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0.954416 | The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, the States, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 309 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest both by land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2009 GDP of $14.3 trillion (a quarter of nominal global GDP and a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity).
Indigenous peoples of Asian origin have inhabited what is now the mainland United States for many thousands of years. This Native American population was greatly reduced by disease and warfare after European contact. The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated the British Empire in the American Revolution, the first successful colonial war of independence. The current United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a strong central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms, was ratified in 1791.
In the 19th century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, the national economy was the world's largest.The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. It emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for two-fifths of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world. |
0.999998 | Think the loan with the lower interest rate is always a better deal? Not necessarily. The interest rate is a critical component of a mortgage package, but so are discount points.
A discount point is a dollar amount equal to 1% of your mortgage loan. It can be thought of as prepaid interest on your loan. It may be helpful to consider both the interest rate and the associated discount points when calculating the cost of your loan. A mortgage loan at 5% and three discount points is quite a bit different than a mortgage loan at 5% and no discount points.
Discount points are used to buy down the interest rate you're charged on the loan. In other words, there's a trade-off between your interest rate and the discount points you pay. For any given loan, you can usually lower the interest rate by agreeing to pay more discount points, or you can lower your discount points by accepting a higher interest rate.
In general, each discount point paid will reduce your mortgage interest rate by approximately 0.25%. Therefore, paying discount points will lead to reduced monthly payments and interest over the life of your loan. Because discount points are paid upfront, you will need to provide more cash at closing for your new home.
On the other hand, if you decide you don't want to pay any discount points, you won't need as much cash at closing.
How much do you have available to pay upfront?
Typically, if you plan to stay in your home five years or more, it might make sense to pay some discount points to get a lower interest rate. However, if you are planning to sell in a few years, it may make sense to trade a higher interest rate in return for paying fewer discount points.
Another important consideration is your available funds for closing. If you have limited available funds for closing and are able to pay a slightly higher monthly amount, you might be better off paying no points.
Don't forget that discount points may be tax deductible in certain circumstances. Consult your tax advisor for information regarding the deductibility of interest or discount points.
Customize and compare interest rates, payments, and estimated closing costs. |
0.94799 | Slavery in England had never been authorized by legal statutes. Villeinage, a form of semi-serfdom, was legally recognized but long obsolete. In 1772, a slave threatened with being taken out of England and returned to the Caribbean challenged the authority of his master in Somersett's case. Chief Justice Lord Mansfield ruled that slavery had no standing under common law and slave owners therefore were not permitted to transport slaves outside England and Wales against their will. Many observers took it to mean that slavery was ended in England.
Lower courts often interpreted the ruling as determining that the status of slavery did not exist in England and Wales, but Mansfield had ruled more narrowly. The decision did not apply to the Thirteen Colonies and Caribbean colonies, where legislatures had passed laws to institutionalize slavery. A number of cases were presented to the English courts for the emancipation of slaves residing in England, and numerous American runaways hoped to reach England where they expected to gain freedom.
American slaves began to believe that King George III was for them and against their masters as tensions increased before the American Revolution. Colonial slaveholders feared a British-inspired slave revolt, and Lord Dunmore wrote to Lord Dartmouth in early 1775 of his intention to take advantage of the situation.
In November 1775, Lord Dunmore issued the controversial Lord Dunmore's Proclamation. As Virginia's royal governor, he called on all able-bodied men to assist him in the defense of the colony, including slaves belonging to the Patriots. He promised such slave recruits freedom in exchange for service in the British Army.
I do require every Person capable of bearing Arms, to resort to His MAJESTY'S STANDARD, or be looked upon as Traitors to His MAJESTY'S Crown and Government, and thereby become liable to the Penalty the Law inflicts upon such Offences; such as forfeiture of Life, confiscation of Lands, &c. &c. And I do hereby further declare all indented Servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels,) free that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining His MAJESTY'S Troops as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this Colony to a proper Sense of their Duty, to His MAJESTY'S Crown and Dignity.
Within a month, about 800 former slaves had fled to Norfolk, Virginia to enlist. Outraged Virginia slave owners decreed that runaway slaves would be executed, and they also refuted the British Army's promises by claiming that slaves who escaped to the British would be sold to sugar cane plantations in the West Indies. But many slaves were willing to risk their lives for a chance at freedom.
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation was the first mass emancipation of slaves in America. The 1776 Declaration of Independence refers obliquely to the Proclamation by citing it as one of its grievances, that King George III had "excited domestic Insurrections among us". After the war began, a number of British generals issued proclamations calling for Loyalists to free their slaves so that they could join the undermanned British army and bolster its numbers. Among those issuing proclamations were John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, and Sir Henry Clinton. Jamaica's Governor John Dalling drafted a proposal in 1779 for the enlistment of a regiment of people of color (mulattoes) and a regiment of Negroes.
With the arrival of 30,000 Hessian mercenary troops, the British did not have as much need of former slaves. Sir William Howe banned the formation of new Black regiments and disbanded his own. But freeing slaves of rebels still held value as economic warfare against the American so-called Patriots. In 1779, Sir Henry Clinton issued the Philipsburg Proclamation, expanding Lord Dunmore's Proclamation and promising freedom to any escaped slave of a Patriot.
By contrast, the British often returned escaped slaves to Loyalist masters and requested the owner to refrain from punishment. In 1778 the Patriots promised freedom to escaped slaves of Loyalists. Many slaves who escaped to one side or the other, however, ended up being sold back into slavery.
But when the British evacuated their troops from Charleston and New York after losing the war, they made good on their promises and took thousands of freed slaves with them. They resettled the freedmen in colonies in the Caribbean, such as Jamaica, and in Nova Scotia and Upper Canada, as well as transporting some to London. The Canadian climate and other factors made Nova Scotia difficult. In addition, the Poor Blacks of London, many former slaves, had trouble getting work. British activists ultimately founded Freetown in what became Sierra Leone on the coast of West Africa, as a place to resettle Black Loyalists from London and Canada, and Jamaican Maroons. Nearly 2,000 Black Loyalists left Nova Scotia to help found the new colony in Africa.
Lord Dunmore's proclamation and others led to the formation of several Black regiments in the British army. The most notable were Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment and Clinton's Black Company of Pioneers. Other regiments included the Jersey Shore Volunteers, the Jamaica Rangers, the Mosquito Shore Volunteers, and the Black Dragoons of the South Carolina Royalists. It was also common for Black Loyalists to serve the military in non-combat positions, such as the Black Company of Pioneers.
The largest Black Loyalist regiment was the Black Company of Pioneers, better known as the "Black Pioneers" and later merged into the Guides and Pioneers. In the military terminology of the day, a "pioneer" was a soldier who built roads, dug trenches, and did other manual labor. These soldiers were typically divided into smaller corps and attached to larger armies. The Black Pioneers worked to build fortifications and other necessities, and they could be called upon to work under fire. They served under General Clinton in a support capacity in North Carolina, New York, Newport, Rhode Island, and Philadelphia. They did not sustain any casualties because they were never used in combat. In Philadelphia, their general orders to "attend the scavangers, assist in cleaning the streets & removing all newsiances being thrown into the streets".
Lord Dunmore organized his 800 Black Loyalist volunteers into the Ethiopian Regiment. They trained in the rudiments of marching and shooting before engaging in their first conflict at the Battle of Kemp's Landing. The Patriot militia at Kemp's Landing was unprepared for the attack and retreated. Next, Dunmore led the Royal Ethiopians into the Battle of Great Bridge; Dunmore was overconfident and misinformed about the Patriot numbers, however, and the Patriots overwhelmed the British troops. After the battle, Dunmore loaded his Black troops onto ships of the British fleet, hoping to take the opportunity to train them better. The cramped conditions led to the spread of smallpox. By the time that Dunmore retreated to the Province of New York, only 300 of the original 800 soldiers had survived.
The "Black Brigade" was a small combat unit of 24 in New Jersey led by Colonel Tye, a slave from Monmouth County, New Jersey who had escaped to British lines early in the war. The title of colonel was not an official military designation, as blacks were not formally commissioned as officers, but such titles were permitted in an unofficial capacity. Tye and the Black Brigade were the most feared Loyalists in New Jersey, and he led them in several raids from 1778 at the Battle of Monmouth to defending the British in occupied New York in the winter of 1779. Beginning in June 1780, Tye led several actions against Patriots in Monmouth County, and he was wounded in the wrist during a raid on a Patriot militia leader in September. Within weeks, he died from gangrene, and Black Pioneer leader Stephen Blucke took over the Black Brigade and led it through the end of the war.
When peace negotiations began after the Battle of Yorktown, a primary issue of debate was the fate of Black British soldiers. Loyalists who remained in the United States wanted Black soldiers returned so their chances of receiving reparations for damaged property would be increased, but British military leaders fully intended to keep the promise of freedom made to Black soldiers despite the anger of the Americans.
In the chaos as the British evacuated Loyalist refugees, particularly from New York and Charleston, many American slave owners attempted to recapture their former slaves. Some would capture any Black, including those born free before the war, and sell them into slavery. The US Congress ordered George Washington to retrieve any American property, including slaves, from the British, as stipulated by the Treaty of Paris (1783).
Since Sir Guy Carleton intended to honour the promise of freedom, the British proposed a compromise that would compensate slave owners and provide certificates of freedom and the right to be evacuated to one of the British colonies to any Black person who could prove his service or status. The British transported more than 3,000 Black Loyalists to Nova Scotia, the greatest number of people of African descent to arrive there at any one time. One of their settlements, Birchtown, Nova Scotia was the largest free African community in North America for the first few years of its existence.
In 1793, the British transported another 3,000 Blacks to Florida, Nova Scotia and England as free men and women. Their names were recorded in the Book of Negroes by General Carleton.
Not all were so lucky. In the South, blacks were seen as easy targets, and planters often ignored their claims of freedom. Many British officers and Loyalists considered them to be spoils of war. When Britain ceded Florida to Spain, many of the freedmen, who had been transported there from the United States, were left behind when the British pulled out. However, the Spanish both offered freedom and the right to bear arms to blacks who would convert to Catholicism and encouraged slaves to escape to Florida.
Many descendants of Black loyalists have been able to track their ancestry by using General Carleton's Book of Negroes. The number of these descendants is unknown.
Between 1776 and 1785, around 3,500 Blacks were transported to Nova Scotia from the United States, part of a larger migration of about 34,000 Loyalist refugees. This massive influx of people increased the population by almost 60%, and led to the establishment of New Brunswick as its own colony in 1784. Most of the free Blacks settled at Birchtown, the largest Black township in North America at the time, next to the town of Shelburne, settled by whites. There are also a number of Black loyalists buried with unmarked graves in the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia).
Among, the descendants of the Black Loyalists are noted figures such as Rose Fortune, a Black woman living in Nova Scotia who became a police officer and a businesswoman. Measha Brueggergosman (née Gosman), the Canadian opera and concert singer, is a New Brunswick native and descendant of a Black Loyalist through her father. In the closing days of the Revolution, along with British troops and other Black Loyalists, her paternal four-times-great-grandfather and grandmother left the colonies. They were resettled in Shelburne with their first child, who had been born free behind British lines in New York.
The Black Loyalist settlement of Birchtown, Nova Scotia was declared a National Historic Site in 1997. A seasonal museum commemorating the Black Loyalists was opened in that year by the Black Loyalist Heritage Society. A memorial has been established at the Black Loyalist Burying Ground. Built around the historic Birchtown school and church, the museum was badly damaged by an arson attack in 2008 but rebuilt. The Society began plans for a major expansion of the museum to tell the story of the Black Loyalists in America, Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone.
Some Black Loyalists were transported to London, where they struggled to create new lives. Sympathy for the black veterans who had fought for the British stimulated support for the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor. This organization backed the resettlement of the black poor from London to a new British colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa. In addition, Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia were offered the opportunity to relocate, and about half chose to move to the new colony. Today the descendants of these pioneers are known as the Sierra Leone Creole people, or Krios. They live primarily in the Western Area of Freetown.
Black Loyalists from the American South brought their languages to Freetown, such as Gullah from the Low Country and African American Vernacular English. Their lingua franca was a strong influence on the descendants of this community, who developed Krio as a language. Many of the Sierra Leone Creoles or Krios can trace their ancestry directly to their Black Loyalist ancestors.
An example of such an ancestor is Harry Washington, likely born about 1740 in The Gambia, enslaved as a young man and shipped to Virginia. He was purchased by George Washington in 1763; he escaped about 1776 in Virginia to British lines, eventually making his way to New York. He was among free blacks evacuated to Nova Scotia by the British following the war. He later took the opportunity to migrate to Freetown in Africa. There by 1800 he became the leader of a rebellion against colonial rule and faced a military tribunal. His descendants are part of the Creole population, who make up 5.8% of the total.
The saga of the Black Loyalists inspired Lawrence Hill's 2007 novel The Book of Negroes (published as someone knows my name in the United States). It won the 2008 Commonwealth Award for Fiction.
^ The Book of Negroes, Black Loyalists.
^ Jefferson, Thomas (1900). The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia. p. 621 (#5808). Retrieved August 6, 2010.
^ Selig, Robert A. "The Revolution's Black Soldiers". AmericanRevolution.org. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ a b c "Lord Dunmore's Proclamation". Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ Jack Phillip Greene, Jack Richon Pole (2000). A Companion to the American Revolution. Blackwell Publishing. p. 241. ISBN 0-631-21058-X. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ "Escape from Slavery". Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ a b "The Philipsburg Proclamation". Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ Dalling, John (May 25, 1779). "Black Loyalists Proposed Corps". Loyalist Institute. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ a b "The Royal Ethiopian". Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
^ a b c "The Black Pioneers". Black Loyalists:Our History, Our People. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Nan Cole and Todd Braisted (February 2, 2001). "A History of the Black Pioneers". Loyalist Institute.
^ "The Treaty of Paris". Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ "Who were the Black Loyalists?". Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Museum. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Among them was Deborah Squash, a 20-year-old woman who had escaped from George Washington's plantation in 1779. She is described in the Book of Negroes as a "stout wench, thick lips, pock marked. Formerly slave to General Washington, came away about 4 years ago." "Life Stories: Profiles of Black New Yorkers During Slavery and Emancipation" (PDF). Slavery in New York. New-York Historical Society. 2005. p. 103. Retrieved 2007-10-19. "Book of Negroes". Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History. Canada's Digital Collections. 1783. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
^ "Certificates of Freedom". Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ "The Book of Negroes". Africans in America: Revolution. PBS. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
^ "Returned to Slavery". Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ Sege, Irene (February 21, 2007). "The search:Interest in piecing together family trees grows among African-Americans". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ "Canada makes amends to descendants of black loyalists". The Economist. 30 September 2017.
^ Jack C. Whytock. Historical Papers 2003: Canadian Society of Church History. Edited by Bruce L. Guenther, p.154.
^ "Black Loyalist Communities in Nova Scotia". Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Museum. Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ "Rose Fortune, a special Canadian!". African American Registry. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
^ a b Pybus, Cassandra (2006). "WASHINGTON'S REVOLUTION". Atlantic Studies. 3 (2): 183–199. doi:10.1080/14788810600875414.
^ a b Lepore, Jill (8 May 2006). "Goodbye, Columbus: When America won its independence, what became of the slaves who fled for theirs?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 8 March 2015. |
0.974028 | Allan John Currie (born 12 July 1943) is a retired Royal Canadian Air Force fighter pilot, flight instructor, and avionics technician from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Currie was born to Jean and Clyde Currie on 12 July 1943.
Currie attended university on a sponsorship by the Canadian Armed Forces. He graduated 1966 with a BSc in Electrical Engineering (Electronics).
June Marie (born 18 February 1966), with a daughter and two grandchildren.
Michael Allan (born 18 October 1968), with an unknown number of issue.
Ian John (born 25 October 1974), with two children.
Jason Robert (born 7 March 1976), no issue.
Allan and Jackie divorced in 1980. At the time the children were aged 14, 12, 6, and 4. Jackie kept custody of their children, remarried, and moved around frequently in Manitoba. However, once the children left home they all settled down in Winnipeg.
In 1986, Currie remarried, to Yvonne Carol Narozniak.
His second wife Yvonne died in 2003. Since then he has stayed a bachelor.
In summary, he has 4 children, at least 3 grandchildren, and at least 2 great-grandchildren, for a total of at least 9 descendants.
After his graduation in 1966 Currie went through pilot training. He served with NATO in Germany flying the supersonic Canadair CF-104 Starfighter from 1968 to 1970.
[[File:CF-104 Starfighters of 417 Sqn in flight near Cold Lake e 1976.jpg|thumb|Canadair CF-104 Starfighters of the same type flown by Currie in Germany]] In 1970, he served in Lubbock, Texas for 3 years as an instructor on the T-37 basic jet trainer.
From 1973, he worked in Cold Lake, Alberta as an instructor on T-33 aircraft. Later, he worked as a Tactical Fighter Instructor on the CF-5 aircraft. Currie flew the CF-5 with Squadron 419 alongside Squadron 434. Squadron 419 was the training squadron while Squadron 434 was the operational squadron. Squadron 434 was Currie's Uncle Neill's old wartime squadron.
From 1977 to 1979, he served in Winnipeg as the Aide to the Base Commander, Base Information Officer and oversaw all the military students at universities from Brandon to Lakehead.
In 1979, he flew as an instructor on the Instrument Check Pilot School in Winnipeg, flying the CT-114 Tutor aircraft (as flown by the Snowbirds Air Demonstration Team) and the DC-3 twin engine propeller aircraft.
In 1980, he was transferred to Edmonton, Alberta, to train on the C-130 Hercules transport. However, he "really didn't want to fly the Hercs", and this, combined with a desire to be closer to his children in Winnipeg, led to his decision to retire from the Royal Canadian Air Force after 20 years, in 1982, and return to Winnipeg.
He took a Computer Tech Course at Red River College, and from 1984 to 1992 he worked in computer sales, service and managed a computer centre, in the early years of the Personal Computer era.
In 1992 he moved to Bristol Aerospace, who were overhauling the CF-5 aircraft he previously flew. Their overhaul included a total rewiring of the plane.
In 1994, as this contract was winding down, he "jumped ship" to Air Canada Technical Services in Winnipeg and worked as an Avionics Technician. There, he was involved in the overhaul of the Airbus A319/320/321 aircraft. This work "included all aspects of electrical work from replacing light bulbs, installing new systems like the inflight entertainment and testing and solving problems with systems like the Flight Management Guidance."
Currie retired from Air Canada Technical Services in July 2008.
Currie's Shih Tzu, Brandi, circa 2018.
In summers, Currie travels with his Shih Tzu , Brandi, and his trailer throughout Canada and the USA for 8-12 weeks.
In winters, five days a week he subjects himself to a robust training regimen: Zumba, Strength Training, Yoga, Cardio/Weights/Bands/Balance and Line Dancing.
This page was last edited on 9 March 2019, at 06:07. |
0.935856 | How to stop your computer from turning text into links?
For about a few months now, certain text on my computer has turned into links. The words "games" "insurance" "travel" etc.. on any site I go to and any text I write on WordPad become links to a search site that gives me results for those specific words. I have run anti virus and anti spyware programs and none of them have done anything. I just want the links to go away as they are annoying and tend to print out when I am printing important documents. Thank you in advance.
WordPad - View Menu, Options submenu, Options tab, uncheck "Automatic Word Completion" option..
2.) Tools menu, Internet Options submenu, Content Tab, Personal Information subgroup box, AutoComplete button, & choose which options to STOP doing 'autocomplete' for..
* HOWEVER, it may be that just doing IE like that just MIGHT take Word along with it, since much of Office since the iirc 2000 versions are 'document-centric' oriented & Word is an HTML editor as well. & calls from common dll's libs the system has like IE uses MHTML.DLL to do HTML functions! |
0.988461 | The prior probability is one of the quantities involved in Bayes' rule: It is the probability assigned to the event before receiving the information that the event has happened. After receiving this information, the prior probability is updated and the posterior probability is computed, exploiting the knowledge of the conditional probability .
Suppose that an individual is extracted at random from a population consisting of two ethnic groups, ABC and XYZ. We know that 30% of individuals belonging to group ABC have incomes below the poverty line, while the corresponding proportion for the population as a whole is 20%. Furthermore, 40% of the population is made of individuals belonging to group ABC. If we extract an individual whose income is below the poverty line, what is the probability that she belongs to group ABC?
You can find a more exhaustive explanation of the concept of prior probability in the lecture entitled Bayes' rule. |
0.960374 | In honour of #NationalBookLoversDay, I'm thrilled to have book critic, and my very dear friend, who goes by the pseudonym Surly Joe, review the quintessential Jazz Age book, 'The Great Gatsby' by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Enjoy!
America entered the 1920’s with a collective postwar sigh of relief and a fervent desire to enjoy life and freedom. Dancing, drinking, driving and decor became hip for the young moneyed class. It was a brief bubble of an era that wouldn’t last too long thanks to the Great Depression that loomed. But for the splendid moment, it was “the hour of profound human change”. It was the Jazz Age.
Party scene from The Great Gatsby movie.
Along with its intriguing plot, The Great Gatsby also illustrates the Art Deco look of the period. The women, with “hair bobbed in strange new ways”, accessorized with “innumerable pottery bracelets” and “sparkled cold with jewels”, drinking champagne “served in glasses bigger than finger-bowls”.
Gatsby’s mansion exuded the international influence important to Art Deco style. His library was “paneled with carved English Oak, and probably transported complete from some ruin overseas”. He also had “Marie Antoinette music-rooms and Restoration Salons”. Down the vast corridors were other “period bedrooms swathed in rose and lavender silk”. His furniture was as long and lean as the women at his parties, as elegant as the silk-suited men.
On the surface of The Great Gatsby, freedom and joy reigned and its Art Deco look beautified everything it touched. But the novel is ultimately a tragedy. Simmering below the elegance is unhappiness and disillusion and the realization that some wishes cannot be purchased. Wealth can’t buy love. Affluence can fuel emptiness and a mansion can feel even bigger for its lonely inhabitant. |
0.999798 | What does quantitative metrics mean?
Quantitative metrics are click-through rates, time on sites, or visitor counts, or any other measure in online marketing that can be represented numerically. They are not open to interpretation, don’t lie, and provide concrete information. Many marketers love quantitative data because it is the type that can be put into a spreadsheet and used to create statistics and comparison points. It can be manipulated and aggregated, and used to extrapolate future results.
Although quantitative metrics can be used to evaluate the conversion rate of your site and the overall success of your business, in order to find the real value of your business it is necessary to also include the qualitative metrics of your sale. By combining both quantitative as well as qualitative metrics you can determine the overall success of your eCommerce venture as well as your marketing and advertising campaigns. |
0.999997 | The humble apple is the cook's best friend, especially during the winter months. Apples are typically in season during the fall, but they are also plentiful during the winter months. If you are getting bored of eating fresh apple after fresh apple, why not try cooking them instead? There are lots of different ways to cook apples. You will not only end up with a tasty dish, but also something that will keep you warm and cozy on a chilly fall or winter night.
Wash the apples, cut off the tops, then remove the cores. Use a melon scoop or metal spoon to carve out the core; the hole should be about 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) wide. Be sure to leave the bottom ½ inch (1.27 centimeters) of the apples intact.
Choose good baking apples, such as: Golden Delicious, Jonagold, or Rome Beauty.
Score the skin of the apples lightly. Use a sharp knife to draw a line around the apples, widthwise. Do this several times: near the top, around the middle, and towards the bottom. This will prevent the skin from breaking while the apple is baking.
In a large mixing bowl, combine the brown sugar and cinnamon. For fancier apples, you can also add some chopped pecans and/or chopped raisins.
Distribute the sugar mixture evenly between the four apples. Each apple should get about 1 tablespoon of the mixture.
Add some butter on top of the brown sugar. Cut the butter into four, equal-sized cubes, then drop each cube on top of each apple. When the butter melts, it will mix with the sugar, and give you a delicious sauce.
Place the apples in a baking dish, then pour hot water into the dish. The hot water will help keep the bottom of the apples from burning. It will also mix with the juices released by the apples, and give you a sort of sauce.
Bake the apples for 30 to 45 minutes. They are ready when the flesh turns tender, and is easily pierced with a fork.
Let the apples cook slightly before serving them. Take the apples out of the baking dish, and transfer them to a serving platter using a spatula. If you'd like, you can baste them with the juice collected at the bottom of the baking dish.
Core the apples, then cut them into rings/slices.
Cut the apples into thin wedges.
Cut the apples into quarters, then into ½-inch (1.27 centimeters) thick slices.
Melt the butter in a large skillet over medium heat. Tilt the skillet from side-to-side as the butter melts to help it spread evenly across the bottom.
Stir the sugar and cinnamon into the butter. You can use white or brown sugar, but brown sugar will give you a better flavor. Keep stirring until the sugar and cinnamon are mixed evenly with the butter.
Add the apples, and cook them over medium-high heat for about 5 to 8 minutes. Turn the apples often with a spatula or wooden spoon so that they get cooked evenly.
Serve the apples while they are still warm. Scoop the apple slices out with a spoon, and serve them in a bowl. If you don't want the "sauce" leftover from the apples, scoop them out using a slotted spoon instead.
Cut off the tops of two apples, then scoop the cores out using a spoon or melon scoop. Try to make the holes about 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) wide. Leave about ½ inch (1.27 centimeters) of the bottom of the apples intact.
In a bowl, combine the brown sugar, cinnamon, and nutmeg. This will ensure that each apple gets and equal amount of spices.
Spoon the sugar mixture into each apple. Each apple will get about 1 tablespoon of the sugar mixture. If you need to, gently pat the sugar down into hole you carved out.
Add a cube of butter on top of the sugar. When the apples cook, the butter will melt and soak into the sugar. This will give you a sweet sauce for the apples.
Place the apples into a microwave-safe dish, and cover them with some plastic wrap. Use a dish with high walls, such as a ceramic baking dish or casserole dish. This will prevent the juices from leaking out all over your microwave.
Microwave the apples for 3½ to 4 minutes. Keep in mind that each microwave is a little different, so your apples might be ready sooner than that. If your microwave is not very strong, the apples may also need a longer cooking time. They are ready when they turn tender.
Let the apples sit for a few minutes before removing the plastic wrap and serving them. There will be lots of steam, so be careful not to lean over the apples while uncovering them. Also, it might be a good idea to let them cool for a few minutes before digging in, as they will be very hot.
Prepare the apples. Peel the apples first, then cut them into quarters. Remove the cores, then chop the apples into small cubes.
Put all of the ingredients into a large saucepan, and bring them to a boil over high heat. Place a large saucepan on the stove. Add the apples, apple juice, sugar, cinnamon, and salt. Stir everything together until the sugar dissolves, then turn the heat up to high, and wait for the mixture to boil.
Simmer the apples over medium-low heat, covered, until they turn tender. Depending on how thick or thin you cut the apples, this will take between 25 and 45 minutes. Stir the apples occasionally as they cook; this will help them cook more evenly.
Let the apples sit in the pan for 5 to 10 minutes before serving them. This allows the flavors to infuse better. It also allows the apples to cool down to a comfortable eating temperature.
How long should apple crisp be baked and at what temperature?
Apple crisp is usually baked at around 350ºF/180ºC for 35 minutes or so. For more help, see the recipe instructions here: How to Make an Apple Crisp.
Is it possible to be boiled prior to peeling?
Apples can be boiled without peeling them first, if this is what the recipe requires. It can help to cut out blemishes before boiling though, to be sure nothing rotten or unsavory is getting boiled as well.
Which apples are best for baking with?
Most apples can be used in baking but there are some that stay firmer when baked and are thus best. These include: Braeburn, Fuji, Granny Smith, Rome Beauty, Jonathan, Northern Spy, Cortland, McIntosh, Winesap, among others. These apples can be baked whole or added to baked foods such as apple crisp, apple pie, apple cakes, apple cookies, apple sauces and apple sauce.
Can I make tea from apple peels?
Yes, you can make tea from apple peels. Choose a sweet variety of apple and wash 6. Peel all 6 and place in a saucepan with 3.5 cups water, 1 teaspoons cinnamon and 1 tablespoon lemon juice. Bring to the boil, then simmer for 10 to 15 minutes. Pour through a strainer into mugs; sweeten with honey if you like. Serve immediately, as it's best when warm.
How long do cooked apples last?
They last a few days in the refrigerator and a few weeks in the freezer. If you leave any out on the counter, you will want to eat them that day or the next. They will harden over time.
My apples are very hard from an old apple tree. How should I cook them?
Microwave for 30 seconds and place into the freezer for 10 days. After this duration, remove from freezer and defrost/thaw the apple. Then place into 420 degree deep fryer and leave in for 4 minutes and 20 seconds.
Can I freeze apples when they are cooked?
It depends what you intend to use them for and how long they are going to stay frozen.
If I boil an apple, would it be soft instead of crunchy?
Yes, it would be soft. If you bake it with some cinnamon on top, then it would be crunchy.
How much sugar do I need to cook apples?
It depends on the recipe you're making, but the amount of sugar you will need should be included in any recipe you follow.
How do I stop my apples from turning brown when preparing them?
One part lemon or lime juice and three parts water should do the trick. Sprinkle it on to prevent browning, and you should be good to go!
To cook apples in the oven, start by cutting the tops off and removing the cores. Then, fill the apples with cinnamon, brown sugar, and butter and place them in a baking dish filled with a little bit of hot water. Bake the apples in the oven for 30 minutes at 375 °F. To cook apples on the stovetop, start by peeling and slicing them into wedges or rings. Then, fry the apples in butter, cinnamon, and sugar over medium-high heat for 5-8 minutes. For other tasty tips, including how to cook apples in your microwave or in a stew, read on!
You can always cook the apples using any of these methods on their own, without seasonings, such as sugar, butter, or cinnamon. Keep in mind that they won't be as flavorful, however. If the recipe calls for water, however, be sure to add it in so as to prevent scorching.
Store apples in a cool location, preferably in the refrigerator, away from strong flavored foods. Refrigerated apples should be eaten within 4 to 6 weeks.
Serve baked or microwaved apples with some whipped cream or vanilla ice cream for extra richness!
Use apples immediately after slicing to prevent browning. You can sprinkle the apple slices with lemon juice to prevent browning.
Add apple slices to 1 part lemon juice mixed with 3 parts water to prevent browning. Use the sliced apples within two hours of adding to the lemon water. Or refrigerate apple slices stored in water for later use.
If you want to make applesauce, Gala, Granny Smith, and Golden Delicious are all great choices.
Granny Smith, Golden Delicious, and Rome beauty are great choices for baking.
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 286,260 times.
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"Most helpful: cooking temp & time, and the reminder to add water to baking pan."
"Detailed steps + pics helped a lot! The scoring apple peel tip was big!"
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0.99982 | (CNN) -- Egypt says it will release the remains of EgyptAir 804 plane crash victims nearly seven months after the plane plunged into the Mediterranean sea, killing 66 people.
Prosecutor General Nabil Ahmed Sadeq has ordered the bodies to be handed to their respective families in coordination with foreign embassies, according to a statement from his office released Saturday.
The Airbus A320 was en route from Paris to Cairo when it crashed May 19. Authorities are still working to piece together exactly what caused the crash.
Details have been emerging about the doomed flight for months.
Earlier this week an Egyptian investigative committee, citing a forensic report, said traces of explosive material were found on the remains of Flight 804's victims. The case was referred to Egypt's general prosecutor.
A senior source from the airline told CNN in July that the plane's cockpit voice recorder indicated there was a fire on board -- and an attempt to put it out -- before the aircraft plunged into the sea.
Relatives of the crash's victims have been pushing for months for the remains to be released.
Passengers on the doomed aircraft included 40 Egyptians, including 10 crew members; 15 French people; two Canadians; as well as one person from each of the following countries: Algeria, Belgium, Chad, Iraq, Kuwait, Portugal, Saudi Arabia and Sudan. A British national on board the flight also has citizenship in Australia and Egypt.
Egypt also is still investigating the October 31, 2015, crash of a Russian passenger plane, Metrojet Flight 9268, that killed 224 people, most of them tourists. ISIS has claimed responsibility for that crash. |
0.994882 | Share the post "The horror! The horror!"
Videogames are perhaps the medium best suited to the horror genre as giving the audience agency brings the fear closer to home. With horror games being such an established component of the industry today, it is surprising to consider their almost incidental origins.
Arguably, the genre originated with Capcom’s 1989 title Sweet Home, which was a tie-in for a Japanese horror film of the same name directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa. It was designed as an RPG, though it featured elements that would form the core of survival horror, such as puzzles and health and inventory management. The key significance of Sweet Home, however, is that it led to the creation of the most influential survival horror game ever made, 1996’s Resident Evil.
Resident Evil had originally been planned as a 3D remake of Sweet Home, but during the development cycle it mutated into a nightmarish title in its own right, thus launching a series that would forever change the games industry.
The creepy Spencer Mansion, made difficult to navigate by devilish puzzles and fixed camera angles, was populated by horrific monsters who were notoriously difficult to kill due to tricky controls and the need to conserve ammunition. This set the trend for much of what has followed.
The next major leap came three years later, when Konami took Capcom’s formula for survival horror and kicked it up a notch to create Silent Hill. This represented the first psychological horror game, which also drew inspiration from the 1990 film Jacob’s Ladder.
Set in a town that mirrors the inner fears and torments of those who pass through it, the Silent Hill series brought a new and even more unsettling edge to the genre through its use of Freudian and Jungian psychological tropes, typified by Silent Hill 2’s infamous antagonist, Pyramid Head.
The 2009 title Silent Hill: Shattered Memories took matters even further by psychologically profiling the player and tailoring the game experience accordingly. The 2002 GameCube game, Eternal Darkness: Sanity’s Requiem, also broke new ground by including insanity effects that would represent the deteriorating mental state of the protagonist. Some of these tropes would even break the fourth wall such as a false message to the player stating that their memory card had become corrupted.
In the same way that survival horror was an offshoot of RPGs, action horror was an offshoot of the FPS; the first action horror being id Software’s Doom, released in 1993, with its brooding atmosphere and demonic imagery. This subsequently spawned a larger genre, most notably including 2005’s F.E.A.R. and the Dead Space series.
Resident Evil 4 marked the perfect hybrid of survival horror and action horror, but, while a triumph in its own right, its unfortunate legacy has been that its success led to the degeneration of mainstream horror into action titles increasingly devoid of the survival and psychological elements that had defined them for over a decade.
While mainstream titles have seen a decline in recent years, with Resident Evil 6 and Dead Space 3 performing notably poorly, attention has instead turned to the flourishing indie horror scene. Garnering critical acclaim and in some cases commercial success, titles developed by small teams such as Amnesia: The Dark Descent, the Slender games and Outlast have resurrected the genre.
Rather than evolving the horror genre however, these new independent titles are actually returning horror games to the roots that mainstream developers have strayed so much from. The modern focus on atmosphere, sound design and player vulnerability all trace their origins back to games from the 1990s.
The Lovecraftian charms of Penumbra and Amnesia hark back to 1992’s Alone in the Dark and 1996’s Quake; demonstrating that if there is one influence that has been at the core of the genre from its inception to the current day, it has been the mythos created by H.P. Lovecraft through his literary works.
The atmosphere and sumptuous sound design of Amnesia and the audio distortion of Slender were foreshadowed by the incredible audio work that Akira Yamaoka pioneered in the Silent Hill series, with sirens and white noise being used to terrifying effect, creating an environment in which often what you could hear was far more horrifying than anything you could see.
Player vulnerability is also key to modern horror, in which many titles don’t allow the player to defend themselves; running and hiding are the only options. This is hardly new, as 1995’s Clock Tower saw the player powerless to do anything other than flee from the game’s antagonist, Scissorman, and pray that they weren’t found and eviscerated with a giant pair of shears.
Scissorman was the original stalker character whose horror legacy was notably continued by Nemesis in Resident Evil 3 and has now manifested itself in the forms of the abominations roaming Castle Brennenburg and Mount Massive Asylum. These characters conform to a genre trope which mainstream action horror has so carelessly neutered.
With the vast gulf between the triple A and indie horror sections of the industry exemplifying the genre’s mixed fortunes of late, much attention has turned to The Evil Within, which is due for release next year.
Helmed by legendary horror maestro Shinji Mikami, the visionary behind Resident Evil 1, 2 and 4, The Evil Within’s aim of revitalising the moribund survival horror genre has raised hopes within the community. Only time will tell if Mikami can return to greatness the genre, which his work did so much to define. |
0.970921 | Congress approved a government-wide spending measure for the 2018 fiscal year that began Oct. 1 and included billions of dollars in additional funds for federal-aid highway, transit, rail and transportation grant programs.
After negotiating the deal and releasing the documents March 21, the House and Senate were pushing to pass it ahead of the midnight March 23 expiration of the previous stopgap appropriations bill that had held most federal programs to 2017 funding levels.
The House voted 256-167 on March 22 to approve it, and the Senate followed early the next morning in a vote of 65 to 32. President Trump in a tweet threatened to veto the bill over immigration issues, which would have triggered a government shutdown at midnight, but later announced he had signed the measure into law.
With enactment of the spending bill, highway and transit programs would be able to tap the higher full-year 2018 funding levels provided under the 2015 Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act, as well as billions more that lawmakers provided in infrastructure funding.
In all, a bill summary said, lawmakers approved $7.8 billion in new spending on Department of Transportation-administered infrastructure programs compared with levels enacted for 2017.
That includes $2.525 billion in new spending out of general funds on highways and bridges beyond levels Congress authorized in the FAST Act. It provides a $1 billion increase – to $1.5 billion – for the USDOT's TIGER project grants, $800 million more in transit formula funding and a $232 million increase to $2.6 billion for transit construction grants that President Trump proposed to end.
It has $1.95 billion for the Amtrak national passenger rail system, a $446.6 million increase, and $888 million for rail infrastructure and safety grants that include new funds for rail lines trying to deploy automated collision-avoidance systems and for federal payment of rail improvement loan costs that formerly railroads would have had to pay.
Lawmakers extended aviation programs another six months through Sept. 30. They provided $1.6 billion more funding than last year, which includes an additional $1 billion for airport improvement program grants and an increase to the contract towers program that ensures all existing towers in that program will be fully funded. And they continued funding at $155 million, up from $150 million last year, for the FAA's "essential air" program that subsidizes commercial air service to small and rural communities.
The bill also includes $100 million through the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration for a highly automated vehicle research and development program.
Outside the USDOT, the omnibus spending bill provides $789 million more to the Army Corps of Engineers for navigation and flood-control projects, plus increases in Commerce Department and EPA programs that provide infrastructure and diesel equipment grants.
Of the additional $2.525 billion for roads and bridges, lawmakers provided that $1.98 billion would be disbursed through formula programs to state DOTs, with the money available for obligation through fiscal 2021.
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials had urged appropriators to channel any additional funding through formula programs directly to state DOTs and transit agencies rather than through discretionary grants that let federal officials decide which projects to support and that require more time for the USDOT to take applications and award funds.
The bill also provides $300 million in new funding for federal lands and tribal projects, $225 million to a new rural highway bridge discretionary grant program in which states also save costs by bundling multiple projects together, plus $15.8 million for Puerto Rico highways and $4.2 million for territorial highways.
The measure also allows states to repurpose unused past funding for congressional earmarks to new projects in those states, and does not rescind any unused highway project contract authority as lawmakers have done at times to offset spending.
Lawmakers increased Federal Transit Administration funding by $1.066 billion from 2017, and included higher amounts than required by the FAST Act for several programs.
The new bill provides $400 million for FTA state-of-good-repair formula grants, $400 million for bus and bus facilities grants, and $30 million for high density state apportionments.
For Amtrak, the summary said "the bill rejects the administration's proposal to eliminate long-distance routes and funds Amtrak at $1.942 billion . . . This includes $650 million for the Northeast Corridor and $1.292 billion for the national network, which will help to sustain a rail system that serves over 31 million passengers in over 500 communities throughout 46 states."
The measure includes $543 million in consolidated rail grants, up from $68 million last year. Among them is $250 million for state of good repair grants – a $225 million increase – plus $250 million for positive train control grants ahead of a yearend implementation deadline, a $15 million increase to $20 million for short line rail restoration and enhancement grants, and $25 million in new funds to help small rail lines cover risk premium costs to use low-interest federal infrastructure loans.
The USDOT's Maritime Administration receives $979 million in the bill, a $457 million hike that includes $45 million more to speed up capital improvements at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, $300 million to replace one of six state maritime academy training school ships, and $107 million for the final decommissioning of the N/S Savannah.
Lawmakers also doubled, to $20 million, its small shipyard grant program, and the summary said that "every dollar we invest in improving the capacity and competitiveness of our nation's shipyards yields six times that in direct and indirect economic activity." |
0.999282 | The young woman who lost her father and sister in the M5 car crash has woken up from a coma.
Only a week ago Emma Barton, 19, was travelling with her fiance Chris Burbull and her family from a funeral when they were caught up in the carnage of Britain's worst motorway crash for the past 20 years.
Seven people lost their lives, including Emma's wheelchair-bound father Michael, 67, and her sister Valerie, 30, and 51 injured.
But the teenager has came round in hospital on Friday, where Mr Burbull has been keeping a vigil at her bedside.
A family friend Lee Rogers told the Sunday Mirror: 'Emma is doing fine and is recovering. We are taking things slowly and taking each day at a time.
Emma, who lost her mother Theresa, 46, to cancer in 2005, will now have to be told the devastating news that her father and sister were killed in the accident.
Police are still investigating the cause of the accident which involved more than 30 cars and six articulated lorries.
Several people from a nearby rugby club are being questioned after there were reports of thick smoke on the motorway shortly after a fireworks display.
Emma had travelled with her family to the West Country for a funeral and were on their way home to Windsor.
The teenager worked for Thames Hospicecare charity where she was a volunteer.
Chief executive Jacqueline Clark said in a statement: 'We were all deeply shocked to learn that Emma was seriously injured in the M5 crash.
'Emma is a lovely and very popular girl with a generous and caring heart.
'She has given so much to Thames Hospicecare over the last few years, firstly giving up her own time to volunteer for the hospice and more recently joining our staff as a retail assistant in our Windsor shop.
'Her willingness to help the hospice whenever and wherever she could is a testament to her compassion and kindness.
'This is an absolute tragedy and everyone at the hospice is praying and hoping for Emma's speedy recovery.
Inquests into the deaths of all seven people were opened by West Somerset coroner Michael Rose on Thursday.
The inquest was told that Mr Barton died from chest injuries and his daughter Valerie, 30, who was sitting in the backseat next to him, died from neck, chest and abdominal injuries.
Malcolm Beacham, 46, who was visiting the Holiday Inn, Taunton, died from a head injury.
The deaths of Terence Brice, 55, of Patchway, Bristol, who was a passenger in an articulated lorry and the driver of another lorry Kye Thomas, 38, are still to be ascertained.
It is still not known how couple Anthony and Pamela Adams, 73 and 70, of Newport, South Wales, died.
The coroner gave his permission for the bodies to be released and the inquest will be resumed within six months. |
0.999147 | The article discusses the economic stimulus package U.S. President Barack Obama has proposed. It compares the projected cost of the package to the cost of stimulus packages introduced by former presidents. It points out problems with the stimulus package, including the possibility of increased interest rates, inflation and debt for future generations of Americans. The package proposes tax breaks for individuals, businesses, infrastructure projects that create jobs and environmental investments. |
0.976435 | Doctors do not know the exact cause of nonbacterial chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Affecting the majority of men with prostatitis, CP/CPPS is frustrating for patients and physicians alike. However, we are learning that the diagnosis and treatment of this condition should involve a multimodal, whole-body approach, as opposed to addressing it simply as a prostate disorder. It is increasingly clear that in order to treat prostatitis effectively, we must find and treat the underlying cause of the symptoms, and not just treat the symptoms themselves.
The majority of CP/CPPS cases (90-95%) stem from problems that take place elsewhere in the body. There are a variety of triggers for CP/CPPS, including chronic stress, inflammation, chronic tension disorders, food intolerances, and pelvic floor disorders. For this reason, I would like to present a protocol that encompasses these possible causes into a holistic approach to diagnosing and treating the condition: The NPAT Protocol.
Using the NPAT Protocol, every patient participates in an individualized diagnostic and treatment program that completely focuses on his unique symptoms. Physicians using the NPAT Protocol recognize that symptoms of CP/CPPS, such as pain and chronic pelvic discomfort, are grounded in a man’s diet, nutrition, lifestyle, exercise, and personal response to stress, all of which originate outside of the prostate. In fact, diet is one of the most important elements in a whole-body approach. Because certain foods can trigger allergic or other reactions that contribute to inflammation and pelvic tension, eliminating these problem foods is an important step in treatment.
There are also foods that can specifically exacerbate CP/CPPS symptoms. Many prostatitis patients find relief when they avoid spicy foods (eg, hot peppers), acidic foods, alcohol, wheat, gluten, and caffeine. As bowel health and prostatitis appear to be intimately connected, taking probiotics can help restore the correct balance of gut microflora. This is especially important if the patient has taken antibiotics, which are commonly prescribed for prostatitis.
It is estimated that about 50% of CP/CPPS cases are related to stress- or tension-related pelvic floor disorders.1 This tension in the pelvic floor muscles can be due to psychological problems (such as stress, anxiety, or other emotional imbalances) neuromuscular tension, immune disorders, or food allergies and intolerances. Traditional therapies (antibiotics, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, alpha blockers) are unsuccessful at treating this tension; however, many natural and alternative treatments aimed at treating the physical and psychological source of the tension often result in success.
Treatments for pelvic tension might include acupuncture, biofeedback, pelvic rehabilitation and physiotherapy, trigger-point release, prostate massage, and/or exercise. An important component of treating pelvic tension is addressing the underlying psychological factors that cause or accompany the tension, such as stress, anxiety, and emotions. A typical treatment might also include dietary changes, including elimination diets and supplements. If the patient is overweight, weight loss is also strongly recommended.
The NPAT Protocol has elements in common with the UPOINT system (described below), in that it helps doctors and patients identify symptoms and problem areas and then employ treatments that specifically target those areas. However, NPAT involves more than just treating symptoms; it provides a broader and individualized look at a man’s entire lifestyle. I have found this multimodal, natural treatment approach to prostatitis to successfully provide relief where traditional treatments generally fail.
Identifying problem areas related to symptoms, and then targeting treatments that have been proven to be effective for those problems, helps patients avoid other treatments that are not only unnecessary, but also ineffective.
When evaluating a patient with CP/CPPS, both NPAT and UPOINT can assist in narrowing down the symptoms and their causes. Both methods allow physicians to develop an individualized treatment program with multiple treatments that have been proven to work for the patient’s specific symptoms. NPAT, however, takes diagnosis and treatment to the next level by identifying the cause of those symptoms and guiding the patient to make lifestyle changes that prevent recurrence of symptoms.
Both NPAT and UPOINT (organ-specific domain) employ the use of well-researched supplements. Phytotherapy, specifically, is one of the main naturopathic treatments for CP/CPPS. Some of the most researched Tier-1 phytotherapy supplements that have anti-inflammatory effects and promote pelvic health, include quercetin, pollen, and turmeric/curcumin, especially in combination with each other. Quercetin and pollen extracts are recommended as treatment for men whose UPOINT Domains indicate organ-specific prostatitis symptoms and/or pelvic spasm. These natural therapies have been well-validated in studies.
Another supplement combination that has produced impressive results consists of curcumin (from Curcuma longa), quercetin, stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). This supplement combination is also helpful for men with chronic bacterial prostatitis, which often does not respond to treatment with antibiotics.
A prospective and randomized study was conducted to determine the effect of these agents in combination with antibiotics in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis. The 143 men in the study were divided into 2 groups: Group A (106 men) received both the antibiotic (600 mg prulifloxacin daily) plus the 4 supplements for 14 days. Group B (37 men) received only the antibiotic. After 1 month, 89.6% of men in Group A were free of prostatitis symptoms, whereas only 27% of the men in Group B were symptom-free. Six months after the study ended, none of the men in Group A had a recurrence of symptoms, compared with 2 men in Group B. The authors of the study concluded that that the combination of quercetin, curcumin, stinging nettle, and saw palmetto can improve the clinical efficacy of prulifloxacin in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis.5 It is important to note that quercetin is contraindicated in combination with quinolone antibiotics because it can decrease the drugs’ effectiveness.
The best treatment program for chronic prostatitis involves a whole-body, multimodal approach that takes into account a patient’s diet, lifestyle, environment, and psychological health. The NPAT Protocol accomplishes this. Several natural agents, including quercetin, pollen extracts, curcumin, stinging nettle, and saw palmetto, have shown to be effective in studies for CP/CPPS.
Once the triggers of prostatitis symptoms are identified and treated, the patient should start experiencing relief. The healing process can take time, especially when dealing with pelvic tension and pain that is triggered by stress, anxiety, or other psychological factors, but patience and perseverance is the route to relief. Keep in mind that even if stress and anxiety are not the initial triggers of the patient’s prostatitis, these psychological factors can pose a barrier to treatment response in patients with long-term chronic pain conditions such as CP/CPPS. Consequently, treating the whole patient is key.
Shoskes DA, Berger R, Elmi A, et al. Muscle tenderness in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: the chronic prostatitis cohort study. J Urol. 2008;179(2):556-560.
Shoskes DA, Nickel JC, Kattan MW. Phenotypically directed multimodal therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective study using UPOINT. Urology. 2010;75(6):1249-1253.
Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Shahed A, Rajfer J. Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 1999;54(6):960-963.
Rugendorff EW, Weidner W, Ebeling L, Buck AC. Results of treatment with pollen extract (Cernilton N) in chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia. Br J Urol. 1993;71(4):433-438.
Cai T, Mazzoli S, Bechi A, et al. Serenoa repens associated with Urtica dioica (ProstaMEV) and curcumin and quercitin (FlogMEV) extracts are able to improve the efficacy of prulifloxacin in bacterial prostatitis patients: results from a prospective randomized study. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33(6):549-553.
Geo Espinosa, ND, LAc, CNS, is a renowned naturopathic urologist and a recognized authority in natural and complementary treatments for benign and malignant prostate conditions. Dr Geo is the founder and director of the Integrative Urology Center at New York University Langone Medical Center. He spent 5 years as a clinician, researcher, and director of clinical trials at the Center for Holistic Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, under Dr Aaron Katz. He is a prolific writer and a frequent contributor to medical journals, textbook chapters, and mainstream magazines. Dr Geo is the creator and blogger of his popular blog, DrGeo.com. |
0.999926 | Weddings are more than black and white. Your skin tone can be a great place to start in choosing your wedding colors. To choose colors that compliment you skin tone, you need to determine what type of skin tone you have: warm, cool or neutral. There is an easy way to do this. Hold a plain white sheet of paper next to your face and compare you skin color to it. If your skin has a green, yellow, olive or light brown tint to it, you have a warm skin tone. If it's pink, rosy, or bluish, you have a cool skin tone. And if it seems grayish or you can't determine a color, you may have neutral skin tone.
Once you've determined your skin tone, you can still pick colors from the warm, neutral or cool color groups, but you should make sure to choose the right colors from within those groups. For any of these colors, always choose shades that are more natural or earth tones. To learn why, check out my article: Wedding Colors That Look GREAT In Video and Photos.
Let's talk warm skin. First, for warm colors, pick colors such as reds, peaches or golds. For cool colors, go with warmer cools, like olive greens or violets. Definitely avoid cool blues and jewel tones.
For those of you with cool skin, start with cool colors. Blues, purples and pinks look great. On the warm side, stick with rosier pinks and reds, and pale yellows. Avoid strong red, orange and yellow warms.
If you have neutral skin, good news: you can wear any color! Just stick to more muted or neutral tones and avoid strong, over-saturated colors.
There are a handful of colors that look good on anyone, such as teal, eggplant and light bluish-pink. |
0.969161 | The reliability of data stored on a computer system is critical for business organisations. It can be viewed in a similar manner as insurance. If the data is lost and cannot be recovered, the entire business could be lost.
Think of a worst case scenario. The hurricane Sandy struck the United States in October 2014, causing $62 billion in damage. New York City suffered particularly severe damage. Business organisations which had their computer data backed up and stored onsite could easily have lost everything. Worse still, the damage may well have rendered replacement equipment unavailable. In a situation like this, only data stored in a remote or cloud location could have survived. This is what makes cloud computing and backup services particularly useful. But more about this later in the article.
As you can appreciate, loss of data is not limited to equipment failure or neglect. Data backup can also be destroyed by fire or natural disasters.
Cloud server storage. This is an external service provided by a cloud storage provider. Cloud backup has two main advantages; firstly, the data storage is located remotely from the business premises, and secondly, it can be accessed from anywhere using a mobile device.
Crash Plan. This is a commercial program for backing data up to a USB hard disk and will work on Mac, Windows, and Linux systems. A remote backup service is available for a monthly fee.
Before considering any one of these programs, users should think of how and where the backup data is physically stored to safeguard it from theft, fire, and natural disasters.
The backup configuration chosen largely depends on the amount of data to be stored and its importance to the business. Business owners should also be aware that the cost per gigabyte of backup storage has reduced significantly.
Storage tape or external hard disk drives with removable storage media. This is more suitable for a larger IT department. Backup data can be stored onsite and duplicated for off site storage.
There are also systems that offer access control, data encryption and auditing.
Loss of data caused by theft, fire, or natural disasters.
The second scenario necessitates that data is stored in a different location from where the computer equipment is installed. |
0.939922 | Cluj-Napoca ([ˈkluʒ naˈpoka]), commonly known as Cluj, is the second most populous city in Romania, after the national capital Bucharest, and the seat of Cluj County in the northwestern part of the country. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from Bucharest (324 kilometres (201 miles)), Budapest (351 km (218 mi)) and Belgrade (322 km (200 mi)). Located in the Someșul Mic River valley, the city is considered the unofficial capital to the historical province of Transylvania. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania. Other names for the city include: German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár, [ˈkoloʒvaːr]; Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and Yiddish: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg.
The Hungarian form Kolozsvár, first recorded in 1246 as Kulusuar, underwent various phonetic changes over the years (uar/vár means "castle" in Hungarian); the variant Koloswar first appears in a document from 1332. Its Saxon name Clusenburg/Clusenbvrg appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form Clausenburg was used. The Romanian name of the city used to be spelled alternately as Cluj or Cluș, the latter being the case in Mihai Eminescu's Poesis. In 1974, the communist authorities added "-Napoca" to the city's name as a nationalist gesture, emphasising its pre-Roman roots. The full name is rarely used outside of official contexts. In Yiddish it is known as קלאזין (Klazin) or קלויזענבורג (Kloyznburg). The nickname "treasure city" was acquired in the late 16th century, and refers to the wealth amassed by residents, including in the precious metals trade. The phrase is kincses város in Hungarian, given in Romanian as orașul comoară.
The city's population, at the 2011 census, was 324,576 inhabitants, or 1.6% of the total population of Romania. The population of the Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area is estimated at 411,379. Finally, the population of the peri-urban area numbers over 420,000 residents. The new metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca became operational in December 2008. According to the 2007 data provided by the County Population Register Service, the total population of the city is as high as 392,276 people. The variation between this number and the census data is partially explained by the real growth of the population residing in Cluj-Napoca, as well as by different counting methods: "In reality, more people live in Cluj than those who are officially registered", Traian Rotariu, director of the Center for Population Studies, told Foaia Transilvană. Moreover, this number does not include the floating population—an average of over 20 thousand people each year during 2004–2007, according to the same source.
Almost 50,000 Hungarians live in Cluj-Napoca. The city is home to the second-largest urban Hungarian community in Romania, after Târgu Mureș, with an active cultural and academic life: the city features a Hungarian state theatre and opera, as well as Hungarian research institutions, like Erdélyi Múzeumi Egyesület (EME), Erdélyi Magyar Műszaki Tudományos Társaság and Bolyai Társaság. With respect to religious affairs, the city houses central offices for the Reformed Diocese of Transylvania, the Unitarian Diocese and an Evangelical Lutheran Church Diocese (all of which train their clergy at the Protestant Theological Institute of Cluj). Several newspapers and magazines are published in the Hungarian language, yet the community also receives public and private television and radio broadcasts (see Media). As of 2007, 7,000 students attended courses in the 55 Hungarian-language specialisations at the Babeș-Bolyai University. Gheorghe Funar, mayor of Cluj-Napoca from 1992 to 2004, was notorious for acts of ethnic provocation, bedecking the city's streets in the colours of the Romanian flag and arranging pickets outside the city's Hungarian consulate; however, tensions have subsided since.
Cluj-Napoca is an important economic centre in Romania. Famous local brands that have become well-known at a national, and to some extent even international level, include: Banca Transilvania, Terapia Ranbaxy, Farmec, Jolidon, and Ursus breweries.
Cluj-Napoca is also an important regional commercial centre, with many street malls and hypermarkets. Eroilor Avenue and Napoca and Memorandumului streets are the most expensive venues, with a yearly rent price of 720 euro/m², but Regele Ferdinand and 21 Decembrie 1989 avenues also feature high rental costs. There are two large malls: Polus (including a Carrefour hypermarket) and Iulius Mall (including an Auchan hypermarket). Other large stores include branches of various international hypermarket chains, like Cora, Metro, Selgros and do-it-yourself stores such as Baumax and Praktiker.
The number of automobiles licensed in Cluj-Napoca is estimated at 175,000. As of 2007, Cluj County ranks sixth nationwide according to the cars sold during that year, with 12,679 units, corresponding to a four percent share. One tenth of these cars were limousines or SUVs. Some 3,300 taxis are also licensed to operate in Cluj-Napoca.
Higher education has a long tradition in Cluj-Napoca. The Babeș-Bolyai University (UBB) is the largest in the country, with approximately 50,000 students attending various specialisations in Romanian, Hungarian, German and English. Its name commemorates two important Transylvanian figures, the Romanian physician Victor Babeș and the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai. The university claims roots as far back as 1581, when a Jesuit college opened in Cluj, but it was in 1872 that emperor Franz Joseph founded the University of Cluj, later renamed the Franz Joseph University (József Ferenc Tudományegyetem). During 1919, immediately after the end of World War I, the university was moved to Budapest, where it stayed until 1921, after which it was moved to the Hungarian city of Szeged. Briefly, it returned to Cluj in the first half of the 1940s, when the city came back under Hungarian administration, but it was again relocated in Szeged, following the reincorporation of Cluj into Romanian territory. The Romanian branch acquired the name Babeș; a Hungarian university, Bolyai, was established in 1945, and the two were merged in 1959. The city also hosts nine other universities, among them the Technical University, the Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, the USAMV, the University of Arts and Design, the Gheorghe Dima Music Academy and other private universities and educational institutes.
The first mention of public education provided in the city dates back to 1409, namely the caption "Caspar notarius et rector scholarum" ("Caspar secretary and director of schools"). Concomitantly, a Catholic school founded during the 14th century also functioned in the city. Today close to 150 pre-university educational institutions operate in Cluj-Napoca, including 62 kindergartens, 30 primary schools and 45 high schools. Their activity is supervised by the County Board for Education. Most schools are taught in Romanian; nonetheless, there are some Hungarian-language schools (Báthory István, Apáczai Csere János and Brassai Sámuel high schools), as well as mixed schools — e. g. George Coșbuc and Onisifor Ghibu high schools with Romanian/German classes and Romanian/Hungarian classes, respectively. Statistics show that 18,208 students were enrolled in the city's secondary school system during the 1993–94 school year, while a further 7,660 attended one of the 18 professional schools. In the same year, another 37,111 pupils and 9,711 children were registered for primary and pre-school, respectively. |
0.999999 | B- A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field= software has been built which creates art that could not have been imagined by the programmer.
B- It may ultimately supersede human art= it is taking something special (ART) away from what it means to be human.
Would you please help me with the following sentences.
Children are prone to eating junk food.
2- C- ‘It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.’=It undermines a fundamental human quality.
B-it is taking something special away from what it means to be human. |
0.999775 | What is the meaning of the English word… PECK?
1. All the birds were pecking at the bread crumbs on the ground.
2. The birds pecked at the grass, eating little bugs. |
0.828796 | For centuries, faith communities took care of the depressed. After Greek and Roman times, the depressed, if severely ill, were often housed in religious institutions such as priories or monasteries. As a result, depressive-like symptoms have long been of great interest to the Christian community. Though monasteries were cut off from Greek medicine, a knowledge of medicine was included in the general education of monastics, and many monasteries (such as Chartres) were centers of learning. Caregivers of the depressed in these institutions held the prevailing view of the humors, so they took a biological approach (such as baths for eliminating black bile). Even so, depression (melancholia) was closely associated with the moral strength of the individual, and the care was very crude.
According to Andrew Crislip, Evagrius of Pontus (ca. 345–399 CE) characterized depression (acedia) as "the most troublesome of all" of the eight genera of evil thoughts and equated it with "the noonday demon" (a term Andrew Solomon used for the title of his 2001 book describing his own depression). Crislip notes that Evagrius is in line with a "long tradition in Christian moral theology" that understood acedia as "the sin of sloth."1 In describing religious melancholy (in his famous 1661 text Anatomy of Melancholy), Robert Burton suggested that one variety of melancholy was "that God himself is a cause for the punishment of sin, and satisfaction of his justice, many examples and testimonies of holy Scriptures make evident unto us" (citing King Saul as one such example). Melancholia was a malady that was visited on a person because he or she had wandered from the ways of God. Belief in God and the practice of religion were not the cause of melancholy, but melancholy could derive from religious excess or aberration. Despite Burton's interest in the humors that could cause melancholy, one cannot ignore the religious context.
Searching for meaning is an important part of the experience of depression, and in a nonjudgmental faith community, such a search is encouraged and supported.
Today, a few within faith communities may still consider depression a sin, but this is not the prevailing view, and clergy are much more willing to refer the severely depressed to a psychiatrist. Thus, faith communities become the recipients of the expertise psychiatrists have to offer in helping the depressed among them. But psychiatrists are often blind to what faith communities can contribute toward soothing the emotional suffering of the depressed. Faith communities, in my view, have some important lessons to teach psychiatrists.
In this discussion, when I refer to faith communities, I am assuming they are true to their mission, and that this mission involves supporting mental health and human flourishing.2 I speak from the perspective of a Christian faith community, because that is what I know best, but I believe that what faith communities can teach psychiatrists does not depend on the particular religious orientation, so long as that faith community functions well in support of its members.
Studies of religious groups, from Orthodox Jews to evangelical Christians,3 reveal no evidence that the frequency of depression varies across religious groups. Therefore, the mere existence of a faith community has nothing to teach psychiatrists. However, I have seen firsthand that there are ways that faith communities can minister to the depressed, if they are committed to their mission of ministry.
Psychiatrists count symptoms, but patients tell stories. These days, psychiatrists go through a checklist to determine whether a patient suffers from a disorder, as defined in DSM-5. There is nothing wrong with this process of diagnosis, but there is always a story behind the symptoms, and the patient wants his doctor (and his pastor, rabbi, or priest) to hear that story. There was a time, prior to the DSM-3, when a psychiatrist did not possess these checklists and had only the story as a basis for diagnosis: if the story was despairing, then melancholia; if bizarre, then perhaps schizophrenia. We are better off today (the diagnoses are certainly more reliable), and stories alone cannot direct modern therapies such as medication, or perhaps even cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Still, from the patient's perspective, there is a story, and it is important.
Richard had a story to tell, though he had difficulty telling it. His story was one of guilt over his failed marriage and estrangement from his two daughters, hard work in search of perfection, a sense of being stifled by never reaching his goals. His psychiatrist gave him meds, but his faith community listened patiently and tried to understand his story, especially the pain over his failed marriage. After all, faith communities are based on stories. Each faith community tells a larger story (a metanarrative), and the individual stories of its heroes (prophets, saints) fit into this larger story. For example, in Judaism, Passover is about remembering a metanarrative. Or, our stories of depression may lead us to identify with Job. In turn, each member of the community works to understand her or his story in relationship to the community's story. In Richard's case, the members of his church did not act in the way Job's friends did. Instead, the community listened to his pain but did not provide ready answers. Nor did they suggest that the pain was somehow not congruent with a strong faith or a proper understanding of God. Richard's story was one among many shared and equally valuable stories.
Faith communities help the depressed person search for meaning in the depression. Depression is an emotion in search of a meaning, yet that meaning may never be found while someone is in the midst of a severe depression. At times, the meaning is more or less apparent, but at other times, it is not apparent at all. Regardless, that searching for meaning is an important part of the experience of depression (it's not like such illnesses as a gallbladder attack). With the illness of depression, it is the search that counts, and a nonjudgmental faith community is an environment that encourages searching. Such communities tolerate uncertainty and futility in the search for meaning and adapt to their congregants.
Richard believed at first that his depression was caused by his failure as a husband and father, given the eighty to ninety hours a week he spent working. As he searched deeper, he realized that work was not the root cause of the failure of his marriage or of his depression. In fact, he found relief in his work, and his faith community affirmed his spiritual call to his secular work. He discovered how his story of being lost and eventually being redeemed fit into the Christian story of redemption. He had been only a nominal Christian until his illness; after his depression, he became much more active, studied more, and prayed more, which led to a gradual but definite improvement of his symptoms. He never did find an adequate answer to why his marriage failed, and he remained cut off from his two daughters. Stories do not have simple and neat endings, and supportive faith communities allow for this messiness.
Faith communities help us name our depression. We all search for a name for our infirmities. This has been called the Rumpelstiltskin effect. In that story, the maiden captured by the terrible little creature was promised freedom if she could name him. When we seek help from doctors, we want a diagnosis. Yet, for emotional suffering, a diagnosis often falls far short of giving us control over our pain. Again, this is in contrast to a pain in the abdomen, which can be better tolerated, even cured, once we identify it as a gallbladder attack and remove the gallbladder. Faith communities can help by providing different names for what might seem like such a sterile term ("depression"): "the dark night of the soul," a pilgrim's progress, fellow strugglers (such as Job), or growth through pain toward something better. These names evoke a sense of community by suggesting that all people within the community are walking the same path and slogging through the same tough times.
Richard needed a communal name for his pain. The theme of his faith community was "the journey," and congregants referred to themselves as fellow travelers. The journey was not easy, and was more difficult for some than for others. Richard was a hiker, so the metaphor of traveling a long road through life, often a difficult road, provided a name for his emotional suffering that resonated with him. Although he did not initially notice it during his severe depression, he came to discover that others were traveling that road with him.
Some caveats are important here. Faith communities that buy wholly into positive psychology, discouraging any negative comments or anything but a smiling countenance, do not function as they should to help the depressed. Likewise with communities which isolate the depressed into small support groups, walled off from the rest of the faith community. Even supportive religious communities that emphasize growth need to be careful about suggesting that all suffering has an apparent reason, because this may get in the way of recovery from depression.
Faith communities teach that hope and purpose are critical to healing depression. Depression often seals off those who are suffering from a sense of hope. They see no future, and our society does not always provide messages of hope to counter this perception. Faith communities almost invariably look to a future that is better than the present, finding hope in that future. Faith communities also work well if they stress finding a purpose—not a purpose that comes from someone else, but an individual purpose, a sense of discovering one's own unique mission.
Richard found hope and a mission. Despite his busy work schedule, he started helping others in his faith community by sharing his unique skills as a handyman and computer expert. In his personal study, he focused increasingly on hope in the future. This opening up to hope eventually brought him a wife from within the community, which in turn acted as confirmation that hope would bear fruit.
In terms of his recovery from depression, Richard is a success story. Not all stories have such happy conclusions, but I hope his helps illuminate how and what faith communities might teach psychiatrists about emotional suffering and the road to healing. And, I hope his story encourages those of us in the profession to focus on holistic care for our patients, whether a faith community is involved or not.
Andrew Crislip, "The Sin of Sloth or the Illness of the Demons? The Demon of Acedia in Early Christian Monasticism," Harvard Theological Review 98, no. 2 (April 2005): 143–169. Crislip notes that these depictions of acedia, which covered "a variety of psychological states, behaviors, or existential conditions: primarily laziness, ennui, or boredom," were transmitted through Evagrius's contemporary, the Latin-speaking desert father John Cassian.
Of course, this is not always the case. Groups we would classify as cults, such as those led by Jim Jones or David Koresh, those with rigid fundamentalist tenants, militant religious groups at war, and some isolated sects, tend not to tolerate the depressed.
So far, these are the groups where virtually all empirical studies have been fielded.
Again, it is important to note that faith communities can also be among the most destructive social environments for people with psychiatric disorders, especially if these communities are controlling, isolating, or abusive.
Dan G. Blazer, MD, PhD, is the J. P. Gibbons Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine and a recipient of the American Psychiatric Association's Oskar Pfister Award for work integrating religion and psychiatry. This is adapted from an April 3, 2014, talk in the Harvard Divinity School–Harvard Medical School Lecture Series on Religion and Medicine. |
0.978231 | Ghosn has denied all allegations against him and said he is the victim of a boardroom coup.
TOKYO: Carlos Ghosn's "illegal" arrest has interrupted his care for chronic kidney failure, which the former Nissan Motor boss suffers from as a result of treatment for high cholesterol, his defence alleged in documents seen by Reuters on Thursday.
The documents, prepared by Ghosn's defence team after he was arrested for the fourth time by Tokyo prosecutors last week and the details of which have not been previously reported, allege his arrest was designed to halt the defence's preparation and force a confession.
The prosecutors re-arrested last Thursday Ghosn at his Tokyo residence where he had been staying following his release on a $9 million bail. He has since been returned to a detention centre where he previously spent more than 100 days. Prosecutors arrested him on suspicion of enriching himself at a cost of $5 million to Nissan.
"This arrest is illegal," the defence said in one of the documents, dated April 5, the day after he was re-arrested.
Interrupting his treatment for the "convenience of prosecutors' investigation" was "inhuman", the defence said in the document. |
0.996669 | The southernmost city in the entire continental United States, Key West is one of the most naturally beautiful spots in all of Florida. Boasting a tropical climate and stunning scenery in every direction, Key West is such a pretty place you won't want to spend a single second indoors. Fortunately, there are plenty of excellent outdoor activities to enjoy. From fishing to snorkeling, many of the best things to do in Key West involve exploring the waters, and the area is especially excellent for kayaking.
There are plenty of different kayaking companies to choose from all around Key West, with a range of different tours and rental options available to suit every kind of visitor. No matter whether you’re looking to have a close encounter with the incredible native flora and fauna or simply take in the breathtaking views of mangroves and the surrounding ocean, kayaking in Key West in one of the most exciting activities in the whole of Florida.
Tourists flock from all four corners of the world to visit Key West. Florida is already known as a premium tourist destination with its Disney World theme parks and other attractions, but Key West shows off the real natural beauty of the Sunshine State, far away from urban areas and man-made structures. With sparkling turquoise waters, magnificent mangroves, astonishing wildlife and picturesque views in every single direction, there are simply so many reasons why someone might want to visit Key West.
With all that natural beauty around, it’s only natural that kayaking in Key West is one of the very best activities to enjoy in this area. For many people, visiting Key West and jumping aboard a kayak is also a great way to get in touch with some stunning wildlife. Dolphins and sea turtles can sometimes be spotted, as well as countless types of fish and birds. Plant life can be enjoyed in abundance as well, with the area boasting some beautiful flowers and trees. In short, if you want to enjoy the beauty of nature in one of the most peaceful and relaxing ways possible, a kayak tour around Key West is something you’ll adore.
As previously stated, there are lots of different options for people looking to kayak around Key West. In fact, no trip to the key can be experienced without at least coming across a few kayaking companies, with each one proposing their own unique tours and opportunities. Some of the best rated kayak operators in Key West include Lazy Dog, Fury Water Adventures, Honest Eco, and Key West Eco Tours, but there are several other great Key West kayak companies to check out too, so it's wise to do plenty of research and shop around a little to learn all about your different options before signing up for a trip.
All of these tours are run by trained, experienced, friendly guides who lead the way as small groups of kayakers take to the crystal clear waters of Key West and start exploring. Some kayak tours last for just a few hours while others are half or full day experiences. With hundreds of different mangrove islands separated by stunningly clear shallow waters, there's simply so much to explore around Key West on a kayak. Some tours also offer possibilities to snorkel and get up-close-and-personal with coral reefs and their underwater inhabitants.
Every tour is fully safe and regulated to make sure every guest feels at ease and has the best possible time, and the tours are usually open to all ages. Kayaking is, however, a physical activity that does require some strength and fitness, so would-be kayakers are recommended to have decent fitness levels on longer tours. Each Key West kayak company will have their own rules and regulations, so it's worth getting in contact in advance in order to learn all you need to know and choose the right kayaking tour.
Of course, if a guided kayak tour isn’t quite what you’re looking for, renting a kayak and taking to the waters for your own adventures is another great option. Various companies offer hourly or daily kayak rentals, allowing visitors to simply hop aboard and set off to make their own memories. This can be a really relaxing way to enjoy the wonderful waterways, lush vegetation and remarkable wildlife of the area, as well as letting you take the trip at your own pace, stopping as needed in order to truly appreciate all the sights and sounds and, of course, snap as many photos as you like. |
0.959493 | Question: Can i eat guava in 8th month pregnancy..
Answer: Hello dear. Yes you can. Guavas contain folic acid, which is recommended for pregnant women since it can help in developing the baby's nervous system and protect the newborn from neurological disorders. However please have in moderation. Take care.
Question: Can i eat guava&almonds in pregnancy.
Answer: Yes, it is safe and healthy to eat guava in all stages of pregnancy. It is rich in nutrients and provides several health benefits. But you should ensure that you consume only ripe and peeled fruit in small amounts to avoid any health risks and get the maximum benefit out of the fruit. Almonds are a nutritious source of protein, iron. These nutrients help support a healthy pregnancy and are a nutritious addition to your diet. If you're concerned about the risk of nut allergies, research doesn't indicate a danger if you eat almonds while pregnant. Infact you should add other nuts like cashew..raisin...walnut in your diet.
Answer: Congratulations on your pregnancy and all the best for your motherhood. Guavas contain folic acid, which is recommended for pregnant women since it can help in developing the baby's nervous system and protect the newborn from neurological disorders. However please have in moderation. Take care. |
0.999563 | You are a woman, you should be proud of that."
The 46th Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment was a unit of all-female Soviet pilots, navigators and mechanics during World War II. The regiment was comprised solely of young women ages 17-26.
In the dead of night, these courageous women flew their repurposed Polikarpov-2 (Po-2) biplanes made of canvas and plywood to bomb the Nazi forces on the front lines. The women would fly twelve or more missions per night, dropping bombs on Nazi encampments, keeping them awake and on edge at all hours. The women of the regiment were nicknamed "Nachthexen" or "Night Witches," because as they approached their targets, they idled their engines and swooped in quietly. As the planes approached, the cables and wings made a whistling sound that the Nazis thought sounded like witches' brooms.
The Night Witches achieved great success during the war, many of them receiving the honorable title of 'Hero of the Soviet Union'. Amid their heroism, many of the women lost their lives when shot down by anti-aircraft fire and, in some cases, fired upon by the huge German Focke-Wolffe 90 aircraft. Despite this threat, they faced that fear every night. They found joy in each other's presence, refuge in each other's songs, resilience in their camaraderie, and courage in their love to protect their motherland and their sisters. |
0.835064 | The foundation of the abbey of St Maurice (Agaunum) in the Valais is usually ascribed to Sigismund of Burgundy (515).
In March 1490 the county of Tirol was added to his possessions through the abdication of his kinsman, Count Sigismund, and this district soon became his favourite residence.
Having made an alliance with Christian II., king of Denmark, and interfered to protect the Teutonic Order against Sigismund I., king of Poland, Maximilian was again in Italy early in 1516 fighting the French who had overrun Milan.
Ivan intervened in 1558 and quickly captured Narva, Dorpat and a dozen smaller fortresses; then, in 1560, Livonia placed herself beneath the protection of Poland, and King Sigismund II.
His successor, Basil, tried to get himself elected grand-prince of Lithuania when the throne became vacant by the death of his brother-in-law in 1506, but the choice fell on the late prince's brother Sigismund, who was likewise elected king of Poland.
Like his predecessor, he enjoyed the protection and support of the Polish king, Sigismund III., and was strong enough to ii., compel Shuiski to abdicate; but as soon as the throne was vacant Sigismund put forward as a candidate his own son, Wladislaus.
Then Sigismund unveiled his real plan, which was to obtain the throne not for his son but for himself.
In 1429, instigated by the emperor Sigismund, whom he magnificently entertained at his court at Lutsk, Witowt revived his claim to a kingly crown, and Jagiello reluctantly consented to his cousin's coronation; but before it could be accomplished Witowt died at Troki, on the 27th of October 1430.
This expansion of mainland territory was followed in 1420 by the acquisition of Friuli after a successful war with the emperor Sigismund, thus bringing the possessions of the republic up to the Carnic and Julian Alps, their natural frontier on the north-east.
In 1420 the emperor Sigismund made the city the base for his unsuccessful attack on the Taborites; Kuttenberg was taken by Ziika, and after a temporary reconciliation of the warring parties was burned by the imperial troops in 1422, to prevent its falling again into the hands of the Taborites.
She had thirteen children - Frederick Henry, drgwned at sea in 1629; Charles Louis, elector palatine, whose daughter married Philip, duke of Orleans, and became the ancestress of the elder and Roman Catholic branch of the royal family of England; Elizabeth, abbess and friend of Descartes; Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, who died unmarried; Louisa, abbess; Edward, who married Anne de Gonzaga, "princesse palatine," and had children; Henrietta Maria, who married Count Sigismund Ragotzki but died childless; Philip and Charlotte, who died childless; Sophia, who married Ernest Augustus, elector of Hanover, and was mother of George I.
Of the principal workers in this field we may notice Friedrich Hoffmann, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (who detected iron by its reaction with potassium ferrocyanide, and potassium and sodium by their flame colorations), and especially Carl Scheele and Torbern Olof Bergman.
1510) furnished maps of the British Isles, Olaus Magnus (1539) of Scandinavia, Anton Wied (1542), Sigismund von Herberstein (1549) and Anthony Jenkinson (1562) of Muscovy.
King Sigismund of Hungary barely escaped in a fishing boat; his army was cut to pieces to a man; among the prisoners taken was Jean Sans Peur, brother of the king of France.
Suleiman determined to support the claims of Zapolya's infant son, John Sigismund, and in 15 4 set out in person.
At the end of August he appeared before Budapest, the siege of which had already been raised by the defeat of the Austrians; the infant John Sigismund was carried into the sultan's camp, and the queen-mother, Isabella, was peremptorily ordered to evacuate the royal palace, though the sultan gave her a diploma in which he swore only to retain Budapest during the minority of her son.
John Sigismund was recognized as independent prince of Transylvania and of sixteen adjacent Hungarian counties, Queen Isabella to act as regent during his minority.
Suleiman kept the possessions he had won by the sword, Temesvar, Szolnok, Tata and other places in Hungary; Transylvania was assigned to John Sigismund, the Habsburg claim to interference being categorically denied; Ferdinand bound himself to pay, not only the annual tribute of 30,000 ducats, but all the arrears that had meanwhile accumulated.
23 to 26) ended in the disastrous rout of the allied troops under the archduke Maximilian and Sigismund, prince of Transylvania.
CONSTANCE This council, convoked at the instance of the emperor Sigismund by Pope John XXIII.- one of the three popes between whom Christendom was at the time divided - with the object of putting an end to the Great Schism of the West and reforming the church, was opened on the 5th of November 1414 and did not close until the 22nd of April 1418.
Sigismund declared war on the duke of Austria, and the fathers, determined to have their will carried out, drew up in their 4th and 5th sessions (30th of March and 6th of April 1415) a set of decrees with the intention of justifying their attitude and putting the fugitive pope at their mercy.
It was in vain that Sigismund journeyed to Perpignan, and that the kings of Aragon, Castile and Navarre ceased to obey the aged pontiff.
In the Hussite wars it took the utraquist side, was occupied in 1420 by King Sigismund, but retaken the next year by the troops of Prague.
The attitude of Sigismund, king of the Romans, who sent threatening letters to Bohemia declaring.
Under the influence of his brother Sigismund, king of the Romans, King Wenceslaus endeavoured to stem the Hussite movement.
At these meetings Sigismund was violently denounced, and the people everywhere prepared for war.
The nobles, who though favourable to the Hussite cause yet supported the regent, promised to act as mediators with Sigismund; while the citizens of Prague consented to restore to the royal forces the castle of Vysehrad, which had fallen into their hands.
Sigismund, king of the Romans, had, by the death of his brother Wenceslaus without issue, acquired a claim on the Bohemian crown; though it was then, and remained till much later, doubtful whether Bohemia was an hereditary or an elective monarchy.
A firm adherent of the Church of Rome, Sigismund was successful in obtaining aid from the pope.
These articles, which contain the essence of the Hussite doctrine, were rejected by Sigismund, mainly through the influence of the papal legates, who considered them prejudicial to the authority of the Roman see.
Though Sigismund had retired from Prague, the castles of Vysehrad and Hradcany remained in possession of his troops.
The crusaders hoped to be joined in Bohemia by King Sigismund, but that prince was detained in Hungary.
Sigismund only arrived in Bohemia at the end of the year 1421.
Bohemia obtained a temporary respite when, in 1422, Prince Sigismund Korybutovic of Poland became for a short time ruler of the country.
In June of that year their forces, led by Prokop the Great - who took the command of the Taborites shortly after Zizka's death in October 1424 - and Sigismund Korybutovic, who had returned to Bohemia, signally defeated the Germans at Aussig (Usti nad Labem).
On the 5th of July 1436 the compacts were formally accepted and signed at Iglau, in Moravia, by King Sigismund, by the Hussite delegates, and by the representatives of the Roman Church.
His treatise De monetae cudendae ratione, 1526 (first printed in 1816), written by order of King Sigismund I., is an exposition of the principles on which it was proposed to reform the currency of the Prussian provinces of Poland.
In 1407 William was succeeded by his nephew Frederick, called the Warlike, who in 1423 received from the emperor Sigismund the electoral duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg.
In 1431 a fresh war with Florence broke out, caused by the latter's attempt upon Lucca, and continued in consequence of the Florentines' alliance with Venice and Pope Eugenius IV., and that of the Sienese with the duke of Milan and Sigismund, king of the Romans.
Louis the Great left two infant daughters: Maria, who was to share the throne of Poland with her betrothed, Sigismund of Pomerania, and Hedwig, better known by her Polish name of Jadwiga, who was to reign over Hungary with her young bridegroom, William of Austria.
During the long reign of Sigismund (1387-1437) Hungary was brought face to face with the Turkish peril in its most threatening shape, and all the efforts of the king were directed Turkish Turks crossed the Hellespont from Asia Minor and p began that career of conquest which made them the terror of Europe for the next three centuries.
Figure Sigismund may have cut as emperor in Germany, as king of Hungary he claims our respect, and as king of Hungary he should be judged, for he ruled her, not unsuccessfully, for fifty years during one of the most difficult crises of her history, whereas his connexion with Germany was at best but casual and transient.
Not till 1409 could Sigismund be said to be king in his own realm, yet in 1413 we find him traversing Europe in his endeavour to terminate the Great Schism, as the first step towards uniting Christendom once more against the Turk.
It argued no ordinary foresight thus to recognize that Hungary's strategy in her contest with the Turks must be strictly defensive, and the wisdom of Sigismund was justified by the disasters which almost invariably overcame the later Magyar kings whenever they ventured upon aggressive warfare with the sultans.
Sigismund, more fortunate than the Polish kings, seems to have had little trouble with his diets.
Much as he owed to them, however, Sigismund was no mere nobles' king.
Yet despite the interminable wars and rebellions which darken the history of Hungary in the reign of Sigismund, the country, on the whole, was progressing.
Like Louis the Great before him, Sigismund had failed to found a dynasty, but, fifteen years before his death, he had succeeded in providing his only daughter Elizabeth with a consort apparently well able to protect both her and her inheritance in the person of Albert V., duke of Austria.
Less reprehensible, though equally self-seeking, were his dealings with the emperor, which aimed at a family alliance between the Jagiellos and the Habsburgs on the basis of a double marriage between the son and daughter of Wladislaus, Louis and Anne, and an Austrian archduke and archduchess; this was concluded by the family congress at Vienna, July 22, 1515, to which Sigismund I.
P g g the emperor Maximilian and Sigismund of Poland, might be dispensed with.
During the six following years the sultan still further improved his position, capturing, amongst many other places, Pecs, and the primatial city of Esztergom; but, in 1547, the exigencies of the Persian war induced him to sell a truce of five years to Ferdinand for £100,000, on a uti possidetis basis, Ferdinand holding thirty-five counties (including Croatia and Slavonia) for which he was to pay an annual tribute of £60,000; John Sigismund retaining Transylvania and sixteen adjacent counties with the title of prince, while the rest of the land, comprising most of the central counties, was annexed to the Turkish empire.
Yet, in the following year, the whole of the property of the Catholic Church there was diverted to secular uses, and the Calvinists were simultaneously banished, though they regained complete tolerance in 1564, a privilege at the same time extended to the Unitarians, who were now very influential at court and converted Prince John Sigismund to their views.
Transylvania, and Transylvania and the emperor, desultory and languishing as regards the Turks (the one notable battle being Sigismund Bathory's brilliant victory over the 2 At first the Habsburgs held their court at Prague instead of at Vienna.
1 1608) in place of the decrepit Sigismund Rákoczy, Bocskay's immediate successor.
To these we may add the gifted but unfortunate Sigismund Czak6, Lewis Dobsa, Joseph Szigeti, Ignatius Nagy, Joseph Szenvey (a translator from Schiller), Joseph Gaal, Charles Hugo, Lawrence Toth (the Magyarizer of the School for Scandal), Emeric Vahot, Alois Degre (equally famous as a novelist), Stephen Toldy and Lewis Doczi, author of the popular prize drama Csok (The Kiss).
Probably the foremost among them is Sigismund Justh, who died prematurely in the midst of his painful attempt at reconciling French " realistic " modes of thought with what he conceived to be Magyar simplicity (A puszta konyve, " The Book of the Puszta," prairie of Hungary; A Peitz legenddja, " The Legend of Money "; Gdnyo Julcsa, " Juliet Ganyo "; Fuimus).
Other novelists belonging to this school are: Desiderius Malonyai (Az utolso, " The Last "; Judith konyve, " The Book of Judith "; Tanulmdnyfejek, "Typical Heads "); Julius Pekar (Dodo fohadnagy problemai, " Lieutenant Dodo's Problems "; Az aranykesztyus kisasszony, " The Maid with the Golden Gloves "; A szoborszep asszony, " The Lady as Beautiful as a Statue "; Az esztendo legenddja, " The Legend of the Year "); Thomas Kobor (Aszfalt, " Asphalt "; 0 akarta, " He Wanted It "; A csillagok fele, " Towards the Stars "); Stephen Szomahazy (Huszonnegy Ora, " Twenty-four Hours "; A Clairette Keringd, " The Clairette Valse "; Pdratlan szerddk, " Incomparable Wednesdays "; Nydri felhok, " Clouds of Summer "); Zoltan Thury (Ullrich fdhadnagy es egyeb tortenetek, " Lieutenant Ullrich and other Tales "; Urak es parasztok, " Gentlemen and Peasants "); also Desiderius Szomory, Odon Gero, Arpad Abonyi, Koloman Szanto, Edward Sas, Julius Vertesi, Tibor Denes, Akos Pinter, the Misses Janka and Stephanie Wohl, Mrs Sigismund Gyarmathy and others.
Luther for his part did not stop at the suggestion, but in order to facilitate the change made special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's brother, George, prince of Ansbach, laid the scheme before Sigismund of Poland. |
0.963563 | Read this Terms of Service ("Agreement") carefully and be sure you understand it before proceeding. There are important sections that may limit your rights under applicable law and create obligations upon you if you enter into this Agreement, so review it fully.
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0.999972 | Innovation: What's the right path for indoor satnav?
Tracking down one of the last few parking spots in the cramped confines of a dimly lit multi-storey car park is not among life’s pleasures. German car maker BMW thinks it has the answer: an indoor positioning system (IPS) that guides drivers to that precious parking spot and later helps them find their car again – through smart use of the car’s anti-roll inertial sensors and a mapping app on a cellphone.
BMW’s was one of many ideas unveiled at last week’s Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN) conference in Zurich, Switzerland, a gathering of engineers hoping to mimic the runaway success of satnav technology – but this time indoors.
IPS proponents want to pepper public buildings with wireless transmitters to help people locate their departure gate at an airport, say, or a particular store in a vast mall, or an exhibit in a labyrinthine museum. IPS will also be able to track moving targets, letting us locate friends in a multi-storey building regardless of what floor they are on.
But the technology could be a while coming to a public building near you because there is no broad agreement on which technology is best for pinpointing people and objects deep within buildings. The different radio-reflecting and absorbing materials in the built environment mean that radio waves, commonly used in outdoor positioning systems like GPS and the European Union’s upcoming Galileo network, cannot reliably negotiate complex architectural geometries.
Consequently, engineers are trialling a variety of different methods to find the most reliable. Two leading contenders are called received signal strength (RSS) and time of arrival (ToA).
RSS relies on knowing the strength of a radio signal at its source and monitoring the drop-off with distance. Given a number of static transmitters, the receiver can work out where it is by triangulation. RSS techniques can use Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ZigBee – an ultra-low-power version of Bluetooth – radio networks.
ToA, on the other hand, involves reading time stamps beamed from transmitters in known positions and calculating a position by comparing the times when signals from different transmitters arrive. It is the method at work in GPS.
At the Nokia World trade show in London last week, Fabio Belloni of the Nokia Research Lab in Tampere, Finland, and his colleagues wore slim, credit-card-sized radio tags to track their movements to within 30 centimetres using an RSS approach. An upgrade of Nokia’s technology, presented by Belloni’s colleagues at IPIN, also included an inertial sensor, allowing dead reckoning of the user’s motion in between accurate IPS fixes.
A rival system is being offered by Omnisense, a geolocation firm based near Cambridge, UK, which presented the technology to investors at the Meerkats and Avatars invention show in Cambridge this month. Omnisense uses ZigBee radio, inertial sensors and a GPS receiver in its RSS tags – allowing them to switch seamlessly between indoors and outdoor locations, says the firm’s Andy Thurman.
The technology could help track miners both above ground and underground, people suffering from dementia – and cattle. Working out when a cow is ovulating is important to farmers – and they “present” in a different direction to bulls in the herd when this happens. “The inertial sensors will tell us this,” Thurman says.
One of the most interesting ideas at IPIN was a ToA approach that mimics the format of the GPS signal – and which is locked to the GPS atomic clock to boot – allowing the satnav receiver technology to be used indoors as well as out. Developed by Locata Corporation of Canberra, Australia, the system places radio nodes that beam out GPS timing data around an area or building of interest. It’s designed to aid the military if GPS is being jammed – indeed, the US air force bought one of the systems this week. Chief executive Nunzio Gambale is investigating a range of consumer applications as well.
But these varied systems leave the standardisation problem unsolved. The Open Mobile Alliance, a global cellphone industry body, is looking into how the next generation of 3G technology – currently called LTE, for Long Term Evolution – might be harnessed to provide a standard positioning protocol. But Kanwar Chopra, an engineer with CSR in Cambridge, UK, is sceptical.
Read previous Innovation columns: TV networks to become social networks, CERN collides with a patent reality, Sunrise boulevards could bring clean power, Hand-held controls move out of sight, Mobile malware develops a money bug, Reinventing urban wind power, Mastering the art of 3D film-making,A real live Grand Prix in your living room, Google may know your desires before you do, Shrewd search engines know what you want, The tech refresher Russia’s spies needed, Smarter books aim to win back the kids. |
0.999943 | Brooke Kramer, a financial aid officer with Argosy University in Salt Lake City, is going to talk about what are free scholarship applications for high school students.
There are a lot of scholarships available especially for high school students who are planning on continuing their education into their undergraduate degree. You can find a lot of these scholarships either by going to your high school counselor who will provide you a list of scholarships or as well as actually going to the universities that you are planning on attending and getting a list of scholarships through them.
Most scholarship applications are completely free and some do require that you provide an essay or letters of recommendations. Types of scholarships you can look for can range from academic scholarships to community service or leadership. When you start completing applications you want to make sure they that you meet the qualifications as well as you’re applying for ones that relate to you. |
0.999294 | President Trump Donald John TrumpHouse Dems demand Barr cancel 'inappropriate' press conference on Mueller report DOJ plans to release 'lightly redacted' version of Mueller report Thursday: WaPo Nadler accuses Barr of 'unprecedented steps' to 'spin' Mueller report MORE said Wednesday that his critics would not hesitate to accuse a woman of sexual assault were he to nominate a female replacement for Brett Kavanaugh, his Supreme Court nominee.
During a press conference in New York, the president was questioned by CNN's Jim Acosta as to why he frequently sides with those accused of sexual misconduct or other abuse after allegations emerge.
"It can happen the other way, allegations can go the other way," Trump told Acosta, adding: "I could pick, as an example, hopefully I won't have to...But I could pick a woman, and she could have charges made from many years ago also. And I would look at the character."
In his question, Acosta pointed to Alabama Senate candidate Roy Moore Roy Stewart MooreGOP strategist: Alabama Republicans need to 'gather around' candidate who 'is not Roy Moore' The Hill's Morning Report — Combative Trump aims at Pelosi before Russia report Poll: Roy Moore leading Alabama GOP field MORE (R) and White House staff secretary Rob Porter as evidence of Trump backing those accused of sexual misconduct.
"First of all, I wasn't happy with Roy Moore, let's get that straight," Trump said, maintaining that he only supported Moore over now-Sen. Doug Jones (Ala.) because Jones is a Democrat.
"I was very happy with [former Sen.] Luther Strange Luther Johnson StrangeDomestic influence campaigns borrow from Russia’s playbook Overnight Defense: Senate bucks Trump with Yemen war vote, resolution calling crown prince 'responsible' for Khashoggi killing | House briefing on Saudi Arabia fails to move needle | Inhofe casts doubt on Space Force Five things to watch in Mississippi Senate race MORE, a terrific man from Alabama, but Luther Strange had many things going against him," the president added.
Trump's comments come amid a firestorm on Capitol Hill surrounding the allegations facing Kavanaugh, who is set for a hearing Thursday before the Senate Judiciary Committee. One of his three accusers, Christine Blasey Ford, is also expected to testify to the committee.
Kavanaugh has fiercely denied the allegations against him, while the White House and Republicans have remained steadfast in their support for the nominee.
Democrats have demanded Kavanaugh's Friday committee nomination vote be pushed back, as well as an FBI investigation into the claims against him. Some have flat-out called for the judge's nomination to be rescinded. |
0.999892 | The earliest Disney alphabet book that I've come across is the hardcover A Mickey Mouse Alphabet Book (From A To Z) published by Whitman in 1936. A British edition by Collins features the identical cover illustration but is titled as A Mickey Mouse Story (From A To Z). A.B.C de Mickey, a French Disney alphabet book published by Hachette in 1936 features a cover illustration clearly redrawn from these English-language Disney alphabet books: However, the contents of the French and the English-language books are not identical, with different sets of illustrations. The French book also boasts a color illustration on the reverse of its cover: In the US, Whitman also published the soft-cover A Mickey Mouse Alphabet in 1938. |
0.999968 | I want to inform you of a report regarding a stranger approaching a group of five elementary school students who were walking home from New Hyde Park Road School yesterday afternoon. It was reported that as they were walking home along Jericho Turnpike to N. 12th Street, an unidentified man began to follow them. He is described as a tall, Hispanic male, with dark hair wearing a dark baseball cap, a hooded sweatshirt, and shorts, about 50 years old, with a tattoo on his arm. The group turned on N. 12th Street and he continued to follow them for several blocks until two students had to turn back on Jericho Turnpike to get home. The man continued to follow the two students back to Jericho Turnpike until the students entered a store. He was gone after about 5 minutes. He made two verbal statements to the group while walking on Jericho Turnpike: "Wow...you girls are good singers and could make it someday", and "We are going the same way."
A report has been made to the Nassau County Police Department, and they are investigating. We appreciate the efforts of our students, parents, community members, and public safety partners to keep our schools and community safe. |
0.997167 | The JP Morgan report also notes that 130/30 strategies can increase returns while keeping the portfolio's beta--its relationship to the broader market--the same as a long-only portfolio. However, this does not mean that 130/30 strategies achieve riskless profits. Shorting securities involves a number of additional risks (including the potential for > 100% losses), even for large cap, highly liquid stocks. In addition, the 130/30 ratio is not fixed for all funds -- shorting is limited to 50% of assets by the leverage limits imposed by the Federal Reserve Board's Regulation T.
But perhaps the most important risk of 130/30 strategies is that they depend on the manager's ability to pick overvalued assets and undervalued assets. We've seen evidence, including recently updated evidence, that managers are not great at picking stocks within a given fund to beat a benchmark. Furthermore, there is evidence that managers often do no better than chance when outperforming their peers. In other words, if you're looking for a manager who will outperform half of their category peers, you are no better off looking at past performance than you are by flipping a coin.
Given this evidence, how much trust do you want to put into a fund that leverages their exposure to the manager's (or some proprietary algorithm's) stock picking ability? In 2009, a report on 130/30 funds found that their performance was severely lacking, and many 130/30 funds closed shortly after the financial collapse. That report, titled "130% Gimmick/30% Good Idea", included sweeping criticisms of the fundamentals of this strategy, especially that it is almost entirely dependent on hard-to-identify manager skill.
A fundamental concept of finance is the fact that higher expected returns only come at the cost of additional risk. Although JP Morgan states that there is no additional "market risk", there is additional risk and investors should not think that such strategies are a free lunch. As usual, investors should also be conscious of fees. Fees for these funds can be high and higher fees have a significant detrimental effect on realized investor returns. |
0.999988 | ‘I am no longer a poor farmer’ were the words of Alhaji Ashafa while describing the recent changes that have occurred in his life between November 2009 to March 2010 which can be summarized as follows: He is a recipient of Notore’s extension services support. He has moved from subsistence to commercial farming with Notore’s support.
He now has access to quality fertiliser supply from Notore and he is now free from adulterated and substandard fertilisers that hitherto did not improve his crop yield. He has now learnt efficient fertiliser application method from Notore extension services. He now records near zero crop failure compared to frequent failures before Notore support. He now has 300% increase in crop yield and he now enjoys improved income level and general standard of living. |
0.999371 | This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence_in_modern_history 00:01:51 1 Origins 00:04:20 2 World War I 00:06:43 2.1 Cracking the German naval codes 00:13:05 2.2 Direction finding 00:16:45 2.3 Zimmermann Telegram & Other Successes 00:19:12 3 Interwar period 00:19:56 3.1 United Kingdom 00:22:41 3.2 Germany 00:23:44 3.3 United States 00:25:47 4 World War II 00:28:59 4.1 British SIGINT 00:33:57 4.1.1 German codes 00:39:52 4.1.2 Italian codes 00:42:14 4.1.3 Japanese codes 00:44:09 4.2 US SIGINT 00:46:37 4.2.1 Japanese codes 00:51:04 5 Cold War 00:52:45 5.1 US Tactical SIGINT 00:56:48 6 Recent history 00:58:20 6.1 Threat from terrorism 01:02:41 6.2 European Space Systems cooperation Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.7999695861778456 Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= SIGINT is a contraction of SIGnals INTelligence. Before the development of radar and other electronics techniques, signals intelligence and communications intelligence (COMINT) were essentially synonymous. Sir Francis Walsingham ran a postal interception bureau with some cryptanalytic capability during the reign of Elizabeth I, but the technology was only slightly less advanced than men with shotguns, during World War I, who jammed pigeon post communications and intercepted the messages carried. Flag signals were sometimes intercepted, and efforts to impede them made the occupation of the signaller one of the most dangerous on the battlefield. The middle 19th century rise of the telegraph allowed more scope for interception and spoofing of signals, as shown at Chancellorsville. Signals intelligence became far more central to military (and to some extent diplomatic) intelligence generally with the mechanization of armies, development of blitzkrieg tactics, use of submarine and commerce raiders warfare, and the development of practicable radio communications. Even Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) preceded electronic intelligence (ELINT), with sound ranging techniques for artillery location. SIGINT is the analysis of intentional signals for both communications and non-communications (e.g., radar) systems, while MASINT is the analysis of unintentional information, including, but not limited to, the electromagnetic signals that are the main interest in SIGINT. |
0.964449 | When should I quit on trying to build my own business?
At what point do you give up on trying to do your own thing? After two failures? When the adrenaline kicks in as soon as you get up?
I'm 35 years old, a doctorate computer scientist by trade. I started working at about 30, where I took a job in an academic department earning about 50% of my industrial rate on the basis that it provides me with the freedom and platform to do entrepreneurial things.
Over the last 5 years, in addition to doing my daytime job, I have done a lot of contract work in the evenings to build up a base of money for investments in two companies, one of which failed and one of which is shakily running along with no indication of whether it will fail or succeed longer term (right now it's tending towards failure). I am non-operational in the company as my role is now redundant, though I maintain my shareholding.
Recently (in the last month or so), however, I've been gripped by this feeling of panic and fear. Panic and fear that I will end up with nothing and that I will be unemployable soon (I don't do much technical work outside of the contract work and technical work is beginning to frustrate me because I find it tedious and boring).
While rationally I know this is due to a choice I've made and is not true, I have a whole 30 years ahead of me, I have training from the best school in the UK, I have a reputation that is respected, etc irrationally I feel all is lost.
me in similar situations who have managed to achieve the same goals as me.
In particular, I'm interested in people from the tech industry telling me how more unemployable I'd be if I went another two years without actually writing code on a daily basis, even though I'd be doing technical and "business" processes (architecture, team leading etc).
I can't speak to the specifics of your industry, but I would say that if the quest for success makes you miserable, then maybe you need to rethink what that success would mean. I gave up a life of ambition for a life of comfort, routine and security. While I am very, very happy I did that, it doesn't mean I don't look back at what I used to think I could accomplish and feel a bit sad at what I'm doing now. But rather than let that depress me, I use those feelings to motivate me to do more with my life, rather than stew about what my life could have been. 30 years is a long time to work on other interests, but it's hard to accomplish much when you're miserable.
Regarding one specific point, when you worry you might be unemployable because you (will) have spent a long time in doing non-programming work, do you worry because you love coding and want to do it for a living? Because project management, program management, and other management/business/consulting jobs are also options to consider. And "learning from failure" is supposed to be a highly spinnable experience.
@trig I worry that my academic/startup experience will not be taken seriously from a project management perspective but I won't be up-to-scratch from a coding perspective. As an individual I enjoy the role of architect/team-lead (inclusive of code contribution with my team) but this doesn't seem to necessarily translate into equivalent positions in industry.
*Why* do you want to build your own business? It doesn't seem to have made you happy. Starting a successful software company can involve a lot of luck and things can go poorly due to no direct fault of your own. It's decidedly not for everyone. It also requires skills that not everyone possesses - one can be a brilliant computer scientist and a poor marketer. There's no shame in that. If you do keep trying, perhaps you should look at starting a company with a group of co-founders with complimentary skills?
As to what you could be doing in private industry, I don't know the UK market, but there's plenty of call for skilled software architects, project managers, etc. in my area.
With a PhD, a background in academia, and an interest in new ideas, you might also see if you can find a research position in industry. They're getting harder to get as budgets for R&D get slashed, but I know some very bright people that get paid quite a bit to think up interesting things all day.
I don't know your industry well enough to comment on that front, but I work with lots of small start-ups and have formed three companies myself. The management of emotions is a completely under-appreciated contributor to entrepreneurial success. Put another way, you sound to me like you have a mismatch between your risk appetite (evidence: you have been willing to build your entire life around your entrepreneurial aspirations) and your risk tolerance (evidence: you have discovered that the variation between hopes and outcomes is making you miserable). Without working on that balance, you may never find happiness (let alone success) as an entrepreneur. Fear is the mindkiller.
The "fight or flight" tension you describe is your body telling you that whatever emotional and/or risk management strategies you have in place aren't enough. Vis-a-vis risk management (and setting aside whatever shortcomings there are in your business model), obvious tactics include taking on a partner/outside investor so you're not going it alone, getting a coach so you have some outside perspective and a place to vent, examining whether you have the right people in place, and taking legal steps to shelter your personal assets from your business life.
You may also have based the companies on a business model that doesn't scale efficiently, which is a sign that you're under-capitalized. In any case, your circumstances put you in the worst possible head space right now: you don't have a daily role in the company, but you have substantial resources invested in its success. Moreover, even if you had more control, it's questionable whether you could serve as a leader there given your day job: Not enough time, e.g., another kind of under-capitalization. Plus, your skills may not be what the company needs right now.
Look for counter-intutive things that might help your head space. For me, the first time, it was critical that I rent an office space, even though that raised my monthly costs, because I needed my home to be a place of refuge. Another thing that takes guts but may help is firing/outplacing clients that sap your energy (but nicely). Trust me, they're not worth it, and you can take advantage of the luxury of your steady teaching gig to free yourself from them. The same is true for employees.
Do you really understand why your company is flailing? If so, you didn't say in your question (which is fine), but if you're going to solve this problem you obviously need to know what's not working vis-a-vis product, process, pricing, execution, market, personnel, etc.) If you really want to double down on your company and devote yourself to its success, it may be necessary for you to take a sabbatical from your day job. High risk, high reward. But look deeply inside yourself first. What do you really want, apart from the lifelong dream of building a company? And by the way, you can do it again... maybe the third time is the charm.
I wonder if there's an intermediate option. Might taking a "day job" in a startup-y place (but not so new that you're not getting a salary) have a similar upside potential and/or help you learn skills or make contacts that support your next independent venture? Best of both worlds: short term income and security, long term independence?
I'm not in tech, but I suggest this for three reasons. 1. In my field, people who go straight from academia to consulting sometimes lack crucial info on the field. (Not always though.) 2. I believe in heeding the panic you describe, for a lot of reasons. 3. It's not an irreversible decision (I assume?).
Maybe it's time to sell your company, while it's still operating. A buyer might see potential that you don't see, or your business might be complementary to the buyer's present business. You'd get some cash out and some breathing space for you to consider your next move.
I've searched in myself about whether I want to go work for an existing company or whether I should try one last time to do something of my own, and, I am conflicted about this.
You are only 30. Putting aside your entrepeneurial vision for now does not mean abandoning your life-long dream. Plenty of people start companies in their 40s and 50s - it can be harder in terms of your other life obligations but it happens all the time - especially if you have an idea that is good enough that it can get capitalized.
I'm not sure exactly what your involvement in the start =up companies look like. It sounds like you have day job, that is academic, that pays the rent, evening contract works that creates investment cash and then you also invest money (and in the past time) into start-up ideas. I'm wondering if you are leaping into start-up ideas because you are in love with idea of starting a company not because you have found the idea that will really go places. Also, if you pick your job right, it will give you valuable experience that can help you bring more skills and experience to the table the next time you try doing a start-up.
My advice, plan to take five years off and then wait for the really, really good, too good to pass up idea that makes you excited again.
There may other reasons than money, but whatever the end goal is about, know what you really want to get out of it can help you think about better ways to get what you REALLY want.
Plus start-ups are notorious prone to fail. Fortune says 90% of startups fail, although I doubt that is a scientifically sound number, it suggests that if you spend just two years on each failed startup idea, it would take more than a decade (six trials) to have even a 50/50 chance of having a success (where success is defined as not going out of business.) If success requires a return on your investment that equals the stock market, it becomes even less likely. All the more reason to think if there are other options that would get you to your long term goals faster, less harrowing and a higher probablity of success.
As others have said, you really need to very clearly articulate exactly why you want your own company. If you dig down into that, you might find that there are other paths to your actual goal that will work better.
If you answer that and still feel the correct answer is building your own company, consider pivoting. Consider the possibility that you are just missing the mark and an adjustment to your approach may be needed.
It might help to spend some time reading biographies of entrepreneurs. IIRC, Hershey had multiple failed businesses roughly in the sweets industry before Hershey chocolate was born. He kept trying, but each time, it was something different from the last.
This might be too personal or completely off the mark, in which case I apologize and please feel free to ignore the rest. I recognized your username, though, and it seems like the issues in your question have sort of been running themes for you for years, even before you graduated.
If all that is true, then I think the most important thing you need to do is to find a way to feel good about and proud of your life even if it turns out you never accomplish a single "impressive" thing.
Partly because things happen that you can't control; partly because you've already done so many impressive things (academics, Google (?) internship, two businesses, long-term relationships, etc.) and yet you don't seem to rate those accomplishments much because there are other people who've done even more, and the truth is that there always will be; and partly (in my opinion) because what a person adds to the world has little to do with the blinginess of their resume or obit.
Anyway, feeling more comfortable with your own self can make the other choices seem less deeply important. A worthwhile person who goes to work at a company for a few years and then reevaluates whether he wants to keep being an employee or try setting up a business again is still a worthwhile person. Same for a person who sets up a third business that ends up failing, or who gets rejected for 50 jobs before he finds a good one, or who decides to get an MBA and find work as a consultant, or who decides to just focus on research or teaching or sysadmin or working with kindergarteners, or who decides not to let himself reject himself for job opportunities before he even applies, or who decides to work to live and not the reverse.
You've done a lot more than most people your age and I think you're underestimating yourself and your value as an employee and as just a plain old person considerably. I hope you find a way for these things to feel less fraught for you. |
0.999992 | Step 1 - First of all align the front wheel of your car with the car in front. The horizontal distance in between the two cars should be approximately 2 feet.
Step 4 - Now take a full right turn in reverse direction. You will have to adjust your turn a bit so that you dont hit the front car.
Step 5 - Once you are in, adjust the car a bit by going back and forth in a straight line. |
0.999996 | Why there is no national 529 plan? Looking at some states plan, it’s pretty much mutual funds like 401k, the investment return is like S&P? Why bother (consider S&P return is so low)?
I am not expert on this, I think why each state has a plan is pretty much why each employer (or most employers) has a 401k plan. The main purpose for such as plan is this: 1) Save some money for future liability (retirement or college tuition); 2) Hopefully the money can grow with the power of compound interest (snow ball effect); The tax deferral (in the case of 401k) or tax deduction (most 529 plans) are just ice on the cake.
As to why there is no national plan and federal tax deduction, I think this partially explained by college savings is still very small compared to retirement savings. Another indicator is the sales (or willingness for people to pay) my iPhone retirement savings/college savings app. Basically I gave away college savings calculator there because very few people are willing to pay 99 cents.
A side note: most people think spx (S&P index) is just boring, and some people think their retirement savings investments can grow 20% year over year. I think those people are too optimistic about their future. WSJ has an excellent article “The other midlife crisis” which explains why people expectations on income growth and retirement investment return are unrealistic. |
0.97346 | Where to Call to Deport Someone?
A person can call the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement if they believe that someone they know is in the country illegally. However, direct evidence must be provided to support these claims.
The ICE may act on the tip immediately depending on the resources they have and the number of similar ongoing cases. The ICE will investigate the case and, if deemed appropriate, order its agent to arrest the person. The person will be asked to appear in the Immigration Court on a certain date, and they can ask for a full court hearing. It costs the government approximately $12,500 to deport one person. |
0.945508 | Not to be confused with Westcombe Park railway station.
Westbourne Park is a London Underground station in the Notting Hill area of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is on the Circle and Hammersmith and City lines, between Ladbroke Grove and Royal Oak stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 2.
Although the Metropolitan Railway (MR) had been extended to Notting Hill and Hammersmith on 1 June 1864, the first station by this name did not open until 1 February 1866. In 1867, with the companies on better terms, the MR bought a share of the Hammersmith & City Railway (H&CR) from the Great Western Railway (GWR), after which it eliminated the broad gauge track and operated almost all the trains (the H&CR's identity being effectively lost).
The original station closed on 31 October 1871, and was replaced the following day by a new station constructed to the east of the original. To remove this traffic from its own busy main line, the GWR built a new pair of tracks from Paddington to Westbourne Park, and on 12 May 1878 it opened a dive-under to remove conflicts where the service crossed the main line.[note 1] A bomb (possibly planted by the Suffragettes) was discovered at the station in February 1913.
The Circle line was extended to Hammersmith in 2009. The line now operates between Hammersmith and Edgware Road via a single complete circuit of the previous route.[note 2] This was done with the aim of improving reliability by providing a place for trains to terminate after each trip rather than letting delays accumulate. However, it means that no trains through Notting Hill Gate go east of Edgware Road.
The GWR opened platforms on the Great Western Main Line on 30 October 1871, but these closed in March 1992. The Up line through the station had a 30 mph speed limit, which was unacceptable for the planned Heathrow Express services; instead of modifying the station's platforms, British Rail decided that it would be more cost-effective to dispense with them, and closure notices were posted on 13 December 1990.
Royal Oak, another station on the Hammersmith & City line, was also once served by the GWR, but its services were withdrawn in 1934. Today, the first stop out of Paddington is at Acton Main Line. Industrial archaeologists have found the remains of buildings including a broad gauge train shed for Brunel's original lines, a turntable, and engine sheds in excavations east of the station as part of the land clearance work for the Crossrail project.
London Bus routes 7, 18, 23, 28, 31, 36, 70 and 328, and night routes N28 and N31 serve the station. In addition, bus route 23 provide a 24-hour bus service.
The station was featured in the video of the Boris Gardiner song "I Want to Wake Up with You".
^ These tracks were dedicated to Underground use, but they only came into LU control on 1 January 1948 and ownership on 1 January 1950.
^ Hammersmith, Edgware Road, Liverpool Street, Tower Hill, South Kensington, High Street Kensington, Paddington, and Edgware Road (and vice versa).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westbourne Park tube station.
^ Leigh, Chris, ed. (March 1991). "Rail report: Westbourne Park closure". Railway World. 52 (611): 165.
^ Hamish McDougall (2014). "Crossrail uncovers Brunel's railway heritage". Crossrail. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^ a b "Buses from Westbourne Park" (PDF). Transport for London. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ Westbourne Park tube station is seen in the video from 0:58 to 1:43.
This page was last edited on 6 February 2019, at 10:01 (UTC). |
0.988101 | To find the nth highest score for a specified team, we can use the LARGE function to retrieve the result.
LARGE: Returns the k-th largest value in a data set. For example: the second largest number from a list of 10 items.
array: is an array or range of cells in a list of data for which you need to find the k-th largest value.
k: is the kth position from largest value to return in the array or range of cells.
Column A contains couple of teams & column B contains their respective scores.We need a formula to derive the second highest score based on the selected team in cell D2.
This is an array formula that requires formula to be enclosed with curly brackets by using CTRL + SHIFT + ENTER.
Here 2 is the 2nd largest number for Team A. Hence, the result is 2.
If we change the criteria in cell D2 from team A to team B then the formula will automatically update the result accordingly.
For Team B, there are 3 scores, 5, 1, 8 and 5 is the 2nd largest number, and hence the output is 5. |
0.999589 | I am a WordPress blogger and I'm facing the issue of how to improve my blog design. Is there any way to design a blog easily to help attract more readers?
Hello Mary, I found some points which might help you to boost the traffic on your site. Hope these will help you.
Everyone loves a good quiz! You will see Facebook coming up with innumerable quizzes and polls that keeps the audience thoroughly engaged at all levels.
Similarly while creating your website in WordPress, create polls and quizzes that will get your audience attracted to visit your site and also share with others. There are many WordPress plug-ins that you can use to create the type of quiz and poll that is suitable for your organization such as Riddle, SurveyFunnel, Dilemma, Interactive Content, etc. You can also create games to attract the audience.
It is always a good idea to see how the audience feels about your website or your products. Feedback and rating come very handily here because they reach out to all the people at the same time and help them rate your brand, website or product directly. It helps in self-improvement and maintaining consistency in your work.
Every individual is interested in visiting sites that have some sort of reward or a gift attached to it. Like when you visit gaming zones, it ensures that you do not go back empty handed! For the number of tickets earned, you get addicted to playing more as you have higher rewards attached to it.
We all love attention. And in this day of social media where content is being created at a faster rate than ever, what better way to patronize someone than to let them share their content on your site?
Chatting encourages users to interact with each other, review each others’ work, give feedback and mostly get to know each other too.
Tell people in your social networks about your new post.
Promote your posts across your social networks with WordPress.com’s Publicize feature, which will automatically tell your Twitter followers, Facebook friends, LinkedIn connections, and more as soon as you publish a new post. You can find more ideas in our social tools support pages.
1. Make your content visible to search engines.
If you want your post to be indexed by search engines such as Google and Bing, set your blog privacy settings to make your blog visible to all search engines. The internet is full of theories as to how you can raise your post’s visibility in search rankings: none will contest that original, high-quality content with a few well-chosen tags is the best way to get started.
2. Bug your real-life friends.
5. Link to other blogs.
Blogging is all about engaging with others and interacting in online discussions. When you link to a blog post, the blogger will likely find your blog through their stats, Technorati, or a pingback, and come to see what you had to say. They may even subscribe to your site and leave a comment, as we suggested you do above!
6. Let people know about your posts.
NOTE: This approach works if used very sparingly, maybe once a month per blogger. You don’t want to annoy anyone or seem like a spammer.
8. Pay for traffic to your site.
Web applications like StumbleUpon can bring visitors to your posts with rates starting at $.10 per visit. If you’ve published a great post and you want some feedback from visitors, this can be a good way to get the ball rolling. Companies looking for broader distribution of their posts, including getting their content in front of journalists, may want to try services from companies such as PR Newswire. Read more on paying for traffic.
9. Relax! It takes time.
I have a great solution for you. Yes, I agree with you, attractiveness is the key to greet regular traffic. So, I'd like to suggest you an amazing WordPress plugin which is known as Blog Designer Pro. This is an excellent plugin to help you design and modify your blog post as per your need in a very dynamic and eye-catch way.
You need to buy the best and beautiful paid theme. With this, you will get support for customizations on your theme. Moreover, these themes are also SEO friendly.
Most of the suitable points for this question is covered by fellow members. But I'd like to add content creation and promotion strategy in place to get the most readers. Before you draft an article, you can use the buzzsumo and ahrefs to get relevant keyword and title, a craft of your article to get the organic traffic for your article.
I have my own web and mobile app development firm, where I had zero traffic 6 months ago, but now I have 4,000 visitors/month due to the right strategy.
First, thinks what is your passion or point of interest (topic).
Second, research it more than your capabilities (Google it).
Third, make a write up before writing a blog i.e. how you start and what will you say.
Fourth, bring quality to your work as well blog.
Fifth, it doesn't matter about words of the blog (make it qualitative, not quantitative).
Sixth, use digital marketing for this blog by SEO, social media, and one secret: build a relationship in Quora.
This issue I already state in some answers because WordPress is maybe free but to get good and quality product you will need to hire at some point a designer and developer to get your own copy and stamp to your website.
The design itself is another story.
If you want something good and quality you need to pay and believe even you have money to get the wanted quality is not an easy task.
Coins B.i.n.a.n.c.e USA18883620111 UK448000465078 2fa reset? |
0.973536 | TL;DR: experienced CEO/CTO/TechDirector with long background in programming, sales, and business management (Corporate, iPhone/Android, Games, Education) looking for strategic roles in USA, UK, and Asia.
After a year-out to do a post-graduate degree in Education, I’m looking for something new and exciting to do next. My primary goal is to boost a company or team rapidly and show significant outcomes – increased revenue or other KPI’s – either through Consulting or full/part-time senior leadership.
Six months ago I tweeted a handful of obvious ways that you could make the Unity Asset Store greatly more profitable.
One of the Unity folk reached out to me, claimed that Unity was highly invested in improving this and asked for specific suggestions. So I wrote longer, detailed versions of each tweet and emailed them.
It’s been six months. No response. So … for Unity’s competitors, maybe looking to make/improve their own Asset Stores (or newcomers hoping to unseat the incumbents), here’s six obvious commercial improvements.
I’ve cut a few paragraphs I wrote to Unity about who I think their 3 main audiences are on the Asset Store; I included them as a “here are the assumptions I’m making” – I have no idea what their real audiences are. So I omitted that here.
NB: I’ve made the formatting webpage friendly, added some details, but this is essentially an info dump. I was too busy at the time to sugar-coat it – I figured that if Unity wanted to talk, I’d talk to them, and in person I’m really quite friendly and gentle. But at the time we were working 24/7 getting ready for a major exhibition, so this is a bit … terse.
Many businesses underestimate the power of a clever Pricing Model. I’m selling a new product at the moment (we’re helping schools teach children to program), so pricing models occupy a lot of my head right now.
Startups are so unsure of what model to use that they often say “anything, so long as we get sales”. They usually focus on simplicity (with a “new” product, a complex pricing model can tip people over the edge and make them “give up” on buying).
Which is fine, but a cunning pricing model can work wonders.
Do you *want* people to think your website has been hacked?
Or do you just not know what a cool URI is?
In the past, I’ve had terrible advice from brilliant people. The best way to avoid that is to be careful to research the brilliant person and tailor your questions to avoid their weaknesses.
A “personal” email asking me to respond if I want to know more about Unity4.
If someone’s on holiday – no problem there, of course!
If someone’s ignoring your emails *responding to their marketing* … and then “personally” sending you marketing emails days later … that’s mildly offensive.
If the company is sending out fake emails that pretend to come from people who – by the sounds of the auto-responder – were already out of the office and not responding to email … that’s definitely offensive.
I think Unity needs to do some a bit of work re-thinking their spamvertising – sorry, I mean – their marketing.
…but they decided that only people with a Credit Card registered in USA or Canda are allowed to use it (even though it’s free).
So. I’m going to repay that smack-in-the-face by not linking to it, nor naming it.
“we just want what our consumers want from us.
Wait, what? Are you saying that what “our consumers want” is to be prevented from playing the games they want to play (“Microsoft … not allow the content to be released”)?
I’ve seen a lot of bullsh*t over the years from weak-willed Marketing department employees who feel that “not saying a bad word about their boss’s / employer’s incompetence and greed” is the right way to do a job, but … this is especially bad.
I’ve known MOO for 6 years (back when they were PleasureCards), and I’ve been using them as my primary business / personal cards for most of that time.
Back when they only did the PleasureCard form-factor, it was always fun to find a fellow MOO customer. Shared conversations were easy with strangers, usually over the great reactions we get from non-MOO users.
MOO just introduced a new option on their cards – Rounded Corners. This is a trivial thing.
…unless, like me, you still want to do that 52-card playing deck. Now much easier!
Also, they recently upgraded their Flash uploader / composer software, and seem to have fixed most of the bugs that plagued the last version I used, back in 2010.
So, I sent an email to MOO support, outlining the above, and making some suggestions about how I could make this work – but asking if there’s an easier way?
Online, it says a “max” of 50 cards. That’s probably not a hard limit – is there a way I could get 60, if e.g. I do a large enough order size? You guys do orders in multiples of 50, 100, 150, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000. I could do 60 cards (only a slight wastage over the 58), and make my orders in multiples of 600. i.e. 10 complete sets.
There seems no reason to prevent me putting an image and text on the identical back – it’s just that your loader won’t allow it. Any way around this? I could bake the text in, but then it would be a massive pain to change – I would do fewer print runs.
I reached out to MOO, explained how I could achieve this with manual pain, working around the missing features. Also, asking if they had better ideas of how to do it – or if there was a way around the 50-card-limit?
Thank you for getting in touch with the MOO Team.
You can have multiple images on one side of the cards in a pack, you can’t specify how many of each but the systems will divide the designs as equally as possible.
The other side must remain exactly the same for every card in the pack.
You can upload a logo to the left right top or bottom of the side of the cards with the text on (contact info etc).
basically, if you were to upload 52 different designs (cards) and 2 jokes, your total uploads to a pack of 100 would be 54. The remaining 46 would be repeats of the first 46 to be uploaded.
He’s simply wrong about the logos; go on the website right now, and you’ll find that you can put a full screen image on both sides of the card.
No real answer about my core request. Is it impossible to do 60 cards instead of 50? Maybe, maybe not. Who knows?
Understandable, but overall I’m disappointed by that response.
…but apparently isn’t interested in other people doing this for themselves.
Although we do not know one another, I notice we share many contacts on LinkedIn.com (Karl Blanks, Ben Jesson, Jason Duke, Paul Billinghurst to name but a few I’ve had the pleasure of working with).
Funny; I don’t recognize those names?
I guess if you’re one of those people who just adds every person in the world to your LinkedIn, maybe you’d not have noticed. I don’t do that – I know all my LI contacts personally. I even wrote that on my LinkedIn Profile – all you have to do is read it and you’d see!
I do not have a premium LinkedIn account so could not send you an inMail.
Why not? You work in marketing/PR. How cheap are you?
I hope you don’t mind me contacting you in this way, but I recently stumbled upon your website – http://t-machine.org.
I work for [redacted to spare his shame] and we’re just about to launch a Facebook version of our online MMORPG, [redacted – I’m not going to promote their game].
I’m reaching out to influential bloggers within the gaming space and consider you to be one of the top, most active out there. Our Facebook version of the [redacted – I’m not going to promote their game] is due for release on the 1st September 2011.
If you’re interested in reviewing the game or fancy an inside scoop prior to release, please let me know and I will forward you our press release.
Flattery will get you everywhere. Except when you’re trying to trade off someone else’s reputation, where it won’t. The blatant mail-merge aspects of this email immediately turned it into a rejection, headed straight for my Spam folder.
I don’t promote titles until/unless I’ve actually played them, or I know the authors extremely well. He might have done a good job to drop the fake “we share friends” line, and pre-creating an account for me.
Putting the “you can review this if you want to” right at the end really doesn’t sound good; over-worked journos may be more interested in a pre-written article, but voluntary bloggers generally care more about the personal value of what they write. IMHO and IME; YMMV.
Papa Sangre devs: are you sure it’s not because…?
“[with Android] We just can’t get complicated applications functioning with any kind of speed (if at all) … it’s not because we’re stupid or don’t know the platform well enough”.
Develop is trade-press, for professional game developers (mostly coders, IME). No further explanation was given.
Hmm. I’m intrigued to know what they can code on an iPhone 3GS, but not on the more powerful Android phones from 2010 (let alone the ones from 2011).
That link is tenuous in many cases (how does “running a competition” drive revenue?), but no more so than a lot of modern marketing campaigns.
There were a few games that came up in the 10 games you should have played session at GameCamp which I’d never heard of / played. One of these was SpaceChem – sounded interesting (the 5-second description was something like “great game which teaches you how to do real Chemistry”).
Someone else mentioned this game to me today, in passing, which reminded me to go check it out. I went to the website, looks vaguely interesting (although the site design is very ugly – normally a big FAIL in web-marketing – I’m happy to ignore that since I’m after a *game* here).
The only info I’m allowed to see about the game – no screenshots etc – is an embedded Flash video that’s taking ages to download, so long in fact that I gave up.
So I try to get the demo instead.
Oh, FFS. Forget it. No, I’m not going to download 500MB (or however much it is these days) and endure extra debugging, manual configuration, etc just to install your game.
If this is a commercial operation (and it is, judging by their huge “buy now for $15” text), then it’s a waste of time to release a Mac version that’s any more complicated than “drag one icon to install”.
The Apple Mac Store is *live*, people! It’s even less hassle to buy things there (the “drag icon” bit is done for you automatically).
More generally, if you’re going to release games, don’t tie yourself to a 3rd-party platform that requires a large download and isn’t pre-installed by default on desktops.
But hey – wait a minute – look closely at the person who’s posing in each case. Why does the on-screen person look like they weigh twice as much as the person who’s in front of the camera?
Ah. I see. It’s that recurring problem again: marketing companies that don’t know where to hire skilled tech staff. Here we’ve got 3D model wrapping apparently done by someone who’s never heard of Convex Hull. This is basic Computer Science (IIRC it’s taught in almost every CS undergrad course today) – wrapping string (or cloth) tightly around a solid object is an interesting and very common problem.
All of which put together makes this a FAIL. Technologically it’s all fixable, but from a sales/marketing perspective it’s enough to send many people screaming. Fingers crossed that the company (ARDoor) manages to make huge sales anyway – the potential here is enormous, and some of what they’ve done looks great (I like the simple interface, and the giant “Smile!” instruction).
Why is it that these days every time a London-based “digital agency” or “mobile agency” gets hold of your email address, they IMMEDIATELY sign you up to their spam mailing list? Even some outside London have started doing this too.
YuzaMobile is the most recent example – why do it? It doesn’t benefit them: their spam has just thoroughly convinced me that I never want to let any of my clients or partners anywhere near them. They have a cavalier disregard for basic comms etiquette.
Well, I sent a single personal email to one of their directors who I’d met at an event.
How does that square with “spam me now, please!”?
In the last day or so, I’ve seen a barrage of crap on this topic – much of it ACTIVELY destructive (it’ll make your iPhone apps less successful than if you didn’t do it!). I’m not going to hotlink most of them – they don’t deserve the attention – but some of them mix bad with good, e.g. a guest post from someone with some good points, but also glaring inaccuracies.
No. It’s one of the worst days. Why? Because every idiot who ever read “Thursday is the best day to launch an app” … now launches their apps on Thursday. Duh!
Virality is based on value, not on the presence of a corporate logo. Find some *real* iPhone developers, and ask them what happens if you launch an app with sharing in it.
Only apps that are already spreading virally, and heading for major success, ever benefit from this integration.
i.e. don’t bother until you actually need it; in some cases, for big apps, where you’re confident of 100,000 initial downloads … you may need it at launch. Most apps don’t.
Nope. Ask any experienced developer how many of their users read the iTunes description, and they’ll probably laugh at you. There’s a really, really good reason for this (but this is a post on what NOT to do, not what to do).
Um … WTF? How stupid are you?
“You need check-in on everything. Let your users check in to articles, blog posts, events, places, shopping items, videos, or even slide share feeds ☺.
Who’s that from? Oh, yes – a company that doesn’t actually make apps, but sells a product to churn out crummy identikit apps, where “check-in” is one of their features.
…because this info is several years out of date (i.e. a lifetime in App Store terms). In fact, for the last 10-18 months, chart ranking has been largely irrelevant in a lot of sectors – largely due to the surge in FAAD and their ilk.
Sad but true: first you need a success before you even have something we’d call “a community”. You need a substantial number of downloads – AND daily actives. “Ten of your mates downloading it once” does not a community make.
Ask a game developer how easy / successful it is to promote your game on TA.
Again: back when almost no-one was doing it, this helped enormously. But that was years ago. Now … good luck getting any visibility amongst the sea of other developers doing exactly the same thing.
If you feel you want even more “gotchas” and things to avoid, have a look at Jake Simpson’s very recent (February 2011) experiences of trying many of these – and more! – and having them fail miserably.
NB: Jake’s experience was particularly harsh, and actually goes more negative than I think is accurate, in general. At some point, I’ll do a followup that looks at the good parts (things you SHOULD do, that never seem to get old).
But, let’s be clear: mostly, this is standard Marketing. If you’ve hired someone to do your marketing who even bothers to read these sites, you made a mistake. Instead, find someone who’s good enough at marketing to invent the tactics they need all by themself. Preferably, hire someone for their skill at marketing “strategy”, not for their knowledge of “tactics”.
I had a serious customer-support problem with Skype recently, relating to money they’ve taken from me. It’s proved excessively difficult to get a response from them – surprising, considering their size, their brand, and the fact it’s a paid-for service. It raises some interesting questions over Customer Support / Community Support, and how they can/should be scaled.
FYI, the initial complaint is over what looks like a scam – if you pay for Skype, but don’t use it frequently enough, they cancel the service but keep the money. It was probably buried somewhere in the smallprint, but I certainly don’t remember that as part of what I signed-up for: “pay now … get screwed later!”. Whether or not it’s legal, it’s certainly dishonest (they give no explanation, it’s NOT part of the marketing materials, it’s just “policy”). It feels like theft.
Their website was useless. So, I asked them about it…or, at least, I tried to.
500 million accounts … too many?
Skype’s customer-support is unusually weak here; this is a paid-for product, and they’re actively blocking people from getting support. That’s not how support works; that’s what you do when you don’t have a support team – usually because you’re too poor to afford it AND you have no paying customers. Doing this with paying customers is surprising. Especially for a large product/brand.
I remember in the very early days of Skype they already had 50-100 employees for what was a comparitively small operation. IIRC, a big chunk of that was dedicated to support, and a big chunk to marketing – only a very small part was tech. I’d assumed that with their 10’s of millions of users, they had a highly automated customer-support system.
Today, they have well over half a billion user accounts – and it would seem that even their automated systems have failed. Why else would they put a block on industry-standard email aliases? And deliberately shutdown their own support address?
Obviously, those addresses would be flooded with spam and FAQ emails … but *all* commercial customer-support systems are specifically designed to handle those probems – and at large scale, too.
My guess is simply that whichever commercial system they use wasn’t architected to a high enough quality, and is incapable of handling Skype’s uniquely large customer base. This isn’t a criticism of that system – there are very few companies in the world with so many users of a single product. i.e. there’s very little demand for a product to be so carefully engineered.
But it begs the question: why hasn’t Skype put something better in place? Surely they have the resource and the skill to source or architect something better? Or is it a company policy to provide second-rate, low-quality support – even for their paid customers?
Incidentally, I don’t/didn’t think much of Facebook’s tech team (although quite possiby it’s improvements in that team that have lead to fixed like the one above). It’s very hard to be sure, going on just public info, but I used to read their blog, and their posts about performance and architecture were for a long period … amateurish.
On some core subjects, they betrayed a deep lack of experience and understanding – and apparently no effort being taken to correct that, but rather they preferred to “hack” away with band-aid solutions. Great fun for them, but not appropriate for a billion-dollar service, IMHO. |
0.981524 | A hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. A hero can also be defined as someone who contributes meaningfully to a community. So, their deeds must be in the context of community and they should be for a bigger good than the individual. Children have different perceptions of a hero, they commonly derive their heroes from fictional literature like movies and stories. As they grow older, this perception changes to reflect their maturity and appreciation of the iconic individuals in the society who directly or indirectly contributed significantly to the well-being of the community. Therefore, my argument will overlook the childish definition of a hero and focus on what defining qualities and actions that make a hero.
A hero is highly subjective label because it is a contextual term. A definition of a hero to an old grandparent is different to that of a teen member of a gang. Each one of them have diverse perspective about life and what a heroic deed entails. A hero can be as a result of one or more heroic deeds that leaves a lasting impression to the society. Paradoxically, some heroic deeds in one community can be overlooked and cannot warrant the label of a hero in another. The circumstances and definition of heroic deeds is therefore subject to the culture and the conditions which surround an event that births a hero.
Since heroism is a matter of perspective, what are heroic deeds? Heroic deeds are actions that contribute to the well-being or livelihood of a community, as viewed by that community. These deeds are highly subjective as mentioned above. Some heroes stumble their heroic deeds in the course of their normal work and do not necessarily do anything out of the norm. They step in for action like any sane sentient being would have done and they are labelled as heroes. Other people such as firemen and military rescuers are trained to take risks in their jobs to save life or property yet every call of duty their community showers them with labels of heroes. These people are just doing their work and they have been trained and equipped to face any imminent danger. Other heroic deeds do not necessarily add any significant value to our lives yet many people consider them heroic. For example, the first people to climb Mt. Everest have been accorded heroic honors yet their achievement does not add any significant value to the society. All these mountain climbers did was push their determination to go higher the mountain and come down to prove it is possible of to view the world from the top. They engineered desire and inspiration to many other people to go up against the mountain. Unfortunately, many people have since lost their lives attempting to reach the summit which begs the question, was their accomplishment heroic if it inspired people to go on suicide missions?
Therefore, like mentioned above, a heroic deed is a matter of perspective. And what makes heroes is heroic deeds which some heroes stumble by chance. Other heroic deeds are a result of training and preparation to face imminent danger. Other people who go high and beyond their abilities to achieve a monumental accomplishment are also heroes though we overlook some of the negative unintended results of their achievements. Succinctly, heroism is just a matter of perspective and it is a label attached to people who do one or more heroic deeds as per the community.
Importantly, the term hero used in this article refers also to heroines and in their context thereof, the author used ‘hero’ with total regard to gender impartiality and any unintended perception portrayed by the term is apologized. |
0.932536 | Scientology is a religion and belief system created by L. Ron Hubbard, starting in 1952, as a follow-up to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics.
Hubbard called Scientology a religion, and in 1953 incorporated the Church of Scientology in New Jersey.
Scientology believes that people are immortal, spiritual beings who have forgotten their true nature.
Its method of spiritual growth is a type of counseling known as auditing. Through auditing practitioners re-experience painful or traumatic events in their lives (even previous lives), in order to free themselves of their effect on the present.
The word Scientology comes from the Latin word scientia ("knowledge," "skill"), and the Greek logos ("word" or "account [of]").
The theories and beliefs come from L. Ron Hubbard who was a scientist, explorer, and writer. His book Dianetics was a best seller in the 1950's.
Dianetics uses a counseling technique known as auditing, developed by Hubbard to enable conscious recall of traumatic events in an individual's past. He originally intended it to be a new form of psychotherapy. He never expected it to become the foundation for a new religion.
Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health was published in 1950. His book entered the New York Times bestseller list in June and stayed there for the remainder of the year.
The word Dianetics comes form the Greek Dia meaning "through" and nous meaning "soul."
Dianetics appealed to a many types of people who used instructions from the book and applied the method to themselves and each other. Hubbard found himself the leader of a growing Dianetics movement.
Some practitioners of early Dianetics reported experiences which they believed had occurred in past lives, or previous incarnations. In early 1951, reincarnation became a subject of intense debate within Dianetics. Some followers were hopeful of winning support for Dianetics from the medical community and didn't want to include reincarnation as part of the belief system. But Hubbard decided to take the reports of past life events seriously and postulated the existence of the thetan, a concept similar to the soul. This was an important factor in the transition from secular Dianetics to the religion of Scientology.
Also in 1951, Hubbard introduced the electropsychometer (E-meter for short see above) as an auditing aid. Based on a design by Hubbard, the device is believed by Scientologists to be a helpful tool in detecting changes in state of mind.
In 1952, Hubbard built on the existing framework set forth in Dianetics, and published a new set of teachings as Scientology, a religious philosophy.
In December 1953, Hubbard incorporated three churches – a "Church of American Science", a "Church of Scientology" and a "Church of Spiritual Engineering" – in Camden, New Jersey.
Scientology claims that its beliefs and practices are based on scientific research and testing.
"Scientology works 100 percent of the time when it is properly applied to a person who sincerely desires to improve his life", is the official view of the Church of Scientology.
Practitioners are encouraged to validate the value of the methods they apply through their personal experience.
Hubbard himself put it this way: "For a Scientologist, the final test of any knowledge he has gained is, 'did the data and the use of it in life actually improve conditions or didn't it?'"
In Scientology, the belief is that there is such a thing as the thetan. It is believed to be the individualized expression of the cosmic source, or life force, named after the Greek letter theta. The thetan is thought to be the true identity of a person – an intrinsically good, omniscient, non-material core capable of unlimited creativity.
For Scientologists, the universe is thought to have no independent reality, but to derive its apparent reality from the fact that most thetans agree it exists.
Scientologists believe that thetans fell from grace when they began to identify with their creation, rather than their original state of spiritual purity. Eventually, they lost their memory of their true nature, along with the associated spiritual and creative powers. As a result, thetans came to think of themselves as nothing but embodied beings. This has similarities with the Christian view of Adam and Eve's fall from grace in the Garden of Eden.
Thetans are believed to be reborn time and time again in new bodies through a process called "assumption" which is analogous to reincarnation. Like Hinduism, Scientology believe in a causal relationship between the experiences of earlier incarnations, and one's present life. With each rebirth, the effects of the MEST universe (MEST here stands for matter, energy, space, and time) on the thetan are believed to become stronger.
Scientology says there are two major divisions of the mind. The reactive mind is thought to absorb all pain and emotional trauma, while the analytical mind is a rational mechanism which is responsible for consciousness.
This seems similar to Freud's views of the conscious (ego) and subconscious (id) mind but Scientologists get far more specific in it's affect on our lives.
They say the reactive mind stores mental images which are not readily available to the analytical (conscious) mind. These images are referred to as engrams. Engrams are believed to be painful and debilitating and are the cause of most of our life problems and frustrations.
The essence of Dianetic training involves the practices through which a Scientologist progresses towards a Clear state, eventually being freed from the reactive mind's engrams, and acquiring certainty of his or her reality as a thetan.
Scientology emphasizes the importance of survival, which it subdivides into eight classifications that are referred to as dynamics. An individual's desire to survive is considered to be the first dynamic, while the second dynamic relates to procreation and the family.
The remaining dynamics encompass wider fields of action, involving groups, mankind, all life, the physical universe, the spirit, and the Supreme Being. The optimum solution to any problem is held to be the one that brings the greatest benefit to the greatest number of dynamics.
Scientology teaches that spiritual progress requires and enables the attainment of high ethical standards.
In Scientology, rationality is stressed over morality. Actions are considered ethical if they promote survival across all eight dynamics, thus benefiting the greatest number of people possible while harming the fewest.
Scientology believes that people have hidden capabilities which they have not yet fully developed. Developing these capabilities are accomplished through counseling sessions referred to as auditing.
Through auditing, people can solve their life problems and free themselves of engrams. This restores them to a natural state as thetans and lets them be at peace in their daily lives. They are no longer under the influence of stored engrams.
The goal is to move from a status of Preclear to Clear, and then to an Operating Thetan. Scientology's ultimate goal is to "clear the planet," and create a world where everyone is freed from their engrams.
Actual Auditing involves a one-on-one session with a Scientology counselor or auditor. It's similar to a Catholic confession or religious counseling. However the auditor does not provide forgiveness or advice the way a pastor or priest might do. The auditor's task is to help the person discover and understand engrams, and their limiting effects, for themselves.
Most auditing requires an E-meter, a device that measures minute changes in electrical resistance through the body when a person holds electrodes (metal "cans"), and a small current is passed through them. Scientology asserts that watching for changes in the E-meter's display helps locate engrams.
Once a problem area has been identified, the auditor asks specific questions about it, in order to help them eliminate the engram. The E-meter confirms that the engram's "charge" has been dissipated and the engram has in fact been cleared.
As the individual progresses, the focus of auditing moves from simple engrams to engrams of increasing complexity. At the more advanced OT auditing levels, Scientologists perform solo auditing sessions, acting as their own auditors.
Scientology believes that people are immortal, spiritual beings who have forgotten their true nature. Its method of spiritual growth is a type of counseling known as auditing where repressed memories and actions are brought back and released. |
0.999799 | The text below is a summary of the article, click on this link to view the original.
Hearing loss, reported by more than 17% of the U.S. adult population, is a major public health concern affecting more than 36 million people. Diabetes mellitus affects an estimated 9.6% of the U.S. adult population and is associated with microvascular and neuropathic complications affecting the retina,kidney, peripheral arteries, and peripheral nerves.
Specifically, the authors of this article designed this analysis to determine whether hearing impairment is more prevalent among U.S. adults who report a diagnosis of diabetes than those who report no diagnosis and whether differences in prevalence by diabetes status occur predominantly in specific U.S. population subgroups.
The prevalence of hearing impairment was higher among individuals with diabetes in both sexes; all groups of race or ethnicity, education, and income–poverty ratio; and all age groups but the oldest (those 60 to 69 years).
For each combination of frequency range and severity, we defined hearing impairment in terms of the pure tone average in the worse ear, which designates persons with impairment in at least 1 ear. Estimates were generally similar across frequencies except those for hearing impairment of moderate or greater severity assessed in the better ear, in which the odds ratio estimate of low- or mid-frequency hearing impairment was higher, and that of high-frequency hearing impairment was lower than all the others.
In summary, our data suggest that hearing impairment may be an underrecognized complication of diabetes. Although this analysis does not focus on possible mechanisms for the association of diabetes and hearing impairment, we have identified an important public health problem that can be addressed. With the high prevalence of hearing impairment among diabetic patients, screening for this condition may be justified. |
0.962476 | Although a rental property allows someone the ability to have a place that they can call home, the bottom line between the landlord and the tenant is a business relationship.
The leasing agreement is a contract that both parties must follow.
If either party violates that contract, then legal measures can be taken to rectify that situation.
What is one of the most common reasons why this contract is broken? A tenant not paying the rent. Here's what you need to do to evict a tenant who has not paid the rent, whether they can afford to do so or not.
In order to begin the eviction process, you must first notify the tenant in writing that they are in violation of the lease.
Many landlords or property managers will tape these notices to a door or even slip them underneath a door, but the best legal method is to send this notice by certified mail.
This gives you documented evidence that you sent the notice and that it was received.
This written notice must outline why they are in violation, what needs to be done to rectify the violation, and what steps may be taken if the rent continues to remain unpaid.
If your rent is due on the first of the month, then you can send out your notification, which is called a Notice to Pay or Quit, the very next day.
If, however, your lease has a grace period where the rent can be paid without penalty, this notice cannot be sent out until the day after the grace period has expired.
Some landlords and property managers also have a period of time where the rent can be paid with an additional late fee.
If this is the case, the notice cannot be sent until after the late payment with penalty period has expired in many jurisdictions.
Because of this, it is important to clearly define when rent is due, when your grace period expires, and when the late payment penalty period expires.
Without clear definitions in the contract, a tenant may not qualify for a eviction for non-payment.
If the tenant does not respond to your Notice to Pay or Quit, you can begin eviction proceedings with your local court system.
You cannot turn off utilities, change locks, or remove personal property during this period of time.
Only the court can legally evict a tenant and this must come in the form of a court order.
This typically takes 1-2 weeks after the eviction filing takes place.
Many tenants don't want this filing to take place because it becomes part of their permanent credit record and will likely settle before you reach this stage.
If you do get the court order for an eviction, however, you must allow the local Sheriff's department to perform the task.
Landlords are not allowed to evict on their sole discretion.
Once the eviction has been completed, you will then be able to restore the premises to a marketable condition using the tenant's security deposit, potentially charge for rent until the property is occupied once again, and other charges based on your jurisdiction.
You may also be able to pursue additional charges in another lawsuit.
Evicting a tenant does generally take about three weeks and if it isn't done correctly, may force you to start over from the beginning.
Make sure to know local laws in-depth so that you can evict a tenant for not paying rent properly. |
0.933814 | Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (November 10, 1759 – May 9, 1805), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist who became, along with his close friend Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, one of the influential figures in what would become known as the classical movement in German literature. Like Goethe, Schiller was a true embodiment of The Enlightenment, taking interest and making contributions not only to literature and philosophy, but also to science, history, politics, and the management of democratic societies. Schiller's views on liberty, equality, and civil justice, expressed so poignantly in his poems and plays and put into action in his philosophical and political writings, would have their influence on generations of writers in the succeeding decades of European Romanticism, as would his conception of the "beautiful soul." Schiller, living in one of the most productive intellectual periods in human history, synthesized the thoughts and sentiments of his generation and, while he is often criticized today as being too idealistic, he is nevertheless one of the most important figures in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century literature.
Schiller was born in Marbach, Württemberg, a provincial town some miles north of Stuttgart. Schiller was the only son of military doctor, Johann Kaspar Schiller (1733–1796), and Elisabeth Dorothea Kodweiss (1732–1802). After retiring from military service, Johann Kaspar took an interest in gardening and horticulture, and he was appointed superintended of gardens and plantations at Ludwigsburg, the home of Duke Karl Eugen. For 13 years, Friedrich led a relatively happy life in Ludwigsburg, but upon completing grammar school, he was forced, at the command of Duke Eugen, to attend Karlscchule, a military academy which the Duke himself had founded. Johann Kaspar had hoped that his son might enter the ministry, and Friedrich himself loathed the idea of entering the notoriously harsh environment of the military academy—the Duke, however, was implacable, and in 1772 young Friedrich Schiller was enrolled.
Schiller would endure the academy for eight years, ultimately studying medicine like his father. At age 21 he left for Stuttgart to take up a position as an assistant medical officer in a local regiment. Friedrich's early experience with tyranny at the hands of Duke Eugen solidified his own republican feelings, and his opposition to the aristocracy would find its way into much of his future work. Most notably, Schiller's first play, Die Räuber (The Robbers) addressed the topic explicitly. The play follows the descent of its protagonist, Karl Moor, the brilliant and ambitious son of a nobleman. Karl's deceitful brother Franz convinces their father that Karl is villainous and not to be trusted, and Karl's father promptly disowns him. Enraged, Karl becomes an anarchist, leading a band of thieves and criminals rampaging across the countryside. Ultimately, Karl realizes that anarchy is not an acceptable alternative to civil society, and that society cannot be reformed by violence. The play ends with Karl turning himself in and submitting to the laws he had attempted to overthrow. Although it has sometimes been interpreted as a morality play—with Karl stepping outside the bounds of society only to reject his criminal deeds and return to bonds of civil society—other critics both today and in Schiller's own time interpreted The Robbers as a tragedy of social injustice, depicting how a man of such intelligence could be driven to base violence and crime by an unjust society.
The first performance of the play in the city of Mannheim on the January 13, 1789, rocketed Schiller to instant fame and renown. Radical intellectuals heralded the play as marking a major change in the German theater, where issues of social justice would be addressed directly. Conservatives and members of the upper-class, Duke Eugen among them, were scandalized by the work's revolutionary undertones. The Duke ordered that Schiller be imprisoned and forbidden from writing more plays. In order to escape this fate, Schiller fled to Mannheim, where he hoped the resident Baron von Dalberg would protect him.
Dalberg, however, was under pressure from other members of the aristocracy, and not wanting to cause an incident, ignored Schiller's requests as much as possible. During this time Schiller lived in almost total poverty, but continued to write, penning the plays Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua (Fiesco, or, the Genoese Conspiracy) and Kabale und Liebe (Cabal and Love), the latter of which is now considered one of Schiller's finest romances. Eventually Dalberg was won over, and appointed Schiller as resident playwright of Mannheim's theater, but a year later he revoked his offer and Schiller was once again on his own. Schiller moved to Leipzig, where he began work on his epic poetic drama Don Carlos about King Philip II of Spain and his son, Don Carlos. Although its plot is complicated and overwrought, Don Carlos marks a major change in Schiller's writing, as well as German literature as a whole; the epic poem was one of the first popular works to introduce blank verse—that is, verse written to meter that is not rhymed—to a German audience. With this poem, critics now agree, Schiller first sounded the depths and complexities of character that he would later use to great effect in his mature masterpieces.
In Leipzig, Schiller earned the patronage of a wealthy man named Christian Gottfried Körner. Overjoyed that he had finally found financial stability, Schiller wrote what is perhaps his single most widely-known work in commemoration of Körner's generosity, a short poem entitled An die Freude (Ode to Joy) that would later famously be set to music by Ludwig van Beethoven in the finale of his 9th Symphony. Ultimately, however, Schiller knew that he could not stay in Leipzig forever, which at that time was a cultural backwater in comparison to Weimar, Germany's undisputed literary capital. Schiller set off for Weimar in 1787, once again throwing himself into uncertain circumstances.
In Weimar Schiller began writing works of history, and in 1794 he met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe by chance. Although Goethe's political and philosophical opinions were at that time almost antithetical to Schiller's radical views, the two became fast friends and would ultimately collaborate together on a number of projects. Goethe endorsed Schiller for a position as a professor of history at the University of Jena on the strength of two volumes Schiller had written on the history of the Thirty Years’ War. Schiller would remain teaching at Jena for a number of years, and would later use the materials he had gathered in his histories to form the basis of his greatest achievement, the epic drama Wallenstein.
To Olympus where the blessed ones stay.
Turn your head to the stars for direction.
But don't trample the fruit of the garden.
Nature's revenge will offer no pardon.
Nature wills her continued survival.
In 1800 Schiller finished Wallenstein, a work of an epic scale that is now considered one of the greatest works of German literature. The work, which consists of a preface in verse, a prologue in prose, and two five-act plays, depicts the life of Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, commander-in-chief of the Holy Roman Empire's armies during the Thirty Years’ War. Wallenstein is one of the first true antiheroes; a brilliant general and admirable man in all respects, he secretly plans to betray his country to the enemy in hopes of being appointed regent of the Empire. Wallenstein sees himself as existing "beyond good and evil," wishing to do what he does purely for the sake of his own will and desires. The play is a compelling account of the temptations of power, and Wallenstein's ultimate failure and death do not dispel the powerful questions on the nature of corruption and governance raised by the narrative.
Realizing that his health was failing rapidly, Schiller entered a period of even more profound productivity after completing Wallenstein. Influenced by his long correspondence with Goethe, Schiller had come to greatly admire the classics of ancient Greek drama, and over the course of four years he wrote four plays modeled after the classics: Maria Stuart (1800) written on the subject Mary, Queen of Scots; Die Jungfrau von Orleans (1801), written on the subject of Joan of Arc; Die Braut von Messina (1803); and Wilhelm Tell (1804), which is concerned with a critical period in the ultimate downfall of the Hapsburg Empire. All of these plays were written on historical topics, and Schiller's time spent as a historian had clearly not gone to waste; in each of these plays he demonstrates a profound understanding of the historical contexts and issues at hand, as well as their relation to his own time.
Although all these late plays are considered to be some of Schiller's highest achievements, Maria Stuart is singled out again and again as the first among equals. Chronicling the last three days of Mary's life before her execution, Schiller follows the classical method of writing his drama in medias res, beginning the play after most of the main events have already happened and allowing much of Mary's tragic history to be recalled through dialogue and flashback. The play demonstrates the profound danger for justice when courts and judges are subject to political pressure. Mary heroically accepts the decree of the English court that she be executed, viewing her own death as atonement for her own misdeeds in the past. The play is one of the best examples of Schiller's own theories of political and moral redemption through self-sacrifice. The play’s influence on subsequent European and Romantic drama has been unequalled.
In 1805 death overtook Schiller while he was in the process of writing yet another historical play on a Russian subject, entitled Demetrius. Only fragments survive. Schiller was interred in Weimar, where he is remembered, along with Goethe, as one of the most influential Germans of his century.
Schiller wrote many philosophical papers on ethics and aesthetics. He synthesized the thought of Immanuel Kant with the thought of Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He developed the concept of the Schöne Seele or "beautiful soul," a human being whose emotions have been educated by his reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung ("duty and desire") are no longer in conflict with one another. Thus "beauty," for Schiller, is not merely a sensual experience, but a moral one as well: the good is, fundamentally, the beautiful. His philosophical work was also particularly concerned with the question of human freedom, a preoccupation which also guided his historical researches, such as The Thirty Years' War and The Revolt of the Netherlands, also finding its way into his dramas (the "Wallenstein" trilogy concerns the Thirty Years’ War, while "Don Carlos" addresses the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain.) Schiller wrote two important essays on the question of the sublime (das erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays address one aspect of human freedom as the ability to defy or surmount one's animal instincts, such as the drive for self-preservation, as in the case of someone who willingly dies for a beautiful idea.
A pivotal work by Schiller was On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a series of Letters, (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen) which was inspired by the great disappointment Schiller felt about the French Revolution. He had hoped that it would be an American-style revolution, leading to the formation of a constitutional republic. Instead, it led to the Reign of Terror and Napoleon Bonaparte. Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people," and wrote the Letters as a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedies in the future. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible to elevate the moral character of a people, by first touching their souls with beauty, an idea that is also found in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate the land of knowledge."
On the philosophical side, Letters put forth the notion of Stofftrieb ("the sensuous drive") and Formtrieb ("the formal drive"). In a comment to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Form and Matter, from which the notion of Spieltrieb ("the play drive") derives, as are a number of other terms. Kant's The Critique of the Faculty of Judgment, the conflict between man's material, sensuous nature and his capacity for reason (Formtrieb being the drive to impose conceptual and moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the happy union of Form and Matter in the "play drive," which for him is synonymous with artistic beauty, or "living form." On the basis of Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters a future ideal state (a utopia), where everyone will be content, and everything will be beautiful, thanks to the free play of Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus on the dialectical interplay between Form and Matter has inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical theory.
Geschichte des dreissigjährigen Kriegs The History of the Thirty Years' War Retrieved July 22, 2016.
George Steiner. Say it loud – it's Schiller and it's proud.
Friedrich von Schiller. Letters upon the Aesthetic Education of Man.
This page was last modified on 13 May 2017, at 21:01. |
0.942388 | Christopher Lekapenos or Lecapenus (Greek: Χριστόφορος Λακαπηνός) was the eldest son of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944) and co-emperor from 921 until his death in 931.
Christopher was the oldest son of Romanos Lekapenos, and the second-oldest child after his sister Helena. Younger siblings were Agatha, who married Romanos Argyros, Stephen and Constantine (co-emperors from 924 until 945), Theophylact (Patriarch of Constantinople in 933–956), and two unnamed younger sisters.
Nothing is known of Christopher's early life. He was certainly an adult by 919–920, and had a daughter of marriageable age in 927, hence he was probably born around 890–895. Already before his father's rise to power, he had been married to Sophia, the daughter of the wealthy patrikios Niketas, a Slav from the Peloponnese.
When Romanos succeeded in having his daughter Helena Lekapene married to the young emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetos in spring 919 and assumed the role of guardian of the emperor with the title basileopator, Christopher succeeded him in his post as megas hetaireiarches, commander of the palace guard. Romanos soon crowned himself emperor (December 920), and eventually advanced himself before the young Constantine in precedence. To further cement his position, and planning to advance his own family over the legitimate Macedonian line, Romans crowned Christopher also as co-emperor on 20 May 921. Furthermore, when Christopher's mother, the Augusta Theodora died in February 922, his wife Sophia was raised to the dignity of Augusta alongside Helena Lekapene.
In 927, as part of a peace agreement, Christopher's daughter Maria, renamed Eirene ("peace") for the occasion, was married to the Bulgarian emperor Peter I (r. 927–969). Romanos used the occasion to advance Christopher before Constantine Porphyrogennetos, making him first among the rather large group of co-emperors (in 924, Christopher's younger brothers Stephen and Constantine had also been crowned as co-emperors). In 928, his father-in-law, the patrikios Niketas, unsuccessfully tried to incite Christopher to depose his father, and was banished. The motive behind this was perhaps Christopher's poor health, and fears by his wife and her father that, should he die prematurely, they would lose their status. In the event, Christopher died in August 931, much mourned by his father, who shed tears "like the Egyptians" and thereafter increasingly became devoted to religious pursuits. Soon after Christopher's death, Sophia too retired from the court and entered a monastery, where she died.
Maria-Eirene (died ca. 965), the Empress-consort of Peter I of Bulgaria.
Romanos, still a child at the time of Christopher's death. According to Zonaras he was favoured by his grandfather, who thought about promoting him to his father's place as senior co-emperor, but for his death soon after.
Michael, an infant at the time of Christopher's death, he was made a cleric at the time of the family's fall from power in 945. He eventually reached the high dignities of magistros and rhaiktor, but nothing further is known of his later life. |
0.999997 | According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, prices for child care and nursery school were 91.70% higher in 2019 versus 2000 (a $18.34 difference in value).
Between 2000 and 2019: Child care and nursery school experienced an average inflation rate of 3.48% per year. This rate of change indicates significant inflation. In other words, child care and nursery school costing $20 in the year 2000 would cost $38.34 in 2019 for an equivalent purchase. Compared to the overall inflation rate of 2.04% during this same period, inflation for child care and nursery school was higher.
In the year 2000: Pricing changed by 5.48%, which is above the average yearly change for child care and nursery school during the 2000-2019 time period. Compared to inflation for all items in 2000 (3.38%), inflation for child care and nursery school was higher.
Years with the largest changes in pricing: 2000 (5.48%), 2006 (5.45%), and 1994 (5.27%).
Therefore, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, $20 in 2000 has the same "purchasing power" as $38.34 in 2019 (in the CPI category of Child care and nursery school).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics began tracking the Consumer Price Index for Child care and nursery school in 1990. In addition to child care and nursery school, the index produces monthly data on changes in prices paid by urban consumers for a variety of goods and services. |
0.999913 | Four options are given at the end of each statement. You should encircle one option from them.
Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of____________ characteristics.
Darwin spent 5 weeks on the_____________ Islands.
Darwin also found fossi[s of giant_____________ and giant sloths.
The formation of new forms from an ancestral species in response to the opening of new habitats is called adaptive_________________.
Inherited variations arise by_______________ mutation.
Some other, variations are neither helpful nor harmful. These variations are called_________________.
Ans: The change over time in specie is called evolution.
What is theory of acquired characters?
What was the objection on Lamarckism?
Ans: This mechanism lack reasonable evidences. The changes are passed to the next generation by gametes. For example, change in neck of giraffe does not occur in genetic materiat. So it cannot be transferred to the next generation.
What is theory of uniformitarianism?
Ans: According to this theory, forces of wind, rain, riv–rs, volcanoes, and geological uplift shape the earth of today. They have also changed the earth in the past.
5. What is a fossil?
The histological dead remains of the organism or their imprints preserved in the rocks are called fossils.
What was the concept of people before Darwin?
events. One of the catastrophic events was Noah’s flood.
What are the advantages of Tortoises with shorter necks?
Ans: They live in ,moister regions. This region does not favor tortoises with longer necks. Therefore, the shorter-necked tortoises survive in these regions.
8. What is adaptive radiation?
Ans.: The formation of new forms from an ancestral species in response to the opening of new habitats is called adaptive radiation.
How does artificial selection give the idea of natural selection to Darwin?
Ans: He was interested in the success of breeders. These breeders develop the desired variations in plant and animal stocks. It is an artificial selection of traits. Darwin thought that similar selection may occur in natural world.
What is meant by adaptation?
Ans: The adaptations are defined as characteristics that increase the potential of an organism or species to successfully reproduce in a specified environment.
What is meant by Adaptedness or fitness?
Ans: Adaptedness or fitness is a measure of the capacity for successful reproduction in a given environment.
The change over time in specie is called evolution.
The formation of new forms from an ancestral species in response to the opening of new habitats is called adaptive radiation.
The study of the earth is called ethology.
Galapagos is a group of volcanic islands.
organism or their imprints preserved in the rocks are called fossils.
F The study of the earth is called geology. |
0.93822 | Below is a jumbled scripture verse.
The verse is well known; all you have to do is unscramble the words and put them in the correct order.
How long will it take you to unravel the text and quote the Bible reference?
John 10:7 I am the door of the sheep.
Revelation 22:20 ... Even so, come, Lord Jesus. |
0.950302 | Not to be confused with University of Liverpool or Liverpool Hope University.
Liverpool John Moores University (abbreviated LJMU) is a public research university in the city of Liverpool, England. The university can trace its origins to the Liverpool Mechanics' School of Arts, established in 1823. This later merged to become Liverpool Polytechnic. In 1992, following an Act of Parliament the Liverpool Polytechnic became what is now Liverpool John Moores University. It is named after Sir John Moores, a local businessman and philanthropist, who donated to the university's precursor institutions.
It has 22,445 students, of which 18,325 are undergraduate students and 4,115 are postgraduate, making it the 35th largest university in the UK by total student population.
It is a member of the University Alliance, the Northern Consortium and the European University Association.
Founded as a small mechanics institution (Liverpool Mechanics' School of Arts) in 1823, the institution grew over the centuries by converging and amalgamating with different colleges, including the F.L.Calder School of Domestic Science, the City of Liverpool C.F. Mott Training College, before eventually becoming Liverpool Polytechnic in 1970. The University also has a long history of providing training, education and research to the maritime industry, dating back to the formation of the Liverpool Nautical College in 1892.
The institution then became a university under the terms of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 under the new title of "Liverpool John Moores University". This new title was approved by the Privy Council on 15 September 1992. The university took its name from Sir John Moores, the founder of the Littlewoods empire. Moores was a great believer in the creation of opportunity for all, which embodies the ethos of LJMU in providing educational routes for people of all ages and from all backgrounds. This belief led Sir John Moores to invest in the institution and facilities, such as the John Foster Building (housing the Liverpool Business School), designed by and named after leading architect John Foster. With the institution's backgrounds dating back as far as 1823, many of the university buildings date back also, with aesthetically pleasing Georgian and Victorian buildings found on a few of the campuses.
LJMU now has more than 24,000 students . LJMU was awarded the Queen's Anniversary Prize in 2005.
Currently, Liverpool John Moores University is receiving more applications than previously seen; according to data in 2009, the total number of applications submitted to LJMU was 27,784.
On 14 April 2008, Brian May was inducted into the university as the fourth Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University. May is also the lead guitarist for the rock band Queen. He replaced outgoing Chancellor Cherie Booth QC, wife of former Prime Minister Tony Blair. Honorary fellows in attendance at the ceremony included Sir Patrick Moore and Pete Postlethwaite. May was succeeded as Chancellor in 2013 by Sir Brian Leveson.
LJMU is a founding member of the Northern Consortium, an educational charity, owned by eleven universities in the north of England.
There are currently three libraries based at the three campus sites operated by LJMU. The two largest and more modern LRC facilities are the Avril Robarts library which is based on the City campus and used mainly (but not exclusively) by students studying on the city campus, in particular the Byrom Street and Marybone students. The Aldham Robarts LRC (which is based on the Mount Pleasant campus) is used mainly by students at the Mount Pleasant campus, this campus includes the faculty of Business and Law but student based closely to the LRC on a range of courses also use this facility. The third LRC is sited on the IM Marsh campus in Aigburth and is used exclusively (due to location outside the City centre) by student at this campus.
There are more than 68,500 books in the LRCs' collections, with 1,630 work spaces available for students 24 hours a day. In addition to this there are over 16,000 e-books and 5,000 e-journals available. It is a member of the Libraries Together: Liverpool Learning Partnership (evolved from Liverpool Libraries Group) which formed in 1990. Under which, a registered reader at any of the member libraries can have access rights to the other libraries within the partnership.
The Aldham Robarts library is situated on Maryland Street at the heart of the Mount Pleasant Campus and right opposite the Student's Union, Aldham Robarts caters mainly for the Faculty of Business and Law and the Faculty of Media, Arts and Social Science.
IM Marsh Campus library services the IM Marsh campus at Aigburth and covers the Faculty of Education, Community and Leisure which is situated at this site.
The Tom Reilly Building houses the School of Sports and Exercise Sciences and the School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, which are both part of the Faculty of Science. Some 8,000 students use the building which is located at LJMU's City Campus on Byrom Street. The five storey, 6,493 m2 (69,890 sq ft) building was completed in November 2009 and opened in March 2010 by Liverpool F.C. captain Steven Gerrard. The building provides sports and science facilities including; appetite laboratories, psychology testing labs, neuroscience labs, an indoor 70-metre running track, force plates, caren disc, physiology suites, a DEXA scanner, a driving simulator and a chronobiology lab.
LJMU is also one of the UK's top universities for teaching and research in Sports and Exercise Sciences. The Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) awarded LJMU £4.5 million over five years for the establishment of a Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL). The CETL award recognises LJMU's record for Physical Education, Dance, Sport and Exercises Sciences. LJMU is the only United Kingdom university to be awarded an Ofsted Grade A in Physical Education and it is also the premier institution for both teaching and research in Sport and Exercise Sciences.
According to the UK Research Assessment Exercise 2014 (RAE 2014), LJMU every unit of assessment submitted was rated as at least 45% internationally excellent or better.
John Moores Painting Prize is a contemporary art prize and involves a bi-annual competitive art exhibition held at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. It is named after Sir John Moores, the founder of the competition. First held in 1957, it is Britain's most well-known competition aimed solely at painters and is now part of the Liverpool Biennial, a citywide celebration of the arts that encompasses the Tate Liverpool, Bluecoats Gallery and other venues in Liverpool. In 2008 the exhibition was part of Liverpool's celebrations as European Capital of Culture.
First Destination Survey results show that 89% of LJMU graduates are in employment or undertaking postgraduate study within six months of graduating.
Students at the University are represented, if not supported by, the Liverpool Students' Union.
Representation for all students is central and is conducted by executive officers elected annually. In most cases, these students will be on a sabbatical from their studies. The election process is normally contested in mid April, successful candidates assuming office the following academic year.
Liverpool John Moores University has BUCS-registered teams in badminton, basketball, cricket, football, cycling, hockey, netball, rugby league, rugby union, tennis, volleyball, swimming and American football. Many of the sports teams compete in BUCS competitions. Liverpool Students' Union has 15 BUCS sports, from which 36 teams run, catering for over 800 athletes. In recent years, LJMU students have competed for BUCS representative squads, in national finals and at World University Championships. In addition, the Students' Union also runs intramural sports leagues.
The University also enjoys success at National and World level. Gymnast Beth Tweddle studied at LJMU and has achieved national, Commonwealth, European and World medals whilst also competing at the Olympic Games.
Every year the university sports compete for 'The Varsity Cup' in the inter-university derby, Liverpool John Moores University Vs. University of Liverpool. The competing sports include: badminton, basketball, hockey, football, netball, volleyball, swimming, tennis and the snowriders racing team.
^ a b c "Liverpool John Moores University | Push university guide | University rankings". Push.co.uk. 27 July 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ "UK Education and Studying in the UK - Liverpool John Moores University". ukeas.com.
^ "The History of our Buildings". Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ "F. L. Calder College of Domestic Science". Merseyside at War 1914 - 1918. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ a b "A brief history of LJMU". Liverpool John Moores University. 27 June 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ "About Liverpool John Moores University". www.ljmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
^ Neil Grant (10 March 2006). "Queen's Anniversary Prize". Liverpool John Moores University. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ "Profile: Liverpool John Moores University". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ Shonagh Wilkie (17 April 2008). "News Update". Liverpool John Moores University. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ Jon Morris (19 September 2011). "Library Services and Facilities". Liverpool John Moores University. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ "Liverpool Libraries Together". liv.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ a b c "Tom Reilly Building Data". Liverpool John Moores University. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
^ "Liverpool FC's Steven Gerrard 'blown away' by Liverpool John Moores university's £25m new sports science base". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
^ "Education UK – Innovative. Individual. Inspirational". Educationuk.org. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ a b Helena Eaton (2 September 2011). "Sport at LJMU". Liverpool John Moores University. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ a b "Welcome to Liverpool Business School". Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
^ "Liverpool Business School Research". Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
^ "RAE 2014 – World Leading Research at LJMU". UK Research Assessment Exercise 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
^ "Liverpool museums – John Moores 25 painting competition – information page". Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ "So far, so good: 100 under 50" (PDF). 20 June 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ "Wathan Edhey Gothah – MDP". voteanni.com. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liverpool John Moores University. |
0.999997 | Teach entrepreneurship to young South Carolinians of all socio-economic backgrounds to enhance their economic productivity by improving their business, academic, communication, and life skills.
Entrepreneurship can be taught to young people and entrepreneurial experience helps young people from all backgrounds develop their individual skills and talents.
Entrepreneurship connects young people to the school, the community, and the workplace. An entrepreneurship education involves experiential learning that is relevant to the real world.
Entrepreneurship empowers young people to build a vision for the future.
Entrepreneurship encourages young people to explore career and educational aspirations that may have otherwise been left undiscovered. |
0.999991 | A fast growing medium sized retailer, are looking for a candidate to fill an exciting new role at the company. To be successful a candidate will have to consistently perform to high standards, having a keen eye for detail.
* Reconciliations of Concession payments to sales data.
* Reconciliation of sales data to the accounting system.
* Releasing monthly statements, comparing sales against margins and explaining them.
* Update companies cash flow and reporting cash received.
* Maintain relationships with Concession companies.
* Two year experience within an accounts department.
* Advanced Excel (VLOOKUP's and Pivot tables).
The successful candidate, will work in a fast paced environment, in a company looking to expand. This role would be perfect for someone that has the communication skills to thrive in a highly professional but friendly team. This is an excellent opportunity for and looking to develop professionally in a retail environment. |
0.999979 | The wind gives power to the kite propelling the wakeboard, but the rider can control the direction of his watercraft and he can even perform certain cool tricks. If you have never kite surfed before, then the easiest way to do it is by leaning and sinking with your back to the water. Afterwards, all you need to do is rotate the kite in the desired direction. However, once you have gained a bit of experience, you can perform the move referred to as heel turn jibe, which means that you slow down the board a bit, flatten it on the surface of the water and switch your rear foot with your front foot slowly, therefore reversing the direction of the kite.
In respect to the tricks, you will definitely want to try out the controlled flight and jump once you gain more experience. Prior to the jump, the idea is to increase the tension in the line by forcefully edging your wakeboard. Fly the kite rapidly in an overhead point, pretending that you are surfing and you need to get over a larger wave. As the kite gains altitude, release force on the wakeboard and you will become airborne. Be careful though, there are several risks involved in these maneuvers.
Believe it or not, the concept behind modern kite surfing emerged on land, more precise in 1800s when George Pocock utilized a kite-based system to power carts. A bit later on, he applied his invention to water vessels and his maneuvering solution involved 4 lines, much like the ones of today. The Kevlar and Spectra materials were developed in the 70s and they allowed for superior efficiency and significantly more durable kites to be used. The pioneers in actual kite surfing are considered to be Bruno and Dominique Legaignoux, who also own the patent for the first inflatable kite (1984). Later on, Laird Hamilton and Manu Bertin popularized kite surfing by performing impressive stunts in Maui, in 1996.
What equipment is required in kite surfing?
In addition to the kite lines and the control bar, which are self explanatory components, kite surfers will also need a kite harness, a wetsuit, a helmet, a flotation device, an impact vest, a safety knife and a signaling device. GPS units come in handy and it is advisable to have a partner ready to assist you in case of a serious emergency or when you need help with the launch. |
0.958401 | Switzerland is one of the best places in Europe to live and work. The country boasts one of highest standards of living in the world, has a low crime rate, an amazing public transportation system, great work-life balance, as well as very high salariesand low taxes, compared to the UK. If all of this sounds brilliant to you and you feel like relocating to Switzerland but don’t know where to start, don’t worry. To help you figure out which are the best-paid occupations, I have compiled a list of the top 10 highest paying jobs in Switzerland, based on data from Salary Explorer.
Responsibilities: Professors of electrical engineering are responsible for designing and teaching university level courses in electrical engineering to students. Depending on the university and terms of their contract they may also be required to carry out research on behalf of the university.
Key skills/traits: Teaching and education positions call for people with great communication skills. As electrical engineers, they also need to have excellent math, science, IT, analytical and problem-solving skills.
Education: Professors at universities should typically have at least an MSc in Electrical Engineering. But a PhD is usually preferred for career advancement depending on your level of experience and the school in question. |
0.999893 | # **Guide to Asking Coding Questions** ## **Why?** Good questions help your question be solved faster, and people will want to answer your question Bad questions waste time, you will often not get answers that you asked for, and people will often ignore your questions ## **Quick Questions Guide** ### Do This - Always ask your questions in English - Explain what you want the code to do - Explain what the code does - Include error messages - Share the repl with the line numbers - When you figure out the answer, update your post - Put the repl link, instead of pasting code ### Don't Do This - Don't post homework questions - Don't use caps in the title - Don't use words like 'HELP' or 'PLEASE' in the title - Don't post questions that already have an answer (Search Box) - Don't post feedback or bugs on Talk, use [repl.it/feedback](https://repl.it/feedback) for feedback, or [repl.it/bugs](https://repl.it/bugs) for bugs ## **Steps For Better Questions** 1. Understand the code - Read your code and figure out what each line does - If a concept is unfamiliar, Google it - You can also use a debugger to help you 2. Describe the problem - Explain what you want the code to do - Explain what the code does (error messages) 3. Provide the code - Share a repl that has your code - Share the line number(s) of your code issue - Make sure that the code you shared has the issue 4. Format code constantly - Make sure you code is easy to read 5. Check for typos - Make sure the code does not have any typos that would cause the problem 6. Explain what you did to troubleshoot the problem - Make a list of what you think the problem is and try to fix your problem by going through the list 7. Make a guess on what you think the problem might be - Use the list from the previous step 8. Proofread the question - Make sure you provided everything - Clear all confusions that you think there might be 9. Update people on the question - If you figured out the answer, edit the post to tell people - When you get an answer, fully understand it - Be nice to people who answer your question - Remember that the people wanted to answer your question, but didn't have to 10. Things to NOT do - Don't post homework questions - Only post questions in English - Do not use caps in the title - Do not use "HELP" or "PLEASE" in the title - Don't post questions that have already been answered (Use search box) - Don't post feedback or bugs on Talk, use [repl.it/feedback](https://repl.it/feedback) for feedback, or [repl.it/bugs](https://repl.it/bugs) for bugs ## **Example:** ### **Question** We have some Python code with an error: [repl](https://repl.it/@Mosrod/Question-Tutorial) ```python rannumexe = int(input()) if rannumexe = 1: print('hi' + rannumexe) ``` ### Step 1 We show what each line does using comments. ```python rannumexe = int(input()) # Asks the user to input a rannumexe if rannumexe = 1: # If the rannumexe equals 1 print('hi' + rannumexe) # Print hi and the rannumexe ``` ### Step 2 We want the code to input a number, and if the number is one, print "hi" and the number. Our problem is that we have an invalid syntax error on line 2 in the main.py file. ``` File "main.py", line 2 if rannumexe = 1: ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax ``` ### Step 3 Our repl with the issue is located [here](https://repl.it/@Mosrod/Question-Tutorial). We have an issue on line 2 ### Step 4 We can change "rannumexe" to "number" to clear confusion ```python number = int(input()) # Asks the user to input a number if number = 1: # If the number equals 1 print('hi' + number) # Print hi and the number ``` ### Step 5 We don't have any typos ### Step 6 Our problem could be that we improperly used the if statement ### Step 7 The problem could be about using the if statement incorrectly ### Step 8 Our final question: Title: Invalid syntax error about equal signs Content: I have an invalid syntax error on line 2 in the main.py file of this [repl](https://repl.it/@Mosrod/Question-Tutorial). The program should take a number as an input, check if the number is equal to one, and if so, print "hi" and the number. The error point to the equal signs and I think this issue is with the incorrect syntax of the if statement. Help is appreciated :). ```python number = int(input()) # Asks the user to input a number if number = 1: # If the number equals 1 print('hi' + number) # Print hi and the number ``` ``` File "main.py", line 2 if rannumexe = 1: ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax ``` Steps based on Gordon Zhu's [post](https://medium.com/@gordon_zhu/how-to-be-great-at-asking-questions-e37be04d0603). If you have any suggestions or feedback, post it in the comments below.
Will it ever be possible to have multiple people coding on the same repl at the same time? I know ,for me, this is repl's biggest drawback. Will this ever happen?
Can we have repl.it daily/weekly question?
I wonder why Repl talk isn't called "Reply". A perfect opportunity for a play on words.
Occasionally whenever I run any pygame repl (at least to my knowledge regardless of code) it which eventually display "nohup: redirecting stderr to stdout" and stop everything. This happens every time I make a new pygame repl, after some time. I have no idea what the problem is. This happens even if I replace all the code.
What do you think about making a mobile app for repl. There are very few functioning IDE apps that allow you to install packages as well.
Sooooo developers get bored. So i wonder if your guys could spice up TestOS2 examples: apps new decor for program ideas submit the program in the comments https://repl.it/@Ryanand/TestOS-2-DEMO  Online question: Valve can't count to to three so do you think we can do it?
What was the hardest part of building repl.it?
Was it the website, maybe piping the data from servers to site? Was organizing the containers for the repls hard?
Will repl ever support the Pygame module for python? That would be amazing!
Is there an actual trophy like in the picture?
Is there a awesome trophy that looks like the one in the picture next to the countdown, because If someone could 3D print it, it would be sick!
Hey, I'd like a bot that reads comments and posts from repl talk in realtime (you can use @mat1's `repltalk` pip package) and posts it to a channel on Slack. In the comments propose a bid in dollars and deadline date and I'll select the best bid and when you're done I can send you the money via your favorite money app, gift card, or check.
My first coding class with Tim. thoughts?
I'm learning more how to code with @timmy_i_chen what do you think I should learn?
Hello! Is it possible to use command line arguments in C/C++ repls? I'm working on examples to use in the classroom, and repl.it is good for many things, I'm wondering if this can be done too.
I know it doesn't really matter, but I usually say "Repel" until my first student accidentally goes onto repel.it.
The new GFX repls currently experience high latency and frame skipping. As of now, someone can't accurately judge a game because of this. Even if the game is well optimized and can achieve playable frame-rates under normal conditions, the person playing it will experience quite a bit of lag. My internet (~ 80 Mbps) is capable of running GeForce now (a service that streams games to your computer) at 1080p with barely any latency, yet I still experience lag when running GFX repls. This means that the lag is mostly independent of one's internet connection. I've modified the example Pygame repl so that it prints the FPS to the console. It runs at a very steady 60 FPS but is laggy enough that it can be difficult to reach the top platform. Try it yourself here: https://repl.it/@joshwood/Pygame-Latency-Example I'm really happy that Repl.it now supports more options for game GFX and I understand that it is still being worked on, but I don't think it would be fair to mark down people who utilize it simply because support for it isn't 100% complete yet (especially since it was advertised as a way to make your game for the game jam). While I realize that may be against the spirit of the Repl.it, I think it would make sense for the judges to download any GFX repls and run them locally when evaluating the games. Having high latency can make a really great game not a lot of fun. And due to the game jam's massive prize, it's essential that each game is graded fairly. I just want to emphasize that I don't mean to criticize Repl.it or the game jam by writing this. Repl.it is an amazing service and I think this game jam was a great idea. I just want the entries to be graded fairly.
What's your favorite YouTube programming Channel?
I follow Clever Programmer, what about you?
Can you make the notifications page work?
There is a page [Notifications](https://repl.it/notifications), that does nothing. I think that it could have good potential if it was actually used. I think that you should get notifications when someone up votes your post, comments on your post, or pings you. Also, you could make it so that it told you when you moved a position on the leaderboard. It could also tell you whenever a new competition started, or when one of your posts got pinned. If anybody else has some ideas they want the page to say, comment below please! Thank you!
Not all the questions have to be tech-questions!
@hayaodeh and @themaka , how does it feel to work in Repl.it? Does it have a headquarters? If so, where? Just felt like knowing.
I want it to be a question mark type of thing. I want to know if I should keep mine, or become one of these:   Or can you give me a recommendation?
Can You Make A Languages section?
Can you make a languages section so that people can post languages that they have created?
i know everyone has their preferences and i kinda want to know what yours is!
How and when was the initial idea for what would become repl.it conceived?
Did it just suddenly come to you one day, or was it something you had thought about for some time?
Hi, my name is Cate and I recently discovered I had an interest in coding so with literally zero experience I started teaching myself python using pycharm IDE. I understand concepts pretty well, but there is soooo much information out there, does anyone have any tips for a n00b like me? Or advice for narrowing down a direction in regards to learning? Any help is appreciated!!
Best resources for learning how to code?
It's no secret that repl.it is a destination for a lot of new programmers or learners. Many of them ask us for recommendations for the best resources to learn how to code. Be it tutorials, videos, courses, etc. We're trying to build the Learn board to become a destination for people to find coding content. In the meantime I'm putting the question to the community: what's the best resources that helped you learn?
How can I access the best repls made on the site till date?most votes?most comments?winners of previous challenges? A search filter might help.
I noticed that @JSer changed his username multiple times, but as far as I know, you can't change your username without having your account deleted then creating another one. @JSer kept all his cycles, repls, posts, comments, and account info. How? |
0.999804 | CHARLESTON, South Carolina (CNN) – A federal judge on Monday granted Dylann Roof’s motion to represent himself, and Roof is being permitted to object if he feels potential jurors are not fit to serve on the jury deciding his fate.
At least one juror was asked if a person should face the death penalty for taking another life. The judge asked jurors if Roof’s race or the race of the victims would have any bearing on how they view the case, according to reporters with CNN affiliates WCSC and WBCD.
One juror said in a questionnaire that she was sickened by the thought of someone killing people in a church. The judge asked if this would affect her ability to be impartial and later ruled that she be nixed as a potential juror. Roof did not object. |
0.96375 | What is the expense, and environmental cost, of bottling water when tap water is freely available?
Bottled water is up to 10,000 times more expensive than tap water.
Bottled water has a high carbon footprint and is a waste of energy.
Fossil fuels are used in transporting and packaging bottled water.
The bottled water industry is trying to improve its environmental impact by planting trees and using renewable energy.
Bottled water is a common purchase in developed countries.
53 billion gallons are consumed each year.
But given the developed world's access to clean tap water, is it worth the cost? |
0.974716 | Hezbollah is the international terrorist organization based in Lebanon but with operatives deployed throughout the world. This oppressive organization is a classic case of mass-narcissism. Hezbollah behaves collectively as a mega narcissistic entity (Arabic: الكيان النرجسي). Its individual members are also narcissistic. There should be no surprise about this diagnosis: Hezbollah (Arabic: "حزب الله") is a Quranic expression and classic Arabic for "those which are with God." In modern Arabic, the word "Hezb" (Arabic: حزب) has come to also mean "party" as in "political party." As such, in modern Arabic, Hezbollah also means "Party of God;" however, at the time of the revelation of the Qur'an to Prophet Muhammad, PBUH&HF, the concept of political parties was still non-existent among the Arabians. Indeed, the concept of organized political parties emerged among the nations of Europe during the Age of Enlightenment and then made its way to the Arab and Islamic Worlds as the major European powers colonized them. In 1982, the pro-Absolute Velayat-e Faqih founders of so-called Hezbollah chose (rather stole) the name of their party from the Holy Words of the Qur'an. Ever since, the ideologues and demagogues of Hezbollah have been marketing their party as the literal, true to fact, Party of God. They ignored the Islamic fact that "Hezbollah: those which are with God" is a term for all devout people, in all times, all places, and all universes, and shamelessly monopolized it and God for themselves. Is this narcissistic or is it!?
حزب ولاية الفقيه مصاب بالنرجسية وداء العظمة!
There are further flaws in the naming of this organization: Hypocrisy! Day and night, the demagogues of Hezbollah preach anti-Western hatred among its adherents, yet they chose a Western party political system for their organization. Indeed, the preferred title of master terrorist Hassan Nasrallah (Arabic: حسن نصرالله) is "his eminence the Secretary General" (Arabic: "سماحة الأمين العام"), a non-Islamic Western title.
"حزب الله" يظن أن أتباعه "أشرف الناس!"
On Hezbollah: Its devastating and destructive wars with Israel and fellow Lebanese Muslims are "holy victories" (Arabic: "إنتصارات إلهيّة"); its members are "the purest people" (Arabic: "أطهر الناس"), "the most generous people" (Arabic: "أكرم الناس"), and "the most honorable people" (Arabic: "أشرف الناس"); its money is the "Clean Money" (Arabic: "المال النظيف") and the "Pure Money" (Arabic: "المال الطاهر").
"حزب الله" مصاب بعقدة نقص!
"حزب الله" يظن أن حروبه المدمرة "إنتصارات إلهية!"
On Hezbollah: Indeed, it considers its limited military achievements as mega holy successes and fails to see the cost and long term consequences of its destructive actions. It surely believes that every one should love and appreciate it even when they are suffering from its mass bullying, oppression, and persecution.
"حزب الله" يظن أن منظمته مذكورة في القرءان!
On Hezbollah: Same as number 1. Indeed, in its thinking, only the very few have enough foresight to understand it, for it is "selfless" and holy and does what it does for the sake of God -- not to gain more power and wealth and violently impose itself on others. Indeed, Hezbollah indoctrinates its misguided members to believe that their terror organization was revealed by God in the Holy Qur'an, hence they are literally members of God's political party! Ridiculous yet unbelievable!!
And Every Land is Terroristan!
In ancient times, the face of Helen of Troy is said to have launched 1,000 ships. In 2006, the face of Samir Quntar (Arabic: سمير القنطار) launched more than 4,000 Hezbollah rockets, 12,000 Israeli air combat missions, 2,500 Israeli navy shells, and over 100,000 Israeli army artillery shells. Quntar, a Lebanese Druze (Arabic: درزي), was imprisoned in Israel for killing Jewish civilians, including a four-year old girl, there in 1979. He was a member of the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) -- not Hezbollah. In fact, he raided the Jewish State three years prior to the unfortunate establishment of Hezbollah. The 2006 devastating conflict, which was ignited by Hezbollah under the pretext of "liberating" Quntar, caused the death of thousands of Lebanese and hundreds of Israelis. In 2008, seeking to deny Hezbollah further "legitimate" excuses for attacking it, Israel eventually released the Quntar to Hezbollah, which as usual made a mega propaganda show out of the pathetic event.
"حزب الله" يتطلّب إعجاب الشارعين الإسلامي والعربي!
On Hezbollah: Even as it caused the devastation of much of Lebanon by provoking Israel in the summer of 2006, Hezbollah insists that its destructive war is a "Holy Victory" and its goal to free Samir Quntar, a hostage-taker and killer of civilians and children, is a "True Promise" (Arabic: "الوعد الصادق"). Yet, when Israel chose to release Quntar in 2008, the heads of the Lebanese state had to succumb to the proudly violent Hezbollah and give a hero's welcome to Quntar at the Rafic Hariri International Airport. Indeed, had Lebanon's leaders failed to offer special greetings to Quntar, Hezbollah would have labeled them as "traitors" and "Zionist Agents."
"حزب الله" يظن أن "النصر مطبوع على جبينه!"
On Hezbollah: Same as above. While all other Lebanese must disarm, Hezbollah maintains its own independent standing army; Hezbollah monopolizes Lebanon's choices of war and peace and the fate of the country; Hezbollah can and does bypass the Lebanese state and militarily attacks Lebanon's other pro-independence communities; Hezbollah can and does maintain its own state within the Lebanese state! Indeed, according to master terrorist Hassan Nasrallah, "Hezbollah was born with 'victory' stamped on its forehead!"
6. is inter-personally exploitative, i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends.
"حزب الله" يخدع الهمج ويستغل الرعاع!
On Hezbollah: A classic example is its taking advantage of Michele Aoun (Arabic: ميشال عون), the power-hungry discredited 'Maronite' leader, to gain legitimacy for its wars and projects among some of Lebanon's Christians. Aoun ran in the 2005 Lebanese parliamentary elections on a pro-independence anti-Syrian hegemony platform only to turn his back on his promises and sell the country wholesale to the oppressive Absolute Velayat-e Faqih Regime of Iran in exchange for "Clean Money" and the support of Hezbollah against his more popular Christian rivals.
Bewitched by Nasrallah and his "Clean Money"
Take a very good look! This is the "Clean Money" of the Absolute Velayat-e Faqih Regime!
↑ The official currency of Iran is the Rial (Farsi: ريال). The Iraqis living in Iran refer to the 10,000 Rial bill as a "Khomeini" because the picture of the Departed Imam (i.e., Khomeini) is imprinted on its obverse. 10,000 Iranian Rials are equal to roughly one U.S. dollar. Yes, the Iraqis got it right: Khomeini is worth one dollar. As for Aoun, since he is an Arab too (a Levantine Arab for this matter), it is only natural that he too will refer to the Rial as a "Khomeini!"
↑ This expression is inspired by the famous Italian Spaghetti Western movie "A Fistful of Dollars," which is the first of a trilogy known as the "Man With No Name" and starring Clint Eastwood.
The "Lions of Dhahyeh" terrorizing the natives of Beirut!
On Hezbollah: To it, the choices of the other Lebanese are irrelevant, even when they constitute a legal majority. What matters are the wishes of Vali e Faqih, Ali Khamenei, in Tehran, Iran. When others oppose Hezbollah, the military option is always present: The brave "Lions of Dhahyeh" can be unleashed on them to humiliate and kill their youths, destroy their homes, and steal their properties.
"حزب الله" حاسد يظن أنه محسود!!
On Hezbollah: It labels every one who opposes it is as a "traitor." Every one who disagrees with it is an "agent of the West," and "agent of Zionism," and an "American agent." Hezbollah militarily subdues the pro-independence Lebanese communities to "protect its back" and "protect its soft-hip." Over the years, Hezbollah has clashed with every sectarian and political community in Lebanon. Indeed, Hezbollah has mercilessly fought even fellow Lebanese Shiites. Throughout the 1980's, Hezbollah has repeatedly clashed with its Shiite rival, the Amal movement, in an effort to achieve supremacy and control over over the Shia sect in Lebanon. Hezbollah has eventually absorbed and contained Amal and the other Shia forces. The consequences have been grave: Today, the fate of Lebanon's unfortunate Shiite community, and by extension the whole country, is controlled by the rogue Absolute Velayat-e Faqih Regime of Iran and, to a lesser extent, the oppressive Syrian Alawite Baathist regime. Hezbollah violent and aggressive drive to crush and subdue all its political competitors is envy at its height!
"حزب الله" مصاب بمرض الغرور!
On Hezbollah: What is more arrogant than calling itself the "party of God"? What is more arrogant than stealing its name from the Holy Verses of the Qur'an? What is more arrogant than violently imposing itself on the other Lebanese communities? What is more arrogant than labeling its opposition "traitors" when it has in fact sold Lebanon to the alien, rogue, and troublesome, Absolute Velayat-e Faqih Regime of Iran? What is more arrogant than calling its misguided followers "the purest people".
Do these symptoms of narcissism sound like Hezbollah or do they?!
Vulnerability in self-esteem makes individuals with this disorder very sensitive to criticism or defeat. Although they may not show it outwardly, criticism may haunt these individuals and may leave them feeling humiliated, degraded, hollow, and empty. They may react with disdain, rage, or defiant counterattack. Their social life is often impaired due to problems derived from entitlement, the need for admiration, and the relative disregard for the sensitivities of others. Though their excessive ambition and confidence may lead to high achievement; performance may be disrupted due to intolerance of criticism or defeat. Sometimes vocational functioning can be very low, reflecting an unwillingness to take a risk in competitive or other situations in which defeat is possible. Individuals with this disorder have special difficulties adjusting to growing old and losing their former 'superiority'. |
0.999555 | At times, dog owners come to me and label their dogs as having an ambivalent personality — some sort of canine personification of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The dog may appear to be friendly one minute and then fearful or even defensive the next. When doing an assessment, you see these dogs approach and retreat, and approach and retreat again in an ambiguous dance. In this case, Rover may appear to be unable to make a decision, but most likely there's more going on than just rational thinking. Most likely, we're looking at some sort of approach/ avoidance conflict with instinctive behaviors intertwined.
In approach, the animal may be drawn to a situation because it may have produced positive outcomes in the past. Curiosity often draws animals to investigate something. If past investigative approaches have resulted in positive outcomes, the dog may be more likely to be drawn to new things in the future. Approach in these cases involves positive reinforcement. Neophobic dogs, on the other hand are very tentative to embrace new stimuli and may stop investigating because of past negative experiences..
What is considered positive or negative though depends on the dog. The dog may feel drawn to a person because in the past this person has fed him food, but the dog may be also drawn to move closer to a person when he does so offensively such as to send the mailman away. Therefore, it's very important to read the dog's accompanying body language/vocalizations to tell if approach is meant to decrease distance or increase it.
In avoidance, animals are naturally drawn to avoid situations that are deemed as unsafe or that have a history of resulting in an aversive, negative outcomes. The animal therefore feels relief when he's presented with an unpleasant situation and removes himself from that. Avoidance in this case involves negative reinforcement, meaning that the dog feels better when he avoids the situation and will feel compelled to avoid it as well in the future. Avoidance behaviors are common in humans. If you are terrified of flying and on departure day you decide to cancel your flight because of your fear, you'll likely feel great relief. This relief will feel so good, next time you must fly, you'll feel tempted to avoid flying again. Same goes when there's a person you don't like and you see this person at the mall. Most likely, you'll walk in another direction and feel relief when you see this person hasn't noticed you. In animals, avoidance behavior is adaptive (linked to survival) to avoid situations that have a history of causing negative outcomes.
In this article, we will discuss the approach and avoidance behavior in a dog who is drawn but at the same time repelled from a stimulus or situation. This type of conflict is quite common in fearful dogs who will advance and retreat in what I call the "approach/avoidance dance." What causes a dog to engage in this behavior, and how can the dog be helped?
William James in his book "Principles of Psychology" claims that pleasure is a "tremendous reinforcer" of behavior and pain is a "tremendous inhibitor" of behavior. This is very true when it comes to dog behavior. Dogs will naturally seek pleasure and try to avoid pain/discomfort if there's awareness of it.
In certain circumstances, dogs may be drawn and repelled by a stimulus at the same time. This causes the dog to engage in approach and avoidance behavior. When the dog is far from the stimulus it appears desirable, but then as the dog gets closer, the stimulus appears less desirable and even scary. This one of the main reasons why it's best not to have strangers hand out food to your dog. The dog may not like strangers, but the food is oh, so appealing. So from a distance, the dog sees the outstretched hand and the tasty treat, the person therefore appears appealing, but as the dog gets closer, he'll likely tentatively take the food from the hand as he stretches his neck, but in the meanwhile, he may realize how close he is to the stranger. At this point, he'll likely back off startled in the "approach/avoidance" dance. And remember: the last thing that happened is the dog got startled, so the negative impression is most likely what will be recalled in future encounters.
In this state of mind, the dog cannot learn to like the stranger and there's no progress in teaching him to like strangers. It's far preferable if the owner would give out food at the sight of the stranger, or if the stranger can be briefed in tossing the food past the dog instead of letting the dog come so close as to startle him. Best to hire a behavior professional to guide you through the process to make sure your dog is under threshold and not being overwhelmed by the experience.
Why Is My Dog Suddenly Scared of the Slippery Floor?
Very interesting article. We've had dogs like this and we had to work with them to help them out of it.
Thanks Heidithorne and grand old lady! Your comments are much appreciated!
The information is useful as well as the video you selected. The part in the video about caution shown by standing on four feet while examining the bone was quite interesting. Very enjoyable hub.
Very useful information for both owners and those who want to approach strange dogs! I've seen some of this with my dogs on occasion. Voted up, useful & interesting! |
0.920425 | Are Australian languages hard to learn?
No, Australian languages are no harder or easier to learn than most other languages. Some English speakers have said they find learning an Australian language similar to learning Japanese or Latin. They are structurally quite different to English and express ideas in different ways. They are neither simple, nor especially complex. Everyone has the ability to learn one.
For languages undergoing revival there can be issues with a lack of knowledge about how certain aspects of the language used to work, or which words to use for modern things or concepts. However, this is an issue with our knowledge of the language, not the language itself and just means that some language reconstruction is required. There might also be a shortage of materials available to teach the language.
Also, if a language is not being spoken regularly, it usually means learners will have less exposure and opportunities to speak to others than they would have with a strong language that is used every day and for everyday purposes. This just means that teachers and learners need to create opportunities for learners to practise speaking to each other.
Learning any language takes time and effort. It doesn’t come automatically to anyone. In each of these tasks the advice of a linguist can be very helpful.
No. Some people mistakenly have that idea, perhaps because they were not traditionally written down, but all languages are complex systems. They just have different ways of expressing ideas.
For example, most Australian languages will have words that mean we (two people including you), we (two people not including you), we (more than two people including you) and we (more than two people not including you). They may well also have specific words for pairs of people who have a mother-daughter or father-son relationship to each other, but who are not necessarily blood relatives. English does not have this sort of complexity in its personal pronouns and kin terms.
On the other hand, in some Australian languages an item and the things that produce it can be expressed with the same word. So fire, firewood, matches and lighters might all be called the same word. English speakers have sometimes wrongly thought that means the language is simple. In this case, people do not find the need to use a different word when the meaning is usually obvious.
This just means that Australian languages are different from English. All languages differ in the way the words and sentences are structured and the way they express meaning. It certainly doesn’t mean they are too hard to learn.
Everyone has the ability to learn an Australian language. They are not particularly hard to learn. The major difficulty is finding a teacher and getting enough practice.
Some language groups may choose to apply protocols that reflect who they do and do not want to learn their language. For example, when school revival programs are first introduced, some communities decide they only wanted students from their own language group or only Indigenous students to participate. Often there is a concern that non-Indigenous learners might do better and shame the Indigenous students. In most cases that policy does not last long and all students are allowed to learn. Schools that allow all students to learn an Australian language usually report benefits for their Indigenous students, especially in terms of pride and self-esteem, and for the whole school and community in terms of reconciliation and greater understanding.
In remote areas where languages are strong it is often expected that all outsiders who come to work in the community will learn a local language. Those people do not believe they should have to conduct their lives in English just because some English-speakers come to work for them. So it can be quite common for outsiders to learn a local language and to use it in the community whenever they can. This is, of course, what happens when people go to live overseas and it is generally regarded as respectful to make some attempt to lean the local language.
For some people the question should not be just about whether or not non-Indigenous people are allowed to learn an Australian language. They think everyone in Australia should have to learn one. They say it would not only promote understanding and reconciliation but would also help keep the languages alive.
In NSW schools implementing the Aboriginal Languages K-10 Syllabus, it’s up to the community to decide who is allowed to participate in the language program. Advice about how to work with the local community can be found in the NSW Board of Studies’ guide Working with Aboriginal Communities.
Do Indigenous Australians learn language faster?
There is nothing about the brains or genetic makeup of Indigenous Australians that makes them more suited to learning an Australian language. This is sometimes referred to as the 'genetic fallacy' – that particular ethnic groups are somehow primed to learn their heritage language better than others.
However, there may be social factors that influence the amount of time and effort Indigenous learners put in to learning their heritage language that help them progress faster. If, for example, others in their community are learning language, they are given recognition by their family, or they are motivated by a strong self of identity, Indigenous people may well have higher motivation than outsiders. Similarly, if there is still some language spoken or heard in the community it may have an effect. But, all things being equal, it's not who you are that matters, so much as what you do.
Will learning language hold children back?
Some people express concerns that learning an Australian language will disadvantage their children. There is no evidence to support this.
Learning any language is good for a student’s thinking ability, and there is strong evidence that speaking more than one language actually allows people to manage more complex mental tasks. Learning another language gives learners a perspective on their own languages that monolingual people don’t have. Second language speakers also tend to find it much easier to go on and learn even more languages.
Learning an Australian language won’t help with travel or employment overseas; it’s true. But it will help promote reconciliation and understanding. And, as the demand for speakers of local languages grows, it could lead to local employment, especially as language teachers and workers. It can also be an asset is positions relating to local cultural and environmental knowledge.
For Indigenous people, learning an ancestral language can help build pride, self-esteem and a stronger sense of community. There is also some evidence to suggest that communities that speak their own language have higher health and economic outcomes.
Learning an Australian language definitely won’t hold a child back.
How do children learn their first language?
As long as they don’t have any problem that might interfere with hearing or speaking, or live under unusual circumstances, all children learn their first language in exactly the same way – not by being taught, but by growing up in the presence of people speaking it. As long as they can hear normally and have no interference, children will learn language just by hearing it. This is an amazing process that only occurs in humans, and is believed to only occur early on in life. After this ‘critical period’ learning a language stops being such an ‘automatic’ process.
Although many parents believe they taught their children to speak, they didn’t really. Children just acquire language anyway. Of course parents and other carers may substantially enrich their child’s language through language-based activities such as singing and reading to them. Surprisingly, no amount of correcting errors seems to make any difference. In fact, it looks like children actually need to make mistakes in order to work out work out the right way to use language.
What are first and additional (second) languages?
A person’s first language is simply the first language they learn to speak. An additional (or second) language is any language that they learn to speak after their first one. Usually a person’s first language is also the one that they speak the best. However, some people who stop speaking their first language may eventually end up speaking another language a lot more. In cases like this they may talk about their ‘strongest language’ – the one they speak best, regardless of whether it’s their first or not.
People can have more than one first language, if they grow up bilingual and speak two languages equally from a very young age. They can also have several additional languages. This is why many people no longer use the term ‘second language’, since the languages people learn after their first may be their second, but could also be their third, fourth or fifth.
Some people may also have a heritage language, which is one that they have an inherited right to. This may or may not be one that they can actually speak.
In language revival people may sometimes claim their heritage language as their first language when they didn’t learn it first, or can’t even speak it. However, this is only likely to cause confusion. On this site we will stick to using these terms as they are defined here.
Is learning an additional language different to learning your first?
Yes and no. While the learning processes are similar, there seem to be significant changes in ability with age that affect how children and adults learn language. And, if you are already a strong speaker of one language, your second one is more likely to show influence from your first, both in terms of your accent and the kind of errors you are likely to make. Learning a second, or additional, language after your first is different to learning two languages side-by-side from the beginning.
However, this doesn’t mean that adults can’t learn an additional language quite well. They just need to accept that they are unlikely to escape having an accent, and may always be detectable as second language speaker, at least to native speakers. They will also find the process takes them longer than it does for a child.
Can children learn two languages at once?
Yes. If a child grows up in the presence of two languages, they will learn both of them, as long as they receive roughly equal exposure to both. For example, if both a child’s parents speak different languages and each only speak their own language to the child, the child will grow up able to speak both equally and be bilingual. Similarly, if the language of the home is different to the language of the general population, children will learn both, as long as they are similarly exposed to both.
The big danger here is that, as the child grows up and starts spending more time at school and playing with friends outside the family, the language spoken by the majority will start to take over. So, the parents might have to be very strict about only allowing the family language to be used at home to keep their child’s exposure balanced. If, however, the parents cannot speak the language of the wider community very well and want to be able to, they might try and using it at home, rather than their own. This could easily mean that the child never successfully acquires their home language. This is often the case with immigrants who want to adapt quickly to their new country, and is similar to what has happened in many Aboriginal families. The language of the family can be lost in just one generation in this way!
It may be the case that while children are acquiring more than one language at the same time they will experience some slight interference from one language to the other. However, this doesn’t last and is just part of the process of learning to tell the languages apart. It certainly isn’t a good reason for restricting children from becoming bilingual.
Does everyone learn language the same way?
It seems not. As with any other type of learning it appears that some learners have different styles. Some learners may be more visual; others may be more verbal, while others may learn better through action and touch. This just means that good language teaching needs to employ a range of methods and strategies to ensure all learners are catered to. There is no single best way to teach language.
Are some people better at learning language than others?
It seems so, and we don’t really know why. Some people definitely find learning a new language easier than others do. They are very lucky!
Many studies have been done to try and find out what characteristics of learners might be associated with the ability to learn language easily. These studies have considered factors like thinking ability, mental flexibility, motivation, self-confidence, education, age (youth) and previous language study. While none of them has produced clear evidence that learning language is directly connected to any other single ability, higher scores across a number of these variables tends to be associated with greater success in learning new languages.
This has led some to suggest that there might be a special language learning ability that is not strongly connected to anything else. So, the best language learners may just be the people who learn language best!
Do children and adults learn language in the same way?
There is some disagreement on this question. For a long time the view has been that children go through a ‘critical period’ in the first five to eight years when their brains are like language learning machines. All they need to do is to hear language and they will work it out within a few years. However, some have suggested that if adults were placed in similar circumstances – being exposed to a new language all day, needing to understand what’s happening to them, and with not many other tasks to perform except eat and sleep – they would learn just as fast. Of course adults normally already have at least one language, while children are essentially a ‘blank slate’. But, whether this is more likely to help or hinder is unclear.
There is also some suggestion that after the critical period has ended, children might not be as good at learning language again until their teenage years. Whether this is biological, or a result of how languages are taught in formal education is unclear. However, it appears where additional language programs are offered across all levels of schooling, high school students can master similar amounts of new language in a much shorter time than primary students. So, while it doesn’t hurt to teach language in primary programs, it may be just as effective to delay it until high school.
Perhaps this is only because the older students have mastered the school system of learning and the complex organisation of information in tables and generalised statements – they can read and understand a grammar book and use it to practise and gain understanding, while younger students struggle. Older students may also be more likely to be engaged with the task of language learning, especially if they have chosen to do it. For younger students it may just seem to be another thing they have to do, and not appear to have any benefit. So their motivation may be lower. We don't really know!
Do children learn language faster than adults?
It’s important here to remember the difference between learning first and additional languages. Adults can never really learn a first language; only children can.
In terms of learning an additional language, it may be possible that children in the ‘critical period’ can learn more quickly than an adult. However, some suggest that if adults were given the same exposure to an additional language as children they could learn it just as fast. It’s just that adults normally have a lot more tasks they need to complete each day than children do. Also, while children do seem to learn quickly, they still only speak like a four year old after four years of learning. Adult learners are usually expected to express much more complicated ideas than a four year old, even a fluent one, particularly if they have studied for four years full time.
A lot of people believe that if you dropped an adult in a foreign country with no food or money, they would learn to speak the local language just as quickly as a child learns its first language! While motivation and opportunity can help an adult to learn an additional language, there is no guarantee of success whereas, unless they have some disability, all children learn to speak their first language.
The time taken by an English speaker to become proficient in another language can range from 600 hours for French, to 2200 for Chinese. Australian languages probably fall somewhere between these two.
What’s the quickest way to learn language?
The quickest way to learn a language is by spending as much time as possible trying to use it for meaningful communication. It’s hard work!
People who only spend a couple of hours using a language each week will make very slow progress. Learners who try to use a language as much as possible every day will learn much faster. And learners who use the language for meaningful activities will learn faster still. For example, if an English speaker goes to a foreign country where the people don’t speak English, they will be forced to use the local language every day just to survive. In this case they will learn very quickly. However, students who are only given one or two hours of class each week, spend most of that time just learning new words from lists and don’t practise much in between times, will learn very slowly.
Motivation is also important. The person in a foreign country will be highly motivated by their need to survive. Learners in schools also need to be motivated. Learning their heritage language will be enough motivation for some students who feel rewarded by being recognised within their community or having an improved sense of identity. Other learners will require more. Being rewarded with recognition ceremonies, chances to perform in front of everyone, or the opportunity to go on a field trip or language camp might work for some. Just giving praise will work for many. Skilled languages teachers have a range of strategies to keep students engaged and motivated. Highly motivated learners who get lots of practice will always learn much faster than those who have little interest or opportunity.
Sometimes people promote particular methods of learning language that promise amazing results, such as CDs with messages buried under music, or intensive solo practice with recordings and workbooks. While some of these might have something to offer, most are either fakes or nowhere near as effective as working in a group with a good teacher. Remember that to be a good language speaker you actually need to speak it to other people. So learning in a way that requires you communicate with other people in the language will always produce the best results. Sitting at home with a book, CD or computer will be unlikely to get you far.
Does learning language interfere with learning good English?
The answer would be different depending on whether both languages are learned at the same time, or one is learned as an additional language, and then, which one was learned first.
If both languages are learned together as first languages any interference will be minimal. While there may be some errors that show some interference along the way, learners will usually sort them out and master both languages equally.
If English is learned first and an Australian language is learned as an additional language, it will not interfere with their English at all, and is more likely to give them a much better understanding of how both languages work. However, they are likely to have an English speaker accent in their second language and make occasional errors that show the influence of English.
If they learn their own language first and then learn English as a second language the opposite will apply. Their English is likely to have a ‘foreign’ Aboriginal accent and they may make some ‘foreigner’ errors in their English. However, as long as they were exposed to a standard variety of English while they were learning, they should be perfectly understandable.
Does learning to write language interfere with English literacy?
No, there is no evidence to suggest that acquiring literacy in one language interferes significantly with acquiring literacy in another. In fact, it’s more likely to help. And there has been at least one study which suggests that acquiring literacy in an Australian language actually improves students’ acquisition of English literacy.
It’s important to realise there are at least two skills involved. One is learning to read and write in any writing system (literacy). The other is mastery of the specific system used to write a particular language. Once learners have acquired the basic skill of literacy, learning to read and write in a new language only requires learning the system for that language. It should be no harder than learning the language itself, unless it uses a completely different script like Chinese or Arabic.
The fact that English spelling is so irregular might mean that students who are literate in an Australian language try to always write the same sounds the same way in English, like they can in their own language. But all learners of English literacy face this same problem. English spelling is confusing and difficult for everyone!
How important is it to correct language learners?
It isn’t; in fact, it’s a bad idea. Correcting learners does little to help them acquire language successfully and is far more likely to make them shamed and reluctant to try. Making errors may even be an essential step in learning the right way to use language!
The main goal in language learning is to get learners to use the language. As they learn they are bound to make mistakes – everyone does. As they develop better skills with the language, most of their errors will disappear by themselves. There is no evidence to suggest that being corrected by a teacher speeds up the rate at which learners acquire correct language. However, many teachers have observed that if they focus on a learner’s errors and single them out for special attention, the learner can quickly lose confidence and slow right down.
The more often a learner uses the language in communication with others, the quicker they will acquire it successfully. As they hear other speakers using the correct form, they will eventually notice that they are doing it differently and correct themselves. Pointing out small mistakes won’t help them; it’s more likely to just undermine their confidence.
Because it seems that making errors is an essential part of learning to use your first language correctly, some people believe that making errors may also be an essential part of learning an additional language. They argue that it is only by learning what makes something wrong, that learners really understand what makes something else right. And, because speaking a language is such a complex skill, it may be that some learners only learn part of the skill at a time, needing to gradually build up to finally getting all the parts right.
Research on second language learning suggests that if a learner makes errors in answering a question, the best strategy for the teacher is just to repeat their answer to them with any errors corrected, and praise them for trying. However, if there are persistent errors that a learner has not self-corrected after a long time, it might be worthwhile taking them aside and alerting them to the problem, discussing the nature of their error; what makes it wrong, and what the right form would be. If this still doesn’t work, then it probably means the learner is always going to make this error. It won’t mean they will be impossible to understand, just that that will speak the language in an interesting and different way. |
0.999668 | The developers of No Brakes Games have just recently released the multiplayer update to their physics-based puzzle platformer Human: Fall Flat. The update allows 8-players to join up and flop their way through the game’s levels together. Players have the choice of creating either a public lobby with random players or their own private level to enjoy with friends. Alongside the standard levels of the main game, the update also offers a new ten-pin bowling mini-game.
Look forward to new customization options to select from for your character. Various quality of life improvements has been made to the user interface. Lastly, Human: Fall Flat now includes language support for simplified Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. The multiplayer update is available now on Xbox One. Human: Fall Flat is also available as part of the Xbox Game Pass. A Trailer for the multiplayer update can be seen below. You can also check out our review of the game here. |
0.999993 | If you would like to be capable of moving your lights, use spikes for short-term placement. Also, you'll need to put the lights close to the walls and make certain that the light fixtures are spaced a minimum of three inches away from insulation. To be able to showcase particular paintings and parts of artwork, many people decide to use battery picture lights so as to draw attention to their valued possessions.
Opt for a semi-gloss finish for those walls, after you are finished painting the walls. So supposing it's brightness you seek, the very first thing you ought to do is paint your walls and ceiling white. Really take some time to work out what you would like on your wall and how much space you would like it to take up. Any surface aside from a normal wall presents challenges.
There is should be a whole lot of lights in the restroom. Wall lights are a sort of kitchen lighting fixtures that are generally mounted to the wall. The cast wall light has the capability to be adjusted in the area.
You may think about installing some varieties of lights which could create a distinctive mood by illuminating specific locations or a part of art. Under-cabinets lights can be ideal once you're searching for a snack or a different item in the center of the night, and it's dark inside. LED lights may be used to illuminate your pool, if you've got one. In short, they are ideal for lighting your landscape as per your imagination. They are perfect for lighting a landscape. |
0.995479 | Q. My daughter is an emotional, expressive child. She doesn't like to take time to think things through, but is impulsive. She's been that way since she was a baby. Now that she's in middle school, I don't see her concentrating on her studies for long amounts of time the way she should. She makes a lot of thoughtless errors in homework and on tests. Everybody loves her, but I think she has a reputation as scatterbrained. I'm not sure she has very good thinking skills because she's always on her cell phone or IM'ing. What can we do to help her apply herself to her studies more?
1. Teach her the differences in the things there are to learn: simple fact, concept, proposition, cognitive strategy, problem solving technique, model, theory. Some kids get "flooded" by academic content and can't learn because they think everything they're reading, seeing or hearing about has the same value.
2.� Teach her about cognitive knowledge. She is expected to make inductive generalizations. You get that skill by comparing and contrasting examples - things that "match" -- and nonexamples - things that don't "match."
3. �It sounds like your daughter learns by listening and discussing, rather than reading. Suggest that she ask the teacher for supplementary learning activities that don't necessarily involve sitting and reading.
4.� Help her see that her communication has to stay focused, relevant and in logical progression of steps leading to the goal of the communication. Sometimes, expressive kids get distracted and don't end up learning anything.
5.� Encourage her to correct her mistakes, practice on skills at which she is weak, and especially since she is a social being, seek extra help from the teacher or another student when she hasn't mastered something.
7.� Supervise her homework, so that she doesn't have distractions (it would be smart to ban the cell phone, background music and IM'ing until her homework is done) and can concentrate. If you rush through homework or only devote half of your brain to it, you'll make errors which will perpetuate wrong thinking.
Homework: The book, Your Child's Growing Mind by Jane M. Healy explains brain development, with good advice on building creativity and other academic skills. |
0.999998 | Has anyone ever accused you of trying to be better than perfect? Perfectionism alone is difficult enough to cope with, but it's also long been thought to play a role in the development and maintenance of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and other forms of mental illness. Let’s explore the relationship between OCD and perfectionism.
Adaptive/Healthy Perfectionism: This type of perfectionism is characterized by having high standards for yourself as well as others, persistence in the face of adversity, and conscientiousness. Healthy perfectionism usually goes along with goal-directed behavior and good organizational skills.
Maladaptive/Unhealthy Perfectionism: This type of perfectionism is characterized by excessive preoccupation with past mistakes, fears about making new mistakes, doubts about whether you are doing something correctly and being heavily invested in the high expectations of others, such as parents or employers. An excessive preoccupation with control is also a hallmark feature of maladaptive/unhealthy perfectionism.
In general, while adaptive/healthy perfectionism tends to be associated with good psychological well-being and high achievement both at school and at work, maladaptive/unhealthy perfectionism has been associated with distress, low-self esteem and symptoms of mental illness.
The unhealthy form of perfectionism has been strongly linked to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD.) Perfectionism appears to be particularly strong if you have a strong need for things to be done “just right” or require certainty. For example, unhealthy perfectionism tends to be very high if you feel that your compulsions have to be done in exactly the right way. In these cases, it is not uncommon to believe that if the compulsion is carried out perfectly, a feared outcome, such as the death of a loved one, will not take place.
Likewise, unhealthy perfectionism tends to be high if your OCD symptoms revolve around checking. Specifically, if you do not feel you have perfect certainty that you have locked the door or turned off the stove, you might return to check these items over and over again. Tied to this is the excessive fear of making a catastrophic mistake, such as leaving the door open all day or burning down the house by leaving the stove on. Ironically, checking over and over again reinforces the idea that you are not perfect or possibly even "losing your mind." This can make you feel even worse and less self-confident which, of course, sets you up to do more checking.
Finally, unhealthy OCD perfectionism may help to perpetuate obsessions. For instance, like many people with OCD you might believe that you must have complete control over your thoughts. As such, when a bizarre or distressing thought pops intrusively into your mind, you label these thoughts as dangerous because they are out of your control. This causes you to monitor the thought even more closely, which can help to create an obsession.
Learn Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Techniques such as cognitive restructuring and behavioral experiments can be helpful in learning to objectively evaluate the likelihood and/or consequences of making catastrophic or even minor mistakes. Cognitive therapy can also be a useful tool for critically examining the beliefs we hold about ourselves and others.
Practice Giving up Control: As part of cognitive-behavior therapy and/or exposure and response prevention therapy, you may be asked to participate in exercises designed to build your capacity to tolerate a loss of control. This can involve being prevented from checking something or adjusting something until it is "just right." Although this can initially be extremely distressing, over time you will gain more confidence in your ability to tolerate a loss of control.
Adopt a Mindful Stance: Mindfulness emphasizes being less “invested” in our thoughts. Accepting that we have less control than we think over our thoughts can be very helpful in reducing the distress that often accompanies intrusive thoughts. Mindfulness meditation exercises can help to promote a more objective awareness of our day-to-day thoughts and emotions.
Just as it's likely that many of the self-help behaviors that help people cope with OCD may also help with perfectionism, specifically addressing perfectionism related to the condition is likely to help with many aspects of the disorder. Techniques that help overachievers address perfectionism may also make a difference with OCD. Perhaps the most important point of noting the role of perfectionism with OCD, however, is to recognize how OCD is different for everyone, and whatever personality traits a person has can come to play in the disorder. Only a therapist who knows you well and understands both OCD and appreciates you as a person can best help you navigate your journey through life with OCD.
Limburg, K., Watson, H., Hagger, M., and S. Egan. The Relationship Between Perfectionism an Psychopathology: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2016 Dec 27. (Epub ahead of print).
Sadri, S., Anderson, R., McEvoy, P., Kane, R., and S. Egan. A Pilot Investigation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Clinical Perfectionism in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2017. 45(3):312-320.
Soreni, N., Streiner, D., McCabe, R. et al. Dimensions of Perfectionism in Children and Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014. 23(2):136-43. |
0.620526 | Whenever a programmer gets stuck while coding, the first thing that comes in his mind is to go to the GitHub repository to recover from the stuck issue. In fact, GitHub can be called the social network site for the programmers. Similarly, Gideon Mendels, co-founder of Comet.ML was working on machine learning projects. And to overcome a technical issue, he and his business partner, Nimrod Lahav wanted to build a good system that manages machine learning projects.
Comet.ML is a management system that facilitates the data scientists to track their datasets, changes in codes, experimentation history, and production models creating efficiency as well as compare and collaborate on machine learning algorithms.
This tool supports a number of machine learning libraries such as Keras, TensorFlow, ScikitLearn, PyTorch, R and many more. The tool is open for everyone and it can be integrated easily. Presently, there are 11 repositories available in GitHub for Comet that includes example demonstrating how to use Comet with Amazon Sagemaker, FastAI deep learning library with lessons, etc.
Tracking of hyperparameters, metrics, code, and output: The machine learning models can be easily optimized by modifying the hyperparameter, metrics, etc. It is easy to share access the results or outcomes with the rest of the team members.
Auto-logging of Keras, TensorFlow, PyTorch and more: The data scientists can easily integrate this tool into their frameworks in a number of libraries including Java and once logged in, from next time it enables the auto-logging in the feature.
Tracks environment packages and GPU usage: Comet.ML is enabled to track the packages as well as the GPU usages. This tool allows you to view multiple experiments and manage everything from a single location.
Creating graphs automatically for Machine Learning analysis: After a model is trained, Comet.ML automatically creates graphs for the model for the analysis of machine learning algorithms.
Seamlessly runs on any machines: This tool not only runs on laptops but on any machines including AWS, Azure or company-owned machines.
Reproduction of experiments is easy: The single line of code that helps to track experiments automagically saves everything and makes your model reproducible.
Install comet on your machine via pip start running experiments.
To get started with Comet.ML, you have to simply add the Comet.ML initialisation tracking code to the app and run the machine learning experiments.
Once the tool is installed, all the hyperparameters that are defined during the runtime will be pulled by the experiment code.
If there are anything changes in the training or testing dataset, you can know by using the report_dataset_hash() method to compute a hash of your dataset.
This tool is a lightweight approach because the product works seamlessly without bothering about the frameworks and libraries used.
The data science team can quickly start tracking their machine learning experiments and optimizing their models without compromising the flexibility of their preferred workflows.
Comet snapshots your model code, parameters, etc. after every time you run your experiment for visualising and organising the work.
The services are different from a free version to a paid version depending upon the needs of the machine learning practitioners. The free version provides with one private project and unlimited public projects.
For entering into Comet.ML click here. |
0.956825 | São Tomé and Príncipe,officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around the two main islands: São Tomé and Príncipe, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) apart and about 250 and 225 kilometres (155 and 140 mi), respectively, off the northwestern coast of Gabon. Both islands are part of an extinct volcanic mountain range. São Tomé, the sizable southern island, is situated just north of the equator. It was named in honour of Saint Thomas by Portuguese explorers who arrived at the island on his feast day.
The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese sometime around 1470. The islands were discovered by João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar. Portuguese navigators explored the islands and decided that they would be good locations for bases to trade with the mainland.
The dates of discovery are sometimes given as December 21 (St Thomas's Day), 1471 for São Tomé, and January 17 (St Anthony's Day), 1472 for Príncipe, though other sources give different nearby years. Príncipe was initially named Santo Antão ("Saint Anthony"), changing its name in 1502 to Ilha do Príncipe ("Prince's Island"), in reference to the Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid.
The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, situated in the equatorial Atlantic and Gulf of Guinea about 300 and 250 kilometres (190 and 160 mi), respectively, off the northwest coast of Gabon, constitute Africa's second smallest country. Both are part of the Cameroon volcanic mountain line, which also includes the islands of Annobón to the southwest, Bioko to the northeast (both part of Equatorial Guinea), and Mount Cameroon on the coast of Gulf of Guinea.
Since the 19th century, the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe has been based on plantation agriculture. At the time of independence, Portuguese-owned plantations occupied 90% of the cultivated area. After independence, control of these plantations passed to various state-owned agricultural enterprises. The main crop on São Tomé is cocoa, representing about 95% of exports. Other export crops include copra, palm kernels, and coffee.
São Toméan culture is a mixture of African and Portuguese influences.
São Toméans are known for ússua and socopé rhythms, while Príncipe is home to the dêxa beat. Portuguese ballroom dancing may have played an integral part in the development of these rhythms and their associated dances.
Tchiloli is a musical dance performance that tells a dramatic story. The danço-congo is similarly a combination of music, dance and theatre.
A true paradise for scuba diving and underwater fishing. |
0.962542 | This article is about the city. For bursas in the human body, see Synovial bursa. For other uses, see Bursa (disambiguation).
Bursa (Ottoman Turkish بورسا) was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363. The city was referred to as Hüdavendigar (Ottoman Turkish خداوندگار 'God's gift') during the Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is Yeşil Bursa 'Green Bursa' in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban fabric, as well as to the vast and richly varied forests of the surrounding region. Mount Uludağ, the ancient Mysian Olympus, towers over it, and has a well-known ski resort. Bursa has rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa and the city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has thermal baths and several museums, including a museum of archaeology.
The shadow play characters Karagöz and Hacivat are based on historic personalities who lived and died in Bursa. The city is also known for Turkish dishes such as İskender kebap, its candied marron glacé chestnuts, Bursa peaches, and production of Turkish Delight. Bursa houses the Uludağ University, and its population can claim one of the highest overall levels of education in Turkey. The historic towns of İznik (Nicaea), Mudanya and Zeytinbağı are in its province.
In 2015, Bursa had a population of 1,854,285. Bursa Province had 2,842,000 inhabitants.
Bursa became the first major capital city of the early Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326. As a result, the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth throughout the 14th century. After conquering Edirne (Adrianople) in East Thrace, the Ottomans turned it into the new capital city in 1363, but Bursa retained its spiritual and commercial importance in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I built the Bayezid Külliyesi (Bayezid I theological complex) in Bursa between 1390 and 1395 and the Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque) between 1396 and 1400. After Bayezid was defeated in the Battle of Ankara by the forces Timur in 1402, the latter's grandson, Muhammad Sultan Mirza had the city pillaged and burned. Despite this, Bursa remained to be the most important administrative and commercial centre in the empire until Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453. The population of Bursa was 45,000 in 1487.
The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major centre for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most recent arrival of Balkan Turks took place in the 1940s until the 1990s, when the People's Republic of Bulgaria expelled approximately 150,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey. About one-third of these 150,000 Bulgarian Turkish refugees eventually settled in Bursa.
Bursa is settled on the northwestern slopes of Mount Uludağ in the southern Marmara Region. It is the capital city of Bursa Province bordered by the Sea of Marmara and Yalova to the north; Kocaeli and Sakarya to the northeast; Bilecik to the east; and Kütahya and Balıkesir to the south.
Bursa has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) under the Köppen classification, and dry-hot summer temperate climate (Csa) Trewartha classification. The city has hot, dry summers that last from June until September. Winters are cold and damp, also containing the most rainfall. There can be snow on the ground which will last for a week or two.
Bursa is the centre of the Turkish automotive industry. Factories of motor vehicle producers like Fiat, Renault and Karsan, as well as automotive parts producers like Bosch, Mako, Valeo, Johnson Controls, Delphi have been active in the city for decades. The textile and food industries are equally strong, with Coca-Cola, Pepsi Cola and other beverage brands, as well as fresh and canned food industries being present in the city's organized industrial zones.
Apart from its large automotive industry, Bursa also produces a substantial amount of dairy products (by Sütaş'), processed food (by Tat), and beverages (by Uludağ).
Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest centre of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road. The city is still a major centre for textiles in Turkey and is home to the Bursa International Textiles and Trade Centre (Bursa Uluslararası Tekstil ve Ticaret Merkezi, or BUTTIM). Bursa was also known for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, which have decreased in the recent decades due to the heavy industrialization of the city.
Bursa is a major centre for tourism. One of the most popular skiing resorts of Turkey is located at Mount Uludağ, just next to the city proper. Bursa's thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since Roman times. Apart from the baths that are operated by hotels, Uludağ University has a physical therapy centre which also makes use of thermal water.
Bursa has a metro (Bursaray), trams and bus system for inner-city public transport, while taxi cabs are also available. Bursa's Yenişehir Airport is 20 mi (32 km) away from the city centre. The citizens of Bursa also prefer Istanbul's airports such as Atatürk International Airport and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport for flights to foreign countries, due to Istanbul's proximity to Bursa. There are numerous daily bus and ferry services between the two cities.
The 8.8 km (5.5 mi) long Bursa Uludağ Gondola (Turkish: Teleferik) connects Bursa with the ski resort areas 1,870 m (6,140 ft) high on the mountain Uludağ.
The only railway station in Bursa is the Harmancık station on the Balıkesir-Kütahya railway, which was opened in 1930.
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bursa, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 62 min. 12% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 18 min, while 31% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.1 km (5.0 mi), while 17% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.
Bursa has two public universities and one private university. Uludağ University, founded in 1975 in Görükle, is the oldest institution of higher education in the city. Founded first as the Bursa University then renamed Uludağ University in 1982, the university has a student body of 47,000, one of the largest in Turkey. Bursa Technical University is the second public university of Bursa and was established in 2010, beginning education in the 2011–2012 academic year.
The first private university of Bursa was the Bursa Orhangazi University, which started education in the 2012–2013 academic year. However, Orhangazi University was shut down by the Turkish Government after the failed coup attempt of July 2016. Istanbul Commerce University has opened graduate programs in Bursa in 2013.
The city has one professional football club, Bursaspor, which competes in the Turkish Super League, the top-tier of Turkish football. As of December 21, the team plays their home games at The Timsah Arena stadium (literally meaning Crocodile Arena), which has a sitting capacity of 45,000. Bursaspor has won its first league title in the 2009–10 Turkish Super League season, becoming the second Anatolian club to ever win the league title after Trabzonspor. Today Bursaspor is considered one of the five biggest football clubs in Turkey along with Galatasaray SK, Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, and Trabzonspor.
The city has a professional basketball team in the Turkish Basketball League, Tofaş S.K., which was among the most successful teams.
Interior of the Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque), showing the fountain (şadırvan) for ritual ablutions.
Ulu Cami is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture, which incorporated many elements from Seljuk architecture. Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I, the mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1400. It is a large and rectangular building, with a total of twenty domes that are arranged in four rows of five, and are supported by 12 columns. Supposedly the twenty domes were built instead of the twenty separate mosques which Sultan Bayezid I had promised for winning the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. The mosque has two minarets.
Inside the mosque there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by the famous calligraphers of that period. There is also a fountain (şadırvan) where worshipers can perform ritual ablutions before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight which creates a soft, serene light below; thus playing an important role in the illumination of the large building.
The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with the later Ottoman mosques (see for example the works of Suleiman the Magnificent's chief architect Mimar Sinan.) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.
A brief list of places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For a longer list, see places of interest in Bursa.
^ Roodenberg, J. J. (1995). The Ilıpınar Excavations I. the University of Michigan: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Institut in het Nabije Oosten te Istanbul. ISBN 9062580734.
^ "British Museum - Collection search: You searched for Bursa, tomb". British Museum. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
^ "Bayezid I Complex". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
^ "Great Mosque of Bursa". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2011-09-19. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
^ The city in the Islamic world, Volume 1, ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli, André Raymond, page 362.
^ Eminov, Ali, Turks and Other Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria, New York, Routledge, 1997, Höpken, W., "Modernisierung und Nationalismus: Sozialgeschichtliche Aspekte der bulgarischen Minderheitenpolitik gegenüber den Türken" in: SOE 7-8 (1986), Schönfeld, R., ed, Nationalitätenprobleme in Südosteuropa, Munich, Oldenbourg, 1997, p. 255-303, Erdinç, Didar, "Bulgaristan'daki Değişim Sürecinde Türk Azınlığın Ekonomik Durumu", Türkler, Ankara, 2002, s.394–400.
^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ "Klimatafel von Bursa / Türkei" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
^ "Bursa'nın İlk 250 Sanayi Kuruluşu" (PDF). BTSO. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
^ "Sütaş Süt Ürünleri A.Ş." Sütaş Süt Ürünleri A.Ş. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "Tat". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ DVV Media UK. "Bursa circular tramway opens". Railway Gazette. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "GD8 Bursa I + II + III - References - Company - LEITNER ropeways". www.leitner-ropeways.com. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
^ "Bursa Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
^ "Uludağ Üniversitesi Hakkında". Uludağ Üniversitesi Resmi Websitesi.
^ "Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi". Btu.edu.tr. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
^ "Bursa Orhangazi Üniversitesi". Bou.edu.tr. Archived from the original on 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
^ "Istanbul Commerce University at Bursa" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2012-08-27.
^ "Kardeş Şehirler". Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez (in Turkish). UNESCO. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
^ "OBERBÜRGERMEISTER JOCHEN PARTSCH KRITISIERT AUSSETZUNG DER STÄDTEPARTNERSCHAFT DURCH TÜRKISCHE SCHWESTERSTADT BURSA". Wissenschaftsstadt Darmstadt. 24 March 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
^ "Ystävyyskaupungit". Oulun kaupunki (in Finnish). Oulun ystävyyskaupunki vuodesta. 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
^ "Twin cities of the City of Kosice". Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bursa.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bursa. |
0.999997 | What is a thinking informatician to think of IBM's Watson?
One of the computer applications that has received the most attention in health care is Watson, the IBM system that achieved fame by beating humans at the television game show, Jeopardy!. Sometimes it seems there is such hype around Watson that people do not realize what the system actually does.
Watson is a type of computer application known as a "question-answering system." It works similarly to a search engine, but instead of retrieving "documents" (e.g., articles, Web pages, images, etc.), it outputs "answers" (or at least short snippets of text that are likely to contain answers to questions posed to it).
As one who has done research in information retrieval (IR, also sometimes called "search") for over two decades, I am interested in how Watson works and how well it performs on the tasks for which it is used. As someone also interested in IR applied to health and biomedicine, I am even more curious about its health care applications.
One concern I have had about Watson is that the publicity around it has been mostly news articles and press releases. As an evidence-based informatician, I would like to see more scientific analysis, i.e., what does Watson do to improve healthcare and how successful is it at doing so? I was therefore pleased to come across a journal article evaluating Watson . In this first evaluation in the medical domain, Watson was trained using several resources from internal medicine, such as ACP Medicine, PIER, Merck Manual, and MKSAP.
Watson was applied, and further trained with 5,000 questions, in Doctor's Dilemma, a competition somewhat like Jeopardy! that is run by American College of Physicians and in which medical trainees participate each year. A sample question from the paper is, Familial adenomatous polyposis is caused by mutations of this gene, with the answer being, APC Gene. (Googling the text of the question gives the correct answer at the top of its ranking to this and the two other sample questions provided in the paper).
The first question I had was, how does Watson's performance compare with other systems, including IR systems such as Google or Pubmed? As noted above, for the three example questions provided in the paper, Google gave the answer in the snippet of text from the top-ranking Web page each time. It would be interesting to know how other online systems would compare with Watson's performance on the questions used in this study.
A final concern was that Watson was not evaluated in the context of a real user. While systems usually need to be evaluated from the "system perspective" before being assessed with users, it would have been informative to see whether Watson provided novel information or altered decision-making in real-world clinical scenarios. |
0.999999 | "Marx's discussion of the "secret of primitive accumulation" (Chapter 24 of Capital I) was integrated with the commons/enclosures discourse with the result that the antiglobalization movement (with its thousands of demonstrations, riots, rebellions against the privatization and commodification of land, water, education, information, etc.) could be seen as fundamentally anticapitalist. This integration was hinged on the most powerful logical points that Marx made in explaining the origin of capitalism: in order for capitalism to exist there has to be a working class to exploit; and the main condition for there to be such a working class is that workers are separated from the means of subsistence (Marx 1909i) (Federici 2004, Caffentzis 1995). As long as workers have the capacity to live well on the basis of their own labor and keep control of the tools for subsistence and social reproduction, there would be no motivation to sell their labor power to capitalists so that surplus value could be created from it to be appropriated by capital. That is why the separation process, in Marx's words, had to be "written in letters of fire and blood." Indeed, the secret of the primitive accumulation of capital was that the origin of capitalism had to be violent. Marx agreed with both Hume and Smith that the notion that capitalism arises irenically from some sort of voluntary process (e.g., a Lockean social contract) is nonsense, but he gives an impressive historical account of the fire and blood that the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers failed to provide.
What do commons and enclosures have to do with primitive accumulation? In describing the logical condition for the origin of capitalism, the separation of workers from the means of subsistence, Marx presented a clear historical example of this violent separation process which could be traced over four centuries in the British Parliamentary Acts of enclosure of common lands and the deadly attacks they legitimated. These common lands, often communalized as the result of class struggles between serfs or peasants and local lords that occurred hundreds of years before their enclosure, made it possible for the agricultural workers in 16th through 19th century Britain to subsist either outside of waged work or, if a waged worker, to be able to refuse the lowest of wages. The persistence of the commons was the historical remainder of a still incomplete "separation" of worker from the means of subsistence and hence a logical impediment to the totalization of the capitalist relation throughout Britain. It was also a historical prefiguration of another, non-commodified world where rational association and human solidarity would become the basis of social life.
One of the attractions of Marx's account was that "commons" and "enclosure" were well defined legal terms in England. "Commons" has two uses in English political vocabulary. One, of course, is the designation of the legislative body (the House of Commons) that, by the way, had very few commoners (in the other sense) as members. But the second meaning of "commons" arose out of the fact that certain lands in or near villages were open for productive use by the villagers who collectively regulated this usage. "Enclosures" became a technical term in English law and it arose from the fact that the privatization of common lands (which the term designates) often was accomplished physically by the new owner surrounding the land with hedges or fences and often employing armed guards to prevent the commoners from continuing to use the land that had previously been theirs collectively. Given the precision of these terms, Marx traced the process of primitive accumulation by simply examining the historical record available to him in the British Museum's parliamentary records and judicial decisions justifying the attack on the commons.
But Marx also recognized that the notions "commons" and "enclosures" went far beyond their particularly English meanings. For example, in Scotland there was an institution of "run-rig" farming organized by the Highland clans which were similar to English commons and when the various forms of communal access to land were abolished what followed, in Scottish parlance, were "Clearances." Similarly, there were communal forms of land tenure in pre-conquest Ireland called "rundale." The abolition of communal access to land and subsistence networks in Ireland was accomplished not through individual Acts of Enclosure, but on a large-scale through the "Penal Laws" that literally made it illegal for Catholics (the large majority of the Irish population) to own land throughout the eighteenth century.
Even more important for the development of capitalism, Marx saw, though only vaguely, that the three great continents (Africa, North and South America) capital, in its the initial wave of colonization, used for its self-expansion through the enslavement and genocide of their populations were also sites of commons and enclosures. For most (though not all) of the land holdings in these areas before the arrival of the conquistadors, settlers or slave traders were communally held. The military conquest of the Americas (as well as the transformation of parts of West Africa into a great "slave warren") could also be seen as enclosure of a gigantic scale compared to their tiny British exemplars (Linebaugh and Redicker 2000).
This page was last modified on 26 February 2009, at 02:47. |
0.992738 | Which sector is the most attractive in the future?
Ms. Nguyen Phuong Mai - Managing Director of Navigos Search said that Sales & Marketing will have a high demand for human resources. In addition, many IT & Technology - related positions such as technology engineers, electrical engineers and software developers will be high - demanding. Especially in the future, there is a need for workforce in human-care services to improve the quality of life, such as psychologists, career consultants, etc., The field of medicine is also "hot" especially for those who have both high expertise and knowedge of technology used in medicine. |
0.999867 | Find the best Personal Trainers and Fitness Centers in Elmira. Fitness centers specialize in services for the body and are usually membership based. They offer a variety of machines for weight training, cardio, and general fitness. Many fitness centers also offer personal training and classes, such as yoga, pilates, Find Personal Trainers in another area. |
0.960772 | I have been shamed for a lot of things in my life: my acne, the fact that I wear glasses, for having curves, and for breastfeeding in public uncovered, just to name a few. The one thing I never thought I would be shamed for was being active and for taking care of my body. Then, it happened. I was fit-shamed during my pregnancy and it was absolutely infuriating. Let me give you some backstory: Once upon a time, I got pregnant with my first child at 190 pounds after having an extremely difficult time conceiving because I suffer from PCOS, and I was working and going to college full time. Once I finally did get pregnant, I was diagnosed with gestational diabetes and I spent my entire pregnancy monitoring what I ate and logging it. By the time I had my daughter, I weighed 205 pounds, only a 15-pound weight gain. With my second pregnancy, I wanted things to be different.
After I had my first-born daughter, I dropped the weight and then some, and eventually started to change my lifestyle habits after her first birthday because I had become a stay-at-home mom due to our lifestyle. I took charge of my health and fitness and by the time she was a little over 2, I'd dropped down to 167 pounds. I fought to lose every single one of those pounds by working out and changing the way I ate. It didn't come easy for me. So when I found out I was pregnant with my second, I became determined to continue taking care of my body throughout my pregnancy. Statistically, when you have gestational diabetes in your first pregnancy, you're more likely to have it again in your second, according to the American Diabetes Association, and I wanted to do everything in my power to break that cycle.
It eventually got back to me that someone (whose name I won't use), questioned if maybe I had an eating disorder since I seemed to care so much about what I was eating and that I was working out so much.
In my first trimester, I hit a stumbling block: I suffered from pre-natal depression. For the first 12 weeks of my pregnancy I was too depressed to even go to the gym or maintain any semblance of my routine. It was really rough on me, and even though I knew I'd feel better even if I had to make myself go, I couldn't bring myself to do it. But, then the tide shifted around the 13 week of my pregnancy and I started going to the gym again regularly and going on walks with friends. I don't know how I did it, but I somehow found a balance in both my "diet" and cravings while I was pregnant – which is crazy for me to even think about. (And when I say, I mean in terms of what I was eating.) I'd make the choice to eat healthier before I was pregnant and I was able to maintain that during the pregnancy, but I wasn't counting calories or denying myself anything I wanted when I wanted it.
Headed into my second trimester, my second pregnancy was going great. I didn't have gestational diabetes and I was so happy about that that I actually cried when the doctor called me to tell me the news. I was so proud of myself and felt such relief. I felt supported by my friends and fellow parents, but it eventually got back to me that someone (whose name I won't use), questioned if maybe I had an eating disorder since I seemed to care so much about what I was eating and that I was working out so much.
The shame of her judgment was hard to ignore. I mean, why would anyone ever look down on someone else for doing what felt right to them?
I'm not going to lie, I went home and cried when I learned that she asked my best friend if I was suffering from an eating disorder, all because I cared about what I put into my body during my pregnancy. I wondered if my so-called friend felt I was somehow jeopardizing my baby. I wondered what else she assumed she knew about me. Though we weren't close friends, we do have a ton of mutual friends, and I realized pretty quickly that she was things like that about me to them too.
Her judgment of me weighed heavily on my heart. How could she, for even a second, toss around words like "eating disorder" without wondering about the message that would send? How could she use those words so nonchalantly? But perhaps what stung most of all was the fact that in her own pregnancy, she'd done her best to stay fit as well. She even taught fitness classes well into her last trimester. Why had she earned the right to care for her body, and I hadn't?
I know in my heart that it was never about me, but words hurt, and so do assumptions. I was in the gym three days a week and ate a healthy balanced diet so that I could not only have a healthy pregnancy, but a strong one, because I planned on delivering my baby unmedicated,and I wanted to be in peak form to do so. The shame of her judgment was hard to ignore. I mean, why would anyone ever look down on someone else for doing what felt right to them?
Sometimes it feels like as mothers, we're shamed for everything these days. It's very much a damned if you do, damned if you don't situation. Even though I hated what she said about me, in a way it helped to thicken my skin. She also helped me give her a little grace, because her question made me wonder about the motives in her heart. I have no clue why, but maybe she said what she said because she wasn't in a good place after she had her baby or and she was unhappy with herself. Maybe it hurt her to see me in a good place. I'm not sure, and truthfully, I'll never know the motive behind what she said, but I do hope that whatever the reason was (if there even was one), she finds healing.
Depsite her words, I worked out right until the day I went into labor, and I thank God everyday I did so because I know without a doubt that I wouldn't have made it through 49 hours of labor without an epidural if I hadn't. I only gained 24 pounds, and I'm pretty sure some of it was the muscles in my legs from all of the squats I did. Working out during my pregnancy gave me the strength — physically, mentally, and emotionally — to endure a complicated labor and delivery and an even rougher postpartum period.
At eight days postpartum I'd lost all of the weight I'd gained during my pregnancy, and by two weeks postpartum I was able to start working out again. Though I would never suggest that what worked for me is what will work for someone else (or even that a "healthy pregnancy" is the only way to be), I know that the results of my journey speak for themselves. I know that her words can't touch me. And more than anything,I know what I chose for my body and for my baby is nothing, absolutely nothing to be ashamed of. |
0.99969 | If you have a vintage guitar, odds are you're going to want a vintage guitar case to go with it. What is a vintage guitar case? Generally speaking, vintage guitar cases are made from a material called tweed. Tweed is a hard and durable material made to protect your guitar from every day roughage that may harm or damage your guitar.
It's easy to locate these vintage guitar cases online and in music stores. These vintage guitar cases can accommodate guitars made from the 1950's, 60's, 70's, 80's, and 90's. It all depends on the style of vintage guitar case you are looking for.
Keep in mind that tweed guitar cases have evolved and you may need to specifically ask for a 'vintage' guitar case. |
0.999677 | Let's say one of your employees starts to change their behavior, become more motivated and make fewer mistakes. Good news, right? Which is the better reason behind this: they intrinsically think it's the right thing to do or they want to avoid being blamed?
Criticizing and blaming are forms of revenge - not a practice to model. In a blame-free environment, there is a commitment to work things out, and good communication is a crucial part in making that happen.
Blame festers in an authoritative environment. Yet, even with the best of intentions, supervisors and executives walk a fine line. Whenever anyone influences or exerts control over someone's life, there is a power differential, which can be unintentionally exploited. When we use power, we use force, and even with gentle force, we can expect three possible reactions: fight, flight, or submission. None of those encourage an equitable relationship; nor do they foster leadership. Instead, fear is fostered and secrecy promoted, crushing motivation.
Even in the most equitable companies, it's hard to eliminate intimidation entirely. Though people may be encouraged to own up to their mistakes, a supervisor plays a potentially conflicting dual role: problem solver and performance evaluator. If employees go to a supervisor more than once with the same issue, it may show up negatively on their performance evaluations. If their performance reviews are not primarily about the future (i.e. training and/or or career growth needs), then there is every reason for the employee to be less than forthcoming about their mistakes.
Creating a blame- and punitive-free environment is a challenge, but one worth facing for its extraordinary outcomes. It's not an environment without expectations, nor is it chaotic. In fact, it requires increased clarification, articulation, and follow-up. These preferable approaches are usually overlooked or ignored in a punitive atmosphere.
If negatively delivered criticism is removed, and a trusting, character-building, supportive environment is created, where everyone involved takes responsibility for what went wrong, long-lasting behavioral changes are generated from within. Rather than continuing to respond to external rewards and punishments, employees internalize what they need to do, and identify expectations for themselves. When those expectations are not met or mistakes are made, people are much more willing to acknowledge the part they played and take responsibility for rectifying the situation.
Time taken now to create this model will save a great deal of time down the road. It's based on the premise that "It doesn't matter who's at fault. What matters is what's not working gets fixed." Let trust be your guiding principle.
We love to hear from our readers. If you have something you would like to ask our JobsInTheUS.com writers, please�send�us�your�questions.
Social Psychologist and Organizational Consultant Gerri King, PhD, is the president of Human Dynamics Associates, Inc. She trains, speaks, and consults throughout the U.S. and abroad. |
0.999999 | I have a student who has a neurostimulator for back pain. What exactly is a neurostimulator, and are there any implications for diving?
Neurostimulators are surgically implanted devices that have some similarity to cardiac pacemakers. Used for chronic pain as well as other conditions ranging from gastrointestinal problems to Parkinson's disease, they are implanted under the skin and have leads (wires) that run from the device to the areas in need of stimulation. Neurostimulators used for chronic back pain are often placed in the abdomen or upper part of the buttocks, and the leads are placed in the epidural space near the spinal cord. As with other implanted electrical devices, there are some issues divers should consider relative to both the device itself and the underlying medical condition.
An important consideration relative to the device is the pressure rating. These particular devices are often rated only to an ambient pressure of 2 atmospheres absolute (33 feet/10 meters of seawater). Medtronic, one manufacturer, states that exceeding this pressure could lead to degradation of the system. Furthermore, exceeding the recommended maximum pressure could lead to changes in the way the device works or cause it to fail, which would require surgical removal and reimplantation. People with neurostimulators can determine the pressure rating of their system by reviewing in the literature provided to them the sections that address sports and other activities. They can also get information by calling the toll-free number on the device identification card and providing the serial number.
Another consideration that shouldn't be overlooked is the underlying reason for the device. That condition must be evaluated with respect to any potential problems with diving. |
0.947779 | 您可能正在查找 Beautiful Soup 3 . 如果是这样，您应该知道 Beautiful Soup 3不再被开发，并且 Beautiful Soup 4被推荐用于所有新项目。如果您想了解 Beautiful Soup 3和 Beautiful Soup 4之间的区别，请参见 Porting code to BS4 .
# ; and they lived at the bottom of a well.
# and they lived at the bottom of a well.
如果你没有 easy_install 或 pip 已安装，您可以 download the Beautiful Soup 4 source tarball 安装时 setup.py .
漂亮的soup将复杂的HTML文档转换为复杂的python对象树。但是你只需要处理大约四个问题 kinds 对象： Tag ， NavigableString ， BeautifulSoup 和 Comment .
这个 BeautifulSoup 对象本身表示整个文档。在大多数情况下，您可以将其视为 Tag 对象。这意味着它支持 Navigating the tree 和 Searching the tree .
其中一些看起来应该很熟悉，但另一些是新的。传递值是什么意思 string 或 id ？为什么 find_all("p", "title") 找到一个带有css类“title”的标记？让我们来看看 find_all() .
回忆起 Kinds of filters 价值在于 name 可以是 a string ， a regular expression ， a list ， a function 或 the value True .
可以根据筛选属性 a string ， a regular expression ， a list ， a function 或 the value True .
"""Return True if this string is the only child of its parent tag."""
三个标签中的一个是相关字符串的直接父级，因此我们的搜索会找到它。三个<p>标记中的一个是字符串的间接父级，我们的搜索也发现了这一点。有一个带有css类“title”的标签 somewhere 在文档中，但它不是此字符串的父字符串之一，因此我们无法使用 find_parents() .
tag.string = "New link text."
您可以通过为 formatter 参数 prettify() ， encode() 或 decode() . Beautiful Soup 可以识别六种可能的价值 formatter .
french = "<p>Il a dit <<Sacré bleu!>></p>"
Unicode，该死的，大多数时候都是正确的猜测，但有时会出错。有时它猜对了，但只有在对文档逐字节搜索了很长时间之后。如果您碰巧提前知道文档的编码，则可以通过将其传递给 BeautifulSoup 构造函数AS from_encoding .
markup = b"<p>I just \x93love\x94 Microsoft Word\x92s smart quotes</p>"
注意你必须知道打电话 UnicodeDammit.detwingle() 在将数据传递到 BeautifulSoup 或 UnicodeDammit 构造函数。BeautifulSoup假设文档有一个单独的编码，不管它是什么。如果您给它传递一个同时包含UTF-8和Windows-1252的文档，它可能会认为整个文档都是Windows-1252，并且文档的外观 ☃☃☃“I like snowmen!” .
markup = "<p>I want <b>pizza</b> and more <b>pizza</b>!</p>"
# I noticed that html5lib is not installed. Installing it may help.
最常见的分析错误是 HTMLParser.HTMLParseError: malformed start tag 和 HTMLParser.HTMLParseError: bad end tag . 它们都是由Python的内置HTML解析器库生成的，解决方案是 install lxml or html5lib.
最常见的意外行为类型是在文档中找不到已知的标记。你看到它进去了，但是 find_all() 收益率 或 find() 收益率 None . 这是Python的内置HTML解析器的另一个常见问题，它有时会跳过它不理解的标记。同样，解决办法是 install lxml or html5lib.
ImportError: No module named BeautifulSoup -在没有安装BS3的系统上运行漂亮的soup 3代码。或者，在不知道包名已更改为的情况下编写漂亮的soup 4代码 bs4 .
你需要 have lxml installed .
因为 HTML tags and attributes are case-insensitive ，所有三个HTML解析器都将标记和属性名转换为小写。也就是说，标记<tag>>被转换为<tag>>。如果要保留混合大小写或大写的标记和属性，则需要 parse the document as XML.
UnicodeEncodeError: 'charmap' codec can't encode character u'\xfoo' in position bar （或任何其他 UnicodeEncodeError ）-这对 Beautiful Soup 来说不是问题。这个问题主要表现在两种情况下。首先，当您尝试打印控制台不知道如何显示的Unicode字符时。（见 this page on the Python wiki 第二，当你在写一个文件时，输入了一个默认编码不支持的Unicode字符。在这种情况下，最简单的解决方案是使用 u.encode("utf8") .
AttributeError: 'ResultSet' object has no attribute 'foo' -这通常是因为你预料到 find_all() 返回单个标记或字符串。但是 find_all() 返回A _list_ 标签和字符串的数目--a ResultSet 对象。您需要遍历列表并查看 .foo 每一个。或者，如果你真的只想要一个结果，你需要使用 find() 而不是 find_all() .
Beautiful Soup 永远不会像它坐在上面的解析器那么快。如果响应时间是关键的，如果你按小时支付计算机时间的费用，或者如果有任何其他原因导致计算机时间比程序员时间更有价值，你应该忘记 Beautiful Soup ，直接在上面工作。 lxml .
你也可以 download a tarball of Beautiful Soup 3.2.0 .
如果你跑 easy_install beautifulsoup 或 easy_install BeautifulSoup ，但您的代码不起作用，您错误地安装了 Beautiful Soup 3。你需要跑步 easy_install beautifulsoup4 .
The documentation for Beautiful Soup 3 is archived online <http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs3/documentation.html> _. |
0.999918 | * - Use to search for a number of characters (0 - many) excluding whitespace.
? - Use to search for a single character. |
0.999998 | Get financing for what you need with a personal loan.
Sometimes it’s not financially possible to pay upfront for expenses such as home repairs, a special event, medical bills, auto repairs, and other unexpected one-time costs or major expenses. In circumstances like these, a personal loan can help you cover these costs. A Personal Loan can also make it easier to fit major purchases into your budget, such as new appliances or furniture.
Personal loans often come with lower interest rates than credit cards, so funding a big expense, project, or consolidating debt with a personal loan could save you thousands of dollars on interest payments. Your personal loan will also add another line of credit to your credit report, and if you make on-time payments, you’ll build credit while paying down debt. |
0.77439 | The phonology of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) has been reconstructed by linguists, based on the similarities and differences among current and extinct Indo-European languages. Because PIE was not written, linguists must rely on the evidence of its earliest attested descendants, such as Hittite, Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin, to reconstruct its phonology.
The reconstruction of abstract units of PIE phonological systems (i.e. segments, or phonemes in traditional phonology) is mostly uncontroversial, although areas of dispute remain. Their phonetic interpretation is harder to establish; this pertains especially to the vowels, the so-called laryngeals, the palatal and plain velars and the voiced and voiced aspirated stops.
Proto-Indo-European is traditionally reconstructed to have used the following phonemes. See the article on Indo-European sound laws for a summary of how these phonemes reflected in the various Indo-European languages.
The table gives the most common notation in modern publications; variant transcriptions are given below. Raised ʰ stands for aspiration, and raised ʷ for labialization. The *y corresponds to the palatal semivowel whose IPA transcription is [j] (and not to IPA [y]).
Former reconstructions involved series of four stops: voiceless unaspirated and aspirated, and voiced unaspirated and aspirated: *t, *tʰ, *d, *dʰ. The voiceless aspirated stops, however, came to be reinterpreted as sequences of stop and laryngeal and so the standard reconstruction now includes series of only three, with the traditional phonetic descriptions of voiceless, voiced and voiced aspirated. However, such a system is not found in any descendant language (Sanskrit had all three, along with a fourth voiceless aspirated series), and it is vanishingly rare in any recorded languages. The absence or rarity of *b (see below) is also unusual. Additionally, Proto-Indo-European roots have a constraint that forbids roots from mixing voiceless and voiced aspirate stops or from containing two voiced stops. All that has led some scholars to change the reconstruction by replacing the voiced stops by glottalized and the voiced aspirated stops by plain voiced.
Direct evidence for glottalization is limited, but there is some indirect evidence, including Winter's law in Balto-Slavic as well as the parallel development of voiceless consonants and voiced aspirated consonants in Germanic: both became fricatives and glottalized (plain voiced in the earlier theory) consonants remained stops.
PIE *p, *b, *bʰ are grouped with the cover symbol P. The phonemic status of *b is disputed: it seems not to appear as an initial consonant (except in a few dubious roots such as *bel-, noted below), while reconstructed roots with internal *b are usually restricted to Western branches, casting doubt on their validity for PIE.
*ml- > *bl-, connecting the dubious root *bel- 'power, strength' (> Sanskrit bálam, Ancient Greek beltíōn) with mel- in Latin melior, and *h₂ebl-/*h₂ebōl 'apple' with a hypothetical earlier form *h₂eml-, which is in unmetathesized form attested in another reconstructible PIE word for apple, *méh₂lom (> Hittite maḫla-, Latin mālum, Ancient Greek mēlon).
In PIE *ph₃ the *p regularly gives *b; for example, the reduplicated present stem of *peh₃- 'to drink' > *pi-ph₃- > Sanskrit píbati.
At best, PIE *b remains a highly marginal phoneme.
The standard reconstruction identifies three coronal, or dental, stops: *t, *d, *dʰ. They are symbolically grouped with the cover symbol T.
"Palatovelars" (or simply "palatals"), *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ (also transcribed *k', *g', *g'ʰ or *k̑, *g̑, *g̑ʰ or *k̂, *ĝ, *ĝʰ).
"Plain velars" (or "pure velars"), *k, *g, *gʰ.
Labiovelars, *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ (also transcribed *ku̯, *gu̯, *gu̯h). The raised ʷ or u̯ stands for labialization (lip rounding) accompanying the velar articulation.
The actual pronunciation of these sounds in PIE is not certain. One current idea is that the "palatovelars" were in fact simple velars, i.e. *[k], *[g], *[gʰ], while the "plain velars" were pronounced farther back, perhaps as uvular consonants, i.e. *[q], *[ɢ], *[ɢʰ].. If the labiovelars were just labialized forms of the "plain velars', they would then have been pronounced *[qʷ], *[ɢʷ], *[ɢʷʰ] but the pronunciation of the labiovelars as *[kʷ], *[gʷ], *[gʷʰ] would still be possible in uvular theory, if the satem languages first shifted the “palatovelars (plain velars) and then later merged the “plain (uvular) and labiovelars”. See Centum and satem languages § Different realisations for more support of this theory.
Another theory is that there may have been only two series (plain velar and labiovelar) in PIE, with the palatalized velars arising originally as a conditioned sound change in satem languages. See Centum and satem languages § Only two velar series.
The satem languages merged the labiovelars *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ with the plain velar series *k, *g, *gʰ, while the palatovelars *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ became sibilant fricatives or affricates of various types, depending on the individual language. In some phonological conditions, depalatalization occurred, yielding what appears to be a centum reflex in a satem language. For example, in Balto-Slavic and Albanian, palatovelars were depalatalized before resonants unless the latter were followed by a front vowel. The reflexes of the labiovelars are generally indistinguishable from those of the plain velars in satem languages, but there are some words where the lost labialization has left a trace, such as by u-coloring the following vowel.
The centum group of languages, on the other hand, merged the palatovelars *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ with the plain velar series *k, *g, *gʰ, while the labiovelars *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ were kept distinct. Analogous to the depalatalization of the satem languages, the centum languages show delabialisation of labiovelars when adjacent to *w (or its allophone *u), according to a rule known as the boukólos rule.
The only certain PIE fricative phoneme *s was a strident sound, whose phonetic realization could range from [s] to palatalized [ɕ] or [ʃ]. It had a voiced allophone *z that emerged by assimilation in words such as *nisdós ('nest'), and which later became phonemicized in some daughter languages. Some PIE roots have variants with *s appearing initially: such *s is called s-mobile.
The "laryngeals" may have been fricatives, but there is no consensus as to their phonetic realization.
The phonemes *h₁, *h₂, *h₃, with cover symbol H also denoting "unknown laryngeal" (or *ə₁, *ə₂, *ə₃ and /ə/), stand for three "laryngeal" phonemes. The term laryngeal as a phonetic description is out of date, retained only because its usage has become standard in the field.
The phonetic values of the laryngeal phonemes are disputable; various suggestions for their exact phonetic value have been made, ranging from cautious claims that all that can be said with certainty is that *h₂ represented a fricative pronounced far back in the mouth, and that *h₃ exhibited lip-rounding up to more definite proposal; e.g. Meier-Brügger writes that realizations of *h₁ = [h], *h₂ = [χ] and *h₃ = [ɣ] or [ɣʷ] "are in all probability accurate". Another commonly cited speculation for *h₁ *h₂ *h₃ is [ʔ ʕ ʕʷ] (e.g. Beekes). Simon (2013) has argued that the Hieroglyphic Luwian sign *19 stood for /ʔa/ (distinct from /a/) and represented the reflex of *h₁. It is possible, however, that all three laryngeals ultimately fell together as a glottal stop in some languages. Evidence for this development in Balto-Slavic comes from the eventual development of post-vocalic laryngeals into a register distinction commonly described as "acute" (vs. "circumflex" register on long vocalics not originally closed by a laryngeal) and marked in some fashion on all long syllables, whether stressed or not; furthermore, in some circumstances original acute register is reflected by a "broken tone" (i.e. glottalized vowel) in modern Latvian.
The schwa indogermanicum symbol *ə is sometimes used for a laryngeal between consonants, in a "syllabic" position.
In a phonological sense, sonorants in Proto-Indo-European were those segments that could appear both in the syllable nucleus (i.e. they could be syllabic) and out of it (i.e. they could be non-syllabic). PIE sonorants are the liquids, nasals and glides: *r, *l, *m, *n, *y (or *i̯), *w (or *u̯), all grouped with the cover symbol R.
All of them had allophones in a syllabic position, which is generally between consonants, word-initially before consonants and word-finally after a consonant. They are marked as *r̥, *l̥,*m̥, *n̥, *i, *u. Even though *i and *u were phonetically certainly vowels, phonologically they were syllabic sonorants.
Proto-Germanic underwent Grimm's law and Verner's law, changing voiceless stops into voiceless or voiced fricatives, devoicing unaspirated voiced stops, and fricativizing and deaspirating voiced aspirates.
Grassmann's law (Tʰ-Tʰ > T-Tʰ, e.g. dʰi-dʰeh₁- > di-dʰeh₁-) and Bartholomae's law (TʰT > TTʰ, e.g. budʰ-to- > bud-dʰo-) describe the behaviour of aspirates in particular contexts in some early daughter languages.
Sanskrit, Greek, and Germanic, along with Latin to some extent, are the most important for reconstructing PIE consonants, as all of these languages keep the three series of stops (voiceless, voiced and voiced-aspirated) separate. In Germanic, Verner's law and changes to labiovelars (especially outside of Gothic) obscure some of the original distinctions; but on the other hand, Germanic is not subject to the dissimilations of Grassmann's law, which affects both Greek and Sanskrit. Latin also keeps the three series separate, but mostly obscures the distinctions among voiced-aspirated consonants in initial position (all except /gʰ/ become /f/) and collapses many distinctions in medial position. Greek is of particular importance for reconstructing labiovelars, as other languages tend to delabialize them in many positions.
Anatolian and Greek are the most important languages for reconstructing the laryngeals. Anatolian directly preserves many laryngeals, while Greek preserves traces of laryngeals in positions (e.g. at the beginning of a word) where they disappear in many other languages, and reflects each laryngeal different from the others (the so-called triple reflex) in most contexts. Balto-Slavic languages are sometimes valuable in reconstructing laryngeals since they are relatively directly represented in the distinction between "acute" and "circumflex" vowels. Old Avestan faithfully preserves numerous relics (e.g. laryngeal hiatus, laryngeal aspiration, laryngeal lengthening) triggered by ablaut alternations in laryngeal-stem nouns, but the paucity of the Old Avestan corpus prevents it from being more useful. Vedic Sanskrit preserves the same relics rather less faithfully, but in greater quantity, making it sometimes useful.
It is disputed how many vowels Proto-Indo-European has or even what counts as a "vowel" in the language. It is generally agreed that at least four vowel segments existed, which are typically denoted as *e, *o, *ē and *ō. All of them are morphologically conditioned to varying extents. The two long vowels are less common than the short vowels, and their morphological conditioning is especially strong, suggesting that in an earlier stage there may not have been a length opposition, and a system with as few as two vowels (or even only one vowel, according to some researchers) may have existed.
In addition, the surface vowels *i and *u were extremely common, and syllabic sonorants *r̥, *l̥, *m̥, *n̥ existed. All of them alternated in a syllabic position with sonorant consonants *y, *w, *r, *l, *m, *n. For example, the root of the PIE word *yugóm ('yoke') with a *u also appears in the verb *yewg- ('to yoke, harness, join') with *w. Similarly, the PIE word *dóru ('tree, wood') is reconstructed with genitive singular *dréws and dative plural *drúmos. Some authors (e.g. Ringe (2006)) have argued that there is substantial evidence for reconstructing a non-alternating phoneme *i in addition to an alternating phoneme *y as well as weaker evidence for a non-alternating phoneme *u.
Furthermore, all the daughter languages have a segment *a, and those with long vowels generally have long /aː/, /iː/, /uː/. Until the mid-20th century, PIE was reconstructed with all of those vowels. Modern versions incorporating the laryngeal theory, however, tend to view the vowels as later developments of sounds that should be reconstructed in PIE as laryngeals *h₁, *h₂, h₃. For example, what used to be reconstructed as PIE *ā is now reconstructed as *eh₂; *ī, *ū are now reconstructed as *iH *uH, *H representing any laryngeal; and *a has various origins, among which are a "syllabic" [H̥] (any laryngeal not adjacent to a vowel) or an *e next to the "a-coloring" laryngeal *h₂e. (Though they may have phonetically contained the vowel [a] in spoken PIE, it would be an allophone of *e, not an independent phoneme.) Some researchers, however, have argued that an independent phoneme *a must be reconstructed, and it cannot be traced back to any laryngeal.
Any sonorant consonant can comprise the second part of a complex syllable nucleus; all can form diphthongs with any of the vowels *e, *o, *ē, *ō (such as *ey, *oy, *ēy, *ōy, *ew, *ow, *em, *en, etc.).
It is generally accepted that PIE did not allow vowels word-initially; the vowel-initial words in earlier reconstructions are now usually reconstructed as beginning with one of the three laryngeals; they disappeared in all daughter languages except Hittite before a vowel (after coloring it, if possible).
In particular morphological (such as a result of Proto-Indo-European ablaut) and phonological conditions (like in the last syllable of nominative singular of a noun ending on sonorant, in root syllables in the sigmatic aorist, etc.; compare Szemerényi's law, Stang's law) vowels *e and *o would lengthen, yielding respective lengthened-grade variants. The basic lexical forms of words contained therefore only short vowels; forms with long vowels, *ē and *ō, appeared from well-established morphophonological rules.
Lengthening of vowels may have been a phonologically-conditioned change in Early Proto-Indo-European, but at the period just before the end of Proto-Indo-European, which is usually reconstructed, it is no longer possible to predict the appearance of all long vowels phonologically, as the phonologically-justified resulting long vowels have begun to spread analogically to other forms without being phonologically justified. The prosodically-long *e in *ph₂tḗr 'father' results by the application of Szemerényi's law, a synchronic phonological rule that operated within PIE, but prosodically-long *o in *pṓds 'foot' was analogically levelled.
It is possible that Proto-Indo-European had a few morphologically-isolated words with the vowel *a: *dap- 'sacrifice' (Latin daps, Ancient Greek dapánē, Old Irish dúas) or appearing as a first part of a diphthong *ay: *laywos 'left' (Latin laevus, Ancient Greek laiós, OCS lěvъ). The phonemic status of *a has been fiercely disputed; Beekes concludes: "There are thus no grounds for PIE phoneme *a"; his former student, Alexander Lubotsky, reaches the same conclusion.
After the discovery of Hittite and the development of the laryngeal theory, almost every instance of previous *a could be reduced to the vowel *e preceded or followed by the laryngeal *h₂ (rendering the previously reconstructed short and long *a, respectively). Against the possibility of PIE phoneme *a, still today held by some Indo-Europeanists, the following can be said: vowel *a does not participate in ablaut alternations (it does not alternate with other vowels, as the "real" PIE vowels *e, *o, *ē, *ō do), it makes no appearance in suffixes and endings, it appears in a very confined set of positions (usually after initial *k, which could be the result of that phoneme being a-coloring, particularly likely if it was uvular /q/), and the reflexes of words upon which *a is reconstructed are usually confined only to a few Indo-European languages. For example, *bʰardʰéh₂ 'beard,' is confined to the western and northern daughter families. That makes it possible to ascribe it to some late PIE dialectalism or of expressive character (like the interjection *wai 'alas') and so is not suitable for comparative analysis, or they are argued to have been borrowed from some other language which had phonemic *a (like Proto-Semitic *θawru > PIE *táwros ('aurochs')).
However, others, like Manfred Mayrhofer, argue that *a and *ā phonemes existed independently of *h₂. This phoneme appears to be present in reconstructions such as *albʰós ("white"), or *átta ("father"), where the absence of a laryngeal is confirmed by the respective Hittite descendants; 𒀠𒉺𒀸 (al-pa-aš, "cloud") and 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (at-ta-aš, "father").
Ancient Greek reflects the original PIE vowel system most faithfully, with few changes to PIE vowels in any syllable; but its loss of certain consonants, especially *s, *w and *y, often triggered a compensatory lengthening or contraction of vowels in hiatus, which can complicate reconstruction.
Sanskrit and Avestan merge *e, *a and *o into a single vowel *a (with a corresponding merger in the long vowels) but reflect PIE length differences (especially from the ablaut) even more faithfully than Greek, and they do not have the same issues with consonant loss as Greek. Furthermore, *o can often be reconstructed by Brugmann's law and *e by its palatalization of a preceding velar (see Proto-Indo-Iranian language).
Germanic languages show a merger of long and short *a and *o as well as the merger of *e and *i in non-initial syllables, but (especially in the case of Gothic) they are still important for reconstructing PIE vowels. Balto-Slavic languages have a similar merger of short *a and *o, and Slavic languages a merger of long *ā and *ō.
Evidence from Anatolian and Tocharian can be significant because of their conservatism but are often difficult to interpret; Tocharian, especially, has complex and far-reaching vowel innovations.
Italic languages and Celtic languages do not unilaterally merge any vowels but have such far-reaching vowel changes (especially in Celtic and the extreme vowel reduction of early Latin) that they are somewhat less useful. Albanian and Armenian are the least useful, as they are attested relatively late, have borrowed heavily from other Indo-European languages and have complex and ill-understood vowel changes.
In Proto-Balto-Slavic, short PIE vowels were preserved, with the change of *o > *a, as in Proto-Germanic. A separate reflex of the original *o or *a is, however, argued to have been retained in some environments as a lengthened vowel because of Winter's law. Subsequently, Early Proto-Slavic merged *ō and *ā, which were retained in the Baltic languages. Additionally, accentual differences in some Balto-Slavic languages indicate whether the post-PIE long vowel originated from a genuine PIE lengthened grade or is a result of compensatory lengthening before a laryngeal.
PIE had a free pitch accent, which could appear on any syllable and whose position often varied among different members of a paradigm (e.g. between singular and plural of a verbal paradigm, or between nominative/accusative and oblique cases of a nominal paradigm). The location of the pitch accent is closely associated with ablaut variations, especially between normal-grade vowels (/e/ and /o/) and zero-grade vowels (i.e. lack of a vowel).
Generally, thematic nouns and verbs (those with a "thematic vowel" between root and ending, usually /e/ or /o/) had a fixed accent, which (depending on the particular noun or verb) could be either on the root or the ending. These words also had no ablaut variations within their paradigms. (However, accent and ablaut were still associated; for example, thematic verbs with root accent tended to have e-grade ablaut in the root, while those ending accent tended to have zero-grade ablaut in the root.) On the other hand, athematic nouns and verbs usually had mobile accent, with varied between strong forms, with root accent and full grade in the root (e.g. the singular active of verbs, and the nominative and accusative of nouns), and weak forms, with ending accent and zero grade in the root (e.g. the plural active and all forms of the middle of verbs, and the oblique cases of nouns). Some nouns and verbs, on the other hand, had a different pattern, with ablaut variation between lengthened and full grade and mostly fixed accent on the root; these are termed Narten stems. Additional patterns exist for both nouns and verbs. For example, some nouns (so-called acrostatic nouns, one of the oldest classes of noun) has fixed accent on the root, with ablaut variation between o-grade and e-grade, while hysterodynamic nouns have zero-grade root with a mobile accent that varies between suffix and ending, with corresponding ablaut variations in the suffix.
The accent is best preserved in Vedic Sanskrit and (in the case of nouns) Ancient Greek. It is also reflected to some extent in the accentual patterns of the Balto-Slavic languages (e.g. Latvian, Lithuanian and Serbo-Croatian). It is indirectly attested in some phenomena in other PIE languages, especially the Verner's law variations in the Germanic languages. In other languages (e.g. the Italic languages and Celtic languages) it was lost without a trace. Other than in Modern Greek, the Balto-Slavic languages and (to some extent) Icelandic, few traces of the PIE accent remain in any modern languages.
*ph₂tér-s 'father' > *ph₂tḗr > Ancient Greek patḗr, Sanskrit pitā́.
This rule was no longer productive in late PIE, and many potential examples were restored by analogy. For example, the genitive singular of neuter nouns in -men- is reconstructed as -mén-s rather than -mḗn. It was grammaticalised for the nominative singulars of nouns ending in a sonorant, as well as the nominoaccusative of neuter collectives. By analogy, several nouns ending in other consonants also acquired a long vowel in the nominative singular, but retained the -s ending where possible, e.g. *pṓd-s, *dyḗw-s.
Stang's law affects sequences of final consonants, much like Szemerényi's law, but the result is to delete the second-last consonant rather than the final one. Specifically, w is deleted when between a vowel and a final m, again with compensatory lengthening: Vwm > *Vːm.
*dyéw-m 'sky' (accusative singular) > *dyḗm > Sanskrit dyā́m, Latin diem.
*gʷow-m 'cattle' (acc. sg.) > *gʷṓm > Sanskrit gā́m.
Some linguists include an additional rule to delete h₂ before final m: *Vh₂m > *Vːm.
PIE generally disallowed two of the same consonant to appear next to each other. Various rules were employed in order to eliminate such sequences.
When two of the same sonorant or *s appeared in sequence and were preceded by a vowel, one of the two was deleted. Additionally, if the sequence was word-final, the preceding vowel received compensatory lengthening.
*h₁és-si 'you are' > *h₁ési > Sanskrit asi.
*ném-mn̥ 'gift' > *némn̥ > Old Irish neim.
*h₂éws-os-s 'dawn' > *h₂éwsōs > Ancient Greek ēṓs.
*dóm-m̥ 'house' (acc. sg.) > *dṓm.
In a sequence of dental stops, an epenthetic *s was inserted between them.
*h₁ed-ti 'eats' > *h₁etsti > Hittite ezzi.
This rule has been preserved in Hittite where cluster *tst is spelled as z (pronounced as [ts]). The cluster was often simplified to -ss- in the later descendants (Latin and Germanic among others). Sanskrit does not have the rule (Bartholomae's law takes precedence instead), but it does occur in Iranian.
*bʰudʰ-to-s > Sanskrit buddhá, but Avestan busta.
If a sonorant followed a dental sequence, one of the dentals was deleted. The evidence is conflicting on which dental was deleted.
*sed-tlo- 'seat' > (second dental deleted) *sedlo- > Gothic sitls, Latin sella, Ancient Greek sedlon.
*méd-tro- 'measure' > (first dental deleted) *métro- > Ancient Greek métron.
*h₁éd-tro- 'nourishment' > (first dental deleted) *h₁etro- > Sanskrit átra.
*bʰudʰ-to-s > *bʰud-dʰo-s > (by Grassmann's law) Sanskrit buddhá.
The law has been preserved in the Indo-Iranian branch where it operates as a synchronic rule. There are some traces of it in Ancient Greek and Germanic, and possibly in Latin.
A thorn cluster is any sequence of a dental stop followed by a velar stop. In the IE branches other than Anatolian and Tocharian, thorn clusters undergo metathesis, and in many, the dental also assibilates. For example, for the noun *dʰéǵʰ-ōm, genitive *dʰǵʰ-m-és, Hittite has tēkan, tagnās, dagān and Tocharian A tkaṃ, tkan-, but these forms appear in Sanskrit kṣā́ḥ and Ancient Greek as khthṓn. Sanskrit has assibilation of the cluster *kt to kṣ, while Greek has metathesis alone.
*h₂ŕ̥tḱos 'bear' > Hittite ḫartaggas /ḫartkas/, but Latin ursus, Ancient Greek árktos, Sanskrit ṛ́kṣas.
Metathetized and unmetathetized forms survive in different ablaut grades of the root *dʰégʷʰ ('burn' whence also English day) in Sanskrit, dáhati ('is being burnt') < *dʰégʷʰ-e- and kṣā́yat ('burns') < *dʰgʷʰ-éh₁-.
Thorn clusters presented a problem in the reconstruction of some cognate sets in which Indo-Iranian sibilants in clusters with dorsals exceptionally correspond to coronal stops in certain other branches (particularly the Hellenic languages). 'Bear' and 'decaying' above are examples; another is Sanskrit tákṣan 'artisan' vs. Greek téktōn 'carpenter'. As was the case with the laryngeal theory, these cognate sets were first noted prior to the connection of Anatolian and Tocharian to PIE, and early reconstructions posited a new series of consonants to explain these correspondences. Brugmann 1897's systematic explanation augmented the PIE consonant system with a series of interdentals (nowhere directly attested) appearing only in clusters with dorsals, *kþ *kʰþʰ *gð *gʰðʰ. The use of the letter thorn led to the name "thorn cluster" for these groups.
Once discovered, Anatolian and Tocharian evidence suggested that the original form of the thorn clusters was, in fact, *TK, so that the development outside Anatolian and Tocharian involved a metathesis. The conventional notations *þ *ð *ðʰ for the second elements of these metathesised clusters are still found, and some, including Fortson, continue to hold to the view that interdental fricatives were involved at some stage of PIE. An alternative interpretation (e.g. Vennemann 1989, Schindler 1991 (informally and unpublished)) identifies these segments as alveolar affricates [t͡s d͡z]. In this view, thorn clusters developed as TK > TsK > KTs and then variously in daughter languages; this has the advantage that the first change can be identified with the dental assibilation rule above, which is then broadened in application to affrication of dental stops before any stops. Melchert has interpreted the Cuneiform Luwian īnzagan- 'inhumation', probably [ind͡zɡan], from *h₁en dʰǵʰōm 'in the earth', as preserving the intermediate stage of this process.
Once the laryngeal theory was developed, and the rules for sound change of laryngeals worked out, it was clear that there were a number of exceptions to the rules, in particular with regard to "syllabic" laryngeals (former "schwa indogermanicum") that occurred in non-initial syllables. It was long suggested that such syllabic laryngeals were simply deleted in particular of the daughters; this is based especially on the PIE word *dʰugh₂tér- "daughter", which appears in a number of branches (e.g. Germanic, Balto-Slavic) with no vowel in place of expected /a/ for "syllabic" /h₂/ (cf. English "daughter", Gothic daúhtar). With a better understanding of the role of ablaut, however, and a clearer understanding of which roots did and did not have laryngeals in them, it became apparent that this suggestion cannot be correct. In particular, there are some cases where syllabic laryngeals in medial syllables delete in most or all daughter languages, and other cases where they do not delete even in Germanic and/or Balto-Slavic.
This has led to the more recent idea that PIE had a number of synchronic "laryngeal deletion" rules, where syllabic laryngeals in particular contexts were deleted even in the protolanguage. In the case of *dʰugh̥₂tér-, for example, it appears that PIE had an alternation between a "strong" stem *dʰugh̥₂tér- and a "weak" stem *dʰugtr-, where a deletion rule eliminated the laryngeal in the latter context but not the former one. Forms in daughter languages with the laryngeal (Ancient Greek thugátēr, Sanskrit duhitṛ) or without the laryngeal (Gothic dauhtar, Lithuanian duktė̃) are due to analogical generalization of one or the other protoforms.
A laryngeal in the sequence *oRHC was dropped. Example: *tórmos ('borehole') from *terh₁- "bore" (cf. Gk tórmos 'socket', OE þearm 'intestine'). This seems to have operated particularly in the thematic optative suffix *-oy-h₁-, which was reduced to *-oy- in most forms.
A laryngeal in the sequence *VCHy was dropped. Examples: *wérye- ('say' present tense) from *werh₁- (cf. Homeric Greek eírei '[he] says', not *eréei); *h₂érye- ('plow' present tense) from *h₂erh₃- ('plow' cf. Lith. ãria '[he] plows', not *ária).
A laryngeal in the sequence *CH.CC was dropped, where a syllable boundary follows the laryngeal (i.e. the following two consonants are capable of occurring at the start of a word, as in *tr- but not *rt-). An example is the weak stem *dʰugtr- given above, compared to the strong stem *dʰugh̥₂tér-.
It seems unlikely that this is a correct and complete description of the actual phonological rules underlying laryngeal deletion. These rules do not account for all the potential cases of laryngeal deletion (hence the many other rules that have been proposed); for example, the laryngeal in the desiderative suffixes *-h₁s- and *-h₁sy- appears to delete after an obstruent but not a resonant. In any case, it is difficult to determine when a particular laryngeal loss is due to a protolanguage rule versus an instance of later analogy. In addition, as synchronic phonological rules the set of above rules is more complicated than what is expected from a cross-linguistic standpoint, suggesting that some of the rules may have already been "morphologized" (incorporated into the morphology of certain constructions, such as the o-grade noun-forming rule or the rule forming y-presents); the above-mentioned laryngeal deletion in the desiderative suffixes may be an example of such morphologization.
^ Tomic, O.M., Markedness in Synchrony and Diachrony, de Gruyter 1989, p. 99.
^ See for example Ringe, D.A., On the Chronology of Sound Changes in Tocharian, AOS 1996, p. 152.
^ Kümmel, M.J. (2007), Konsonantenwandel. Bausteine zu einer Typologie des Lautwandels und ihre Konsequenzen für die vergleichende Rekonstruktion. Wiesbaden: Reichert. Cited in Prescott, C., Pharyngealization and the three dorsal stop series of Proto-Indo-European.
^ Meier-Brügger, Michael (2003). Indo-European Linguistics. p. 107. ISBN 3-11-017433-2.
^ Simon, Zsolt (2013). "Once again on the Hieroglyphic Luwian sign *19 〈á〉". Indogermanische Forschungen. 118: 1–22. doi:10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.1.
^ Alexander Lubotsky. "Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a". Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Mayrhofer 1986: 170 ff.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (1995). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-2150-2. (Europe). ISBN 1-55619-504-4 (U.S.).
Brugmann, Karl (1897). Vergleichende Laut-, Stammbildungs- und Flexionslehre der indogermanischen Sprachen. 1 (2nd ed.). Strasburg: Trübner.
Kapović, Mate (2008). Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. ISBN 978-953-150-847-6.
Matasović, Ranko (2008). Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. ISBN 978-953-150-840-7.
Matasović, Ranko (1–2 May 1997). "The Syllabic Structure of Proto-Indo-European - In memory of Jochem Schindler" (PDF). Suvremena lingvistika. 43-44 No.1-2: 169–184.
Meier-Brügger, Michael; Matthias Fritz; Manfred Mayrhofer (2003). Indo-European Linguistics. Translation by Charles Gertmenian. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017433-2.
Don Ringe (February 20, 2009). "Don Ringe ties up some loose ends" (PDF). Language Log. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Vennemann, Theo (1989). "Phonological and morphological consequences of the "glottalic theory"". In Vennemann, Theo (ed.). The new sound of Indo-European: essays in phonological reconstruction. Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs. 41. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 107–115.
Lehmann, Winfred (1952). Proto-Indo-European Phonology. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73341-1. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15.
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"Alwin Kloekhorst. "Proto-Indo-European "thorn"-clusters"" (PDF).
This page was last edited on 24 March 2019, at 16:20 (UTC). |
0.98618 | The government has claimed that “close monitoring” through increased governance has driven the improvement that Capita has made in its administration of the Royal Mail Pension Scheme.
In an answer to a parliamentary written question asking what assessment the government had made of Capita’s performance in administering the scheme, Conservative MP for Hertsmere, Oliver Dowden, said that the company was “now operating closer to the contracted levels”.
He stated: “Following the transition of services from Royal Mail Group to Capita in October 2017, Capita’s performance fell short of expected levels.
In 2017, Capita was awarded a contract to run the administration for £47bn of benefits in the Royal Mail Pension Scheme in a tender involving four groups.
According to the government, Capita is being paid approximately £31m for the eight-year deal, equating to around £3.9m a year.
Dowden said that there was “robust governance framework” in place that provides the government “with the relevant oversight to manage the contract”.
He continued: “This framework enables Cabinet Office to monitor performance and continuous improvement but also provides an escalation route for any issues that may be encountered throughout the term of the contract. |
0.998038 | Could I get some advice on how best to repair this old printed photo? It ripped and I had to glue the front on but as you can see in the picture it is torn and will continue to weather away since it is a rough edge. Is there some sort of plastic that can cover it? Something better than scotch tape? Lamination?
It needs to be cut out and reframed, ideally behind a mat and UV glass. A frame store could do it if you'd rather not bother.
However, I'd recommend carefully removing the frame (that newsprint and wood is slowly destroying it), making a good quality scan, and putting the original in an acid-free envelope (larger art supply stores should have it). Then restore it digitally and make a good print for display. |
0.944781 | Are Variable Annuities for You?
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With a variable annuity, when the owner annuitizes and chooses the form of payout, the payments can be either fixed or variable (depending on account performance during the payout period). Choices include a lifetime income, or a different term can be chosen if preferred. For example, using a ten-year "term certain" payout would usually result in larger periodic payments, but the payments would end after ten years. Other choices that impact the payout amount include whether the payout will cover two people (until the death of the survivor), and whether the amount paid will be reduced after the first death, if two people are covered. These are choices that need not be made until it is time to begin the payout phase, which can usually be deferred until at least age 85 (unless it's a qualified plan). You can also make earlier periodic withdrawals without annuitizing (subject to early withdrawal penalties and surrender charges, if any).
It is very important to understand that once the decision is made to annuitize, you are relinquishing control of your money to the insurance company. Generally, in exchange for the company's promise to pay you income based on the option you have chosen, you can no longer withdraw lump sums or change your payout schedule. |
0.964919 | The 19th of December'1920 was the beginning of Lithuanian professional theater's formation by performing "Joninës" by Sudermann (stage-manager Jonas Vaickus) and the foundation of Kaunas State Theater - the first professional state theater (Kaunas State Academic Drama Theater at present). Three stage-managers - Jonas Vaickus, Antanas Sutkus and Konstantinas Glinskis took the leadership of the theater, the troupe was formed of their alumni. Three years later Borisas Dauguvietis had staged and acted here. In 1929, one of the most interesting Lithuanian professional stage-manager of that time - Andrius Oleka-Zilinskas - had staged here his first performance. Four artist at the theater meant four different theatrical trends and traditions and that provoked the State Theater's cleavage to several separate troupes and theaters in other cities. During 1921-1930, various tendencies and trends -from symbolism and romanticism to naturalism, From psychological realism to theatrical trend - were interlaced at the State Theater's performances. The modern and progressive searching of Oleka-Zilinskas, his reforms made at the theater were continued by his alumni - Romualdas Juknevicius and Algirdas Jaksevicius after the stage-manager had left Lithuania.
Three main periods, during 1940-1988, were excepted at the Kaunas State (Academic) Drama Theater renamed in post-war time, which were closely linked with the names of following stage-managers - Henrikas Vancevicius (1953-1966), Jonas Jurasas (1967-1972) and Jonas Vaitkus (1975-1988), they drew three distinct artistic directions by their stagecraft in the theater's formation. Vancevièius enriched the theater by the psychological, poetic-lyric performances, the young stage-manager Jonas Jurasas - the partisan of conceptual-authorial theater, the poet of the theater, the representative of political-ideological theater - enriched it by distinct theatrical, poetic and politic-philosophic performances. The stagecraft of Jonas Vaitkus after he became the stage-manager of the theater in 1977, were significant for the distinct outer form and accented genre : beginning from poetic-symbolic, opera-poem, ritual-ceremony performances full of sights to dramas and tragedies, phantasmagorial grotesques and showbooths. Eimuntas Nekrosius had staged there his first performances - "Ivanov" by Anton Chechov and "The Ballads of Duokiskis". The best artist of Kaunas Drama Theater created the most significant roles at that time. In 1990, Kaunas Drama Theater was awarded the name of Academic theater. In 1993, the leader of the theater became stage-manager and pedagogue Gytis Padegimas. The artistic politic of the new leader enabled to reveal the stage-managers of various trends, to make the debuts for new generation, to invite the foreign stage-managers. Kaunas State Academic Drama Theater is the only one in the country which has even 7 stages. In 1997, there was established the Higher School of acting art which is leaded by Gytis Padegimas.
The birthday of Vilnius Drama Theater is thought to be the 6th of November'1940, when "The Hope" by Heyerman staged by Romuoldas Juknevicius was performed.
Juozas Rudzinskas worked here as the chef stage-manager and as the head of the theater during 1954-1958, together with Romualdas Juknevicius he was the representative of ordinary realism that's why this trend would be deep-rooted in Vilnius Drama Theater (The State Academic Theater). After Juozas Rudzinskas has left, Henrikas Vancevièius becomes the chief stage-manager of the theater, he came here from Kaunas Drama Theater. He was the stage-manager and the supporter of psychological and psychological-realistic trends In addition, he tried to enrich the repertoire of the theater by the documentary,Lithuanian prose staging and the poesy stagecraft where a great number of the artists realised an interesting acting. Because of its' conservatory ideas and fidelity to the only one psychological trend, Vilnius Drama Theater had lost the popularity in the eighth decade, meanwhile Kaunas Drama Theater was famous for the new-fashioned searching and modern experiments. But it must be mentioned, that in addition Vilnius Drama Theater was unsurpassable and not one performance became the example of traditional psychological theater. The theater's isolation from the new winds becomes the reason for foundation of The Small Theater (it was founded in 1990); the leadership of The Small Theater took Rimas Tuminas - the stage-manager of the Academic Theater, he was the leader during the period of 1981-1990.
Vilnius State Academic Drama Theater especially renewed during 1989-1994, when Jonas Vaitkus became the chief stage-manager of the theater and brought together the young generation of his alumni from the Music Academy. The losses were experienced during this period as well. Vaitkus faced a hard problem -how to infuse the traditional theater supporting group with the mordent acting and the elements of the sharp and significant conceptual stage-managing; his performances enriched the history of the Academic Drama Theater. Vaitkus was the first among Lithuanian stage-managers who tried to reorganise the stagnant troupe of the theater .A lot of actors were forced to leave the theater, instead of them came a new generation; the changes were made during the same year. The alumni of Jonas Vaitkus - actors and stage-managers - are the main artistic force of the theater till now; the most famous among them - Oskaras Korsunovas. A complicate personality of Jonas Vaitkus provoked the demand of the new leader of the Academic Drama Theater. In 1994, this post was entrusted to Rimas Tuminas, who has leaded both theaters existing in the same building. At the first year of his leadership he tries to return the experienced actors who had left the theater and at his new stages one could see the old generation.
The 1998th were the year of changes not only at the theater but at the theater's politic as well. The Academic Drama Theater was announced the National Theater according to the decision of Lithuanian Government in 1998.
First years of Klaipeda Drama Theater existence were closely related to the establishment of Siauliai Theater (The North Lithuanian Theater) and its' first performances. After Siauliai Drama Theater resettled to Klaipeda in 1935 and Romualdas Juknevicius staged "The Hope" by Heyerman here, which was performed on the 19th of December'1936 , the theater was thought to be an extraordinary and overcoming the State Theater. In the post-war and especially lately (after 1957) period, the Klaipeda Drama Theater suffered a lot of misfortunes with the troupe's forming, the migration of stage-managers and the exchanging of theatrical trend. In 1957, the leader of the theater became Vytautas Jasinskas - the inertia and superficial stage-manager, whose best stagecraft were comedies. But the artistic heritage of the designer Juta Èeièytë, who was working here at that time, were of great value; she had a subtle feeling of the scene work's genre and was acquainted to the artistic nature of the theater; she made a great deal in perfection the relationship between stage-managing and decoration by propagating the more universal and more additional artistic thinking, which forced to expose the most intellectual and important poetic details of a play. The second period of the theater was related with the name of the stage-manager Povilas Gaidys. Povilas Gaidys came to Klapëda Theater from Kapsukas in 1963(after Kapsukas Theater felt to a ground in 1962). Together with him a young generation of actors - the graduates of the State Conservatoire - came to the theater, the repertoire became more stabile, the plays more stylistic and vivified to compare with previous. The second stagecraft of Povilas Gaidys -"The Optimistic Tragedy" by Vsevolod Vishnevsky, the most paradoxical play of the Soviet time authors -was untraditional and humanely realised. Povilas Gaidys is the leader of Klaipeda Drama Theater till now. Thanks to him the theater realised itself in the context of Lithuanian Theater by the deep and conceptual drama and tragedy stagecraft and especially by the stylistic, playful and sensible performances of comedy and tragicomedy. The theater is under the pressure of some kind of "amplua" system but it can't be the barrier for actors to create the interesting and significant roles.
Valstybinis jaunimo teatras Vilniuje buvo ásteigtas 1965 m., o jau 1966 m. geguþës 27 d. parodyta ir jo premjera - Shakespeare"o "Romeo ir Dþuljeta". Teatro vyriausiàja reþisiere tapo Aurelija Ragauskaitë, buvusi Kauno dramos teatro aktorë ir 1962 m. baigusi reþisûros mokslus Maskvos teatro meno institute. Ið pradþi¸ (iki pat 1982 m.) teatras dirbo Respublikini¸ profsàjungos rûm¸ pastate, po to persikëlë á Vilniaus teatro pastatà, o jau 19 m. á specialiai jam restauruotus teatro rûmus Arkli¸ gatvëje. Pirmasis teatro gyvavimo periodas, susij¿s su Aurelijos Ragauskaitës vardu, buvo teatro ieðkojim¸ - savo krypties ir repertuaro - laikas. Vienerius metus (1967) po teatro pastoge dirbo Pantomimos trupë, vadovaujama Modrio Tenisono. 1968-1970 m., Aurelijai Ragauskaitei pasitraukus (1974-1979 m. ji vadovauja Ðiauli¸ dramos teatrui), teatro vyriausiuoju reþisieriumi tampa Vytautas Èibiras; 1970 m. á teatrà, baigusi reþisûros studijas Maskvos teatro meno institute, atvyksta Dalia Tamulevièiûtë, su kurios vardu siejamas antrasis teatro pakilimo laikotarpis - 1975 m. teatro trup¿ papildo Konservatorijos diplomantai, Dalios Tamulevièiûtës auklëtiniai. Pedagogës ir reþisierës talentas iðugdo nemaþai talenting¸ lietuvi¸ scenos meno meistr¸, jos spektakliai pradeda traukti á teatrà vis daugiau þiûrov¸. 1980 m. savo pirmàjá spektaklá Jaunimo teatro scenoje pastato ir èia dirba reþisieriumi iki 1991 m. Tamulevièiûtës auklëtinis, Maskvoje reþisûrà studijav¿s Eimuntas Nekroðius. Atëjus á teatrà Nekroðiui, Dalia Tamulevièiûtë jam suteikia kûrybines privilegijas: su Jaunimo teatro aktoriais Nekroðius pastato tarptautiná pripaþinimà pelniusius spektaklius "Kavadratas", "Piromani, Pirosmani...", "Meilë ir mirtis Veronoje", "Ilga kaip ðimtmeèiai diena", "Dëdë Vania". Eimunto Nekroðiaus spektakliai susilaukia tokio populiarumo Lietuvoje ir uþ jos rib¸, kokio prieð dvideðimtmetá buvo susilauk¿s Juozo Miltinio Panevëþio dramos teatras. 1991 m. Nekroðius palieka Jaunimo teatrà, ir jo meno vadovu nuo 1997 m. tampa Tamulevièiûtës mokinys, aktorius ir reþisierius Algirdas Latënas, o direktorumi - aktorius Kostas Smoriginas, pastat¿ ne vienà ðiandienos Jaunimo teatro repertuaro spektaklá. Tarp ðiame teatre statanèi¸j¸ - ir Jonas Vaitkus, ir teatro aktorius Remigijus Vilkaitis ir kt. Dalia Tamulevièiûtë atneðë á teatrà ne tik teatraliðkà psichologizmà, stilizuotà realizmà su þaidybiðkumo elementais, bet ir padëjo pamatus poetinei metaforinei krypèiai, kuri vëliau iðgarsino Eimunto Nekroðiaus reþisûrà.
Vilnius Small Theater was established in 1990 after a group of artists with the stage-manager Rimas Tuminas split from Vilnius Academic Drama Theater's troupe. The theater never has had its' own apartments, that's why the troupe rehearses and performs in the hall of the Academic Drama Theater. The stagecraft by Tuminas with the actors of the Academic Drama Theater in 1989 - "The Death Will Never Be There" - was the pretext to found the new troupe. The sensible poetic and subtle stagecraft of "The Death Will Never Be There" had more additional psychological acting and was based on the poetic, lyric elements; it demonstrated the stage-manager's intention to search for his own theatical language and experiments. The second performance of the troupe - " Cherry-tree Garden" by Chechov - was an undoubted success of the stage-manager and the troupe; it overcame the conservative trend of traditional psychological-realism propagated by the Academic Drama Theater. The Small Tehater was named so as it was performing at the small hall of the Academic Drama Theater; it announced the innovatoric trend and didn't try to become a modern and vanguard theater. The existence near by the Academic Drama Theater as if forced an artistic failure of the mentioned theater by its own accord as the plays of the Small Theater gathered more and more spectators. In 1992, the leader of the Academic Drama Theater became Jonas Vaitkus; he wasn't friendly to the theater existing on the lodger's right. But for some time both theaters shared the large and the small stages of the Academic Drama Theate. After Jonas Vaitkus has deserted his post the most real pretender to it became Rimas Tuminas who knew the theater and its troupe since 1979, no matter of his different artistic outlook and theatrical trend. The Small Theater is the municipality's theater partly supported by the Ministry of Culture. The Small Theater was joined by the graduates of the Music Academy who came together with Rimas Tuminas. During the shot existence the Small Theater has formed its character; the performances staged by Rimas Tuminas are the poetic odes of a looser who was awarded by the unique soul, the stage-manager is attentive to the individuality of actor. The Small Theater is the actor's theater. On the other hand it's a merit of the wonderful stage-manager, pedagogue and undoubted leader. The performances of the Small Theater are poetic-lyric but melodramatic at the same time, its are the abundant of the actors' improvisation and psychological acting with some kind of isolation based on Brecht.
On 23 of September'1931 in "Kapitolijus" Cinema Theater in Siauliai, the curtain of Siauliai Drama Theater (the department of the State Theater then) was raised - "Princess Turandot" by Carlo Gozzi under Borisas Dauguvietis direction was performed.
In 1934, the theater's department in Siauliai was renamed - the North Lithuanian Theater and became independent from Kaunas Drama Theater but it was forced to remove to Klaipeda and returned to Siauliai after German occupation of the port in 1939. During 1934-1939, while Borisas Dauguvietis was working in the theater in Klaipeda, Antanas Sutkus came here, later on - Romualdas Juknevicius, the number of professionals and actors from the State Theater had increased. The North Lithuanian Theater cooperated with northern Latvian theaters, a lot of tours were made through Lithuania: during 1931-1939 there were performed 1095 plays in 53 regions. The guest performance in Kaunas during 13th - 16th of May'1937 were especially successful where one of the most interesting plays - "The Hope" by Heyerman staged by Juknevicius was performed.
The new period at Siauliai Drama Theater began in1960 after the graduates of Acting Mastery Department of the National Conservatoire came here. The vigorous stage-managing development is related with such names as Aurelija Ragauskaite - the director of the theater during 1974-1979, Saulius Varnas - with his creative searching during the period of 1980-1988, Gytis Padegimas's stagecraft during 1988-19? In spite of the theater's tradition linked to realistic scene art as comedy and melodrama, Aurelija Ragauskaite resolutely infused the theater with psychological but very poetic-lyric trends and combined it with constructive elements. In the repertoire of the stage-manager dominated the works by Lithuanian authors. Saulius Varnas turned the" wheel" of the theater to the intellectual dramaturgy and the rational, philosophic, conceptual stage-managing and acting. This stage-manager as if continued the tradition of Juozas Miltinis and Panevezys Drama Theater; anybody can't deny his educational contribution by staging original world dramaturgy. Jonas Jurasas' and Jonas Vaitkus' first performances were staged at Siauliai Drama Theater. Since 1996, the stage-manager Rolandas Atkoèiûnas has leaded the theater; young stage-manager Cezaris Grauþinis and others tried their skills hereas well. In 1997, graduates of the Music Academy (National Conservatoire) enlarged the group of the theater. At present the Art Director of the theater is its actor Sigitas Jakubauskas.
The official date of Panevezys Drama Theater (Juozas Miltinis Drama Theater at present) establishment is thought the 15th of Mart'1940, when " A Silver Valley" by Pogodin staged by Juozas Miltinis was performed. The theater's main body was formed of the participants of the theater lover's troupe, which existed in the Workers' Cultural Palace Club in Kaunas and was established under the initiative of Juozas Miltinis. The first performance staged by Miltinis was naturalistic and ordinary without any artificial acting what was new at Lithuanian Theater's life of that time.
Panevezys Drama Theater became a studio - the laboratory of actors' training and preparation - that was a new and the first phenomenon in Lithuanian stage theater's history. For even thirty years Panevezys Drama Theater was the theater of one leader, who constantly realised his ideas in practice. The main accents in the theater's development were the training of actor's personality - a some kind of "philosophic acrobat" - by putting to practice improvisation elements and searching for modern means of acting; the psychological true and the concentrated attitude to the inner world of a character were of the main importance during the first year of the theater's existence. Panevezys Drama Theater was the beginner in staging the modern plays - the intellectual, philosophic, existential works, the realisation of them was a part of the theater's program.
The development of Panevezys Drama Theater can be devoted to several periods. The first two are linked with the name of Juozas Miltinis: 1940-1954 - the theater's formation and growth period which ended by the forced withdrawal of its leader (at the time the theater was leaded by the actor and stage-manager, the alumni of Miltinis - Vaclovas Blëdis); 1959-1980 - the period of the theater's maturity and general recognition, the best performances staged by Juozas Miltinis appeared at this period and glorified the name of the theater as the experimenting and new-fashioned theater all over the Soviet Union. The philosophic, intellectual theater of Juozas Miltinis with strict form and expressive acting has trained a great number of famous theater and cinema artists.
The third period of the theater is linked with the stage-manager Saulius Varnas' name, since 1988 he has staged the performances here and became its leader in 1993.Varnas didn't break the tradition of his predecessor but enriched it with the original staging decisions full of expressive, surrealistic, playful theatrical and at the same time aesthetic, abstract forms. But in 1996, the stage-manager was forced to leave the theater after an inner reorganisation, Rimantas Teresas- the actor and stage-manager of the theater became its leader.
Panevëþio dramos teatro raida skirstoma á keletà gyvavimo tarpsni¸. Pirmieji susij¿ su Miltinio vardu: 1940-1954 m. - teatro formavimosi ir brendimo laikotarpis, pasibaig¿s priverstiniu jo vadovo pasitraukimu (tuo laiku teatrui vadovavo Miltinio auklëtinis, aktorius ir reþisierius Vaclovas Blëdis); 1959 - 1980 m. - teatro brandos ir visuotinio pripaþinimo metai, nes ðiuo laiku pasirodo iðkiliausi ir vertingiausi lietuvi¸ ir ne tik teatro kontekste Juozo Miltinio spektakliai, iðgarsin¿ teatrà kaip eksperimentuojantá ir novatoriðkà visoje Taryb¸ Sàjungoje. Filosofinis, intelektualus, tikslios formos ir raiðkios vaidybos Juozo Miltinio teatras subrandino gaus¸ bûrá nepralenkiam¸ teatro ir kino aktori¸.
Naujas teatro periodas siejamas su kito reþisieriaus - Sauliaus Varno - vardu, staèiusio èia spektaklius nuo 1988 m. ir tapusio jo vadovu 1993 m. Varnas nelauþë savo pirmtako suburto teatro tradicij¸, taèiau papildë jas originaliais reþisûriniais sprendimais, nestokojanèiais ekspresyvios, siurrealistinës, þaismingai teatraliðkos, o kartu ir estetizuotos, abstrahuotos formos. Deja, reþisieriui nepavyko iki ðiandien likti ðio teatro meno vadovu, ir nuo 1996 m., ávykus vidinei teatro reorganizacijai, já pakeitë ðio teatro aktorius ir reþisierius Rimantas Teresas.
Borisas Dauguvietis (1885-1949) - the actor of the State Theater, the stage-manager, pedagogue, publicist and critique, Lithuanian dramatist of the Soviet time, the creator with huge temperament and inexhaustible energy. On the stage of the State Theater he tried to propagate decadence and mystery characteristic to Russian theater of that time, that was made bright and tasty what was new and unexpected in the repertoire of the State Theater. He showed the sharpness of stage-managing, the originality and independence in his stagecraft while interpreting the text or characters and searching for distinct means or opportunities of expression; he used to realise his ideas with the help of stage designers and composers. In his performances a lot of famous actors - among them Konstantinas Glinskis - had opportunity to realise themselves. Dauguvietis is thought to be the partisan of Lithuanian Royal Theater, a swift experimenter and interesting stage-manager in spite of staging in a slipshod manner, sometimes too artificial and eclectic - graphically strict or realistic even naturalistic. The stage-manager was under the great influence of the searching at Russian Theater of that time - the stage works of Stanislavsky, Vachtangov, Tairov, Mejerchold, His learners - the graduates of the State Theater's Studio - are known as famous masters of scene art. Dauguvietis had staged a lot of performances in Siauliai Drama Theater, which appeared as the department of the State Theater.
Povilas Gaidys (1930-) - the stage-manager - the post-graduate of Lunachiarsky Institute of Theater Art in Moscow. One of his first most famous stagecraft was the play by Nikolaji "A Rice Corn" ("Let's Be a Man, Chelestin") performed at the newly established Kapsukas Drama Theater (it was existing in the period of 1956-1962). In 1963, the actors and stage-managers of Kapsukas Drama Theater among them Povilas Gaidys resettles to Klaipeda. At the same year he became the chief stage-manager of Klaipeda Drama Theater In his very first stagecraft the organic combination of comic and tragic elements was visual. The stage-manager used to sharpen the conflict situations and to deepen the characteristics of acted roles in his staged comedies ,these means revealed its exact expression according to the stage-manager; while staging a comedy he combined theatrical elements with elegance, parody with tricks; he was iinterested in the satyr genre, grotesque and tragicomedy. Inexhaustible ideas and a great number of expression means - dances, songs, anecdotes, improvised etudes- distinguish even all his stagecraft of comedy. The stage-manager combines the vivified and theatrical tradition with the principles of commedia dell'arte, though the features of a common and custom comedy are visual in his performances.
Konstantinas Glinskis (1886-1938) - the pedagogue, stage-manager, actor, the founder of Vilnius Theater Studio in 1919, the premier and stage-manager of the State Theater. He made his debut as an actor in 1921 and was awarded with honour by the critique. As a stage-manager Glinskis followed the traditional realistic non-staging Russian school's example, characteristic feature of the plays staged by him were an outer refines and beauty, especially in melodramatic plays by foreign and Lithuanian authors, where the main roles he used to play by himself. The main part in the play Glinskis attached to actor and author, a stage-manager, according to Glinskis, was only an assistant, he was a famous expert and supporter of Lithuanian stage language, the master of a scene word and significant narrator in addition. In spite of Glinskis' strict support of conservative attitude and neglect of new ideas, he has put the bases to the younger generation of professional theater.
Algirdas Jaksevicius (1908-1941) - the actor, stage-manager; during 1929-1932 was studding in Andrius Oleka-Zilinskas Acting School in the State Theater, after a shot career at the State Theater and "The Theater of Young Artists", in 1935, he left for the stage-managing studies to Vachtangov Theater in Moscow and after a year - to New York; in 1937, returned to Lithuania. Jaksevicius was fond of Stanislavsky's work and his searching; he translated "Actor's Self-Studding" by Stanislavsky, he made a great deal as the intellectual and talented pedagogue; in 1938, O'Neil's play "The Millions of Mark" staged by Jaksevicius has opened one more page and showed the new direction - the constructional and theatrical trend - in searching at Lithuanian theater. Algirdas Jaksevicius as well as his school-mate and like- minded person Romualdas Juknevicius were the supporters of more deep realism; in his stagecraft he attempted to show artificially the elements of experience and expression characteristic to the tradition of Vaktangov's theatrical theater.
Romualdas Juknevicius (1906-1963) - the stage-manager, the graduate of Andrius Oleka-Zilinskas' Acting Course, the founder and leader of Vilnius Drama Theater. He was born in St. Petersburg; during 1926-1929 was studding at humanity department in Kaunas University. In 1931, while second year student in the Acting School was invited to the Sate Theater but as he wasn't satisfied with its' routine and stagnation left thinking about his own theater. In 1934, after "The Theater of Young Artists" felt to a ground (it existed only one year), he left for studies of the stage-managing to Moscow, he worked as the assistant manager under the guidance of Vsevolod Mejerchold, he got acquainted to the stage works of Russian stage-managers and actors. In 1936, he staged "The Hope " by Heyerman in Klaipeda, which succeeded a great interest of publicity and critique. In 1940, he became the head and leader of just established Vilnius Theater. The characteristic features of performances staged by Juknevicius were the new-fashion and reality of expressive means, the compact unity, the psychological true and the variety of characters; the stage-manager was interested in common artistic ideas of author, stage-manager, scene designer, actors and audience. Juknevicius was an innovator on Lithuanian scene, who revealed the concept and genre of tragicomedy. The actors of "The Theater of Young Artists" - the alumni of Andrius Oleka-Zilinskas -splendidly revealed themselves in his performances and later on became the body of Vilnius Theater.
Jonas Jurasas - the stage-manager, the leader of Kaunas Drama Theater of a long time standing; he enabled the return of the theatrical trend to Lithuanian theater after the prohibitions of the Soviet time and the direct policy promoting the realistic scene art. He has legitimated Ezoupe's language tradition in Lithuanian Theatre, it was characteristic till the end of the Soviet period and is used in nowadays as an element of metaphoric, symbolic theater. In 1962, he has graduated the Institute of Arts in Moscow; in 1963 he staged the diploma play "The Appointment" by Volodin at Russian Drama Theater; in 1966, he worked at Siauliai Drama Theater; in 1967, he staged two performances - "A Tango" by Mrozhek and "The Melody of Warsaw" by Zarin - at Vilnius Drama Theater. In 1968, he resettled to Kaunas and became the chief stage -manager of Kaunas Drama Theater, during 1968-1975, where staged eight plays which shocked society by its' innovation and conceptualism. In 1975, the stage-manager emigrated to the West - for the first rank to Germany later on to USA - as he couldn't withstand the meddling of the Soviet Authorities to his artistic affairs, their censorship and restrictions. The artist continued the career in abroad; he staged at New York, Belgium, Germany, Canada theaters, participated at the international festivals. After a shot return to Lithuania in1990 and the stagecraft of "The Keyboard on Sand" by Ausra Marija Sluckaitë and "The Death and The Lass" he returned to USA as he wasn't able to integrate to the exchanged theater. Jonas Jurasas - the supporter of the conceptual, ideological-politic theater, he co-ordinates the principles of Vachtangov's, Mejerchold's and Tairov's Theaters; not once he was forced to manoeuvre among the restrictions and censorship, that's why he was changing his stagecraft a lot of times and that afforded him the mastering of Ezoupe's language. He is a founder of the actual, provoking, theatrical, playful, and expressive and at the same time poetic, subtle psychological theater where the visual culture of the play, musical partitures and the expressive plastic acting are of the great importance. He was always interested in the artistic ideological aspect of performance and it's influence upon the audience. Jonas Jurasas was the first by his stagecraft to show the way and means for getting rid of literal basis in Lithuanian theater. The earlier professional stage-managers in Lithuania as well as the latter ones such as Juozas Miltinis, Henrikas Vancevicius, Aurelija Ragauskaite cherished the literal theater by various means . His non-literal but independent theater was an artistic creature and became the basic point to Jonas Vaitkus; the stage-manager Eimuntas Nekrosius interpreted this trend according to his own manner.
Oskaras Korsunovas (1969-) - the stage-manager; during 1989-1993 was studding a stage-managing under the guidance of Jonas Vaitkus in Lithuanian Music Academy. Since 1990, he has been the stage-manager at the State Academic Drama Theater (the National Theater at present). In 1998, he has found his own troupe - "The Theater of Oskaras Korsunovas".
He is one of the most talented and productive stage-manager among Lithuanian artists. He became famous after the original stagecraft of "There to Be Here" by Daniil Charms (1990) ,where he broke the rules of the traditional psychological theater. The works by Daniil Charms and Aleksandr Vvedensky - Russian avangardists of the fourth decade - inspired the stage-manager to search for the more modern means of expression and non-traditional acting. The stage-manager staged the trilogy - "There to Be Here", "The Old Woman" ("The Old Woman 2") and "Hay, Sonia, It's New Year" - according to the works by the mentioned authors; these stagecraft are the mixture of expressionism and surrealism, the brechtish acting with elements of dance and plasticity. His performances became the best-sellers among the youth almost in 1990-1994 as its reflected the critical standpoint to the Soviet system and ideology. Since 1997, the stage-manager has co-operated with the young Lithuanian poet and dramaturgy Sigitas Parulskis, together they staged a play - "P.S.Case O. K." ,which received a lot of attention and criticism from the conservative apologists of the National Theater. The young dramatist and the young stage-manager use to shock the audience by an unexpected themes and expression means, which reflects the view point of a young man during the changes in politic and social situation. The new stage work by the stage-manager is "Roberto Zucco" by Bernard-Marie Koltes; it became an exclusive stagecraft as well - the artist turned back to the concrete dramatic situation of a young man and used the realities of life on the stage, which were some kind of taboo in a theater till then.
In 1994, Lithuanian critique announced Oskaras Korsunovas the best young artist of the season; in 1996, he was awarded by the special premium for the cherish of original Lithuanian dramaturgy in the competition "The Stagecraft of Lithuanian Authors". His performances were shown at many international theater festivals in Europe and won a lot of awards.
Juozas Miltinis (1907-1994) - the patriarch of Lithuanian theater, he has realised the creative program of one artist's theater, he was the stage-manager and the art director at the same time. He was the founder and for a long times the leader of Panevezys Drama Theater - the first theater-studio - which overcame all Lithuanian and Soviet Union theaters by its new-fashioned manner and creative achievements. During 1928-1931, Juozas Miltinis attended the Acting School of the State Theater and was the alumni of Borisas Dauguvietis. He was the actor in Siauliai Drama Theater during 1931-1932.Unsatusfacted with the artistic politic of the State Theater he left to France for his studies in 1932; at the way to France he stayed for some time in Berlin were attended the performances staged by Maks Reinhard; while in Paris he attended the courses at Sorbona University; during 1933-1936 he studied at "Atelier" theater studio under the guidance of Charles Dullin in famous "Le Cartel" in Paris, at the same time acted at "Pathe Nathan" film studio's movies and Capuchin Avenue Theater. He was on friendly terms with Jean-Louis Bartlett and became interested in ideas of Antonio Artaud, he participated the intellectual bohemia's parties in Paris; in a word, Juozas Miltinis was involved to the vortex of French theater's vanguard. During 1938-1939, he went to England and got acquainted to the searching at British Theater of that time. During 1939-1940, he guided the Acting Studio of the Workers Palace in Kaunas and on the 21st of November'1940,he was officially assigned the stage-manager of the new Drama Theater in Panevezys and went on with his duties here till 1954. During 1954-1959,he worked at Lithuanian Film Studio as the dubbing manager and actor, later on, in 1959, returned to Panevezys Drama Theater where began his duties as the chief stage-manager and stayed here till1983. In 1948, Juozas Miltinis was awarded the name of Lithuanian artist in honour; in 1965, he got the name of Lithuanian National Artist and The National Premium; in 1973, he became The National Artist of the Soviet Union; in1977, the highest reward - The Order of National Peace was awarded to him. In 1995, French Government awarded Juozas Miltinis with The Order of Knight for his achievements in art and literature.
The extraordinary erudite, wonderful psychologist, the expert of the World art and literature, the translator of many plays and philosophy works, the theater theorist and experimentor, the actor, stage-manager, pedagogue - Juozas Miltinis -not fortunately reformatted and innovated the post-war Lithuanian theater; he has created the psychological intellectual theater -"the theater of idea" -and withdrew the rudiments of realism and every day life scenes from the performances. He fully devoted himself to the theater and by the hard and constant realisation of creative program, which lasted for thirty years, he had formed the separate modern trend in Lithuanian Theater, he created the background to the acting system. His performances - staged plays by foreign and Lithuanian authors - became the part of Lithuanian Theater's Gold Fund. Juozas Miltinis has accumulated a large bibliography of great value; his rehearsal notes are interesting as an acting methods and drama analysis and was published in a separate books.
Eimuntas Nekrosius (1952-) - the stage-manager; in 1978, he has graduated the Lunachiarsky Institute of Theater Art, he specialised on stage-managing. After returning to Lithuania, he worked at Vilnius State Youth Theater; during 1979-1980, he resettled to Kaunas and staged "The Ballads of Duokiskis" by Saulius Saltenis and "Ivanov" by Anton Chechov in Kaunas Drama Theater. In 1980, he became the stage-manager of the Youth Theater and worked here till 1991. Together with his classmates he had staged six performances, which were the best stagecraft of the Youth Theater in the ninth decade. The theater and the stage-manager were recognised to be the most interesting not only in the Soviet Union but lately in the Baltic States and West Europe as well. In 1991, Eimuntas Nekrosius has left the theater and became the stage-manager of the International Theater Festival in Lithuania - LIFE. The stagecraft produced by the stage-manager were performed in a lot of foreign countries and theatre festivals. In 1998, Nekrosius has established the independent art centre "The Fort of Art".
The performances staged by Eimuntas Nekrosius has popularised the new trend in Lithuanian theater - the poetic-metaphorical theater, where the main attention is devoted to the psychologically exact, emotional and plastic acting, the special and unique usage of the scene properties which gets a multi-layer meaning in the play .Chechov's "The Uncle Vania" staged by Nekrosius in 1986 had an especial resonance; the stage-manager refuted existing tradition of the Chechov's play staging which was based on Stanislavsky. This stage-manager and stage-poet is a supporter of the theatrical and independent theater, he uses the literature work as an impulse to create the scene story; his especially playful, dynamic and full of visual decisions performances absolutely destroyed the conception of literal theater and became the example to young stage-managers while organising the scene space for acting.
In 1994, Nekrosius was announced the best stage-manager of the year by Lithuanian critique for his stagecraft of "Mozart and Saljery. Don Chuan. Black Death." ; in the same year, the stage-manager was awarded for The New Reality in Europe Theater by the Europe Theater Union and the Taormina Art Committee; in 1996, he was awarded by the UBU Premium (Italy). In 1998, he became the winner of Lithuanian National Premium for his stagecraft of 1994-1997. His stagecraft of "Hamlet" was awarded as the best performance of 1997/1998 season by Lithuanian critique and Eimuntas Nekrosius was announced the best stage-manager of the year and awarded by "Kristoforas". Since 1994, the stage-manager frequently toured Europe, performed his plays at the international theater festivals in Europe and America.
Antanas Sutkus (1892-1968) - the stage-manager and pedagogue, the theoretic and experimenter of the theater. The alumni of Fiodor Komisarzhevsky's Acting Studio during 1913-1918, the participant of Lithuanian theater's troupe in Moscow and the membership of Moscow's Lithuanian Theater Company. After returning to Lithuania Sutkus became the organizer of Lithuanian State Theater in Kaunas; in 1919 he became the director of "Tautos teatras" and the leader of "Vilkolakis" - the theater of satiric miniatures improvisation. Sutkus tried to create the national theater - based on national-symbolic trend - by his stagecraft in "Tautos teatras", his performances were full of drama and acting elements from Lithuanian mythology and folklore, he propagated symbolic and additional trend. The comic parody miniatures and theatrical improvisation deriding social and moral evils dominated in "Vilkolakis" theater. That was the prototype of satiric theater which hastily reflected actual problems, performances were staged collectively without written text or adapting classical works, the main role was given to actor's improvisation. "Vilkolakis" theater, which existed till1925, was a some kind of Lithuanian commedia dell'arte with acting national prototypes and interlaced elements of mimodrama, song, music, choreography, drama, tragedy, satire and comedy.
Rimas Tuminas (1952-) - the stage-manager and pedagogue; in 1974, he has graduated the State Conservatoire in Vilnius and left for his studies to Moscow - Lunachiarsky Institute of Theater Art; in 1979, he returned to Lithuania and became the stage-manager in the State Academic Drama Theater. In 1990, he established the Small Theater. He distinguished himself by the first stagecraft in the common repertoire of the Academic Drama Theater ; the unit of theater and every day life was shown in the new manner in his performances - the realism was risen to the poesy in the theatrical manner; the roles were created very sensibly. Rimas Tuminas is a good psychologist, a romantic stage-manager ,a wag and a lyric in one person. His stagecraft are not monolithic as dramatic composition, he isn't a conceptualist or an innovator who searches for the new means in stage-managing and acting. His performances are more traditional but very emotionally effective stage works; its are the prosaic interpretations with dominated acting and playful improvisation. In spite of that ,Rimas Tuminas is fond of the theatrical means of expression which are used sparingly but inventively; his stagecraft are distinguished for a sequence narration and the unique co-ordination of the life's and scene's time. One of his newly stagecraft (1997) - "The Masquerade" by Michail Lermantov - revealed the stage-manager as the organiser and creator of independent scene text, as the romantic of old melodramatic theater. The stage-manager has opportunity to stage in abroad; his plays staged in Lithuania were performed at many countries and international festivals. In 1994, he was awarded by the Lithuanian Premium for his stagecraft of "Galilee", "The Cherry-tree Garden", "Please, God, Give Us a Smile". In 1994, the performance "Please, God, Give Us a Smile" was announced the best play of the season and Rimas Tuminas was awarded as the best stage-manager by Lithuanian critique. In 1997, the same awards were attributed to his stagecraft of "The Masquerade" by Michail Lermantov. Since 1994, Rimas Tuminas has been the leader of Vilnius Academic Drama Theater, which in 1998 was renamed the National Theater.
Rimas Tuminas frequently staged abroad, his stage works were performed at international theater festivals and various Europe countries.
Jonas Vaickus (1885-1935) - the founder of the amateurish Fluttering Theater; he had propagated and cherished Lithuanian language and scene art while wandering and performing plays and theatrical shows throughout Lithuania. He made the debut in 1905 and continued the summer tours with his troupe till 1915. During the period of 1915-1918 he was learning in St. Petersburg Royal Theater School, there he found common minded persons who later on helped him in formation of Lithuanian professional theater. In 1918, Jonas Vaickus came back to Lithuania and became the leader and stage-manager of the Drama Troupe, which later on developed to the State Theater. During 1924-1931 Jonas Vaickus was living in USA and after returning in 1932, he established the first Cinema and Theater Studio in Lithuania and film company "Lietfilmas", which soon after felt to the ground. The performances staged by Jonas Vaickus wasn't innovative; he used to choose the contemporary literal works with sharp social content but staged them in rich realistic, grotesque, naturalistic manner, his performances were full of effects and properties. In spite of that, Jonas Vaickus had put the background of Lithuanian professional theater and had trained a lot of famous actors of Lithuanian theater.
Saulius Varnas (1948- ) -the stage-manager, pedagogue; during 1967-1970 he was the participant of Panevezys Drama Theater's Studio guided by Juozas Miltinis and during the period of 1973-1978 worked there as an actor. In 1973-1978, he studied the stage-managing at the State Institute of Theater, Music and Cinema in St. Petersburg; after returning to Lithuania (1978) he became the chief stage-manager of Siauliai Drama Theater in 1980, before leaving this theater he worked here as a producer for last two years and in 1993, became the leader of Panevezys Drama Theater. The most interesting period in creative biography of the stage-manager was his work at Siauliai Drama Theater -there he has staged 19 plays varying in their form and style, which exchanged the realistic direction of the troupe and were awarded at various festivals. The constructive and expressive form and style of the stage-managing was new to Siauliai Drama Theater but the actors corrected the strict and sharp form by fulfilling it with the sensitiveness and accuracy of psychological acting. At the meanwhile the stage-manager was just looking for his own style but he was fond to use the intellectual drama and literary works with strict artistic structure and philosophic implications, the plays-debates where the dramatic conflict between personality and survey conditions as well as the inner conflict between the forces of god and evil are discussed .The stage-manager propagated this trend at Panevezys Drama Theater, but cold and ascetic visual form of the plays wasn't meet enthusiastically by the alumni of Juozas Miltinis, who used to choose more traditional - realistic-psychological way of acting after the master had left. Since 1996, Saulius Varnas has been the stage-manager at Vilnius Russian Drama Theater.
Andrius Oleka-Zilinskas (1892-1948) - the actor and stage-manager, since 1912 was studding at the Art Theater Studio in Moscow, since 1917 was acting in the Art Theater Studio later on renamed II MDT. In 1929, became the stage-manager at Kaunas State Theater and made the artistic upheaval when staged "Sarunas" by Vincas Kreve together with the dramatist Petras Vaiciunas, the designer Galdikas and the composer Gruodis. The new period of the State Theater was begun after this stagecraft. The reforms made by Oleka-Zilinskas in the theater, his new program and direction, the innovatory while learning and working with actors influenced the development of the theater's professional and artistic level. Oleka-Zilinskas took care to create the department of the State Theater in Siauliai - Siauliai Drama Theater. The performances by this stage-manager were significant for the new acting and concord, the staging style's identity and harmony, the conceptual decision, the expressive details and the interpretation's fidelity of staged literary work, the original performance of crowd scenes. One of the famous artists - Mikhail Chechov, the participant of the Konstantin Stanislavsky's Studio was invited to the State Theater by Oleka-Zilinskas and during 1932-1933 staged here "Hamlet" and "The Twelve Night" by Shakespeare and "The Inspector" by Googol. Oleka-Zilinskas and Mikhail Chechov acquainted the theater's troupe with the Konstantin Stanislavsky's and Moscow Art Theater's system and tradition - psychological realism based on strict acting and emotional fullness, as well with the consequent role creating rules and the acting technique and skilfulness. Because of the disorders at the theater and exchanged political situation at the state, in 1934, Oleka-Zilinskas leaves the Sate Theater; he goes to Riga later on to USA.
The first international theater festival in Lithuania - LIFE - was organised in 1993; the chief manager of the festival - the theater critique Ruta Vanagaitë. The festival is sponsored by the Ministry of Culture, the Open Fund of Lithuanian ,other non-State institutions and private firms. In the beginning LIFE was thought to be organised every two year, but almost two second festivals were carried out yearly. Such plays as "Mozart and Saljery. Don Chuan. The Black Death." by Pushkin (1994), "Three Sisters" by Chechov (1995), "The Love and The Death in Verona" by Antanëlis and Geda (1996) produced by Eimuntas Nekrosius were performed at this festival.
There were organised the retrospectives of films by Ingman Bergman and Krzystov Zanussi, creative laboratories and evenings of Aleksandr Kaliagin, Ala Demidova, Aleksej Petrenka (Russia).
On the 27th of March yearly the theater artists are awarded by the "St. Kristoforas" statue for the best achievements of the season. The candidates for nomination are announced by the members of Lithuanian Theater's Critique Association after they got acquainted with the best performances of that season. The statue was awarded since 1995, its' author is Stanislovas Kuzma.
Rimas Tuminas.1995, "Please, God, Give Us A Smile"
Jonas Vaitkus.1996, "A Dream", "The Doll's House"
Theater magazine "Lietuvos teatras" published since 1998, printed in 1000 copies.
Theater magazine "Teatras" published since 1997.
Cultural weekly "7 meno dienos" (painting, music, literature, theater, cinema) published since 1992, printed in 2800 copies, on Thursdays.
Lithuanian Writer's Union's weekly "Literatura ir menas" published since 1946, printed in 3200 copies, on Saturdays.
Cultural and philosophic weekly "Siaures Atenai" published since 1990, printed in 2500 copies, on Saturdays.
Cultural and art addition of daily " Kauno diena" - "Santaka" printed in 60500 copies, on Saturdays.
You are welcome to open the first page of our theater, which was published by The Cinema and Theater Information and Education Center. You will find here only a part of accumulated information. Later on You would find here the data about all our theaters not only the State Theaters, the information about its' function, performances and the most interesting shows or stagecraft. There are no information about Theater's Union, The Music Academy , other studing institutions and associations still. But You will have opportunity to get acquainted with our theater's history from the theater's foundation till nowadays. You can choose the table "History" - there You'll find the review of our theater's development and the names of the most famous artists; or "The State Theater" - there You'll be acquainted with the first professional Lithuanian theater. After pushing down the names in the text , You'll find the data and biography of every artist.
On the left side of the page You'll find the menu and choose even now the information You needed according the references : The State Theater (here You'll find the information about every theater's development), Festivals( the data about the greatest international theater festival in Lithuania), Awards (the information about the main show of Lithuanian artists, where the best artists of the year are announced ), The Press ( the presentation of the main Lithuanian cultural weekly and daily additions which has a separate theater's page or specialized theater's publication).
The Theater and Cinema Information and Education Center begin to accumulate the data about every artist who successfully works in theater's sphere. A little bit later You'll find all information about ever performance, stage-manager or artist You are interested in.
So, welcome to Lithuanian Theater's World. |
0.931475 | ABBA's concert tour of North American and Europe in 1979 would become the band's third and final concert tour. Primarily visiting North America, Europe and Asia during 1979 and early 1980, the tour supported their 'Voulez Vous' album. The tour opened in Edmonton, Canada on 13th September 1979 and closed in Tokyo, Japan on 27th March 1980 having performed fifty-two shows in forty cities across thirteen countries. As it was the group's final tour before unofficially disbanding in late 1982, the concert tour included the largest catalogue of hit songs performed on a tour.
Since forming in 1972, ABBA had only performed about twenty-four concert dates over eight years. Pressured to tour by their record companies, ABBA had performed a brief tour in Europe and Australia in the summer of 1977. Upon the release of their sixth album the group decided to tour North America for one month. Benny Andersson stated that the decision to tour was based on the need for the group to become more "present" to North American audiences. He further felt that the media would not consider ABBA to be a "real" group if they had not toured.
In January 1979, ABBA performed alongside the Bee Gees, John Denver and Earth, Wind & Fire at the "A Gift of Song - Music for UNICEF Concert" at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City, New York. The concert benefited the United Nations Children's Fund. ABBA performed 'Chiquitita' and subsequenly donated all future royalties to the fund. Shortly after this performance, it was revealed that Bjorn and Agnetha had been separated for several months. Despite this, Agnetha assured the media that the group was united, stating "Everyone feels very good at the moment. We are working well together and we still have something to give".
The tour was officially announced by WEA in May 1979, beginning in Canada and the United States before venturing across the Atlantic and into Europe. While promoting the album, the quartet began rehearsals for the forthcoming concert tour in June 1979 at the Stockholm Concert Hall in Stockholm, Sweden. Agnetha and Frida began taking private vocal lessons while Benny and Björn organised the tour. In the United States, the tour was heavily promoted by various media outlets including Billboard Magazine when a fifty page mini-magazine about ABBA was included in an early September 1979 issue. The magazine provided a history of the group as well as outlining their success in over forty countries worldwide. It also provided details of ABBA's forthcoming tour, as well as personal interviews with each member of the quartet. During one of the interviews, Benny and Bjorn remarked how important the tour was to the group, especially touring in new territory and stated "to us, the US is mainly a challenge. The whole tour to us is a great challenge. Tonight, the audience was great and everything went smoothly. But it was a very strange feeling when we have not toured in 2½ years. You don't have the self confidence that most artists have that tour a lot and you don't know until you're up there, until you meet the audience face-to-face, whether it's going to work or not…"
Unfortunately, ABBA last scheduled concert in the United States in Washington DC on 4 October 1979 was cancelled due to Agnetha's emotional distress suffered during the flight from New York to Boston. The group's private plane was subjected to extreme weather conditions and was unable to land for an extended period.
Rehearsals of the tour continued when ABBA made a surprise appearance at a nightclub in Stockholm as a sneak peek for the upcoming tour. Benny felt this was much needed as the group was not primarily known as a touring act. He said the quartet needed to build the self-confidence needed to perform onstage in front of large audiences. The group returned to rehearsals in August 1979 after promotions in the United States and Mexico ended. While rehearsing at the Europafilm Studios in Sundbyberg, Benny and Bjorn needed to produce a song to help promote the tour. Together, they wrote 'Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)'.
The staging for the band's North American and European Tour was a standard endstage with a blue backdrop and several triangular structures which were said to resembling icebergs. It was on this tour that Agnetha and Frida wore their iconic blue, indigo and violet figure-hugging jumpsuits. The outfit was later recreated by Madonna on her 'Confessions Tour' as a tribute to the band. As the group toured the United States, their film 'ABBA The Movie' was shown in the city after each concert.
Despite critical acclaim, the band would never tour again. Frida stated that she felt secure onstage whereas Agnetha felt more comfortable in the recording studio. The group disliked the conditions of traveling for the tour with one plane trip that was very traumatic for Agnetha. Their reactions to touring would later be penned in the song 'Super Trouper'. Many fans speculated the song was a long letter written to Bjorn's new lover - shown in the lines: "I was sick and tired of everything, when I called you last night from Glasgow, all I do is eat and sleep and sing, wishing every show was the last show". However the song shifts viewpoint in the lines "Facing twenty thousand of your friends, how can anyone be so lonely, part of a success that never ends, still I'm thinking about you only".
Even though ABBA members continued their musical careers as solo artists, they never regrouped as ABBA for a concert tour. The 1979 tour is considered to be a classic among ABBA fans with many contemporary artists and ABBA tribute bands including elements of this tour in their shows. Indeed, the 'Thank ABBA For The Music' UK theatre show dedicated more than half of the second act to this concert tour. |
0.942196 | Economy of the United Kingdom.
Eurodollar futures and IRS are no exactly the same so you have to add a convexity adjustment to the rate implied by Eurodollar futures. Working out convexity adjustments is also non-trivial so you can omit them for a very simplified swap curve building as an exercise.
Or you can do like a surprisingly alarmingly? You can use different methods here. Again, keep it simple to start with and probably stick to linear or other simple methods. And then with a 3M tenor up to 5 years with an arbitrary interval, yes? Basically what your doing is "gapping", or implying the forward 3M rates along the curve by bootstrapping the spot curve using zero rates. Solve for Forward 3M - repeat this process all along the curve.
Some things to note: You don't need treasuries 3. Most forward curves use the euro dollar synthetic futures function edsf on bb to make up the first two years of the curve. LIBOR typically has a positive spread to the treasury curve because the former is supposed to be the rates which banks lend to other banks while the latter is the rate to lend to the US govt.
Do I have all the variables that I'll need? Want to add to the discussion? The most commonly quoted rate is the three-month U. The Libor is widely used as a reference rate for many financial instruments in both financial markets and commercial fields.
There are three major classifications of interest rate fixings instruments, including standard interbank products, commercial field products, and hybrid products which often use the Libor as their reference rate. It is an index that measures the cost of funds to large global banks operating in London financial markets or with London-based counterparties.
The average is reported at LIBOR is actually a set of indexes. There are separate LIBOR rates reported for 7 different maturities length of time to repay a debt for each of 5 currencies.
The shortest maturity is overnight, the longest is one year. In the United States, many private contracts reference the three-month dollar LIBOR, which is the index resulting from asking the panel what rate they would pay to borrow dollars for three months. |
0.977775 | I asked for amends on the fact that this post is five days after the show aired. I'm a busy guy and this was the best opportunity I could find to write up a review for the most recent episode of Shark Tank. I must say that this week was an extremely impressive episode. Last week, we had one offer and one potential offer the entire episode. This week, we had several offers and it became extremely heated among the sharks. Speaking of which, the sharks were the same as last week: Mark Cuban, Daymond John, Kevin O'Leary, Barbara Corcoran, and Robert Herjavec.
The first entrepreneur was a guy from Alabama named Travis Perry, who pitched his product, "Chord Buddy." This product provided an easier way to learn how to play the guitar. Perry showed a ton of enthusiasm for his product and for teaching people how to play the guitar. I must say even I may have gained a bit of encouragement to go out and play knowing that controlling the chords will be a bit easier. Perry believed that keeping the production and jobs in America was key to the strive in his company. It seemed like Perry's American approach was not as severe as the same approach last week, because four of the five sharks (Cuban being the odd shark out) were interested in teaming up with him. The original offer was $125,000 for 10% of the company. O'Leary offered $125K for 20% plus a promise to star in the infomercial, John $125K for 20% plus a celebrity endorsement, Corcoran (making her first offer of the season) $175K for 20%, $50K of the stake would have to be used in an infomercial, and Herjavec also offered $175K for 20%, $50K of the stake to be used for the infomercial. Perry went with Herjavec (who was eager to learn how to play guitar)'s offer. The two went strumming out of the tank.
For a recap, Shawn Davis, who created a shrimp burger line, was this week's update. All of the sharks turned him down, but he seemed to be doing just fine.
Pat McCarthy was next into the tank. He created a scent line of perfume and cologne that smelled like money. While this seemed to be the product that would be right up the sharks alley, it really didn't prove to be the the dream product people who dream it would be. The only shark that showed any interest was Daymond John. The offer was $100,000 in exchange for 5% of the company. John would provide the money, but needed 80% of the company. McCarthy refused and the offer was turned down. As Corcoran said, the product didn't really smell so much like natural money.
Kyle Rainey was the next one in the tank. His product was "Tail Lightz," a not so hip glow in the dark patches that you place on your back pant pockets. The offer was $50,000 for 50% of the company. None of the sharks had interest. Who would blame them, because as they said, the patches were dated and they looked uncomfortable. I should add that they did a very poor job glowing in the dark. This would be one of those ripoff products like the Marvin's Magic Drawing Board.
Megan Cummins was last into the tank. Her product was "You Smell," a luxury soap company that came in such scents as lemon, which would be mentioned on the back of the bar wrapper. Her offer was $55,000 for 20% of the company. Three of the sharks expressed interest in the product. Cuban matched the offer, Corcoran offered $55K for 40% and Herjavec offered $55K and a $50K salary in the first year for 20%. Corcoran would eventually drop her offer to 30% and use comments about girl power and how women work harder to sway Cummins over. Nonetheless, she goes with Herjavec and his clearly strong offer. Cuban did do well, but Herjavec did better in an offer that couldn't be turned down.
Episode 3 of Shark Tank was clearly Robert Herjavec's episode. He went away with two strong offers of products that could potentially be huge. Chord Buddy is definitely something of the future, while You Smell seems like a regular luxury soap, but could come off big. It all goes to show you the limitations to each of the sharks. This was a fine episode indeed!
In the next episode, Lori Greiner from QVC will be sitting in Barbara Corcoran's seat for the episode and hoping to come out with an investment. The male sharks will all be the same. We'll just have to wait and see what the next episode has to offer. Should be really interesting. |
0.964047 | What got you interested in the beauty business? I was always interested in doing peoples hair and make up, and it always came natural to me.
What do you love MOST about your work? I can turn someones day completely around. I get to do what I love without even thinking about it. I LOVE making my guests feel good about themselves.
I am “obsessed” with: Color: I love changing someones color to give them a new overall look.
My Service Philosophy is: Every time a guest sits in my chair, no matter how many times I have seen them, it should be special like their first visit.
My favorite product is/because: Pureology Clean Volume Instant Levitation Mist because its a perfect volume spray. It provides a 24 hour overall fullness for fine hair /color treated.
My hobbies/interests are: Shopping! New trends (clothes, hair, and makeup). Fashion.
My Goal in life is: To strive to be the best I can be and always follow my dreams! |
0.99925 | What is the theme of the short story The Secret Life of Walter Mitty?
As a child, Thurber was blinded by an accident his brother William shot an arrow at him. The theme of the movie shows that belief in love is all important and that love will win the day. O'Connell has sent Mitty his latest negatives and a wallet as a gift in appreciation of Mitty's work. Nearing the ship, Mitty learns the helicopter cannot land upon it. Thurber and Mary Agnes Fisher Thurber had a child.
These fantasies plant his ideas in very fertile soil. His wife uses him and picks on him. Mitty and is constantly nagging him and bringing him back to reality. His daydreams assess him in enduring his ego against the critics and precarious attitude of his wife. Perhaps staying in a new place for a few days or you might nurture a new hobby; marry your work with your passion. Mitty tells Cheryl of his adventures and admits that he does not know what negative 25 shows. He seems to consider them as outdated and irrelevant as he considers print journalism all together.
In actual fact they are lazy. In the beginning of the novel, it hints. Be terribly suspicious of assumptions. Unfortunately, Ted has also downsized his ability to talk nicely to people and is extremely rude and disrespectful to the staff who work at the print magazine. The move highlights the danger of getting rid of the old in favor of the new and the upheaval it can cause for everyone.
Triggered by the wild storm, he begins to imagine himself as the commander of a Navy hydroplane. It has the right virtues. Easy access to consumer goods has diluted the need for masculinity to be expressed in the kill and this emasculation is expressed specifically addressed by the contrast of the testosterone-infused characters that Walter assumes in each of his fantasies. Sam Goldwyn commented that LaGravenese's script had a momentous and unique approach compared to others. More broadly, the themes and events in the fantasies are directly linked to the frustrations Mitty feels in reality, particularly his sense of not being in control of… The real-life Walter Mitty keeps his true self hidden, literally and figuratively.
On the surface it appears to be a story of a boy's trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Mitty flies there to find him. The film also stars , , , , and. During the skateboarding scene in Central Park, skateboarding legend served as Ben Stiller's stunt double. Wilson dropped out in October 2005 over creative differences. This essay has an objective to reflect the way in which the literary elements in a story contribute to the larger narrative theme by analyzing the short story by James Thurber titled The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. Mitty as a scape-goat which allows Walter to use Mrs.
Most of this is probably caused by his constant day dreamingthroughout this trip into town and not concentrating too hard on what he'sdoing. In a letter to magazine, Thurber expressed his considerable dissatisfaction with the script, even as Goldwyn insisted in another letter that Thurber approved of it. Mitty finds himself in the middle of action packed dreams until someone or something brings him back to reality. O'Donnell, by virtue of the photographs he manages to take, seems to be a great adventurer but in actuality most of his time is spent sitting still, watching and waiting for the best moment to take a photo. By using imagery, Thurber also allows the reader to see what triggers these daydreams and to understand their origins: He picked up an old copy of Liberty and sank down into the chair. In May 2001, Goldwyn filed a lawsuit against New Line for breach of contract. For failing to recover the negative, Mitty is fired.
His adventures also compare favorably to Sean O'Donnell's; while Mitty would seem to be the unadventurous one of the two, his adventure is all go, go, go! Walter Mosley was born in Los Angeles in 1952. He took one last drag on his cigarette and snapped it away. He learns to express these feelings through writing short stories and illustrating cartoons. However, his habit of considering himself a hero in day dreams makes him an absolute demigod. Mitty reunites with Cheryl, emboldens himself enough to tell her outright that he has been thinking about and inspired by her, and learns that Cheryl's ex-husband was only at her house to repair the refrigerator. They look at three of them, including one of a person's thumb with a unique ring on it, and another of a curved piece of wood. Discussion Theme of the Short Story Imagination constitutes a major part of most of the stories and thus the majority theories that are presented are imaginary.
It is accompanied by the photograph from negative 25, showing Mitty sitting outside of the Life building, examining a. A few books that he's written are The 13 Clocks, My Life, Hard Times, etc. Wherever you are, carry a camera with you! He shows what is really going on in the characters heads and relates what is being said to the theme of the story. While escapism may not afford the opportunity for lofty intellectual consideration of highly detailed meaning and important, what it does offer serves essentially the same purpose. Mitty habits of day dreaming makes him escape from the real world frustrations making him feel like a hero in his day dreams. Falling Action Walters wife was in the store getting something to take his temperature to see if that why he's acting weird, so Walter waited outside and took a smoke, but Walter dropped it and it triggered another dream.
When pressed to reveal the image on the negative, O'Connell dismisses the question and joins in a high-altitude football game with some locals. Mitty and the people around Walter treat him provides the reader with an understanding to the imagination of Walter Mitty. Walter is a man of many daydreams; his main one is to go off on an adventure around the world, and he also dreams of taking Cheryl with him. In November 2002, New Line was forced to revert the film rights back to Goldwyn, who won his lawsuit and took the property to. But, in his fantasies, Walter Mitty is intelligent, brave, and the epitome of manliness. For instance, in the fourth daydream the scene is of a captain going into battle to save everyone.
Written by Jojo Persky Daydreamers is such a hapless daydreamer that his name has become a metaphor for generic hapless daydreamers everywhere. During pre-production discussions between Paramount and on which starred Carrey , , head of DreamWorks, rekindled interest in working with Carrey; the duo previously considered , but the outing fell apart. With doctors and garagemen around to take care of him, he has no opportunity nor any need to carry out heroic actions. The magazine is preparing to release its last printed edition and the loathsome manager of transition Ted Hendricks is preparing an inevitable downsizing over the next few days. Suddenly, Mitty is brought back to reality… 1420 Words 6 Pages story is written by James Thurber. |
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0.934932 | The Kepler and K2 transit missions have together discovered over 3300 exoplanets and 500 multi-planet systems. These data constitute a large sample to statistically analyze the properties of exoplanets. The majority of planets discovered by Kepler are close-in super-Earths, namely planets with radii Rp< 4 R⊕ or mass Mp ≲ 10 M⊕, and periods P< 100 days. Super-Earths are very common: nearly half of solar-type stars harbour one or more super-Earth (Petigura et al. 2013). This occurrence rate appears to be independent (or at most weakly dependent) on stellar type and metallicity (Howard et al. 2012; Fressin et al. 2013; Mayor et al. 2011; Bonfils et al. 2013; Mulders et al. 2015). The mass of several tens of super-Earths are known from follow-up radial-velocity or transit-timing variation (Lithwick et al. 2012; Marcy et al. 2014), and combined with the radii, allow us to obtain the bulk densities. For many of them, bulk densities are too low to be consistent with a pure rocky composition: a hydrogen-helium atmosphere is required. In order to acquire such a substantial gaseous atmosphere, super-Earths are inferred to have formed in early the gas-rich disk phase, before the depletion of the disk gas (Lopez & Fortney 2014; Rogers 2015).
Super-Earths are frequently found in multiple, compact systems with relatively low eccentricities and inclinations (Fang & Margot 2012; Fabrycky et al. 2014; Shabram et al. 2016; Xie et al. 2016). Their orbits neither exhibit strong pile-ups at mean motion resonances (MMRs) nor are their period ratios uniformly distributed (Fig. 6 of Winn & Fabrycky 2015). In particular, the period-ratio distribution shows an asymmetry around major resonances with a deficit abundance just interior to, and an excess slightly exterior to, the 2:1 and 3:2 MMRs. Also, a significant fraction of planets are found with period ratios much larger than 2.
Planets embedded in disks gravitationally interact with, and transfer angular momentum to the disk gas, resulting in their orbital migration. For low-mass planets, this mechanism is known as Type I migration (Lin & Papaloizou 1979; Goldreich & Tremaine 1979; Kley & Nelson 2012; Baruteau et al. 2014). Theoretically, resonance capture is a natural outcome of planet migration (Lee & Peale 2002; Papaloizou & Szuszkiewicz 2005; Pierens & Nelson 2008). The existence of some resonant systems, such as Kepler-223 (Mills et al. 2016), proves the fidelity of disk migration theory. However, as mentioned above, statistically, the majority of super-Earths are not in MMRs. This discrepancy is a key mismatch between observation and theory.
Different scenarios have been proposed to explain the observed deviation from exact resonance. These include tidal damping of planets (Lithwick & Wu 2012; Delisle et al. 2012; Batygin & Morbidelli 2013; Lee et al. 2013; Xie 2014; Delisle et al. 2014), planet mass growth (Petrovich et al. 2013), interaction with planetesimals (Chatterjee & Ford 2015), stochastic torques in turbulent disks (Rein 2012; Batygin & Adams 2017), planet-wake interaction (Baruteau & Papaloizou 2013), and resonant overstability (Goldreich & Schlichting 2014; Delisle et al. 2015). But these models are mostly limited to small departures – at a few percent level – from resonance. Other scenarios (Ogihara & Ida 2009; Cossou et al. 2014; Ogihara et al. 2015) propose that giant impacts scatter planets away from original resonances after the dispersal of the disk gas. However, these models may not be able to explain the above asymmetry around major resonances. The onset of this orbital instability also requires a sufficient amount of embryos (typically N ≫ 2) in a compact configuration at early stage. Nevertheless, neither of above scenarios have considered the influence of the stellar magnetic field.
T Tauri stars are magnetically active with observed field strengths of kilogauss-level at their surfaces (Johns-Krull 2007). For comparison, the current B-field of the Sun is only 0.3 G. The stellar magnetic field truncates the disk at the magnetospheric cavity radius (Koenigl 1991). This radius is determined by equating the stellar magnetic torque with the viscous torque of the disk. Adopting parameters for a typical T Tauri star, the magnetospheric cavity radius is around 0.1 AU. The size of this cavity increases with time as the viscous torque diminishes during the disk dispersal. In this paper we explore how the expanding cavity affects the dynamical evolution of super-Earth planets.
We propose a new model, magnetospheric rebound, which considers the migration of planets near the magnetospheric cavity. Generally, during the disk dispersal, planets that are trapped in MMRs can migrate outwards together with the expanding magnetospheric cavity. However, when the cavity expansion rate is high or when the disk is no longer massive, the planet will be left behind. Therefore, each planet subsequently drops into the cavity at the time determined by their mass, the disk mass and the gas depletion timescale. As a consequence, planets can substantially alter their dynamical configuration with the cavity expansion during gas disk dispersal, in some cases resulting in the break-up of the MMR.
In this paper, we will test this magnetospheric rebound model by using N-body simulations. The key parameters, apart from the planet masses, are the initial disk accretion rate, the gas disk depletion timescale, and the stellar magnetic field strength. In Sect. 2, we start by presenting the disk model and review the Type I migration torque formulas. In Sect. 3, we carry out numerical simulations and demonstrate the illustrated runs. Two observed Kepler systems are modelled in our parameter study in Sect. 4. Finally, we discuss the results and draw conclusions in Sect. 5.
In this section, we give a description about the adopted disk model (Sect. 2.1), which includes the magnetospheric cavity that truncates the disk at a radius rc (Sect. 2.2), and we provide expressions for the Type I torques that act on the planets (Sect. 2.3). Section 2.4 outlines under which conditions the model is applicable.
We considered a disk model with a constant aspect ratio (1)where H is the disk scale height and r is the disk radius. The corresponding gas disk temperature was: (2)where G is gravitational constant, Rg is gas constant, M⋆ is the stellar mass, and μ is the molecular weight in the protoplanetary disk.
The gas surface density (Σ) was derived from the gas accretion rate Ṁg by the steady-state assumption for viscous disks (Ṁg = 3πΣν). We used the Shakura & Sunyaev (1973)α prescription for viscosity, ν = ανH2Ω, where Ω is the Keplerian angular frequency. We focused on the migration of close-in super-Earths for which the disk region is primarily Magnetorotational instability (MRI) turbulent and therefore αν = 10-2 was adopted in this paper. The gas surface density was then given by (3)Our study concerns the late phase of disk evolution when the gas disk dispersal takes place. We assumed the disk gas accretion rate follows: (4)where τd is the characteristic disk depletion timescale in late stage. We note that τd is shorter than the typical lifetime of the disk (~ 2–3 Myr, Mamajek 2009) by at least one order of magnitude (Williams & Cieza 2011).
Young T Tauri stars are observed with strong magnetic fields of ~0.2 to 6 kG (Johns-Krull 2007; Yang & Johns-Krull 2011; Johns-Krull et al. 2013). The stellar magnetic field lines are strongly coupled to the disk gas close to the central star. The Lorentz torque is generated by the stellar-disk magnetic interaction whereas the viscous torque is induced by the disk gas. The inner disk is truncated at the radius where the Lorentz torque is greater than the viscous torque (Ghosh & Lamb 1979; Koenigl 1991; Armitage 2010). The gas flow near the cavity edge is accreted onto the stellar surface along field lines, which is known as magnetospheric accretion. We assumed that the gas inside the cavity (r<rc) is removed very quickly and therefore that the inner edge of the disk is sharply cut off (Fig. 1). The magnetic torque per unit area is B2r/ 2π and the viscous torque is . Assuming that the central star has a dipole magnetic field ( ) aligned with the stellar rotation axis, the size of this magnetospheric cavity is (Frank et al. 1992; Armitage 2010): (5)where G is the gravitational constant, B⋆ is the magnetic field strength at the stellar surface, R⋆ is the stellar radius and ΩK is the angular velocity at distance r. Adopted from the fiducial value of T Tauri stars, namely M⋆ = 1 M⊙, R⋆ = 2 R⊙, Eq. (5) evaluates as (6)From Eq. (6), it is clear that the cavity expands with decreasing Ṁg, which is a consequence of the diminishing importance of the viscous torque.
Equation (6) is based on two assumptions. Firstly that the stellar magnetic field is dipole, and secondly that the magnetic axis is aligned with the stellar rotation axis. In reality, the field can contain higher-order contributions, for example quadrupole term that could dominate at stellar distances r ~ R⋆. However, at the larger distances that are important for this study the dipole contribution takes over. Also, both theoretical analyses (Lipunov & Shakura 1980; Lai et al. 2011) and MHD simulations of magnetospheric accretion (Romanova et al. 2003, 2004) indicate that when the magnetic field axis is misaligned with the rotation axis of the disk, the inner disk is likely to be warped. In that case the gas density distribution is not axisymmetric as in Eq. (3). Nonetheless, many of the features that we use in the axisymmetric case would still be present: there would still be a magnetospheric cavity that expands during the disk dispersal, and there would still be a one-sided planet-disk interaction (as discussed in Sect. 2.3). However, to model this additional complexity is beyond the scope of this paper.
Sketch of the gas’ motion near the cavity edge. The gas only completes the upper horseshoe U-turn before it is accreted to the central star by magneto-stellar forces, which we assume to remove the gas very quickly. There is no gas left to execute the lower horseshoe.
With decreasing Ṁg, the truncation radius rc becomes larger than the corotation radius rco, which is the radius where the disk’s Keplerian frequency equals the spin frequency of the star. In principle, when rc>rco accretion is quenched and the angular momentum is transferred from the stellar spin to the disk. However, this process also leads to a stellar spin-down and the expansion of the corotation radius. Provided the disk depletion time is sufficiently long or that the spin synchronization proceeds rapidly, rc and the corotation radius expand in tandem and accretion onto the host star is maintained. Observationally, Kepler target stars have modest spin periods up to a few months (McQuillan et al. 2014), generally longer than the orbital periods of the inner-most super-Earths. Therefore, these systems could have experienced an expansion of the corotation radius at the time of disk dispersal. For simplicity, in this work we assume that the disk truncation radius is given by Eq. (6) and that the disk always accretes onto the star.
Having specified a model for the gas structure, we now discuss the backreaction of the disk on the planet. The key point in our discussion is the distinction between two-sided torques and one-sided torques. A sketch illustrating the difference between one-sided and two-sided torques is shown in Fig. 2. Two-sided torques apply when the planet is far away from the disk cavity (Fig. 2a). In that case it experiences the inner and outer Lindblad torques from both sides. Usually, the net (differential) value is negative, causing inward migration (Ward 1997). The corotation torque is determined by the gradient of disk surface density and temperature across the horseshoe region of the planet. It is described in Sect. 2.3.1. One-sided torques are applicable when the planet is at the cavity edge (Fig. 2b). In that case it experiences a negative, one-sided Lindblad torque and a positive one-sided corotation torque. One-sided torques are generally much larger than two-sided torques, because the near-cancellation effect – a feature of the two-sided torques – is absent. The descriptions of one-sided Lindblad torque and one-sided corotation torque will be given in Sects. 2.3.2 and 2.3.3. In Sect. 2.3.4 a general Type I torque that combines these two regimes is presented.
Sketch illustrating the difference between two-sided and one-sided torques. a) When the planet is far away from the disk cavity, it experiences two-sided torques from the disk. b) When the planet is at the cavity edge, only one-sided torques operate. The purple and blue arrows denote the Lindblad and corotation torques, respectively.
When the planet is far from the disk edge and embedded in a continuous disk, the interior disk exerts a positive torque and pushes the planet outwards, whereas the exterior disk pushes it inwards. To first order, these contributions cancel. The “standard” two-side Lindblad torque (ΓL,2s) is therefore a differential torque, the sign of which is determined by the gradient of the disk structure (Goldreich & Tremaine 1980; Tanaka et al. 2002). In addition, the planet interacts with the gas within the co-orbital horseshoe region (the two-sided corotation torque).
Considering these two torque components, we adopted the total two-sided torque from Eq. (49) of (Paardekooper et al. 2010, local isothermal approximation), (7)where β is the gradient of temperature, s is the gradient of gas surface density, and qp ≡ mp/M⋆ are dimensionless measures of the local disk mass and planet mass, respectively. The notation Xp indicates the quantity X evaluated at the planet location r = rp. The first term on right hand side of Eq. (7) describes the two-sided Lindbald torque (ΓL,2s) and the other two terms represent the two-sided corotation torque (Γc,2s).
However, when a planet approaches the inner edge of the disk the torques from the exterior disk start to dominate over those from the interior disk. In the limit of a vanishing interior disk, the planet only experiences negative Lindblad torques from the exterior disk. No longer is the torque a result from a near-cancellation of two large contributions. Instead, the torque has become a first-order effect. We denoted this torque as ΓL,1s.
The one-sided Lindblad torque can be calculated from the impulse approximation (Lin & Papaloizou 1979, 1993): (8)where b = r−rp is the separation between each annular gas parcel and the planet, and bmin = 2H/ 3 is a cutoff boundary adopted for the torque density (Ward 1997; Artymowicz 1993). We then obtained for the one-sided Lindblad torque: (9)where the prefactor CL = −0.65.
We next calculated the corotation torque for when the planet is at the cavity edge. In the context of a one-sided co-rotation torque, only the upper horseshoe is present (where material is transported from orbits exterior to the planet to orbits interior to the planet, Fig. 1). The lower horseshoe motion is absent by virtue of the assumption that any gas interior to the planet is quickly removed along magnetic field lines and accreted to the central star. Therefore, the planet exchanges angular momentum only through the upper horseshoe, which provides a strong positive corotation torque. We denoted this torque the one-sided corotation torque Γc,1s. It can be calculated from angular momentum conservation principles, meaning that the angular momentum lost due to material being pushed to a lower Keplerian orbit is gained by the planet. Following Paardekooper & Papaloizou (2009): (10)where j = ΩK(r)r2 is the specific angular momentum corresponding to r. We adopted xhs = 1.7(qp/h)0.5rp (Paardekooper & Papaloizou 2009; Ormel 2013) for the half-width of the horseshoe region and obtained (11)where Chs = 2.46.
Based on the assumption that gas is removed quickly at the edge of the disk, the surface density has a infinitely sharp transition at rc. Under this assumption, the planet obtains its maximum positive one-sided corotation torque and it maximizes the rebound (outward migration). For simplicity, we only consider this situation. Instead, if gas removal is not an efficient process, there could be a more gradual transition in which Σ is (locally) a power-law. In that case, the Lindblad and corotation torques at rc are determined by the two-sided torques expression and the rebound is reduced but does not diminished. Nevertheless, three-dimensional MHD simulations of magnetospheric accretion (Romanova et al. 2002) reveal a strong cut-off of the gas density near the disk edge that supports our approximation.
Planet migration rate (ȧ/a) for different torques as a function of dimensionless planet mass qp = Mp/M⋆ ar r = 0.1 AU. The dotted, solid, and dashed lines correspond to the migration rate estimated from Eq. (12) when Γ = Γ2s (two-sided torque), ΓL,1s (one-sided Lindblad torque) and Γc,1s (one-sided corotation torque), respectively. The dark grey zone refers to the non-linear regime, and the light grey zone indicates the gap-opening regime. qp,gap and qp,lin are the critical masses for these two regimes (Sect. 2.4). The adopted disk parameters are qd = 10-4, αν = 10-2 and h = 0.025.
The migration rate corresponding to a torque (Γ) is (12)In Fig. 3, the migration rate (ȧ/a) is plotted for the two-sided torque Γ2s, the one-sided corotation torque Γc,1s, and the one-sided Lindblad torque ΓL,1s as a function of qp at r = 0.1 AU. The dark grey zone indicates the non-linear regime and the light grey zone indicates the gap-opening regime (see the discussion in Sect. 2.4). Two-sided torques are second-order torques, the sign of which depend on the gradient of the disk profile in the vicinity of the planet (Eq. (7)). However, one-sided torques are independent of s and β (Eq. (11) and Eq. (9)). Indeed, one-sided torques are larger than two-sided torques (approximately by a factor h-1). Between the one-sided torques, the positive corotation torque is larger than the negative Lindblad torque when qp is small. As previously mentioned, the one-sided torques operate for the disk region near the cavity whereas the two-sided torques operate for the disk region away from the cavity. Therefore, small planets are able to migrate outwards from the disk edge until the point where the two-sided torques dominate. This also means that small planets can migrate outwards when the cavity gradually expands.
However, when the planet is large enough to enter the gap-opening regime, the corotation torque diminishes due to the depletion of gas in the horseshoe region. Then, the (negative) one-sided Lindblad torque would be in magnitude larger than the (positive) one-sided corotation torque. In that case, the planet directly migrates into the cavity and is left behind as the disk cavity (rc) expands.
Since the eccentricities of planets could be excited by planet-planet interaction, we also considered the saturation of the corotation torque (both one-sided and two-sided, Bitsch & Kley 2010): (13)where e is the eccentricity of the planet, Γc(0) is the corotation torque for zero eccentricity, and ef = h/ 2 + 0.01 (Fendyke & Nelson 2014).
A more general case applies when a planet approaches the disk edge that falls in between the one-sided and embedded (two-sided) regimes discussed above. In that case, the torque expression is approximated by interpolating the one-sided and two-sided torques: (14)where the coefficient f = exp[−(r−rc) /xhs] is a measure of the proximity of a planet to the disk edge, in which f = 1 at the edge and f = 0 far away from the edge. The form of the expression ensures that the total torque is dominated by the one-sided torque when the planet is located within a half-horseshoe width from the disk edge (rp ≤ rc + xhs).
Our expressions for the Type-I torques are valid in the linear regime where the planet’s perturbation is small. This requires the planet’s Hill radius to be smaller than the disk scale height (RH ≡ (mp/ 3M⋆)1/3<H, Lin & Papaloizou 1993). This condition can be expressed as: (15)The non-gap-opening criterion also requires that the planet torque (Γp) is smaller than the viscous torque (Γν = 3πΣνr2Ω). Otherwise the disk does not supply enough material (angular momentum) to fuel the planet. This condition is especially relevant to planets at the disk edge rc where the planet torque is dominated by the one-sided corotation torque, Γp = Γc,1s (Eq. (11)). The no-gap opening condition reads (16)or (17)For typical super-Earth planets (Mp ≲ 10 M⊕) around solar type stars, the above two conditions require h ≳ 0.025 near the edge of the disk. In addition, the no-gap opening condition requires a large αν parameter. This explains our default values for h and αν. The Γc,1s is the torque that provides planet outward migration near the cavity edge. For very low h and αν disks, gaps can be opened by super-Earth planets and Γc is reduced because the gas is severely depleted in their horseshoe regions. As a consequence, we do not expect the magnetospheric rebound mechanism to operate in systems with low h and αν.
But how realistic are our adopted values of h and αν? Typically, MHD simulations modelling the MRI (Balbus & Hawley 1998) indicate α ≃ 10-2 (Davis et al. 2010; Suzuki et al. 2010), provided that the disk is sufficiently ionized. Generally, this holds true for the very inner disk (≳103 K) where thermal ionization of alkali elements produces the required amount of electrons (Armitage 2011). However, as the cavity radius (rc) expands, the temperature drops and ionization becomes dependent on non-thermal processes (e.g., stellar X-ray irradiation). Although initially the high densities should prevent X-rays from penetrating the disk midplane, the expansion of the cavity radius also quickly decreases Σ since (Eqs. (3) and (5)). In addition, we note that because we study the inner disk (a ≲ 0.3 AU) at late times, small dust grains have coagulated into large bodies. In such a dust-free medium, the liberated electrons always end up in the gas, increasing the electron fraction and promoting the MRI.
The disk’s aspect ratio is determined by a thermal balance: an increased midplane temperature increases h (Eq. (2)). A high midplane temperature can result from viscous dissipation (a high Ṁ) in combination with a large vertical optical depth. But as the disk evolves at late stage, a higher T can also arise when the (visible) optical depth is low and stellar photons penetrate the disk deeper. For example, in the optically-thin limit, the equilibrium temperature at 0.1 AU for a solar-mass star would be 1200 K, corresponding to a scale height of 0.022. In addition, magnetic accretion generates additional heat near the cavity edge (Hartmann et al. 1998), further increasing the aspect ratio h.
Based on these considerations, we believe that the adopted values of h = 0.025 and α = 10-2 are reasonable. It should be noted that we assumed a constant aspect ratio in this paper, which is independent of r. We also investigated another aspect ratio profile, h = 0.05r1/5, and found that the results presented in the following sections are only weakly affected. Overall, our results should be applicable to super-Earth planets as long as the inner disk is hot enough.
In addition, the magnetospheric accretion process requires efficient coupling between the field lines and the disk gas. This condition implies that the magnetic diffusivity η is sufficiently small, η ≲ Hcs (Wardle 2007). The criterion for the onset of MRI is that the magnetic Reynolds number is larger than one, Re (Armitage 2010), where cs and vA are the sound speed and Alfvén speed. This suggests . Therefore, the disk always satisfies the coupling condition once the MRI is operational. The model is applicable because we study super-Earth systems with typical orbital periods of a few weeks around their host stars.
Ogihara et al. (2010) also calculate a torque near the disk edge, which they term the “edge torque”. This torque operates for eccentric planets at the disk edge, which experience asymmetric eccentricity damping from the disk gas. The magnitude of the edge torque increases with the eccentricity of the planet. However, when calculating the total torque in their Eq. (17), Ogihara et al. (2010) still use the two-sided Type I torque expression. As we demonstrate in this paper, when the planet is near the disk edge, one-sided torques will dominate over two-sided torques. Also, we find that the eccentricities of the planets are modest, a few times 10-2, in our simulations. For these low eccentricities, the one-sided torque (Eq. (11)) is much larger than the edge torque (Eq. (15) of Ogihara et al. 2010). We therefore neglect the edge torque in this paper.
Migration of a planet pair in the gaseous disk. Black lines trace the time evolution of the semi-major axes of the planets and the blue dashed line represents the inner magnetospheric radius rc. The four panels show simulations with a) default parameters; b) massive inner planet; c) strong stellar magnetic field and d) a light disk. Parameters are listed in Table 1. Vertical lines represent the time when the inner (t1) and the outer planet (t2) enter the cavity. We would like to note that the scale of the x-axis of panel d) is different from the others.
We carried out numerical experiments using Hermite N-body code (Aarseth 2003). In this code, the planet-planet interaction is calculated with the Hermite scheme, and the planet-disk interaction is included by adding additional torque recipes (details are available in Liu et al. 2015). However, Liu et al. (2015) only consider the two-sided torques (Paardekooper et al. 2011). In this work, we add the new torque formulas demonstrated in the previous section that are a combination of both one-sided and two-sided torques. Another difference is that this work considers the locally isothermal limit, which is applicable to the late disk dispersal phase when the disk opacity is substantially reduced.
The goal of our simulations is to investigate the evolution of the period ratio of the planet pair during the dispersal of the gas disk. In this paper, only two-planet systems are considered. The simulations were performed until the disk gas was entirely depleted. Because the long-term secular evolution of a two-planet system does not change their orbits once the planets are in the Hill stable regime, we considered the orbits of planets at the end of simulations to be their present-day orbits. A set of simulations (referred to as run 1 to 4) with different planet masses (Min and Mout), disk properties (Ṁ, τd), and stellar magnetic field strengths (B⋆) were performed. We set M⋆ = 1 M⊙ throughout this section. The adopted parameters are given in Table 1 and the results are illustrated in Fig. 4.
The result from the default run is presented in Fig. 4a. The parameters were set as Ṁg0 = 10-8M⊙ yr-1, τd = 105 yr and B⋆ = 1 kG. Initially, the magnetospheric cavity radius (rc) is at 0.052 AU and two embryos are located at 0.052 AU and 0.076 AU. Their orbits are hence initialized between the 3:2 and 2:1 MMRs. The inner and outer planet masses are 3 M⊕ and 6 M⊕.
Because of convergent migration, the planets soon get trapped in the 3:2 MMR and migrate inward to the magnetospheric cavity within a few thousand years. When the inner planet gets close to the cavity edge (rin ≃ rc), one-sided torques become dominant. For this combination of disk and planet parameters, the outward (positive) one-sided horseshoe torque is larger in magnitude than the inward (negative) one-sided Lindblad torque (Γ1s,hs + Γ1s,L > 0). Since the outer planet is far away from the disk edge in terms of horseshoe units, (rout−rc) /xhs ≫ 1, its torque is still in the two-sided regime and negative. However, the sum of the torques on both planets is dominated by the one-sided torque from the inner planet and evaluates to a net positive value.
Whether or not the planet pair migrates outwards is determined by two timescales: the planet migration timescale τm (= (ȧ/a)-1, Eq. (12)) and the cavity expansion timescale τc (that approximately equals 3.5τd, Eq. (6)). If the cavity expands at a speed much larger than the migration of the planet, it overtakes the planet. The planet then falls into the cavity and ceases migrating. Otherwise, when τm < τc, it keeps migrating with the expansion of the cavity. Because τm <τc initially, the total disk torques drive the outward migration of both planets. However, as Ṁg(t) decreases with time, the disk gas mass diminishes, which increases the migration time τm. Therefore, at some point τm(t) becomes longer than τc, indicating that the disk can no longer accommodate the migration of both planets. The inner planet therefore drops into the inner cavity radius rc (blue dashed line in Fig. 4). We find that this occurs at t1 = 3.0 × 105 yr.
After t = t1, the planet pair initially moves inwards, because the net torque is now due to the outer planet and the planets are still in resonance. However, the planet pair decouples from MMR when the expanding cavity approaches the outer planet (rout ≃ rc). After that, only the outer planet is able to migrate outwards with the cavity expansion. This is because divergent migration leads to resonance crossing rather than resonance trapping (Henrard & Lemaitre 1983; Murray & Dermott 1999). Eventually, the outer planet ceases migrating at around 5.6 × 105 yr when its migration timescale becomes longer than the cavity expansion timescale. We denote this time t2. After t = t2 both planets are within the magnetospheric cavity. After the gas is entirely depleted, the planets end up at 0.116 AU and 0.254 AU. Their final outer-to-inner period ratio (Pout/Pin) is 3.24, much larger than the original 3:2 resonance.
We show the result of run 2 in Fig. 4b. It had identical model parameters as the default run, except that the mass order of the planets was changed: Min = 6 M⊕ and Mout = 3 M⊕.
Similar to run 1, initially both planets migrate to the cavity edge in the 3:2 MMR. Likewise, the migration timescale for the pair (τm) is shorter than τc and therefore both planets migrate outwards with the expansion of the cavity. After a while, the inner planet ceases migrating when the expansion rate of the cavity starts to exceed the migration rate of the two resonant planets. This occurs at t1 = 4.6 × 105 yr. It is later than the time in run 1 (3.0 × 105 yr). When the cavity radius rc approaches the outer planet at t2 = 5.7 × 105 yr, it directly falls in without substantial outward migration as run 1. Consequently, their final period ratio Pout/Pin = 1.57 is still close to the 3:2 MMR.
Why are the final period ratios between run 1 and run 2 so different when only their mass ratio has changed? The small outer-to-inner mass ratio in run 2 has two significant effects. First, the torques’ contribution from the inner massive planet becomes even more dominant. It means that the inner planet falls into the cavity at a later time (t1 in run 2 is larger). Therefore, both planets migrate farther out when the inner planet is more massive. Second, rc only approaches the outer planet at a later time when the disk mass is relatively low. A lower disk mass and a less massive outer planet leads to subsequently slower outward migration. As a consequence, when the cavity approaches the outer planet in run 2, its migration timescale is already longer than the cavity expansion timescale. Hence, the outer planet drops into the cavity and their orbits still remain close to the 3:2 MMR.
We performed run 3 with the same planet masses and disk parameters as the default run, but with a stronger stellar magnetic field of B⋆ = 5 kG. The result is presented in Fig. 4c. For this strong B-field, rc = 0.13 AU at the beginning. This is because the magnetospheric cavity is determined by the dominant stellar magnetic torque. As shown in Eq. (6), larger B⋆ results in a stronger magnetic torque that truncates the inner disk farther out. The embryos’ migration behaviours are similar to the default run. They enter into the cavity at the same time (t1 and t2) and stop at the same period ratio as run 1. The reason is that the time when the planets enter the cavity depends on the comparison between planet migration timescale and the cavity expansion timescale, both of which are independent of the B⋆. However, the stronger B-field carries the planets farther away and the final orbits of the two planets end up at 0.292 AU and 0.637 AU.
Finally, we performed a run with the same planet masses as run 1 (Min = 3 M⊕,Mout = 6 M⊕) but different disk parameters (Ṁg0 = 5 × 10-10M⊙ yr-1, τd = 104 yr). Here the initial disk accretion rare (Ṁg0) decreases by a factor of 20 and the disk depletion time (τd) reduces by a factor of 10. Low Ṁg0 indicates that the initial disk mass is low and short τd means that the gas is depleted rapidly. The combination of these two parameters implies a light disk (small Σ or qd) during the evolution timespan simulated here. In contrast to the massive disk in the default run, the light disk can not provide sufficient angular momentum exchange to the planets. Therefore, the planet migration timescale τm is always longer than the cavity expansion timescale τc in this case. Both planets result in only minimal change of their orbits. The final period ratio of the planet pair is 1.72, very close to its initial value (Fig. 4d).
Scatter plot of the inner period of the planet and the period ratio of the outer-to-inner planet. The left and right panel present the results of Kepler 170 and Kepler 180, repsectively. The red star represents the observed data and other symbols give the results of numerical simulations. Symbols correspond to stellar magnetic field strengths B⋆ where B⋆ equals 0.3 kG (triangle), 1 kG (square) and 3 kG (circle). Colour corresponds to the disk dispersal timescale (τd) where purple, green, and orange mean 103, 104 and 105 yr, respectively. The sizes of the symbols represent the disk accretion rate at the onset of disk dispersal (Ṁg0), ranging from 10-9 (small), 3 × 10-9, 10-8, 3 × 10-8 to 10-7M⊙ yr-1 (large).
The goal of this section is to compare the observed super-Earth systems with our proposed magnetospheric rebound model. To investigate under which conditions these systems preferentially form, we conducted a parameter study, varying Ṁg, τd and B⋆.
For our pilot study, we considered two super-Earths systems, Kepler 170 and Kepler 180. Kepler 170 contains two super-Earth planets near the 2:1 MMR, whereas the period ratio of the planets in Kepler 180 is 3.03. Theoretically, planet migration theory dictates that planets formed in gas-rich disks are likely to end up in MMRs. However, the Kepler mission has shown that many super-Earths are at period ratios near but not exactly at MMRs (e.g., 2.2:1; Steffen & Hwang 2015), or that their period ratios are far from any MMRs. Motivated by the representative period ratios of these two systems, we selected them as typical cases and explored why the planets ended up so different.
The planet masses, their periods, and the stellar masses are listed in Table 2. The observed systems were selected from the NASA Exoplanet Archive1 and their planet masses were obtained from Wolfgang et al. (2016)’s mass-radius relationship (their Eq. (1)): (18)All planets were initialized in coplanar and circular orbits. The inner planets were located at the edge of the inner cavity, and the outer planets started beyond their 2:1 MMR.
Propertes of observed super-Earth system.
The initial gas accretion (Ṁg) rate was sampled as five values in the range of 10-9 to 10-7M⊙ yr-1. The disk dispersal time (τd) was given by three values, 103, 104, and 105 yr. The magnetic field strength (B⋆) was selected from three values, 0.3, 1, and 3 kG. We ran 45 simulations for each system with each simulation referring to one specific combination of the Ṁg0, τd and B⋆ values. The outcomes (Pout/Pin and Pin) are shown in Fig. 5. The left and right panel show the results of Kepler 170 Kepler 180, respectively. The colour, size and shape of the data points refer to τd, B⋆ and Ṁg0, respectively. The red star marks the location of the observed systems in this Pout/Pin−Pin diagram.
Kepler 170 is a 0.97 M⊙ star, containing two super-Earth planets, Kepler 170b and Kepler 170c. Based on the radius from the transit and mass-radius relation from Eq. (18), the masses of the planets are 10.59 M⊕ and 9.42 M⊕, respectively. Their periods are 7.93 and 16.67 days, with a period ratio of 2.10.
For this system, the simulated data results in a large spread in the period of the inner planet (x-axis of Fig. 5a), such that Pin ranges from 1.2 to 68 days. With tuning of the parameters, we can easily obtain a perfect match to the inner planet period. Although the simulated period ratios all lie below the observed value, five of them show only minor deviation (~1.3%). We would like to note that all five yellow triangles with different size are stacked at the same period ratio close to 2.07. One may wonder why the simulations cannot reproduce period ratios larger than the observed period ratio. The reason is the empirical mass-radius relationship used here (Eq. (18)). Because of the uncertainty in M(R), the true mass likely deviates from the estimated value. However, a slightly higher outer-to-inner mass ratio will result in a period ratio that matches the observed value which is still consistent with the observational constraints.
In Fig. 5a, we see that for the same initial disk accretion rate and gas depletion timescale, the inner planet period is longer when the stellar B-field is stronger. This can be understood from our previous discussion related to Figs. 4a and c, namely that larger stellar magnetic field strength results in planets stopping their migration at longer periods because the disk cavity radius rc is farther out.
We also see that for the same gas depletion timescale and stellar B-field but for increasing Ṁg0, the period ratio increases from 2 to approximately 2.07. Because planets get trapped into the 2:1 MMR first, they migrate outwards and leave resonance through the cavity expansion. A high results in substantial outward migration and hence increases their period ratio. An exception is those runs with the strongest stellar B-field. Their final period ratios decrease from 2 to approximately 1.8 with increasing Ṁg0. The reason is that these planets get trapped in 3:2 instead of 2:1 before the magnetospheric rebound operates. Because resonance trapping is related to the migration rate, only planets with fast migration rates (large local disk mass , Eq. (12)) are able to bypass the resonance barrier (Ogihara & Kobayashi 2013; Liu et al. 2015, 2016). Both a higher disk accretion rate (larger Σ0) and a larger stellar B-field (larger rp) contribute towards increasing the local disk mass. Therefore, only systems with Ṁg0 and large B⋆ are able to bypass the 2:1 MMR and get trapped into the 3:2 MMR. Finally, magnetospheric rebound pushes the resonant planets outwards and increases the period ratio from the 3:2 MMR to a value between 1.5 to 2 during the disk dispersal phase.
The interpretation of this particular system is applicable to systems that contain nearly equal-mass super-Earths, have close to ten days inner-planet period, and a period ratio slightly in excess of two. These systems follow a similar formation history, and their B⋆, τd, and Ṁg0 can be modelled with the same approach shown here.
Kepler 180 is a 1.05 M⊙ star and harbours two super-Earths, Kepler 180b and Kepler 180c. The masses of the planets are 3.90 M⊕ and 9.27 M⊕, and their periods are 13.82 and 41.89 days, respectively. Their outer-to-inner mass ratio is 2.38 and their period ratio is 3.03. The results related to Kepler 180 are presented in Fig. 5b.
One obvious difference between Figs. 5a and b is that the period ratios of simulated planets in Fig. 5b (≳2) can be much larger than those of Fig. 5a (approximately 1.7 to 2.1). Although the planets get quickly trapped in MMRs, they move away from resonance during the magnetospheric cavity expansion. We can understand this behaviour from the simulations conducted in Figs. 4a and b (run 1 and 2). There, the only difference is the mass order of the planets. When the outer-to-inner planet mass ratio is large, the outer planet can continue to migrate extensively after leaving resonance, resulting in a large period ratio. In Kepler 180 the outer planet is more massive than the inner planet, whereas in Kepler 170 the planets are of nearly equal-mass. Consequently, the period ratios in Fig. 5b are larger than those in Fig. 5a.
From Fig. 5b we see that the observed planet periods and their ratio (red star) lie inside the range spanned up by the simulations. Therefore, this system is well-fitted by the magnetospheric rebound mechanism and we are able to constrain key disk and stellar magnetic parameters. Kepler 180 represents the systems that have a massive outer planet (Mout/Min ≳ 2) and typical period ratio larger than ~2.5. These super-Earths are far from first-order resonance, a feature which cannot be explained by convergent migration alone. However, the magnetospheric rebound mechanism that we propose is able to explain the formation of these type of systems.
In this paper, we develop the magnetospheric rebound mechanism to explain the departure of close-in super-Earths from resonance. Magnetospheric rebound relies on the outward migration of planets that end up near the magnetospheric cavity radius. At this radius (the disk edge) the Type I torque becomes one-sided. We derived the expression for the one-sided corotation torque (Eq. (11)) for the first time. We performed N-body simulations of the dynamical evolution of two-planet systems during the gas disk dispersal phase, varying the planet masses (Mp), the disk accretion rate (Ṁg0), the disk depletion timescale (τd), and the stellar magnetic field strength (B⋆). We find that the final orbits of the planets can be substantially rearranged by the magnetospheric cavity expansion. There are three major features of our study, as described in the following paragraphs.
Firstly, the disk significantly affects the migration behaviour and consequently the final period ratio of the planets. The outward migration of the planet with the expanding cavity is substantial in a massive disk (high , long τd). On the other hand, light disks cannot transfer sufficient angular momentum to the planets (low , short τd). Planets in light disks therefore tend to remain at the orbits they had before the onset of the disk dispersal.
Secondly, when the outer planet is more massive than the inner planet (Mout > Min), the planets tend to move away from their original resonance state. In contrast, when the inner planet is more massive (Mout <Min), their final period ratio remains similar to the initial period ratio the planets had at the onset of the disk dispersal.
Thirdly, the strength of the stellar magnetic field (B⋆) determines the size of the cavity and consequently affects the planets’ final locations. The planets end up at a longer period when the stellar B-field strength is stronger.
As described in Sect. 2.4, our model is limited to the linear approximation of super-Earths (Eq. (15)) and the non-gap-opening criterion (Eq. (16)). These conditions restrict our model to low-mass planets (Mp ≲ 10M⊕ for solar-type stars) with hot and turbulent inner disks (h ≳ 0.025 and αν ≳ 10-2). Therefore, magnetospheric rebound is inapplicable to massive giant planets around solar-type stars, and super-Earths around very low mass stars.
Although only two-planet systems are considered in this paper, it is straightforward to extend our model to systems with more than two planets. The timescales analysis (migration timescale of planets vs. cavity expansion timescale) given in Sect. 3 is still applicable to systems with more than two planets. However, for more than two planets dynamical instability may be triggered after the disk is dispersed. Therefore, the long-term (~Gyr) secular evolution must be considered for systems with more than two planets. In this paper we consider only two-planet systems and thus the problem of post-disk dynamical instability does not arise because our two-planet systems are Hill stable. Specifically, Hill stability is assured when the planets’ mutual separation is larger than (Pout/Pin ≳ 1.06 for typical super-Earth; Gladman 1993). This condition is always satisfied for the planets at the end of our simulations.
Overall, our model provides a new direction for studying the dynamics of the super-Earths. For the first time, we include the effects of the stellar magnetic field, the dispersal of the gas disk and planet migration into one unified model. Even when planets trap in MMRs due to disk migration in the early gas-rich phase, subsequent disk dispersal induces diversity in their orbital configurations. Therefore, this model allows super-Earths to form early and yet escape resonance, which is a scenario consistent with both migration theory as well as the Kepler census.
Applying the magnetospheric rebound model to Kepler 170 and Kepler 180, we are able to constrain the formation conditions (e.g., Ṁg0, τd and B⋆) that result in an architecture consistent with the observations (Sect. 4). In addition, our results hint that a two-planet system will end up with a period ratio that depends on the mass order of the planets (Sect. 3). However, to ultimately verify the magnetospheric rebound model, a statistical analysis is needed. Specifically, the Kepler mission has vastly increased the number of multi-planetary systems and therefore a large sample is available to statistically analyze the orbital properties of the super-Earth population. In a follow-up paper, we will conduct a full exploration of this mass ratio to period ratio correlation in the light of two formation scenarios of super-Earths (Morbidelli & Raymond 2016), in situ growth (Hansen & Murray 2012; Chiang & Laughlin 2013) and migration (Terquem & Papaloizou 2007; McNeil & Nelson 2010). Comparison between the predictions of the magnetospheric rebound model and the Kepler observations will enable us to distinguish between these formation scenarios, and to gain a better understanding of the origin of super-Earths.
We thank Shigeru Ida, Carsten Dominik, Gijs Mulders, Bin Dai and Zhuoxiao Wang for useful discussions. We also thank the anonymous referee for their helpful suggestions and comments. B.L. and C.W.O are supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO; VIDI project 639.042.422). |
0.999999 | How often should my pet see the veterinarian?
A question frequently asked by animal guardians is how often/when a pet should see the veterinarian. Most puppies and kittens are usually first examined somewhere between ages 6 and 8 weeks for a wellness exam and stool check for intestinal parasites. During this wellness exam pets are closely evaluated for genetic abnormalities including cleft palates, hernias, patella (knee cap) luxations, early hip issues (especially in large breed dogs), swelling on the brain (known as hydrocephalus), as well as whether the testes have descended appropriately into the scrotum of young male dogs and cats. Veterinarians will often worm young animals at this first veterinary evaluation.
An individualized vaccination plan should be discussed at this time, taking into account the actual risk and severity of certain viral infections in pets this age. Typically, vaccinations are given every 3 weeks until 14 to 16 weeks old, after which time a rabies vaccination is usually administered, as legally required by most states. Pets are then typically seen anywhere between 6 to 12 months of age, which is the most common time that surgical neutering or spaying is performed. I usually recommend yearly wellness exams to dogs and cats through mid age, where all of the body systems are examined and evaluated for signs of early chronic disease.
Vaccination schedules will vary depending upon the lifestyle of the pet and risk of infection. Most common viral vaccinations impart immunity to pets for many years, if not the life of the pet. Rabies is typically given every 3 years to adult dogs and cats. As pets pass middle age, I usually recommend twice yearly medical evaluations and/or blood work, including heartworm testing and/or organ function blood testing. During the middle years is when dental and gum disease readily appears in many pets.
Symptoms that would warrant an immediate veterinary visit include significant increases in thirst/urination, chronic changes in appetite or weight, sudden drop in energy, severe vomiting or diarrhea, excessive coughing or difficulty breathing, as well as difficulty or bloody urination. If severe drooling, mouth odor, or difficulty eating develop, pets should be checked for dental disease. Pets should also have an immediate exam if their gums are excessively dry or pale. |
0.938275 | Adele looks set to return to record the latest James Bond theme tune.
The 26-year-old singer - who received an Academy Award and Golden Globe for the last Bond theme tune, 'Skyfall', written for the film of the same name - has reportedly been flown to Los Angeles by MGM, who is making the new spy thriller 'Spectre', after coming up with a ''great'' idea for the song.
A source at MGM said: ''Everyone thinks Adele is here for her much anticipated new album, but she is actually working on a music idea for the James Bond film.
''She hadn't been in contact with the film bosses for a few weeks, but suddenly she said she had great plans for the theme, so they flew her over.
''The execs made their feelings known to Adele that they want her back for the next film.
While film bosses are yet to have confirmed who will be singing the song, Daniel Craig - who will play suave spy Bond in 'Spectre' - is said to be a big supporter of the 'Someone Like You' hitmaker and is keen for her to sing the theme tune again.
If Adele does sign on the dotted line then she will be the first singer since Dame Shirley Bassey to perform more than one Bond theme.
The 78-year-old star recorded the songs for 'Goldfinger', 'Diamonds Are Forever', and 'Moonraker', and she also recorded versions of 'Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang' for 'Thunderball' and 'No Good About Goodbye' for 'Quantum of Solace'.
Ed Sheeran has also been talked about as a potential star to record the theme song, while Mark Ronson also recently admitted he would be interested.
Noel Gallagher is also being hotly tipped after an entry was made on the 'James Bond music' Wikipedia page stating he would be recording the 'Spectre' song, which would be called 'Freaky Teeth', but he was also previously tipped to be doing 'Skyfall' before Adele got the job.
What's more, it was recently reported 'Spectre' director Sam Mendes and Adele were championing singer FKA twigs - who is dating Robert Pattinson - for the theme tune.
A source said: ''Twigs met with top executives and they told her Mendes loves her music and wants some of it in Bond. |
0.999509 | Preparations for a good harvest in Spring start now and farmer John is preparing his field for a good season. He went over-budget last year, as the tractors moving up and down the hills needed more fuel than he expected.
When harvesting, his tractors need to move both horizontally and vertically across all the land. In the image, you can see a region at low altitude in light green and a region at high altitude in dark green. When harvesting, his tractors will have to cross all the hills marked in red and they will have to go up or down 8 times.
This year, he is wondering whether he should level some parts of his field before sowing in order to lower his harvesting costs later on. Can you help him decide where the bulldozers should work in order to lower his costs?
Farmer John knows that his tractors need A additional euros when moving between adjacent patches of land at different heights. He can also pay B euros to either increase or decrease the height of any patch in his field.
What is the minimum amount of money he will have to pay this season?
Given a description of the field, the price to change the height of a patch of land and the price his tractors pay when moving between adjacent patches, the goal is to find out the minimum amount that farmer John will have to pay this year.
The first line consists of 4 space separated integers, N, M, A and B. N and M represent the dimensions of his N ×M field, A represents the cost to move between adjacent patches of land at different levels and B is the cost to change any patch of land.
The next N lines each have M characters and represent farmer John’s field. A ’.’ signals a patch of land at a low level and a ’#’ represents a patch of land at a high level.
1 ≤ N, M ≤ 50 Size of the field.
1 ≤ A, B ≤ 100 000 Cost to change any height or to move between adjacent patches.
You should output a single line with a single integer representing the minimum amount of money that farmer John will have to pay.
Farmer John has a 5×4 field. Moving between adjacent patches at a different level requires €1000 in fuel, while changing the height of a patch costs €2000.
Farmer John needs €11000: €2000 to change the isolated patch to a lower level and €9000 for the fuel needed to move between patches of land at different levels.
Not changing any patch would cost him €12000, changing all the high patches to low would cost him €18000, and changing all the low patches to high would cost him €22000. |
0.994343 | Plannig a vacation? Want to explore new places in India? Plan a trip to Andaman as it is one of the most amazing islands in India. Andaman is well known for its unspoilt beauty and serene environment. In Andaman, there are numerous hotels available. You can choose the hotel and get it booked and enjoy your vacation in a comfortable environment. You can book the package to Andaman and the hotel well in advance so that you dont the problem later. You can also book beach side resorts and relax your mind and soul in these beautiful resorts with magnificient interior and enjoy different types of cuisines. You can also engage yourself in ayurvedic therapies or spas available in the hotels or resorts and calm your mind and rejuvenate your soul. Go ahead and book your hotel to Andaman and enjoy your journey. |
0.999726 | Given an input stream of n integers, find the kth largest element for each element in the stream.
The first line of input contains an integer T denoting the number of test cases. Then T test cases follow. Each test case contains two lines. The first line of each test case contains two space separated integers k and n . Then in the next line are n space separated values of the array.
For each test case, in a new line, print the space separated values denoting the kth largest element at each insertion, if the kth largest element at a particular insertion in the stream doesn't exist print -1.
For 1, the 4th largest element doesn't exist so we print -1.
For 2, the 4th largest element doesn't exist so we print -1.
For 3, the 4th largest element doesn't exist so we print -1. |
0.975915 | You represent John Doe who has been arrested and charged with driving under the influence of alcohol. Not unlike most defendants charged with DWI, the officer (Officer Smith) administered a roadside sobriety test shortly after stopping John. For those unfamiliar with roadside sobriety tests, they are nothing more than a series of physical tests and observations allegedly designed to allow the officer to determine if the driver was driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics.
One of the standard roadside tests is called the “heel to toe” test. In this test, the driver must walk a certain number of steps down an imaginary or real line, beginning with the foot designated by the officer. After taking the designated number of steps, the officer instructs the driver to turn around, begin with a designated foot, and walk another designated number of steps. All of this is to be accomplished with the driver’s arms at his sides.
Assume that John cannot refute this assertion. However, he challenges the notion that he “failed” the heel to toe test. He is also irate over the test being a valid indication of whether he was driving while intoxicated in the first place.
While this might appear to be a hopeless case, there may still be a great number of helpful facts or golden nuggets. A little bit of brainstorming can get the wheels inside your head turning so that you can discover them.
Begin with a study of the terrain where the test was conducted.
Was this test conducted on the side of a busy highway with 18-wheeler trucks zooming by at 70 miles an hour?
Was this test conducted on an uneven and unpaved shoulder of the road, or on gravel?
Was it light out or was it dark?
Was John asked to take his shoes off and walk barefoot?
If the driver was a female, was she wearing high-heeled shoes. Did her shoes remain on throughout the test?
Was it raining or snowing during the test?
Was the line real or only imaginary?
Did the officer keep flashing all of the lights of his cruiser during the tests?
These and many more facts may be marshaled into one or more convincing chapters that demonstrate the difficulty for any driver of performing this test at this location. The chapters concerning the site of the test and the conditions of the test do not even scratch the surface of the test itself.
If John was told to take ten steps before turning around and did take ten steps before turning around, then he passed the memory part of the test.
If John was told to begin with his left foot and did begin with his left foot, then he passed that part of the test.
If John was told that after reaching the end of the line he should turn to his left before coming back and he did turn to the left, he passed that part of the test.
If John was told that after turning he had to take five steps toward the officer and he did take five steps toward the officer, then he passed that part of the test.
The idea is to visualize the scenario as vividly as possible in order to find those facts that can be marshaled together to form a coherent picture of “things done right by John.” This will undermine the incomplete picture painted by Officer Smith on direct examination.
The only caveat is this: no fact by itself can create the type of vivid pictures that are necessary. For this reason, you should sift through all of the facts and isolate those that will help you establish your goal. The chapter method cross-examination is the perfect tool for doing so. Moreover, it is naive to think that one goal is enough. As demonstrated here, there are several goals that can be accomplished by breaking down the heel to toe test into its individual parts. |
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