 years ago Side: Yes.
Of course we should. When we first got nuclear weapons other countries got them too and they felt powerful too powerful for us to be safe.
YEs, who knows when a maniac will get their hands on those.
the use of nuclear wepons is stupid, countries only do it so they are feared in case of a war or nuclear arms race so noone attacks them. nuclear weapons should e abolished all around the world, for every country not just ones that have a history of violence towards each other.
I don't believe so. If ever there was a reason against war, nuclear arms would be it. These compact cylinders of pure death have been, some speculate, the only reason we havn't seen a full-scale world war yet.
In fact, there hasn't been a war between any major or moderate power since nuclear arms came onto the scene. There have been, at best, minor scuffles and proxy wars fought in third world nations.
Because of the terrible destruction wrought by a nuclear war, the major powers are weary of engaging in warfare with any but the most defenseless of nations (Iraq, Vietnam, Argentina, Afghanistan, Serbia...etc..). This effect has no doubt saved hundreds of millions of lives; as another World War would have been quite likely some time during the Cold War era (or even now, as tensions mount between the U.S., China, Russia, and the E.U.).
Now, a World War is still far from impossible, but the deterrent of nuclear arms is unmistakable; to the point where nations such as Russia make open threats about "defensive" measures (such as Star Wars) that would effectively neutralize nuclear arms as a threat.
There seems, even now, a desire within many governments to wage war with other major powers. There are many within the corridors of political and economic power that are just dieing for a major war. The only thing that keeps them from letting loose on the world is the knowledge that their precious mansions and legacies would actually be at risk should they engage in a major war.
Before, of course, the rich and powerful could be reasonably assured of their safety, especially if the war went well. With nukes they know there is no winning, no getting out unscathed, little chance of even survival.
It'll never matter how many millions of their citizens, their worker ants, get sacrificed. They wouldn't bat an eye if entire continents were polluted with the bodies of men, women, and children. They've got the televisions, they've got the schoolbooks, and they've got their privilege; they needn't worry about us too much.
I am sure that without nuclear weapons populating this world George W. Bush would have invaded many, many more countries than Iraq and Afghanistan, and much larger ones at that. We could have just as easily been swindled into stalemates in the frozen Siberian tundra as we were trapped in the desert sands.
We'd be after Chinese-Americans just as readily as Arab; it doesn't take much to rile the American people up.
Nukes, though, make everyone think twice about a war. From the top all the way down to the very bottom. Which is why, of course, they'd like to see this little nuisance resolved.
Of course other countries are going to want nuclear weapons because we have them and they don't. That is no argument to abolish them. The idea is that we have them, and keep other countries from getting them. It is foolish to think that we could some how ever get everyone to agree to simply not have nuclear weapons. Until then, we need to have them, and keep everyone else from getting them.
Americans as a whole want to feel safe, want to feel secure. If the U.S. Government takes that away, all of America will go into an unstoppable downfall. Nuclear weapons, as it seems, are a huge part of U.S. safety. The bombs, Just the mere mention of them, can stop an entire country in its tracks from invading. These bombs, may just save America.
The resolution is the nuclear nations should eliminate its nuclear weapons. This means without any agreement just the nuclear nations should eliminate its nuclear weapons. I disagree with the resolution to eliminate the world’s nuclear arsenal. Nuclear Weapons are important in providing fear and intimidation. The problems in making an agreement with other nations in the world are having other nations agree or actually follow the agreement. Do you believe nations like Pakistan with unstable governments or communist China will actually follow a plan to eliminate their nuclear weapons. Both sides would be very suspicious of each other and who would actually follow.
There are many nations currently that are either pursing nuclear weapons or are capable states and there are other states that are suspected to have nuclear weapons. By making agreement to eliminate nuclear weapons it makes a more dangerous world, who would enforce nations to agree.
According to Science World, Disposal of nuclear weapons is dangerous. At the heart of every nuclear weapon is a pit (grape fruit size) of plutonium. This human-made element is highly radioactive. The nuclei of plutonium atoms constantly emit invisible, subatomic bits of matter and high-energy rays. Tiny doses can damage body cells and cause cancer. Plutonium stays radioactive for more than 240 thousand years. The U.S. has amassed 24,000 nuclear weapons at the end of the cold war. At the end of the cold war nuclear weapons were reduced. Steel containers buried in bunkers have the pits locked up, closely guarded and monitored. But these igloos storage space is running out.
NO, WE ARE GOING TO NEED THOSE NUKES TO WIPE OUT THE BAD GUYS!
If we abolish them, that doesn't mean our enemies will. Nuclear weapons make me feel somewhat safe because if any nation aims theirs at us, we'd just obliterate them with hundreds of nukes.
9 years ago Side: No.
If we abolish nuclear weapons doesn't mean bad people would steal them and use them against us. We can 't just throw them away! If evil terrorists use them against us then what will we do?
How do we know that everyone els is really being honest when they say, "okay we got rid of all our bombs".
What if we get rid of our nuclear bombs thinking everyone els did the same thing, and they didn't.
What defense would we have if they sent those nukes flying?
If we get rid of them, then what proof do we have that everyone else did? We can't go in to every country in the world, and search for nuclear weapons. It just doesn't work that way. Plus, if some maniac comes along, and tries to nuke us, we'll turn his land into glass with the heat of our nuclear arsenal. There is no getting rid of these, because there's always gonna be a crazy guy like Hitler to take over the world.
I think that we should continue to build nuclear weapons, but do not tell the whole world.I am sure that rumers in other coutries say that we are going to bomb them ut Obama just signed a peace treaty with russia that we would not. In that last sentance I said Russia. If Iran/Iraq wants to bomb us then you what one they do I am sure that we will bomb them then guess what WWIII.we are always trying to one up each other this will never end...We need them for our protection!!!
First, when two states have nuclear weapons, the result is not confrontation but cold war. If Osama built a nuclear warhead in his cave, he would not fire it at the United States for fear the USA would bomb him back. Similarly, the USA might ease their attacks on Al Quaeda as public opinion in the USA would give way to fear of being struck by Osama's missile. This would result as nothing. Perfect!
Second, you won't be able to prevent another state from just making a new weapon after abolishing them. When you destroy all atomic bombs the countries could just make another one. By destroying it, you don’t destroy the knowledge of making it as well!
Third, you cannot destroy a nuclear weapon without deploying it - which has huge environmental and economic costs. How would we even destroy it without further harming the universe, or earth for that matter!
Fourth, if aliens come from outer space and try to take us over, what do we do? The only missiles we have that we can launch into space cheaply are nuclear missiles.
Fifth, of course other countries are going to want nuclear weapons because we have them and they don't. That is no argument to abolish them. The idea is that we have them, and keep other countries from getting them. It is foolish to think that we could some how ever get everyone to agree to simply not have nuclear weapons.
Last, Americans as a whole want to feel safe, want to feel secure. If the U.S. Government takes that away, all of America will go into an unstoppable downfall. Nuclear weapons, as it seems, are a huge part of U.S. safety. The bombs, Just the mere mention of them, can stop an entire country in its tracks from invading. These bombs, may just save America.
Our country has too many enemies right now to do away with nuclear weapons. Unless the Chinese get rid of there nuclear weapons, the USA will always need nuclear weapons and a strong nuclear weapon defense system.
6 years ago Side: No.
Sending a nuke against a meteor, comet, or something like that, for example.
Sending a nuke towards a falling meteor comet or towards anything outer space is a stupid idea. Once you nuke the thing, radioactive chucks of meteor or comets will come hurling down on earth.
You do know the alternative is letting the meteor plunge into Earth, destroying and burning the surface and cause a decade or so long global winter (assuming the meteor is that big), thus killing almost everything and everyone.
Once the meteor is reduced to smaller pieces there is a much higher chance that they will burn away while flying toward the surface.
Everything that is in open space is highly radiated, our adding nuke radiation to it will change nothing. Small chunks of rocks are constantly burnt to dust entering our atmosphere, they almost never reach the surface. |
0.999998 | Is Hamlet "mad"? Craft a thesis-based first paragraph of an essay analyzing Hamlet's soliloquies in Shakespeare's "Hamlet".
Hamlet does not confine to the distinguished traits of an insane man: an inability to distinguish fantasy from reality, a failure to control one’s action, and subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior (Legal Dictionary). Hamlet understands the “antic disposition” he puts on is fantasy, for he drops the act when he is soliloquies in private or confides with Horatio (1.5.179). Hamlet’s ability to control the extent of his madness displayed in front of the appropriate parties, such as Claudius and Polonius, demonstrates a control over his mental state. The control is most evident in Hamlet’s quieting of his impulse to kill Claudius until the appropriate opportunity, which is not when Claudius is “a-praying”, despite Hamlet’s urge to commit the act in the moment (3.3.72).
What is the significance of the blindness motif in Sophocles' "Oedipus the King"?
In Sophocles' "Oedipus the King", both a metaphorical and literal blindness plague the main characters in the play, including Oedipus, Jocasta, and Teiresias. Metaphorical blindness in the play stems from Jocasta’s self-imposed choice to believe her son is dead, as well as from an ignorance of the truth (an ignorance which Oedipus shares). Oedipus’ punishments-- in the forms of his wife and mother committing suicide, the loss of his reputation in his town, and his own self-wounding-- stem from his choice to disregard the truths which are presented to him by others, including Teiresias and the messengers. Oedipus’ choice to continue living in ignorance, not seeing the truth which is presented to him by the messengers, is his crime for which he is punished.
“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” 1. A comma should be used rather than a colon, as "It is a truth universally acknowledged" isn't a full sentence. 2. A dash is used to emphasize material. However, in this context, it the object is a specifically a single man in possession of a good fortune. The two ideas are not to be separated. 3. A period should end a sentence, not a comma.
needs and Laina will reply soon. |
0.999999 | Se me perguntas pela minha casa, eu indico-te um lugar. Pergunto-me sobre a minha intimidade, sobre o meu repouso absoluto. Questiono-me a respeito do meu corpo e da sensação de ali estar. Respondo-te que a minha casa é aquela cabana de madeira, a biblioteca da cidade, a rua das flores, dos bares, o carro, a serra, outro, aonde me sinto íntimo e inteiro. A minha casa é essa estruturaque te mostro, que me abriga; é uma construção que levantei em torno das minhas circunstâncias. Se me perguntares pela minha casa, eu reflicto sobre mim próprio, sobre esse estado.
Primeiro, o vazio de quem se procura. Depois, o potencial de se escutar a si próprio, de reparar. Se caminho, investigo-me. Pesquiso uma direcção. Este ou aquele podem ser os lugares para o meu repouso; em mim reconhecerei essa possibilidade, o meu corpo dar-me-á as indicações de que preciso. Se eu sentir com o corpo o que aí está diante de mim, assim terei a orientação para a minha construção. A casa é essa estrutura que se ergue em torno da ausência e, por isso, é sempre uma estrutura transitória de mim próprio. Se dali eu me afastar por metros, por quilómetros, muitos, se me perder, fico pois sem a casa. Fico aonde só restam, de novo, o vazio e a procura. Recomeço a construir. Digo-te: a casa é a (re)construção em torno da procura de mim, é onde, provisoriamente, eu me encontro. Por isso, se me perguntas pela minha casa, eu mostro-te o que sou hoje.
If you ask me about my home, I show you a place while I question myself about my intimity, about my precious feeling of quiet, about my body and about my feeling of beeing there. I answer you that my home is this wooden hut, or the town library, the street of flowers, of bars, the car, the hill, another, it is just where I clearly feel my intimacy and my wholeness. My home is this structure that I show you and which houses me; it is a construction raised around my own circumstances. So, if you ask me about my home, I reflect on myself, on such state.
What first matters is the emptiness of exploring inside. And of course the human ability to listen, to notice. If I walk, I investigate myself, I search for a direction. I know that one of those is the right place for me to stay; and here inside I certainly recognize their different possibilities. I mean: my body gives me the instructions, if I feel the world thoroughly with the body, I lightly won the guides for building. A home is a structure which rises around the absence and that’s why it is always a transitory edification. If I leave my home, a few meters, kilometers, perhaps many, if I get lost, I’ll probably loose it, I’ll find myself again where only remain the void and the quest, and I’ll restart my works. Because now I know that a house is a (re)construction around my researches, it’s the place where I find myself, but provisionally. Therefore, if you ask me about my home, I show you what I am today. |
0.996934 | Influencer Marketing Software and tools help to locate and connect your brand to an influencer's audience and publication in some capacity. These tools provide marketing departments with data about which content is performing best and which influencers to connect with.
An "influencer" is a content publisher that already has a sizeable following online and through social media. It can take many months, even years, before new content publishers are discovered and avidly followed, irrespective of the content's quality.
Therefore, it can be very beneficial for marketers to link their brand to an already well-established influencer and increase their products’ visibility. This is a key reason for the rapid rise of "influencer marketing" that has dominated today's content marketing efforts.
Content search: Ability to search content online for references to brand or product names.
Content alerts: Notifications that are sent to the user if there brand or product gets mentioned or backlined.
Content analysis: Tracks brand content to see identify which content is performing the best in terms of metrics such as page views, and redirecting visitors to your companies site.
Competition analysis: Ability to track competing brands’ content performance and provide detailed comparisons with your own brands content performance.
Influencer search: Ability to search for relevant influencers in your specific industry and connect with them.
Influencer tracking: Ability to track influencer activity and monitor their posts and publications.
Access to historical data for searches: Ability to monitor content performance within the past month, quarter, years, or multiple years to see how content rankings have developed.
Media monitoring: Ability to monitor online media outlets for references to your brand or products.
Social media monitoring: Ability to monitor social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram for mentions of your product or brand.
Report generation: Ability to generate reports of content and influencer performance.
Campaign planning: Allows the user to plan a content strategy with an influencer, typically across social media platforms.
Social media integrations (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram): Allows the user to access their brand's social media accounts from within the software and create and monitor posts.
Mobile application: Users can use a mobile application to access the software and see content performance reports.
Products are typically priced on a monthly, or annual, subscription basis. Prices start at around $30 for smaller plans and can increase to multiple hundreds of dollars for more extensive and enterprise level plans. Many vendors also include a free trial version of their software.
BuzzSumo is an influencer marketing platform focused on influencer location, author reports, content analysis for locating trends, and domain comparisons, useful for competitor analysis. The analysis engine is intentioned to track and optimize content marketing efforts.
Buzzstream is the eponymous SEO and influencer marketing platform from the Austin-based company of the same name.
GroupHigh is an influencer marketing platform from the company of the same name in Boulder, Colorado, for identifying influential bloggers and reaching out to them.
Crowdtap is an influencer marketing platform from the fast growing company of the same name headquartered in New York, for marketers who wish to leverage fans and consumers' content and ideas. Crowdtap is popularly used by well known brands like Kraft, Weightwatchers, Verizon, Hershey's, and more.
SocialBoost is a content and influencer marketing solution built to help content creators build their brand.
Appinions is an influence analytics and marketing platform recently acquired by ScribbleLive (April, 2015) to expand their content marketing offerings.
Markerly is an influencer marketing platform for locating influencers and content amplification, essentially for optimizing content marketing efforts.
Publicfast is an influencer marketing platform from the Ukrainian company of the same name.
Influicity is an influencer marketing platform from the company of the same name in Toronto.
NeoReach is an influencer marketing solution built around a n in-house network of social media influencers to help users drive marketing campaigns.
Pitchbox is a platform designed for content marketing and influencer outreach by automating processes to make the sales, e-commerce, public relations, and search engine optimization lifecycles more efficient.
InkyBee is an influencer and content marketing solution from Forth Metrics Ltd. It uses integration with Google Analytics and social media monitoring to track campaign results. |
0.999839 | It’s not uncommon for people to confuse the functions of a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system and marketing automation. Once you understand the differences, it’s easy to see how these not only differ, but how each are both necessary tools that complement each other and help grow your business.
CRMs are focused on organizing customer information and tracking customer interactions throughout the customer lifecycle, while marketing automation is focused on promoting one-to-one communication for obtaining new customers through marketing and sales activities.
To sum it up: CRM software is sales-focused, while marketing automation software is (aptly) marketing-focused.
In general, both tools are used by the sales team and the marketing teams. On a day-to-day basis, your salespeople and account managers will mostly be in the CRM since it helps boost tracking and targeting capabilities with existing customer data files. The CRM was designed with sales in mind to help them make more effective use of their time and to provide a complete view of customers. Your marketing team will be in the marketing automation platform more often.
Marketing automation was designed to help marketers reach out with personalized, one-on-one communications based on contact behaviour. It helps build contact lists and ensure that the right message reaches a contact at the right time.
The ability to easily segment prospects into the appropriate mailing lists based on their past interactions with your company or their interests and preferences.
Lead nurturing functionality, which allows you to automatically send triggered emails at the time when a person is most interested in your product or service. You can also schedule a series of emails in a “drip” campaign, so that your company stays top-of-mind with prospects.
Once a campaign has ended, the system generates analytics showing how successful the campaign was.
In other words, marketing automation helps to foster leads and get them ready for the sales team. Once the lead has progressed through to the bottom-of-the-funnel and become a qualified sales lead (and eventually a customer), that’s when companies typically start to track their interactions through a CRM. CRMs store information like how long a contact has been a customer, records of any purchases they have made in the past, the dates and notes of any phone conversations you’ve had with the contact, a record of inbound emails they’ve sent to your sales and customer service team, and more.
The beauty of a great marketing automation platform and a quality CRM is that they will integrate nicely with each other, making everyone, and everything more effective.
CRM tools are able to help manage your clients in a general sense, but it really takes a lot of effort and expertise to try and nurture each and every lead that comes to your site with a CRM alone. You’ll need the help of marketing automation to effectively drive leads.
So while CRM and marketing automation systems may look like the same thing at first glance, they cater to different roles in an organization, and their differences make them more valuable to the unique teams they serve.
But you may be wondering, why would we track half of the prospect’s’ interactions in one software system (marketing automation) and the other half in another system (CRM)? Good question.
What if I told you that you could have both systems built into one software?
Most marketing automation solutions allow you to sync your data with your CRM, so that all of a prospects’ activities are accessible through one solution. Many companies sync the information both ways so that their marketing team knows what’s going on in sales, and their sales and customer service teams know the history that marketing has had with a particular prospect or customer.
Additionally, many CRM companies have developed or acquired marketing automation software, so there are a handful of systems that include both all in one system.
Next Article The Rise of Marketing Automation – What’s all the hype about? |
0.984599 | Feige said. "These will be both new and continuing stories and one of the things we're most excited about is that these will be major storylines set in the MCU with ramifications that will be felt both in the Disney+ shows we're producing and our features on the big screen". "Over the next 12 months, we expect a large quantity of existing Netflix content to migrate away from the service".
Other original content will include the National Geographic docuseries The World According to Jeff Goldbum; Monsters at Work, an animated spinoff of Monsters, Inc.; Be Our Chef, a Disney-themed cooking competition program; and Lady and the Tramp, a retelling of the 1955 animated classic. Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige was onhand to tease Marvel's offerings on the TV side, which mark new territory as previous Marvel TV projects (like the Netflix shows and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) were handled by Marvel Television's Jeph Loeb.
The Walt Disney Animation Studios will be releasing a documentary series titled "Into the Unknown: Making Frozen 2", which will explore the making of one of the most highly anticipated Disney films of all time. It will also release more than 25 original series and 10 original films, documentaries and specials by some of the industry's most prolific and creative storytellers. Disney Television Animation is also working on a Phineas and Ferb movie. That includes "Captain Marvel", which came out earlier this year; "Avengers: Endgame", which debuts in late April; and the upcoming "Toy Story 4", live-action movies "The Lion King" and "Aladdin;" and "Star Wars Episode IX". Do these series make Disney+ worth a subscription?
Also coming to Disney+ are Fox favorites such as "The Princess Bride" and "The Sound of Music", as well as 30 full seasons of "The Simpsons." .
Similar to Netflix you'll be able to enjoy Disney+ movies and shows on connected TV and mobile devices via the Disney+ app. Will you be signing up? It was short, sweet, and shared all the mischief that we've come to know out of Loki. |
0.933881 | The Hongwu Emperor realised that the Mongols still posed a threat to China, even though they had been driven away after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty.
From here a tall wall encases the entire complex and is covered with yellow glazed tiles to denote the imperial status. He instituted public work projects and he tried to distribute land to the peasants.
In the same year Zhu proclaimed himself prince of Wu. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the rulers of the Yuan dynasty.
Kangxi's Tablet In its place, the subsequent Qing Life of hongwu constructed an Imperial Tablet Hall, a much smaller structure, containing stone tablets praising the tomb occupants.
Zhu was able to attract many talents into his service. This growth in trade was due in part to poor soil conditions and the overpopulation of certain areas, which forced many people to leave their homes and seek their fortunes in trade.
One way was by forced migration to less-dense areas. The other major warlords submitted to Zhu, and on the Chinese New Year of January 20, Zhu proclaimed himself the Ming emperor in Nanjing and adopted "Hongwu" as the title of his reign.
King Sun Quan Zhu Yuanzhang survived his wife by almost 16 years. The Hongwu Emperor ordered the construction of several mosques in NanjingYunnanGuangdong and Fujian provinces, and had inscriptions praising the Islamic prophet Muhammad placed in mosques. The entire structure rested on 56 huge, exquisite nanmu wood pillars, each being 1 meter in diameter and 10 meters high.
Legacy In his progress from a mendicant monastery to the imperial palace, the Hongwu emperor illustrates the chaos into which China had fallen under the preceding late Yuan dynasty. This was followed by violent succession disputes.
In addition, though under this occupation obligation, in practice, many families are known to have paid others to do those tasks for them e. Zhang Shicheng, the self-proclaimed prince Cheng of the Zhou dynastyoperated at Pingjiang now Suzhouin Jiangsu province adjoining the east coast and including Nanjing in the east.
The first tablet, which is placed in the center front, was erected by Qing Kangxi emperor in the year The bridges span the imperial river running south of the mausoleum as prescribed by good geomancy.
Thus, the next highest level of administration, the six ministries, became merely advisory to the emperor himself, who now exercised direct control.
The river doubles up as a water spillway for the second drainage canal of Xiaoling. The peasants prospered because they sold their produce to the growing cities.Early life.
The future Hongwu emperor was born in as Zhu Chongba, a poor peasant of Haozhou (about miles [ km] northwest of Nanjing, near China’s east coast). Orphaned at 16, he became a monk at the Huangjue monastery near Fengyang to avoid starvation—a common practice for.
Emperor Hongwu (or Zhu Yuanzhang) lived as a farmer, wandering monk and rebel leader and eventually become the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang was born into a destitute peasant family in the 14th century AD. The Hongwu Emperor is known as an autocrat, who liked to exercise direct control over government policy. He abolished the Grand Secretariat which had overseen government administration in the preceding periods, and instead.
A Hongwu Tongbao (洪武通寶) charm or amulet which is millimeters in diameter that depicts an ox (or bull) on its reverse alluding to the simple life of Zhu Yuanzhang before he became the Hongwu Composition: Copper-alloy (bronze).
The Hongwu emperor's life story was the focus of a CCTV-8 period drama Chuan Qi Huang Di Zhu Yuan Zhang (传奇皇帝朱元璋). But it was criticized by audience because it has "too much dramatized romance" instead of historical events.
The Life of Hongwu The Hongwu Emperor, known by his given name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China.
His era name, Hongwu, means "vastly martial". |
0.999997 | ¿Derechos Armónicos u Orden Social?
Xu divided the development of human rights into four phases. He said the first three phases are freedom-oriented human rights, subsistence-oriented human rights, and development-oriented human rights.
Xu said the incorporation of Chinese culture’s innate spirit of harmony and the western human rights tradition will push human rights to a brand new generation–harmony-oriented human rights.
Este es un concepto en perfecta consonancia con la sociedad armónica + ascenso pacífico que predica el presidente chino Hu. Armonía parece la nueva palabra fetiche del gobierno Chino, quizás parecido a la palabra libertad en occidente. En este sentido, incluso El “Foro de Cooperaciónn de Asia Oriental 2006” que se inicia hoy en la Universidad Renmin de China en Beijing, lleva el nombre de “Construcción de un Asia Oriental armónico: responsabilidad y acción de China, Japón y la República de Corea”.
Analizando el artículo de Xu, me parece que hay dos aspectos interesantes incialmente: en primer lugar, Xu ha reformulado la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos como Declaración Occidental de los Derechos Humanos. En segundo lugar, da por supuesto que existe este “espíritu innato de armonia” en la cultura China. Ninguno de estos dos aspectos estan tan claros.
Harmony consists of three important aspects: the harmony of bodies and spirits, the harmony of spirits, and the harmony of human beings and nature. Based on this, in a harmonious society, people pursue their human rights with a completely different horizon and spiritual level from the first three generations of human rights.
development-oriented human rights are overactive and will disrupt the human rights system, thus it will bring about an unharmonious society.
En el fondo, lo que está proponiendo ¿es un pacto para superar un supuesto choque de civilizaciones? ¿o es otra excusa para no adoptar los derechos humanos?
El problema de verdad lo vemos cuando intentamos ver ejemplos prácticos, y muy especialmente en las libertades políticas. ¿En qué piensa cambiar el derecho humano de libertad de reunión, de expresión, a no torturar, etc?
Las 3 generaciones anteriores han sido incrementalistas, han aumentado el aspecto de los derechos humanos, pero no entiendo cuales són los nuevos derechos de esta 4 generación. Y en este sentido, lo que más me ha preocupado es que no veo que Xu enfoque el tema desde un punto de vista legal, de derechos, sino de simple convivencia.
Xu habla de armonía pero se refiere al orden social, armonia como ausencia de conflicto, pero quizás también como ausencia de libertad. Los derechos humanos (como todo derecho) no quieren acabar con el conflicto sino gestionarlo de forma justa, las sociedades occidentales no consideramos el conflicto malo por naturaleza, sino que defendemos el derechos de las partes en expresarlo y en intentar gestionarlo a través de la participación política y el respeto mutuo. No siempre los conseguimos, y podemos mejorar mucho, pero lo intentamos.
La revista China Economic Review cita un informe del Banco Mundial (que no he podido encontrar) que establece que en los dos últimos años el 10% de la población más pobre en China ha perdido un 2,3% de sus ingresos, mientras que el 10% de los ricos han incrementado en un 16% sus ingresos. ESto biene a confirmar la creciente desigualdad contra la que intenta luchar el gobierno. Sin embargo, hay otros datos interesantes. China considera pobre aquél que no llegue al 5% del PIB por Capita (83 dólares anuales) mientras que EEUU considera pobre aquél que no llegue al 12% del PIB por capita. Los “pobres” en China són más del doble de pobres que en EEUU.
“increasing importance of the Caspian Basin for the energy security of Europe” and the “strategic importance of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan [BTC] oil pipeline opening and the [expected] completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum [BTE] natural gas pipeline.” They also stressed the importance of the possible addition of trans-Caspian transportation routes to both the BTC and the BTE.
Kazakshtani President Nursultan Nazarbayev took observers, and even many participants, by surprise by proposing the creation of a Turkic parliamentary assembly. Nazarbayev went on to nominate former Turkish president and prime minister Suleyman Demirel to serve as the proposed assembly’s first chairman.
If the Turkic states actually opted to coordinate diplomatic action, they might have the collective muscle to alter the existing equilibrium in many geopolitical matters. In the case of Turkey’s troubled drive to join the EU, for example, a Turkic commonwealth could influence Brussels’ decision-making calculus by playing the energy card, letting it be known that a rebuff of Ankara could hinder the EU’s access to Central Asian energy supplies.
Although a proposal to establish an economic and energy union was floated at the recent summit of Turkic states, NBCentralAsia analysts say it is unlikely such a grouping could be founded merely on the basis of linguistic similarities. A cultural and political grouping of Turkic countries seems a more realistic prospect.
Pero ya tenemos el problema de Uzbekistán, una vez más, central para cualquier OIG regional.
Beyond the steps toward closer cooperation, the Turkic summit will be remembered for the public airing of a diplomatic feud between Turkey and Uzbekistan. Some news reports claimed that Uzbek officials stayed away from the gathering to protest the final declaration’s wording on the Karabakh settlement. However, a senior Turkish official said the reason for Tashkent’s displeasure was Turkey’s decision to join the United States in supporting a draft measure in UN General Assembly’s Human Rights Council that would condemn human rights violations in Uzbekistan.
Such blunt talk would appear to mark a significant shift in Turkish policy, as Turkish officials had unitl now avoided open criticism of Uzbek government action. It may be that Turkey’s desire to meet EU accession criteria, especially the need to bolster its human rights credentials, is playing a role in the adoption of a toughter line toward Tashkent. The official also indicated that Ankara is growing tired of Uzbek President Islam Karimov’s demands. “They [Uzbek officials] also accuse us of supporting the Uzbek opposition, citing [the fact that] opposition leader Mohammad Solih freely travels to and lives in Turkey. Mr. Solih is free to travel anywhere he wants to go, and travels to Norway, Britain and the United States. Why is Turkey being singled out?” the official said.
TASHKENT. Nov 22 (Interfax) – The lower house of Uzbekistan’s parliament has ratified the Protocol on the restoration of the country’s membership of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the parliament’s press service told Interfax.
The rioting October 20-21 reportedly was sparked by an incident in which Turkish workers at a construction site at the Tengiz oilfield – one of the largest in the world – accused a Kazakhstani colleague of trying to cut into the lunch line. Nasty words gave way to fisticuffs, and the situation rapidly spun out of control as other workers joined in the mayhem. The ensuing brawl involved roughly 400 workers.
“We have become slaves on our land,” said one. “We do what the Turks say, but you can’t please them. They constantly threaten to fire us. If you are three minutes late, you lose your job.” “We work better and they earn more,” added another.
The protest participants represented all generations and most social groups, although unemployed men in their thirties and forties were most conspicuous. There were certainly genuine supporters of democratic reform found in the protester ranks, but the majority of demonstrators were tied to influential opposition leaders through extensive kinship and/or regional networks, known in Russian by the term zemlyachestvo.
For example, Azimbek Beknazarov, a member of parliament, brought in busloads of supporters from the Aksy region, his home region and the site of the 2002 confrontation between government troops. [For background see the Eurasia Insight archive].
Former parliament speaker Tekebayev’s supporters came from his constituency in Bazarkorgon and Jalal-Abad, in southern Kyrgyzstan. Tekebayev also relied on his personal ties with influential MPs and former officials to bolster support for the For Reforms coalition.
Melis Eshimkanov, an opposition MP who owns the Agym newspaper was instrumental in mobilizing rural dwellers as well as his supporters from Naryn province.
Most importantly, the opposition coalition received strong financial backing from several prominent entrepreneurs, including Almazbek Atambayev, Omurbek Babanov and Temir Sariyev. In addition, these wealthy oligarchs mobilized supporters from their home towns in the North, employees of their vast holdings, their relatives and friends.
The logistical capabilities demonstrated by the opposition sharply contrasted with those exhibited by Bakiyev and his supporters. The president, like his political opponents, attempted to tap into kinship and patronage networks. Only Bakiyev’s networks proved far less organized than the opposition’s.
There are good and bad lessons to be learned from the constitutional crisis and its outcome. On the positive side, the events of early November in Bishkek showed that a well-organized and peaceful protest movement in Central Asia can accomplish desired change. It’s especially noteworthy that the For Reforms movement proved capable of bridging regional divisions in pursuit of a common goal. The movement’s success could prompt political elites in other Central Asian nations to develop similar vertical and horizontal networks to challenge authoritarianism.
The potential negative consequence is that the November events could accelerate the trend known as “hyper-democracy,” in which self-interested wealthy actors rely on mass mobilization to promote their own narrow political and economic interests.
Si el visiteu, veureu que es centra en l’administració Bush per fer humor salvatge, salvatge. Alguns, són prou bons. D’altres, són malintencionats (ataquen sense compassió). I d’altres… terrorífics.
Washington, DC (APE) – Billed as an event that might have descended into international slapstick, the White House today announced that President Bush’s dinner meeting last night with Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai and Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf went off without a hitch. White House spokesperson Tony Snow stated that the president had become further impressed with his two allies, describing them as a couple of very “wise guys”.
The evening began with the three leaders discussing highly classified plans for the war against Al Qaeda over drinks. The only tense situation occurred when Afghan President Karzai almost disclosed the secret location of Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden, but he was quickly and politely muffled by Bush and Musharraf. The White House described the meeting overall as very cordial otherwise, and filled with much of the exaggerated nuances in body language that they had expected.
In typical Bush administration tradition, Bush early on assigned nicknames to both leaders, and referred to them as “Pervey” and “Karzey” throughout the evening.
Excelente artículo de James Traub en el IHT sobre las posibilidades de desarrollo que ofrece China para África. Gracias a las inversiones y comercio con China, Angola se ha convertido en una de las principales economías emergentes, creciento más de un 16% en 2006 y se preve un 20% para el 2007. ¿Puede este fenómeno extenderse?
Africa has moved from last place to third in this year’s regional rankings for reforms that encourage new enterprises, formal sector jobs and growth, according to the World Bank.
About a third of Africa’s population lives in countries where population growth outstrips economic growth and where the economy is actually regressing, Page says.
But he says prospects are good in about 14 countries that are home to 65 percent of Africans. About 30 percent live in natural resource exporting countries, and another 35 percent live in countries that have been growing at an average rate of 5 percent a year for the last 10 years.
China quiere a Africa por sus riquezas naturales y especialmente sus recursos energéticos. Resulta paradójico que el continente se encuentra acutalmente en una crisis energética que afecta a la mitad de los países. Como ya sabemos, el crecimiento basado en los hidrocarburos no lleva al desarrollo sino a la trampa de los recursos, pero puede ser el primer empujón para África.
Estos posibles dragones pueden impulsar el crecimiento regional, pero ¿existe una oca que lidere?.
Can Asia Count on Russian Oil?
As oil exports start to flow to India and other parts of Asia from a new field near the Russian Pacific coast, can the region count on Russia as a reliable supplier of energy?
Russia is a key player in the energy game because it is the world’s largest exporter of natural gas and the second-biggest oil exporter after Saudi Arabia. It also has the potential to become an even bigger supplier to other countries. The energy outlook for Asia and the Pacific will unfold a bit further when Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov arrives in Beijing later this month on a scheduled visit. He will do so amid signs that Moscow is seeking to enhance its power in Asia by offering to meet an increasingly large portion of the region’s rapidly growing demand for energy.
However, it is China that seems most likely to become the main partner and beneficiary of Russia’s Asia-Pacific strategy. This will cause consternation in Japan just when its new leader, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, is trying to reassert Japanese influence in the region. The United States, too, will be concerned that the energy security of its key Asian ally is being undermined while China is being promised much bigger long-term supplies of Russian oil and gas. Europe is also likely to worry that future Russian energy sales in Asia will be at the expense of supplies to the European Union.
Japan’s ties with Russia are bedevilled by an unsettled territorial dispute that dates back to the end of World War II. By contrast, China and Russia closed a long chapter of Cold War enmity in 2004 when they resolved remaining issues and signed a border treaty. Political, military, trade and investment ties are expanding fast and Mr Fradkov will be aiming to make them stronger still when he visits Beijing. Both Russia and China have said they want to counterbalance the power of the US and its allies.
Russian President Vladimir Putin pointedly told a group of Western journalists and academics in September that relations with China were at their best ever, and that conditions were now in place for keeping them at this level for a long time. He added that Russia plans a massive increase in its energy exports to Asia by selling 30 per cent of its oil and gas to the region in 10 to 15 years, compared with 3 per cent today.
Is this an attempt by Moscow to use Asia as a bargaining chip in its dispute with Europe over the terms on which Russia supplies vast quantities of gas to the continent and gains access to its energy industry? Perhaps in part. But Mr Putin himself noted that economic activity was moving from the Atlantic to the Pacific and that Russia, which has about two-thirds of its territory in Asia, wanted to take advantage of this.
Several recent developments suggest that Russia is serious about strengthening ties with Asia, chiefly with China, and using its abundant energy reserves as leverage to gain greater economic and political influence. Two multi-billion-dollar oil and gas fields being brought into production by mainly foreign producers off Sakhalin Island in Russia’s far east have run foul of Russian regulators. This is widely seen as part of an attempt by Russian state-owned oil, gas and pipeline construction monopolies to take control of energy reserves and distribution networks in Siberia and the Pacific coast in preparation for government-directed sales to favoured customers in Asia.
For the Exxon Mobil-led Sakhalin-1 project, this happened just as its first oil exports were starting.
Japan’s new leader, Mr Abe, has warned that forced contract changes or delays in the second of these projects, known as Sakhalin-2, will have ‘negative repercussions on the whole of our relations with Russia’.
Japan’s electricity utilities have signed long-term contracts with this Shell-led project on Sakhalin Island, which is immediately north of Japan, to deliver gas equal to about 10 per cent of Japan’s total needs, starting in 2008. Mitsui and Mitsubishi, two of the country’s largest trading companies, own 25 per cent and 20 per cent respectively of the project, being built at an estimated cost of US$20 billion (S$31 billion).
Meanwhile, China, too, is keen to lock in pipeline supplies of both oil and gas from Russia, which has the world’s biggest natural gas reserves and the eighth-largest oil reserves. Last year, China imported nearly 13 million tonnes of crude oil from Russia, or just over 10 per cent of total imports. This ratio has been rising steadily since 1999, when imports of Russian oil were negligible.
Russia is now China’s fourth main source of foreign oil, after Angola, Saudi Arabia and Iran. Sales would be growing even faster if they did not have to rely so much on Russian rail transport, which is expensive. Mr Putin indicated that building new oil and gas pipelines to China over the next few years would intensify shipments.
This sounds like music to Chinese ears. But Russia has a history of failing to deliver on some of its energy promises. Oil sales to China this year are unlikely to be more than 11 million tonnes, 4 million tonnes less than projected. Many of the oil and gas reserves believed to be in Siberia have yet to be proven.
And Moscow still has not made it absolutely clear whether the pipeline being extended eastwards from Taishet in Siberia will first carry oil into China, or to Japan and other customers via an outlet on the Pacific coast.
At this point, however, China appears to be the likely winner.
Some military and defense analysts say the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are diluting troop strength, equipment and morale on other fronts.
The continuing deployment of US troops to Iraq and Afghanistan has diluted the pool of soldiers stationed throughout the world to dangerously thin proportions in some areas, according to experts, also resulting in a chronic dearth of military equipment both on the home front and at overseas posts.
The 140,000-plus US troops in Iraq and 30,000 or more stationed in Afghanistan have caused a drain on other long-time US military obligations abroad, such as South Korea, Japan and Germany, notes one military analyst.
Others point out that a systematic redeployment of US troops from the Korean Peninsula’s Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and other locales has been planned for several years.
Last month, ISN Security Watch reported on fatigue among enlisted personnel and troops – some of whom are on their third tour of duty in Iraq – and the waning morale among reservists and other part-time members of the military.
With some 350,000 troops stationed in approximately 120 countries, over 60 percent of the US Army is dedicated to active duty. Currently, the US military is enacting a “one in three” policy in which active duty soldiers must serve one year abroad for every three years of duty.
Meanwhile, the ongoing conflicts have led some to believe that the US military is at a “tipping point” that could lead to serious shortcomings regarding its “ability to field sufficient forces of a high level of quality and equipment that ensures our security,” according to a soon-to-be released report by the Washington think-tank The Brookings Institution, obtained in advance by ISN Security Watch.
The report notes gaps in the demand for new equipment and the supply available to forces on the front lines. Several experts note that those shortcomings often are filled with supplies from other US posts throughout the world, leaving those bases with supply and manpower shortages.
Some analysts also warn that while recruitment levels were adequate for 2006, the US Army failed to meet its quotas for the previous two years. With some 500,000 plus troops needed to field a rotating fighting force of 170,000 or so in Iraq and Afghanistan, the military could face a shortage of the fresh faces needed to replenish its legions.
At the same time, countries like Indonesia, the Philippines and other Southeast Asian nations go largely ignored, a serious concern among some defense and military intelligence officials who warn that those countries are breeding grounds for Islamic extremism and in some cases potential targets for future terror attacks.
“It is certainly far from broken, but serious warning symptoms are becoming clear; small compromises in accepting gaps in personnel and equipment are beginning to have huge consequences,” read the report.
While the US Army failed to meet its 2004 and 2005 recruitment goals, the US Marines reportedly met its mark for those same years, apparently due to superior marketing, according to John E Pike, director of Globalsecurity.org.
“The problem wasn’t the product, it was the sales pitch,” Pike told ISN Security Watch. The previous “Army of One” motto had proved to be a weak lure for perspective soldiers compared to “The Few, The Proud, the Marines,” he added.
“But the Army got a new ad agency and fixed their marketing problems,” Pike noted, referring to the “Army Strong” advertising made popular this year.
Though recruitment may be back on track, there is a lingering dilemma regarding the US National Guard and Army Reserve, both of which are understaffed and “under-strength” due to shortfalls in everything from uniforms to arms and vehicles.
Budgeting has been blamed by some for the lack of certain equipment, but the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are also responsible for some of the setbacks experienced by troops stationed outside those two theaters.
According to Peter Singer, a military analyst at The Brookings Institution, the National Guard has 34 percent of needed equipment, while the Army Reserve has 76 percent of its equipment needs fulfilled.
Singer notes that equipment fatigue rates are higher than defense officials had originally calculated. Vehicles like Humvees that were expected to last 13 years in the field are more often than not wearing out after an average of two years. Light armored vehicles with a projected 30-year life span often last no more than six years.
Without adequate supplies, troops earmarked for deployment will not be combat ready for either front or even service at another foreign US post.
“Then comes a point at which when a unit just isn’t deployable,” Pike says.
The Pentagon is currently following a “one in five” deployment schedule for military reservists, according to Mackenzie Eaglen, military analyst with the Washington DC-based Heritage Foundation.
That ratio could be reduced in the coming years to the “one in three” ratio used by active duty forces if troop levels on both fronts are sustained for the foreseeable future.
US forces are currently scaling back troop levels in other long-term deployments like South Korea, where soldiers have been stationed for some 56 years and have begun a long-term withdrawal plan from the DMZ.
However, disengagement from South Korea is not easy, considering what some say is Seoul’s dependence on the US military presence.
“Does anyone think China or North Korea are going to overrun the South? Of course not,” opined the Globalsecurity.org director.
According to Eaglen, a “systematic reduction” in force levels in South Korea – currently around 30,000 – not only is needed to provide replacement troops for Iraq and Afghanistan, but would in essence slowly extricate US military involvement in the peninsula, a goal that has been on the books at the Pentagon for some time.
“Once you make a commitment it’s difficult to disengage because people rely on you and consider you an honest broker,” she said.
A lesser-known deployment of US troops is the 1,600-strong US Combined Joint Task Force based in Djibouti.
Western intelligence agencies believe that Somalia and other nations in the region, including Yemen, are recruiting and training centers for al-Qaida and other such networks.
Since moving to Djibouti in May 2003, the task force has worked with local troops in the Horn and East Africa toward “building relationships [with local leaders and informants] for when they might need them later,” Singer notes.
The Brookings analyst also notes that the 2002 Predator drone missile strike on Yemen that killed a US citizen was supposedly launched from the US base in Djibouti, which at one time was occupied by French forces.
The interest in the region could one day lead to the creation by the Pentagon of an “Africa Command” similar to the other area specific commands the Defense Department operates. |
0.97109 | Show up like a celebrity, and use these key techniques to guarantee a strong first impression with every presentation.
Familyman. Entrepreneur. Speaker. Author. Tennis enthusiast.
“You make a first impression and people never forget it,” stated Juno screenwriter Diablo Cody.
In business, it’s imperative that you start off with a great and memorable first impression and even more critical when you’re speaking in front of groups. It’s the difference between being heard by your audience or having them sleep through your presentation.
Consider these benefits of taking your speaking abilities up a few levels and advance to celebrity influencer status. Here are the five key ways to making sure you’re seen as the ultimate authority.
1. Grab them before they see you.
Having a fantastic introduction will immediately boost your status. The very first secret to becoming an authority in public speaking is in how you position your introduction. This positioning secret is essential in guaranteeing that the message and energy you want to be communicated are directly expressed to your audience even before you take the stage. You are not always going to get a show host or sponsor that will have the kind of energy or speaking skills that are ideal to have them introduce you before you give your talk.
Rather than leave this to chance, a respected member of the Speaking Empire community, and founder of the Women's Success Summit, Michelle Villalobos uses a version of this powerful video introduction to position her before she sets foot on the stage. The video can also include testimonials from other influencers and authorities that sing your praises, so you can take the stage as the rockstar you are.
Your video introduction will make sure that you are putting your best foot forward, up to your own standards. First impressions are lasting impressions, so when you can captivate your audiences with your intro and position yourself as a celebrity from the get-go, your audience is more likely to pay attention to the content of your speech.
2. Leverage the transition of power.
The second strategy is to always make sure to have the promoter, event organizer or whoever is the top authority at the event introduce you. There is so much power to having a celebrity or someone that is familiar, recognizable and respected by an audience to come before you and present you.
I see it as a transition of power, whether it is the master of ceremonies or the head of the organization -- it is a powerful thing to be brought onto a stage by someone that has an influence on your audience.
The premise is that an audience is more likely to pay attention to the content of someone they trust. It is called the "halo effect": when there is a tendency for an impression created to transfer or influence another. If the speaker is brought onto the stage by someone seen as an authority, the audience will be more receptive to the presentation that follows.
In a room of people that have never heard of you before, you automatically receive a boost by having the known person introduce you. The transition of power and authority gives validity to the new speaker before the speaker even opens their mouth.
3. Call upon the transference of credibility.
Like the transition of power, the transference of credibility can be leveraged by simply having another celebrity mention your name. If a credible source mentions your name from the stage before you take the stage, the credibility you gain is phenomenal.
As an example, I was at a conference with business coach and author Dan Kennedy, and he mentioned that he and I had a book coming out and that I had a lunch break session coming up that everyone should attend. We had the biggest turnout we’ve ever had for this style of event.
Simply because he was the celebrity or authority, he did not have to describe me or introduce me. Kennedy merely mentioned my name from the stage, and everybody came to see me because he transferred authority to me as a speaker. I would say that this is simple but extremely powerful.
Let’s say that you just have not networked enough to have a celebrity or the promoter introduce you -- not even to mention your name once. What do you do?
It’s not the end of the world. You can always apply covert influence to your introduction.
Given that you do not have a famous or familiar face to transition power or transfer credibility over to you, you can always have a client or an affiliate introduce you by selling you to the audience with their own authentic story about you.
A client of mine and founder of the Bold Brave Women Movement, Mai Vu, speaks at a number of events -- many where the audience knows or has heard of her, and some where attendees are meeting her for the first time. No matter her situation, she always looks to have a member of her community, that she has impacted or dramatically changed the life of, make an introduction for her.
5. Blitz them with pre-event marketing.
Pre-event marketing can make a lasting impact on how you are perceived at an event. The challenge is no one gives much thought to pre-event marketing, missing out on big potential payoffs.
To get started with pre-event marketing, talk to the event organizers and ask them how you can provide value ahead of time for the event. It is a simple gesture but will make you stand out because you will be seen as a professional wanting to build value for the promoters and their audience.
Salespeople know it takes six or seven “yeses” to make a deal, so promote yourself the same way with at least six to seven touch points before the event to market yourself as an authority speaker. This pre-event marketing can include online and social media, webinars or Facebook Live presentations, direct mail campaigns and employing the event hashtags.
You will be shocked at how easily you can become a perceived celebrity by following these five simple strategies.
The next speaking engagement you have, don’t leave your introduction to chance, work with the event organizers to implement these strategies to make sure you make a great and lasting first impression, and are seen as the celebrity speaker that you are. Plus, the word will get out, and you will become a sought-after speaker. |
0.999996 | What is Four wheel drive (4WD) or 4X4 technology in vehicles?
Four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicle is a vehicle that is capable of transferring engine power to all the four wheels. More often, people call these vehicles as 4X4 cars.
In this terminology, the first digit represents the number of axle-ends on a vehicle while the second digit represents the number of wheels which directly receive engine power.
The wheels which receive power from the engine are also called driving wheels. Therefore, one can say that a four-wheel drive (4WD) or 4X4 vehicle contains 4 driving wheels.
Part-time four-wheel drive: This is the first generation of four-wheel drive systems. Usually, such vehicles are rear wheel drive vehicles. Manufacturers convert them to four-wheel drive vehicles with the help of a component called 'Transfer case'. When driver engages transfer case, it transfers the engine power to front wheels also, along with the rear wheels. It is the most simple and cheap 4WD system.
On-demand four-wheel drive: Under the normal operating condition, this system operates as the two-wheel drive. However, it can switch over to 4WD mode whenever needed. For doing this, it employs an open differential and the operation is either vacuum or electrically controlled.
Full time four wheel drive (4WD): This system works as all time 4WD. Its' operation is fully automatic and it does not need any input from the driver. It uses viscous coupling for torque transfer and thus, can even adjust to individual wheel slips.
AWD stands for All Wheel Drive. Technically, an AWD vehicle can be either a full time or part time four wheel drive vehicle. However, according to the recent nomenclature followed in the automotive industry, the manufacturers use this term to refer to full-time 4WD vehicles only. That means in an AWD vehicle, all the wheels will directly receive engine power all the time. Thus, one can say that AWD is synonymous with full-time 4WD.
It improves overall stability and grip of the vehicle.
It helps to ride on slippery road conditions like mud or snow-covered roads.
4x4 systems are useful for off-roading.
The fuel economy or mileage of 4X4 vehicles is generally lower as compared to equivalent two-wheel drive vehicles.
As all the wheels are driven wheels, the rate of tyre wear in case of 4WD cars is higher compared to two-wheel drive vehicles.
BorgWarner is one of the leading manufacturers of the 4x4 transfer case. For more information, please click here.
Home » Technical Anatomy » What is Four wheel drive (4WD) or 4X4 technology in vehicles?
How Toyota’s Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) Technology Works? |
0.957079 | I don't really see it being a great big hit with the target audience, mostly due to the the pricing which is key here, that and making sure the target market knows about them.
They'll need a plan because in a few years they'll have major competition. Audi, Mercedes and Porsche have all announced plans to produce similar cars, with similar distances to the Tesla of around 200 miles, rather than say a Leaf with about a 50-70 Mile distance. Why would I decide to spend $100k on a Tesla when I could buy a known Luxury brand with years of practice mass producing vehicles like Mercedes for a similar price point? The truth is I won't, I'm more likely to go with a 100 year company than a 10 year one. I'm basing this as an average consumer, who has no tech background or affinity to certain brands. I'm thinking like somebody who would car shop, I know Mercedes, I've heard of Tesla. I think if I were Tesla, I'd be worried about this, on top of that the traditional cars have an advantage of dealerships as well, something Tesla doesn't have. They have to get the rumored budget model out at a decent price point, not a super luxury one to become more relevant to the average car buyer.
According to the article on ArsTechnica, Audi plans to have an SUV to compete with the Model X in 2017 while Mercedes is planning a Sedan for 2021. So Tesla has time to strike, and it better use it. |
0.970796 | Tyrone Williams (born March 26, 1970) is a former gridiron football player. He is the first player to win a Vanier Cup championship in Canadian university football, a Super Bowl championship (2 Super Bowl Championships – 1992 & 1993) in the National Football League and a Grey Cup championship in the Canadian Football League (CFL).
Williams was recruited by University of Western Ontario (now Western University) football coach Larry Haylor in 1988 from Halifax's Queen Elizabeth High School (Halifax, Nova Scotia), where he excelled at football, soccer and basketball. He made an immediate impact in his freshman season with the Mustangs, setting a team receiving record for most yards per catch with 21.9, and was named an Ontario Universities Athletic Association (OUAA) second-team all-star.
Williams was named an OUAA all-star again in 1989, a season in which the Mustangs won their fifth Vanier Cup title. Williams caught five passes for 157 yards and a touchdown to earn the Ted Morris Memorial Trophy as the game's most outstanding player as Western beat the Saskatchewan Huskies 35-10 to win the Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union (CIAU) football championship. Williams earned All-Canadian honours in 1990 and again 1991, and graduated Western with a degree in economics, and school records for most receptions and most yards receiving. Those records stood for nearly two decades until they were surpassed by future CFL star Andy Fantuz.
Williams' accomplishments in Canada caught the attention of American scouts, and after his final season at Western ended, he received an invitation to play in the Senior Bowl in Birmingham, Alabama. Not only was Williams the first Canadian university player to earn an invitation to the NCAA's annual showcase for graduating US college football players, he also caught a 36-yard touchdown pass in a 13-10 AFC victory, the game's only offensive touchdown. Earning him the AT&T Long Distance Play of the Game for the longest play of the game.
Williams was selected by the Calgary Stampeders seventh overall in the first round of the CFL draft in February 1992, but decided to wait for the NFL draft in April before deciding on his professional future.
Williams was selected by the Phoenix Cardinals in the ninth round selection (239th overall) of the 1992 NFL draft. He became the first CIAU player selected in the NFL draft since the Los Angeles Rams selected offensive lineman Mike Schad of the Queen's University Golden Gaels in the first round (23rd overall) in 1986. Not since University of Toronto Varsity Blues quarterback Dan Feraday, who was selected in the 12th round by the Cincinnati Bengals in 1982, had a skill-position player from a Canadian university been taken by an NFL team.
Williams was not the first Western graduate to go to the NFL. Future Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductee Joe Krol played two games with the Detroit Lions in 1945, and offensive guard Dave Sparenberg played one game for the Cleveland Browns as a replacement player during the National Football League Players Association strike in 1987. Nor was Williams the first Mustang to be drafted by the NFL. Linebacker John Priestner was an 11th round pick (280th overall) of the Baltimore Colts in 1979. Priestner did not play in any regular season games with the Colts and returned to Canada to play for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.
Williams' NFL career did not start off smoothly. In 1992, he missed the first two weeks of the Cardinals training camp because his work visa did not arrive, and after falling behind the competition, he was waived on September 1. After his release, Williams was picked up the next day by the Dallas Cowboys, where he remained on the team's practice squad. During the 1992 season he never dressed for a regular season or playoff game but earned his 1st Super Bowl ring watching from the sidelines as the Cowboys crushed the Buffalo Bills 52-17 in Super Bowl XXVII.
The on-field high point of Williams' time with Dallas came on August 8, 1993, when he hooked up with quarterback Jason Garrett for 5 catches and 157 yards, including a game-tying 53 yard touchdown pass in the Cowboys' 13-13 tie with the Detroit Lions in a preseason game at Wembley Stadium in London, England. He dressed for 9 games during the Cowboys' 1993 regular season, and played in 5 games catching one pass for 25 yards. The Cowboys earned a berth in Super Bowl XXVIII, but Williams was relegated to the inactive list when the team decided to dress an extra running back. He did not play in the game, but earned a second Super Bowl ring as the Cowboys defeated the Bills 30-13 to win their second consecutive NFL championship.
On July 11, 1994, Williams parted with the Cowboys, and was claimed by the Chicago Bears on July 12, but he was released during the team's final cuts.
After sitting out the 1994 season, Williams was invited to the Buffalo Bills training camp on January 26, 1995. He was released on August 26, and decided to look for new opportunities back in Canada.
After leaving Buffalo's training camp in 1995, which finished midway through the CFL season, he signed with the Calgary Stampeders, which still retained his negotiation rights from the 1992 CFL draft. He joined former Mustangs teammate Dave Sapunjis in the Stampeders receiving corps, registering six passes for 81 yards and one touchdown in seven games. The team nearly won the CFL's championship in his first year in the league, catching one pass for 13 yards in Calgary's 37-20 loss to the Baltimore Stallions in the 83rd Grey Cup.
On May 23, 1996 Williams was acquired by the Toronto Argonauts in exchange for the negotiation rights to quarterback Dave Dickenson. Williams enjoyed his finest professional season in 1996, playing a full schedule and catching passes for almost 900 yards. Led by quarterback Doug Flutie, the Argonauts cruised to a 15-3 record and won the 84th Grey Cup over the Edmonton Eskimos 43-37. With the victory, Williams became the first player to win the Vanier Cup, the Super Bowl and the Grey Cup.
On March 11, 1997, the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League signed Williams to a two-year contract as a free agent. He chose to retire in May of that year and was released on May 12. Retiring from pro football at the age of 27, he never gave an official explanation for his decision.
In recognition of his accomplishments as an amateur and professional athlete, Williams was inducted into the Nova Scotia Sports Hall of Fame in 2004.
He is now a substitute teacher in the Halifax Regional School Board.
↑ "JP Metras Sports Museum Profile". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
↑ "1989 Western Mustangs Vanier Cup Champions Video". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
↑ "COLLEGE FOOTBALL SENIOR BOWL : Weather Is Miserable, and So Is the Game". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
↑ "Big, Strong and Fast, Mike Schad Quickly Had Rams' Attention". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
↑ "A History Of American Football At Wembley". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
↑ "Dolphins Release CB A.J. Johnson, WR Tyrone Williams". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
Ian Van Den Hurk, Lord of the Rings: Western alum Tyrone Williams University of Western Ontario Gazette, February 4, 2005. |
0.995461 | Article Summary: This article will help anyone looking for information pertaining to a commercial real estate and commercial lending in the State of Montana.
In Montana, any property that is not a dwelling or property with less than five residential units is considered commercial real estate. Property used for commercial, industrial, medical, educational or multiple unit residential purposes is classified as commercial in this large state, and there is plenty of it located in Montana's 145,552 square miles. In 2006, it was reported that Montana's commercial real estate market was in the midst of experiencing significant growth.
Those looking for commercial real estate in Montana have their choice of rental/properties or purchasing the real estate outright. Not all properties offer the option of doing either. However, there are enough properties to choose from that whether your need is to rent or purchase, you will be able to find what you are looking for in the location you need.
Around the state's largest cities, Billings, Great Falls, Bozeman, Missoula, and the state capital, Helena, there is a traditional commercial real estate market. Industrial commercial real estate that can be used for warehouses, manufacturing plants, long term storage facilities, and large office spaces are available. There are also open tracks of land that are zoned commercial for custom industrial buildings to be built. There are also commercial buildings available for office space that house smaller businesses such as banks, legal offices, technology firms, medical facilities, and real estate agencies.
Another growing area in the Montana commercial real estate market is the hospitality and resort industry. Montana is bountiful in both beautiful open and mountain country, and these spaces are being used for ventures such as restaurants, mountain resorts, working ranches where families can vacation, and shopping centers where the people who come to these places spend their time shopping. As the population of Montana continues to lean towards a career/family and retiring baby boomer demographic, the hospitality and resort industries will continue to grow.
In addition to the traditional properties and the hospitality resort real estate properties, Montana also has an abundance of the commercial real estate that is typically found in open Midwest states-agriculture, mining and milling. Farming is still big business in Montana, and there is plenty of commercial real estate with good, fertile soil. The state is rich is natural mineral deposits and in lumber, and real estate is available for those looking in these areas.
Many areas of Montana are seeing a high rate of growth in their population. Builders are having trouble keeping up with the demands of housing. As these areas become more populated, the need for more commercial ventures, and thus the need for more commercial real estate, will develop. |
0.999997 | what are the signs of high blood sugar?
There are no particular signs, only a blood test can tell.
However, if a person has diabetes, a small wound, such as a light cut will take longer to heal. |
0.999757 | THE one major hassle in making pot-stickers is the dough. All it takes is flour and water, and you can knead it in a food processor, but there's a long resting period followed by the ultimate in tedium: rolling out several dozen two-inch circles, each taking a couple of minutes. Once you're finished you still face a half-hour or more of active labor to fill and cook them.
What can make pot-stickers a minimalist dish? One approach is called takeout and is already quite common. The alternative is using the wrappers now sold in just about every supermarket.
Start with those, and a filling of ground pork, cabbage, scallions, ginger and garlic can be put together in less than 10 minutes. Filling each wrapper takes about 30 seconds once you get the hang of it. Cooking pot-stickers takes less than 10 minutes. And assembling a three-ingredient dipping sauce adds another five minutes or so to the process.
Folding the dumplings is almost intuitive, and sealing them is just a matter of brushing an edge of the dough with a little beaten egg. (Water also works as glue but not quite as well.) Always buy round wrappers; squares do not wrap as tidily.
The cooking technique is unusual but simple: brown the dumplings for a couple of minutes in oil, then add a little water; cover for three or four minutes, then uncover and finish browning. Essentially, they are sauteed-steamed-sauteed, producing a crisp bottom, a tender top and a thoroughly cooked interior.
Use any filling you like. Ground pork, beef, chicken, turkey or lamb tastes most familiar. For a vegetarian pot-sticker, cabbage can dominate, complemented by chopped shiitakes, minced tofu, minced celery and carrots, chives or a combination. Shrimp dumplings are also great.
1/4 cup rice vinegar or white vinegar.
1. Combine meat, cabbage, ginger, garlic, scallion whites and 2 tablespoons soy sauce in a bowl with 1/4 cup water. Lay a wrapper on a clean, dry surface, and using your finger or a brush, spread a bit of egg along half of its circumference. Place a rounded teaspoon of filling in center, fold over and seal by pinching edges together. (Do not overfill.) Place dumplings on a plate; if you want to wait a few hours before cooking, cover plate with plastic wrap and refrigerate. Or freeze, for up to two weeks.
2. To cook, put about 2 tablespoons oil in a large nonstick skillet and turn heat to medium-high. A minute later, add dumplings, one at a time; they can touch one another, but should still sit flat in one layer. Cook about 2 minutes, or until bottoms are lightly browned. Add 1/4 cup water per dozen dumplings to pan, and cover. Lower heat to medium, and let simmer about 3 minutes.
3. To make the dipping sauce, combine remaining soy sauce, green parts of scallions and vinegar.
4. Uncover dumplings, return heat to medium-high and cook another minute or two, until bottoms are dark brown and crisp and water evaporates. (Use more oil if necessary.) Serve hot, with sauce.
Yield: 4 main-course or 8 appetizer servings.
Vegetarian Pot-Stickers: Make a filling of 2 cups minced cabbage, 1 cup minced shiitake caps, 1/2 cup minced scallions or chives, and ginger, garlic and soy as above (omit water).
Shrimp Pot-Stickers: Make a filling of 2 cups peeled and minced shrimp (about 1 pound unpeeled), 1/2 cup minced snow peas, 1/2 cup minced shallots, and ginger, garlic and soy as above. Add 1 tablespoon sesame oil (or 1 tablespoon minced bacon). |
0.920763 | Describe in detail your experience with Donna K Knauer aka SMILEY minimum 10 words, maximum 200 words.
Donna was a pleasure to work with, he knowledge of the real estate business and her experience made selling our home worry free. She has to be one of the best in the business. Thank you, Smiley.
Donna helped me with finding my condo and was with me every step of the way through closing. She was very responsive in answering my calls, and ensured that the process moved forward, even while I was out of the country and had limited availability.
Ms. Donna Knauer is my realtor who helped to sell our condo few years ago, in Centerville, Ohio She is very professional, prompt in responses when we reach her anytime. She got quite a few buyers and guided us with clear explanations on how to look for the best offer. She is never pushy type and always give us ample time for us to make correct and right decisions. she also helped us in all the documentation work and to execute the sale deeds properly. I highly recommend her as realtor.
She had showings within a few days after the house was listed and I was kept posted every step of the way. I was informed of every showing. The house was sold within a few weeks! |
0.9791 | Introduction: The Bihar Public Service Commission has announced the results of BPSC 60th-62nd Prelims Result and now the Commission is going to conduct the main examination. The date of this exam is not announced yet. Accordingly, the candidates are now looking for the BPSC 60-62 Mains Admit Card 2017 because they know that without the admit card they will not be able to appear in the examination.
Points Written in this Article: BPSC 60-62 Mains Exam Admit Card 2017, BPSC, 60th-62nd Admit Card 2017, Bihar CCE Admit Card 2017, BPSC 60-62 Exam Pattern 2017.
About BPSC 60-62 Exam: The BPSC 60-62 Exam 2017 is being conducted by the Bihar Public Service Commission. The motive of this examination is to recruit the suitable candidates on various vacancies in different government departments of Bihar State. This job notification was a golden opportunity for those job seekers who want a government job in the Bihar State. Thus, they want to grab this chance. For this, they can check the BPSC 60-62 Exam Pattern 2017.
Currently, there is no official information regarding the BPSC 60th-62nd Exam Date & Admit Card. Bihar CCE Admit Card 2017 is necessitated to be collected by the applicants before the examination otherwise they will not be able to sit in the examination. So, candidates are informed that the hall ticket will be issued before 10-20 days of the test. So, bookmark this page to get the fastest updates on your examination.
BPSC 60-62 Mains Exam Pattern 2017: Contenders, who want to get success in written examination, can check the following exam pattern of this test. |
0.99996 | Given its tilt towards the earth, you would think the Leaning Tower of Pisa would long have collapsed, but, in reality, it has survived numerous strong earthquakes since 1280.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is tilting at least five degrees.
A research team of engineers, including some from the University of Bristol, has studied the seismological, geotechnical and structural information available to work out how the structure has remained undamaged despite four major earthquakes.
They have concluded that the tower has remained standing due to a phenomenon known as dynamic soil structure interaction (DSSI). The tower’s height and stiffness have worked with the soft foundational soil to substantially modify the vibrational characteristics of the structure, so that it does not resonate with seismic activity. |
0.939835 | Jason CummingsJason Cummings invents bonkers nickname after comparison to Manchester United legendLuton boss Mick Harford likened Cummings to Teddy Sheringham but the striker had another Old Trafford hero in mind.
Jason CummingsFormer Rangers star Jason Cummings shares running battle with speed camera in wacky Instagram clipEx-Hibs striker's antics regularly found their way on to social media during his time in Scotland - and not much has changed.
Jason CummingsJason Cummings wrecked his own flat over split from girlfriend reveals Peterborough bossFormer Rangers and Hibs striker was filmed throwing a TV through a window in a stream of bizarre videos.
Jason CummingsJason Cummings opens up on Rangers loan spell and his hopes of a returnThe former Ibrox striker believes he has unfinished business at Ibrox and would love to go back in the future.
Jason CummingsJason Cummings slammed by Aitor Karanka as Nottingham Forest boss tells him to work hardThe former Hibs and Rangers forward is now on loan at Peterborough and he's been warned about his work rate.
Jason CummingsJason Cummings 'gutted' Rangers move is over as he signs loan deal at PeterboroughThe striker has joined the League One outfit on loan from Nottingham Forest and posted an emotional goodbye to Rangers fans.
Jason CummingsScotland striker Jason Cummings filmed celebrating England's World Cup victory over ColombiaRangers loan star has been capped twice for his country but posted videos on his Instagram account while enjoying the Three Lions triumph in Russia.
Jason CummingsJason Cummings parties in Kiev after Rangers spell as Jamie Carragher goes tonto on the dance floorThe striker gets himself right in on the action ahead of Liverpool’s Champions League showdown.
Football NewsIf Jason Cummings can't get a game for Rangers then he has no shot with Nottingham Forest reckons Aitor KarankaThe Scotland international netted six goals at Ibrox during his loan spell before returning to the English Championship club.
Rangers FC Transfer NewsMark Allen talks Rangers transfer plans, Scott Arfield signing and futures of loan starsThe director of football unveiled the first signing of the Steven Gerrard era and opened up on what's expected to be a busy summer window.
John McGinnJohn McGinn urged to move to Rangers by Ibrox loan star Jason CummingsThe pair spent two years together at Hibs and Cummings wants to see Rangers make a move for the midfielder.
Rangers FCJason Cummings admits joker celebration might go on hold - unless Hibs fans rile him upRangers loan striker is happy to show respect for his old club if he scores - unless their supporters get on his back.
Jason CummingsJason Cummings reveals he wants Rangers stay as he attends press conference in blue face paintNottingham Forest loanee wants a permanent deal at Ibrox as he gets set to face old club Hibs on Sunday.
Rangers FC Transfer NewsRangers 'open talks' over permanent Jason Cummings dealSteven Gerrard could offer the striker a home at Ibrox as his Nottingham Forest deal gets set to expire.
Rangers FC5 things we spotted in Rangers training as Ryan Jack’s return is picturedGraeme Murty's men travel to Celtic on Sunday with a massive job on their hands to ruin their title party.
Jason CummingsI dream of partnering Rangers striker Jason Cummings for club and country admits Oli McBurnieThe Swansea forward grew up a Rangers fan and admits he'd love to join fellow Scotland striker Cummings at his boyhood heroes.
Scotland football teamCummings or McBurnie, Armstrong or McLean? Pick YOUR Scotland team to face Costa RicaName your starting XI for the friendly against the team that broke our hearts at Italia 90.
Rangers FCRangers skipper Lee Wallace praises team-mates after international calls and tells them to represent club wellThe 30-year-old has nine Scotland caps and is delighted the club has players back in the international fold.
Jason CummingsRangers striker Jason Cummings shows off skills as he takes up "new career" as tattoo artistJason Cummings joker ink on his hand plays a part in his trademark celebration and now is having a go at it himself.
Rangers FCRangers striker Jason Cummings will be banging my door down looking for start against Celtic admits Graeme MurtyThe Ibrox gaffer believes the on-loan hotshot will be desperate to keep his place after netting a first career hat-trick.
Jason CummingsBilly Dodds reckons Rangers hat-trick hero Jason Cummings may still miss out against CelticThe striker bagged a first-ever career treble against Falkirk to stake a claim for a start in Sunday's showdown.
Jason CummingsRangers striker Jason Cummings sets sights on wrecking Celtic's double treble dreamThe striker notched a treble as Rangers strolled to a 4-1 over Falkirk at Ibrox to ease into the Scottish Cup semi-finals.
William Hill Scottish CupCeltic and Rangers semi-final collision to Carl McHugh's screamer - 5 talking points from Scottish Cup weekendA look at the key moments from the weekend that was in Scottish football. |
0.984642 | What do small businesses really need in this flagging economy? This type of credit is opted for, by most businesses due to their flexibility of payment and the convenience of borrowing according to need. If the money is for an already established business, the borrower would need to present detailed financial statements indicating the profitability and the cash flow situation of the business.
The amount that can be loaned has also been personalized with regard to small business loans. When having bad credit, a secured small business loan is easier to come by, obviously, because you are putting something up against the value of the loan. These business loans for small business resources cater to organizations which typically have been refused a small business loan by banks. |
0.999998 | What are the different types of Stoves?
Electric Stoves - Full size Electric Stoves use electricity and resistive heating elements to produce heat. Typically voltages used to power electric stoves are are 220V to 240V.
Gas Stoves - Natural gas or propane can be used as a fuel source for gas stoves. Gas stoves can either be self igniting or require an external flame source to ignite the gas.
Dual Fuel Stoves - Dual fuel stoves use multiple fuels to cook. Typically a with an upper door freezer are the most common type of refrigerator produced.
Wood Fired Stoves - Stoves that burn wood as the fuel source are called Wood Fired Stoves.
Electric Induction Stoves - Electric Induction Stoves produce heat using induction current in the top surface of the Stove. Induction cooktop surfaces require specific pots designed to be used on Induction Stoves.
Double Oven Stoves - Double Oven Stoves allow users to bake multiple items at different temperatures. Typically the second lower oven in the stove is smaller than the primary upper oven.
Portable Stoves - Portable Stoves are able to be easily relocated and do not take up the space of a full size appliance.
Self Cleaning Stoves - Self Cleaning Stoves in refrigerators are faced with matching cabinetry to blend into the kitchen design rather than contrasting as with most other appliance styles.
What are the different names for Stoves?
Stoves are called the following names; Electric Stove, Gas Stove, Induction Stove, Portable Stove, and Self Cleaning Electric Stove, and Stove. |
0.999999 | Why did a question asked on a game show broadcast on Turkish national television channel ATV have such an impact on Turkey's collective social conscience? Why did it cause our minds and hearts to tremble so deeply? Why were we so moved, why were some of us reduced to tears, why did hearts ache?
The question was, "If there was an airport in Istanbul in 1819, for which cities would the "international" terminal be used to travel?" The answers listed are "Athens, Sarajevo, Sofia," "Damascus, Jerusalem, Cairo," and "Baghdad, Amman, Medina."
None of these were the correct answer. Travelers would have had to use the "domestic" terminal to go to all of these cities. We would have been traveling to these cities like we would to Konya, Trabzon, İzmir, Edirne, Diyarbakır, and Erzurum.
These cities were central cities during the Ottoman era. They were the ancient cities of our geography. They were cities that built the region, made history, bred and raised empires. And while these cities existed, there was an essence of "us."
"We" were there, from the Danube to the Persian Gulf, from the Caucasus to the Red Sea, from Jerusalem and Medina to Baghdad and Damascus. That "us" was the Balkans, we were Mesopotamia, we were Anatolia, we were the Indian Ocean, and we were the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
We were Turk, we were Arab, we were Kurd. We were trying to remain "us"
We were Turk, we were Arab, we were Kurd, we were Caucasian or Bosniaks, we were Albanian or Persian. But we were "us."
While that idea of "us" existed, we were the center of the world, we were the earth's main axis, we were the source of power and wealth, we were shaping the global power domain. After 1819, we put up great struggles to defend, protect and keep together all these cities, a region. What we tried to protect and keep together was not those cities only. We were trying to protect what was "us," we were trying to remain "us."
And after we lost that identity of "us", we lost these cities too. Not only these cities, we also lost each other. While we were making history for centuries, we were suddenly pushed to the margins of history. Our region fell apart, our cities fell apart, and our hearts fell apart. Most importantly, our memory collapsed, we became blind and forgetful.
When Iraq was invaded in 2003, when we received news of massacre in the city of Kut, none of us other than a few remembered Kut al-Amara. We did not remember as the hundreds of thousands-strong Western army was building up in the heart of Mesopotamia, as Baghdad, one of Islam's ancient cities, was being divided in to pieces with high walls, as people who lived together for centuries were slaughtering one another. Whereas that Baghdad was home to how many empires. We failed to find anything in our memories beyond 90 years back.
What was the Turkish soldier who wrote the following words trying to tell us?
As Israel was bombing Gaza, as it was committing massacre after massacre, as it was annihilating a nation in broad daylight, we poured to the streets crying out "Gaza." We carried Palestinian flags; those resisting with slingshots were out heroes. But we did not remember the Gaza wars in 1917.
Once again, we failed to wake up to beyond 90 years back. What were the first, second and third Gaza wars, we did not turn to look. Our memory was not enough to know which villages Israel bombed.
Whereas, even the British archives contain memories of the Turkish soldiers who died in the Gaza wars - that is where we were learning from. We failed to understand what the Turkish soldier, who came all the way here from Anatolia to protect Jerusalem meant in his pocket note that read, "Do not pray after us. Revenge, oh revenge!"
We did not remember the tragedies experienced by the millions of people that flocked from the Balkans to Anatolia, the massacres and slaughters, the martyrdom of hundreds of thousands of people, that genocide - we chose to forget about it. We did not tell anybody about the dramas of those who came from the Caucasus and sought shelter in Anatolia.
We did not remember or learn the memories of our children who went from Anatolia to Yemen, knowing they will never return again, even while the Yemen war is ongoing today. We did not, could not pass it on to present generations.
Because we were a nation that "did not know how to cry." We would not beg, we would not be weak, we would not make concessions to our pride, we would not ask anyone for help, and we would never bow down.
We listened to the touching folk songs that came from the coast of the Danube, from Yemen, and the Caucasus. We listened to the sounds of mourning that arose from Anatolia. We remained silent with relentless patience. We knew to keep quiet and wait.
Because we were a great ideal that spread from the coasts of the Great Ocean, from the coasts of the Indian Ocean to the coasts of the Atlantic.
We were aware that it was cities that made history, not states. We were aware that cities did not forget pain, that they would take revenge one day.
We sought refuge in Anatolia and kept quiet all through the 20th century. Our memories were wiped out and we still remained silent. We kept quiet knowing that one day these lands will awaken again.
We kept quiet believing that a new revival would come after World War I, just as it was revived again after the Crusade Wars, after the Seljuks, after the Mongolian Invasion.
Now, our memories have come alive, our tongue is untied, our emotions are free, and our faith has gained strength. We remembered Medina, Sarajevo and Baghdad all over again. We remembered what homeland and region are, where our ancient cities are. We have been revived.
If today, a "language of Turkey" is gaining strength throughout the entire region from the Pacific coasts to the Atlantic Ocean, it is due to the revival of this memory and the summoning of history to the present moment. This great ideal is not nationalism in the strict sense. It is the fight for "us," not "me."
This is the fight Turkey is putting up. This is the reason behind the attacks on Turkey from the West, East, our region, and within. This is why our minds, hearts and thoughts have been revived. This is a great historic showdown. The collapse a century ago was a historical turning point. Similarly, the rise today is also a turning point in history.
The rediscovery of this awareness, the activation of the memory, the reconstruction of this identity is the reason why our people were so shaken, both emotionally and mentally, by the answers of that question. This "language" is much stronger than all political discourses. And that tongue now speaks as one. The impact of that question asked on a television program revealed the entire mechanisms behind the current political and social trends. This in itself is the new rise. |
0.999977 | What does Dedans, en translate to?
En Dedans is a classical ballet term meaning “inward.” En dedans is always attached to another ballet term to describe the direction it should move.
For example, a pirouette en dedans would mean that a dancer is pushing their back leg to the front and turning “inward” to their supporting leg.
Another definition to think for en dedans is “from the back, to the front.” For example, a rond de jambe en dedans would start to the back and move in a circular motion to the side, then front.
En dedans is the opposite en dehors. |
0.95571 | (Wikipedia) - Sun This article is about the star. For other uses, see Sun (disambiguation).
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is almost perfectly spherical and consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields. It has a diameter of about 1,392,684 km (865,374 mi), around 109 times that of Earth, and its mass (1.989×1030 kilograms, approximately 330,000 times the mass of Earth) accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. Chemically, about three quarters of the Sun''s mass consists of hydrogen, whereas the rest is mostly helium. The remaining 1.69% (equal to 5,600 times the mass of Earth) consists of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon and iron, among others.
The Sun formed about 4.567 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud. Most of the matter gathered in the center, whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that would become the Solar System. The central mass became increasingly hot and dense, eventually initiating thermonuclear fusion in its core. It is thought that almost all stars form by this process. The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on spectral class and it is informally designated as a yellow dwarf because its visible radiation is most intense in the yellow-green portion of the spectrum, and although it is actually white in color, from the surface of the Earth it may appear yellow because of atmospheric scattering of blue light. In the spectral class label, G2 indicates its surface temperature, of approximately 5778 K (5505 °C, 9941 °F), and V indicates that the Sun, like most stars, is a main-sequence star, and thus generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core, the Sun fuses about 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second.
Once regarded by astronomers as a small and relatively insignificant star, the Sun is now thought to be brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way, most of which are red dwarfs. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is +4.83; however, as the star closest to Earth, the Sun is by far the brightest object in the sky with an apparent magnitude of −26.74. This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star, Sirius, with an apparent magnitude of −1.46. The Sun''s hot corona continuously expands in space creating the solar wind, a stream of charged particles that extends to the heliopause at roughly 100 astronomical units. The bubble in the interstellar medium formed by the solar wind, the heliosphere, is the largest continuous structure in the Solar System.
The Sun is currently traveling through the Local Interstellar Cloud (near to the G-cloud) in the Local Bubble zone, within the inner rim of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way. Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light-years from Earth (the closest being a red dwarf named Proxima Centauri at approximately 4.2 light-years away), the Sun ranks fourth in mass. The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way at a distance of approximately 24000–26000 light-years from the galactic center, completing one clockwise orbit, as viewed from the galactic north pole, in about 225–250 million years. Because the Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km/s, the Sun''s resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km/s in the direction of Crater or Leo.
The mean distance of Earth from the Sun is approximately 1 astronomical unit (about 150,000,000 km; 93,000,000 mi), though the distance varies as Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July. At this average distance, light travels from the Sun to Earth in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds. The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth''s climate and weather. The enormous effect of the Sun on the Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times, and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity. An accurate scientific understanding of the Sun developed slowly, and as recently as the 19th century prominent scientists had little knowledge of the Sun''s physical composition and source of energy. This understanding is still developing; there are a number of present-day anomalies in the Sun''s behavior that remain unexplained.
The English proper noun Sun developed from Old English sunne (in around 725, attested in Beowulf), and may be related to south. Cognates to English sun appear in other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian sunne, sonne, Old Saxon sunna, Middle Dutch sonne, modern Dutch zon, Old High German sunna, modern German Sonne, Old Norse sunna, and Gothic sunnō. All Germanic terms for the Sun stem from Proto-Germanic *sunnōn.
In relation, the Sun is personified as a goddess in Germanic paganism, Sól/Sunna. Scholars theorize that the Sun, as a Germanic goddess, may represent an extension of an earlier Proto-Indo-European sun deity due to Indo-European linguistic connections between Old Norse Sól, Sanskrit Surya, Gaulish Sulis, Lithuanian Saulė, and Slavic Solntse.
The English weekday name Sunday stems from Old English (Sunnandæg; "Sun''s day", from before 700) and is ultimately a result of a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis, itself a translation of the Greek ἡμέρα ἡλίου (hēméra hēlíou). The Latin name for the Sun, Sol, is widely known but is not common in general English language use; the adjectival form is the related word solar. The term sol is also used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on another planet, such as Mars. A mean Earth solar day is approximately 24 hours, whereas a mean Martian ''sol'' is 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds.
CharacteristicsPlay mediaThis video takes Solar Dynamics Observatory images and applies additional processing to enhance the structures visible. The events in this video represent 24 hours of activity on 25 September 2011.
The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star comprising about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. It is a near-perfect sphere, with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths, which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). Because the Sun consists of a plasma and is not solid, it rotates faster at its equator than at its poles. This behavior is known as differential rotation and is caused by convection in the Sun and the movement of mass, due to steep temperature gradients from the core outwards. This mass carries a portion of the Sun’s counter-clockwise angular momentum (as viewed from the ecliptic north pole), thus redistributing the angular velocity. The period of this actual rotation is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles. However, due to the constantly changing vantage point from Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotation of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days. The centrifugal effect of this slow rotation is 18 million times weaker than the surface gravity at the Sun''s equator. The tidal effect of the planets is even weaker and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun.
The Sun is a Population I, or heavy-element-rich, star. The formation of the Sun may have been triggered by shockwaves from one or more nearby supernovae. This is suggested by a high abundance of heavy elements in the Solar System, such as gold and uranium, relative to the abundances of these elements in so-called Population II (heavy-element-poor) stars. These elements could most plausibly have been produced by endothermic nuclear reactions during a supernova, or by transmutation through neutron absorption within a massive second-generation star.
The Sun does not have a definite boundary as rocky planets do, and in its outer parts the density of its gases drops exponentially with increasing distance from its center. Nevertheless, it has a well-defined interior structure, described below. The Sun''s radius is measured from its center to the edge of the photosphere. The photosphere is the last visible layer as those above it are too cool or too thin to radiate sufficient light to be visible to the naked eye in the presence of the brilliant light from the photosphere. During a total solar eclipse, however, when the photosphere is obscured by the Moon, the Sun''s corona can be easily seen surrounding it.
The solar interior is not directly observable, and the Sun itself is opaque to electromagnetic radiation. However, just as seismology uses waves generated by earthquakes to reveal the interior structure of Earth, the discipline of helioseismology makes use of pressure waves (infrasound) traversing the Sun''s interior to measure and visualize its inner structure. Computer modeling of the Sun is also used as a theoretical tool to investigate its deeper layers.
The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to 150 g/cm3 (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvin (K). By contrast, the Sun''s surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the rest of the radiative zone. Through most of the Sun''s life, energy is produced by nuclear fusion through a series of steps called the p–p (proton–proton) chain; this process converts hydrogen into helium. Only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle.
The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion; 99% of the power is generated within 24% of the Sun''s radius, and by 30% of the radius, fusion has stopped nearly entirely. The rest of the Sun is heated by energy that is transferred outward by radiation from the core to the convective layers just outside. The energy produced by fusion in the core must then travel through many successive layers to the solar photosphere before it escapes into space as sunlight or the kinetic energy of particles.
The proton–proton chain occurs around 9.2×1037 times each second in the core. Because this reaction uses four free protons (hydrogen nuclei), it converts about 3.7×1038 protons to alpha particles (helium nuclei) every second (out of a total of ~8.9×1056 free protons in the Sun), or about 6.2×1011 kg per second. Because fusing hydrogen into helium releases around 0.7% of the fused mass as energy, the Sun releases energy at the mass–energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons per second, 384.6 yotta watts (3.846×1026 W), or 9.192×1010 megatons of TNT per second.
The power production by fusion in the core varies with distance from the solar center. At the center of the Sun, theoretical models estimate it to be approximately 276.5 watts/m3, a power production density that more nearly approximates reptile metabolism than a thermonuclear bomb. Peak power production in the Sun has been compared to the volumetric heats generated in an active compost heap. The tremendous power output of the Sun is not due to its high power per volume, but instead due to its large size.
The gamma rays (high-energy photons) released in fusion reactions are absorbed in only a few millimeters of solar plasma and then re-emitted again in a random direction and at slightly lower energy. Therefore it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun''s surface. Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years. In contrast, it takes only 2.3 seconds for the neutrinos, which account for about 2% of the total energy production of the Sun, to reach the surface. Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years. This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly to be changed.
During the final part of the photon''s trip out of the Sun, in the convective outer layer, collisions are fewer and far between, and they have less energy. The photosphere is the transparent surface of the Sun where the photons escape as visible light. Each gamma ray in the Sun''s core is converted into several million photons of visible light before escaping into space. Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core, but unlike photons they rarely interact with matter, so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately. For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were lower than theories predicted by a factor of 3. This discrepancy was resolved in 2001 through the discovery of the effects of neutrino oscillation: the Sun emits the number of neutrinos predicted by the theory, but neutrino detectors were missing 2⁄3 of them because the neutrinos had changed flavor by the time they were detected.
The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer, the tachocline. This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the convection zone results in a large shear—a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another. The fluid motions found in the convection zone above, slowly disappear from the top of this layer to its bottom, matching the calm characteristics of the radiative zone on the bottom. Presently, it is hypothesized (see Solar dynamo) that a magnetic dynamo within this layer generates the Sun''s magnetic field.
In the Sun''s outer layer, from its surface to approximately 200,000 km below (70% of the solar radius away from the center), the temperature is lower than in the radiative zone and heavier atoms are not fully ionized. As a result, radiative heat transport is less effective. The density of the gases are low enough to allow convective currents to develop. Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands, thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise. As a result, thermal convection develops as thermal cells carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun''s photosphere. Once the material cools off at the photosphere, its density increases, and it sinks to the base of the convection zone, where it picks up more heat from the top of the radiative zone and the cycle continues. At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000th the density of air at sea level).
Play mediaSmall Bénard cells on Earth made by mixing acetone and gold paint in a shallow dish. Solar Bénard cells are orders of magnitude larger, but operate on the same principle—hence the similar appearance.
The thermal columns in the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun as the solar granulation and supergranulation. The turbulent convection of this outer part of the solar interior causes "small-scale" dynamos that produces magnetic north and south poles all over the surface of the Sun. The Sun''s thermal columns are Bénard cells and take the shape of hexagonal prisms.
The visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light. Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space, and its energy escapes the Sun entirely. The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H− ions, which absorb visible light easily. Conversely, the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H− ions. The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick, being slightly less opaque than air on Earth. Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part, an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk, in a phenomenon known as limb darkening. The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a black-body radiating at about 6,000 K, interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere. The photosphere has a particle density of ~1023 m−3 (about 0.37% of the particle number per volume of Earth''s atmosphere at sea level). The photosphere is not fully ionized—the extent of ionization is about 3%, leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form.
Atmosphere See also: Corona and Coronal loopDuring a total solar eclipse, the solar corona can be seen with the naked eye, during the brief period of totality.
The parts of the Sun above the photosphere are referred to collectively as the solar atmosphere. They can be viewed with telescopes operating across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio through visible light to gamma rays, and comprise five principal zones: the temperature minimum, the chromosphere, the transition region, the corona, and the heliosphere.
The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region about 500 km above the photosphere, with a temperature of about 4100 K. This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra.
The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun. The reason has not been conclusively proven; evidence suggests that Alfvén waves may have enough energy to heat the corona.
Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about 2000 km thick, dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines. It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma, meaning color, because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total solar eclipses. The temperature in the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude, ranging up to around 20000 K near the top. In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially ionized.
Taken by Hinode''s Solar Optical Telescope on 12 January 2007, this image of the Sun reveals the filamentary nature of the plasma connecting regions of different magnetic polarity.
Above the chromosphere, in a thin (about 200 km) transition region, the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000 K in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000 K. The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region, which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma. The transition region does not occur at a well-defined altitude. Rather, it forms a kind of nimbus around chromospheric features such as spicules and filaments, and is in constant, chaotic motion. The transition region is not easily visible from Earth''s surface, but is readily observable from space by instruments sensitive to the extreme ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.
The corona is the next layer of the Sun. The low corona, near the surface of the Sun, has a particle density around 1015–1016 m−3. The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000–2,000,000 K; however, in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000–20,000,000 K. Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona, at least some of its heat is known to be from magnetic reconnection. The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun, which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun''s photosphere. Waves at the outer surface of the corona that randomly blow even further from the Sun is called the solar wind, and is one of the ways the Sun influences the whole Solar System.
The heliosphere, the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun, is filled with the solar wind plasma. This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic—that is, where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves, at approximately 20 solar radii (0.1 AU). Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere cannot affect the shape of the solar corona within, because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves. The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere, forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape, until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun. In December 2004, the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause. Both of the Voyager probes have recorded higher levels of energetic particles as they approach the boundary.
The heliosphere extends to the outer fringe of the Solar System, farther than the orbit of Pluto, is defined to end at the heliopause, which is the end of influence from the Sun, and is the boundary with the interstellar medium.
Magnetic field See also: Stellar magnetic fieldIn this false-color ultraviolet image, the Sun shows a C3-class solar flare (white area on upper left), a solar tsunami (wave-like structure, upper right) and multiple filaments of plasma following a magnetic field, rising from the stellar surface.The heliospheric current sheet extends to the outer reaches of the Solar System, and results from the influence of the Sun''s rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium.
The Sun is a magnetically active star. It supports a strong, changing magnetic field that varies year-to-year and reverses direction about every eleven years around solar maximum. The Sun''s magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity, including sunspots on the surface of the Sun, solar flares, and variations in solar wind that carry material through the Solar System. The effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and electric power. Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System. Solar activity changes the structure of Earth''s outer atmosphere.
All matter in the Sun is in the form of gas and, at high temperatures, plasma. This makes it possible for the Sun to rotate faster at its equator (about 25 days) than it does at more extreme latitudes (about 35 days near its poles). The differential rotation of the Sun''s latitudes causes its magnetic field lines to become twisted together over time, producing magnetic field loops to erupt from the Sun''s surface and trigger the formation of the Sun''s dramatic sunspots and solar prominences (see magnetic reconnection). This twisting action creates the solar dynamo and an 11-year solar cycle of magnetic activity as the Sun''s magnetic field reverses itself about every 11 years.
The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself. The magnetized solar wind plasma carries the Sun''s magnetic field into space forming what is called the interplanetary magnetic field. Because the plasma can only move along the magnetic field lines, the interplanetary magnetic field is initially stretched radially away from the Sun. Because the fields north and south of the solar equator have different polarities pointing toward and away from the Sun, there exists a thin current layer in the solar equatorial plane, which is called the heliospheric current sheet. At great distances, the rotation of the Sun twists the magnetic field and the current sheet into the Archimedean spiral like structure called the Parker spiral. The interplanetary magnetic field is much stronger than the dipole component of the solar magnetic field. The Sun''s dipole magnetic field of 50–400 μT (at the photosphere) reduces with the inverse-cube of the distance to about 0.1 nT at the distance of Earth. However, according to spacecraft observations the interplanetary field at Earth''s location is around 5 nT, about a hundred times greater. The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun.
Chemical compositionImage taken by NASA STEREO probes launched in 2006; utilizing two spacecraft to image the Sun at the extreme UV wavelength (171 Å).
The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium; they account for 74.9% and 23.8% of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere, respectively. All heavier elements, called metals in astronomy, account for less than 2% of the mass. The most abundant metals are oxygen (roughly 1% of the Sun''s mass), carbon (0.3%), neon (0.2%), and iron (0.2%).
The Sun inherited its chemical composition from the interstellar medium out of which it formed. The hydrogen and helium in the Sun were produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and the metals were produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in generations of stars that completed their stellar evolution and returned their material to the interstellar medium before the formation of the Sun. The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System. However, since the Sun formed, some of the helium and heavy elements have gravitationally settled from the photosphere. Therefore, in today''s photosphere the helium fraction is reduced and the metallicity is only 84% of that in the protostellar phase (before nuclear fusion in the core started). The protostellar Sun''s composition was reconstructed as 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% metals.
The solar heavy-element abundances described above are typically measured both using spectroscopy of the Sun''s photosphere and by measuring abundances in meteorites that have never been heated to melting temperatures. These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements. The two methods generally agree well.
In the 1970s, much research focused on the abundances of iron group elements in the Sun. Although significant research was done, the abundance determination of some iron group elements (e.g. cobalt and manganese) was still difficult at least as far as 1978 because of their hyperfine structures.
The first largely complete set of oscillator strengths of singly ionized iron group elements were made available first in the 1960s, and improved oscillator strengths were computed in 1976. In 1978 the abundances of ''singly Ionized'' elements of the iron group were derived.
The number of sunspots visible on the Sun is not constant, but varies over an 11-year cycle known as the solar cycle. At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none at all can be seen. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the sunspot cycle progresses, the number of sunspots increases and they move closer to the equator of the Sun, a phenomenon described by Spörer''s law. Sunspots usually exist as pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. The magnetic polarity of the leading sunspot alternates every solar cycle, so that it will be a north magnetic pole in one solar cycle and a south magnetic pole in the next.
The solar cycle has a great influence on space weather, and a significant influence on Earth''s climate because the Sun''s luminosity has a direct relationship with magnetic activity. Solar activity minima tend to be correlated with colder temperatures, and longer than average solar cycles tend to be correlated with hotter temperatures. In the 17th century, the solar cycle appeared to have stopped entirely for several decades; few sunspots were observed during this period. During this era, known as the Maunder minimum or Little Ice Age, Europe experienced unusually cold temperatures. Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.
The Sun today is roughly halfway through the most stable part of its life. It has not changed dramatically for four billion years, and will remain fairly stable for four billion more. However after hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped, the Sun will undergo severe changes, both internally and externally.
The Sun was formed about 4.57 billion years ago from the collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud that consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium and that probably gave birth to many other stars. This age is estimated using computer models of stellar evolution and through nucleocosmochronology. The result is consistent with the radiometric date of the oldest Solar System material, at 4.567 billion years ago. Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short-lived isotopes, such as iron-60, that form only in exploding, short-lived stars. This indicates that one or more supernovae must have occurred near the location where the Sun formed. A shock wave from a nearby supernova would have triggered the formation of the Sun by compressing the gases within the molecular cloud and causing certain regions to collapse under their own gravity. As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate due to conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure. Much of the mass became concentrated in the center, whereas the rest flattened out into a disk that would become the planets and other Solar System bodies. Gravity and pressure within the core of the cloud generated a lot of heat as it accreted more gas from the surrounding disk, eventually triggering nuclear fusion. Thus, the Sun was born.
The Sun is about halfway through its main-sequence stage, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium. Each second, more than four million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun''s core, producing neutrinos and solar radiation. At this rate, the Sun has so far converted around 100 Earth-masses of matter into energy. The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 billion years as a main-sequence star.
The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova. Instead it will exit the main sequence in approximately 5.4 billion years and start to turn into a red giant. It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of the Solar System''s inner planets, possibly including Earth.
Even before it becomes a red giant, the luminosity of the Sun will have nearly doubled, and Earth will be hotter than Venus is today. Once the core hydrogen is exhausted in 5.4 billion years, the Sun will expand into a subgiant phase and slowly double in size over about half a billion years. It will then expand more rapidly over about half a billion years until it is over two hundred times larger than today and a couple of thousand times more luminous. This then starts the red giant branch (RGB) phase where the Sun will spend around a billion years and lose around a third of its mass.
Evolution of a sun-like star. The track of a one solar mass star on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram is shown from the main sequence to the post-AGB stage.
After RGB the Sun now has only about 120 million years of active life left, but they are highly eventful. First the core ignites violently in the helium flash, and the Sun shrinks back to around 10 times its current size with 50 times the luminosity, with a temperature a little lower than today. It has now reached the red clump or horizontal branch (HB), but a star of the Sun''s mass does not evolve blueward along the HB. Instead it just becomes mildly larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to burn helium in the core.
When the helium is exhausted, the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted, except that this time it all happens faster, and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous. This is the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase, and the Sun is alternately burning hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell. After about 20 million years on the early AGB, the Sun becomes increasingly unstable, with rapid mass loss and thermal pulses that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so. The thermal pulses become larger each time, with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU. Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss. Models that have higher mass loss on the RGB produce smaller, less luminous stars at the tip of the AGB, perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius. For the Sun, four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a planetary nebula. By the end of that phase – lasting approximately 500,000 years – the Sun will only have about half of its current mass.
The post AGB evolution is even faster. The luminosity stays approximately constant as the temperature increases, with the ejected half of the Sun''s mass becoming ionised into a planetary nebula as the exposed core reaches 30,000 K. The final naked core temperature will be over 100,000 K, after which the remnant will cool towards a white dwarf. The planetary nebula will disperse in about 10,000 years, but the white dwarf will survive for trillions of years before fading to black.
Earth''s fate Main article: Future of the EarthAn artist''s depiction of the Sun entering its red giant phase viewed from Earth. All life on Earth is extinct at this phase.
In the long run, Earth''s water and most of its atmosphere will eventually escape into space. During the Sun''s life in the main sequence, the Sun is becoming more luminous (about 10% every 1 billion years, at the present time). The surface temperature of the Sun is almost constant. The increase of luminosity is essentially due to a slow increase in the solar radius. The increase in solar luminosity is such that in about another billion years Earth''s water will evaporate and escape into space, rendering it inhospitable to all known terrestrial life. Earth is not expected to survive the Sun''s transition into a red giant. At its largest, the Sun will have a maximum radius beyond Earth''s current orbit, 1 AU (1.5×1011 m), 250 times the present radius of the Sun. By the time the Sun has entered the asymptotic red giant branch, the orbits of the planets will have drifted outwards due to a loss of roughly 30% of the Sun''s present mass. Most of this mass will be lost as the solar wind increases. Also, tidal acceleration will help boost Earth to a higher orbit (similar to what Earth does to the Moon). If it were only for this, Earth would probably remain outside the Sun. However, current research suggests that after the Sun becomes a red giant, Earth will be pulled in owing to tidal deceleration.
Sunlight is Earth''s primary source of energy. The only other source of energy Earth has are the fissionable materials generated by the cataclysmic death of another star. These fissionable materials trapped in Earth''s crust is what gives rise to geothermal energy, which drives the volcanism on Earth and also makes it possible for humans to fuel nuclear reactors. The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately 1368 W/m2 (watts per square meter) at a distance of one astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun (that is, on or near Earth). Sunlight at the top of Earth''s atmosphere is composed (by total energy) of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light.
Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth''s atmosphere so that less power arrives at the surface—closer to 1000 W/m2 in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith. The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70% of solar ultraviolet, especially at the shorter wavelengths.
Solar energy can be harnessed by a variety of natural and synthetic processes—photosynthesis by plants captures the energy of sunlight and converts it to chemical form (oxygen and reduced carbon compounds), whereas direct heating or electrical conversion by solar cells are used by solar power equipment to generate electricity or to do other useful work, sometimes employing concentrating solar power (that it is measured in suns). The energy stored in petroleum and other fossil fuels was originally converted from sunlight by photosynthesis in the distant past.
The Sun lies close to the inner rim of the Milky Way''s Orion Arm, in the Local Fluff or the Gould Belt, at a hypothesized distance of 7.5–8.5 kpc (25,000–28,000 light-years) from the Galactic Center, contained within the Local Bubble, a space of rarefied hot gas, possibly produced by the supernova remnant, Geminga. The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm, is about 6,500 light-years. The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is found in what scientists call the galactic habitable zone.
The Apex of the Sun''s Way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way, relative to other nearby stars. The general direction of the Sun''s galactic motion is towards the star Vega in the constellation of Lyra at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center.
The Sun''s orbit around the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition the Sun oscillates up and down relative to the galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit. It has been argued that the Sun''s passage through the higher density spiral arms often coincides with mass extinctions on Earth, perhaps due to increased impact events. It takes the Solar System about 225–250 million years to complete one orbit through the Milky Way (a galactic year), so it is thought to have completed 20–25 orbits during the lifetime of the Sun. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 251 km/s (156 mi/s). At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.
The Sun''s motion about the center of mass of the Solar System is complicated by perturbations from the planets. The barycenter is just outside the volume of the Sun when Jupiter and Saturn (the two planets with the greatest masses) are roughly in the same direction, as seen from the Sun. When they are in opposite directions, and the other planets are aligned appropriately, the barycentre can be very close to the centre of the Sun. Every few hundred years this motion switches between prograde and retrograde.
Theoretical models of the Sun''s development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, during the Archean period, the Sun was only about 75% as bright as it is today. Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on Earth''s surface, and thus life should not have been able to develop. However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today. The consensus among scientists is that the atmosphere of the young Earth contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane and/or ammonia) than are present today, which trapped enough heat to compensate for the smaller amount of solar energy reaching it.
Like other natural phenomena, the Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history. Humanity''s most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the sky, whose presence above the horizon creates day and whose absence causes night. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Sun was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural phenomenon. Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians, the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico. In religions such as Hinduism, the Sun is still considered a God. Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind; for example, stone megaliths accurately mark the summer or winter solstice (some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta Playa, Egypt; Mnajdra, Malta and at Stonehenge, England); Newgrange, a prehistoric human-built mount in Ireland, was designed to detect the winter solstice; the pyramid of El Castillo at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumn equinoxes.
The Egyptians portrayed Ra (=the sun) as being carried across the sky in a solar barque, accompanied by lesser gods, and to the Greeks, he was Helios, carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses. From the reign of Elagabalus in the late Roman Empire the Sun''s birthday was a holiday celebrated as Sol Invictus (literally “unconquered sun”) soon after the winter solstice, which may have been an antecedent to Christmas. Regarding the fixed stars, the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac, and so Greek astronomers considered it to be one of the seven planets (Greek planetes, “wanderer”), after which the seven days of the week are named in some languages.
Development of scientific understandingPlay mediaSince the observation of sunspots by Galileo in 1609, scientists have continued to study the Sun.
In the early first millennium BC, Babylonian astronomers observed that the Sun''s motion along the ecliptic was not uniform, though they were unaware of why this was; it is today known that this is due to the movement of Earth in an elliptic orbit around the Sun, with Earth moving faster when it is nearer to the Sun at perihelion and moving slower when it is farther away at aphelion.
One of the first people to offer a scientific or philosophical explanation for the Sun was the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras, who reasoned that it was a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the Peloponnesus rather than the chariot of Helios, and that the Moon reflected the light of the Sun. For teaching this heresy, he was imprisoned by the authorities and sentenced to death, though he was later released through the intervention of Pericles. Eratosthenes estimated the distance between Earth and the Sun in the 3rd century BC as "of stadia myriads 400 and 80000", the translation of which is ambiguous, implying either 4,080,000 stadia (755,000 km) or 804,000,000 stadia (148 to 153 million kilometers or 0.99 to 1.02 AU); the latter value is correct to within a few percent. In the 1st century AD, Ptolemy estimated the distance as 1,210 times the radius of Earth, approximately 7.71 million kilometers (0.0515 AU).
The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets move was first proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, and later adopted by Seleucus of Seleucia (see Heliocentrism). This largely philosophical view was developed into fully predictive mathematical model of a heliocentric system in the 16th century by Nicolaus Copernicus. In the early 17th century, the invention of the telescope permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot, Galileo Galilei and other astronomers. Galileo made some of the first known telescopic observations of sunspots and posited that they were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun. Sunspots were also observed during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) by Chinese astronomers who maintained records of these observations for centuries. Averroes also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century.
Arabic astronomical contributions include Albatenius'' discovery that the direction of the Sun''s apogee (the place in the Sun''s orbit against the fixed stars where it seems to be moving slowest) is changing. (In modern heliocentric terms, this is caused by a gradual motion of the aphelion of the Earth''s orbit). Ibn Yunus observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun''s position for many years using a large astrolabe.
Sol, the Sun, from a 1550 edition of Guido Bonatti''s Liber astronomiae.
The transit of Venus was first observed in 1032 by Persian astronomer and polymath Avicenna, who concluded that Venus is closer to Earth than the Sun. In 1672 Giovanni Cassini and Jean Richer determined the distance to Mars and were thereby able to calculate the distance to the Sun.
Isaac Newton observed the Sun''s light using a prism, and showed that it was made up of light of many colors, whereas in 1800 William Herschel discovered infrared radiation beyond the red part of the solar spectrum. The 19th century saw advancement in spectroscopic studies of the Sun; Joseph von Fraunhofer recorded more than 600 absorption lines in the spectrum, the strongest of which are still often referred to as Fraunhofer lines. In the early years of the modern scientific era, the source of the Sun''s energy was a significant puzzle. Lord Kelvin suggested that the Sun was a gradually cooling liquid body that was radiating an internal store of heat. Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz then proposed a gravitational contraction mechanism to explain the energy output, but the resulting age estimate was only 20 million years, well short of the time span of at least 300 million years suggested by some geological discoveries of that time. In 1890 Joseph Lockyer, who discovered helium in the solar spectrum, proposed a meteoritic hypothesis for the formation and evolution of the Sun.
Not until 1904 was a documented solution offered. Ernest Rutherford suggested that the Sun''s output could be maintained by an internal source of heat, and suggested radioactive decay as the source. However, it would be Albert Einstein who would provide the essential clue to the source of the Sun''s energy output with his mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc2. In 1920, Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen (protons) into helium nuclei, resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass. The preponderance of hydrogen in the Sun was confirmed in 1925 by Cecilia Payne using the ionization theory developed by Meghnad Saha, an Indian physicist. The theoretical concept of fusion was developed in the 1930s by the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe. Hans Bethe calculated the details of the two main energy-producing nuclear reactions that power the Sun. Finally, a seminal paper entitled "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars" was published in 1957 by Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, William Fowler and Fred Hoyle. The paper demonstrated convincingly that most of the elements in the universe had been synthesized by nuclear reactions inside stars, some like the Sun.
The first satellites designed to observe the Sun were NASA''s Pioneers 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, which were launched between 1959 and 1968. These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth, and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field. Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long time, transmitting data until May 1983.
In the 1970s, two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona. The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S.–German collaborations that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury''s orbit at perihelion. The Skylab space station, launched by NASA in 1973, included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station. Skylab made the first time-resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona. Discoveries included the first observations of coronal mass ejections, then called "coronal transients", and of coronal holes, now known to be intimately associated with the solar wind.
In 1980, the Solar Maximum Mission was launched by NASA. This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays, X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity and solar luminosity. Just a few months after launch, however, an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode, and it spent the next three years in this inactive state. In 1984 Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41C retrieved the satellite and repaired its electronics before re-releasing it into orbit. The Solar Maximum Mission subsequently acquired thousands of images of the solar corona before re-entering Earth''s atmosphere in June 1989.
Launched in 1991, Japan''s Yohkoh (Sunbeam) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths. Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares, and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed. Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun. It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005.
All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic, and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail. The Ulysses probe was launched in 1990 to study the Sun''s polar regions. It first travelled to Jupiter, to "slingshot" into an orbit that would take it far above the plane of the ecliptic. Serendipitously, it was well-placed to observe the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994. Once Ulysses was in its scheduled orbit, it began observing the solar wind and magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes, finding that the solar wind from high latitudes was moving at about 750 km/s, which was slower than expected, and that there were large magnetic waves emerging from high latitudes that scattered galactic cosmic rays.
Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies, but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood. A solar wind sample return mission, Genesis, was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material. Genesis returned to Earth in 2004 but was damaged by a crash landing after its parachute failed to deploy on re-entry into Earth''s atmosphere. Despite severe damage, some usable samples have been recovered from the spacecraft''s sample return module and are undergoing analysis.
Viewing the Sun through light-concentrating optics such as binoculars may result in permanent damage to the retina without an appropriate filter that blocks UV and substantially dims the sunlight. When using an attenuating filter to view the Sun, the viewer is cautioned to use a filter specifically designed for that use. Some improvised filters that pass UV or IR rays, can actually harm the eye at high brightness levels. Herschel wedges, also called Solar Diagonals, are effective and inexpensive for small telescopes. The sunlight that is destined for the eyepiece is reflected from an unsilvered surface of a piece of glass. Only a very small fraction of the incident light is reflected. The rest passes through the glass and leaves the instrument. If the glass breaks because of the heat, no light at all is reflected, making the device fail-safe. Simple filters made of darkened glass allow the full intensity of sunlight to pass through if they break, endangering the observer''s eyesight. Unfiltered binoculars can deliver hundreds of times as much energy as using the naked eye, possibly causing immediate damage. It is claimed that even brief glances at the midday Sun through an unfiltered telescope can cause permanent damage.
Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye''s pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast: the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view, not by the brightest object in the field. During partial eclipses most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing in front of the Sun, but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day. In the overall gloom, the pupil expands from ~2 mm to ~6 mm, and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives up to ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun. This can damage or kill those cells, resulting in small permanent blind spots for the viewer. The hazard is insidious for inexperienced observers and for children, because there is no perception of pain: it is not immediately obvious that one''s vision is being destroyed.
The Sun as it appears from the surface of Earth at sunrise.The Sun as it appears from the surface of Earth at sunset.
During sunrise and sunset sunlight is attenuated due to Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth''s atmosphere, and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics (provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds). Hazy conditions, atmospheric dust, and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation.
Ultraviolet light from the Sun has antiseptic properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water. It also causes sunburn, and has other medical effects such as the production of vitamin D. Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth''s ozone layer, so that the amount of UV varies greatly with latitude and has been partially responsible for many biological adaptations, including variations in human skin color in different regions of the globe. |
0.9984 | I could review The Beach as a simple location piece, demonstrating the allure of Thailand as a travel destination, but that approach would ignore some very relevant topics. As I read and watched The Beach, I identified some relevant and interesting philosophies which pertain to us all. In fact, The Beach can be read and viewed as a flat-out warning to travel lovers and travel bloggers like us. Many of our followers and the people we follow love to talk about their zest for travel; how they were not satisfied with the routines and doldrums of the modern 9-5 work schedule. Some people strive to or have succeeded in breaking from that lifestyle and now believe that seeing the world and living for your own pleasure is the key to a fulfilling life. Richard, the main character in The Beach and portrayed by Leonardo Dicaprio, believes the very same thing.
The fancy term for this belief is hedonism, which basically means the pursuit of pleasure as a main goal. In The Beach, we meet Richard in Thailand. He seems like an avid, solo traveler, who is searching for adventure, intrigue and perhaps even a little danger. His desires are fully realized when he meets a person who assures him that true paradise does in fact exist. There is a hidden beach, occupied by a select few and fiercely protected as secret because of its astounding beauty. At first Richard thinks this is a myth, but as he delves deeper he realizes that such a place might actually exist.
There is a strong overlap between the book and the film. Both are great at demonstrating the key social commentary of the piece; young people can get turned off, bogged down and isolated from the rules and regulations of society as a whole. This leads them to search for self-realization and what makes them truly happy. This journey is a hedonistic one, since it is a break from the mundane or the painful and a quest for beauty and pleasure.
The crux of the story is to see what happens when this utopia is attempted. In the classic Lord of the Flies, William Golding showed us how power struggles and hierarchies are unavoidable, even when people have the best intentions to start. Alex Garland takes this one step further by making adults the operators of the utopia. The same inevitability is there, but when you throw in adult problems like sexual relationships, desire for secrecy and the struggle for individualism, a hedonistic utopia can quickly slide into a survivalist nightmare.
I highly recommend reading this novel. The film adaptation is not a required companion piece, but it does help to visualize the characters and portray the beauty of the locations. The style of the book matches the hedonistic pursuit of its characters. The pace is deliberate and frantic, never slowing down to let you catch your breath. The movie takes some liberties with the story, relying more on Hollywood clichés like love triangles as opposed to a stronger reliance on the philosophy and social commentary offered by the book. The morals ring loud and clear in both portrayals, most overtly with the idea that a quest for pleasure can never be satisfied. First you want autonomy and freedom then beauty and love, but when you get them all you strive for something else you haven’t obtained yet. More beauty, more love, more autonomy…isolation? The Beach challenges you to be mindful of your desires. There may be a limit when selfishness comes full circle and leads you right back to suffering. When searching for the perfect adventure, we might come to accept that all we really want is a home.
READ IT! Preferably on a beach. If you are lucky enough, a beach in Thailand. |
0.996995 | Humanitarian and social reformer Jane Addams, born into wealth and privilege, devoted herself to improving the lives of those less fortunate. Although she is best remembered for establishing Hull House (a settlement house in Chicago for immigrants and the poor), Addams was also deeply committed to promoting peace, civil rights, and women's right to vote.
Addams was a founding member of both the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Civil Liberties Union. As recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize, she was the first American woman to receive that honor. Jane Addams is considered by many a pioneer in the field of modern social work.
Also Known As: Laura Jane Addams (born as), "Saint Jane," "Angel of Hull House"
Laura Jane Addams was born September 6, 1860 in Cedarville, Illinois to Sarah Weber Addams and John Huy Addams. She was the eighth of nine children, four of whom did not survive infancy.
Sarah Addams died a week after giving birth to a premature baby (who also died) in 1863 when Laura Jane—later known just as Jane—was only two years old.
Jane's father ran a successful mill business, which enabled him to build a large, beautiful home for his family. John Addams was also an Illinois state senator and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, whose anti-slavery sentiments he shared.
Jane learned as an adult that her father had been a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad and had helped escaped slaves as they made their way to Canada.
When Jane was six, the family suffered another loss—her 16-year old sister Martha succumbed to typhoid fever. The following year, John Addams married Anna Haldeman, a widow with two sons. Jane became close to her new stepbrother George, who was only six months younger than she. They attended school together and both planned to go to college one day.
Jane Addams had set her sights on Smith College, a prestigious women's school in Massachusetts, with the goal of eventually earning a medical degree. After months of preparing for the difficult entrance exams, 16-year-old Jane learned in July 1877 that she'd been accepted at Smith.
John Addams, however, had different plans for Jane. After losing his first wife and five of his children, he didn't want his daughter to move so far away from home. Addams insisted that Jane enroll in Rockford Female Seminary, a Presbyterian-based women's school in nearby Rockford, Illinois that her sisters had attended. Jane had no other choice but to obey her father.
Rockford Female Seminary schooled its students in both academics and religion in a strict, regimented atmosphere. Jane settled into the routine, becoming a confident writer and public speaker by the time she graduated in 1881.
Many of her classmates went on to become missionaries, but Jane Addams believed that she could find a way of serving mankind without promoting Christianity. Although a spiritual person, Jane Addams did not belong to any particular church.
Returning home to her father's house, Addams felt lost, uncertain about what to do next with her life. Postponing any decision about her future, she chose to accompany her father and stepmother on a trip to Michigan instead.
The trip ended in tragedy when John Addams became gravely ill and died suddenly of appendicitis. A grieving Jane Addams, seeking direction in her life, applied to the Women's Medical College of Philadelphia, where she was accepted for the fall of 1881.
Addams coped with her loss by immersing herself in her studies at the medical college. Unfortunately, only months after she'd begun classes, she developed chronic back pain, caused by curvature of the spine. Addams had surgery in late 1882 which improved her condition somewhat, but following a lengthy, difficult recovery period, decided that she would not return to school.
Addams next embarked upon a trip abroad, a traditional rite of passage among wealthy young people in the nineteenth century. Accompanied by her stepmother and cousins, Addams sailed to Europe for a two-year tour in 1883. What began as an exploration of the sights and cultures of Europe became, in fact, an eye-opening experience for Addams.
Addams was stunned by the poverty she witnessed in the slums of European cities. One episode in particular affected her deeply. The tour bus she was riding stopped on a street in the impoverished East End of London. A group of unwashed, raggedly-dressed people stood in line, waiting to purchase rotten produce that had been discarded by merchants.
Addams watched as one man paid for a spoiled cabbage, then gobbled it down -- neither washed nor cooked. She was horrified that the city would allow its citizens to live in such wretched conditions.
Grateful for all of her own blessings, Jane Addams believed it was her duty to help those less fortunate. She had inherited a large sum of money from her father, but was not yet sure how she could best put it to use.
Returning to the U.S. in 1885, Addams and her stepmother spent summers in Cedarville and winters in Baltimore, Maryland, where Addams' stepbrother George Haldeman attended medical school.
Mrs. Addams expressed her fond hope that Jane and George would marry one day. George did have romantic feelings for Jane, but she didn't return the sentiment. Jane Addams was never known to have had a romantic relationship with any man.
While in Baltimore, Addams was expected to attend countless parties and society functions with her stepmother. She detested these obligations, preferring instead to visit the city's charitable institutions, such as shelters and orphanages.
Still uncertain of what role she could play, Addams decided to go abroad again, hoping to clear her mind. She traveled to Europe in 1887 with Ellen Gates Starr, a friend from the Rockford Seminary.
Addams traveled to London, where she visited an organization that would serve as a model for her project – Toynbee Hall. Toynbee Hall was a "settlement house," where young, educated men lived in a poor community in order to get to know its residents and to learn how best to serve them.
Addams proposed that she would open such a center in an American city. Starr agreed to help her.
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr decided upon Chicago as the ideal city for their new venture. Starr had worked as a teacher in Chicago and was familiar with the city's neighborhoods; she also knew several prominent people there. The women moved to Chicago in January 1889 when Addams was 28 years old.
Addams' family thought her idea was absurd, but she would not be dissuaded. She and Starr set out to find a large house situated in an underprivileged area. After weeks of searching, they found a house in Chicago's 19th Ward that had been built 33 years earlier by businessman Charles Hull. The house had once been surrounded by farmland, but the neighborhood had evolved into an industrial area.
Addams and Starr renovated the house and moved in on September 18, 1889. Neighbors were reluctant at first to pay them a visit, suspicious about what the two well-dressed women's motives might be.
Visitors, mainly immigrants, began to trickle in, and Addams and Starr quickly learned to set priorities based upon the needs of their clients. It soon became apparent that providing childcare for working parents was a top priority.
Hull House attracted the attention of wealthy Chicagoans, many of whom wanted to help. Addams solicited donations from them, allowing her to build a play area for the children, as well as to add a library, an art gallery, and even a post office. Eventually, Hull House took up an entire block of the neighborhood.
As Addams and Starr familiarized themselves with the living conditions of the people around them, they recognized the need for real social reform. Well-acquainted with many children who worked more than 60 hours a week, Addams and her volunteers worked to change child labor laws. They provided lawmakers with information they had compiled and spoke at community gatherings.
In 1893, the Factory Act, which limited the number of hours a child could work, was passed in Illinois.
Other causes championed by Addams and her colleagues included improving conditions in mental hospitals and poorhouses, creating a juvenile court system, and promoting the unionization of working women.
Addams also worked to reform employment agencies, many of which used dishonest practices, especially in dealing with vulnerable new immigrants. A state law was passed in 1899 that regulated those agencies.
Addams became personally involved with another issue: uncollected garbage on the streets in her neighborhood. The garbage, she argued, attracted vermin and contributed to the spread of disease.
In 1895, Addams went to City Hall to protest and came away as the newly-appointed garbage inspector for the 19th Ward. She took her job seriously -- the only paying position she'd ever held. Addams rose at dawn, climbing into her carriage to follow and monitor trash collectors. After her one-year term, Addams was happy to report a reduced death rate in the 19th Ward.
By the early twentieth century, Addams had become well-respected as an advocate for the poor. Thanks to the success of Hull House, settlement houses were established in other major American cities. Addams developed a friendship with President Theodore Roosevelt, who was impressed by the changes she had effected in Chicago. The President stopped by to visit her at Hull House whenever he was in town.
As one of America's most admired women, Addams found new opportunities to give speeches and to write about social reform. She shared her knowledge with others in the hope that more of the underprivileged would receive the help they needed.
In 1910, when she was fifty years old, Addams' published her autobiography, Twenty Years at Hull House.
Addams became increasingly involved in more far-reaching causes. An ardent advocate for women's rights, Addams was elected vice-president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1911 and campaigned actively for women's right to vote.
When Theodore Roosevelt ran for re-election as a Progressive Party candidate in 1912, his platform contained many of the social reform policies endorsed by Addams. She supported Roosevelt, but disagreed with his decision not to allow African-Americans to be part of the party's convention.
Committed to racial equality, Addams had helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Roosevelt went on to lose the election to Woodrow Wilson.
A lifelong pacifist, Addams advocated for peace during World War I. She was strongly opposed to the United States entering the war and became involved in two peace organizations: the Woman's Peace Party (which she led) and the International Congress of Women. The latter was a worldwide movement with thousands of members who convened to work on strategies for avoiding war.
Despite the best efforts of these organizations, the United States entered the war in April 1917.
Addams was reviled by many for her anti-war stance. Some saw her as anti-patriotic, even traitorous. After the war, Addams toured Europe with members of the International Congress of Women. The women were horrified by the destruction they witnessed and were especially affected by the many starving children they saw.
When Addams and her group suggested that starving German children deserved to be helped as much as any other child, they were accused of sympathizing with the enemy.
Addams continued to work for world peace, traveling around the world throughout the 1920s as the president of a new organization, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).
Exhausted by the constant travel, Addams developed health problems and suffered a heart attack in 1926, forcing her to resign her leadership role in the WILPF. She completed the second volume of her autobiography, The Second Twenty Years at Hull House, in 1929.
During the Great Depression, public sentiment once again favored Jane Addams. She was widely praised for all that she had accomplished and was honored by many institutions.
Her greatest honor came in 1931, when Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work to promote peace worldwide. Because of ill health, she was unable to travel to Norway to accept it. Addams donated most of her prize money to the WILPF.
Jane Addams died of intestinal cancer on May 21, 1935, only three days after her illness had been discovered during exploratory surgery. She was 74 years old. Thousands attended her funeral, fittingly held at Hull House.
The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom is still active today; the Hull House Association was forced to close in January 2012 due to lack of funding.
* Jane Addams described her "Cathedral of Humanity" in her book Twenty Years at Hull House (Cambridge: Andover-Harvard Theological Library, 1910) 149.
What Was Hull House? Who Lived There?
How Did the Settlement House Movement Evolve? Who Was Involved? |
0.998425 | Dream: The dream started out on the 2nd floor of a building. The building was a factory-like environment where there were huge machines. There was a group of native men dressed in tribal clothing with markings on their bodies and hand made jewelry around their necks. These men were being slaughtered by white people in white lab coats. They were being put into these machines to be killed. One of the natives managed to get away and climb downstairs where a group of native women were being held. He managed to free one of the women who was holding a round basketful of lemons.
They were both running towards a door, the man went through the door first, and the women closed the door behind him, fending off the people in white lab coats that had followed them. The native man was outside the building, which now seemed to be in the middle of the wilderness. He had the basket of lemons with him. He looked up and saw that the people in the white lab coats now had the women he had tried to escape with. On her face was a look of content, because he was free and he had the lemons! He knew she had given her life to save his. As he faded off into the woods a towering voice, like a narrator said: "In the years that followed, (the native man) had to fight to keep the lemon forest safe. This lemon forest later saved the people from scurvy.� Then I woke up.
Identifying Characteristics: Factories often reflect our experiences with work and productivity. Native people sometimes represent the natural or �original� self of the dreamer. Deadly machines can reflect the harmful side of treating ourselves as if we are machines.
Some part of the dreamer is squashed or persecuted by factors in her work experience, (or her drive for perfection.) The side of her that does not fit well with the mechanical model of life: (production, perfection, and efficiency) is also the side of her that knows the secret of life. The lemons represent fresh, vital, life-giving energies. The original self is rightfully willing to do anything to preserve this sacred antidote to a potential deficiency.
It is a good idea for the dreamer to support her needs and interests that seem impractical or at odds with her present occupation, and to honor the fresh ideas that come to her. It isn not necessary to make any drastic changes, but it is wise to realize that she is teeming with potentials that may one day seek expression. |
0.999939 | Some brides these days are turning wedding receptions on their head and creating super long receptions that run through the night and into the morning. If this is you, planning some activities for those long nighttime hours is essential.
Generally, if an all-night reception is planned, it goes something like this: the wedding is held in the early evening and reception follows. By about midnight, many of the guests will have left and the group that is remaining (generally the younger guests, but not always) will continue to dance and party and revel into the early morning hours. At some point, breakfast will be provided and everyone will go home to crash.
Why do you need activities for such a reception? The answer is simple. You want to keep people entertained through the nighttime hours, you want to keep them at the reception and not let them give in to driving home to crash and sleep and you want to provide them with a real party. Let's face it: if they are willing to hang in with you for the duration, they deserve something for their effort.
First, you need to be fairly organized about the activities you plan. Consult with your DJ about these activities and leave it to him or her to keep things on a schedule. Do not plan to cut cake in the middle of the night. That activity should take place during the more traditional evening hours, so those not intending to stay all night can leave. However, if you're determined to keep your guests all night, you could hold one activity back with the hope it will keep guests in the house longer.
Depending on your guest list, you might hold off on the father-daughter dance until after midnight, or you could save a few toasts for the late night hours. In any event, having some other fun events is a great idea.
As guests begin to fade, bring in a pinata, which you can find shaped like a wedding ring, a bridal dress or a champagne flute. Fill it with a variety of goodies. Candy is always popular, but you could also fill it with silly toys found in the carnival section of the party store. Have the DJ play a spirited song and let everyone have a chance at the pinata. Do this on the dance floor and really let people have a swing at it. There should be plenty of room. Once the pinata breaks, everyone can enjoy a taste of sweet candy or can enjoy some silly little carnival game or toy.
People who stay for the duration of the wedding are going to need a rest. Plan a photo presentation or video viewing for this purpose. You could have someone who's familiar with PowerPoint create a photo presentation or have someone put together a video of photos. Do this around 2 or 3 am and have it last a good half hour to 45 minutes. This gives everyone a chance to sit down and relax and also gives the DJ a chance to sit, have a rest and rejuvenate for the next round.
In that same vein of allowing the guests a little relaxation, one activity that some brides employ is a non-activity. If the wedding is outside, you can provide inflatable mattresses and have some torches lit. If guests want to sit down and relax, they can do so on the mattresses and still be part of the activity while resting. If it's been a long day and someone needs to rest, those reception room chairs don't seem the most comfortable. If the reception is indoors, think about providing large pillows for guests to sit on or create a corner with inflatable mattresses and lots of fabric. This can be a chatting area where people can go to rest but still be part of the fun. They can chat and catch up with other guests and then head back for more partying when they're rejuvenated. |
0.93888 | Islam in India constitutes the second-most practiced religion after Hinduism, with approximately 151 million Muslims in India's population as of 2007 (according to government census 2001), i.e., 13.4 percent of the population. Currently, India has the third largest population of Muslims in the world, after Indonesia and Pakistan.
Islam in India has had a fascinating, and powerful impact. Indeed, Islam has become woven into the very fabric of Indian civilization and culture. Muslims arrived in India during the life of Muhammad the Prophet, establishing mosques and organizing missionary endeavors in the seventh century C.E. Those missionary efforts proved successful, rooting Islam firmly into Indian life. As often happens with missionary movements from all religions, merchant and trade endeavors went hand in hand with missionary work. Arabs had had a presence in India before the birth of Muhammad. That probably facilitated making inroads for Islam, since Arab traders established in India who converted to Islam already had a base of operations established. in the phenomenally diverse religious and cultural landscape of India.
The Delhi Fort, also known as the Red Fort.
The emergence of Islam in the region took place at the same time as the Turko-Muslim invasion of medieval India (which includes large parts of present day Pakistan and the Republic of India). Those rulers took over the administration of large parts of India. Since its introduction into India, Islam has made significant religious, artistic, philosophical, cultural, social and political contributions to Indian history.
During the twentieth century, the Muslims of South Asia have had a turbulent history within the region. After the Lahore Resolution of 1946, Muslim League politicians established Pakistan, a Muslim-majority state, following independence from British rule. The Muslim populations of India and Pakistan number roughly the same. Former President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam, declared Islam as have two presidents before him. Numerous politicians, as well as sports and film celebrities within India, also have been Muslim. Isolated incidences of violence, nonetheless, have occurred between the Muslim populations and the Hindu, Sikh and Christian populations.
Islam arrived in South Asia long before Muslim invasions of India, the first influence came during the early seventh century with Arab traders. Arab traders visited the Malabar region, linking them with the ports of South East Asia, even before Islam established in Arabia. With the advent of Islam, Arabs became a prominent cultural force. Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. Malik Bin Deenar built the first Indian mosque in Kodungallurin 612 C.E., at the behest of Cheraman Perumal, during the life time of Muhammad (c. 571–632).
In Malabar the Mappilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam. Moslems carried out intensive missionary activities along the coast, a number of natives embracing Islam. Those new converts joined the Mappila community. Thus among the Mapilas, both the descendants of the Arabs through local women and the converts from among the local people. In the eighth century, Syrian Arabs led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the province of Sindh (Pakistan), becoming the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate. In the first half of the tenth century, Mahmud of Ghazni added the Punjab to the Ghaznavid Empire, conducting several raids deep into India. Muhammad of Ghor conducted a more successful campaign at the end of the twelfth century, leading to the creation of the Delhi Sultanate.
Malik Ibn Dinar and 20 other followers of Prophet Muhammad, first landed in Kodungallur in Kerala. Islam received royal patronage in some states here, and later spread to other parts of India. A local ruler gifted Dinar an abandoned Jain temple, where he established the first mosque in the Indian subcontinent in 629 C.E. Islamic scholars consider the mosque the second in the world to offer Jumma Prayer after the mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia. His missionary team built ten additional mosques along the Malabar coast, including Kollam, Chaliyam, Pantalayini Kollam/Quilandi, Madayi/Pazhayangadi, Srikandhapuram, Dharmadom, Kasaragode,Mangalore, and Barkur. Reportedly, they built the mosques at Chombal, Kottayam, Poovar and Thengapattanam during that period.
After the fall of Chola Dynasty, the newly formed Vijayanagara Empire invited the Seljuk Turks from the fractions of Hanafi (known as Rowther in South India) for trade relations in 1279 C.E.. The largest armada of Turks traders and missionaries settled in Tharangambadi (Nagapattinam), Karaikal, Muthupet, Koothanallur and Podakkudi. Turks (Rowthers), failing to convert Hindus in Tanjore regions, settled in that area's with their armada, expanding into an Islam community of almost one million Rowthers. These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. Hanafi fractions, more closely connected with the Turkish than others in South, have fair complexions. Some Turkish Anatolian and Turkish Safavid inscriptions have been found in wide area from Tanjore to Thiruvarur and in many villages. Madras Museum display the inscriptions to the public.
In the 1300 C.E., Arabs settled in Nagore, Kilakkarai, Adirampattinam, Kayalpatnam, Erwadi and Sri Lanka. They may have been the first Shafi fractions community of Islam, known as Marakkar, in far south and coastal areas of South India. Shafi fractions also have mixed fair and darker complexion from their close connection with the Arabs. Arab traders opened many new villages in those areas and settles, conducting intensive missionary activities along the coast. A number of natives in Malaya and Indonesia embraced Islam. Arabs (Marakkar's) missionaries married local women, converting them to Islam. The Marakkars became one of the largest Islamic communities with almost 2.5 million peoples.
Sufis played an important role in the spread of Islam in India. Their success in spreading Islam has been attributed to the parallels in Sufi belief systems and practices with Indian philosophical literature, in particular nonviolence and monism. The Sufis' unorthodox approach towards Islam made it easier for Hindus to accept the faith. Hazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chisti, Nizam-ud-din Auliya, Shah Jalal, Amir Khusro, Sarkar Sabir Pak, and Waris Pak trained Sufis for the propagation of Islam in different parts of India. Once the Islamic Empire firmly established in India, Sufis invariably provided a touch of color and beauty to what might have otherwise been rather cold and stark reigns. The Sufi movement also attracted followers from the artisan and untouchable communities; they played a crucial role in bridging the distance between Islam and the indigenous traditions. Evidence of fanatical and violent conversions carried out by Sufi Muslims exists. Ahmed Sirhindi, Naqshbandi Sufi passionately advocated peaceful conversion of Hindus to Islam.
The contribution of Muslim revolutionaries, poets and writers in India's struggle against the British has been documented, foremost among them Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai. Muhammad Ashfaq Ullah Khan of Shahjehanpur conspired to loot the British treasury at Kakori (Lucknow). Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (popularly known as Frontier Gandhi), emerged as a great nationalist who spent forty five of his 95 years in jail. Barakatullah of Bhopal, one of the founders of the Ghadar party, helped to create a network of anti-British organizations. Syed Rahmat Shah of the Ghadar party worked as an underground revolutionary in France suffered execution by hanging for his part in the unsuccessful Ghadar (mutiny) uprising in 1915. Ali Ahmad Siddiqui of Faizabad (UP) planned the Indian Mutiny in Malaya and Burma along with Syed Mujtaba Hussain of Jaunpur, suffering execution by hanging in 1917. Vakkom Abdul Khadar of Kerala participated in the "Quit India" struggle in 1942, also hanged for his role. Umar Subhani, an industrialist and millionaire of Bombay, provided Gandhi with congress expenses and ultimately gave his life for the cause of independence. Among Muslim women, Hazrat Mahal, Asghari Begum, Bi Amma contributed in the struggle of freedom from the British.
Until the 1930s Muhammad Ali Jinnah served as a member of the Indian National Congress, taking part of the freedom struggle. Dr. Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal, poet and philosopher, stood as a strong proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity and an undivided India until the 1920s. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali struggled for the emancipation of the Muslims in the overall Indian context, and struggled for freedom alongside Mahatama Gandhi and Maulana Abdul Bari of Firangi Mahal. Until the 1930s, the Muslims of India broadly conducted their politics alongside their countrymen, in the overall context of an undivided India.
In the late 1920s, recognizing the different perspectives of the Indian National Congress and that of the All India Muslim League, Dr. Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal presented the concept of a separate Muslim homeland in India in the 1930s. Consequently, the All India Muslim League raised the demand for a separate Muslim homeland. That demand, raised in Lahore in 1940, became known as the Pakistan Resolution. Dr. Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal had passed away by then, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, and many others led the Pakistan Movement.
Initially, the demand for separate Muslim homeland(s) fell within a framework of a large, independent, undivided India with autonomous regions governed by the Muslims. A number of other options to give the Muslim minority in India adequate protection and political representation in a free, undivided India, also came under debate. When the Indian National Congress, the All India Muslim League, and the British colonial government failed to find common ground leading to early independence of India from the British Raj, the All India Muslim League pressed unequivocally with its demand for a completely independent, sovereign country, Pakistan.
A Muslim couple being wed in India, as a Hindu man takes his ritual bath in the river.
"The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937" governs Muslims in India It directs the application of Muslim Personal Law to Muslims in marriage, mahr (dower), divorce, maintenance, gifts, waqf, wills and inheritance. The courts generally apply the Hanafi Sunni law, with exceptions made only for those areas where Shia law differs substantially from Sunni practice.
Although the Indian constitution provides equal rights to all citizens irrespective of their religion, Article 44 recommends a Uniform civil code. The attempts by successive political leadership in the country to integrate Indian society under common civil code has been strongly resisted, Indian Muslims viewing that as an attempt to dilute the cultural identity of the minority groups of the country.
Muslims in India constitute 13.4 percent of total population. Muslims have played roles in various fields of the country's advancement. Average income of Indian Muslims ranks the lowest of all Indian's religious communities.
Only four percent of Indian Muslims study in Madrasas where the primary medium of eduction is Urdu. The remaining 96 percent either attend government schools, private schools, or none according to the Sachar Committee report. The purchasing power of the Muslim community in India has been estimated at about $30 billion in 2005 (or 4 per cent of the national total). An overwhelming 131 million Muslims in India live on a per capita consumption of less than Rs.20 per day ($0.50 per day), according to the findings of the report on the During the period 1975 to 2000, twenty five million Muslims belonged to the middle class in India.
There are several well established Muslim institutes in India. Universities and institutes include Aligarh Muslim University (which has colleges like Deccan College of Engineering, Deccan School of Hospital Management, Deccan College of Medical Sciences), Jamia Millia Islamia, Hamdard University, Maulana Azad Education Society Aurangabad, Dr. Rafiq Zakariya Campus Aurangabad, Crescent Engineering College and Al-Kabir educational society. Traditional Islamic Universities include Sunni Markaz Kerala (the largest charitable, non governmental, non-profit Islamic institution in India), Raza Academy, Al jamiatulAshrafia, Azamgarh, Darul Uloom Deoband, and Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama.
Muslims praying by the historic Charminar.
Islam represents India's largest minority religion, with 138 million people as of the 2001 census. Unofficial estimates claim a far higher figure.
The largest concentrations-about 47 percent of Muslims in India, according to the 2001 census—live in the three states of Uttar Pradesh (30.7 million) (18.5 percent), West Bengal (20.2 million) (25 percent), and Bihar (13.7 million) (16.5 percent). Muslims represent a majority of the local population only in Jammu and Kashmir (67 percent in 2001) and Lakshadweep (95 percent). High concentrations of Muslims reside in the eastern states of Assam (31 percent) and West Bengal (25 percent), and in the southern state of Kerala (24.7 percent) and Karnataka (12.2 percent).
The Qawwali, the art of Singing a Song in the Praise of Islamic Personalities.
A majority of Muslims in India declare either Sunni Deobandi or Sunni Barelwi allegiance, although some declare allegiance to Shia, Sufi, Salafi and other smaller sects. Darul-Uloom Deoband has the most influential Islamic seminary in India, considered second only to Egypt's Al-Azhar in its global influence.
Sufism constitutes a mystical path (tarika), as distinct from the legalistic path of the sharia. A Sufi attains a direct vision of oneness with God, allowing him to become a Pir (living saint). A Pir may take on disciples (murids) and set up a spiritual lineage that can last for generations. Orders of Sufis became important in India during the thirteenth century following the ministry of Moinuddin Chishti (1142-1236), who settled in Ajmer, Rajasthan, and attracted large numbers of converts to Islam because of his holiness. His Chishtiyya order became the most influential Sufi lineage in India, although other orders from Central Asia and Southwest Asia also reached to India, playing a major role in the spread of Islam.
The most conservative wing of Islam in India has typically rested on the education system provided by the hundreds of religious training institutes (madrasa) throughout the country. The madrasa stress the study of the Qur'an and Islamic texts in Arabic and Persian, but little else. Several national movements have emerged from this sector of the Muslim community. The Jamaati Islami (Islamic Party), founded in 1941, advocates the establishment of an overtly Islamic government. The Tablighi Jamaat (Outreach Society) became active after the 1940s as a movement, primarily among the ulema (religious leaders), stressing personal renewal, prayer, a missionary spirit, and attention to orthodoxy. It has been highly critical of the kind of activities that occur in and around Sufi shrines and remains a minor, if respected, force in the training of the ulema. Conversely, other ulema have upheld the legitimacy of mass religion, including exaltation of pirs and the memory of the Prophet. A powerful secularizing drive led by Syed Ahmad Khan resulted in the foundation of Aligarh Muslim University (1875 as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College)—with a broader, more modern curriculum, than other major Muslim universities.
Indian architecture took new shape with the advent of Islamic rule in India towards the end of the twelftth century AD. Islam introduced new elements into the Indian architecture including: use of shapes (instead of natural forms); inscriptional art using decorative lettering or calligraphy; inlay decoration and use of colored marble, painted plaster and brightly colored glazed tiles.
In contrast to the indigenous Indian architecture, which utilized the trabeate order (i.e., horizontal beams spanned all spaces) the Islamic architecture practice arcuate form (i.e., an arch or dome bridges a space). Rather than creating the concept of arch or dome, Muslims borrowed and further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period. Muslims used a cementing agent in the form of mortar for the first time in the construction of buildings in India. They further put to use certain scientific and mechanical formulae, derived from other civilizations, in their constructions in India. Such use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders.
The Islamic elements of architecture had already passed through different experimental phases in other countries like Egypt, Iran and Iraq before introduced in India. Unlike most Islamic monuments in those countries—largely constructed in brick, plaster and rubble—the Indo-Islamic monuments typical took the form of mortar-masonry works formed of dressed stones. The knowledge and skill possessed by the Indian craftsmen, who had mastered the art of stonework for centuries and used their experience while constructing Islamic monuments in India, greatly facilitated the development of the Indo-Islamic architecture.
Islamic architecture in India divides into two parts: religious and secular. Mosques and Tombs represent the religious architecture, while palaces and forts provide examples of secular Islamic architecture. Forts took an essentially functional design, complete with a little township within and various fortifications to engage and repel the enemy.
The mosque, or masjid, represents Muslim art in its simplest form. The mosque, basically an open courtyard surrounded by a pillared verandah, has a dome for a crown. A mihrab indicates the direction of the qibla for prayer. Towards the right of the mihrab stands the mimbar or pulpit from where the Imam presides over the proceedings. An elevated platform, usually a minaret from where the caller summons the faithful to attend prayers makes up an invariable part of a mosque. Jama Masjids, large mosques, assemble the faithful for the Friday prayers.
Although not actually religious in nature, the tomb or maqbara introduced an entirely new architectural concept. While the masjid exuded simplicity, a tomb ranged from a simple Aurangazeb’s grave to an awesome structure enveloped in grandeur (Taj Mahal). The tomb usually consists of a solitary compartment or tomb chamber known as the huzrah, the center serving as the cenotaph or zarih. An elaborate dome covers the entire structure. In the underground chamber lies the mortuary or the maqbara, with the corpse buried in a grave or qabr. Smaller tombs may have a mihrab, although larger mausoleums have a separate mosque located at a distance from the main tomb. Normally an enclosure surrounds the whole tomb complex or rauza. A dargah designated the tomb of a Muslim saint. Almost all Islamic monuments have verses from the Holy Koran carving in minute details on walls, ceilings, pillars and domes.
Islamic architecture in India falls into three sections: Delhi or the Imperial style (1191 to 1557 C.E.); the Provincial style, encompassing the surrounding areas like Jaunpur and the Deccan; and the Mughal style (1526 to 1707 C.E.).
↑ P.A. Muhammed, Cheraman Juma Masjid A Secular Heritage. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
↑ The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 Vakilno1.com. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
↑ India, Republic of Emory School of Law. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
↑ Arjun Sengupta, Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihood in the Unorganised Sector. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
↑ Dar-us salam education trust. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
↑ Al- Barkaat Educational Institutions. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
↑ Al Ameen Educational Society. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
↑ Sunni Markaz Kerala. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
↑ Raza Academy. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
↑ Al jamiatulAshrafia, Azamgarh. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - India. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
Majumdar, R. C. (ed.). The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume VI. The Delhi Sultanate, Bombay, 1960: Volume VII, The Mughal Empire, Bombay, 1973.
Mistry, M. B. "Muslims in India: A Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 25(3) (2005): 399-422.
Nizami, Khaliq A. "Some Aspects of Khānqah Life in Medieval India." Studia Islamica 8 (1957):51–69.
A Huge Majority of Indian Muslims Visit Dargahs of Sufi Saints for Dua.
Daily News & Views about Indian Muslims.
India Muslims have lowest rank – BBC.
Why India's 150m Muslims are missing out on the country's rise – Economist.
Muslim India struggles to escape the past – Guardian.
History of "Islam in India"
This page was last modified on 7 March 2018, at 23:41. |
0.951325 | Sir Laurence Olivier and Eric Porter narrate Jeremy Isaacs' epic documentary series, chronicling the events of the Second World War.
The episodes included are: 'A New Germany - 1933-1939'; 'Distant War - 1939-1940'; 'France Falls - May-June 1940'; 'Alone in Britain - May 1940-June 1941'; 'Barbarossa - June-December 1941'; 'Banzai - Japan Strikes - 1941-1942'; 'On Our Way - America Enters the War - 1939-1942'; 'Desert - The War in North Africa - 1940-1943'; 'Stalingrad - 1942-1943'; 'Wolfpack - 1939-1944'; 'Red Star - The Soviet Union - 1941-1943'; 'Whirlwind - Bombing Germany - September 1939-April 1944'; 'Tough Old Gut - 1942-1943'; 'It's a Lovely Day Tomorrow - 1942-1943'; 'Home Fires'; 'Inside the Reich - Germany 1940-1944'; 'Morning - June 1944'; 'Occupation - 1940-1943'; 'Pincers - August 1944'; 'Genocide - 1933-1945'; 'Nemesis - Feb-May 1945'; 'Japan - 1941-1945'; 'Pacific - Feb 1942-May 1945 The Island to Island War'; 'The Bomb - Feb-Sept 1945'; 'Reckoning - April 1945'; 'Remember'; 'Secretary to Hitler'; 'Who Won World War II?'; and 'Warrior'; 'Hitler's Germany - 1933-1939'; 'Hitler's Germany - 1939-1945'; 'The Two Deaths of Hitler'; 'The Final Solution - Part 1'; and 'The Final Solution - Part 2'.
Isaacs also presents a special 'Making of' feature. |
0.990852 | The ridesharing economy is experiencing rapid growth and progress. Companies such as Uber and Lyft are continuing to grow while providing their platform as an organizing medium for ridesharing, increasing consumer utility as well as employing thousands in part-time positions.
However, many challenges remain in the modeling of and understanding of rides-haring services, many of which are not currently under investigation by the academic community.
In this paper an agent-based model is developed to simulate a ridesharing service in the Washington D.C. metropolitan region. The model forms the basis for future experiments to determine the levels of utility to both riders and drivers of the service. In this paper a description of the model is provided, as well as a description of a typical run.
In experimenting with the efficacy of the model, we investigate the relative utility of drivers for a 24-hour period under two scenarios: random movement (information asymmetry) and Voronoi movement (information symmetry). We find that random movement prior to rider pickup outperforms Voronoi movement for a stationary run, while Voronoi movement performed at comparable levels of driver utility for a scenario run.
Ridesharing services such as Uber and Lyft have been experiencing explosive growth driven by rider demand and a number of other factors in industry (Anderson, 2014). One challenge for both ridesharing service companies as well as for their driver contractors is how to maximize driver acceptance of new customers while ensuring drivers gain maximum utility from rides given.
Research in this arena is also experiencing a surge with a number of journal publications (Shaheen, 2016) (Shaheen et. al, 2016)(Nielsen, 2015)(Zhang,2015) and others that explore multidimensional challenges and opportunities posed by the widespread adoption of ridesharing services.
This project aims to investigate the conditions under which drivers can gain maximum returns (utility) on their time while ensuring that a maximum number of potential riders reach their destinations. The project uses an agent-based modeling framework to answer this question. An ABM is more suitable for this type of analysis because of its inherent ability to create many autonomous agents following some behavioral/rule-set, and to simulate this behavior for various initial conditions and parameters.
The model proposed in this project would focus on simulating drivers and riders in the Washington, DC metro region and would attempt to simulate the movement of drivers under differing social and environmental conditions.
From a knowledge perspective, the aim of this model is to gain insight into whether drivers, riders and ridesharing services benefit more or less from information asymmetry or symmetry.
We define information asymmetry in this context as lack of information regarding the location of other drivers. This is currently the method by which all ridesharing services manage their platform.
This model will investigate how drivers would benefit from having all information about peer drivers available in real time and whether that additional information would cause new behavior to emerge, and would generally maximize driver utility. And, though there are a number of differing behaviors that can be a direct result of drivers having access to information about their peers, we will assume that there is only one behavior which would result from that information, and will extend this model in future iterations with more behaviors. We call this assumed behavior Voronoi behavior. This behavior is based on the concept of a Voronoi polygon (Voronoi, 1908) and it essentially amounts to driver agents identifying nearby driver agents and moving away from them so as to increase the potential of picking up a new customer.
We also seek to answer, from the rider’s perspective, would driver’s awareness of each other increase the likelihood of call acceptance or whether increased awareness would create a more competitive market where more drivers seek to answer fewer calls based on localized demand.
Additionally, we hope to understand the role of a spatial configuration on agent utility, and the role of running spatial models only in situ versus utilizing stylized facts and qualitative observations to build realistic scenarios fit for testing model assumptions. Figure 1. shows the graphical representation of the model and subsequent sections will discuss model design particulars.
Fig. 1. This model was implemented in Netlogo 5.3 and utilized open access data from the Washington DC government website.
The model was implemented in Netlogo 5.3 and utilized the GIS extension built into the platform. The model’s spatial configuration was based on a road network downloaded from the Washington, D.C. government Open Data project website, which included highly accurate, editable shape files and GIS data. The data included feature labels for roads and intersections. These features are used in the instantiation and initialization of agents, and for certain agent behaviors to be dis-cussed at later sections of this paper.
At the current iteration of the model we chose not to include additional layers of geographic information for simplicity, but in future iteration the Open Data project can be advantageous in increasing the efficacy of our model by adding more spatial configuration data.
The road network was imported to Netlogo and an automated spatial equivalent configuration was assigned. All roads were labeled internally by a variable to help identify spatial cells that contained a road, versus spatial cells that did not. This would later be an important step when designing the movement choices of agents in the simulation.
The model contains two agents, drivers and riders. Drivers can move across the model space, but only on cells that contain a road, while riders do not move, but can only be initialized on roads, specifically intersections.
The movement of the drivers in the model was set such that it is direct movement—that is—although the drivers must always remain on roads, we assume that following traffic routes would provide a negligible difference for our research goals. In future iterations of the model traffic and road direction movement could be taken into account to create a greater sense of realism. For now, driver agents move on roads in a direct fashion to their destinations.
Before we discuss the specifics of agents used in our model. we define the terminology used in the model. We define driver agents as those agents who are intending to pick up a rider. A rider agent is an agent who has been instantiated and can be picked up by a driver. Once a driver agent picks up a rider agent, the rider agent becomes a passenger. Passengers are not agents and form no interactions with their environment. In other words, riders who become passengers simply become an attribute of the driver agents, releasing with them certain data points which are then used by the driver agents post pick-up.
This terminology will be used throughout the model description.
Driver agents are instantiated in the initial setup of the model according to a user input parameter and a random distribution set to uniform properties. Spatially, the driver agents are initialized at random road intersections of the geo-spatial model, and according to a randomization test score that allows for a greater randomized spatial distribution of agent objects.
Driver agents are also instantiated throughout the model run according to the aforementioned user set parameter. Those agents are also instantiated at road intersections and according to a user set parameter.
Driver agents move from one spatial cell to another by first checking whether a road exists in the cell ahead. If it does, then an agent may move to that cell. If no road exists in that cell then agents are instructed to rotate a random number of degrees between 0 and 360, and repeat the process.
For driver agents who are carrying a passenger, the process is the same. However, the randomized degree value is set to be between -45 and +45 degrees if a road is not found directly in the heading of the driver agent. By doing so, we en-sure that drivers are constantly moving in the direction of their destination, but are still able to overcome the majority of obstacles in their way, such as the lack of availability of roads to travel on. This method does have grounds in reality in that drivers who may not necessarily know precisely how to optimize their routes, may in general, pick a random route that they know to be in the general direction of their destination. In future iterations of the model a more advanced path finding algorithm could be adopted.
Driver agents were assigned a number of attributes at instantiation and some are assigned as the model is run situationally.
Attributes include energy level, cash-on-hand, time driven, current driver destination (if carrying a passenger), riders who are nearby, current passenger id, time the current passenger has been on a trip, how many riders the driver has picked up, and how many passengers the driver has dropped off as well as a Boolean passenger variable . All these attributes carry great importance depending on the phase the drive-pickup-dropoff-drive cycle of the driver agents. However, a deeper explanation of the attributes and their relevancy is appropriate at this time.
We assign a level of energy to every driver agent set to be a random number following a normal distribution between a 4 and 8 hour range translated into model time units (which is set to be at 1 minute per time unit). The underlying assumption is that the majority of drivers will only be able to drive, regardless of their level of success, for a period determined by time availability and physical and/or mental fatigue. This is an appropriate assumption. Time driven is a variable that counts the amount of time driven by each driver and is used to display and calculate the model’s summary statistics.
Cash on-hand is the variable attribute that stores the accumulation of fares each driver agent has gained, as well as the variable in which money is deducted (vehicle and transportation costs) for drivers who are not carrying active passengers. In other words, it is the driver agents’ utility at any given time period.
Pick-up count and drop-off count are variables that store the total number of riders successfully picked up from their initialized location and successfully dropped off at their destination. The Boolean passenger variable shows whether the current driver is currently seeking a rider or already has a passenger and is used in a number of important model mechanics. Passenger id is a variable that stores the id of the rider currently within the driver agent’s vehicle. It is equivalent to the driver asking for the rider’s name prior to pick up, and is used in the verification process of the model to ensure that drivers are successfully picking up in-tended riders.
Variables for nearby riders and nearby drivers were also implemented as at-tributes of the driver agents. The first being the number, and id of any nearby riders waiting for pickup. This attribute is used to evaluate whether there are any riders nearby available for pickup. The second is whether there are any nearby driver agents, and is used in the Voronoi movement mechanism. The details of the Voronoi movement mechanism will be discussed at a subsequent section.
Rider agents are instantiated at the initialization of the model at random locations (intersections). Rider agents do not move but await their intended pick up in the same location. This is in line with expected behaviors of ridesharing service customers. Rider agents are instantiated utilizing a user set input and a random variable to allow for some stochasticity in the model runs. Spatially, and in a similar fashion to driver agents, they are placed randomly across the available intersection of the model’s geographic configuration, and only on road cells.
Rider agents are instantiated throughout the model’s runs but at a rate per time unit user set parameter, unlike driver agents who typically remain in the model’s space until they decide to leave (randomly) or because they have exhausted their energy variable and are replaced stochastically up to a maximum user set parameter. In other words, while the number of driver agents is set by a maximum capacity global (exogenous) variable, the number of rider agents is set to be a rate of arrival following a probability distribution.
For simplicity, we chose the arrival rate probability distribution to be normal, though in subsequent iterations of the model testing of other probability distribution types, such an exponential arrival function, would be necessary.
Rider agents possess two attributes for this iteration of the IAMWARM model. The first is the rider destination, which is a randomly assigned destination converted to the spatial coordinate equivalent. This destination is assigned at the moment of instantiation of the rider agents. The second is the wait time variable which is a count of how long a rider has been waiting for pickup. A user designated input allows for varying the waiting time of rider agents. For typical model runs we assigned this variable to 20 minutes. Once a rider agent reaches their maxi-mum waiting time assigned they leave the simulation. This is a proxy behavior for this rider attempting to find alternative modes of transportation to their destination.
The model relies on user inputs for the number of drivers (capacity), the number of riders arriving per given time unit, the maximum waiting time for rider agents, whether or not to use random movement while attempting to find a rider or whether to maximize distance from any other drivers in the area of assigned vision (Voronoi movement). Based on these inputs and the parameters of the model a typical model run behaves as follows.
Rider and driver agents are instantiated on a highly accurate road map of Washington, D.C. at random intersections in accordance with the input parameters assigned by model users. Once the model is run, rider agents are spawned while others, according to the user input, will leave the simulation. The same is applied to driver agents.
Driver agents move according to one of the predetermined movement methods (random movement or Voronoi movement) until they are within a user inputted proximity setting of a rider agent. During this time driver agents lose energy at a rate of 0.75 per time unit and lose cash at a rate of $0.1 per time unit.
Once a driver agent is within a designated vicinity of the rider agent, a pick-up occurs, and the rider is converted to a passenger. A transfer of the destination of the rider occurs from rider agent to the driver agent at this time. Once a driver agent has successfully executed a pickup, the agent can no longer make any additional pickups, and it is at this point that the driver agent begins to accumulate cash, set at a rate of $2.00 + 0.60/time unit. Calibration of the model was conducted to reach a dollar amount that could be seen as probable through qualitative observations of distance and time of real world trips versus the model’s spatial geometry.
Driver agents then proceed in a direct path to the coordinates of the transferred destination while earning cash and losing energy. Once they reach their proximate destination, a drop-off is executed, their passenger carry variable is reduced from 1 to 0, and a successful trip is recorded as being now completed. All relevant at-tribute and model-level variables are updated with this new information. The driver then continues to move searching for new riders and repeats the process.
Rider agents who are not picked up within their waiting time period limit find alternative transportation and are no longer in the simulation. While driver agents who are not carrying a passenger could “give up” and leave the simulation, or they could run out of energy and leave the simulation due to fatigue.
Typical runs are for a 24 hour period, but a model user can run the model in-definitely.
Much of the model can be run in a stationary mode—that is—it can be run in a form of equilibrium where driver agents and rider agents arrive at predetermined rates resulting in a constantly changing but variably fixed dynamic. This is interesting for general runs, verification of model mechanics and quality, as well as to gain a general understanding of the ridesharing process. However, anecdotal evidence and earlier studies have shown that the rates by which riders and drivers arrive, interact, and exit the process are variable and somewhat subservient to the city in which the ridesharing service operates, the time of year, month, day, and time of day. Additionally, rider and driver rates and activity are also affected by current events, traffic, roadworks, weather patterns and other exogenous factors. Therefore, though running the model in situ yields important insights, it is important to run experimentation in some scenario for comparative reasons and for a closer approximation of real-world dynamics.
Therefore, based on anecdotal evidence gained from the author’s registering with a ridesharing service and gaining access to the driver’s application for monitoring reasons, we develop a scenario which is not entirely hypothetical in order to test the model’s effectiveness under varying conditions. In future iterations of this model we intend to develop scenarios grounded in real data collected and to develop a number of them to test different scenarios under different conditions without reliance on qualitative observations.
For this model iteration we conducted a test of one scenario—the “Saturday” scenario. Below I provide a summary of the scenario, and reasoning where appropriate for selection of scenario inputs and parameters.
We present typical model results for the 4 possible variations of our test runs. Figure 2. shows a plot of our 4 representative runs in as the model is run with total profit at any given time unit on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. We see no real difference in terms of total profit between either of our stationary run model runs for random movement and Voronoi movement (yellow and grey).
For the scenario runs we find divergence in the profitability between random movement choices and Voronoi movement choices for the driver agents. Emergence of this result is unexpected.
Fig.2. This figure shows four typical runs utilizing both the stationary and scenario runs where driver agents use random movement and Voronoi movement prior to rider agent pickup. X-axis is time in minutes of a 24-hour run cycle, while the y-axis represents total profitability over time. X-axis increment in 60 minute increments for direct comparison with model scenario design in an earlier section.
Specifically, we find that Voronoi movement for driver agents provides greater utility for drivers when varying rates are executed on the model’s inputs i.e. when a scenario is utilized. Where, for stationary model runs neither movement method prior to rider pickup provided any visible change in driver agent utility.
Consequently, our observations and analysis of the model run takes a focus on the scenario runs, and more precisely on the moments of divergence of the scenario run random movement model run when compared to the Voronoi movement scenario model run. The first instance of divergence occurs at around 420 minutes into the model run or as we describe it in our scenario design, hour 12PM which we describe as lunch time and mark by a constant driver agent capacity of 50 at 11AM (360 minutes into model run) and a decrease at 1 pm from 50 driver agents to 45 driver agents. Also during this period the number of rider agent rate of entry begins at 20 riders per time unit at 11AM, decreased to 10 riders per time unit at 12PM, and then rises drastically to 25 riders per time unit at 1 PM. Hence, we can describe this pattern as a sudden increase in demand, fol-lowed by a sudden decrease and then a sudden increase once again, while driver agent capacity remained roughly the same.
This was the first moment of divergence in our model and it is repeated in much the same way at time 600, 720, and to a lesser extent at other times. Interestingly this emergent pattern allows us to provide a possible explanation for the increased driver utility in scenario environment when it is clear that no real difference exists within the stationary run of the model.
One possible and highly dependable explanation is that the sudden increase and decrease in demand in conjunction with a steady capacity (supply) or a slightly decreasing capacity provides a sudden spatial vacuum in the model’s geographic configuration which is best enclosed by agents who are actively trying to move away from each other – a Voronoi movement pattern. This increase in spatial spread of the driver agents allows for an increased probability of executing a pickup. They key to reproducing this pattern is that it must be sudden.
We see similar processes in supply chain management theory that describe the bullwhip effect as that of being a powerful reaction at the end of a supply chain occurring from a small change in its starting point sources. If the change is sudden the effect is compounded.
This emergent behavior does not seem to occur in the stationary runs of the model because at constantly random and stable entry rate for both agent types there is never a sudden vacuum to be capitalized and the spread of agents ap-proximated random agent spread even with Voronoi movement is enabled.
In this paper I described the development of an agent-based model for ridesharing services in the Washington, DC area. The model simulates riders and drivers through simple interactions on an accurate data-driven geo-spatial configuration. This model forms the basis for a number of experiments and model extensions that could yield greater insights into the ridesharing economy as it develops, expands, and evolves.
I also showed the importance of running experiments utilizing agent-based models not only in the form of stationary runs, but in the form of scenarios designed to create unpredictable effects that can and in our case did, yield greater insights which otherwise would not have been discovered. Those scenarios should be grounded in data-driven facts and observations, but at minimum should be based on experience and general observations, especially in the absence of concrete data, which in our case, being that this model is based on private sector services, had not yet been made publicly available.
More importantly we showed that driver agent to driver agent interactions, forming a symmetrical information environment where agents know where other agents are can provide increased utility for drivers, and consequently for the ridesharing service and riders as well, in certain situations.
There are many pathways that this model can be extended for future work. Primarily the most interesting extension would be to add more complex behaviors in agent-to-agent interactions and measuring the results. However, there are improvements to be made in the spatial configuration of the model itself. For example inclusion of spatial demographics to enrich probability distribution calculations, adding road direction and traffic patterns, as well as utilizing more detailed geographic datasets would all bring this model to the forefront of ridesharing service modeling and prediction.
Bash, E. (2015). Dynamic Ridesharing: An Exploration of the Potential for Re-duction in Vehicle Miles Traveled. PhD Proposal.
This ABS model is great. I am really interested. Is it possible for you to share with me your Netlogo codes?
This is a pretty interesting article that I came across today. Me and my team are working on the project “Dynamic pricing for ride sharing platforms”. Would be great if you can share the code for the program you ran on the article that could boost our project work. |
0.999992 | Does regular movement keep joints lubricated, or does regular movement dry out joints in time leading to wear?
After a good 20 years of jogging on and off, I've stopped that now because I could start to feel shin splints and hip pain and I'm all too aware that my father and his brother have both had hip replacements.
I now walk anywhere from 8-15 miles daily, albeit slowly. No problems with hips or shins, but I just wonder if the body wears out like a machine?
Great, [synovial] fluid seems to do everything. Maintains your joints, lubricates them and even helps with shock absorption. So where's the problem? Synovial fluid depends on the movement of the joint in order to circulate and perform its function. Imagine the cartilage in your knee is like a dirty sponge sitting in a container of water (synovial fluid). The sponge just sitting there isn't going to get cleaner but if you keep squeezing and releasing, the water circulates and the sponge gets a lot cleaner. The same thing happens in your joints.
Furthermore, a lot of joint problems come from muscle weakness or imbalance and improper movement mechanics.
If you are having joint problems then you want to make sure to address any flexibility or mobility issues in the joints. Improve muscle strength and balance. Reduce sedentariness and avoid any painful activities.
For shin splints, improving ankle mobility, calf flexibility and hip activation (Specifically the hip rotators like glute medius) should help. Make sure you aren't ramping up your training load too quickly - tendons, same as muscles improve their capacity over time.
Joint movement is essential to the joint's health as the synovial fluid bathes the cartilage and nourishes it. Think of the synovial fluid as "oiling the joint".
High impact can be detrimental to the joint surfaces because of the pounding and compressive forces on the cartilage. Running over many years, esp. if you have any alignment problems, or muscle imbalances (weakness or tightness) can lead to degenerative changes as one side of the joint gets more compression than the other.
Given that you describe shin splints and hip problems, a physical therapist's evaluation of your alignment and lower body muscle strength and tightnesses could help. They can give you an appropriate exercise (strengthening, range of motion and stretching), and a self massage program (tennis balls and/or foam roller) to address your individual problems. They can also test your hips and advise you whether or not you should see an orthopedist.
Also, don't overlook good shoes and joint supplements. You may also like Nordic Walking Poles to give you a better walking workout. They add trunk and upper body muscles exercise at the same time giving some protection to your lower body joints. Good luck.
This is a tough question to answer and requires a lot more information about body mechanics than I have.
But as for my experience, it's the impact that destroys joints, not merely the motion.
This is why low-impact trainers such as elliptical, rowers, and exercise bikes are so popular.
If you are having hip pain consider sleeping with a pillow between your legs.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged running exercise walking joints or ask your own question.
Will soda negate any effects from exercise?
Would riding kick scooter wear out your shoes? |
0.987352 | In the higher rainfall eastern hill country, woodlands and open woodlands of white box (Eucalyptus albens) are dominant. To the west and north these give way to vegetation communities dominated by grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) and white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla).
Other tree species characteristic of the bioregion include red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhynca) on higher slopes, with black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), kurrajong (Brachychiton populneum), red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), white gum (Eucalyptus rossi), yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Blakely's red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi) occupying the lower slopes.
Valley flats are dominated by rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), with river oak (Casuarina cunninghammia) found along eastern streams and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) lining the larger central and western streams.
In the western half of the bioregion, where altitude and rainfall are lower, Dwyer's mallee gum (Eucalyptus dwyeri) dominates areas of granite-derived soils and red ironbark communities occupy areas of sandy soils derived from sedimentary rock. Other common trees include hill red gum (Eucalyptus dealbata), white cypress pine and red stringybark in the ranges and grey box woodlands, with yellow box, white cypress pine and belah (Casuarina pauper) occupying lower areas.
Vegetation communities in the northwest are dominated by poplar box (Eucalyptus populnea), kurrajong, wilga (Geijera parviflora) and red box (Eucalyptus intertexta), and limited areas of bull mallee (Eucalyptus behriana), blue mallee (Eucalyptus polybractea), green mallee (Eucalyptus viridis) and congoo mallee (Eucalyptus dumosa) occur in the central west.
Towards the edge of the Riverine Plain, myall (Acacia pendula), rosewood (Heterodendrum oleifolium) and yarran (Acacia homalophylla) associations are found on grey clays. Yellow box, poplar box and belah associations occupy alluvial loams. River red gum grows along all streams, with some black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens), lignum (Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii) and river cooba (Acacia stenophylla) also occurring.
There are 36 threatened flora species listed in the schedules of the TSC Act in the South Western Slopes Bioregion (NSW NPWS 2001). Of these, 13 are endangered, 22 are listed as vulnerable and one species, Euphrasia arguta, is considered extinct in the bioregion.
Sixty-seven species listed in the schedules of the TSC Act are found in the South Western Slopes Bioregion (NSW NPWS 2001). Of these, 13 are listed as endangered and 54 are listed as vulnerable.
As the South Western Slopes Bioregion has been intensively cleared and cultivated what remains is mostly fragmented vegetation, a landscape conducive to decline of bird populations. These woodland fragments are important for species such as the vulnerable superb parrot (Polytelis swainsonii) and the endangered regent honeyeater (Xanthomyza phrygia) as well as non-breeding swift parrots (Lathamus discolor).
A decline in ground-feeding insectivores was recently observed in the bioregion while numbers of temperate forest birds increased (Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment 2002). Protection and enhancement of woodland fragments is necessary to prevent continued loss of woodland birds.
Three wetlands are identified as being of bioregional significance. The Barmedman/Yiddah Creek Floodplain is considered to be able to support 32,000 waterbirds (Kingsford et al. 1997). The endangered malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), the vulnerable brolga (Grus rubicundus) and the painted honeyeater (Grantiella picta) have all been recorded in the floodplains (NSW NPWS 2001). The superb parrot has also been sighted. The endangered plant Austrostipa wakoolica has been recorded on this floodplain.
Lake Burrendong Reservoir is described as being in good condition and supported over 32,000 waterbirds in 1985, including the Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), maned duck (Chenonetta jubata) and great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). In 1991, the reservoir supported 10,000 waterbirds including grey teal (Anas gracilis), Pacific black duck (Anas superciliosa) and maned duck (Chenonetta jubata).
Vulnerable species sighted at the reservoir include the glossy black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami), turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) and Gilbert's whistler (Pachycephala inornata). The endangered swift parrot (Lathamus discolor) and regent honeyeater (Xanthomyza phrygia) have also been recorded. The Lake also provides habitat for the endangered plant Swainsona recta (Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment 2002).
Wiesners Swamp located in Weisners Swamp Nature Reserve is also bioregionally significant, providing habitat for the vulnerable brolga (Grus rubicundus).
The biodiversity of the wetlands of the South Western Slopes Bioregion is affected by a range of threats. These include feral animals, exotic weeds, inappropriate recreational activities, erosion, increased nutrients, sedimentation, altered hydrology, salinity, water extraction and regulation, grazing pressure, pollution from gold mining, lakebed cropping when dry and indiscriminate duck shooting and commercial fishing. |
0.984699 | Design an online lottery game in C++ which will randomly store 6 number in the range of 1 to 30 as the winning numbers. Then it will ask the user to enter 6 numbers of their choice and match with the winning numbers. It should display the following: “Jackpot” for all 6 matches, “lucky five” for five matches, “super four” for four matches and “sorry, try again” for anything less than 4 matches. Your program should validate the input to be in the range of 1-30. It should also ensure that no values entered are repeated.
Question 2: Write a C++ program for the above situation.
Please can some help me in writing above program and drawing a flowchart on it.
then attempt to program it, the flow chart should help you figure out the program logic.
Thanks so much for the information. I guess we also have to use arrays in this program,so would you be able to advice where we can use arrays. The program must give 6 different lucky numbers from the random numbers and store them. Then we have to input 6 numbers and match it with the lucky numbers and then the program should display output depending on the condition. Will the flowchart be same based on above.
Well there are manny places you could use arrays in this one, but you could use vectors also. Don't hus about terminology.
Try to have one array that will be bool type, so now you have the abilyti to see wich one you have picked already.
Now you wait till you get reqired number. This you could achieve with one counter, and till number of picked numbers is less than 6 yo look for more of them, when you get one by chance you test is it in the array, if it is you dissmis him and look for another one. Also, if you don't like this way, you could like add 1 till you find one that you did not pick, and if you get at the end of array, well you just divide that number, or jou could just add it to firs one.
Random Number game, not working.. |
0.999103 | Help us gather more data! Is Event Planner your job title? Find out what you're worth.
The average pay for an Event Planner is AU$26.33 per hour.
The average pay for an Event Planner is AU$54,689 per year.
An event planner organizes and facilitates special events, large gatherings, and functions that are often of a celebratory nature. The events planner may be employed by a large corporation that frequently holds such functions for employees or clients. It is often common that businesses in the hospitality industry also have their own event planner on staff to help individuals and businesses execute these special gatherings.
The most important skill of an event planner is organization. To do this job well, the planner must be able to set up events that may be attended by as few as 10 people or as many as thousands. They need to be able to make smart decisions on the needs for food and refreshments to suit the occasion. Each event may have its own needs and requirements, and it is up to the planner to ensure that a feasible schedule is drawn up and followed. It is also important for an event planner to be skilled in negotiating prices for goods, services, and facilities; they should establish and maintain relationships with quality purveyors and providers, while ensuring that all pricing remains competitive.
Determine logistics, including food and beverage needs and establish date(s) and alternate dates for event.
Coordinate transportation and parking, location support, arrangement of decor and furniture, and emergency support. |
0.982017 | If you're reading the ingredient list on the packaged foods you eat, you may come across ingredients you've never heard of and may wonder about their uses. Cultured dextrose is a food additive found in a variety of foods, from meats to salad dressing, and it is used to prolong shelf life.
As the name implies, cultured dextrose is a cultured, or fermented, food product. It's made by combining dextrose, which is the simple sugar glucose, with the bacteria Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The bacteria is considered safe and is naturally found in dairy foods. While the food additive has been studied for safety, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not completed its assessment and has not given it generally recognized as safe, or GRAS, status.
Cultured dextrose helps improve the shelf life of foods by inhibiting the growth of various microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast. According to the makers of the food additive, cultured dextrose is a more-natural food additive, and it may be used in place of other products that extend shelf life, such as sorbates and benzoates. While there are no health concerns with sorbate, the Center for Science in the Public Interest reports that when benzoate is combined with ascorbic acid in food, benzenes may form.
Despite not having GRAS status, cultured dextrose is found in a number of different types of food items to help make them last longer in your refrigerator or cupboard. Currently, it's found in meat products such as sausage, cheese, deli salads, pasta, baked goods such as tortillas and muffins, cereal bars, yogurt, sour cream, salad dressing, salsa, condiments, soups, hash browns, dips and spreads.
The bacteria used to make cultured dextrose may come from milk, but some manufacturers of cultured dextrose no longer get the bacteria directly from milk, according to a report by the Vegetarian Resource Group. If you have an allergy to milk or you avoid milk for personal reasons, read food labels carefully. If the product contains cultured dextrose but the label does not clearly indicate that it contains milk, contact the manufacturer to be sure that the food is safe to eat.
The Vegetarian Resource Group: Cultured Dextrose: Dairy-Derived? |
0.984608 | Cushing trained throughout his childhood in Park Ridge, New Jersey. Cushing attended Bergen Catholic High School in Oradell, New Jersey and went on to lead the Crusaders to the 2004 Group IV State Championship as a linebacker, tight end, and running back against Don Bosco Preparatory High School, providing huge plays in the 13-10 win. He was named "2004 North Jersey Player of the Year" by The Record (Bergen County). and played in the 2005 U.S. Army All-American Bowl alongside future USC teammates Patrick Turner, Rey Maualuga and Mark Sanchez.
Cushing was recruited by top colleges, including Notre Dame, Georgia, & Penn State before ultimately committing to the University of Southern California. Cushing was a four-year starter who also started in four Rose Bowls. Only two players have ever done this; Archie Griffin (only two time Heisman Trophy winner) from Ohio State University was the other.
Cushing attended the University of Southern California, and played for the USC Trojans football team 2005 to 2008 under head coach Pete Carroll. Cushing shared the No. 10 jersey with Trojans starting quarterback John David Booty from 2005 to 2007.
Cushing was on the 2007 preseason Phil Steele's All-America team and on the 2007 Bednarik Award and Lott Trophy watch lists.
Cushing returned a failed onside kick attempted by Notre Dame at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for a late fourth-quarter touchdown on November 25, 2006.
On January 1, 2007, Cushing was named the Defensive MVP of the Rose Bowl Game, after recording 2½ sacks and forcing a third-quarter fumble that changed the momentum of the game.
Cushing was named AP 2nd Team All-American as a senior despite having pedestrian statistics (73 tackles, 10.5 tackles for loss, & 3 sacks.). NFL scouts didn't admire Cushing for his stats, but for his versatility. Fast enough to play inside and outside linebacker and big and strong enough to play defensive end. Cushing was the most versatile defensive player in the draft. He also shocked NFL scouts by benching 225 lbs 30 times.
Cushing was one of twelve senior USC players, including the four senior linebackers Cushing, Kaluka Maiava, Clay Matthews III and Rey Maualuga, invited to the 2009 NFL Scouting Combine. He also participated in the 2009 Senior Bowl with Maualuga, Matthews, Patrick Turner and others. Alongside fellow USC linebackers Maualuga and Matthews, he was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated's 2009 NFL Draft Preview magazine, as all three were regarded as potential first round selections.
Brian Cushing (USC) "along with Archie Griffin (Ohio State University)" ...are the only 2 players in college football history to have competed in The Rose Bowl Game, as starters, in all 4 seasons of their college careers.
Cushing was drafted with the 15th overall pick in the 2009 NFL Draft by the Houston Texans and had one of the best defensive seasons by a rookie in NFL history.
Cushing was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 6 of the 2009 NFL Season. Cushing became the first rookie to earn the award in the season. In Week 8, Cushing was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week again, becoming the first Texans rookie to win the award twice in one season. Cushing was also named the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Month for November.
Cushing finished tied with Ray Lewis for the AFC lead with 133 tackles & added 4 sacks, 10 pass deflections, 4 interceptions, & 2 forced fumbles. He was selected to the 2010 Pro Bowl as a starter. Cushing was one of three rookies to make it to the Pro Bowl, another being a former USC teammate (Clay Matthews).
On January 5, 2010, Cushing was named the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year. Cushing is the second Texan to win the award, the first being DeMeco Ryans in 2006.
On May 7, 2010, Adam Schefter of ESPN reported that Cushing would be suspended for the first four games of the 2010 season for a positive test in September 2009 violating the NFL's performance-enhancing substances policy for having above normal levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone, in his system. Cushing had previously denied rumors of his using performance-enhancing substances prior to being drafted. Cushing still denies that he ever ingested or injected any performance enhancers and claimed the test result could have been from a cancerous tumor. Cushing then stated that he would undergo further medical tests to determine how hCG entered his system.
On May 12, 2010, in a revote of the Associated Press Defensive Rookie of the Year award after his suspension was made public, Cushing received the most votes again, retaining his award. His second team All-Pro status from his rookie season, however, was rescinded by the AP. Cushing is the 1st player ever to have a revote, even though several other players in the NFL's past history have had similar violations during their rookie season.
Cushing was suspended for the first four games of the 2010 season for testing positive for banned substances. In the final 12 games, he totaled 76 tackles, 1.5 sacks, 4 pass deflections, and 1 forced fumble.
During training camp heading into the 2011 season, Cushing was told that he would be switching from outside to inside linebacker due to the new 3-4 defense. They believed that he would not have the quickness to get to the outside. All through high school and college Cushing was always an outside linebacker.
In 2011, the Houston Texans finished the season with a 10-6 record and made it to the playoffs for the first time in team history. Cushing was named Team MVP and while he wasn't voted to the Pro-Bowl he earned AP 2nd Team All-Pro honors after finishing the season with 114 tackles, 4 sacks, 5 pass deflections, 2 interceptions, and 2 forced fumbles. Houston Texans defensive coordinator, Wade Phillips, called Cushing a "holy phenom" and also said that "he's one of the best I've ever coached, and I've been at it a long time." Cushing said that he will use the fact that he did not make the Pro-Bowl as "motivation and a driving force" to become better. The Texans defeated the Cincinnati Bengals 31-10 in the first round but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens 20-13 in the Divisional Round.
During the second quarter of the October 8, 2012 Monday night Houston Texans win over the New York Jets, Cushing left the game with what appeared to be a knee injury which was later confirmed to be a torn ACL. He was placed on injured reserve, ending his 2012 season.
Cushing inked a deal worth six-year, $58.643 million contract extension that included $31 million guaranteed with the Houston Texans. Averaging $9.2 million for the next six years, making him the highest paid middle linebacker in the NFL.
During the October 20, 2013, game against Kansas City, Cushing broke his fibula and tore his fibular collateral ligament after a low block from Chiefs running back Jamaal Charles in the third quarter. The Texans later announced that he would miss the remainder of the season.
Cushing started the 2014 NFL season well despite being brought along slowly to start the season, collecting 37 tackles in the first four games as the Texans opened with an impressive 3-1 record. Cushing had 17 tackles in their loss to the New York Giants, tying the franchise record for tackles in a game.
During Week 1 against the Chicago Bears on September 11, 2016, Cushing reportedly suffered a partially torn MCL. The injury does not require surgery but is projected to need 6 weeks to recover.
Cushing signs autographs at a Houston sports collectors show in June 2014.
Cushing is one of three children. His mother was born in Germany and his father was born in Bayonne, New Jersey. He is a descendant of the Cushing Brothers, who fought in the American Civil War (Alonzo Cushing having won the Medal of Honor). His brother Michael was a rugby player at Providence College who earned First Team All-American Honors.
Cushing is married to his college sweetheart Megan, who he began dating just prior to the NFL draft. The couple has two sons; one was born in 2012 and the other was born in July 2014.
↑ Mehta, Manish. Rumors emerged that he had been taking performance enhancing drugs during his high school career, which was proved true. "Family of former Bergen Catholic star Brian Cushing seething at unfounded steroid rumors as NFL draft approaches", The Star-Ledger, April 23, 2009. Accessed February 16, 2011.
↑ Rosen, Dan. "B.C. gave it his all for BC", The Record (Bergen County), December 12, 2004. Accessed December 1, 2007. "The 6-foot-2, 225-pound two-way standout led the Crusaders to a State title with a 13-10 win over archrival Don Bosco on Dec. 3, and is The Record's 2004 North Jersey Player of the Year."
↑ "2005 U.S. Army All-American Bowl Roster". Rivals.com. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
↑ Corina Knoll (January 2, 2009). "Fourth Rose Bowl start is a perfect end for USC's Brian Cushing". Los Angeles Times.
↑ Ted Miller, Pac-10 NFL combine invitees, ESPN.com, February 2, 2009, Accessed February 2, 2009.
↑ Gary Klein, USC's Maualuga, Cushing and Matthews grace Sports Illustrated cover, LATimes.com, April 21, 2009, Accessed April 26, 2009.
↑ "Pac-10 Football Awards and All-Conference Team Announced". Archived from the original on 2008-08-07.
↑ "Pac-10 Football Awards and All-Conference Team Announced". Archived from the original on 2009-02-12.
↑ "USC's Cushing looks for another big Rose Bowl". USA Today. December 30, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
↑ "Pac-10 Announces All-Conference Football Awards". Archived from the original on 2009-05-31.
↑ "Rivals.com 2008 All-Pac 10 Team".
↑ "Rivals.com 2008 All-America Teams". Archived from the original on 2008-12-16.
↑ "SI.com's 2008 All-Americans". CNN. December 16, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
↑ "Brian Cushing". NFL Draft Scout.com. 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
↑ "NFL.com Texans' defense steps up in rout of Raiders".
↑ "Houston Texans Cushing wins AFC Defensive Player of the Week".
↑ "Houston Texans Cushing wins second AFC Player of the Week award".
1 2 "Houstontexans.com Cushing wins NFL Defensive Rookie of the Month".
↑ "Miles Austin, Brian Cushing, Ray Rice named to Pro Bowl".
↑ "Cushing seventh straight LB named top defensive rookie".
↑ "Father of Texans' Cushing Stands Fast in Son's Defense". New York Times. November 20, 2010.
↑ "Brian Cushing tears MCL, out six weeks". NFL. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
↑ "Brian Cushing Stats". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
↑ "Houston Chronicle Texans' Cushing wins AFC defensive honor".
↑ Jenny Vrentas (July 29, 2013). "Brian Cushing Wants to Hit Something". Sports Illustrated.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brian Cushing. |
0.992818 | When taking IS development in-house, learn how to develop a checklist to make sure test environments are in place and people know what to do.
My organization is taking over outsourced development of IS and making it in-house. We have agreed to test in three steps -- unit, integration and system --before we go live. I need some kind of checklist to make sure test environments are in place and people know what to do to make this happen. Can you help me?
Wow, this is a big question. As I sit here thinking about answering, I'm a little overwhelmed. My instincts tell me to ask a lot of questions, but I can't do that since Expert Q&A isn't that kind of forum. Instead, let me provide you with some resources that might help you ask a lot of questions. I suspect the best thing you can do is work to understand what's truly expected of you, and then based on your context, you'll be able to figure out what you need in place to get everyone on the same page.
Test techniques: What types of testing techniques will you be doing at each of the three stages (unit, integration and system)? What would you need to support those types of testing in terms of people, processes, tools, environments or data?
Product elements: What product elements will you be covering in each of those stages? To what extent will different types of elements be covered in each stage? How will you measure that coverage, track it, manage it from a documentation and configuration management perspective?
Quality criteria: What types of risks will your testing be looking for with each stage of testing? Will you look at performance at each level? What about security? How will you need to build environments, integrate with service providers, or find tools to do all the different types of testing you'll need to do?
Project environment: What factors will be critical to your success and the success of the in-house team as you take over this work? How will you take in new work, structure your release schedules, or move code between teams, phases or environments?
Recognize that as you think of those questions, it's a matrix of concerns. A decision (or lack of decision) in each of those categories affects the scope of the decisions in the other three. So you'll most likely find yourself approaching the problem from different perspectives at different times. Then, each day as you learn a little bit more, you can continue to narrow the scope of the work, more clearly define what you think you'll need, and communicate that to the rest of the team. |
0.989328 | Because of Foreign Substances stuck in the gap next to the Slide Door, does it look messy?
Because Foreign Substances are stuck in the gap of the product, it becomes messy.
1.Because there is a gap next to the slide detergent container, detergent powder accidentally spilt are easily stuck there.
1.By using a toothbrush or a brush, push foreign substances gently and remove them.
2.If you push them too strongly, you might damage the appearance of the product. So, be careful. |
0.563619 | In the beginning of the historic period in Bengal, government seems to have been of a tribal nature. In the Ranchi region, for example, the iron smelting Asuras may have organized themselves into proto states. Their are remains of brick buildings, iron smelting, copper, iron, and stone implements, copper ornaments, gold coins, beads, tanks, urns, pottery and sculpture. The wheel made terracotta red pottery is of coarse fabric. Radio carbon dates places them in the few centuries around the begining of the common era. In 1981, only about 8000 Asuras, speaking a language of the Kherwari group, were in this region; and though they remember themselves as the iron smelters (with the aid of charcoal), few had maintained the practice actively. The relation of these people to the Asuras of the dominant Hindu mythology is unclear, as it is to iron-workers in other regions.
The mythology of the Mundas, the dominant tribe in this region, and who also speak a language of the Kherwari group, clearly recalls encounter with the iron-smelting Asuras, and there is some evidence of a conflict. There tradition has a Phanimukut Rai, 63 generations before now, was crowned the first Munda king in 93 AD; however, sedentary agriculture probably came much later to this region (there was probably a preference for root crops in this period). It is clear that the dravidian (e.g. kurukh) speaking Oraons (though many of them now speak muNDArI) came after the Mundas (their mythology claims this, their villages often recall the Munda names, and the Oraon bhuinhari land tenure is a clear development of Munda khuntkatti form), and they may ave started sedentary agriculture, but it is not even clear which millenium they came in!
However, presence of trade, kingdoms, cities and armies (siMhalese tradition of vijaYasiMha, son of siMhabAhu and sihasIbalI, son and daughter of a daughter of a king of vaGga and princess of kaliGga, going to sopArA and then to tambapaNNi to set up a siMhalese dynasty in 544 BC and the husband of the mother of siMhabAbu becoming king of vaGga; Gan(g/d)aridai state with capital at Gange (Parthalis according to Pliny) mentioned in late 4th cent BC by the Greeks along with Prasioi with capital at Palibothra; Periplus and Ptolemy's desciption of Gange on river Kamberikhon in about 150 AD; mention of pratApavAn chandrasena, son of samudrasena, king of vaGga in mahAbhArata; mention of pauNDraka vAsudeva, under emperor jarAsandha, as the king of puNDra, vaGga, and kirAta in the mahAbhArata; mention of karNa as the later emperor of kaliGga, aGga, sumha, puNDra, and vaGga in the mahAbhArata; mention of the king of the region around kaushikI river and of puNDra, of vaGga, of sumha, of tAmralipta, and of karvaTa, whom bhIma defeated in the mahAbhArata; mention of king of vaGga supporting duryyodhana in the mahAbhArata) shows some evidence of organized structure. A study of the Greek and Buddhist texts suggests that during the nanda period under Agrammes=Xandrammes=sons of ugrasena=mahApadmananda, the eastern Gangaridae were under the Prasioi=prAcya=magadha dominion; and, in fact, it has been suggested that though the nandas ruled from pATaliputra, they may have originated in the Bengal region. (The mythological king lists of this and the later maurya, zunga, kaNva, and the satvahana dynasties are available. These lists are mythistory, but the page points to historical lists as well.) During the maurya period (3rd-2nd cent BC), a mahAmAtra represented the mauryas and ruled from puDanagala; some layers of candraketugaDh.a and mahAsthAnagaDh.a (these sites also have prehistoric remains) may date back to this period; and those of Tilpi and Dhosa from the only slightly more recent zunga or kuzAna periods. Around the 1st/2nd century AD, extensive trade networks (Periplus, Ptolemy, milindapaJha, nAgArjunakoNDA) and Greek accounts of fine cotton products from Gange as well as gold mines in lower Bengal are evidence for existence of social organization. The satvahana Gautamiputra Satakarani of second century AD may have been the first to start grants of administrative rights over land, to Buddhist monks. The kuSANa (78–176 AD; The saka kings Maues, Azes, who may have started the Hindu religious era, and Azilises; the pahlava kings Vonones, Spalirises, Azes II, and Pacores; and the early kuSANa (the guishang branch of Yüeh-chih) kings Kujula and Vima Kadphises were all in Punjab or further west. kaniSka started a second kuSANa dynasty, and extended his kingdom much further into India, and may have started the era still followed in the Indian national, though not the bengali calendar. His successors were Vasishka, Kanishka II, Huvishka, Vashushka, and Vasudeva) coins from kaniSka's reign (78–96 AD) do not necessarily mean that Bengal was under their rule, though the Murandooi mentioned by Ptolemy in India Extra-Gangem may have connections with the term shaka-murundu found later in samudragupta's inscription.
It is very likely that the region of varendra was already under the gupta rule under shrIgupta in the late 3rd century AD, ghaTotkaca's father, candragupta I (320–330)'s grandfather and samudragupta (330–375)'s greatgrandfather; in fact, he may have had his original capital somewhere in mAladaha or murshidAbAda. In any case, puNDra, and likely all of Bengal except samataTa, was under the gupta rule from 300–550 AD. candraketugaDh.a, khana-mihir's dhibi, and bharata bhanya are some sites shich may have artifacts from the gupta period. Since the time of kumAragupta I (415–455), son of candragupta II vikramAditya (375–415), son of samudragupta (there may have been an extremely short reign of rAmagupta in between) till the middle of 6th cent AD, when the gupta empire fell, puNDravardhana remained a major city in the gupta empire. They were, however, pretty weak after skandagupta 455–467, purugupta 467–473, narasiMhagupta bAlAditya, kumAragupta II kramAditya 473–476, and budhagupta 477–495, though they continued (a confused tangle of names emerge: tathAgatagupta, kRSNagupta, harSagupta, jIvitagupta I, kumAragupta III, dAmodaragupta, mahAsenagupta, mAdhavagupta, devagupta II, Adityasena, devagupta III, and jIvagupta III) as kings of magadha till the 8th century, and isolated gupta kings are found as late as the 12th and 13th centuries. samudragupta mentions samataTa, dabAka, kAmarUpa, and nepAla as paying tribute to him. By 507 AD, samataTa was also under the gupta ruler vainyagupta, and possibly bhAnugupta.
The guptas ruled by dividing the kingdom into bhuktis, and further into viSaYa, maNDala, vIthi, and grAma. Bengal was divided mainly into puNDravardhana and varddhamAna bhukti; and the rulers of the bhuktis, called uparika-mahArAja were selected by the emperor. The lower posts like kumArAmAtya, Ayuktaka, and viSaYapati, were usually, though not always, appointed independently. As an example of the political structure in a viSaYa, we can note that in the copper plates found in current vAnagaD.a we find description of land deals in the koTivarSa adhikaraNa (i.e. administrative capital) in the viSaYa of the same name. This mentions, apart from the viSaYapati, the posts of nagarashreSThI (capitalist?), prathama sArthavAha (trader?), prathama kulika (artisan?), and prathama kAYastha (clerical government representative?). Land purchase involved a petition explaining the purpose of the purchase, and required a permit from the government; often the grant was announced to the mahattara (governing body?) and kuTumbi (common people?) of the village. But the nature of land grants was already changing from the brahmadeYa of kauTilya in that all sources of revenue from the land, including control over mines, were being transferred to the donee in perpetuity (‘till sun and moon remain in the heavens’)—the earliest land grants starting this trend probably date back to the grant to a chAndogya brahmin mentioned in the dhanAidaha copper-plates (432–3 AD) and the grants to brahmins mentioned in the two dAmodarapUra copper-plates (444–8 AD), both dating to the rule of kumAragupta I. Along with this, however, slowly came the resposibilities of tax collection, forced labour extraction, maintenance of law and order, irrigation, and so on; and the beginnings of a feudal system was therefore on the horizon.
However, not all of bengal during this entire period was under the gupta rule. In the 4th century A.D., a kingdom puSkaraNa and two kings, siMhavarmaNa and his son candravarmaNa, are known from rADh.a (possibly the pokharNa village near shushuniA near bÃkurA, and it might have extended up tp pharidapura), and the latter may have been the same candra defeated by samudragupta. It is not clear whether this is the candra who is mentioned in the iron pillar in Delhi as having defeated all the kings of bengal. |
0.999609 | If your New Jersey home is older, and there are problems with the air conditioning system or HVAC, sometimes the cost of replacing the entire system is less than the cost of repairs. Older systems showing signs of wear and being run down will require repairs more often, and the best thing to do sometimes is to replace the entire system. You will be happy once you made the choice, given newer systems have better filtration and air purifying options. There are a few things to consider when replacing the air conditioning system in New Jersey.
Usually one of the top questions on people’s minds is how much the entire process will cost. There is no easy answer. It depends on the size of your house, the integrity of the existing ducts and infrastructure, and the brand or type of air conditioning system you want to be installed. There will be something for every budget.
Some air conditioning systems boast features others lack. Those features could be in the controls, such as greater control over the scheduling of your heating and cooling, or systems that can be smart integrated with your portable devices. Other features might be integration with air purification, dehumidifiers, and/or humidification systems. When your air conditioning needs replacement, you can read about the products on the market to make the best decision for your home.
If you are renovating a home to reduce your environmental footprint, or replacing an old HVAC or air conditioner with something that is more sustainable, there are choices on the market that will help you to achieve the energy goals you desire, which will also save you money on energy costs.
If your system is integrated and you want to replace only the air conditioner, you will need to talk with a service professional about options. |
0.960049 | 别 名 C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 1; C1QT1_HUMAN; C1QTNF1 antibody Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor related protein 1; Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 1; CTRP 1; FLJ90694; G protein coupled receptor interacting protein 1; G protein-coupled receptor-interacting protein; GIP; ZSIG37; G protein coupled receptor interacting protein 1.
CTRP1 enhances the production of aldosterone. CTRP1 was highly expressed in obese subjects as well as up-regulated in hypertensive patients, CTRP1 may be a newly identified molecular link between obesity and hypertension.
补体Clq TNF相关蛋白1(complement-Clq TNF-related protein 1,CTRP1)属于CTRP超家族成员之一,能在多种组织细胞表达,包含一个 N-末端的信号肽,一个短的可变结构域,一个胶原结构域和一个C-末端的球形结构域,从而在调节物质代谢、炎症免疫、阻止血小板聚集和抗血栓等方面发挥着重要的生物学功能. |
0.986202 | Acupuncture and Chiropractic are both widely used forms of Complementary Medical care utilized by a large number of Americans to treat specific health complaints and maintain a level of functionality in the body. Both offer non-pharmaceutical solutions for a variety of health issues and, in light of the growing opioid crisis in America, are gaining interest and use.
Chiropractic is a form of complementary medicine that focuses on structural alignment (mainly in the spine) and its effect on health and function of the body. Chiropractic benefits patients by using various methods to treat, but the mainstay is manual manipulation of the spine and other musculoskeletal structures to relieve pain, restore function and support natural healing in the body. It was first developed and employed by D.D Palmer in the 1870s. The first states licensed the practice in 1913 and it is now used worldwide.
Chiropractors attend a 4 year program of study and take nationally administered board exams in order to obtain the license of Doctor of Chiropractic. They are overseen by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NCBE) and are required to take continuing education to maintain their certification. They are licensed by the individual states.
Acupuncture is the insertion of fine, sterile needles into defined points on the body to produce various known and documented effects on the function of the human body. It is one of eight modalities employed by Chinese/Asian Medicine that have been developed over 3000 years in China and most East Asian cultures. It first rose to popularity in America in the 1970s, although it had been practiced in Asian-American communities before that. European texts on the medicine date back into the 1800s.
Acupuncturists attend a 3-4 year program of study, and take several nationally administered board exams in order to obtain licensure. They are overseen by the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM) and are required to take continuing education to maintain their license. Each state grants licenses and the titles given range from Licensed Acupuncturist, Doctor of Acupuncture and Certified Acupuncturist.
What do these strategies have to offer patients?
With the recent attention on the growing opioid abuse crisis in America, non-pharmaceutical modalities like Acupuncture and Chiropractic have much to offer the public.
Both enjoy a high level of satisfaction among patients who have tried them for various health complaints and new and recent research is showing that they truly offer relief and healing for many patients.
When it comes to Chiropractic, most of the research has focused on its use for the treatment of body pain, often back or neck pain. The idea of correcting misaligned body structure to free the flow of nerve fibers and blood circulation make s complete sense and research tends to bear this up. There has unfortunately been a lot of controversy over the years about Chiropractic scientific validity of efficacy for other, non-skeletal complaints. Sadly, not as much research seems to have been done on the medicine in these areas, although many patients over the decades have reported good result and satisfaction with the therapy in this area.
Acupuncture often thought of as a pain treatment as well, although clinical use and research support its use for a wide variety of health complaints; from pain to fertility, headaches, digestive issues and PTSD (just to name a few). A large number of studies in these areas have been and are being conducted at this time, which fortunately seems to have prevented some of the controversy suffered by Chiropractic from affecting the acceptance of Acupuncture.
Clinically we have seen a great deal of support for the cooperative effort of these two medicines. Acupuncture, with its ability to speed anti-inflammatory substances, increase injury healing and alleviate pain pairs nicely with Chiropractic’s strength in realigning the bony structures of the body. Together, each can enhance each other in an effort to provide real meaningful relief and healing to patients suffering from injury or body aches and pains. Recent studies show the two do well in alleviating the suffering of migraine headache and other pain syndromes.
With its strong ability to initiate healing properties natural to the human body, Acupuncture is able to reach beyond pain syndrome cases to assist in areas of digestive, sleep, fertility, stress and other health problems. As stated above there is less “scientific” research about the efficacy of Chiropractic in these areas, but response by patients in the past for this type of treatment has been good. It is hopeful that more good studies will continue to help the public feel confident in these and other Complementary Medicine modalities.
For now, work continues to help more and more people suffering from pain and other chronic complaints without prescribing an increasing number of pharmaceutical medications; which although they can offer many some relief always seem to come with side effects that are less than desirable.
Acupuncture offers lasting change in body function which has helped many realize their goal of better health, less pain, and overall better quality of life. In many cases, we recommend patients pursue other therapies in conjunction with their Acupuncture treatments. Chiropractic has been and will continue to be one of those therapies which combines well with Acupuncture for so many.
If you or someone you know suffers from a health condition and you are wondering if Acupuncture may offer a solution, please feel free to contact our office for an initial evaluation to determine if that may be the case. We offer an introductory special price that makes the process very affordable. |
0.999833 | How long has your school been established?
Westminster School was established in 1962. It is a fully accredited member of the Virginia Association of Independent Schools (VAIS) and the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS), and is a member of Independent Education (IE) an association of independent schools of greater Washington. The Griffin Academy of Westminster School has been in operation since the fall of 2010. |
0.999764 | This might be a little odd but I am wondering what people's thoughts are on having wetness indicators on their diapers are. I know that the fitted briefs are the only depend product which feature one, but that being said with the minimal absorbency of even the best depend product I do not see them as necessary. Essentially if you have bad enough incontinence to require the fitted brief you will wet enough in one wetting that you will probably need to change. To me the purpose of a wetness indicator is to tell a caregiver when a change is needed and the degree of wetness in the diaper. This is better suited to higher capacity products that will withstand more than one wetting. Personally I don't believe that the majority of fitted brief users need someone to make decisions about their diaper changes. \n\nBeyond these points, I personally find a diaper in plain white much more visually appealing. I know that no one else will see it but somehow the wetness indicator just seems demeaning to me. |
0.999995 | What is price fixing and why might this be of concern to small-business owners?
The Federal Trade Commission's website provides excellent information on this subject. For your convenience, I extracted and compiled some examples to keep your business out of possible legal jeopardy from running afoul of the rules.
Generally, antitrust laws require that each company establish prices and other terms on its own, without discussing with a competitor.
According to the Federal Trade Commission, price fixing is an agreement — written, verbal or inferred from conduct — among competitors that raises, lowers or stabilizes prices or competitive terms. Any agreement among competitors to fix prices is always illegal, whether prices are fixed at a minimum, maximum or within some range.
Consumers make their own choices about what products and services they buy. They expect that prices have been determined by supply and demand, not by collusion among competitors to inflate prices.
Price-fixing schemes are often worked out in secret and can be hard to uncover. In some circumstances, an agreement can be discovered from circumstantial evidence. For example, if direct competitors have a pattern of unexplained identical contract terms or price behavior, unlawful price fixing may be the reason.
Not all price similarities or price changes that occur at the same time are the results of price fixing. On the contrary, they often result from normal market conditions. An increase in consumer demand can cause uniformly high prices for a product that is in limited supply.
Price fixing relates to prices and also to other items affecting consumers, such as shipping fees, warranties, discount programs, or financing rates. Antitrust scrutiny may occur when competitors discuss present or future prices; pricing policies; promotions; bids; costs; capacity; terms or conditions of sale, including credit terms, discounts and identity of customers; allocation of customers or sales areas; production quotas; research and development plans.
• Gasoline stations often increase their prices the same amount and at the same time. This could be the result of price fixing, but it could also be the result of an independent businesses’ response to the same market conditions. If the price of crude oil increases, local gasoline stations may respond to higher wholesale gasoline prices by increasing their prices.
Market forces, such as publicly posting current prices — as is common with most gasoline stations — encourages suppliers to adjust their own prices quickly in order not to lose sales.
• Price matching. Many companies monitor competitors' ads, sometimes offering to match special discounts or sales incentives for consumers. Matching competitors' pricing is good business and often occurs in highly competitive markets. Each company is free to set its own prices, and it may charge the same price as its competitors. If the decision is not based on any agreement or coordination with a competitor, then this is not price fixing.
When business contracts are awarded by competitive bids, coordination among bidders undermines the bidding process and may be illegal. Bid rigging can take many forms, but one frequent form is when competitors agree in advance which firm will win the bid. For instance, competitors may agree to take turns being the low bidder, or sit out of a bidding round, or provide unacceptable bids to cover up a bid-rigging scheme. Other bid-rigging agreements involve subcontracting part of the main contract to the losing bidders or forming a joint venture to submit a single bid.
• Market division or customer allocation. Agreements among competitors to divide sales territories or assign customers are almost always illegal. These arrangements are essentially agreements not to compete.
• In selling a business, generally, a buyer will insist that the seller enter into a covenant not to compete. This is a common feature when businesses are sold. Courts have generally permitted such agreements when they were ancillary to the main transaction and reasonably necessary to protect the value of the assets being sold. The non-compete is limited in time and geographic area covered. However, an agreement to eliminate competition between competitors is illegal.
• Group boycotts. Any company may, on its own, refuse to do business with another firm. However, an agreement among competitors not to do business with targeted individuals or businesses may be an illegal boycott. This is especially true if the group of competitors working together has market power.
• Trade associations. Most trade association activities are either pro-competitive or neutral. Trade associations may help establish industry standards that protect the public or represent its members before legislatures or government agencies, providing valuable information to inform government decisions.
But it is illegal to use a trade association to control or suggest pricing for its members. This includes exchanging price or other sensitive business data among competitors, whether within a trade group or a professional association. Any data exchange or statistical reporting that includes current prices or information that identifies data from individual competitors can raise antitrust concerns if it encourages more uniform prices than otherwise would exist.
In general, information reporting costs or data other than price and historical data rather than current or future data is less likely to raise antitrust concerns.
A final note: Medicare offers the largest example of price fixing. However, recent competitive bidding by providers has generally served the public well by driving down prices. The utilities and other quasi-monopolies such as cable companies are heavily regulated for the supposed benefit of consumers.
Then there is the annual backflow meter mandatory inspections. Don’t get me started.
Let’s face it, every business owner would like to have a monopoly but it’s the way you get there that may be the problem. No collusion, please!
Dennis Zink is a volunteer, certified mentor and chapter chairman of SCORE Manasota. He is the creator and host of "Been There, Done That! with Dennis Zink," a nationally syndicated business podcast series. He facilitates CEO roundtables for the Manatee and Venice chambers of commerce, created a MeetUp group, Success Strategies for Business Owners, and is a business consultant. Email him at centreofinfluence@gmail.com. |
0.999968 | Do Danes enjoy a high-performing chronic care system?
The trends in population health in Denmark are similar to those in most Western European countries. Major health issues include, among others, the high prevalence of chronic illnesses and lifestyle related risk factors such as obesity, tobacco, physical inactivity and alcohol. This has pressed the health system towards a model of provision of care based on the management of chronic care conditions. While the Chronic Care Model was introduced in 2005, the Danish health system does not fulfil the ten key preconditions that would characterise a high-performing chronic care system. As revealed in a recent report,1 the fragmented structure of the Danish health system poses challenges in providing effectively coordinated care to patients with chronic diseases. |
0.951754 | Describe, understand the mechanism, identify the red flags and learn the management of Sepsis.
Sepsis is a life-threatening response to infection caused by uncontrolled release of cytokines from the host’s immune response.
Sepsis Red Flags help make a diagnosis of sepsis and should be immediately followed by the application of the Sepsis Six Care Bundle.
A common cause of sepsis is Neisseria meningitidis which causes septic meningitis and should be treated with IV ceftriaxone in addition to the Sepsis Six care bundle. Vaccination against meningitis ACWY is given for prevention.
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It can cause persisting hypotension (consistently low blood pressure) requiring treatment to maintain blood pressure despite fluid resuscitation, a common presentation known as septic shock.
In sepsis, damage to the host is mainly caused by the uncontrolled release of cytokines as an immune response which eventually results in a circulatory insult: cytokines trigger thrombin production, thereby promoting coagulation but they also inhibit fibrinolysis -> the coagulation cascade leads to microvascular thrombosis -> ultimately progressing to organ ischaemia, dysfunction and failure.
If you are ever stuck, one easy way to remembering the Sepsis Six bundle is “give three, take three”.
Some further investigations required are full blood counts, urea and electrolytes, blood sugar, Liver Function Tests (LFTs), C-Reactive Protein (CRP, a marker for inflammation), Arterial Blood Gas (ABGs), coagulation studies and further microbiology samples (CSF, urine, organism specific blood PCR, etc.). These will allow more precise identification of the causative organism and provide more information for specific antibiotic treatment. However, these take time and there are broad spectrum antibiotics that can be given prior to full identification.
A common cause of sepsis is Neisseria meningitidis, which is a gram-negative bacterium, often found as diplococcus and part of the normal flora in the nasopharynx of about 10% of the population. However, if spread pathogenically through respiratory secretions it can cause meningococcal meningitis, with the potential to escalate into meningococcal sepsis. There are different serogroups of N. meningitidis classified based on their polysaccharide capsular antigen (one of its main virulence factors that confers it varying pathogenicity). Current vaccination covers the serogroups ACWY although a serogroup B vaccine is available for susceptible individuals.
The classic symptoms of N. meningitidis infection are a non-blanching purpuric rash (tested using the glass or tumbler test), a stiff neck, confusion, dislike of bright lights (photophobia), drowsiness, aching muscles and joints. In babies, the fontanelle might feel soft and bulging. In this case, the empiric choice of antibiotic is ceftriaxone (a cephalosporin) as it has the ability to penetrate into the CSF which is the site of infection of N. meningitidis.
Figure: Gram negative (pink) diplococci (pairs of circular bacterium) - these are most likely N. meningitidis, the main cause of meningococcal meningitis (Source).
For other cases of sepsis with no signs of meningitis, the empiric antibiotic of choice is meropenem (a carbapenem) and finally, when a severe gram-negative sepsis is suspected, gentamicin (an aminoglycoside) is the antibiotic agent of choice. When in doubt, the trust you are working under (if you are working within the NHS) will have guidelines of first and second line treatments for a wide range of conditions, including sepsis. |
0.99999 | Leah Schoeb of Evaluator Group discusses the variety of enterprise SSD options available today in this Expert Answer.
There is a large variety of enterprise flash storage options today. Can you list and describe each?
• 2.5" solid state drive (SSD) -- Uses a hard disk drive (HDD) form factor module inserted into existing servers and storage arrays. Putting flash memory into such a form factor allows it to be easily substituted for a HDD in server, blade server or external storage array.
• PCIe memory card -- This is a flash-based card that plugs directly into PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus express slots. These cards are designed to bypass legacy disk controllers and protocols that can be a performance bottleneck.
• Caching appliance -- A caching appliance sits in front of an existing storage system and frequently accessed data remains on solid state while less-used data is migrated to the traditional array.
• Tiered storage systems -- A tiered storage system includes HDDs and solid state storage, while maintaining and further optimizing large RAM caches in the controllers for increased performance. The storage controller keeps frequently accessed data in persistent solid state storage and moves inactive data to the HDD tier.
• All-SSD arrays -- All-SSD arrays typically employ solid-state drives (SSD) with form factors and electrical interfaces compatible with common HDD bays. High-performance solid state disks incorporated into existing storage array architectures can take advantage of advanced infrastructure features that vendors have been adding to these products for years. Many have management controllers the take care of all of the unique housekeeping tasks, like wear leveling algorithms, to maintain long-term performance and longevity of the hardware. |
0.99924 | For a change of pace, here's a more editorial piece. I'll be talking about Juice=Juice's Miyazaki Yuka and her decision to drop out from university.
So Miyazaki Yuka-nya dropped a bomb, announcing her decision to drop out of university. The rationale behind her decision was to concentrate on her idol activities. This was after a year of her juggling both her role as a student and as a performer at the same time. Her announcement comes on the heels of the new school year - the best time to make such a decision.
She's taking a different step from the norm. In general, 'focusing on studies' has been the bane of many an idol's career. Another possibility that was open to her would be to defer her studies. But in the end, wouldn't that still be just half-assing it?
I admire her for showing her resolve by straight up quitting. And making a public announcement on her decision to focus on being an idol. You've got to respect her for that.
As she herself mentions, both university life and the life of a performer was something new to her. And worse luck, both happened at about the same time. Juice=Juice started their activities around March of last year. And Yuka started with university in April. Both demand complete changes in lifestyle, and need certain time commitments. It is possible to juggle both - but it's a rough ride for someone as green to the industry as Yuka.
People also drew up comparisons to idols who are currently attending university. There's a handful of them in Hello! Project - off the top of my head: Airi, Ayacho, Kanon, Yurina - plus the one university graduate.
The thing is, these girls are relative veterans of the industry. The two S/mileage girls had about 4 years of being in their group before entering university. Add to that their long tenure as H!P Eggs. And the H!P Kids have been around even longer.
Individual circumstance counts for a lot as well. University doesn't suit everyone, and there's more than a handful of Hello! Project members who chose to not bother with university. It comes down to personal choice and willingness in the end.
Yuka comes from Ishikawa prefecture, quite a distance from Tokyo. Ishikawa doesn't get a lot of idol acts, so she had to move to get closer to the city. I don't know how urban Ishikawa is, but living in the big city is tough. Adding this to the pressure of work and studies, and it can't have been easy on her.
Age is also another factor. In the grand scheme of life, she's still quite young. There's still enough time to continue with university education later in life, if she chooses to do so. In the long run, work experience does count for more, so continuing in the industry might be a net positive.
Also, while she's young in that sense, she's pretty old for someone starting off as an idol. She took the S/mileage 2nd gen auditions and the MM 10th and 11th gen auditions. At that time, she was already near the tail end of the age requirements. So one can make an argument that her choice to leave university was to seize the opportunity to be an idol while she still can. Then, as mentioned, she has the option of going back to university once that opportunity has dried up. If it does.
Just a brief aside, but another person I'm wondering about is KanaTomo. She's just graduated from high school and is at the point where she'd be considering her options with regards to education.
When it comes to school smarts, KanaTomo's considered to be one of the brightest in H!P . Yet she's a relative newcomer to the business, just like Yuka, with about a year in Kenshuusei above her. Still, I remember Duu or Fuku-chan mentioning the huge gap between being a Kenshuusei and performing as part of a major group. KanaTomo also mentioned that she had considered dropping out of high school several times due to work.
Haven't heard anything by this point, so it might be possible she's decided to stop with her education for the time being. Again, just like Yuka, she's got the time to continue if she wants to, and she seems bright enough that she'll do well.
At the end of her announcement, Yuka also puts forward Juice=Juice's lofty goal of holding a world tour. Whether that goal will come to fruition is a whole different ballgame. But by taking such a decisive action, it seems like she's got her eye on the ball. I wish her all the luck with her development as an idol.
Also, she wants to continue studying English pursuant to that goal. I'll wish her the best for that as well, though I hope that she doesn't pull an Mitsui and run off to some foreign country.
Unless it's in my neck of the woods, in which case I'd welcome her warmly. |
0.928841 | I’m certain everyone has some level of stress in their life, either from work or personal life. Short term stress is normal, but stress that has been ongoing can have a negative effect on our well-being. Most of us just take the stress and when we are tired, we just drink more coffee to stay alert and maybe sleep in on the weekends.
But after a while our bodies begin to suffer mentally and physically. We become tired all the time, irritable, and developed tension and pain. People let it go on for a while until it becomes chronic, THEN they decide to go see someone to help with the pain.
That’s when people decide to come and see us. Sometimes it has gone on for years. The reason why this topic is so important is because a very large amount of people we see have chronic pain that can be traced back to mental stress and I want to bring awareness to this issue and describe ways to prevent it from building up.
Stress increases levels of the hormone cortisol in the body which then increases muscle tension. It is common to have large amounts of tension within the abdomen, neck and head muscles.
The abdomen tension disturbs proper breathing which leads to the jaw, head and neck tension which can cause headaches. The abdomen tension can also cause low back pain and can also affect digestion.
The first step is to identify the specific muscles with the tension. It’s also important to identify the cause of the stress. Some people may need to see a psychologist to work out complicated issues, but once the cause or likely cause is identified, that’s a big step in beginning the healing process.
If you have any questions or concerns, feel free to contact me.
Strengthen the muscles that matter the most. The ones that protect your spine.
The United States is a chronically unhealthy country. According to recent data, more than 1 in 3 American adults is considered to be obese. Perhaps more shocking, about 1 in 6 children (between the ages of 2-19) is considered obese, as well. The health concerns associated with obesity include osteoarthritis, kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and more. For people who are obese, slimming down may seem daunting, but following these tips should help shed the pounds and keep them off.
Squatting, dead lifting and lumbar extension exercise can cause injuries if done improperly.
Breathing properly is important for many reasons. It raises the oxygen levels in your body, therefore reducing the acidity levels and that in it itself has a lot of benefits. It helps with athletes to maximize their energy. Also proper breathing helps to reduce neck tension and stress levels.
Could the type of stretching you do be hurting you?
Cervicogenic headache is pain that originates from the cervical spine and radiates to the sides and or the front of the head. It is possible for the pain to be due to pathology in the cervical spine, but typically it comes from irritated cervical joints and the surrounding muscles, and ligaments. The cause of the irritated joints and soft tissue may be from whiplash or whiplash type injury, or poor posture. |
0.922081 | I like taking a shower for several reasons. First, it's an efficient use of water. Second, it feels great. Third, what you wash off stays off of you and goes down the drain. And, I like the idea that you can walk in and get cleaned up, and then walk out and get on with your business.
Sitting down in a bath may be relaxing, and it certainly has its place, but a shower is my preferred manner of getting cleaned up.
Showering is a great way to save water if you do it right. Do it wrong, and you'll waste just as much time and water as you would taking a bath. I know because I've fallen into that trap a time or two and taken what I call "an hour shower." Of course, the occasional luxuriously long and warm shower doesn't last an hour, that's just what I call it.
The idea of taking a shower is a great way to save water, but you can enhance the water conservation aspects of a shower even more simply by: 1) making it quick; 2) turning off the water between soaping up and rinsing off; and, 3) using a low flow shower head.
Here is what I recommend in terms of a sequence for taking a quick shower and using the least amount of water.
Use the shower spray to get wet all over (including your hair if you intend to wash your hair) and then turn off the water.
Soap up (and wash your hair).
Turn the water back on and rinse off.
In support of this approach, a couple of wet wash cloths will help retain plenty of moisture necessary to facilitate soaping up. This will help make you less inclined to keep the water running to build up a lather of soap.
From a practical side, saving a few gallons of water isn't a big money saver, but it's important when you consider that most people in America bathe each day. That compounds the savings each day. And, just as important, it's consistent with and promotes success through a mindset of frugality.
If we're to be successful at frugal living, we can't expect to be efficient in one area and then throw away our savings in another. We'll do much better if our mindset of frugality is carried through into most every routine activity that we engage in, like taking a shower. |
0.954345 | Why not moving to Git?
why are you still use SVN for the development and not git?
A migration to git is planned, also there is an official repo on github.
Until those are done, no final migration will be done.
I don't do enough game development to give opinion but just curious where previous discussions might have ended up.
Moving to Github was not really considered because we want to be in control of things ourselves and not have to depend on another service working or even existing years down the line.
@feneur Thanks for making that clear!
While GIT may be an alternative revision controll system for us to use (as main repo) we definitely should have the project on our "own" server.
Good point about GitHub ... a friend recently moved a rather large project from Trac to GitLab (which is like a self hosted GitHub, probably even better) but his only reason was that pull requests were easier to manage than manual patches. Will leave the links here (but this sounds like a case of - the process is not broken, so don't fix it ;-) It seems like SVN/Trac has been used here for so long.
Btw, it's possible to clone 0ad repo on github, create a branch for some feature and in any moment have a SVN-compatible patch for these changes.
I'm currently slowly working on #2305, I initially attached a SVN patch for it, but then realized that I want to do a lot of small incremental updates to it, a final version won't be ready soon and it would be much more convenient to have a git branch for an interim period: the latest version is published as soon as I push a new commit, all changes are visible as separate commits with messages and diffs and the ticket isn't cluttered with a lot of intermediate patches (it's already cluttered enough with all those research results, current state reports and discussions :)).
Is there any news or anything one could do to help to make the transition from SVN to Git possible?
If you want you can use the git clone on git hub. Biggest issue with git is binary files which if hosted on their local server would reduce HDD space drastically. AFAIK @Itms is looking for a way to avoid that but until then no git migration will be made.
Have you thought about using Git Large File Storage (Git LFS): https://git-lfs.github.com/.
If we use that we don't have the files on our server - which is what we want to avoid.so that's not an option IMO.
@FeXoR In this case I misunderstood the problem. However, what is so different besides using SVN and Git for large files? I mean yes, small changes on big binary files require to rewrite the files and create a lot of traffic, but how is SVN different or more efficient?
TL;DR: SVN works. Why don't you use git, you can do so right now (either one of the clones on github/gitlab, or via git-svn)?
More details: Partial checkouts are supported (which some contributors needed due to network limits), it doesn't require users to download the whole history (same reasoning), checkouts can be resumed (helps with unstable network connections). Apart from using shallow clones or incremental shallow clones this isn't possible with git. Keeping autobuilds for windows users (which is needed for artists) in the repo is not an issue (yes, there have been discussions and plans for how to solve this for git; but that is some work nobody has volunteered for yet).
There's a git clone (github and gitlab) so nothing stops you from using it right now, and we do accept git patches just the same as svn patches. If you don't like that you can use git-svn directly (which works fine). Educating users about git is more work than doing the same for svn, also this question ignores artists and modders and increases the barrier of entry for new contributors. Also most git GUIs are quite bad, which is somewhat important for those users. Programmers should be able to use their tools and can already use git right now.
Why not git-lfs or git-annex or git-whatever?
But I want to submit pull-requests?
No. Diffs work, man git-format-patch might be worth reading.
Why not just merge things?
Reroll the git clones in a nicer way by excluding all build artifacts (the current clones have a few incremental stages, and are likely not excluding everything). However this should be planned carefully, since this is going to break the "upstream" for a lot of people and I would strongly recommend against doing this more than once.
I pinned this topic as it's one that comes up often and Georg's reply explains things nicely.
Maybe also set @leper's last post as "Best answer"?
We have all of the "default" 0AD mod/resources in the same repo as all engine code. These are really orthogonal, and belong in separate repositories.
We have many dependencies in the repository. These do not belong in a code repository, but some sort of binary repository/dependency management system (eg, Nuget in the C# world, or maven for Java). C++, however, has not traditionally used one of these systems.
The final, built binaries, are in the repository.
Git repository for main engine code (+ some small default resources). This can be self-hosted, or use an existing provider and backup a copy every day.
Dependency management repository for code artifacts. There are some out there for C++, although we will likely have to host at least some of our own.
Binary repository that combines art files and mod + engine code into the finished product.
.... which would be quite some work to set up. I think the best first step, though, would be to start getting dependencies out of the main repository and into a package management system.
Which package management system remember that we support three separate platforms so three systems would be needed and who would by necessity code them they do not exist for Windows or OSX those binaries are only for Windows as most of our users share that OS and very few have the knowledge to build from source these users are also mod developers that need access to the latest build.This has been proposed several times and the consensus has been it's to much work for minimal benefit we already have have a Git mirror though it does trail the main SVN repository by a few commits.
SmartGit is much more user-friendly, it supports Git & SVN, it's free for personal use (you just have to enter a fake email during the setup/installation process).
PS: no, I am not affiliated in any way with them. I have just tested many git GUIs.
Frankly, Trac is sooo slow and so un- user-friendly. It's sort of a pain to use it.
With Github, you can create milestones, tags (labels), assign developers to issues, link other issues in comments by just typing the issue ID, get donations for fixing issues (with Bountysource), mute comments, embed code lines in comments, ... but the speed and ease of use guys, frankly it's night and day.
As I said the main issue is that if githubs decides to shutdown one day we're screwed. We could also host our own gitlab, but that sounds like uneccessary work.
Do you think that the most known and largest open-source code hosting platform & version control system in the world would shutdown just like that?
Without warning the 20 million users and maintainers of 57 million repositories ?
CodePlex shut down but measures were taken for the migration and no developer was taken by surprise.
I understand your point to keep control of your repository and bug tracker but by doing that, you continue to use outdated and inefficient tools while you could increase your productivity and interactivity with your contributors by using modern tools like the Github bug tracker. You are afraid of a possible future Github shutdown but it's not going to happen before many many many years.. (if that happens).
I'm wondering though how using the github bugtracker here would help in efficiency ?
You are afraid of a possible future Github shutdown but it's not going to happen before many many many years.. (if that happens).
Not likely indeed, but who knows maybe 0ad will still be in developpement for the next 50 years ?
Also, GitHub (as opposed to Git) isn't free/libre.
So, as long as Wildfire Games has the manpower and money to maintain their own, they should stick with it. And a webserver maintainer isn't necessarily an application programmer as well, so maintaining the thing probably doesn't take that much away from development time.
Personally, I'm a big fan of Bazaar because the commands are dead easy, but sadly their tools are seriously undermaintained these days.
And I am not talking about how painful it is to create custom tickets queries. |
0.999912 | Barcelona is the capital city of Spain, and is the home to 1.6 million people. In reality though, the total population is actually boosted by another 4.5 million people who live in the urban area surrounding the main bulk of the city.
When counted together, the population of this city makes it the largest metropolis located in the Mediterranean. This of course, means that the city is bursting with entertainment and millions of things to do - I mean a population that large needs something to do right? But we are more interested in the overall climate and what weather to expect in this text, so onto that.
This city is blessed with a Mediterranean climate; hot summers and mild winters - which is most people's paradise for a warm and sunny holiday.
Barcelona is famous for its beaches, architectural design and the soccer team named Barcelona FC.
The Barcelona summer is a very pleasant time between June and September and also happens to be the months where most visitors go to this city. The average high temperature sits at a warm 28°C in July and August. June and September experience a slightly cooler temperature of 20°C and even colder nights, so plan accordingly! Though Barcelona is actually quite a bit colder than other Mediterranean cities, it also experiences some very high temperatures - the highest so far reach 38.6°C. Due to the possibilities of such spikes in temperature, it may seem somewhat daunting to try and pack or predict for such weather. Although, many people do not really complain when there is an increase in temperature, most go and enjoy it to its fullest - such as visiting the beach. On the topic of beaches, sea temperatures have a pleasant 25°C average, making the water perfect for dipping into. One thing to keep in mind though is that there are strong winds during the summer here. Along with this, September - although it is classed as a warm summer month - is also in fact the wettest month of the year.
Moving onto the autumn which is felt in October and November, it begins with warm weather and an increase in rainfall. However, these conditions do not last long. Soon the temperatures begin to drop to about 21°C average during the day and 12°C throughout October, and in November the temperature continues to drop to between 17°C and 8°C, which is quite a change.
With the incoming winter, the temperatures only continue to drop. Winter begins in December and lasts until February. However thanks to the overall Mediterranean climate, the winters are usually quite mild. The lowest temperatures are felt in December when they drop to between 13°C and 4°C. The amount of sunlight seen each day is restricted to around four hours, which seem surprisingly little. However you need to take into account that you may experience days on end of grey, cold and wet weather, and then suddenly be blessed with a short blast of sunshine. As always though, winter is followed by its neighbouring season, which begins to warm up Barcelona once again.
Of course this season is spring. Spring if from March till May which is when the average high temperatures climb from 16°C in March to 20°C in May. This season is also pretty wet, almost as wet as autumn but not quite to the same extent. The nights are still pretty cool but are warming with every day that passes, and the hours of sunlight seen a day are also increasing.
The main climate influences on this city are the westerly winds that come from the Atlantic, and the topography of the region. The city is located on top of a plateau which is slightly elevated than the surrounding landscape. These two factors combined - the winds and the topography - work together and result in cooler temperatures and an increase in precipitation. The fact that it is also a coastal city boosts these cooler winds that are experienced.
If you are travelling from a region that is generally cooler than Barcelona, then hypothetically any time of the year will suit you. Barcelona really has a lot to offer all around the year. On the other hand, if you are from somewhere general warmer than Barcelona, you should probably stick to visiting during the summer months when it is warmer.
So once you have decided WHEN to visit, it is then time to start planning WHAT you want to do once you arrive. One way to experience Barcelona (which may be better fit to the warmer months) is to discover it by foot. Walking tours are very easy to find and join, or if you would prefer to explore by yourself, just grab a map and begin the adventure. If you do not like walking long distances (or just don't enjoy walking) then it is also possible to see the city by bike. Personally, I find it quite freeing to explore new places by either walking or cycling - I mean, why spend money visiting a new city or country and then spend your time inside cars? Feels rather counter-productive. If you do choose to explore Barcelona this way, one of the advised routes to take is to follow the footsteps of Picasso, who spent his early years here.
Then again, depending on which season you choose to visit in, you may be faced with rainfall - which makes it slightly less fun to explore the city by foot or bike, or do anything outside. Worry not! There are also plenty of indoor activities to experience in this huge city. For example, there are several magnificent churches in Barcelona with absolutely gorgeous architecture which cannot be seen anywhere else. One building that is a must-see in this city is the Basilica de la Sagrada Familia. This is a huge cathedral that was begun to be built in 1882, but never saw completion, still to this day.
These are but a few examples of what you can do with your time in Barcelona, there are still thousands of other things to do, see and explore in this city, and it's all waiting for you. |
0.986516 | This article is about the U.S. state of Missouri. For the river, see Missouri River. For other uses, see Missouri (disambiguation).
Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States. With over six million residents, it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City. The state is the 21st-most extensive in area. In the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Missouri River, after which the state is named, flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River, which makes up Missouri's eastern border.
Missouri's culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States. The musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser-known St. Louis-style barbecue, can be found across the state and beyond. Missouri is also a major center of beer brewing; Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks. Missouri's alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the state's major cities, popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, Table Rock Lake, and Branson.
The state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe. It is said that they were called the ouemessourita (wimihsoorita), meaning "those who have dugout canoes", by the Miami-Illinois language speakers. This appears to be folk etymology—the Illinois spoke an Algonquian language and the closest approximation that can be made in that of their close neighbors, the Ojibwe, is "You Ought to Go Downriver & Visit Those People." This would be an odd occurrence, as the French who first explored and attempted to settle the Mississippi River usually got their translations during that time fairly accurate, often giving things French names that were exact translations of the native tongue(s).
Assuming Missouri were deriving from the Siouan language, it would translate as "It connects to the side of it," in reference to the river itself. This is not entirely likely either, as this would be coming out as "Maya Sunni" (Mah-yah soo-nee) Most likely, though, the name Missouri comes from Chiwere, a Siouan language spoken by people who resided in the modern day states of Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, Missouri & Nebraska.
listen)), or nothing. Any combination of these phonetic realizations may be observed coming from speakers of American English.
The linguistic history was treated definitively by Donald M. Lance, who acknowledged that the question is sociologically complex, but that no pronunciation could be declared "correct", nor could any be clearly defined as native or outsider, rural or urban, southern or northern, educated or otherwise. Politicians often employ multiple pronunciations, even during a single speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners. Often, informal respellings of the state's name, such as "Missour-ee" or "Missour-uh", are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations.
There is no official state nickname. However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the "Show Me State", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that "I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show me." This is in keeping with the saying "I'm from Missouri" which means "I'm skeptical of the matter and not easily convinced." However, according to researchers, the phrase "show me" was already in use before the 1890s. Another one states that it is a reference to Missouri miners who were taken to Leadville, Colorado to replace striking workers. Since the new men were unfamiliar with the mining methods, they required frequent instruction.
Other nicknames for Missouri include "The Lead State", "The Bullion State", "The Ozark State", "The Mother of the West", "The Iron Mountain State", and "Pennsylvania of the West". It is also known as the "Cave State" because there are more than 6,000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave.
The official state motto is Latin: "Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto", which means "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law."
Missouri, showing major cities and roads.
Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the south by Arkansas; and by Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (the last across the Missouri River) on the west. Whereas the northern and southern boundaries are straight lines, the Missouri Bootheel protrudes southerly into Arkansas. The two largest rivers are the Mississippi (which defines the eastern boundary of the state) and the Missouri River (which flows from west to east through the state) essentially connecting the two largest metros of Kansas City and St. Louis.
Although today it is usually considered part of the Midwest, Missouri was historically seen by many as a border state, chiefly because of the settlement of migrants from the South and its status as a slave state before the Civil War, balanced by the influence of St. Louis. The counties that made up "Little Dixie" were those along the Missouri River in the center of the state, settled by Southern migrants who held the greatest concentration of slaves.
In 2005, Missouri received 16,695,000 visitors to its national parks and other recreational areas totaling 101,000 acres (410 km2), giving it $7.41 million in annual revenues, 26.6% of its operating expenditures.
North of, and in some cases just south of, the Missouri River lie the Northern Plains that stretch into Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. Here, rolling hills remain from the glaciation that once extended from the Canadian Shield to the Missouri River. Missouri has many large river bluffs along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Meramec Rivers. Southern Missouri rises to the Ozark Mountains, a dissected plateau surrounding the Precambrian igneous St. Francois Mountains. This region also hosts karst topography characterized by high limestone content with the formation of sinkholes and caves.
The southeastern part of the state is known as the Missouri Bootheel region, which is part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain or Mississippi embayment. This region is the lowest, flattest, warmest, and wettest part of the state. It is also among the poorest, as the economy there is mostly agricultural. It is also the most fertile, with cotton and rice crops predominant. The Bootheel was the epicenter of the four New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811 and 1812.
Missouri generally has a humid continental climate with cold snowy winters and hot, humid, and wet summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate becomes humid subtropical. Located in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extreme temperatures. Without high mountains or oceans nearby to moderate temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. Missouri's highest recorded temperature is 118 °F (48 °C) at Warsaw and Union on July 14, 1954, while the lowest recorded temperature is −40 °F (−40 °C) also at Warsaw on February 13, 1905.
Located in Tornado Alley, Missouri also receives extreme weather in the form of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The most recent tornado in the state to cause damage and casualties was the 2011 Joplin tornado, which destroyed roughly one-third of the city of Joplin. The tornado caused an estimated $1–3 billion in damages, killed 159 (+1 non-tornadic), and injured over 1,000 people. It was the first EF5 to hit the state since 1957 and the deadliest in the U.S. since 1947, making it the seventh deadliest tornado in American history and 27th deadliest in the world. St. Louis and its suburbs also have a history of experiencing particularly severe tornadoes, the most recent memorable one being an EF4 tornado that damaged Lambert-St. Louis International Airport on April 22, 2011. One of the worst tornadoes in American history struck St. Louis on May 27, 1896, killing at least 255 and causing $10 mil. damage ($3.9 bil. damage in 2009) or $4.55 billion in today's dollars.
Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Missouri cities in °F (°C).
Missouri is home to a diversity of both flora and fauna. There is a large amount of fresh water present due to the Mississippi River, Missouri River, Table Rock Lake and Lake of the Ozarks, with numerous smaller tributary rivers, streams, and lakes. North of the Missouri River, the state is primarily rolling hills of the Great Plains, whereas south of the Missouri River, the state is dominated by the Oak-Hickory Central U.S. hardwood forest.
Indigenous peoples inhabited Missouri for thousands of years before European exploration and settlement. Archaeological excavations along the rivers have shown continuous habitation for more than 7,000 years. Beginning before 1000 CE, there arose the complex Mississippian culture, whose people created regional political centers at present-day St. Louis and across the Mississippi River at Cahokia, near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Their large cities included thousands of individual residences, but they are known for their surviving massive earthwork mounds, built for religious, political and social reasons, in platform, ridgetop and conical shapes. Cahokia was the center of a regional trading network that reached from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The civilization declined by 1400 CE, and most descendants left the area long before the arrival of Europeans. St. Louis was at one time known as Mound City by the European Americans, because of the numerous surviving prehistoric mounds, since lost to urban development. The Mississippian culture left mounds throughout the middle Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, extending into the southeast as well as the upper river.
The first European settlers were mostly ethnic French Canadians, who created their first settlement in Missouri at present-day Ste. Genevieve, about an hour south of St. Louis. They had migrated about 1750 from the Illinois Country. They came from colonial villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, where soils were becoming exhausted and there was insufficient river bottom land for the growing population. Sainte-Geneviève became a thriving agricultural center, producing enough surplus wheat, corn and tobacco to ship tons of grain annually downriver to Lower Louisiana for trade. Grain production in the Illinois Country was critical to the survival of Lower Louisiana and especially the city of New Orleans.
St. Louis was founded soon after by French fur traders, Pierre Laclède and stepson Auguste Chouteau from New Orleans in 1764. From 1764 to 1803, European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, due to Treaty of Fontainebleau (in order to have Spain join with France in the war against England). The arrival of the Spanish in St. Louis was in September 1767.
St. Louis became the center of a regional fur trade with Native American tribes that extended up the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, which dominated the regional economy for decades. Trading partners of major firms shipped their furs from St. Louis by river down to New Orleans for export to Europe. They provided a variety of goods to traders, for sale and trade with their Native American clients. The fur trade and associated businesses made St. Louis an early financial center and provided the wealth for some to build fine houses and import luxury items. Its location near the confluence of the Illinois River meant it also handled produce from the agricultural areas. River traffic and trade along the Mississippi were integral to the state's economy, and as the area's first major city, St. Louis expanded greatly after the invention of the steamboat and the increased river trade.
Napoleon Bonaparte had gained Louisiana for French ownership from Spain in 1800 under the Treaty of San Ildefonso, after it had been a Spanish colony since 1762. But the treaty was kept secret. Louisiana remained nominally under Spanish control until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the cession to the United States.
Part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase by the United States, Missouri earned the nickname Gateway to the West because it served as a major departure point for expeditions and settlers heading to the West during the 19th century. St. Charles, just west of St. Louis, was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which ascended the Missouri River in 1804, in order to explore the western lands to the Pacific Ocean. St. Louis was a major supply point for decades, for parties of settlers heading west.
As many of the early settlers in western Missouri migrated from the Upper South, they brought enslaved African Americans as agricultural laborers, and they desired to continue their culture and the institution of slavery. They settled predominantly in 17 counties along the Missouri River, in an area of flatlands that enabled plantation agriculture and became known as "Little Dixie." In 1821 the former Missouri Territory was admitted as a slave state, in accordance with the Missouri Compromise, and with a temporary state capital in St. Charles. In 1826, the capital was shifted to its current, permanent location of Jefferson City, also on the Missouri River.
The state was rocked by the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. Casualties were few due to the sparse population.
Originally the state's western border was a straight line, defined as the meridian passing through the Kawsmouth, the point where the Kansas River enters the Missouri River. The river has moved since this designation. This line is known as the Osage Boundary. In 1836 the Platte Purchase was added to the northwest corner of the state after purchase of the land from the native tribes, making the Missouri River the border north of the Kansas River. This addition increased the land area of what was already the largest state in the Union at the time (about 66,500 square miles (172,000 km2) to Virginia's 65,000 square miles, which then included West Virginia).
In the early 1830s, Mormon migrants from northern states and Canada began settling near Independence and areas just north of there. Conflicts over religion and slavery arose between the 'old settlers' (mainly from the South) and the Mormons (mainly from the North). The Mormon War erupted in 1838. By 1839, with the help of an "Extermination Order" by Governor Lilburn Boggs, the old settlers forcefully expelled the Mormons from Missouri and confiscated their lands.
Conflicts over slavery exacerbated border tensions among the states and territories. From 1838 to 1839, a border dispute with Iowa over the so-called Honey Lands resulted in both states' calling-up of militias along the border.
With increasing migration, from the 1830s to the 1860s Missouri's population almost doubled with every decade. Most of the newcomers were American-born, but many Irish and German immigrants arrived in the late 1840s and 1850s. As a majority were Catholic, they set up their own religious institutions in the state, which had been mostly Protestant. Having fled famine and oppression in Ireland, and revolutionary upheaval in Germany, the immigrants were not sympathetic to slavery. Many settled in cities, where they created a regional and then state network of Catholic churches and schools. Nineteenth-century German immigrants created the wine industry along the Missouri River and the beer industry in St. Louis.
Most Missouri farmers practiced subsistence farming before the American Civil War. The majority of those who held slaves had fewer than five each. Planters, defined by some historians as those holding twenty slaves or more, were concentrated in the counties known as "Little Dixie", in the central part of the state along the Missouri River. The tensions over slavery chiefly had to do with the future of the state and nation. In 1860, enslaved African Americans made up less than 10% of the state's population of 1,182,012. In order to control the flooding of farmland and low-lying villages along the Mississippi, the state had completed construction of 140 miles (230 km) of levees along the river by 1860.
After the secession of Southern states began in 1861, the Missouri legislature called for the election of a special convention on secession. The convention voted decisively to remain within the Union. Pro-Southern Governor Claiborne F. Jackson ordered the mobilization of several hundred members of the state militia who had gathered in a camp in St. Louis for training. Alarmed at this action, Union General Nathaniel Lyon struck first, encircling the camp and forcing the state troops to surrender. Lyon directed his soldiers, largely non-English-speaking German immigrants, to march the prisoners through the streets, and they opened fire on the largely hostile crowds of civilians who gathered around them. Soldiers killed unarmed prisoners as well as men, women and children of St. Louis in the incident that became known as the "St. Louis Massacre".
These events heightened Confederate support within the state. Governor Jackson appointed Sterling Price, president of the convention on secession, as head of the new Missouri State Guard. In the face of Union General Lyon's rapid advance through the state, Jackson and Price were forced to flee the capital of Jefferson City on June 14, 1861. In the town of Neosho, Missouri, Jackson called the state legislature into session. They enacted a secession ordinance. However, even under the Southern view of secession, only the state convention had the power to secede. Since the convention was dominated by unionists, and the state was more pro-Union than pro-Confederate in any event, the ordinance of secession adopted by the legislature is generally given little credence. The Confederacy nonetheless recognized it on October 30, 1861.
With the elected governor absent from the capital and the legislators largely dispersed, the state convention was reassembled with most of its members present, save 20 that fled south with Jackson's forces. The convention declared all offices vacant, and installed Hamilton Gamble as the new governor of Missouri. President Lincoln's administration immediately recognized Gamble's government as the legal Missouri government. The federal government's decision enabled raising pro-Union militia forces for service within the state as well as volunteer regiments for the Union Army.
Fighting ensued between Union forces and a combined army of General Price's Missouri State Guard and Confederate troops from Arkansas and Texas under General Ben McCulloch. After winning victories at the battle of Wilson's Creek and the siege of Lexington, Missouri and suffering losses elsewhere, the Confederate forces retreated to Arkansas and later Marshall, Texas, in the face of a largely reinforced Union Army.
Though regular Confederate troops staged some large-scale raids into Missouri, the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted chiefly of guerrilla warfare. "Citizen soldiers" or insurgents such as Captain William Quantrill, Frank and Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and William T. Anderson made use of quick, small-unit tactics. Pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers, such insurgencies also arose in portions of the Confederacy occupied by the Union during the Civil War. Historians have portrayed stories of the James brothers' outlaw years as an American "Robin Hood" myth. The vigilante activities of the Bald Knobbers of the Ozarks in the 1880s were an unofficial continuation of insurgent mentality long after the official end of the war, and they are a favorite theme in Branson's self-image.
Union Station in St. Louis was the largest and busiest train station in the world when it opened in 1894.
Child shoe workers in Kirksville, Missouri, 1910. Photographed by Lewis Hine as part of the Progressive Era fight against child labor.
The Progressive Era (1890s to 1920s) saw numerous prominent leaders from Missouri trying to end corruption and modernize politics, government and society. Joseph "Holy Joe" Folk was a key leader who made a strong appeal to middle class and rural evangelical Protestants. Folk was elected governor as a progressive reformer and Democrat in the 1904 election. He promoted what he called "the Missouri Idea", the concept of Missouri as a leader in public morality through popular control of law and strict enforcement. He successfully conducted antitrust prosecutions, ended free railroad passes for state officials, extended bribery statutes, improved election laws, required formal registration for lobbyists, made racetrack gambling illegal, and enforced the Sunday-closing law. He helped enact Progressive legislation, including an initiative and referendum provision, regulation of elections, education, employment and child labor, railroads, food, business, and public utilities. A number of efficiency-oriented examiner boards and commissions were established during Folk's administration, including many agricultural boards and the Missouri library commission.
Between the Civil War and the end of World War II, Missouri transitioned from a rural economy to a hybrid industrial-service-agricultural economy as the Midwest rapidly industrialized. The expansion of railroads to the West transformed Kansas City into a major transportation hub within the nation. The growth of the Texas cattle industry along with this increased rail infrastructure and the invention of the refrigerated boxcar also made Kansas City a major meatpacking center, as large cattle drives from Texas brought herds of cattle to Dodge City and other Kansas towns. There, the cattle were loaded onto trains destined for Kansas City, where they were butchered and distributed to the eastern markets. The first half of the twentieth century was the height of Kansas City's prominence and its downtown became a showcase for stylish Art Deco skyscrapers as construction boomed.
In 1930, there was a diphtheria epidemic in the area around Springfield, which killed approximately 100 people. Serum was rushed to the area, and medical personnel stopped the epidemic.
During the mid-1950s and 1960s, St. Louis and Kansas City suffered deindustrialization and loss of jobs in railroads and manufacturing, as did other Midwestern industrial cities. In 1956 St. Charles claims to be the site of the first interstate highway project. Such highway construction made it easy for middle-class residents to leave the city for newer housing developed in the suburbs, often former farmland where land was available at lower prices. These major cities have gone through decades of readjustment to develop different economies and adjust to demographic changes. Suburban areas have developed separate job markets, both in knowledge industries and services, such as major retail malls.
In 2014, Missouri received national attention for the protests and riots that followed the shooting of Michael Brown by a police officer of Ferguson, which led Governor Jay Nixon to call out the Missouri National Guard. A grand jury declined to indict the officer, and the U.S. Department of Justice concluded, after careful investigation, that the police officer legitimately feared for his safety. However, in a separate investigation, the Department of Justice also found that the Ferguson Police Department and the City of Ferguson relied on unconstitutional practices in order to balance the city's budget through racially motivated excessive fines and punishments, that the Ferguson police "had used excessive and dangerous force and had disproportionately targeted blacks," and that the municipal court "emphasized revenue over public safety, leading to routine breaches of citizens' constitutional guarantees of due process and equal protection under the law."
A series of student protests at the University of Missouri against what the protesters viewed as poor response by the administration to racist incidents on campus began in September 2015.
On June 7, 2017, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People issued a warning to prospective African-American travelers to Missouri. This is the first NAACP warning ever covering an entire state. According to a 2018 report by the Missouri Attorney General's office, for the past 18 years, "African Americans, Hispanics and other people of color are disproportionately affected by stops, searches and arrests." The same report found that the biggest discrepancy was in 2017, when "black motorists were 85% more likely to be pulled over in traffic stops".
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,126,452 on July 1, 2018, a 2.30% increase since the 2010 United States Census.
Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 137,525 (2.3 percent) since the year 2010. From 2010 to 2018, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 37,638 people. Over half of Missourians (3,294,936 people, or 55.0%) live within the state's two largest metropolitan areas–St. Louis and Kansas City. The state's population density 86.9 in 2009, is also closer to the national average (86.8 in 2009) than any other state.
In 2011, 3.7% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).
The U.S. Census of 2010 found that the population center of the United States is in Texas County, while the 2000 Census found the mean population center to be in Phelps County. The center of population of Missouri is in Osage County, in the city of Westphalia.
In 2004, the population included 194,000 foreign-born (3.4 percent of the state population).
The five largest ancestry groups in Missouri are: German (27.4 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (10.2 percent), American (8.5 percent) and French (3.7 percent).
German Americans are an ancestry group present throughout Missouri. African Americans are a substantial part of the population in St. Louis (56.6% of African Americans in the state lived in St. Louis or St. Louis County as of the 2010 census), Kansas City, Boone County and in the southeastern Bootheel and some parts of the Missouri River Valley, where plantation agriculture was once important. Missouri Creoles of French ancestry are concentrated in the Mississippi River Valley south of St. Louis (see Missouri French). Kansas City is home to large and growing immigrant communities from Latin America esp. Mexico and Colombia, Africa (i.e. Sudan, Somalia and Nigeria), and Southeast Asia including China and the Philippines; and Europe like the former Yugoslavia (see Bosnian American). A notable Cherokee Indian population exists in Missouri.
In 2004, 6.6 percent of the state's population was reported as younger than 5 years old, 25.5 percent younger than 18, and 13.5 percent was 65 or older. Females were approximately 51.4 percent of the population. 81.3 percent of Missouri residents were high school graduates (more than the national average), and 21.6 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher. 3.4 percent of Missourians were foreign-born, and 5.1 percent reported speaking a language other than English at home.
In 2010, there were 2,349,955 households in Missouri, with 2.45 people per household. The home ownership rate was 70.0 percent, and the median value of an owner-occupied housing unit was $137,700. The median household income for 2010 was $46,262, or $24,724 per capita. There were 14.0 percent (1,018,118) of Missourians living below the poverty line in 2010.
The mean commute time to work was 23.8 minutes.
In 2011, 28.1% of Missouri's population younger than age 1 were minorities.
The vast majority of people in Missouri speak English. Approximately 5.1% of the population reported speaking a language other than English at home. The Spanish language is spoken in small Latino communities in the St. Louis and Kansas City Metro areas.
Missouri is home to an endangered dialect of the French language known as Missouri French. Speakers of the dialect, who call themselves Créoles, are descendants of the French pioneers who settled the area then known as the Illinois Country beginning in the late 17th century. It developed in isolation from French speakers in Canada and Louisiana, becoming quite distinct from the varieties of Canadian French and Louisiana Creole French. Once widely spoken throughout the area, Missouri French is now nearly extinct, with only a few elderly speakers able to use it.
According to a Pew Research study conducted in 2014, 80% of Missourians identify with a religion. 77% affiliate with Christianity and its various denominations, and the other 3% are adherents of non-Christian religions. The remaining 20% have no religion, with 2% specifically identifying as atheists and 3% identifying as agnostics (the other 15% do not identify as "anything in particular").
The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 749,685; the Roman Catholic Church with 724,315; and the United Methodist Church with 226,409.
Among the other denominations there are approximately 93,000 Mormons in 253 congregations, 25,000 Jewish adherents in 21 synagogues, 12,000 Muslims in 39 masjids, 7,000 Buddhists in 34 temples, 20,000 Hindus in 17 temples, 2,500 Unitarians in 9 congregations, 2,000 Baha'i in 17 temples, 5 Sikh temples, a Zoroastrian temple, a Jain temple and an uncounted number of neopagans.
Several religious organizations have headquarters in Missouri, including the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, which has its headquarters in Kirkwood, as well as the United Pentecostal Church International in Hazelwood, both outside St. Louis.
Independence, near Kansas City, is the headquarters for the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) and the group Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. This area and other parts of Missouri are also of significant religious and historical importance to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which maintains several sites and visitors centers.
Springfield is the headquarters of the Assemblies of God USA and the Baptist Bible Fellowship International. The General Association of General Baptists has its headquarters in Poplar Bluff. The Unity Church is headquartered in Unity Village.
Hindu Temple of St. Louis is the largest Hindu Temple in Missouri, serving over 14,000 Hindus.
The U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated Missouri's 2016 gross state product at $299.1 billion, ranking 22nd among U.S. states. Per capita personal income in 2006 was $32,705, ranking 26th in the nation. Major industries include aerospace, transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, printing/publishing, electrical equipment, light manufacturing, financial services and beer.
The agriculture products of the state are beef, soybeans, pork, dairy products, hay, corn, poultry, sorghum, cotton, rice, and eggs. Missouri is ranked 6th in the nation for the production of hogs and 7th for cattle. Missouri is ranked in the top five states in the nation for production of soy beans, and it is ranked fourth in the nation for the production of rice. In 2001, there were 108,000 farms, the second-largest number in any state after Texas. Missouri actively promotes its rapidly growing wine industry. According to the Missouri Partnership, Missouri's agriculture industry contributes $33 billion in GDP to Missouri's economy, and generates $88 billion in sales and more than 378,000 jobs.
Missouri has vast quantities of limestone. Other resources mined are lead, coal, and crushed stone. Missouri produces the most lead of all of the states. Most of the lead mines are in the central eastern portion of the state. Missouri also ranks first or near first in the production of lime, a key ingredient in Portland cement.
Missouri also has a growing science, agricultural technology and biotechnology field. Monsanto, one of the largest biotech companies in America, is based in St. Louis.
Tourism, services and wholesale/retail trade follow manufacturing in importance. Tourism benefits from the many rivers, lakes, caves, parks, etc. throughout the state. In addition to a network of state parks, Missouri is home to the Gateway Arch National Park in St. Louis and the Ozark National Scenic Riverways National Park. A much-visited show cave is Meramec Caverns in Stanton, Missouri.
Missouri is the only state in the Union to have two Federal Reserve Banks: one in Kansas City (serving western Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas).
The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2017 was 3.9 percent. In 2017, Missouri became a right-to-work state, but in August 2018, Missouri voters rejected a right-to-work law with 67% to 33%.
Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely on property taxes levied on real property (real estate) and personal property.
Most personal property is exempt, except for motorized vehicles. Exempt real estate includes property owned by governments and property used as nonprofit cemeteries, exclusively for religious worship, for schools and colleges and for purely charitable purposes. There is no inheritance tax and limited Missouri estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.
In 2017, the Tax Foundation rated Missouri as having the 5th-best corporate tax index, and the 15th-best overall tax climate. Missouri's corporate income tax rate is 6.25%; however, 50% of federal income tax payments may be deducted before computing taxable income, leading to an effective rate of 5.2%.
In 2012, Missouri had roughly 22,000 MW of installed electricity generation capacity. In 2011, 82% of Missouri's electricity was generated by coal. Ten percent was generated from the state's only nuclear power plant, the Callaway Plant in Callaway County, northeast of Jefferson City. Five percent was generated by natural gas. One percent was generated by hydroelectric sources, such as the dams for Truman Lake and Lake of the Ozarks. Missouri has a small but growing amount of wind and solar power—wind capacity increased from 309 MW in 2009 to 459 MW in 2011, while photovoltaics have increased from 0.2 MW to 1.3 MW over the same period. As of 2016, Missouri's solar installations had reached 141 MW.
Oil wells in Missouri produced 120,000 barrels of crude oil in fiscal 2012. There are no oil refineries in Missouri.
Missouri has two major airport hubs: Lambert–St. Louis International Airport and Kansas City International Airport. Southern Missouri has the Springfield–Branson National Airport (SGF) with multiple non-stop destinations. Residents of Mid-Missouri use Columbia Regional Airport (COU) to fly to Chicago (ORD), Dallas (DFW) or Denver (DEN).
Two of the nation's three busiest rail centers are in Missouri. Kansas City is a major railroad hub for BNSF Railway, Norfolk Southern Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad, and every class 1 railroad serves Missouri. Kansas City is the second largest freight rail center in the US (but is first in the amount of tonnage handled). Like Kansas City, St. Louis is a major destination for train freight. Springfield remains an operational hub for BNSF Railway.
Amtrak passenger trains serve Kansas City, La Plata, Jefferson City, St. Louis, Lee's Summit, Independence, Warrensburg, Hermann, Washington, Kirkwood, Sedalia, and Poplar Bluff. A proposed high-speed rail route in Missouri as part of the Chicago Hub Network has received $31 million in funding.
The only urban light rail/subway system operating in Missouri is MetroLink, which connects the city of St. Louis with suburbs in Illinois and St. Louis County. It is one of the largest systems (by track mileage) in the United States. The KC Streetcar in downtown Kansas City opened in May 2016.
The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center in St. Louis is the largest active multi-use transportation center in the state. It is in downtown St. Louis, next to the historic Union Station complex. It serves as a hub center/station for MetroLink, the MetroBus regional bus system, Greyhound, Amtrak, and taxi services.
The proposed Missouri Hyperloop would connect St. Louis, Kansas City, and Columbia, reducing travel times to around a half hour.
Many cities have regular fixed-route systems, and many rural counties have rural public transit services. Greyhound and Trailways provide inter-city bus service in Missouri. Megabus serves St. Louis, but discontinued service to Columbia and Kansas City in 2015.
The Mississippi River and Missouri River are commercially navigable over their entire lengths in Missouri. The Missouri was channelized through dredging and jettys and the Mississippi was given a series of locks and dams to avoid rocks and deepen the river. St. Louis is a major destination for barge traffic on the Mississippi.
Following the passage of Amendment 3 in late 2004, the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) began its Smoother, Safer, Sooner road-building program with a goal of bringing 2,200 miles (3,500 km) of highways up to good condition by December 2007. From 2006 to 2010 traffic deaths have decreased annually from 1,257 in 2005, to 1,096 in 2006, to 992 for 2007, to 960 for 2008, to 878 in 2009, to 821 in 2010.
The current Constitution of Missouri, the fourth constitution for the state, was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch consists of two bodies: the House of Representatives and the Senate. These bodies comprise the Missouri General Assembly.
The House of Representatives has 163 members who are apportioned based on the last decennial census. The Senate consists of 34 members from districts of approximately equal populations. The judicial department comprises the Supreme Court of Missouri, which has seven judges, the Missouri Court of Appeals (an intermediate appellate court divided into three districts), sitting in Kansas City, St. Louis, and Springfield, and 45 Circuit Courts which function as local trial courts. The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri and includes five other statewide elected offices. Following the death of Tom Schweich in 2015, only one of Missouri's statewide elected offices are held by Democrats.
Harry S Truman (1884–1972), the 33rd President of the United States (Democrat, 1945–1953), was born in Lamar. He was a judge in Jackson County and then represented the state in the United States Senate for ten years, before being elected Vice-President in 1944. He lived in Independence after retiring.
Missouri was widely regarded as a bellwether in American politics, often making it a swing state. The state had a longer stretch of supporting the winning presidential candidate than any other state, having voted with the nation in every election from 1904 to 2004 with a single exception: 1956, when Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson of neighboring Illinois lost the election despite carrying Missouri. However, in recent years, areas of the state outside Kansas City, St. Louis, and Columbia have shifted heavily to the right, and so the state is no longer considered a bellwether by most analysts. Missouri twice voted against Democrat Barack Obama, who won in 2008 and 2012. Missouri voted for Romney by nearly 10% in 2012.
On October 24, 2012, there were 4,190,936 registered voters. At the state level, both Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill and Democratic Governor Jay Nixon were re-elected. On November 8, 2016, there were 4,223,787 registered voters, with 2,811,549 voting (66.6%).
Missouri has been known for its population's generally "stalwart, conservative, noncredulous" attitude toward regulatory regimes, which is one of the origins of the state's unofficial nickname, the "Show-Me State". As a result, and combined with the fact that Missouri is one of America's leading alcohol states, regulation of alcohol and tobacco in Missouri is among the most laissez-faire in America. For 2013, the annual "Freedom in the 50 States" study prepared by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ranked Missouri as #3 in America for alcohol freedom and #1 for tobacco freedom (#7 for freedom overall). The study notes that Missouri's "alcohol regime is one of the least restrictive in the United States, with no blue laws and taxes well below average", and that "Missouri ranks best in the nation on tobacco freedom".
Missouri law makes it "an improper employment practice" for an employer to refuse to hire, to fire, or otherwise to disadvantage any person because that person lawfully uses alcohol and/or tobacco products when he or she is not at work.
With a large German immigrant population and the development of a brewing industry, Missouri always has had among the most permissive alcohol laws in the United States. It never enacted statewide prohibition. Missouri voters rejected prohibition in three separate referenda in 1910, 1912, and 1918. Alcohol regulation did not begin in Missouri until 1934.
Today, alcohol laws are controlled by the state government, and local jurisdictions are prohibited from going beyond those state laws. Missouri has no statewide open container law or prohibition on drinking in public, no alcohol-related blue laws, no local option, no precise locations for selling liquor by the package (allowing even drug stores and gas stations to sell any kind of liquor), and no differentiation of laws based on alcohol percentage. State law protects persons from arrest or criminal penalty for public intoxication.
Missouri law expressly prohibits any jurisdiction from going dry. Missouri law also expressly allows parents and guardians to serve alcohol to their children. The Power & Light District in Kansas City is one of the few places in the United States where a state law explicitly allows persons over the age of 21 to possess and consume open containers of alcohol in the street (as long as the beverage is in a plastic cup).
As for tobacco (as of July 2016), Missouri has the lowest cigarette excise taxes in the United States, at 17 cents per pack, and the state electorate voted in 2002, 2006, 2012, and twice in 2016 to keep it that way. In 2007, Forbes named Missouri's largest metropolitan area, St. Louis, America's "best city for smokers".
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2008 Missouri had the fourth highest percentage of adult smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%. Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property.
No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants. Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their own smoking policies, without limitation.
Missouri has 114 counties and one independent city (St. Louis).
The largest county by size is Texas County (1,179 sq. miles) and Shannon County is second (1,004 sq. miles). Worth County is the smallest (266 sq. miles). The independent city of St. Louis has only 62 square miles (160 km2) of area. St. Louis City is the most densely populated area (5,140.1 per sq. mi.) in Missouri.
The largest county by population (2017 estimate) is St. Louis County (996,726 residents), with Jackson County second (698,895 residents), St. Charles third (395,504), and St. Louis fourth (308,626). Worth County is the least populous with 2,057 (2017 estimate) residents.
Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.
The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence.
St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2017 St. Louis was the 21st-largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.81 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th-largest with 2.91 million people in 2017. Some of the major cities making up the St. Louis Metro area in Missouri are O'Fallon, St. Charles, St. Peters, Florissant, Chesterfield, Wentzville, Wildwood, University City, and Ballwin.
Kansas City is Missouri's largest city and the principal city of the fifteen-county Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area, including six counties in the state of Kansas. As of 2017, it was the 30th-largest metropolitan area in the nation, with 2.13 million people. In the Combined Statistical Area in 2017, it ranked 25th with 2.47 million. Some of the other major cities comprising the Kansas City metro area in Missouri include Independence, Lee's Summit, Blue Springs, Liberty, Raytown, Gladstone, and Grandview.
Springfield is Missouri's third-largest city and the principal city of the Springfield-Branson Metropolitan Area, which has a population of 549,423 and includes seven counties in southwestern Missouri. Branson is a major tourist attraction in the Ozarks of southwestern Missouri. Some of the other major cities comprising the Springfield-Branson metro area include Nixa, Ozark, and Republic.
The Missouri State Board of Education has general authority over all public education in the state of Missouri. It is made up of eight citizens appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.
Education is compulsory from ages seven to seventeen, and it is required that any parent, guardian or other person with custody of a child between the ages of seven and seventeen the compulsory attendance age for the district, must ensure that the child is enrolled in and regularly attends public, private, parochial school, home school or a combination of schools for the full term of the school year. Compulsory attendance also ends when children complete sixteen credits in high school.
Children in Missouri between the ages of five and seven are not required to be enrolled in school. However, if they are enrolled in a public school their parent, guardian or custodian must ensure that they regularly attend.
Missouri schools are commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school and high school. The public schools system includes kindergarten to 12th grade. District territories are often complex in structure. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district. High school athletics and competitions are governed by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA).
Another gifted school is the Missouri Academy of Science, Mathematics and Computing, which is at the Northwest Missouri State University.
Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis.
The University of Missouri System is Missouri's statewide public university system. The flagship institution and largest university in the state is the University of Missouri in Columbia. The others in the system are University of Missouri–Kansas City, University of Missouri–St. Louis, and Missouri University of Science and Technology in Rolla.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the state established a series of normal schools in each region of the state, originally named after the geographic districts: Northeast Missouri State University (now Truman State University) (1867), Central Missouri State University (now the University of Central Missouri) (1871), Southeast Missouri State University (1873), Southwest Missouri State University (now Missouri State University) (1905), Northwest Missouri State University (1905), Missouri Western State University (1915), Maryville University (1872) and Missouri Southern State University (1937). Lincoln University and Harris–Stowe State University were established in the mid-nineteenth century and are historically black colleges and universities.
Among private institutions Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University are two top ranked schools in the US. There are numerous junior colleges, trade schools, church universities and other private universities in the state. A.T. Still University was the first osteopathic medical school in the world. Hannibal–LaGrange University in Hannibal, Missouri, was one of the first colleges west of the Mississippi (founded 1858 in LaGrange, Missouri, and moved to Hannibal in 1928).
The state funds a $2000, renewable merit-based scholarship, Bright Flight, given to the top three percent of Missouri high school graduates who attend a university in-state.
The 19th century border wars between Missouri and Kansas have continued as a sports rivalry between the University of Missouri and University of Kansas. The rivalry was chiefly expressed through football and basketball games between the two universities, but since Missouri left the Big 12 Conference in 2012, the teams no longer regularly play one another. It was the oldest college rivalry west of the Mississippi River and the second-oldest in the nation. Each year when the universities met to play, the game was coined the "Border War." An exchange occurred following the game where the winner took a historic Indian War Drum, which had been passed back and forth for decades. Though Missouri and Kansas no longer have an annual game after the University of Missouri moved to the Southeastern Conference, tension still exists between the two schools.
The historic Gem Theatre, located in Kansas City's renowned 18th and Vine Jazz District.
Many well-known musicians were born or have lived in Missouri. These include guitarist and rock pioneer Chuck Berry, singer and actress Josephine Baker, "Queen of Rock" Tina Turner, pop singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow, Michael McDonald of the Doobie Brothers, and rappers Nelly, Chingy and Akon, all of whom are either current or former residents of St. Louis.
Country singers from Missouri include New Franklin native Sara Evans, Cantwell native Ferlin Husky, West Plains native Porter Wagoner, Tyler Farr of Garden City, and Mora native Leroy Van Dyke, along with bluegrass musician Rhonda Vincent, a native of Greentop. Rapper Eminem was born in St. Joseph and also lived in Savannah and Kansas City. Ragtime composer Scott Joplin lived in St. Louis and Sedalia. Jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker lived in Kansas City. Rock and Roll singer Steve Walsh of the group Kansas was born in St. Louis and grew up in St. Joseph.
The Kansas City Symphony and the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra are the state's major orchestras. The latter is the nation's second-oldest symphony orchestra and achieved prominence in recent years under conductor Leonard Slatkin. Branson is well known for its music theaters, most of which bear the name of a star performer or musical group.
Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal. Authors Kate Chopin, T. S. Eliot and Tennessee Williams were from St. Louis. Kansas City-born writer William Least Heat-Moon resides in Rocheport. He is best known for Blue Highways, a chronicle of his travels to small towns across America, which was on The New York Times Bestseller list for 42 weeks in 1982–1983.
Filmmaker, animator, and businessman Walt Disney spent part of his childhood in the Linn County town of Marceline before settling in Kansas City. Disney began his artistic career in Kansas City, where he founded the Laugh-O-Gram Studio.
Several film versions of Mark Twain's novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn have been made. Meet Me in St. Louis, a musical involving the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, starred Judy Garland. Part of the 1983 road movie National Lampoon's Vacation was shot on location in Missouri, for the Griswolds' trip from Chicago to Los Angeles. The Thanksgiving holiday film Planes, Trains, and Automobiles was partially shot at Lambert–St. Louis International Airport. White Palace was filmed in St. Louis. The award-winning 2010 film Winter's Bone was shot in the Ozarks of Missouri. Up in the Air starring George Clooney was filmed in St. Louis. John Carpenter's Escape from New York was filmed in St. Louis during the early 1980s due to the large number of abandoned buildings in the city. The 1973 movie Paper Moon, which starred Ryan and Tatum O'Neal, was partly filmed in St. Joseph. Most of HBO's film Truman (1995) was filmed in Kansas City, Independence, and the surrounding area; Gary Sinise won an Emmy for his portrayal of Harry Truman in the film. Ride With the Devil (1999), starring Jewel and Tobey Maguire, was filmed in the countryside of Jackson County (where the historic events of the film actually took place). Gone Girl, a 2014 film starring Ben Affleck, Rosamund Pike, Neil Patrick Harris, and Tyler Perry, was filmed in Cape Girardeau.
Missouri hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics at St. Louis, the first time the games were hosted in the United States.
The St. Louis Cardinals playing at Busch Stadium.
Missouri has four major sports teams: the Royals and Cardinals of MLB, the Chiefs of the NFL, and the Blues of the NHL.
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0.94316 | What are the meat processing equipment?
What are the meat processing equipment? Generally speaking, the common meat processing equipment in the family has a meat grinder and a sausage filling machine. However, there are many equipments in the meat processing factory. Commonly, there are chopping machines, meat grinders, sausage filling machines, tumblers, salt water injection machines, dicing machines, cooking tanks, automatic filling and ligation machines, sausage peeling machines, Smoke device... Most of the above mentioned devices are semi-automatic or fully automatic, saving time and effort. Let's take a closer look at the following series.
A meat grinder is a device that twists meat that has been cut into pieces into pieces. Sausage processing is essential. The meat that has been twisted by the meat grinder can eliminate the defects such as different types of raw meat, different hardness and hardness, different thickness of muscle fiber, etc., so that the raw materials of the sausage are uniform and the quality of the product is ensured.
The structure of the meat grinder is composed of a screw, a knife and an orifice plate (sifter plate), and a 3-stage meat grinder is generally used. The so-called three-stage means that the meat passes through three orifice plates of different pore sizes, and two sets of knives are installed between the three orifice plates.
The commonly used meat grinder is: the diameter of the screw is 130mm, the screw speed is 150~500r/min, and the processed meat is 20~600kg/h.
Before operation, it should be checked: the machinery can not be loose and cracked, the orifice plate and the knife are installed at the proper position, and the rotation speed is stable. The most important thing to note is to avoid the increase in meat temperature due to frictional heat and the squeezing of the meat into a paste due to the bluntness of the knife.
The chopper is one of the essential machines for sausage processing. There are a small size chopping machine from a processing capacity of 20 kg to a large chopping machine of 500 kg, and a kneading machine under vacuum conditions, which is called a vacuum chopping machine.
The kneading process has a great influence on the adhesion of the control product, so it requires skilled operation. That is to say, the kneading is to further mash the meat that has been twisted by the meat grinder, and the adhesive composition is analyzed from the composition of the meat, and the meat and the meat are adhered. Therefore, the knives of the chopper must remain sharp.
The structure of the chopper is: the turntable rotates at a certain speed, and a simmering knife (3~8 pieces) at right angles is mounted on the plate and rotates at a certain speed. There are many types of chopping machines, and the speeds of the chopping machines vary from ultra-low speed choppers of hundreds of revolutions per minute to ultra-high speed choppers of 5000 r/min, which can be selected as needed.
The kneading process adds seasonings, spices and other additives to the side and cuts the meat and mixes them evenly. However, the results of the mixing are different depending on the rotation speed, the mixing time, the raw materials, etc., so pay attention to the amount of ice and fat added to ensure the quality of the mixing.
The enema machine is a machine used for filling meat into the casing, and is divided into three types: a pneumatic type, a hydraulic type, and an electric filling machine. According to whether vacuum is taken, whether it is quantitative, it can be divided into vacuum quantitative enema machine, non-vacuum quantitative enema machine and general enema machine. There is also a vacuum continuous filling and quantitative ligation machine, which is continuously carried out from filling to ligation, which can greatly improve the production capacity.
The pneumatic sausage filling machine is driven by air pressure. There is a small hole in the upper part of the circular cylinder. Here, the nozzle for filling is installed. The piston is driven by compressed air at the lower part of the cylinder, and the piston is pushed by the air pressure to squeeze the meat. Press it out and pour it into the casing.
In addition, with the increasing variety of casings, especially the development of new varieties of artificial casings, there are more and more types of enema machines. For example, with a cellulose casing, the filling operation is very simple, and it can be automatically filled without human hands. It can fill 1400~1600kg of Frankfurt sausage and pen sausage every hour.
In the past, pickling often used dry pickling (wiping on the surface of the meat) and wet pickling (in the pickling), but it took a certain amount of time for the marinade to penetrate the center of the meat. And the penetration of the marinade is very uneven.
In order to solve the above problems, the method of injecting the pickling liquid into the raw meat is used, which shortens the pickling time and evenly distributes the pickled preparation. The salt water injection machine is constructed by loading the pickling liquid into a liquid storage tank, feeding the pickling liquid in the liquid storage tank into the injection needle by pressurization, and conveying the raw meat with a stainless steel conveyor belt, and having dozens of injection needles on the upper portion thereof. The marinade is quantitatively, uniformly and continuously injected into the raw meat by the up and down movement of the injection needle (5 to 120 movements per minute up and down).
There are two types of tumblers: one is the drum type (Tumbler) and the other is the massing machine (Massag machine).
Roller type tumbler: The shape is a horizontally placed drum. The drum is filled with meat that needs to be rolled after being injected by salt water. As the drum rotates, the meat is turned up and down in the cylinder, causing the meat to collide with each other, thereby achieving the purpose of massage. .
Agitating tumbler: This machine is similar to a mixer. The shape is also cylindrical, but it cannot be rotated. The drum is equipped with a rotating blade. The meat is stirred by the blade to make the meat roll up and down in the cylinder and rub against each other. Become slack.
The tumbler and the saline injection machine can accelerate the penetration of the saline injection into the meat. Shorten the pickling time and make the pickles even. At the same time, the salt can also extract salt-soluble protein to increase the adhesion, improve the sliceability of the product, and increase the water retention.
A machine for mixing and mixing meat, spices and other additives. In the production of compressed ham, it is used to mix meat pieces and clam meat (meat chop), and mix raw meat and additives with a blender in making sausages. In order to remove air bubbles in the meat during mixing, we often use a vacuum mixer.
The frozen meat chopping machine is specially used for chopping frozen meat. Because the machine can cut the meat in the frozen state into the required size, it is economical and sanitary, and is welcomed by users.
A machine for cutting livestock, fish or pig fat. This machine can cut squares from 4 to 100 mm in size, especially when making dry sausages.
The cooking tank is a heating vessel for heating various meat products. An automatic temperature regulator is provided on the cooking tank to automatically maintain the set temperature. The function of the cooking tank is mainly heat sterilization, and the microorganisms attached to the product are killed by high temperature, thereby improving the preservation property.
The automatic filling and ligating machine refers to a machine that can not only fill the meat but also ligature the casing with a certain amount while filling. Both natural casings and artificial casings can be filled and ligated using an automatic filling and ligation machine.
The automatic filling and ligation machine is mainly filled by an automatic meat feeding device and a vacuum device, and then the ends of the ligation are cut off before and after compression.
At present, the most common use is the automatic filling twisting machine. The machine can quantitatively fill the meat, and the filled sausage is twisted 2 to 3 times, and each sausage with a weight of 10 to 280 g can be processed continuously, and the processing speed can reach 70 to 200 per minute.
In addition, there is also an automatic filling machine for filling the meat while heat sealing the film (side to the casing). The machine can process very thin pen-type sausages, and can also fill thick sausages with a diameter of 180mm.
When the Vienna sausage is filled with a cellulose casing, the last step of the processing is to peel off the casing with a knife or compressed air. We call the machine for peeling the casing a Peeling machine.
Peeled sausage with a peeler, we call it a skinless Vienna sausage.
Automatic smoke house means: in the smoke room, as long as the process is set, press the button to automatically complete the drying → smoking → cooking → cooling all processes, no manpower in the middle Contact with the product, and can also automatically record the temperature, humidity, time and other data during processing, so that the quality of the product is consistent with the sausage processing equipment.
The device consists mainly of two parts: the smoking chamber and the smoke generator. The two are connected by pipes, and a smoke generator can connect one to several smoking rooms. The smoke sent to the smoking room requires adjustment of the temperature, humidity, and air volume of the smoke to perform a program combination. The smoke room has a capacity of two cars and two cars.
The above is about the answers to the meat processing equipment, Xiandian network Xiaobian reminded that meat processing equipment must be cleaned, it is the most prone to bacteria. |
0.954187 | Morocco is the only constitutional monarchy in North Africa, and power remains highly concentrated in the hands of the king, Mohammed VI. Nonetheless, a series of reforms have gradually been implemented under the new constitution—adopted in 2011 following the wave of Arab Spring-related protests—to devolve more powers to elected officials, including regional councils. The constitution broadens the bicameral parliament's ability to set policy, although the king retains the power to dissolve the legislature, dismiss the government and rule by decree. The king still appoints the head of government (prime minister)—although he must be chosen from the party that wins the largest share of parliamentary seats—as well as other ministers and secretaries of state, albeit on the recommendation of the prime minister. The new constitution transferred direct oversight of most ministries to the prime minister, but the king maintains authority over critical areas such as religious affairs, security and defence, and remains the supreme commander of the armed forces. The king has to take into account the recommendations of the prime minister or other relevant ministers when appointing the governor of the central bank, ambassadors and regional governors (walis). The same mechanism applies with respect to the appointment of judges, as well as technocrats to head key institutions, such as the royal investment fund.
With power so heavily concentrated in the hands of the royal court, and a proportional representation system that tends to lead to a fragmented parliament, no political party has traditionally been dominant, and political alliances are typically fluid. Although the largest party in parliament, the moderate Islamist Parti de la justice et du développement (PJD), still enjoys relatively firm grass-roots support, the party is facing increasing opposition from other political parties, including the main opposition party, the Parti authenticité et modernité (PAM), as well as members of its own governing coalition. As a result, the governing coalition is highly fragmented, which slows policymaking and fuels popular frustration with elected officials. The October 2015 elections to the upper house, the Chamber of Advisers, formalised several reforms adopted under the 2011 constitution—most notably by reducing the size from 270 to 120 (indirectly elected) members, and reserving 28 seats for representatives of labour and employers' associations.
a For the Chamber of Representatives (lower house). b Heads the current coalition government. |
0.997927 | My best advice to you who support Bernie, Tulsi or Liz is that you get them to join together. This is the only way to guarantee a progressive candidate in 2020 and a strong group to oppose Trump.
Although her calm, plainspoken style had already won her something of a following, especially among her fellow lawmakers, she first became really visible to U.S. progressives nationwide in late February of 2016.
Credible allegations of Jamal Khashoggi's brutal murder by the Saudi government and ongoing war crimes in Yemen should be the final straws in allowing the powerful Gulf monarchy to claim the U.S. as a friend and partner, says senator.
Resignation from the DNC by Vice-Chair Tulsi Gabbard (D-HI), who is endorsing Bernie Sanders following Hillary Clinton's South Carolina primary romp, give Sanders campaign a chance to shake up the whole primary campaign.
Tulsi Gabbard has resigned from the DNC following tension regarding debate schedules and apparent favoritism of Hillary Clinton. |
0.965695 | The new iPhone X will probably cost 1,000 euros. Are you willing to pay that?
The statistic illustrates the answers to the following survey question: ''The new iPhone X will probably cost a thousand euros. Are you willing to pay that?'' As of 2017, roughly 20 percent of the respondents said to always buy the newest iPhone from Apple when it is released, even if it costs them a thousand euros. However, more than half of the respondents said the price is getting too absurd for an Apple iPhone.
Statistics on "Apple products in the U.S."
How often do you use Apple Music? |
0.99997 | Cite this item: Ghandour, A., Benwell, G. L., & Deans, K. R. (2010). The relationship between website metrics and the financial performance of online businesses. ICIS.
Online businesses are often engaged in web metrics to gauge the performance of their eCommerce website. This study examines the relationships between web metrics and the financial performance. The key purpose of the present paper is to learn whether metrics measures have an impact on profitability in eCommerce website. An online survey was used to gather data from companies that have eCommerce website. The results from this study indicate that companies with perceived successful financial performance have also enjoyed perceived success in the customer behaviour on their website. Furthermore, the study explores the role of five contingency variables,the markets it operates in, the effort of the company to make the website visible, the involvement of the owners, the percentage of the online business and the age of the website, on this relationship. The results indicate that these variables moderate the relationship between metrics measures and the performance of the website so that a positive association occurs under older website, higher percentage of online, and higher level of owner’s involvement with the website. The findings prompt the owners to carefully monitor their website traffic for a possible downturn and remedy the situation prior to its occurrence. |
0.99997 | That’s the worst defeat by a Government in Britain in 95 years. In normal times that degree of humiliation would result in a rapid resignation by the Prime Minister, but these are not normal times. Theresa May is hanging on defiantly.
This will be debated and probably voted Wednesday in the UK (Thursday NZ time). It is predicted that May may survive this, but her Government and the Brexit plan (or lack of) are both in tatters.
Theresa May’s future rests in the balance after Jeremy Corbyn tabled a no-confidence motion on Tuesday night, just minutes after the Government suffered an unprecedented defeat over its Brexit deal.
With MPs voting by 432 to 202 to reject the draft withdrawal agreement, Mr Corbyn raised a point of order requesting that a vote be held on Wednesday, after Prime Minister’s Questions.
We may find out by morning, NZ time.
The Commons Brexit committee has published a report (pdf)saying MPs should be given a series of indicative votes on what happens next. Voting in the Commons is normally binary – MPs either vote for or against a proposition – but on Brexit there is increasing support for an alternative approach that would enable MPs to vote on a series of options, so as to show which had most support.
The committee suggests MPs should be given a vote on four options. It explains them like this.
1. To hold another vote on the draft withdrawal agreement and framework for the future relationship.
2. To leave the EU with no deal on 29 March with no agreement on future relations in place and with no transition/implementation period.
3. To call on the government to seek to renegotiate the deal to achieve a specific outcome, be it a variation of the terms of the separation set out in the withdrawal agreement or providing clarity about the end state of future relations as set out in the political declaration. The main renegotiation possibilities would be: 1) Seeking changes to the text in the withdrawal agreement on the backstop arrangements; 2) Seeking a Canada-style deal: 3) Seeking to join the EEA through the EFTA pillar and remaining in a customs union with the EU or a variation on this.
4. In addition to these policy choices about the UK’s future relationship, parliament could decide to hold a second referendum to allow the British people to decide either which kind of Brexit deal they want or whether they wish to remain in the EU.
The committee, which is chaired by the Labour MP Hilary Benn, agreed the report by a majority. Four pro-Brexit members – the Tories Sir Christopher Chope, Craig Mackinlay, John Whittingdale and the DUP’s Sammy Wilson – voted against.
Of one thing I am sure: that which members wish to debate and which they determine shall be subject to a vote will be debated and voted upon. That seems to me to be so blindingly obvious that no sensible person would disagree with the proposition. If MPs want to debate and vote on a matter, that opportunity will, I am sure, unfold in the period ahead.
Anyone who thought that the first no-confidence debate in the Commons for almost a quarter of a century was going to be a vintage occasion will have been disappointed – at least by the opening statements.
Jeremy Corbyn’s speech was a little rambling and definitely not one of his best.
Theresa May’s was not hugely better, although she did seem to be enjoying herself more than the opposition leader (bizarrely, in the circumstances, but who knows how the May psyche works).
The next move has to come from London. There is nothing else we can do from here at this stage. What matters at this stage … is that we know what to expect from the UK, and that we don’t know.
It isn’t just the Conservatives who are divided.
John Woodcock, who was an elected as a Labour MP but who now sits as an independent after leaving the party because of his opposition to Jeremy Corbyn, has told the Commons that he will not be voting for the motion of no confidence in the government this evening. He said he thought Corbyn and John McDonnell, the shadow chancellor, were not fit to hold high office. |
0.999952 | Some restaurants particularly fast food ones offer breakfast food only during, well, breakfast hours. Other restaurants however offer breakfast food throughout their opening hours. Some restaurants are specifically breakfast only so of course they do.
What's up with that? What would make a restaurant offer some food only sometime while others (besides breakfast restaurants) offer said food throughout opening hours?
I was thinking that this might have something to do with low demand or something, but then why do all-day breakfast restaurants, like, not go out of business?
This question makes a hidden assumption: that all diners are on the same circadian rhythm. A significant portion of the US population works nights, spans time zones, etc. For example, truckers.
That's one answer, that addresses the market. There's also the question of inventory logistics for the restaurant. Most eateries have to do extensive prep for a meal shift, and that includes thawing proteins, advance-cooking certain items, chopping, etc.
Imagining an ideal world for the restaurant, they would prep exactly as much food, in various menu-item-proportion, as was ordered in a meal shift, and end up with none left over. Meal prep left over would represent wasted inputs, and very often it is not able (or allowed) to be kept for the next meal shift.
Menu prep is "expensive" whether you end up selling one meal or a dozen.
Also, often "lunch cooks" have a different set of training/skill sets than "dinner cooks" than "breakfast cooks."
A) Fast food places are in the business of solving the masses nutricional needs (low margins!), while other restaurants are more in the business of selling a special experience that you could do without (high margins!): Article mentioning lower margin breakfast foods.
B) Because of the above, people will go to a fast food place if it solves a need, like having breakfast, but you won't pay much more than you would for cereal at home, so breakfast has to be dirt cheap at this places. And it does seem to be the cheapest meal on the menu in terms of protein/dollar.
C) Now going back home for lunch is usually a pain, so they are able to extract a higher rent from you there, so they sell you fries and bread with some meat instead of a large meal of eggs and sausage. They make a larger margin on lunch items, so they have to shut the breakfast ones down. You are on a budget, so you'll go there again because its cheap, even if you are unhappy with them. If I was on a tight budget I would get the breakfast any time of the day if it were available.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged cost producer-theory opportunity-cost product-differentiation or ask your own question. |
0.983817 | Despite losing 5 turnovers, the Steelers forced 3 turnovers and held the Colts to 154 total yards of offense, while Pittsburgh's Franco Harris shredded Baltimore's defense with 153 rushing yards and a touchdown.
The Steelers scored first after linebacker Jack Ham's interception set up a 61-yard touchdown drive. Terry Bradshaw's 34-yard completion to receiver Frank Lewis paved the way for Harris' 8-yard scoring run. Baltimore responded in the second quarter when Lloyd Mumphord returned an interception 58 yards to set up Glenn Doughty's 5-yard touchdown catch from Marty Domres. Then Harris lost a fumble that was recovered by Colts defensive back Nelson Munsey on the Steelers 19, leading to Toni Linhart's 27-yard field goal that gave Baltimore a 10-7 lead going into halftime.
On the second half kickoff, Munsey recovered a fumble from Steelers returner Dave Brown. But a few plays later, Pittsburgh cornerback Mel Blount intercepted a pass and returned it 20 yards to the Baltimore 7-yard line. From there, Rocky Bleier scored on a 7-yard rushing touchdown giving the Steelers a 14-10 lead. In the fourth quarter, a short punt from David Lee gave the Steelers favorable field position, and they scored on Bradshaw's 2-yard run, increasing their lead to 21-10. Now with the game slipping away, Colts coach Ted Marchibroda benched Domres (who had completed only 2 of 11 passes) and replaced him with Bert Jones (who had earlier left the game due to injury), who promptly gave the team a golden opportunity to rally back with a 58-yard completion to Doughty on the Steelers 3-yard line. But on the next play, Ham knocked the ball out of Jones' hand as he was winding up for a pass. Linebacker Andy Russell recovered the fumble returned it for an NFL playoff record 93 yards to the end zone. Russell's play is claimed by some as the longest single football play in time duration. Sports Illustrated called the play the "longest, slowest touchdown ever witnessed.".
"That play has been a source of embarrassment for me for years", said Russell several years later. "There have been so many jokes. Ray Mansfield was the one that said NBC cut to a commercial during the return and came back to catch me score the touchdown. Nonetheless, it was a memorable play in my career."
The game is also notable in that it was the debut game for the Terrible Towel.
The Rams defense scored 2 touchdowns in the first half while running back Lawrence McCutcheon ran for an NFL playoff record 202 yards on 37 carries. Los Angeles started the game off with a 79-yard scoring drive, 51 of them from McCutcheon, on the way to a 5-yard touchdown run by quarterback Ron Jaworski. Then on the first Cardinals play, Rams linebacker Jack Youngblood intercepted a pass from Jim Hart and returned it 47 yards for a touchdown. St. Louis returner Terry Metcalf gave his team a chance to get back in the game with a 67-yard kickoff return, but they lost the ball again when Youngblood forced a fumble from Jim Otis that Rams lineman Fred Dryer recovered. Later on, Los Angeles defensive back Bill Simpson intercepted a pass from Hart on the first play of the second quarter and returned it 65 yards for a touchdown, making the score 21–0.
Dwayne Crump returned the ensuing kickoff 28 yards to the St. Louis 40-yard line, and the team came back to score on an 8-play, 60-yard drive, featuring a 21-yard reception by running back Jim Otis. Otis finished the possession with a 3-yard touchdown run, but the extra point was blocked by Youngblood and the Rams responded on the first play of their next drive with Jaworski's 66-yard touchdown pass to Harold Jackson, making the score 28–6. Shortly before the end of the half, Hart completed a 23-yard pass to Mel Gray that set up Jim Bakken's 39-yard field goal, cutting the score to 28-9 going into intermission.
In the third quarter, the Cardinals drove 80 yards in 12 plays, including a 19-yard reception by Metcalf, to score on Hart's 11-yard touchdown pass to Gray and cut their deficit to 28-16. But in the fourth quarter, Simpson intercepted another pass and returned this one 28 yards to the Cardinals 36-yard line. Receiver Ron Jessie eventually scored the final touchdown for the Rams when he recovered a fumble from McCutcheon and ran it into the end zone with just over 4 minutes left in the game. By the time Cardinals running back Steve Jones finished the ensuing 68-yard, 12-play drive with a 3-yard touchdown run, the game was well out of reach.
Youngblood had an outstanding performance. In addition to his 47-yard interception return for a touchdown, he also recorded a sack, blocked an extra point, and forced a fumble. Meftcalf racked up 229 total yards, (8 carries for 27 yards, 6 receptions for 94 yards, 2 kickoff returns for 102 yards, 2 punt returns for 6 yards). Jaworski completed 12/23 passes for 203 yards and a touchdown. Hart completed 22 of 41 passes for 291 yards and a touchdown, but was intercepted 3 times.
This was the Cardinals' last playoff game until 1982, and their last in a non-strike season until 1998, a decade after the franchise moved to Arizona.
The Raiders outgained Cincinnati in total yards 358–258, rushing yards 173–97, and first downs 27–17, while also recording five sacks, jumping to a 31–14 lead, and holding off a frantic Bengals comeback in the final period.
Oakland kicker George Blanda made a 31-yard field goal, while quarterback Ken Stabler threw two touchdown passes in the first half, one for 9 yards to Mike Siani and an 8-yard one to Bob Moore. Cincinnati's lone score in the first half was an 8-play, 65-yard drive ending with a 1-yard touchdown run by running back Stan Fritts. The Raiders then scored on their first drive of the second half with running back Pete Banaszak's 6-yard touchdown run to take a 24–7 lead. Then after the Bengals marched 91 yards to cut the lead, 24–14, with Lenvil Elliott's 6-yard touchdown run, Stabler threw his third touchdown pass of the game, this time a 2-yard pass to tight end Dave Casper.
Trailing 31–14 in the fourth quarter, the Bengals managed to come back with two unanswered touchdowns. First, Cincinnati defensive back Ken Riley intercepted a pass from Stabler and returned it 34 yards to the Raiders 34-yard line, setting up Ken Anderson's 25-yard touchdown pass to Charlie Joiner. Then the Bengals defense forced Oakland to punt for the first time in the game, and Ray Guy's kick went just 38 yards. Three minutes later, Anderson's 14-yard touchdown pass to Isaac Curtis cut the score to 31–28. With 4:19 left in the game, Bengals defensive lineman Ron Carpenter recovered a Banaszak fumble on the Raiders 37-yard line. But on the next play, linebacker Ted Hendricks sacked Anderson for an 8-yard loss, pushing the Bengals out of field goal range. Anderson completed a 5-yard pass to Bruce Coslet on second down, but his next two passes were incomplete, resulting in a turnover. The Bengals managed to force a punt with 50 seconds left, but on a desperate attempt to block the kick that narrowly missed, linebacker Chris Devlin ran into Guy, drawing a penalty that gave the Raiders a first down and let them run out the clock.
"Al Davis went to a lot of trouble to get Hendricks on his team", Bengals coach Paul Brown bitterly remarked after the game. "And today it finally paid off for him". "I've never been prouder of a football team then the Cincinnati team we brought in here today", he added. "They never quit."
Stabler threw for 199 yards and three touchdowns, with 1 interception. Anderson threw for 201 yards and two touchdowns.
With 24 seconds left in the game, Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach threw the 50-yard winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Drew Pearson on a play that became known as the Hail Mary pass. Pearson's last minute touchdown reception remains a strong part of Cowboys lore. To many Minnesota fans, however, Pearson's touchdown should have never counted because of an alleged offensive pass interference penalty that was not called by game officials.
The first half was dominated by the defenses of both teams. The Vikings longest gain in it would be a 16-yard run by quarterback Fran Tarkenton early in the second quarter. The Vikings were eventually forced to punt, and the ball hit the ground near returner Cliff Harris. Thinking the ball had been touched by Harris, Dallas' Pat Donovan desperately tried to dive on it, but the ball slipped away from him and was recovered by Fred McNeill for Minnesota on the Cowboys 4-yard line. Chuck Foreman eventually took the ball into the end zone on a 1-yard score to give the Vikings a 7–0 lead. The Cowboys had some success moving the ball on their next two drives, but the first ended with a missed field goal, and after a Mel Renfro interception sparked a drive to the Vikings 24, the team failed to convert a 4th and inches situation and the score would remain 7–0 going into halftime.
Dallas mounted the first sustained scoring drive of the game with their first possession of the second half. A late hit by Vikings linebacker Wally Hilgenberg turned Preston Pearson's 14-yard reception into a 29-yard gain. Then Staubach hit tight end Billy Joe Dupree for a 17-yard completion to the Vikings 19. Doug Dennison then rumbled downfield for a 10-yard carry, and three plays later he tied the game on a 4-yard scoring run.
Early in the fourth quarter, Dallas took a 10–7 lead on a 24-yard field goal by Toni Fritsch. Following an exchange of punts, Tarkenton completed 4/6 passes for 37 yards on a 70-yard, 11-play drive, which included a 13-yard run on a reverse by Brent McClanahan. McClanahan eventually finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, giving the Vikings a 14–10 lead with 5:24 left in the game. Dallas went three and out on their ensuing drive, giving the ball back to Minnesota with 3:12 left and a giving the team a great chance to run out the clock. They managed to force Dallas to use up all their timeouts, but on a 3rd and 2 situation, Cowboys safety Charlie Waters broke through Foreman's block attempt and tackled Tarkenton for a 3-yard loss as time ran down to the two-minute warning. "That play cost us the game", Tarkenton later said. "It wasn't the Hail Mary pass. We had the game in control but didn't make the play."
The Cowboys got the ball back on their own 15-yard line with only 1:51 left. Staubach started the drive with a pair of completions to Pearson, who had not yet caught a pass in the game, moving the ball to the Dallas 31. However, on the next play, Staubach fumbled a low snap in shotgun formation and was downed for an 8-yard loss. A few plays later, facing 4th down and 16, he threw a 25-yard completion to Pearson to set up the winning "Hail Mary pass." The fourth and 16 completion proved to be a foreshadowing of events to come, as this play had its own minor controversy. Minnesota argued that Pearson was out of bounds when he made this catch. The official ruled that he was forced out by Nate Wright, which replay appeared to confirm. At the time, a catch by a receiver who is forced out of bounds in midair by a defender counted as a reception (this rule would change in 2008).
These two would participate in a more controversial play two plays later. After Preston Pearson dropped a wide open pass in the middle of the field with 32 seconds left, Staubach launched a deep bomb to Drew Pearson, who caught the ball through tight coverage by Wright at the 4 and ran into the end zone for a 50-yard scoring reception that Staubach called (in the postgame interview) a "Hail Mary" pass, which helped popularize the use of this term to describe such a play. Wright fell down as the ball came down, and the Vikings argued that Pearson pushed off and should have been flagged for offensive interference. The play drew the ire of Minnesota's Alan Page, who was penalized for unsportsmanlike conduct, a 15-yard penalty that allowed Dallas to kick off from the 50, and ejected. Tarkenton then vehemently argued with the referees, inspiring fans to throw objects onto the field, one of which was a liquor bottle that struck official Armen Terzian in the head, creating a large forehead gash and rendering him unconscious. Terzian had to wear a bandage, later requiring 11 stitches, as he walked off the field and replaced by substitute official Charley Musser for the final two plays. The NFL later banned glass bottles from being sold at stadiums. The fan who threw the glass bottle at Terzian was eventually found by police, pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault, and was sentenced to a 100 dollar fine. Meanwhile, the Cowboys "doomsday defense" put the finishing touches on the team's victory by sacking Tarkenton twice on the final two plays of the game.
It was another disappointing end to a spectacular season for the Vikings. They had finished the season with an NFC best 12–2 record and quarterback Fran Tarkenton won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award, and the NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award, while Foreman amassed 1,761 all-purpose yards and 22 touchdowns. The day only got worse for Tarkenton, as he soon learned his father had died of a heart attack while watching the game. The upstart and youthful Cowboys, not expected to do much after an 8–6 season in 1974 and the loss of several key veterans, would go on to defeat the Rams and lose to Pittsburgh in the Super Bowl.
Staubach finished the game 17/29 for 246 yards and a touchdown, along with 24 rushing yards. Pearson was the top receiver with 4 receptions for 91 yards, all on Dallas' final game-winning drive. Foreman was the top rusher of the game with 56 yards and a touchdown, and caught 4 receptions for 42 yards. Dallas outgained Minnesota in total yards 356–215.
A defensive struggle in which both teams combined for 12 turnovers (7 for Pittsburgh, 5 for Oakland) turned into an offensive battle as the Steelers managed to stop the Raiders' final drive for the winning score as time ran out.
As the two dominant teams of the era in the AFC, Oakland and Pittsburgh would eventually face in five consecutive playoff games from 1972–1976. The Raiders and Steelers also played in three consecutive AFC Championship games from 1974–1976.
Already bitter rivals dating back to the 1972 AFC Divisional Playoff game (see: the Immaculate Reception ), Raiders' officials, including team owner Al Davis and head coach John Madden, accused the Steelers and Three Rivers Stadium groundskeepers of intentionally allowing the artificial playing surface to ice over, in an effort to slow Oakland's propensity for using a wide-open aerial attack as part of its offensive game plan.
The game started out ugly, as Pittsburgh quarterback Terry Bradshaw was picked off twice in the first quarter. However, Oakland fared no better, as George Blanda's missed 38-yard field goal attempt after Bradshaw's second interception was the closest they would get to scoring in the first half. In the second quarter, Steelers safety Mike Wagner intercepted a pass from Ken Stabler to set up Roy Gerela's 36-yard field goal.
This would be the only score of the first three quarters. In the third quarter, the Raiders blew two big scoring chances. After recovering a fumbled punt by the Steelers, the Raiders got a first down on the Pittsburgh 16-yard line. Then quarterback Ken Stabler threw a short pass to Pete Banaszak, only to watch him fumble the ball as he turned upfield, and linebacker Jack Lambert recovered it. Then after Raiders defensive back Jack Tatum recovered a fumble from Lynn Swann at midfield, Oakland gave the ball back again when Lambert recovered a fumble from running back Clarence Davis on the Steelers 30-yard line. The turnover led to a 5-play, 70-yard drive that ended on running back Franco Harris' 25-yard touchdown run to give the Steelers a 10–0 lead. Oakland stormed back, scoring in less than two minutes on a drive that lasted just six plays, three of them receptions by tight end Dave Casper. Stabler finished the drive with a 14-yard touchdown pass to Mike Siani that cut the score to 10-7.
Midway through the fourth quarter, Lambert recorded his third fumble recovery, this one from running back Marv Hubbard on the Oakland 25, setting up Bradshaw's 20-yard touchdown pass to receiver John Stallworth. Bobby Walden fumbled the snap on the PAT, which kicker Roy Gerela recovered but failed to convert on a drop kick, keeping the score at 16–7. Later on, Bradshaw was knocked out of the game when he took a knee-hit to the head by linebacker Monte Johnson. A few plays later, Oakland recovered their fourth fumble of the day with 1:31 left in the game. The Raiders then drove to the Pittsburgh 24-yard line, where they faced third down and 2 yards to go with 18 seconds left on the clock. They opted to have George Blanda kick a 41-yard field goal (his longest of the season and last of his NFL career) to pull the deficit to 6 points. Then Hubbard recovered the ensuing onside kick with 9 seconds remaining to give Oakland one last attempt to win the game. Cliff Branch then caught a 37-yard reception, but he was stopped at the Pittsburgh 15-yard line by Mel Blount before he could get out of bounds and the clock ran out. Aside from his touchdown run, Harris ran for 54 yards on 26 carries, while also catching 5 passes for 58 yards.
Raiders defender George Atkinson knocked Swann into a severe concussion that would have him hospitalized for 2 days. Swann, however would go on to win the Super Bowl MVP award with yardage records. Lambert set an AFC Championship Game record with three fumble recoveries in the game. This was Oakland's 6th AFC championship loss in the last 8 years.
Quarterback Roger Staubach threw for 220 yards and 4 touchdown passes while also rushing for 54 yards as the Cowboys upset the favored Rams. The first passing attempt by Los Angeles quarterback James Harris, who was coming off an injury and making his first start since the 13th game of the season, was intercepted by Dallas linebacker D.D. Lewis. This set up Staubach's first touchdown pass, a screen to running back Preston Pearson for 18 yards. A 4-yard touchdown reception by Golden Richards and a diving catch in the end zone by Preston Pearson put the Cowboys up 21–0 by halftime. Dallas scored again on their first drive of the second half on a shovel pass to Preston Pearson for his third touchdown reception of the game. Toni Fritsch later added three field goals. Harris gave way to backup Ron Jaworski, but only John Cappelletti's 1-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter prevented the Rams from being shut out. Pearson finished the game with 7 receptions for 123 yards, 3 touchdowns, and 20 rushing yards. The Dallas defense allowed only 118 yards, a mere 22 on the ground, and sacked Jaworski 5 times.
^ "Steelers tell jokes, share tales at 75th year gala – Pittsburgh Post-Gazette". Post-gazette.com. 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2012-10-15. |
0.941352 | Are all hard liquors Kosher?
The word Megillah literally means scroll.
In its most common context the word Megillah is used to describe the Scroll of Esther which contains the Purim story and is read twice on that Holiday.
In the Tanach there are four other books referred to as a Megillah: Shir Hashirim (Song of Songs), Rut (Ruth), Eichah (Lamentations), and Kohelet (Ecclesiastes).
The name Megillah (rather than Sefer/book) distinguishes these five volumes from all the others of Neviim (the Prophets) and Ketuvim (the Holy Writings), as they are the only ones officially read in their entirety in public on a specific Holiday.
The word Megillah is also used as a common folk expression to describe something lengthy and detailed. Eg. "Tell me about cousin Mildred's wedding, and I want to hear the whole Megillah".
See also When do we read the Megillah? |
0.95436 | The 1901 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the Western Conference during the 1901 Western Conference football season. In their first year under head coach Fielding H. Yost, the team compiled a perfect 11–0 record, outscored its opponents by a combined total of 550 to 0, tied with Wisconsin for the Western Conference championship, and defeated Stanford by a 49 to 0 score in the inaugural Rose Bowl game, the first college bowl game ever played. The 1901 team was the first of Yost's famed "Point-a-Minute" teams, so named for their high scoring offense, from 1901 to 1905, Yost's Michigan teams compiled a record of 55–1–1 and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 2,821 to 42.
Although no system was in place during this era to determine a national champion, the NCAA recognizes as official certain selectors who have sought to establish historic national championships. Three of the five official selectors, the Helms Athletic Foundation, the Houlgate System, and the National Championship Foundation, recognize the 1901 Michigan team as the national champion. The 1901 team holds the distinction of having won the first national championship claimed by the Michigan Wolverines football program.
Several players from the team received individual honors. Fullback/end Neil Snow was selected as a first-team player on Caspar Whitney's 1901 All-America Team. Halfback Willie Heston was selected as a third-team player on Walter Camp's 1901 and 1902 All-America Teams and as a first-team player on Camp's 1903 and 1904 All-America Teams. In addition, five Michigan players received first-team honors on the 1901 All-Western college football team. They are Snow, Heston, quarterback Boss Weeks, tackle Bruce Shorts, and fullback/halfback Everett Sweeley. The team captain was tackle, Hugh White.
Four individuals associated with the team have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, they are Yost, Snow, Heston, and assistant coach Bennie Owen who later went on to fame as the head coach at Oklahoma.
The 1900 Michigan team compiled an overall record of 7–2–1 under first-year head coach Langdon Lea. However, the season was considered a disappointment as the Wolverines finished in fifth place in the Western Conference with a 3–2 record against Western Conference opponents and a loss to rival Chicago; in January 1901, coach Lea resigned as Michigan to accept a position as the head football coach at Princeton.
Fielding H. Yost took over as Michigan's coach in 1901.
Fielding Yost was hired as the new coach at Michigan in the spring of 1901, he traveled to Ann Arbor in early April to evaluate the talent pool with which he would be working. After sizing up the players, Yost asked for early practice in the fall. Yost left California in late August and arrived in Ann Arbor on September 4. On arriving in Ann Arbor, Yost said that he was "here to stay until Michigan secured the western championship."
Several starters from the 1900 team returned to Michigan to participate in the 1901 team, including Boss Weeks, Everett Sweeley, Curtis Redden, Hugh White (the 1901 team captain), Ebin Wilson, Bruce Shorts, Neil Snow, Arthur Redner, and Albert Herrnstein. The strength of the returning roster led to confidence in the 1901 team's prospects.
On September 9, 1901, Yost and captain White gathered a small squad of men at Whitmore Lake; the squad grew over the next two weeks to nearly 20 players. Training continued for nearly two weeks, and "cold baths in the lake soon toughened the men." Yost worked with the players on the rudiments of the game and later recalled that, by the time they returned to Ann Arbor, "we had worked the men down into fairly good training for football work."
In addition to training, Yost spent time at Whitmore Lake evaluating his talent to fit particular positions, he soon shifted players around. He moved the team's only All-American, Neil Snow, from end to fullback on offense, keeping him at right end on defense. Yost moved Arthur Redner from center to right guard and George W. Gregory to center. He also brought Willie Heston with him from California at the halfback position. In a 1952 letter, Heston later recalled: "He brought to Michigan an entirely new brand of football, not known in the Big Ten nor to the Middle West. Particularly, that was true of his offense. Speed and more speed was continually emphasized. Boss Weeks was instructed to call his signal for the next play while the team was getting up from the last play."
"The work at the Lake was a review in the first principles of the game, a thorough study and quiz upon the rules – something which had been sadly neglected in former years. It was also the first step in the conditioning of the team.
"I am not sure whether I ought to play football or not. ... I put on Tom's suit one night and went down to the field to meet Yost and a few other men, they made me run around the track a couple times to try my wind. Then they rolled me around the ground and sat on me a while. I did not understand the necessity of all they did to me, but the boys say every great player must begin that way."
On September 24, 1901, the Michigan Daily-News correctly predicted that "Hurry up" would become the future title of Michigan's new coach, Fielding Yost.
Yost brought halfback Willie Heston with him from California in 1901.
Michigan opened the 1901 season with a 50–0[n 1] win against Albion College, a team that won the Michigan intercollegiate championship in 1900. The game was played in 20-minute halves at Regents Field in Ann Arbor on September 28. Michigan scored nine touchdowns (worth five points each in 1901), including three by Hugh White, two by Walter W. Shaw, and one each by Neil Snow, Willie Heston, Bruce Shorts, and Everett Sweeley. Shaw also kicked three goals from touchdown with Herb Graver and Sweeley adding one each. Heston appeared in his first game for the Wolverines as a substitute for Shaw at left halfback; in its account of the game, The Michigan Alumnus described Heston as a "stocky Californian" who "proved a whirlwind in bucking the line." Heston's first touchdown as a Wolverine came on a defensive take-away described as follows: "Once when Albion had the ball on her 25-yard line, Heston broke through between guard and center, got possession of the ball before it left the quarter back's hands, and made a touchdown." Joe Maddock was the only Albion player to gain ground; he transferred to Michigan in 1902.
Walter W. Shaw was the starting halfback for the first two games in 1901.
Michigan starting lineup was Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George W. Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), James Knight (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Walter Shaw (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
"Two men, Sweeley and Heston, constantly won the plaudits of the rooters by their long gains around the ends. Sweeley is fleet, and he kept his feet in a way that reminded the wise ones of McLean's remarkable performances. Heston proved himself the ground gainer that he has given evidence of being during the daily practices."
In its coverage of the game, the Alumnus also noted that Michigan's new coach Yost "refuses to have a man on the field who [is] 'yellow' or who is not willing to work and to take his fair share of knocks." The Alumnus concluded: "If Michigan has a winning team, it will be because some of the enthusiasm of her coach has been transferred to the men."
Michigan's starting lineup was Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Daniel Woodward (right tackle), James Knight (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Everett Sweeley (left halfback), Walter Shaw (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
On October 12, Michigan defeated Indiana, 33–0, at Regents Field in a game of 25- and 20-minute halves, the game was played on a field that had undergone steady rain for 24 hours and had been reduced to "a sea of mud." The field conditions kept Michigan from getting its "fast play into correct motion". Nevertheless, Michigan allowed Indiana a first down only once and was only once forced to punt. Aside from the field conditions, Michigan's scoring was slowed by three fumbles and eight holding and offsides penalties. The highlight of the game was a 75-yard punt return by Boss Weeks. Michigan scored six touchdowns, including two each by Bruce Shorts and Willie Heston and single touchdowns by Neil Snow and Walter W. Shaw. Shorts added three goals from touchdown.
Following the win over Indiana, the student newspaper, The Wolverine noted: "The 'Varsity showing was most satisfactory. Against a heavier team, on a slippery field which was all in favor of the visitors and directly opposed to our style of play, the 'Varsity was not found wanting and turned victory into a fight for big scores. Even the most optimistic did not look for such a large score, with the elements against us, the smiling, yet earnest face of Coach Yost has become a favorite feature at the games. His success as a coach has already been demonstrated, and every Michigan man is proud of him as an athlete, as a coach and as a man."
Michigan's starting lineup was Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
On October 19, Michigan defeated Northwestern by a score of 29–0 at Regents Field in front of a crowd of 3,000 persons, the victory was considered particularly important as Northwestern had been considered "a strong aspirant for western championship honors". In a game of two 25-minute halves, Heston scored three touchdowns and had runs of 55 and 45 yards. Left halfback Willie Heston scored three touchdowns, with Neil Snow and Walter Shaw scoring one each. Bruce Shorts added four goals from touchdown.
Northwestern's longest gain was six yards, the only threat to Michigan's goal came in the second half when Willie Heston fielded a kickoff and tossed to Everett Sweeley. Northwestern took over at the ten-yard line and moved it by the "tandem play" to the two-yard line. Yost later recalled the impressive play of his team in preventing Northwestern to score: "The defense at this point was as good as I have ever seen. Northwestern could not advance a foot. When the ball was held for downs and Michigan had again obtained possession, our goal line had passed its only danger of the season." The Pittsburgh Press described the game as follows: "Just to show her superiority during the last few minutes of play, Michigan, put in an all substitute line. The Michigan defence was impregnable and her offensive work grand."
Michigan's starters in the game were Curtis Redden (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
Albert Herrnstein scored five touchdowns against Buffalo and six touchdowns against Beloit, and he later coached the Ohio State football team.
On October 26, Michigan defeated the University of Buffalo by a score of 128–0 at Ann Arbor. Michigan scored 22 touchdowns in the game, five by Albert Herrnstein, four each by Neil Snow and Arthur Redner, three each by Willie Heston and Everett Sweeley, two by Curtis Redden, and one by Bruce Shorts. Shorts also had 18 goals for touchdown, the game was scheduled to be played in 30-minute halves, but Buffalo's coach asked at halftime that the second half be reduced to 20 minutes, and so the game was limited to 50 minutes of playing time. The Detroit Free Press noted that Michigan scored more points against Buffalo than it had during the entire 1900 season, averaging more than two points per minute played and a touchdown every two minutes.
"[T]he score of to-day's game was one of the most remarkable ever made in the history of football in the important colleges. Only two scores are recorded in American where a victory was won in more decided style, these occasions were when Stevens Institute beat the College of the City of New York by 162 to 0 at Hoboken, N.J., in 1885, and when Harvard beat Exeter by 158 to 0 at Exeter, Mass., in 1886."
After the game, Buffalo's Coach Gordon said Michigan was "one of the most wonderful teams he ever saw," and added, "Michigan can defeat any team in the East." Buffalo had defeated the team from Columbia University, one of the stronger teams in the east, by a score of 5–0 earlier in the season. The 1901 Columbia team defeated Eastern "Big Four" power Penn, 11–0, and narrowly lost a game to Yale, 10–5. Several newspapers used the Buffalo game as a point of reference in assessing the strength of Michigan's 1901 team. The Pittsburgh Press reported that Michigan's big victory over a "fairly strong" Buffalo team "shows that Michigan has a remarkable team." The Daily Review from Decatur, Illinois, observed: "Considering the fact that Buffalo trimmed Columbia rather easily, making a larger score against the college than did Harvard or Yale, there seems some justice in" Coach Brown's comments that Michigan could defeat Harvard, Yale or Princeton. The Adrian Daily Telegram opined: "Michigan defeated Buffalo 128 to 0, which clearly demonstrates that she can bump the big eastern four without much fear of disaster."
In 1916, Coach Yost shared his recollections of the Buffalo game with Big Bill Edwards: "Buffalo University came to Michigan with a much-heralded team, they were coached by a Dartmouth man and had not been scored upon. Buffalo papers referred to Michigan as the Woolly Westerners, and the Buffalo enthusiasts placed bets that Michigan would not score." The score at the end of the first half was 65 to 0. About fifteen minutes after the second half had started, Yost discovered a Buffalo player, Simpson, "on Michigan's side of the field, covered up in a blanket." Yost was curious and asked, "Simpson, what are you doing over here? You are on the wrong side." To which, Simpson replied, "Don't say anything. I know where I am at, the coach has put me in three times already and I'm not going in there again. Enough is enough for any one. I've had mine."
The Wolverines defeated Pop Warner's Carlisle Indian team, 22–0, in a game played at Bennett Park in Detroit on November 2. The game drew a crowd of 8,000 spectators, "[t]he largest crowd that ever turned out to a football game in Michigan." Bruce Shorts led the scoring with 12 points on a touchdown, a field goal, and two goals from touchdown. Eben Wilson and Willie Heston also scored touchdowns.
Carlisle in 1901 also played several of the major Eastern teams, losing a close game to Penn (14–16), and also losing to Cornell (0–17) and Harvard (0–29). Accordingly, the Michigan-Carlisle game triggered a debate as to whether Michigan's football team was as strong as Harvard and the other leading teams of the East. Carlisle played the Michigan game without its star tackle, Martin Wheelock, who was injured one week earlier against Harvard. Michigan, too, played without a key player, Curtis Redden. After the game, Pop Warner, who had predicted a victory before the game, asserted that his team was depleted by injuries and opined that Michigan was not as strong as Harvard. Following Warner's claim, the Detroit Free Press published a position-by-position analysis purporting to show that Warner used his best team against Michigan.
The New York Times pointed to the Carlisle game as evidence that Michigan's remarkable season was not limited to small institutions. Coach Yost later wrote that he believed Michigan would have won by an even larger score if Redden had not been injured. Michigan's convincing win over Carlisle, and its wins over Buffalo and Chicago, led the Times to conclude that a game between Michigan and one of the "Big Four" teams of the East "would be a conflict well worth seeing and productive of interesting and possibly startling results."
On November 9, 1901, undefeated Michigan faced an undefeated Ohio State team that had allowed opponents to score only five points in its five previous games, the 1901 game was the third meeting in what would become the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry, with the two teams having played to a scoreless tie in their prior match in 1900.
Michigan won the 1901 game, 21–0, at Ohio Field in Columbus, Ohio, in front of a crowd of approximately 4,000 persons. A special train carried 375 Michigan students to the game on the Ann Arbor and Hocking Valley railroads. Ohio State held the Wolverines to their lowest point total of the 1901 season. Prior to the game, the head coaches argued over the length of the game, Yost insisting on regulation halves of 30 minute and Ohio State's John B. Eckstorm insisting that the first half be limited to 25 minutes. When the umpire threatened Ohio State with a forfeiture, coach Eckstrom agreed to play regulation halves of 30 minutes.
Michigan scored three touchdowns in the first half. Left tackle Hugh White scored the first touchdown on a two-yard run with Bruce Shorts kicking the goal from touchdown to give Michigan a 6-0 lead. Michigan's second touchdown was scored by left halfback Willie Heston on a 40-yard run. Fullback Neil Snow scored the third touchdown of the first half and also scored the only touchdown of the second half.
The Detroit Free Press noted that Ohio State's players sought to slow the pace of Michigan's "hurry up" style of play. The paper noted: "On almost every scrimmage some Ohio man would stretch out on the ground and take his full time, this playing for wind was so apparent that the Michigan players finally burlesqued it. The Ohio men could not stand the gaff, and their doctors and trainer ran more yards than both teams put together." After the game, coach Yost commented on Ohio State's tactic: "Their laying down for time took much of the vim out of our team, and rested their tired out players."
On November 16, 1901, Michigan faced its traditional rival in Amos Alonzo Stagg's University of Chicago Maroons football team. Chicago had won three of the prior four matches, including a 15–6 victory over Michigan in 1900. Coach Yost noted, "I knew long before I came to Michigan of the great rivalry existing between this University and the University of Chicago, it was my desire to win this game above all others."
The 1901 game was played in 35-minute halves at Regents Field in front of one of the largest crowds that ever attended a game up to that time in Ann Arbor. Michigan won the game, 22–0. Michigan's first touchdown was scored by fullback Neil Snow with Bruce Shorts kicking for the goal after touchdown, the second touchdown was scored at the 9-minute mark in the first half by left tackle Hugh White on a "mass play" on Chicago's left end. Shorts missed the kick for goal from touchdown; in the second half, Shorts scored Michigan's third touchdown after 5:45 had been played in the second half but missed the kick for goal as Michigan extended its lead to 16–0. White scored Michigan's fourth touchdown and Shorts kicked goal at the 7:30 mark of the second half. Michigan's defense held Chicago to three first downs, never allowed the Maroons into field goal range, and forced 11 punts while the Wolverines punted only once.
Despite the win, Coach Yost was disappointed with the low point total accumulated by his team and publicly stated that "we would have scored many more points on Chicago if the field had been dry." Yost described the impact of the weather on his team as follows: "Much to our disappointment the game was played on a muddy field in a snowstorm, and the work of our backs was seriously handicapped, the Chicago team was not to the same extent handicapped by reason of the fact that it did not rely upon speed to advance the ball. . . . End-running was impossible, and we were compelled to make our gains by line-bucking which is a slow process . . ."
Right tackle Bruce Shorts scored 23 points against Buffalo, 19 points against Beloit and 25 points against Iowa.
Michigan played its final home game on November 23 and won, 89–0, over Beloit College, the game was played in 30-minute halves at Regents Field in Ann Arbor. Michigan scored 15 touchdowns, six by Albert Herrnstein, three by Neil Snow, and single touchdowns by Shorts, Heston, White, Graver, Sweeley and Redner. Shorts also scored on 14 goals from touchdown, giving him 19 points, the game was played on a wet field that was "practically a pond in the centre, filled in with sawdust before the game started." Because of the field conditions, Michigan was not able to execute its end runs and relied principally on "line bucking." Right end Albert Herrnstein scored six touchdowns for 30 points, including two kickoff returns for touchdowns in the second half. Coach Yost later recalled the scene on the field after one of Herrnstein's runs: "Once when Herrnstein made a long run for a touchdown I remember of seeing four Beloit players stretched on the ground in a line where they had made useless efforts to stop him." Right tackle Bruce Shorts scored a touchdown and kicked 14 extra points for 19 points. Fullback Neil Snow added three touchdowns for 15 points, and single touchdowns were scored by Heston, White, Graver, Sweeley and Redden, the Beloit team managed to gain the five yards required for a first down on only one drive late in the game. Beloit's one first down came on a fake kick followed by a run of 15 yards—the largest gain made by any team against Michigan in 1901. The New York Times reported: "The strong team from Beloit was unable to do anything against the Ann Arbor men."
Michigan closed its regular season schedule on Thanksgiving Day, November 28, with a 50–0 win over the University of Iowa in front of a crowd of 10,000 spectators at West Side Park in Chicago. The New York Times reported that "Michigan scored almost at will" and "outclassed" a "sturdy, plucky" Iowa team. Willie Heston and Bruce Shorts scored four touchdowns each for Michigan and "played a spectacular part for the Wolverines." Shorts added five successful extra point kicks giving him 25 points in the game. Neil Snow also scored a touchdown for Michigan.
Michigan's starters in the game were Herb Graver (left end), Hugh White (left tackle), Dan McGugin (left guard), George Gregory (center), Ebin Wilson (right guard), Bruce Shorts (right tackle), Albert Herrnstein (right end), Boss Weeks (quarterback), Willie Heston (left halfback), Everett Sweeley (right halfback), and Neil Snow (fullback).
After the conclusion of the 1901 football season, Michigan, was invited to play against Stanford in the first Rose Bowl Game in Pasadena, California. Michigan won the game on New Year's Day 1902 by the score of 49–0. Neil Snow scored five touchdowns.
The players that traveled to California were starters, Hugh White, Curtis Redden, Dan McGugin, George Gregory, Bruce Shorts, Albert Herrnstein, Boss Weeks, Everett Sweeley, Willie Heston, and Neil Snow, and substitutes Arthur Redner (back), Benjamin Harrison Southworth (guard), James E. Forrest (tackle), and Paul J. Jones (back).
The 1901 Michigan team was the first of Yost's "Point-a-Minute" teams, so named for their high scoring offense, from 1901 to 1905, Yost's Michigan teams compiled a record of 55–1–1 and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 2,821 to 42.
After the first four games, a Boston newspaper noted that Michigan "has scored an average of one point for every minute of play." The race to continue the point per minute scoring remained a topic of reportage for the remainder of the season, after six games, the Wolverines had scored 319 points in 280 minutes. At the end of the regular season, Michigan had fallen slightly short of the point-a-minute mark with 501 points in 540 minutes.
All-American Neil Snow scored five touchdowns in the 1902 Rose Bowl.
"An equally strong element, and one many are apt to overlook, was the work of Keene Fitzpatrick. Consider a team training nearly four months, without a man going stale, and but one injured so that he had to be taken out of the game! Then in addition a trip of nearly 3000 miles, from a climate where the thermometer registered 10 degrees below zero, into one of summer weather, and eleven men playing through an entire game and finishing it with faster and stronger play than at the beginning! Such were the results achieved by our trainer. ... Too much praise cannot be given him."
For its impressive average of 50 points per game on offense and eleven games of scoreless defense, the 1901 team has been recognized as one of the greatest college football teams of all time.
Snow was selected as an All-American by Caspar Whitney for Outing magazine, and four Wolverines were selected for the All-Western team: Snow (fullback/end), Heston (halfback), Boss Weeks (quarterback), and Bruce Shorts (right tackle).
Everett Sweeley from Iowa was considered one of the best punters in the country in 1901.
At the end of the 1901 season, team captain Hugh White wrote: "The fall of 1901 will go down in the history of Michigan athletics, not only as the most successful football season the University has ever had, but also as establishing the most wonderful and unique record in the history of the game." A summary of the accomplishments of the 1901 Michigan team was published in the 1902 University of Michigan yearbook under the title "Yost's Soliloquy." The accomplishments of the 1901 team included the highest number of points ever scored in a single season by a recognized team, the punting of Everett Sweeley was also an important element in Michigan's success in 1901. Sweeley was regarded as "the best punter in the country." Ten men, all but the center, carried the ball in turns. Michigan ran 219 plays in the Iowa game, compared to 149 run by Harvard in the Harvard–Yale game of 1901. The fast pace of Michigan's play on offense earned Yost the nickname "Hurry Up." Yost described the 1901 team as a speedy group "composed of muscular, wiry men who had no superfluous weight."
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Michigan's lineup during the 1901 season with games started at the position reflected in parenthesis, the chart mimics Yost's short punt formation while on offense, with the quarterback under center.
Left guard Dan McGugin married Coach Yost's wife's sister and became a Hall of Fame coach at Vanderbilt.
Herbert S. Graver End 1 Chicago, Illinois 5' 9" 157 Eng '04 Englewood H.S.
George W. Gregory Center 11 Redding, California 6' 1/2" 188 Law '04 Shasta H.S.
Edward W. "John" Dickey Center 0 Weiser, Idaho Law '02.
Benjamin H. Southworth Line 0 Reading, Michigan 5'9" 187 Med '03.
Trainer Keene Fitzpatrick kept the team fit training in below zero weather and traveling to the Rose Bowl.
^ There is a discrepancy in the historic record as to Michigan's point total in the Albion game. The Bentley Historical Library lists the game score as 55-0. The Detroit Free Press in its next day game account, and The Michigan Alumnus in October 1901 both reflected a game score of 50-0, the box score published in the Detroit Free Press reports nine touchdowns and five goals after touchdown, which would result in a point total of 50.
^ The injury was to Curtis Redden during the Carlisle game, and, according to Yost, Redden "was ready and anxious to play ten minutes after the injury."
^ Birth 25 Sep 1878 in Allens Grove, Walworth Co., Wisconsin; Death 03 Jul 1904 in Delavan Lake, Walworth Co., Wisconsin.
^ "Preussman, the quarterback, has been the whole life of the reserve team. He runs the plays off fast and handles the ball well."
^ Harry Kent Crafts was the son of Clayton Crafts, the speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. He attended Northwestern University law school after graduating from Michigan in 1901. He became a lawyer in Chicago. He was married to Verna Louise Harris, June 18, 1903, at Ann Arbor, he was employed for 20 years as the assistant general counsel for Armour & Company. He died December 16, 1939.
^ a b "1900 Football Team". University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
^ "Lea As Head Coach". The Philadelphia Times. January 20, 1901. p. 10.
^ "Lea To Coach Princeton". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. January 24, 1901. p. 13.
^ a b c d "Athletics". Michigan Alumnus. October 1901. p. 23. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
^ "Yost Takes Charge at Michigan". Detroit Free Press. April 6, 1901. p. 6.
^ "Coach Yost Expected September 1". Detroit Free Press. August 21, 1901. p. 3.
^ a b "Coach Yost at U. of M." Detroit Free Press. September 5, 1901. p. 3.
^ "Michigan Has Hopes: Ann Arbor Institution Expects to Regain Lost Football Laurels". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. August 31, 1901. p. 15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Jesse J. Ricks (1901). "Introductory Review". Michigan Daily-News Football Year-Book. Ann Arbor Printing Company. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
^ a b Allison Danzig, The History of American Football, p. 154 (quoting a May 13, 1942, letter from Willie Heston to the author).
^ a b Hugh White (1902). Review of the Season. Michiganensian 1902. p. 130. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
^ "Letters of David Banks '05". The Wolverine. 1901-10-18. p. 8. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ 1902 Michiganensian, p. 173.
^ a b c d "Michigan Won By Big Score". Detroit Free Press. November 29, 1901. p. 4.
^ a b c "The Albion Game". Michigan Alumnus. October 1901. p. 24. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
^ a b "Big Score Against Case". Detroit Free Press. October 6, 1901. p. 8.
^ a b c "The Case Game". Michigan Alumnus. October 1901. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
^ a b c d e "Michigan Made Grand Showing: Defeated the Heavy Indiana Eleven 33 to 0; Regents Field a Sea of Mud and U. of M. Was Handicapped (part 1)". Detroit Free Press. October 13, 1901. p. 1.
^ a b "Michigan Made Grand Showing: Defeated the Heavy Indiana Eleven 33 to 0; Regents Field a Sea of Mud and U. of M. Was Handicapped (part 2)". Detroit Free Press. October 13, 1901. p. 8.
^ Walter T. Fishleigh (1901-10-18). "Athletics". The Wolverine. p. 5. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ a b c "Michigan Rubbed It In: Made Dr. Hollister's Star Eleven Look Cheap; Score 29 to 0 Against a Team Holding Out for More Money (part 1)". Detroit Free Press. October 20, 1901. p. 1.
^ a b c "The Northwestern Game". Michigan Alumnus. November 1901. pp. 79–80. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
^ a b c "Michigan Rubbed It In: Made Dr. Hollister's Star Eleven Look Cheap; Score 29 to 0 Against a Team Holding Out for More Money (part 2)". Detroit Free Press. October 20, 1901. p. 8.
^ a b "Preachers Beaten: Michigan University Battered Northwestern's Football Team". The Pittsburgh Press. 1901-10-21. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ a b "Bargain Day In Touchdowns: Michigan Scored 22 Against Buffalo Team (part 1)". Detroit Free Press. October 27, 1901. p. 1.
^ "Bargain Day In Touchdowns: Michigan Scored 22 Against Buffalo Team (part 2)". Detroit Free Press. October 27, 1901. p. 8.
^ a b c "Gridiron Gossip". The Daily Review (Decatur, IL). 1901-10-28.
^ a b "Michigan Made Huge Score; Buffalo Football Team, Conquerors of Columbia, Shut Out by Score of 128 to 0" (PDF). The New York Times. 1901-10-27. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "Coach Yost Known Here: Handler of Michigan's Great Team Lives at Morgantown". The Pittsburgh Press. 1901-10-29. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "Football". Adrian Daily Telegram. 1901-10-28.
^ a b c William Hanford Edwards (1916). Football Days: Memories of the Game and of the Men behind the Ball. p. 292. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
^ a b "Red Men Fell Before U. of M.: Maize and Blue Scored Three Touchdowns and Goal From Field; Carlisle Put Up Great Defensive Game, But Failed To Make a Point (part 1)". Detroit Free Press. November 3, 1901. p. 1.
^ "Red Men Fell Before U. of M.: Maize and Blue Scored Three Touchdowns and Goal From Field; Carlisle Put Up Great Defensive Game, But Failed To Make a Point (part 2)". Detroit Free Press. November 3, 1901. p. 10.
^ a b "Analysis of the Game from the Grand Stand". Detroit Free Press. November 3, 1901. p. 10.
^ a b "Michigan 22, Carlisle 0" (PDF). The New York Times. 1901-11-03. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "Fierce Gridiron Battle To-day". Detroit Free Press. November 2, 1901. p. 1.
^ "Michigan Not In It With Harvard Warner Says". Detroit Free Press. November 3, 1901. p. 10.
^ "Warner Used His Best Team: Carlisle Indians Were As Strong As When They Met Harvard; Michigan In About the Same Class With Crimson". Detroit Free Press. November 4, 1901. p. 8.
^ "COLLEGE FOOTBALL GAMES; Records of the Principal Contests Played This Season. U. OF MICHIGAN'S HIGH TOTAL Western Team's Goal Line Not Crossed Once During the Year – Harvard the Champion" (PDF). The New York Times. 1901-11-24. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "Michigan vs. Ohio State". College Football Data Warehouse. David DeLassus. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
^ a b "Michigan Line Is Uncrossed: Only Once Did Ohio Threaten Goal (part 1)". Detroit Free Press. November 10, 1901. p. 1.
^ a b c d "Michigan Line Is Uncrossed (part 2)". Detroit Free Press. November 10, 1901. p. 8.
^ "Michigan Stops Stagg's Tricks: Defeated Chicago by 22–0 Score; "Whoa Back" Did Not Make a Gain (part 1)". Detroit Free Press. November 17, 1901. p. 1.
^ a b c "Michigan Stops Stagg's Tricks (part 2)". Detroit Free Press. November 17, 1901. p. 8.
^ a b "Michigan, 22; Chicago, 0: Annual Game Results in Decisive Defeat of Maroons". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 17, 1901. p. part 3, page 1.
^ "Just Practice For Michigan: Beloit Put Away, 89 to 0, Doubling the Wisconsin Record (part 1)". Detroit Free Press. November 24, 1901. p. 1.
^ "Just Practice For Michigan: Beloit Put Away, 89 to 0, Doubling the Wisconsin Record (part 2)". Detroit Free Press. November 24, 1901. p. 8.
^ a b c d e f g "Michigan 89, Beloit 0" (PDF). The New York Times. 1901-11-24. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "Hurrah for Michigan, Champion Football Team of the West! U. of M.'s Goal Undefiled; Wolverines Scored Almost At Will Against the Hawkeyes, 50 to 0". Detroit Free Press. November 29, 1901. p. 8.
^ a b c "Michigan 50, Iowa 0" (PDF). The New York Times. 1901-11-29. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "1902 Rose Bowl". University of Michigan. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ "Rose Bowl Game". Tournament of Roses. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ a b Allison Danzig (1956). "10: An Era of Yost, Stagg, and Thorpe". The History of American Football. Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 153=154.
^ "Goals from the Field". Detroit Free Press. November 2, 1901. p. 10.
^ "Scored Over a Point to the Minute". Detroit Free Press. November 4, 1901. p. 8.
^ "U. of M." Detroit Free Press. December 1, 1901. p. part II, p. 5.
^ a b Hugh White, Review of the Season, p. 131.
^ Caspar Whitney (1902). "The Sportsman's View-Point" (PDF). The Outing Magazine. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ "The Middle Western Football Season" (PDF). The Outing Magazine. 1902. p. 501. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ "Walter Camp's All-Western Team". Michigan Alumnus. January 1902. p. 179. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
^ a b c Yost's Soliloquy. Michiganensian 1902. 1902. p. 132. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
^ "Football M's for 1901". The Michigan Alumnus. December 1901. p. 133. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ a b Jesse J. Ricks (1901). The Michigan Daily-News Football Year-Book. Ann Arbor Printing Company.
The Michigan Wolverines football program represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Michigan has the most all-time wins and the highest winning percentage in college football history, Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879. The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896, Michigan has won or shared 42 league titles, since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, has finished in the top 10 a total of 37 times. The Wolverines claim 11 national championships, most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll. From 1900 to 1989, Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches, Fielding H. Fritz Crisler brought his winged helmet from Princeton University in 1938 and led the 1947 Wolverines to a national title and Michigans second Rose Bowl win. Bo Schembechler coached the team for 21 seasons in which he won 13 Big Ten titles and 194 games, a program record. Following Schembechlers retirement, the program was coached by two of his assistants, Gary Moeller and Lloyd Carr, who maintained the programs overall success over the next 18 years.
However, the programs fortunes declined under the two coaches, Rich Rodriguez and Brady Hoke, who were both fired after relatively short tenures. Following Hokes dismissal, Michigan hired Jim Harbaugh on December 30,2014, Harbaugh is a former quarterback of the team, having played for Michigan between 1982 and 1986 under Schembechler. The Michigan Wolverines have featured 78 players that have garnered consensus selection to the College Football All-America Team, Three Wolverines have won the Heisman Trophy, Tom Harmon in 1940, Desmond Howard in 1991, and Charles Woodson in 1997. Gerald Ford, who would become the 38th President of the United States. On May 30,1879, Michigan played its first intercollegiate game against Racine College at White Stocking Park in Chicago. The Chicago Tribune called it the first rugby-football game to be played west of the Alleghenies, midway through the first inning, Irving Kane Pond scored the first touchdown for Michigan. According to Will Perrys history of Michigan football, the crowd responded to Ponds plays with cheers of Pond Forever, in 1881, Michigan played against Harvard in Boston.
The short punt formation is an older formation on both offense and defense in American football, popular when scoring was harder and a good punt was itself an offensive weapon. In times when punting on second and third down was fairly common, teams would line up in the short punt formation and offer the triple threat of punt, harpers Weekly in 1915 called it the most valuable formation known to football. The formation is similar to the wing and modern shotgun by including the possibility of a long snap from center. However, it is generally a balanced formation, and there are backs on both sides of the tailback, offering better pass protection, as a result, it was considered a much better passing formation than running, as the premiere running formation was the single wing. That said, it was regarded as a formation for trap plays The formation was invented by Amos Alonzo Stagg in 1896. Andy Smith, coach of Californias Wonder Teams summed up the short-punt philosophy with his motto of Kick, in the early days of the sport the ball was often moved up the field, not through offensive plays, but rather through punting.
Albion College is a private liberal arts college located in Albion, Michigan. Affiliated with the United Methodist Church, it was founded in 1835 and was the first private college in Michigan to have a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa and its student population during the 2013-14 academic year was approx. The Colleges athletic teams are nicknamed the Britons and their colors are purple and they participate in NCAA Division III and the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Albion College is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Michigan Campus Compact, U. S. News includes a high school counselor ranking, in which Albion placed 85th among national liberal arts colleges. The origin of Albion College lies not in the city of Albion, on March 23,1835, Methodist Episcopal settlers in Spring Arbor Township obtained a charter for the Spring Arbor Seminary from the Michigan Territorial Legislature. No classes were held at the Spring Arbor location. The trustees applied to move the seminary to Albion in 1838, with 60 acres of land donated by Albion pioneer Jesse Crowell, the cornerstone was laid for the first building in 1841.
The seminary, now named the Wesleyan Seminary, first held classes in 1843, in 1844, classes began in the newly constructed Central Building, which was rebuilt as the present Robinson Hall in 1907. The Albion Female Collegiate Institute was founded in 1850 by the Wesleyan Seminary Corporation, the two schools merged in 1857 under the name The Wesleyan Seminary and Female College at Albion. The Albion College student body is composed of approximately 1,500 students, the average class size of under 19 is comparable to other small liberal arts colleges. Albion College employs more than 100 full-time faculty, of more than 95% have earned the highest degree offered in their field. Albion College appears on the U. S. News & World Report list of Americas Top Liberal Arts Colleges, Albion is a member of The Princeton Reviews 376 Best Colleges and Best Midwestern Colleges list. Albion College offers approximately 30 academic majors leading to Bachelor of Arts, in addition to the academic majors, numerous concentrations, academic institutes, and special programs are offered.
The Case Western Reserve Spartans football team is the varsity intercollegiate football team representing the Case Western Reserve University, located in Cleveland, United States. They compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division III level and they are coached by Greg Debeljak. Home games are played at DiSanto Field, the team in its current form was created in 1970 after the federation of Western Reserve University and Case Institute of Technology. Case, originally known as Case School of Applied Science, carried the name Scientists from 1918–1939, in 1940, the mascot was changed to the Rough Riders, in honor of their head coach Ray A. Ride. Case formally updated their name in 1947 to Case Institute of Technology. Western Reserve originally used the mascot Pioneers from 1921–1927, until being forced to change by Marietta College, the famous Red Cats mascot was used beginning in 1928. Upon the merger of the two schools, the Spartans name was adopted in 1970, as the team is now presently known, Western Reserve played its first season in 1890 and Case began the following year in 1891.
Physically bordering each other, the two became instant rivals. From 1894–1953, the game was played mostly on Thanksgiving Day. Due to high civic interest and large crowds, the games were held at larger Cleveland city venues, such as League Park. Western Reserve led the all-time series 49–20–5, in 1892, Western Reserve declined Clevelander John Heismans offer to be their head coach, and ironically faced him and his Oberlin Yeomen during the season opener, getting destroyed 38–8. Western Reserve would have their two years in 1894, finally defeating Heisman while at home in Cleveland, ending the season with a 7–0 undefeated record. In fact, the team outscored opponents a combined 232–8, only Oberlin and Ohio State scored on Western Reserve that year. The 1902 team scored the first touchdown against Michigans legendary coach Fielding H. Yost, in fact, the headline in the Detroit Free Press referred not to Michigans victory but instead read, MICHIGANS GOAL LINE CROSSED. Western Reserve emerged to win titles in both 1907 and 1908, and again in 1915.
Camps 1901 All-America Team was published in Colliers Weekly, and Whitneys selections were published in Outing magazine. In its official listing of Consensus All-America Selections, the NCAA designates players who were selected by either Camp or Whitney as consensus All-Americans, using this criteria, the NCAA recognizes 18 players as consensus All-American for the 1901 football season. John J. Pershing during World War I, inspector general of the New York National Guard, and as a member of the Harbord Commission, Paul Bunker, a tackle for Army whose posthumously published account of his time as a Japanese prisoner of war became a best-seller. A portion of the U. S. flag flown at Corregidor was saved from burning by Bunker and kept hidden as a patch inside his shirt, Dave Campbell, an end for Harvard who was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1958. Charles Dudley Daly, a quarterback for Harvard who was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951, in 2008, Sports Illustrated sought to answer the question, Who would have won the Heisman from 1900-1934.
Its selection for 1901 was Daly of Army, a player who put on a one-man show against Navy, bill Morley, a halfback for Columbia who was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1971. He became a prominent cattle and sheep rancher in New Mexico, Neil Snow, an end for Michigan who scored five touchdowns in the 1902 Rose Bowl and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1960. Bill Warner, a guard for Cornell who was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1971, Warner served as the head football coach at Cornell, North Carolina, Colgate, St. Louis, and Oregon. Harold Weekes, a halfback for Columbia who was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954, the All-America selections by Camp and Whitney were dominated by players from the East and the Ivy League in particular. In 1901,17 of the 18 consensus All-Americans came from Eastern universities, the undefeated Harvard Crimson team had eight players who were designated as consensus All-Americans. The only four consensus All-Americans from schools outside the Ivy League were Neil Snow of Michigan, Paul Bunker and Charles Dudley Daly of Army, and Walter Bachman of Lafayette.
The Buffalo Bulls football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the State University of New York at Buffalo located in the U. S. state of New York. The team competes at the NCAA Division I level in the Football Bowl Subdivision and is a member of the Mid-American Conference, Buffalos first football team was fielded in 1894. The team plays its games at the 31, 000+ seat UB Stadium on University at Buffalos north campus in Amherst. The Bulls are coached by Lance Leipold, UBs first run with football started in 1894 and lasted until 1970, when the football program was suspended due to the student bodys vote to stop funding the program. The football program was reintroduced in 1977, when reintroduced, the team played in Division III level football until 1992. In 1993, the made the jump to Division I-AA. In 1999, the Bulls moved up again to Division I-A Bowl Subdivision level football, in 1894, UB established an athletics association and fourteen UB Medical students formed the first UB football team.
By 1896, they were a force in Western New York football playing collegiate and club teams. In 1897, C. W. Dibble coached UB to a perfect 7–0–0 record beating Syracuse twice, in 1899, Bemus Pierce coached UB to a 6–0 record. In 1900, Buffalo beat Penn State 10–0, in 1901, former player James B. Turk Gordon coached the UB team to a 4–2 record, in 1903, Ray Turnbull led the UB team to a 3–3 record. After the 1903 season, UB would not again put a team on the field until 1915, in 1915, UB re-established the football program and officially instituted mens basketball. Both teams were named the Bisons and used as their logo a caricature of a male American bison, Frank Mount Pleasant was called on to coach the football team but was replaced the following season after a 3–4 record. Art Powell would take over in 1916 and coach the team for six seasons, in 1920, UB would start playing on what would eventually be called Rotary Field. UB would go through two coaches in a span of two years – Dim Batterson in 1922 and James Bond in 1923 – before Russ Carrick would take over, serving five seasons despite winning only five games.
Drew Willy scrambles against Bowling Green in 2005.
Guard Dan McGugin later gained fame as Vanderbilt's coach.
Michigan vs Case series occurred from 1894–1923, where Michigan hosted Case in sixteen home openers.
Ohio State vs Case 11/9/1918. Military images were common on football programs during World War I.
Western Reserve won its first of eight Big Four Conference titles in 1934.
With halfback Willie Heston in the backfield, the Michigan Wolverines compiled a 43–0–1 record between 1901–04. |
0.999983 | If electrons are held in orbit by electromagnetic attraction to nuclei, shouldn't electrons crashing into the nucleus be a common event? If so, why have I never heard about this?
Today we have abandoned the solar system model of the atom in favor of the Schrödinger model: electrons are standing waves distributed through the spherical volume of the atom. Nevertheless, we still understand electronic energy levels as being quantized. Electrons are not permitted to fall into the nucleus because this would involve a violation of quantization.
Finding the electron in the nucleus would also be a violation of the Uncertainty Relation: we would know the electron's position and momentum simultaneously! In fact, the electron's velocity can be approximated by solving the expression for the uncertainty in velocity, using the electron's rest mass and the mean distance of the electron from the nucleus (which can be calculated from the expression for the atomic orbital -- a wave equation! -- in which the electron is located).
Electrons are inherently fuzzy particles, especially when they are in atoms -- and the "fuzz" is on the order of the size of the atom. This means that, while the electron has a certain probability of being "in" the nucleus, the probability can never be 100%.
It is not a common event, but something like that does happen: electron capture (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/radact2.html#c3).
Not really. It would be allowed in the nucleus but for the Uncertainty Principle. However, because of Heisenberg, it isn't.
Actually, the way it's worded there, you could have an electron in the nucleus. All you need is to not know its momentum to some degree. Since the nucleus isn't a single point, there's some room for error. Quantum theory predicts a 0 probability of the electron being precisely in the centre of the nucleus, in the same way that probability theory predicts a 0 chance of throwing a dart and hitting the exact centre of a dart board. But if you have a dart with thickness, there's a non-zero chance of some part of the dart hitting the centre.
Quantum theory predicts a 0 probability of the electron being precisely in the centre of the nucleus, in the same way that probability theory predicts a 0 chance of throwing a dart and hitting the exact centre of a dart board. Actually, that is not entirely correct.
See here (http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/esam/Chapter_3/section_2.html) for the radial part of the lowest-level electronic wavefunction in the Hydrogen atom: at r = 0 the probability is non-zero (fig. 3-4).
The effect of this can be observed in the hyperfine structure (http://www.pha.jhu.edu/%7Ert19/hydro/node9.html) of atomic spectra.
Actually, that is not entirely correct.
I was thinking in terms of Fig 3.5, where if you look for a particle at a certain point you get a zero probability of finding it there. You can't determine the position exactly. But to find an electron very close to the centre of the nucleus you have a non-zero chance (as is evident from the non-zero value of the wave function at that point in Fig 3.4).
Since the curve is unsymmetrical, the average value of r, denoted by rbar, is not equal to rmax.
I just read over the math to make sure that what I'm saying here is right. It is beautiful. Whoever invented spherical harmonics deserves a medal or something. And don't you love looking at pictures of orbitals?
Now comes a question (or two) that I don't know enough to answer. Are there concerns akin to the Pauli principle when it comes to protons and electrons (and neutrons, I suppose)? Is there a reason beyond simple energetic concerns why a proton and a neutron can't overlap? Does that then apply to electrons and protons? Can we use that as an argument for saying that an electron can't penetrate a proton/neutron (and therefore the non-free space portions of a nucleus)? Or is a proton in real life more of an infinitesimal point with associated forces that make it seem like it has a size, so that there's always a non-zero probability of finding an electron within its radius?
finding it there. That is a distribution function: it does not give directly the probability of finding an electron in a point.
The function in that figure gives "the total amount of electronic charge lying between the spheres of radius r and r + Dr".
You can't determine the position exactly. But to find an electron very close to the centre of the nucleus you have a non-zero chance (as is evident from the non-zero value of the wave function at that point in Fig 3.4). Considering that the size of a nucleus is about four orders of magnitude smaller than the typical size of an orbital, "very close" is like saying r = 0.
I just read over the math to make sure that what I'm saying here is right. It is beautiful. Whoever invented spherical harmonics deserves a medal or something. And don't you love looking at pictures of orbitals? But we were talking about the radial part of the wave function, not the angular part (where the spherical harmonics come into play).
Now comes a question (or two) that I don't know enough to answer. Are there concerns akin to the Pauli principle when it comes to protons and electrons (and neutrons, I suppose)? Yes.
For example, the Hund rules for the level occupancy, are explained partly with the Pauli principle.
Is there a reason beyond simple energetic concerns why a proton and a neutron can't overlap? In what sense?
I think that this is the realm of Quantum Chromodynamics (quarks and stuff).
Does that then apply to electrons and protons? Can we use that as an argument for saying that an electron can't penetrate a proton/neutron (and therefore the non-free space portions of a nucleus)? No.
Pauli's principle works for identical particles.
Or is a proton in real life more of an infinitesimal point with associated forces that make it seem like it has a size, so that there's always a non-zero probability of finding an electron within its radius? Nucleons (proton and neutron) are composed of quarks, hence their size comes from the structure.
The electron, on the other hand, seems to be point-like.
That is a distribution function: it does not give directly the probability of finding an electron in a point.
Well, yes, because the probability of finding an electron at a precise point is 0. You can't know position exactly. That's the basic premise of quantum theory. That's all I was really saying. Certainly for an s orbital, you're most likely to find the electron very close to the nucleus. When you do the detections to get Fig 3.4 experimentally, you don't really measure any electrons exactly at r=0. You can get ones pretty darn close, to within your instrument precision, but you can never be certain that it was really at the dead centre.
And that's not true just for points, but for planes (and infinitesimally thin things like spherical shells). 4*pi*r^2*dr = 0 if dr = 0, and similar equations hold when you integrate over different spatial components. For the point in the dead centre, both r=0 and dr = 0.
Anyway, that's moot given the information you've given me below, that a proton has an actual size and isn't just a point, because now there's a window for error where you can say "this electron has probability p of being within the region defined by the proton's boundary X, and an error in momentum measurement of dp >= hbar / 2*dX."
On that note, to answer the original question, maybe electrons regularly hit the nucleus, but just don't usually react. Or maybe there's an aspect of the weak force (or the strong force) that we haven't accounted for.
But we were talking about the radial part of the wave function, not the angular part (where the spherical harmonics come into play).
Um... that has nothing to do with it. I'm just saying you can have a curve that is not symmetric but still have rbar = rmax. It'd be a weird curve, perhaps, but it can certainly be done. It just seemed like a hand-waving argument to me: better would have been to say something like, "when you do the math, you find that rbar does not equal rmax."
Maybe this actually comes up with more complex systems. It would be interesting to try to find one, I think.
Is there a reason beyond simple energetic concerns why a proton and a neutron can't overlap?
Yes, it is. I haven't gotten around to learning that yet, though I'm reading Feynman's QED, which is a nice book. QCD is the other end of things, but the ideas behind each theory seem similar at a first glance. Fortunately, I know most of the group theory stuff already, so it shouldn't be too hard to pick up.
I suppose that I mean it in the sense of "does QCD tell me that you can't pack as many quarks as you want into as small a volume as you want?" That's assuming that the quarks themselves have a shape and size, and it's not just the hadron that they form that has those properties.
Nucleons (proton and neutron) are composed of quarks, hence their size comes from the structure.
Thank you! That is terribly interesting to me, and relevant to this discussion (as I mentioned above). I'll have to hunt down a particle physics book some time and find out why, exactly (if it's even known why, exactly).
Anyway, do not confuse the distribution function with the wave function.
If you want to know the probability of finding the electron in a small volume around r = 0 (where the nucleus is), you have to look at the wave function.
And you can see from the graph the wavefunction (and corresponding probability P) is not zero.
The distribution function is given by 4\pi r^2 P, and at r = 0 it is zero (because of the r^2 factor).
On that note, to answer the original question, maybe electrons regularly hit the nucleus, but just don't usually react. Or maybe there's an aspect of the weak force (or the strong force) that we haven't accounted for. It is possible, since hyperfine structure is ususally observed, and this depends on interaction betweeen nucleus and electrons at r = 0.
But we were talking about the radial part of the wave function, not the angular part (where the spherical harmonics come into play). Um... that has nothing to do with it. I meant that the spherical harmonics have nothing to do with the radial distribution function, because the spherical harmonics describe the angular part of the wave function.
As a function of r, the distribution function is not symmetric,(but this is consequence of the fact that there is no "hard" boundary to the distance electron-nucleus.
One of the first things in textbooks, is the problem of a quantum particle in an infinite potential well (hard boundaries left and right). In this case the system is symmetric, and the average of the position is where the probability has a maximum.
I'm just saying you can have a curve that is not symmetric but still have rbar = rmax. It'd be a weird curve, perhaps, but it can certainly be done. I do not think so, but I cannot prove it.
It just seemed like a hand-waving argument to me: better would have been to say something like, "when you do the math, you find that rbar does not equal rmax."
Welcome back, papageno. Nice to see you posting again.
Could the formation of degenerate matter, such as the formation of neutron stars, be considered an example of electrons crashing into the nucleus?
Could the formation of degenerate matter, such as the formation of neutron stars, be considered an example of electrons crashing into the nucleus? In this case, gravity is the major factor: electrons and nuclei are "pushed" together by the mass around them.
The OP was referring to the electromagnetic attraction between nucleus and electrons, which is not enough to crash the electrons in the nucleus.
If the blooming things have mass, and no one of the three flavors has the same mass, where does the mass go when they change flavors?
I suppose that I mean it in the sense of "does QCD tell me that you can't pack as many quarks as you want into as small a volume as you want?" That's assuming that the quarks themselves have a shape and size, and it's not just the hadron that they form that has those properties.Yes. Quarks are fermions, so they'll obey the exclusion principle, too. Of course, that's not quite "can't be in the same spot", but rather "can't occupy the same energy level", but that's the case for electrons, too.
How fast do electrons travel?
What's your energy budget? You can get them very close to the speed of light if you can afford it.
$11---just curious about silver's (in particular), in its natural state. Ballpark figures OK.
Are you thinking orbital velocity, or the speed they move at when a current is running through it?
Are you thinking orbital velocity, or the speed they move at when a current is running through it?And if you're thinking about the former, do you mean a classical calculation of what the electron's speed would be, if it actually orbited like a planet around the nucleus, or do you want the actual velocity at which the wave representing the electron propagates? I'm not sure what meaning the former really has, and the latter, of course, is probably best considered to be zero! That is, an electron at a given energy level has a time-independent probability distribution, so it's really not moving at all.
Well, this is certainly one of the most educational threads I've encountered on BAUT and very much appreciate any assistance in grasping this topic. Previously, I thought electrons orbited their nucleus in planetary fashion, much as my avatar indicates, so my question was for orbital velocity. Now this concept of an electron being a wave instead---and not moving at all, is where I need more comprehension. References welcome, thanks.
Hang onto your hat! You're in for a wicked ride.
the strength of the zero point energy field.
And if you're thinking about the former, do you mean a classical calculation of what the electron's speed would be, if it actually orbited like a planet around the nucleus, or do you want the actual velocity at which the wave representing the electron propagates?
Which reminds me of a chemistry class, when the professor said, "Well, that's it for the Bohr Model (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model) of atoms. Now we will move on to what is really happening."
And if you're thinking about the former, do you mean a classical calculation of what the electron's speed would be, if it actually orbited like a planet around the nucleus, or do you want the actual velocity at which the wave representing the electron propagates? I'm not sure what meaning the former really has, and the latter, of course, is probably best considered to be zero! That is, an electron at a given energy level has a time-independent probability distribution, so it's really not moving at all.
Are you saying that the electron really is a wave? Because although the probability distribution is static, the electron itself is considered to be (in most formulations) a particle with a definite energy at any given point, and therefore it has a definite speed (even if you can't find that position/speed exactly). It might not orbit like a planet, but it does move in some fashion about the nucleus.
Sarongsong, to find the average speed of an electron, you just need to know the energy of its orbital. There are books with tables of those things, or you can download a computer program to calculate them. It's a devilishly complicated thing once you get beyond hydrogen.
There's a cool little problem associated with electron speeds. Basically, you can't get more than 138 electrons around a nucleus with 138 protons, because an electron would have to move at light speed (actually, on average it would have to move faster than light speed).
...Sarongsong, to find the average speed of an electron, you just need to know the energy of its orbital. There are books with tables of those things, or you can download a computer program to calculate them. It's a devilishly complicated thing once you get beyond hydrogen...Ah---thanks! So far, have come across this site (http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ag/econ.html) and its accompanying The Orbitron (http://www.webelements.com/phpAdsNew/adclick.php?n=a04de058) link, for starters. Will check the library tomorrow.
There are times you can treat the electron as a particle, and there are times you can't.
In larger atoms, one must make relativistic correction to the electron speeds (relativistic QED), but I need a link supporting your contention that superluminal speeds are required. I strongly suspect that is a classical analysis.
Are you saying that the electron really is a wave? Because although the probability distribution is static, the electron itself is considered to be (in most formulations) a particle with a definite energy at any given point, and therefore it has a definite speed (even if you can't find that position/speed exactly).I'm saying that the electron is a quantum entity, which behaves sometimes like we imagine a classical wave to behave, and sometimes like a classical particle behaves. An electron bound in an atom does have a definite energy (or, more precisely, the overall configuration of electron and nucleus and any other electrons present has a definite energy). However, to suggest that is has a definite speed even though we might not know what that speed is is missing the point of quantum mechanics. The uncertainty in an electron's position and momentum is not a limitation on what we know, it's a limitation on what the universe knows.
It might not orbit like a planet, but it does move in some fashion about the nucleus.That's true in the sense that if you were to make repeated position measurements, you'd find a pointlike electron in different spots. If you made repeated momentum measurements, you'd likewise get various values for the particle's momentum. But it's decidedly not true that the electron is moving in some kind of orbit that could be envisioned classically (whether planet-like or not), and we just don't know the details of what that orbit is like.
Sarongsong, to find the average speed of an electron, you just need to know the energy of its orbital.Except that just gives you the difference in potential energy of various orbitals. Even for an orbiting planet, its kinetic energy is not equal to the potential energy lost in getting to its present position from an unbound state. |
0.952536 | Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception is a 2011 action-adventure third-person shooter platform video game developed by Naughty Dog, with a story written by script-writer Amy Hennig. It is the sequel to one of the most critically acclaimed video games of 2009, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, and is the third game in the Uncharted series. The game was published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3, in North America on November 1, 2011, Europe on November 2, 2011, and Australia on November 3, 2011.
Uncharted 3 sees protagonist Nathan Drake and mentor Victor Sullivan traveling around the world to places such as the Rub' al Khali desert, in search of the legendary lost city the Iram of the Pillars, which is mentioned in the Quran. Elena Fisher and Chloe Frazer also return in Uncharted 3. The plot draws from the archaeology days of T. E. Lawrence.
A sequel and the final installment of the series, Uncharted 4: A Thief's End was released on May 10, 2016 exclusively for the PlayStation 4. On October 7, 2015, the game was released on the PS4 along with its two predecessors as part of Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection.
The Last of Us is an action-adventure survival horror video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 3 worldwide on June 14, 2013. Players control Joel, a smuggler tasked with escorting a teenage girl named Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States.
After the game's release, Naughty Dog released several downloadable content additions; The Last of Us: Left Behind adds a single-player campaign following Ellie and her best friend Riley. An enhanced edition of the original game, The Last of Us Remastered, was released for the PlayStation 4 in July 2014. A sequel, The Last of Us Part II, was announced in December 2016.
included the addition of more cars and tracks, improvements to the car customisation options, and partnerships with the Goodwood Festival of Speed, the Ayrton Senna Institute, the FIA and NASA. Gran Turismo 6 is the first-ever video game to have officially certified FIA content.
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots is an action-adventure stealth video game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Konami exclusively for the PlayStation 3 console. It is the sixth Metal Gear game directed by Hideo Kojima, and was released worldwide on June 12, 2008.
Set five years after the events of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, the story centers around a prematurely aged Solid Snake, now known as Old Snake, as he goes on one last mission to assassinate his nemesis Liquid Snake, who now inhabits the body of his former henchman Revolver Ocelot under the guise of Liquid Ocelot, before he takes control of the Sons of the Patriots, an A.I. system that controls the activities of PMCs worldwide.
Resistance 3 is a 2011 science fiction post-apocalyptic first-person shooter developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. Resistance 3 is the third and final installment in the Resistance trilogy. Resistance 3 is the first in the series to support 3D and PlayStation Move and the first to introduce the PSN Pass program. The game shifts away from the military aspect of Resistance: Fall of Man and Resistance 2 and takes on a post-apocalyptic survival-horror feel.
On April 8, 2014, online Resistance 3 servers, along with those for Resistance: Fall of Man and Resistance 2, were shut down by Sony. |
0.926221 | What problem do you solve? I look at this as a 25-words-or-less plain english statement. I've spoken to a tremendous number of entrepreneurs who struggle to do this and it's not easy. I've created these statements in companies where I've worked and it takes time, thought, and a lot of testing to figure exactly what message gets your point across in a way that people can understand. Obviously, the other benefit is that the more precisely you define the problem, the easier it'll be to solve - hopefully!
What's it cost to get a customer? In the late 1990's, I spent a lot of time working with companies like Expedia, E*TRADE, Fidelity, and other household names in e-commerce. Regardless of the industry, each successful e-commerce site came to the realization that their customer acquisition cost was a huge issue and one that needed to be monitored constantly. This point applies equally well to consumer facing sites as well as corporate oriented solution vendors.
What do you need to believe in? In other words, if you're starting a social networking site, you need to believe that 1) people are essentially social animals that will usually look for ways to connect with each other; 2) you've identified a niche and created an experience that will actually attract and retain enough of an audience to make the venture pay off; 3) the sun will rise tomorrow morning, or whatever else is essential to success. Being able to state these beliefs helps set context and provide perspective, both of which lend themselves to understanding by a third party, like a VC.
What are your dependencies? This is distinct from your beliefs, above - these are the things that have to happen to make your idea work. If you're pursuing a solar power idea, some examples might be 1) silicon based solar panels will continue to fall in price and rise in efficiency; 2) there's a finite supply of oil and over the long term its price will continue to rise; 3) because of construction lead times and political issues, nuclear power won't be a competitor any time soon. And so on - in any case, the point is to identify and clearly understand the things that have to exist for your business to succeed.
What's the competitive environment? Well, this one's pretty obvious, assuming you know what business you're really in - see the first point above. Be sure to include substitutes and not just other competitors that happen to look just like you.
What's the quality of the team? Putting together a business with your best friends from high school may not be such a great idea, unless they happen to be uncommonly well suited to the tasks they've been assigned. Otherwise, you're far better off reaching out to the best people you can find, which means talking to a lot of people you don't know, getting a glimpse of lot of things you don't know (through their eyes), and hopefully, finding people who are so smart and so talented they leave you thinking you'll have to work hard just to keep up with them. Inevitably, investors need to be convinced that the team in front of them can take their idea and execute on it better than anyone else around.
Whether you're experienced and have dealt with all of these issues or you're new and facing them for the first time, these points are worth bearing in mind as reminders or guides. Now go get 'em!
I was surprised at how many speakers focused on online advertising or Natural Language Processing (NLP). For awhile I began to think I'd missed something in my registration materials, but I got over any misgivings in time for my panel discussion. Fortunately I had the chance to point out the in the US we have a $13 trillion economy and an audience member volunteered that online advertising accounts for roughly $85 billion. In the remaining $12.9 trillion I'm certain we're leaving many opportunities for Semantic Technology untouched.
When I gave a brief talk in Cambridge, MA (MA) two nights earlier, I'd been asked if any corporations were exchanging URIs in the course of conducting business. I'm not aware of any large (Global 1,000) companies engaging in this practice although I can see plenty of reasons to do so. During my panel I ran through a very simple example of Kimberly-Clark (KMB) exchanging URIs with Weyerhaeuser (WY) for production, supply chain, and demand management.
In a later session, a collection of West Coast VCs provided a very interesting panel discussion on what they look for in the companies they select for investment - more on this in a separate post.
All in all, Web 3.0 was time and money well spent.
Response to my report has been surprisingly strong and my thanks to everyone that's written in. Several companies have contacted me to provide a briefing and I plan to write up those conversations and post them here on my blog. I'm not sure of my own next steps but I plan to offer consulting services in the interim - stay tuned and I'll post details shortly.
And special thanks to Paul Miller for having covered my report - he also kindly invited me to do a podcast which you'll find here.
Next week I'm off to the Web 3.0 conference in Santa Clara where I hope to keep learning more about how companies are using Semantic technologies to achieve their strategic goals. If you plan to attend, I hope you'll introduce yourself and say hello. |
0.944765 | Ways in which sailors are eligible to receive Submarine Duty Incentive Pay include being attached under orders to a submarine or while serving as an operator or crewmember of an operational submersible.
During 1 calendar month--48 hours. Hours, however, served underway in excess of 48 hours as a member of a submarine operational command staff during any of the immediately preceding 5 calendar months, and not already used to qualify for incentive pay, may be applied to satisfy the 48-hour underway time requirements for the current month.
If they are receiving instructions to prepare for positions of increased responsibility on a submarine.
The rate payable to eligible individuals varies for commissioned officers, warrant officers, and enlisted members, according to pay grades. |
0.796495 | For other uses, see Merchant (disambiguation).
A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people. Historically, a merchant is anyone who is involved in business or trade. Merchants have operated for as long as industry, commerce, and trade have existed. During the 16th-century, in Europe, two different terms for merchants emerged: One term, meerseniers, described local traders such as bakers, grocers, etc.; while a new term, koopman (Dutch: koopman, described merchants who operated on a global stage, importing and exporting goods over vast distances, and offering added-value services such as credit and finance.
The status of the merchant has varied during different periods of history and among different societies. In ancient Rome and Greece merchants could become wealthy, but lacked high social status. In contrast, in the Middle East, where markets were an integral part of the city,[when?] merchants enjoyed high status. In modern times, the term occasionally has been used to refer to a businessperson or someone undertaking activities (commercial or industrial) for the purpose of generating profit, cash flow, sales, and revenue utilizing a combination of human, financial, intellectual and physical capital with a view to fuelling economic development and growth.
Merchants have been known for as long as humans have engaged in trade and commerce. Merchants and merchant networks operated in ancient Babylonia and Assyria, China, Egypt, Greece, India, Persia, Phoenicia and Rome. During the European medieval period, a rapid expansion in trade and commerce led to the rise of a wealthy and powerful merchant class. The European age of discovery opened up new trading routes and gave European consumers access to a much broader range of goods. From the 1600s, goods began to travel much further distances as they found their way into geographically dispersed market-places. Following the opening of Asia to European trade and the discovery of the New World, merchants imported goods over very long distances: calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World. By the eighteenth century, a new type of manufacturer-merchant had started to emerge and modern business practices were becoming evident.
The English term, "merchant" comes from the Middle English, marchant, which itself originated from the Vulgar Latin mercatant or mercatans, formed from present participle of mercatare meaning to trade, to traffic or to deal in. The term is used to refer to any type of reseller, but can also be used with a specific qualifier to suggest a person who deals in a given characteristic such as "speed merchant" to refer to someone who enjoys fast driving; a "noise merchant", used to refer to a group of musical performers. Other known uses of the term include: "dream merchant" used to describe someone who peddles idealistic visionary scenarios and "merchant of war" to describe proponents of war.
Elizabeth Honig has argued that concepts relating to the role of a merchant began to change in the mid-16th century. The Dutch term, koopman (meaning merchant), became rather more fluid during the 16th century when Antwerp was the most global market town in Europe. Two different terms, for a merchant, began to be used, meerseniers referred to local merchants including bakers, grocers, sellers of dairy products and stall-holders, while the alternate term, koopman, was used to describe those who traded in goods or credit on a large scale. This distinction was necessary to separate the daily trade that the general population understood from the rising ranks of traders who took up their places on a world stage and were seen as quite distant from everyday experience.
A wholesale merchant operates in the chain between the producer and retail merchant, typically dealing in large quantities of goods. In other words, a wholesaler does not sell directly to end-users. Some wholesale merchants only organize the movement of goods rather than move the goods themselves.
A retail merchant or retailer sells merchandise to end-users or consumers (including businesses), usually in small quantities. A shop-keeper is a retail merchant.
However, the term 'merchant' is often used in a variety of specialised contexts such as in merchant banker, merchant navy or merchant services.
Merchants have existed as long as business, trade and commerce have been conducted. A merchant class characterized many pre-modern societies. Open air, public markets, where merchants and traders congregated, were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria, China, Egypt, Greece, India, Persia, Phoenicia and Rome. These markets typically occupied a place in the town's centre. Surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, but also prepared goods for sale on market days. In ancient Greece markets operated within the agora (open space), and in ancient Rome the forum. Rome had two forums; the Forum Romanum and Trajan's Forum. The latter was a vast expanse, comprising multiple buildings with shops on four levels. The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shop-front.
In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling through permanent or semi-permanent retail premises such as stall-holders at market places or shop-keepers selling from their own premises or through door-to-door direct sales via merchants or peddlers. The nature of direct selling centred around transactional exchange, where the goods were on open display, allowing buyers to evaluate quality directly through visual inspection. Relationships between merchant and consumer were minimal often playing into public concerns about the quality of produce.
The Phoenicians were well known amongst contemporaries as "traders in purple" – a reference to their monopoly over the purple dye extracted from the murex shell. The Phoenicians plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by the 9th century BCE. Phoenician merchant traders imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit and nuts. Their trading skills necessitated a network of colonies along the Mediterranean coast, stretching from modern day Crete through to Tangiers and onto Sardinia. The Phoenicians not only traded in tangible goods, but were also instrumental in transporting the trappings of culture. The Phoenician's extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which was much easier to learn that the pictographic scripts used in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Phoenician traders and merchants were largely responsible for spreading their alphabet around the region. Phoenician inscriptions have been found in archaeological sites at a number of former Phoenician cities and colonies around the Mediterranean, such as Byblos (in present-day Lebanon) and Carthage in North Africa.
Mosaic showing garum container, from the house of Umbricius Scaurus of Pompeii. The inscription which reads "G(ari) F(los) SCO(mbri) SCAURI EX OFFI(CI)NA SCAURI" has been translated as "The flower of garum, made of the mackerel, a product of Scaurus, from the shop of Scaurus"
The social status of the merchant class varied across cultures; ranging from high status (the members even eventually achieving titles such as that of Merchant Prince or Nabob) to low status, as in China, Greece and Roman cultures, owing to the presumed distastefulness of profiting from "mere" trade rather than from labor or the labor of others as in agriculture and craftsmanship. The Romans defined merchants or traders in a very narrow sense. Merchants were those who bought and sold goods while landowners who sold their own produce were not considered to be merchants. Being a landowner was a 'respectable' occupation. On the other hand, the trade of merchant was not considered 'respectable'. In the ancient cities of the Middle East, where the bazaar was the city's focal point and heartbeat, merchants who worked in bazaar were considered to be among the high-ranking members of the society. Medieval attitudes toward merchants in the West were strongly influenced by criticism of their activities by the Christian church, which closely associated their activities with the sin of usury.
In Greco-Roman society, merchants typically did not have high social status, though they may have enjoyed great wealth. Umbricius Scauras, for example, was a manufacturer and trader of fish sauce (also known as garum) in Pompeii, circa 35 C.E. His villa, situated in one of the wealthier districts of Pompeii, was very large and ornately decorated in a show of substantial personal wealth. Mosaic patterns in the floor of his atrium were decorated with images of amphora bearing his personal brand and bearing quality claims. One of the inscriptions on the mosaic amphora reads "G(ari) F(los) SCO[m]/ SCAURI/ EX OFFI[ci]/NA SCAU/RI" which translates as "The flower of garum, made of the mackerel, a product of Scaurus, from the shop of Scaurus." The reputation of Scauras' fish sauce was known to be of very high quality across the Mediterranean and its reputation travelled as far away as modern southern France. Other notable Roman merchants include: Marcus Julius Alexander, Sergius Orata and Annius Plocamus.
In the Roman world, local merchants served the needs of the wealthier landowners. While the local peasantry, who were generally poor, relied on open air market places to buy and sell produce and wares, major producers such as the great estates were sufficiently attractive for merchants to call directly at their farm-gates. The very wealthy landowners managed their own distribution, which may have involved exporting. Markets were also important centres of social life and merchants helped to spread news and gossip.
The nature of export markets in antiquity is well documented in ancient sources and archaeological case studies. Both Greek and Roman merchants engaged in long-distance trade. A Chinese text records that a Roman merchant named Lun reached southern China in 226 CE. Roman objects, dating from the period 27 BCE to 37 CE, have been excavated in sites as far afield as the Kushan and Indus ports. The Romans sold purple and yellow dyes, brass and iron and acquired incense, balsalm, expensive liquid myrrh and spices from the Near East and India, fine silk from China and fine white marble destined for the Roman wholesale market from Arabia. For Roman consumers, the purchase of goods from the East was a symbol of social prestige.
Medieval England and Europe witnessed a rapid expansion in trade and the rise of a wealthy and powerful merchant class. Blintiff has investigated the early Medieval networks of market towns and suggests that by the 12th century there was an upsurge in the number of market towns and the emergence of merchant circuits as traders bulked up surpluses from smaller regional, different day markets and resold them at the larger centralised market towns. Peddlers or itinerant merchants filled any gaps in the distribution system. From the 11th century, the Crusades helped to open up new trade routes in the Near East, while the adventurer and merchant, Marco Polo stimulated interest in the far East in the 12th and 13th centuries. Medieval merchants began to trade in exotic goods imported from distant shores including spices, wine, food, furs, fine cloth (notably silk), glass, jewellery and many other luxury goods. Market towns began to spread across the landscape during the medieval period.
Merchant guilds began to form during the Medieval period. A fraternity formed by the merchants of Tiel in Gelderland (in present-day Netherlands) in 1020 is believed to be the first example of a guild. The term, "guild" was first used for gilda mercatoria to describe a body of merchants operating out of St. Omer, France in the 11th century and London's Hanse was formed in the 12th century. These guilds controlled the way that trade was to be conducted and codified rules governing the conditions of trade. Rules established by merchant guilds were often incorporated into the charters granted to market towns. In the early 12th century, a confederation of merchant guilds, formed out the German cities of Lubeck and Hamburg, known as "The Hanseatic League" came to dominate trade around the Baltic Sea. By the 13th and 14th centuries, merchant guilds had sufficient resources to have erected guild halls in many major market towns.
During the thirteenth century, European businesses became more permanent and were able to maintain sedentary merchants and a system of agents. Merchants specialised in financing, organisation and transport while agents were domiciled overseas and acted on behalf of a principal. These arrangements first appeared on the route from Italy to the Levant, but by the end of the thirteenth century merchant colonies could be found from Paris, London, Bruges, Seville, Barcelona and Montpellier. Over time these partnerships became more commonplace and led to the development of large trading companies. These developments also triggered innovations such as double-entry book-keeping, commercial accountancy, international banking including access to lines of credit, marine insurance and commercial courier services. These developments are sometimes known as the commercial revolution.
Luca Clerici has made a detailed study of Vicenza’s food market during the sixteenth century. He found that there were many different types of merchants operating out of the markets. For example, in the dairy trade, cheese and butter was sold by the members of two craft guilds (i.e., cheesemongers who were shopkeepers) and that of the so-called ‘resellers’ (hucksters selling a wide range of foodstuffs), and by other sellers who were not enrolled in any guild. Cheesemongers’ shops were situated at the town hall and were very lucrative. Resellers and direct sellers increased the number of sellers, thus increasing competition, to the benefit of consumers. Direct sellers, who brought produce from the surrounding countryside, sold their wares through the central market place and priced their goods at considerably lower rates than cheesemongers.
A merchant making up the account by Katsushika Hokusai.
From 1300 through to the 1800s a large number of European chartered and merchant companies were established to exploit international trading opportunities. The Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, chartered in 1407, controlled most of the fine cloth imports while the Hanseatic League controlled most of the trade in the Baltic Sea. A detailed study of European trade between the thirteenth and fifteenth century demonstrates that the European age of discovery acted as a major driver of change. In 1600, goods travelled relatively short distances: grain 5–10 miles; cattle 40–70 miles; wool and wollen cloth 20–40 miles. However, in the years following the opening up of Asia and the discovery of the New World, goods were imported from very long distances: calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World.
In Mesoamerica, a tiered system of traders developed independently. The local markets, where people purchased their daily needs were known as tianguis while pochteca was the term used to describe long-distance, professional merchants traders who obtained rare goods and luxury items desired by the nobility. This trading system supported various levels of pochteca – from very high status merchants through to minor traders who acted as a type of peddler to fill in gaps in the distribution system. The Spanish conquerors commented on the impressive nature of the local and regional markets in the 15th century. The Mexica (Aztec) market of Tlatelolco was the largest in all the Americas and said to be superior to those in Europe.
The modern era is generally understood to refer to period that coincides with the rise of consumer culture in seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe. As standards of living improved in the 17th century, consumers from a broad range of social backgrounds began to purchase goods that were in excess of basic necessities. An emergent middle class or bourgeosie stimulated demand for luxury goods and the act of shopping came to be seen as a pleasurable pass-time or form of entertainment.
As Britain embarked on colonial expansion, large commercial organisations were much in need of sophisticated information about trading conditions in foreign lands. Daniel Defoe, a London merchant, published information on trade and economic resources of England, Scotland and India. Defoe was a prolific pamphleteer and among his many publications are titles devoted to trade including; Trade of Britain Stated, 1707; Trade of Scotland with France, 1713; The Trade to India Critically and Calmly Considered, 1720 and A Plan of the English Commerce 1731; all pamphlets that were highly popular with contemporary merchants and business houses.
By the eighteenth century, a new type of manufacturer-merchant was emerging and modern business practices were becoming evident. Many merchants held showcases of goods in their private homes for the benefit of wealthier clients. Samuel Pepys, for example, writing in 1660, describes being invited to the home of a retailer to view a wooden jack. McKendrick, Brewer and Plumb found extensive evidence of eighteenth century English entrepreneurs and merchants using 'modern' marketing techniques, including product differentiation, sales promotion and loss leader pricing. English industrialists, Josiah Wedgewood and Matthew Boulton, are often portrayed as pioneers of modern mass marketing methods. Wedgewood was known to have used marketing techniques such as direct mail, travelling salesmen and catalogues in the eighteenth century. Wedgewood also carried out serious investigations into the fixed and variable costs of production and recognised that increased production would lead to lower unit costs. He also inferred that selling at lower prices would lead to higher demand and recognised the value of achieving scale economies in production. By cutting costs and lowering prices, Wedgewood was able to generate higher overall profits. Similarly, one of Wedgewood's contemporaries, Matthew Boulton, pioneered early mass production techniques and product differentiation at his Soho Manufactory in the 1760s. He also practiced planned obsolescence and understood the importance of "celebrity marketing" – that is supplying the nobility, often at prices below cost and of obtaining royal patronage, for the sake of the publicity and kudos generated. Both Wedgewood and Boulton staged expansive showcases of their wares in their private residences or in rented halls.
Eighteenth-century American merchants, who had been operating as importers and exporters, began to specialise in either wholesale or retail roles. They tended not to specialise in particular types of merchandise, often trading as general merchants, selling a diverse range of product types. These merchants were concentrated in the larger cities. They often provided high levels of credit financing for retail transactions.
Elizabeth Honig has argued that artists, especially the Dutch painters of Antwerp, developed a fascination with merchants from the mid-16th century. At this time, the economy was undergoing profound changes – capitalism emerged as the dominant social organisation replacing earlier modes of production. Merchants were importing produce from afar – grain from the Baltic, textiles from England, wine from Germany and metals from various countries. Antwerp was the centre of this new commercial world. The public began to distinguish between two types of merchant, the meerseniers which referred to local merchants including bakers, grocers, sellers of dairy products and stall-holders, and the koopman, which described a new, emergent class of trader who dealt in goods or credit on a large scale. With the rise of a European merchant class, this distinction was necessary to separate the daily trade that the general population understood from the rising ranks of traders who operated on a world stage and were seen as quite distant from everyday experience. The wealthier merchants also had the means to commission artworks with the result that individual merchants and their families became important subject matter for artists. For instance, Hans Holbein, the younger painted a series of portraits of Hanseatic merchants working out of London's Steelyard in the 1530s. These included including Georg Giese of Danzig; Hillebrant Wedigh of Cologne; Dirk Tybis of Duisburg; Hans of Antwerp, Hermann Wedigh, Johann Schwarzwald, Cyriacus Kale, Derich Born and Derick Berck. Paintings of groups of merchants, notably officers of the merchant guilds, also became subject matter for artists and documented the rise of important mercantile organisations.
In recent art: Dutch photographer Loes Heerink spend hours on bridges in Hanoi to take pictures of Vietnamese street Merchants. She published a book called Merchants in Motion: the art of Vietnamese Street Vendors.
Sir Thomas Gresham by Anthonis Mor, c. 1560.
^ Shaw, Eric H. (2016). "2: Ancient and medieval marketing". In Jones, D.G. Brian; Tadajewski, Mark (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Marketing History. Routledge Companions. London: Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 9781134688685. Retrieved 2017-01-03. Perhaps the only substantiated type of retail marketing practice that evolved from Neolithic times to the present was the itinerant tradesman (also known as peddler, packman or chapman). These forerunners of travelling salesmen roamed from village to village bartering stone axes in exchange for salt or other goods (Dixon, 1975).
^ Daniels (1996) p. 94–95.
^ "Decameron Web – Society". Brown.edu. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Barnish, S.J.B. (1989) "The Transformation of Classical Cities and the Pirenne Debate", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 2, p. 390.
^ Clerici, L., "Le prix du bien commun. Taxation des prix et approvisionnement urbain (Vicence, XVIe-XVIIe siècle)" [The price of the common good. Official prices and urban provisioning in sixteenth and seventeenth century Vicenza] in I prezzi delle cose nell’età preindustriale /The Prices of Things in Pre-Industrial Times, [forthcoming], Firenze University Press, 2017.
^ "Merchant Adventurers" in Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Library Edition, 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
^ Rebecca M. Seaman, ed. (2013-08-27). Conflict in the Early Americas: An Encyclopedia of the Spanish Empire's Aztec, Incan and Mayan Conquests. p. 375. ISBN 9781598847772.
^ McKendrick, N., Brewer, J. and Plumb . J.H., The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth Century England, London, 1982.
Thrupp, Sylvia L. (1989). The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300-1500. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06072-6. |
0.937956 | Consciousness, many have argued, is what separates humans from other animals. Consciousness refers to our awareness of our own mental processes, such as our thoughts, feelings, and sensations. It is possible that we are the only beings on this planet that have this type of self awareness or level of consciousness and the ability to introspect, or look inward and examine these processes. For example, if you are angry, you can try to understand your anger, why you are angry, what that anger feels like, etc. But can a cat? |
0.934874 | Determining if a tree is a catalpa is easy. The hard part is classifying the specific species of catalpa. There are two species of catalpa native to the US, the northern catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) and the southern catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides). One major difference between the two are a more pointed leaf tip on the northern catalpa. There are also larger flowers on the northern catalpa. Both of these differences are very small, and of course not noticable now during the winter. The catalpa makes a great planted tree because of its fast growth rate and copius flowers during the summer. It makes a great specimen to punctuate the borders of the Yard. It's unclear which species of catalpa are in the yard, but I have labeled them as southern catalpa.
This catalpa tree guards the gate on the north side of the Yard near the Science Center.
The flowers of both species look very similar, and appear around the beginning of June. Soon after very long seed pods will form that persist throughout the following winter. |
0.99979 | Homeowners may pay thousands in property taxes, and the amounts owed each year may fluctuate based on a variety of factors. However, in recent years, more people are experiencing a steep hike in the amount they are asked to pay, which has prompted a growing number of people to dispute their bills. While individuals may only be successful in getting their tax obligation lowered if a mistake was made or the home has been valued incorrectly, it's important to know the steps to take should they want to challenge their bill.
First, it's important to understand how property taxes are calculated. The amount of property tax a person pays is determined by multiplying their city's tax rate by the assessed value of their property and all of the structures on it. This value can change significantly if homeowners make improvements, such as putting in a new room, building a deck, installing a swimming pool or remodeling the kitchen.
The issue that is prompting many people to challenge their property tax assessments is that median home prices are down, and many assessments are only made every couple of years. As a result, assessors may be using older information that is now outdated to make determinations about how much a homeowner owes.
Those who believe their assessment may be incorrect have the option to appeal their home's valuation. If this is the route homeowners decide to go, however, it's important that they do their homework. For instance, determining the length of time between assessments, the formulas professionals use to find the market value of the home and comparing the assessed value of similar properties in the area can be a good place to start. It's also critical to review the formal assessment for any errors, such as incorrect square footage, the wrong number of rooms or other inaccurate details.
It's also important to understand how the appeals process works in a particular municipality as the process varies by town. Therefore, homeowners should read the appeal form they receive from their assessor's office closely to ensure they have gathered all of the information required and followed the process exactly. In most cases, individuals may simply be required to send in their evidence. They may receive a response within a few months.
If individuals lose their local appeal, they may have the option to take it to a state level. However, they should keep in mind that a number of legal fees and court costs may apply, so they should make sure the cost of a state appeal is worth it. |
0.999899 | After 5 wonderful years enjoying the peace and beauty of Langkawi we have decided its time to at last move on. We have had such a great time exploring the rest of asia while using Langkawi as a base from which to travel. But now the seas beckon and the travel lust has stirred us into action and to seek more sailing adventures. We had earlier planned to sail to the east coast of Malaysia and rediscover places that we have earlier visited while backpacking - such as Tioman, Kuantan etc. However, we have now decided to leave Malaysia and head west across the Indian Ocean toward South Africa. Over the past few years we have met a lot of South African cruising yachties and their vivid and enthusiastic descriptions of their homeland has our mouths watering at the thought of the exploring that lies ahead of us. Our plan is to leave Malaysia in mid-June and sail south through Indonesia entering the Indian Ocean via the Sunda Strait that separates Java and Sumatra. The passage then will be Cocos-Keeling Islands, Rodrigues Island, Mauritius, Reunion Island and finally Richards Bay in South Africa. We expect to make landfall in South Africa mid to late October 2012. |
0.999991 | How do you tune a hardanger fiddle?
This is the question that I have been asked the most often. It is somewhat confusing, especially since you have to keep two sets of notes in your head as you tune. I am going to break it down into small parts, to make the process easier.
IMPORTANT NOTE: To raise the pitch, turn the peg or finetuner clockwise. To lower the pitch, turn the peg/finetuner counterclockwise. With finetuners, do not force it clockwise, you will break the string. Loosen it by turning it counterclockwise, raise the pitch by using the peg and then tweak it by using the finetuner.
These are the strings which are at the bottom of the pegbox, with an approximate diagram below. You are looking at the fiddle from the front.
For reference, the classical violin or fiddle are tuned G D A E, going from the lowest string to the highest string.
The most common tuning of the hardanger fiddle is A D A E, so the G string is raised to an A.
BUT - and here is where most people get confused, the hardanger fiddle is tuned a whole step higher than a violin. So, the ACTUAL PITCH of the A D A E strings is B E B F#. Regular violin tuning is not as conducive to having the strings resonate.
When you start tuning your hardanger fiddle, use a tuner or a piano and tune to B E B F#. Pluck the strings to get approximate pitch and then bow the strings in twos (e.g. A D, D A, A E) to make sure that the interval between the two strings is correct.
Congratulations, you are done with the top strings.
These are the strings which are towards the top of the pegbox, with an approximate diagram below (this is the most standard stringing for hardangers). You are looking at the fiddle from the front. Be sure to get familiar with what pegs turns which string!
Now you are reading for the understrings. Some fiddles have 4, others have 5 of these understrings. From the highest understring (that is near the top high open E string) to the lowest understring (that is near the top low open A string), the pitches are A F# E D and if you have a 5th understring, it is tuned to a B.
The easy way to tune is to remember Grieg's Morning. Strum the strings like this: A F# E D E F# - A F# E D E F#. This is probably where Grieg got the opening notes!
BUT - again here is where people get confused. Remember that the hardanger fiddle is a step up from violin. So, the ACTUAL PITCH of the understrings is B G# F# E and if you have a 5th understring, that is tuned to C#.
Plucking your top open A strings (both low and high) should make your A understring(s) resonate.
Check the interval between two strings by bowing across two of them and adjust the tuning, if necessary (e.g. bow A D, D A, A E). Tweak the understrings, if necessary.
Now you are all in tune and ready to play!
Now that I have spent a page telling you how to tune the top and the understrings separately, I will tell you something completely different!
o Tune your top open A strings (the “G” which is tuned up to the A and the open A) and then tune the A understring. Make sure that when you pluck the top As, the A understring resonates.
o Tune your top open D string and then the D understring. . Make sure that when you pluck the top D, the D understring resonates.
o Tune your top open E string and then the E understring. . Make sure that when you pluck the top E, the E understring resonates.
o Lastly tune the F# understring.
Tuning this way keeps the fiddle in balance from the highest and lowest strings and you will have less issues with tuning one string and having others slip.
As you turn to the music, you will notice that the tune transcriptions are written as if you are playing a violin. It would be too confusing to transpose everything a whole step up and people with a previous violin background would have a lot of trouble with fingerings. For example, they know that the 3rd finger on the D string is always a G and written as such. If instead, they see an A, they will play it as an open string.
The low A string (the violin G string) - a special case. The bass string that is the violin G and the hardanger A is most often written in the notation described above. But because the interval between the open strings is now between A and D vs. G and D, your 3rd finger on the G will be the same note as an open D.
However, there are a handful of tunes that you may encounter, where only the G string is written transposed a whole step up. The result, in my opinion, is mass confusion. For example, you see the note B and you think that you have to play it as the 2nd finger on the G string, but in reality you are to play the first finger on the G string (A). This is because the open string is written as A, and thus all the notes on that strings are moved a whole step up. It is very hard mentally, because your eyes and your fingers are used to the normal violin notation. My advice is to use white out and fix those transcriptions.
The hardanger fiddle has over 20 different tunings. Each tune transcription will have tuning for the top open strings and the bottom understrings written at the beginning.
Look at the notes and tune accordingly. Remember, these tuning notes will be written as if you had a regular violin, BUT the actual pitch would be a whole step up.
G D A E - yes just like the regular violin. But that necessitates one understring change (A G E D) vs F#. So your open G should resonate with your understring G.
If you think through the tunings, you will see that the reason the understrings need to be retuned is to resonate with the changed top open strings.
The jokes are that the hardanger fiddlers spend half of their time tuning the instrument and that it's called a hardanger, because it is so dang hard to tune.
Old instruments, especially, get out of tune very fast. Weather changes are a factor, so do not expose to extremes, put a dampit humidifier (that green thingie that fills with water) in the body during the winter. Use peg dope for stubborn pegs.
If you feel the fiddle does not resonate as much, sounds off, stop playing and retune. More often than note, it is just minor tweaks of the pegs/finetuners for the top and under strings.
When you tune, do not hold on to the neck and upper body of the fiddle. On some old instruments, the stress of tuning may break the neck. As you tune with the pegs, pluck the strings near the bridge.
Ask your luthier to put a small understring bridge in the pegbox. That keeps the understrings from twisting between the top strings and makes tuning easier.
While you are at the luthier, have them put violin fine tuners on at least the E or both A and E strings. That helps with the minor tweaks of the open strings. Get the finetuners that go into the tailpiece. The ones that sit on the string break the string.
Understrings are a huge pain to replace and you may need a professional to do it. Tweezers and good eyesight or glasses are essential.
If you have any questions, or if something is not clear, please feel free to email me at ivlarsen@wisc.edu and I will take any suggestions/comments and incorporate them into this brief manual. |
0.942435 | This post is based on a collection of emails I sent to my friends while this whole thing went down. Please feel free to share this with anyone you want to to and who you think would like to know. I’m happy for anyone to know, I’ve just chosen to be intentional in the way I have shared the news.
The latest update (at the bottom) is from the 27 March.
It went a little bit like this: Two weeks ago, I noticed that one of my testicles was feeling noticeably swollen, and I went to see the doctor about it on Thursday just gone. This resulted in an ultrasound Friday midday before receiving one of those phone calls from the doctor’s receptionist where you are told that the doctor would like to see you today, and when you ask what time she might be available you are told that she will see you as soon as you can get there, the sooner the better. As you have probably figured out, her urgency had something to do with the results of the ultrasound.
I had a comprehensive set of CT scans Monday morning (yesterday) before an appointment with my new (!) specialist in the afternoon. It was a big day but the news was not all bad. A quick summary: The cancer markers in my blood are definitive – my “beta-HCG” level is off the chart – it should read under 2 normally and I read 1,134 at the moment – the good side of this is that they can monitor this level over the coming weeks and it will be good news as it comes down. The CT scans show no definitive evidence of metastatic disease – that is, it does not look like the cancer has spread beyond my testis yet – this does not mean that there is no spread at all but does mean that it has not spread a lot (yet). There are some items which the radiologist was not sure about and might indicate problem areas. The upshot is that I go into Hollywood shortly to have my right testicle removed later today. The pathologist will examine the cancer cells in detail once it has been removed and I will likely need some form of chemotherapy depending on the pathology and ongoing blood test results.
On a personal level, many of you will know of my strong Christian faith and the way that this shapes much of how I think and (attempt to) behave. I’ve only had several days so far to let this sink in (and I don’t know how it will play out yet), but despite the “c” word being extremely confronting I feel a measure of what I describe as peace in the how this episode of my life will play out. Having said that, one of my first responses was to catch up with my closest church friends and have them pray for me – I do believe in a healing God. Anyway, in the midst of something quite confronting at a personal level, and whatever your personal convictions on life the universe and everything, I welcome your thoughts and prayers.
For those of you who I ride with, this morning was my last ride for a while (hopefully, just a few weeks). Looking forward to seeing you out there soon.
It’s been quite a week, if I can put i that way. Thank you everyone for your prayers, cares and concerns. It has meant a huge amount to me to have so many friends who care.
I spoken to many of you but here is the latest full update: I had surgery late Tuesday to remove my right testicle, which was significantly enlarged and basically all tumour. The surgery went well from a cancer perspective and the doctor was happy with the result.
I received back the pathology results on the tumour yesterday and the news is good. The specialist originally suspected that the tumour was a choriocarcinoma (which is a worse and more aggressive type of cancer) based upon the indicators in my blood. However, the pathology results show the cancer was a pure seminoma, which is a better outcome. The pathology results also confirm that the original site was contained and had not spread up the cord. This is all good news and means that I should only need a smaller set of chemotherapy treatment in about a months time when I’ve recovered from the surgery and haematoma. I still don’t know much about what the chemotherapy will be like, but I understand it will be nowhere near as harsh as some of my good friends have been going through in recent times.
I came home from hospital last night, which has actually made my life a bit harder in the short term – the hospital bed was pretty darn excellent and moving around is just painful and difficult at the moment. Oh well. Anyway, it looks like I’ll need to take it very easy for a little while as my body heals.
In starting to write this email, I started by looking at my last update email and realised that it was sent on 27/Feb – that makes it exactly a month ago. Sorry! I had not realised it was quite so long. Upon reflection, it does fit with how I have been feeling over the past several weeks – that is, a little overwhelmed. I have not felt overwhelmed in the sense of feeling everything crashing on top of me, but I have felt like I have not been able to get through all of the tasks and goals I have set myself. Perhaps it is not a bad thing that in this midst of recovering from my surgery, I have found that my body does not have the capacity that I have grown accustomed to expecting of it.
In particular, I have had some specific work-related things that I have been trying to accomplish before my chemotherapy this week, trying to prepare for the possibility that I may be seriously incapacitated for a period of time.
So the update is this: I’m doing better as I recover from the surgery but I am still in a fair amount of pain and still taking strong painkillers. The pain lasting this long is a bit of a surprise to me, but I understand that it is mainly related to the haematoma (results of internal bleeding after the surgery). I had an ultrasound on Thursday which showed that the haematoma is still quite large, measuring around 11 x 10cm. I see the surgeon on Tuesday, so will see what he thinks then.
Anyway, on Wednesday I go in to Hollywood for the day (not exactly sure how long) for my round of chemotherapy. I really don’t have much idea of what to expect in terms of how this will affect me, except that with only one round I am better off than many. My oncologist tells that I need to avoid lots of people as my risk of infection will be high, although I am allow to exercise with restriction (yeah!). We will see.
Thank you so much for your thoughts and prayers. I’ve said it before and will say it again – it has meant so much to me to have friends who care.
And thank you all so much for your messages and emails, I have appreciated every single one. I know there are some personal messages I have not responded to personally – yet.
Hi Daniel and Ainslie, so incredibly sorry to hear your news, we will be standing with you guys in prayer for complete healing in Jesus’ name.
Thanks Chanoa! I am so into this beating cancer thing.
Dsn – thanks for sharing your journey. I have been praying and know that God is your strength. I also pray that Ainsley experiences God’s peace. I know how she might be feeling after Daves brain tumour was removed. We miss not seeing you both and hope that you have found a church to be connected to.
I can imagine that you can understand what Ainsley is going through. In many ways, she found the hospital visit etc for chemotherapy more emotionally challenging than I did. |
0.999998 | Wipe your iPhone before selling it, because if you don't you might get your data stolen: "Even if you can't use your phone, you can safeguard your data. For instance, Apple does let you remotely wipe everything using Find My iPhone from another iOS device. That has to be enabled: if you've never switched on Find My iPhone or you've actively switched it off, you can't remote wipe."
The moral of the story is: turn on Find my iPhone. |
0.999998 | Smart Alec, who is a private investigator, tried to solve the mysterious murder of a prominent businessman.
He was a mysterious man. He used to go out every evening and come back in the morning.
They are investigating the mysterious disappearance of a young man.
The man you described, enigmatic, mysterious.
several mysterious events happened which no-one had ever been able to explain.
Several people reported seeing mysterious lights in the sky. |
0.9431 | What is a dry port? It is an inland intermodal terminal of goods directly connected by road or rail to a seaport, where foreign trade and logistics services can be provided.
In the Customs Office of Córdoba there are several authorized dry ports, which lead most of the companies of the province and their influence zones to operate for it.
-Foreign Trade Chamber of Córdoba – City of Córdoba. |
0.999937 | Big Y Group tapped DLA+ to design the space as it opened its sixth restaurant; the location is the ground floor of Two PPG Place. The concept is a high end Mediterranean Restaurant, which incorporates the following design concepts; a large bar with strong visual curb appeal, open kitchen, operable doors and windows that connect to the square and open to a large sidewalk dining area.
Develop a new concept restaurant for the Big Y Group’s sixth restaurant, a Mediterranean Restaurant, and re-invigorate this space on the corner of busy downtown square.
Located on corner of the ground floor of Two PPG Place in the busy Market Square area of downtown Pittsburgh, the design of the new restaurant would have to have to play a role in re-energizing a space that had long been considered a dead corner of the building. With high end Mediterranean as the restaurant concept, the design for POROS incorporates features that are important and expected by consumers in a high-end establishment. These included a large bar, open kitchen, private dining spaces, operable doors and windows that connect to the square and open to a large raised outdoor dining area. Perhaps the most important aspect for the design was that outdoor space and creating strong visual curb appeal to help bring new life to this corner retail space. |
0.975956 | Cleopatra, the famed Egyptian Queen born in 69 B.C., is shown to have been brought by Roman ruler Julius Caesar at age 18. Caesar becomes sexually .
The generally accepted version of the death of the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII of, lived and ruled in the I century BC, was the original story of the ancient.
Cleopatra, the famed Egyptian Queen born in 69 B.C., is shown to have been brought by Roman ruler Julius Caesar at age 18. Caesar becomes sexually. |
0.949358 | Belgian national football team has a long tradition of participating at the FIFA World Cup competition as they made their debut at the World Cup in 1930. They never managed to win the title at the World Cup but they had several good competitions where they performed very well. Their first performance at the World Cup did not end well for them as the finished in the eleventh place. Since then, they had many good and not so good moments.
Belgian national football team debuted at the FIFA World Cup in 1930 and they managed to secure their place in the next two World Cups. However, since 1938 to 1954, Belgium was not able to win their place in the competition and that was one of the darkest periods in Belgian football history. In 1954, Belgium was considered as one of the main favorites for the titles after their game against England in the first round finished draw. However, they were not able to meet those expectations as they finished in the fourth place in the group stage of the competition. After that World Cup, it will take Belgium almost twenty years before they would be able to return to the FIFA World Cup. Between 1954 and 1970, Belgian football was not in a good place and they had huge problems with their team. Only in 1970, Belgian national team managed to secure their place at the World Cup but even then they were not able to advance from the group stage.
After 1970 World Cup, Belgian national football team would go on to miss the 1974 and 1978 World Cup and they would return to this competition once again in 1982. However, this time it was different as Belgium won the first place in the group. In the group stage, they also managed to defeat the defending champion Argentina which made them a dark horse of the competition. Despite that, they were eliminated from the competition in the second stage of the World Cup. Four years after that World Cup, Belgium return to the competition in Mexico 1986. New rules of the competition enabled Belgium to advance to the next stage even though the finished in the third place in the group stage. That year, Belgium would go on to the semi-finals where they would be defeated by Argentina which meant that Belgium will be fighting for the third place. In the third place game, Belgium faced France but they were not able to win in that game as France won with the score 4-2. Despite that, Belgium won the fourth place and that is still their best result at the FIFA World Cup. After that, at the 1990, 1994, and 1998 World Cup, Belgium did not have much success even though they advanced to the eliminated stage of the competition at each of those World Cups. Each time, they were eliminated in the second round of the competition and they were not able to come even close to the fourth place that they won in 1986 in Mexico.
At the turn of the century, it was expected that Belgium will be performing much better as they had a very good team. However, at the first World Cup of 21st century, the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan, managed to win the second place in the group and advance to the knockout stage. In the first round of the knockout stage, they faced Brazil who eventually went and won the competition and Belgium was not able to do anything in that match and they were defeated with the score 2-0. Since then, Belgium was in serious problems when it comes to their performances at World Cup as they were not able to secure their place in the competition for twelve years. Only in 2014, Belgium returned to the World Cup scene and at that moment, huge things were expected from them as they were one of the best teams in the qualifications. At that World Cup, Belgium won the first place in the group stage and advanced to the knockout stage.
In the first round of the knockout stage, Belgium faced the United States. It was a tough match and the regular 90 minutes of the game finished without a winner. That meant that they will be playing extra time and in those periods, Belgium proved to be much more successful and they won that game with the score 2-1. After eliminating the United States, Belgium was to face Argentina in the quarter-finals. Argentina was one of the biggest favorites for the title and that was felt in the match. With the early goal from Higuain, Argentina managed to eliminate Belgium from the 2014 World Cup. However, Belgium has already secured their place at the 2018 World Cup that will be played in Russia and there, they will be one of the biggest contenders for the title as they have never been stronger. The Rubik's Cube is the most popular puzzle toy. Read the beginner's solution guide to learn how to solve it easily. |
0.98834 | Compared to other academic disciplines ethics seems to have reservations regarding the trust phenomenon. Hence, fundamental questions about its concept are not answered sufficiently: How could the practice of trust – especially concerning its normativity – be understood if it is basically tacit?
Compared to other academic disciplines ethics seems to have reservations regarding the trust phenomenon. Hence, fundamental questions about its concept are not answered sufficiently: How could the practice of trust – especially concerning its normativity – be understood if it is basically tacit? In this article the author proposes the thesis that the normativity of trust, although located on an implicit level, is by no means unstable or weak. In fact, each trust interaction comprises inherent axiological and deontic components; furthermore, it is carried by the social framework, which consists of intersubjectively shared norms and values. Facing its normative complexity that implicates contextual openness and connectivity, trust is an underutilised source in ethics.
Im Vergleich zu anderen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen ist das Interesse der Ethik am Phänomen „Vertrauen“ bislang zurückhaltend, weshalb grundlegende konzeptionelle Fragen nicht hinreichend beantwortet wurden: Wie ist die Praxis des Vertrauens, insbesondere hinsichtlich ihrer Normativität, zu verstehen, wenn der Vorgang des Vertrauensgebens und -nehmens im Wesentlichen unausgesprochen bleibt? In diesem Aufsatz wird die These vertreten, dass die Normativität des Vertrauens, die auf einer impliziten Ebene verortet werden muss, keineswegs instabil oder schwach ist. Vielmehr umfasst eine Vertrauensinteraktion inhärente axiologische und deontische Komponenten und wird darüber hinaus vom sozialen Interaktionsrahmen getragen, der sich unter anderem durch intersubjektiv geteilte Normen und Werte konstituiert. Angesichts der normativen Komplexität, die eine Offenheit und Anschlussfähigkeit für verschiedene Kontexte impliziert, ist „Vertrauen“ in der Ethik eine zu wenig genutzte normative Quelle. |
0.984842 | If a substance is hydrophobic, it does not dissolve in water. Lipids are hydrophobic because lipids are nonpolar molecules and water molecules are polar.
Lipids are a group of molecules that includes fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids (such as cholesterol) and other related compounds.
A polar molecule has two bonded atoms that do not share electrons. Polar molecules are only attracted to other polar molecules. Polar molecules are hydrophilic because they dissolve in water by forming hydrogen bonds.
Nonpolar molecules are not attracted to polar molecules and are called hydrophobic because they do not dissolve in water.
According to Carnegie Mellon, lipid molecules are hydrophobic because they consist of long, 18-22 carbon-hydrocarbon backbones and contain only a small amount of oxygen.
One type of lipids, called phospholipids, are amphipatic, that is, both hydrophillic and hydrophobic. |
0.99649 | What has Stephen Hawking done for science?
Physicists working on Einstein's theory of gravity noticed that it allowed for singularities – points where spacetime appeared to be infinitely curved. But it was unclear whether singularities were real or not. Roger Penrose at Birkbeck College in London proved that singularities would indeed form in black holes. Later, Penrose and Hawking applied the same idea to the whole universe and showed that Einstein's theory predicted a singularity in our distant past. It was the big bang.
Black holes have their own set of laws that mirror the more familiar laws of thermodynamics. Hawking came up with the second law, which states that the total surface area of a black hole will never get smaller, at least so far as classical (as opposed to quantum) physics is concerned. Also known as the Hawking area theorem, it created a puzzle for physicists. The law implied that black holes were hot, a contradiction of classical physics that said black holes could not radiate heat. In separate work, Hawking worked on the "no hair" theorem of black holes, which states that black holes can be characterised by three numbers – their mass, angular momentum and charge. The hair in question is other information that vanishes when it falls into the black hole.
Nothing can escape a black hole, or so physicists once thought. Hawking drew on quantum theory to show that black holes should emit heat and eventually vanish. The process is slow for normal black holes. It would take longer than the age of the universe for a black hole with the same mass as our sun to evaporate. But smaller black holes evaporate faster, and near the end of their lives release heat at a spectacular rate. In the last tenth of a second, a black hole could explode with the energy of a million one megaton hydrogen bombs.
A popular theory in cosmology holds that the fledgling universe went through a period of rapid inflation soon after the big bang. Hawking was one of the first to show how quantum fluctuations – minuscule variations in the distribution of matter – during inflation might give rise to the spread of galaxies in the universe. What started as a tiny difference grew into the cosmic structure we see, as gravity made matter clump together. Recent maps of the heavens that pick up the faint afterglow of the big bang reveal the kinds of variations Hawking worked with.
Hawking has spent much of his time trying to develop a quantum theory of gravity. He started out applying his idea of Euclidean quantum gravity to black holes, but in 1983 teamed up with Jim Hartle at Chicago University. Together they proposed a "wave function of the universe" that, in theory, could be used to calculate the properties of the universe we see around us. |
0.99116 | In his 1944 opus “Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive,” the philosopher Johnny Mercer provided some bracing imperatives that, rightly understood, explain why I am supporting Ted Cruz for the presidency of the United States.
“You've got to accentuate the positive,” Mercer argued.
Quite right. These imperatives, while not quite categorical, are sufficiently compelling to command our attention. Ted Cruz is the only candidate who accentuates the positive, who latches on to the affirmative.
1. Executive power. Even many ardent supporters of President Obama have been taken aback by his style of governance, which has increasingly relied on two extra-constitutional expedients: a) executive diktat and b) regulatory hypertrophy.
Regarding the first: Every president, on taking the oath of office, promises to “preserve, protect, and defend” the Constitution and “faithfully execute” the laws. But Barack Obama has conspicuously failed to do this. Item: When enacting some provisions of the Affordable Care Act (aka Obamacare) turned out to be politically inexpedient, Obama simply declined to enforce them, “legislating,” as one report put it, “from the White House.” Item: When the state of Arizona sought to enforce immigration laws that were on the books but that Obama did not like, he ordered Border Patrol agents to ignore the law. This is just the beginning of a very long list.
Regarding the second: the Obama administration has vastly expanded the prerogatives of such agencies as the Environmental Protection Agency (just one example), which presides over a budget in excess of $8 billion and a workforce of more than 15,000. Increasingly, this alphabet soup of regulatory agencies, whose minions are unelected and essentially unaccountable to the public, impedes economic growth and harasses citizens with a burdensome regimen of bureaucratic paperwork and often pointless oversight. As Hayek noted in The Road to Serfdom, a low-level government bureaucrat wields much more power over our lives than a billionaire who might happen to be our neighbor or even our employer, for he comes bearing the coercive power of the state.
Ted Cruz is the only candidate, Democrat or Republican, who understands and is prepared to address the twin dangers of executive overreach and the stealth statism of regulatory bloat.
You are always hearing, even from those who do not support him, that Ted Cruz is “a constitutionalist.” In other words, he believes that the governance of this country should be guided by that amazing, 8000-word document the Constitution of the United States. At the center of the Constitution are two ideas: 1) that power should be dispersed and decentralized and 2) the People are sovereign. It is sometimes forgotten that the Constitution is essentially a prophylactic instrument, designed to protect the people from the state. The Founders were careful to frame a government in which the executive exists to execute, not to make the laws. That is why the first thing you come upon, in Article I, is a discussion of Congress, into whose hands the Founders intended to invest the essential law-making power of the government. There is some irony, perhaps, that Ted Cruz wishes to assume the office of the president in order to circumscribe the power of that office. But the fact that something is ironical need not detract from its truth. Barack Obama is the fulfillment of a long process of power consolidation in the hands of the president. He has not governed so much as he has ruled, partly by fiat, partly by intimidation. I believe that Ted Cruz would reverse that decades-long process whereby the president of the Untied States mutated into a sort of imperial bureaucrat. His ambition to limit the scope of presidential ambition would alone be sufficient reason to support Ted Cruz. |
0.999663 | I'm looking through the notes of a company on Payables and Accrued Charges, and trying to separate the operating liabilities from the non-operating ones, but am having a hard time with a few. I'd appreciate any help I can get, here.
I'm fairly sure that dividends and accrued interest are considered non-operating? I excluded Income Taxes Receivable from Operating Current Assets, was that a mistake? I'm thinking I should add that back because Income taxes are considered operating liabilities. By that rationale, I should keep other taxes in operating liabilities.
I'm not sure about the AROs, accrued deferred shares, pension and other payables. Any help here would be great.
I think the following should be non-operating liabilities: Income Taxes, Dividends, Accrued Interest, Other Taxes, as well as Current portion of asset retirement obligations and accrued environmental costs, Accrued deferred share units and Current portion of pension and other post-retirement benefits. I'm unsure about the last one.
I've been going through Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies, and the author mentions that "Operating current liabilities include those liabilities that are related to the ongoing operations of the firm. The most common operating liabilities are those related to suppliers (accounts payable), employees (accrued salaries), customers (deferred revenue), and the government (income taxes payable.)"
So, I'm not so sure that Income Taxes are a non-operating liability. And I think that makes sense, considering the company is potentially liable for every dollar it makes.
Help a fellow monkey out- what are some worthwhile electives?
Is there a way to figure out which office worked on a deal? |
0.995152 | The head of world athletics says he's ended a personal contract with Nike as the athletics world tackles a flurry of doping and corruption issues. Paul Chapman reports.
PLEASE NOTE: AUDIO QUALITY AS INCOMING The president of the International Association of Athletics Federations has bowed to weeks of pressure to end a personal deal with sportswear firm Nike. Sebastian Coe says he's now ended the contract, reportedly worth 150, 000 dollars a year, but denies there was any conflict of interest. (SOUNDBITE)(English) IAAF PRESIDENT SEBASTIAN COE SAYING: "I've always declared my interests with Nike as I have across a range of activities but it was purely on the basis that I felt that I needed to be able to focus, as I said, unflinchingly on the challenges ahead with my colleagues and particularly with the executive teams here at our headquarters and it had become a distraction, there's no doubt about that." Coe says athletics has been "shamed" by relentless doping cases and corruption allegations. He's promised to do all he can to clean up the battered reputation of his sport and the organisation that runs it His predecessor is being questioned by French police over claims he took payments to ensure athletes who failed drugs tests were still free to compete. |
0.962476 | Is it due to the differing aspect ratios of the formats? 4x5 is a "square" rectangle, having an aspect ratio of 2.5:2. 35mm is a more elongated rectangle with an aspect ratio of 3:2. As you can see, 4x5 "looses" some image area on the side(s) (in "landscape" orientation) that would be included in the 35mm ratio. Think of 35mm as being more "panoramic" as compared to 4x5.
That makes no sense whatsoever--the 47mm on 4x5 is a 12.3mm equivalent based on diagonal, 13.3mm equivalent based on long dimension only (ie cropped to a 3:2 format).
1) You were shooting on rollfilm, the 47 on 6x9 is only a 20mm equivalent, even longer on smaller rollfilm. 6x7 would give you about 2/3 of your 18mm-on-35 image.
2) Someone gave you the wrong lens and you didn't notice. A 58 or 65 would still be wider than your 18, given your 2/3 coverage a 90 would be the most likely suspect.
3) Maybe the back group was missing from the lens? I know at least some lenses will still work, albeit at modest quality, with an element missing, and they'll usually be longer than a complete lens. Seems extraordinarily unlikely, but I suppose not impossible.
4) There could be some discrepancy from an internal-focusing 35mm lens maintaining its field of view at close focus, while a unit-focusing LF lens will have its field-of-view shrink somewhat. But you'd have to be very near 1:1 to generate the magnitude of difference you report, and there's no way the Nikkor focuses that close by itself.
This is surely something I have been thinking about and not really understood.
According to the Schneider web site the angle of view is 105 degrees, same as the 65mm/5.6 75mm/5.6 and 90mm/5.6. The difference seems to be in the image circle getting larger with longer focal length.
For the 47mm it is 123mm (really not covering 4x5" requiring at least 150mm) and for the 90mm it is 235mm (i.e. almost double that of the 47mm).
The image will be more spread out on the filmplane as the focal length becomes longer given the same angle of view.
Looking at the 18mm nikkor ...what is the angle of view for this lens...is it more than 105 degrees?
Patrik, a lens projects a cone of rays. The angle at the cone's apex is the lens' angle of view. The circle defined by the intersection of a plane one focal length behind the lens' apex with the cone is the circle the lens illuminates.
If one considers only the part of the circle illuminated that contains a "sharp enough" image, then the lens' angle of view with good image quality is 2 arctan (that circle's radius/focal length).
So for the same angle of view, be it for the circle illuminated or the smaller circle with good enough image quality, the longer the focal length the larger the circle.
I recently rented a 47 mm Schneider (from Calumet) lens to try out. If 4x5 lenses are compared to 35mm at 3 to 1 then the 47mm should be equal to a 15 or 16mm 35mm lens. When I took a shot that I had previously taken with an 18mm Nikkor, I only got about 2/3 the coverage. Could someone please explain this to me? ( I couldn't get any help from the Calumet salesman because I wasn't 'buying a lens from them') Thanks, Michael WaldsteinWhich 47 SA did you rent? SA or SA-XL?
Which 47 SA did you rent? SA or SA-XL?
Also what Nikkor did you use? There's a big difference between a 18mm rectilinear WA lens and a 18mm fisheye, even if the focal length is the same.
I think Patrik and Dan may have it. The SA is designed for 6 x 9, not for 4 x 5 and only has an image circle of 123 mm. The circle of coverage is that in which one gets sufficiently high resolution. There is also the circle of illumination, outside which there is essentially no image. That is presumably also somewhat less than 153 mm, the diagonal of a 4 x 5 frame. So, if what Michael is observing is that the image doesn't fill the whole frame, that might explain it. On the other hand his remark that he is only getting 2/3 the coverage he expects from an 18 mm lens used with 35 mm format still doesn't make sense. If you compare short dimensions, the ratio of forrmat sizes is about 4, you compare diagonals, it is about 3.6, amd if you compare long dimensions it is about 3.3, In no case is it 3. The 4 x 5 focal lengths which might be considered comparable to 18 mm are thereby 72 mm, 65 mm, and 60 mm. Thus, no matter how you calculate it, a 47 mm with 4 x 5 has a larger angle of view than an 18 mm lens with 35 mm format. Even if the conjecture of coverage is correct, his report still doesn't make sense. Assuming he is using the SA, its image circle is 123 mm, which is already 80 percent of the diagonal of the 4 x 5 frame. The circle of illumination is presumably somewhat larger, certainly noticeably larger than 2/3 the frame.
The SA-Xl, on the other hand, is a 4 x 5 lens, and does cover the 4 x 5 frame, albeit with little to spare.
For the same format size, the angle of view goes down as the focal length goes up. So a 47, 65, 75, and 90 mm lenses used with 4 x 5 format don't the same angle of view. The approximate angles of view are: 47 mm, 116 deg; 65 mm, 99 deg; 75 mm, 91 deg; 90 mm, 80 deg. On the other hand, it is possible Patrik is reporting the angle of coverage. It is quite possible that the angles of coverage are the same, particularly if the lenses have the same basic design, but only differ in focal length. Dan's explanation for why the longer focal length lens has a larger circle of coverage is correct.
It should be noted that all of this assumes the lens is focused at infinity. If the lens is focused at a finite distance, then you have to replace the focal length in the formulas by the lens to film distance, which is always greater than the focal length. That means the angle of view is smaller. For example at magnification 1:1, a 90 mm lens used with 4 x 5 format would have an angle of view of only about 46 degrees, compared to 80 degrees at infinity. On the other hand, the angle of coverage may be pretty much unaffected by where you focus, so the circle of coverage would be larger when focusing close-up. In most ordinary photography, when you are outside the close-up range, the lens to film distance is not significantly larger than the focal length, so for all practical purposes, the figures at infinity apply.
Leonard, I was looking into the page below and it talks about the angle of view...maybe it is talking about angle of coverage but in that case the schneider site is using the wrong terminology. Sorry if I am adding to the confusion but that is what I read.
Patrik - Schneider's use of the term "angle of view" is very unfortunate, and is a source of much confusion. Rodenstock uses the term "image field" instead, which is perhaps a bit clearer. But the 105 degree figure indeed refers to the cone projected by the lens inside the camera, not the breadth of the scene that is included in the picture.
OK, I'll be more specific. I was actually using a Nikkor 12 to 24mm lens on a DX body. I shot at 12mm, so that's equivalent to 18mm on a 35mm body. I was set up across the street from a building that I needed to get all in the shot. No problem with this lens.
The Schneider was an XL 47mm on a 4x5 Cambo body. I shot from the same position and could get in only about 2/3's of the same scene.
I agree that it is clear that Schneider is using the term in a confusing matter. They are talking about the angle of coverage, not what is normally called, in English, the angle of view. My Horseman 980 film holder has an opening with diagonal just about 100 mm. Using that, the angle of view is about 94 degrees. With a 6 x 7 film holder, it would be even smaller. Perhaps the German term makes more sense, and it was just a matter of imperfect translation.
If I got the calculations right, a 47 mm lens will see 90.6 degrees vertically and 103.9 degrees horizontally on a piece of film 95 x 120 mm. On a chip 15.7 x 23.7 mm, a 12 mm lens will see 66.4 degrees v and 88.8 h.
Something ain't right here, and it may not be my arithmetic.
...So 4x5 and 35mm have the same aspect ratio? Well, I'll be!
Geometric distortion is of the barrel type at 24 mm and is visible there, but not occurring to a detrimentral degree. As you zoom the lens to wider focal lengths, distortion is reduced and around 18-20 mm you have a lens suitable even for architecture work. Towards shorter settings, the geometric distortion, predictably, picks up and a barrel-type of distortion is plainy visible at 12 mm. There must be higher-order components in the geometrical rendition too, because the lines curve much more towards the extreme corners. You should not consider shooting architecture with this lens set at 12 mm.
All right - that lens has considerable barrel distortion at the wide end. That means that the field of view at 12mm is considerably wider than a rectilinear WA 12mm lens would give on the same size film/sensor.
The reason I asked is that two of my most used 35mm lenses are a 18mm Zenitar fisheye and a 21mm Color-Skopar. The fisheye gives 180 degrees from corner to corner thanks to the whopping great big barrel distortion that is a "design feature" of these lenses. The 21mm Color-Skopar is very very wide, but also very far from 180 degrees!
So in essence you are comparing the coverage of a lens which is going a long way towards a fisheye (which is really only the extreme limit of barrel distortion) with an absolutely rectilinear LF lens. A little like comparing apples and bananas - both fruit, so how do I peel this apple?
Assuming that the sensor on a Nikon DX camera is 23.7 mm wide, then at 12 mm focal length the angle across the width is 89 degrees.
Assuming that the film on a 4x5 Cambo is 120 mm wide, then at 47 mm focal lenght the angle across the width is 104 degrees.
So Michael, I simply do not believe your story :-).
A 47 XL on 4x5 is the widest LF you can get btw.
A 6cm Hypergon is wider, but only on 8x10" film. And no, there were no shorter Hypergons made.
Using my pCAM software on my PalmPilot, the only way I could get the 47mm to only be 2/3 the image from a 12mm DX Nikkor was when comparing a 6x7 or 6x9 film area, certainly not 4x5. What might be of some interest from Ole's comments and link to Bjørn Rørslett, concerning the extreme distortion at 12mm was the statement: You should not consider shooting architecture with this lens set at 12 mm. However, even with distortion, this lens does not behave like a fisheye 12mm.
Using pCAM software again, a 2/3 image would work out to mean about 9mm to 10mm on standard 35mm frame or closer to 7.5mm on a DX frame camera body. Assuming 10m distance across the street, the 47mm lens should show an image area encompassing 21.5m by 26.9m. At the same distance of 10m, an 18mm on 35mm would show an area of 13.3m by 20m, while a 12mm on DX would show an area of about 13.9m by 25.1m. You could almost do a vertical shot with the 47mm on 4x5 and compare it to a horizontal shot using 35mm or that DX body. Maybe the OP was shooting landscape mode with the smaller camera, and did not rotate the back on the 4x5 camera?
Just to add more information, at that 10m distance, the 47mm on 6x7 would show an area of 12.7m by 14.8m. Using 6x9 holder, the area shown would be 12.7m by 19.1m. Using a newer digital back on that Cambo with the same lens would show less than about 9m by 12m of the same scene. Putting a digital medium format back onto a 4x5 camera means it is no longer a 4x5 camera, and actually much closer to cropped 645 format (actually near double 35mm size).
So hopefully the OP will chime in here and solve this puzzle. Either he had the 4x5 back in a different orientation, was using a roll film back, was using a Polaroid pack film back, or was using a digital medium format back (Leaf, Sinar, PhaseOne, et al). The other possibility, as others mentioned, is that Calumet did not hand him a proper 47mm lens.
I think 'Lazybones' has the most likely answer. The aspect ratio is different. |
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