Datasets:

tdiggelm
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climate_fever

claim_id stringlengths 1 4	claim stringlengths 26 406	claim_label class label 4 classes	evidences listlengths 5 5
0	Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Extinction risk from global warming:170", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extinction risk from global warming", "evidence": "\"Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS"...
5	The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Famine:386", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Famine", "evidence": "The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.", "entropy"...
6	The polar bear population has been growing.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:1332", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "\"Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { ...
9	Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Mars:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmosphere of Mars", "evidence": "CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", n...
10	Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be ma...
11	They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:183", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, n...
14	The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", n...
18	it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:12", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, n...
19	If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have i...
21	Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Russia:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Russia", "evidence": "Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ ...
27	Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:...
28	Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:375", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.", ...
30	the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires", "evidence": "The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destr...
31	Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon tax:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon tax", "evidence": "CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"...
33	Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fossil fuel", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", ...
35	Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctic ice sheet:170", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctic ice sheet", "evidence": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "ev...
36	When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weathe...
38	Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES",...
41	More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among ...
42	Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES",...
44	Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:78", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is chan...
51	CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:221", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lead to further acidification ...", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, ...
55	[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.	3DISPUTED	[ { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "It said that \"by 1300 it began to cool, and by 1400 we were well into the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_...
57	Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Medieval Warm Period", "evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 12...
60	So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases	3DISPUTED	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy...
61	[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1459", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ...
65	A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.	3DISPUTED	[ { "evidence_id": "Wind farm:150", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Wind farm", "evidence": "The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "...
67	Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Beringia:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Beringia", "evidence": "During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the...
69	Sea level rise is not going to happen.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ...
71	Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "NASA:365", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "NASA", "evidence": "Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, ...
72	[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Begging the question:181", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Begging the question", "evidence": ": 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, ...
74	The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:224", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 19...
75	The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:57", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.", "entropy": 0, ...
76	Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:241", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produc...
77	[S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Proxima Centauri:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Proxima Centauri", "evidence": "It has a regular activity cycle of starspots.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_...
79	The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.", "entropy": 0, ...
82	The atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:196", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swif...
85	Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2	3DISPUTED	[ { "evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:98", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum", "evidence": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "RE...
86	There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:108", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null...
87	NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:196", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temp...
91	They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Apple Corps:230", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Apple Corps", "evidence": "We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ...
93	unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Australia:1011", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Australia", "evidence": "\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, {...
95	[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS...
96	The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world w...
97	according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "2000s (decade):628", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2000s (decade)", "evidence": "The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id":...
98	Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT...
99	Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosph...
100	'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:85", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already b...
101	Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] ...
102	Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surf...
103	global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "20th century:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, ...
104	Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr...
105	Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Anoxic event:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anoxic event", "evidence": "Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of 25 °C (77 °F).", ...
108	sea-level rise is not accelerating.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 1...
109	Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level", "evidence": "The term \"steric\" refers to global changes in sea level due to thermal expansion and salinity variations.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", ...
113	The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1008", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and...
118	more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature (\"global warming\") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current...
120	90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:32", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, n...
123	the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ...
126	El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.", "entropy":...
127	Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:222", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty.", "entropy": 0.562...
128	Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 0...
129	Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:160", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", ...
132	Climate change is not making natural disasters worse	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null,...
133	The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Agriculture:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Agriculture", "evidence": "As of 2010[update], 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": ...
135	Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "France:301", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "France", "evidence": "As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, ...
137	Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Avian influenza:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Avian influenza", "evidence": "In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for ex...
138	As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:13", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and ecosystems", "evidence": "(2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4 °C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe.", "...
139	And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:1170", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "ISBN 978-1-4614-3640-9. belief that climate change is \"real\" and confidence in climate science has surprisingly decreased… Angus Reid polls conducted in December 2009 found declinin...
141	Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Greenpeace:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenpeace", "evidence": "Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands and has used direct action to block operations at the Athabasca oil sands in Canada.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ ...
142	Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Cloud:343", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cloud", "evidence": "For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ nul...
143	Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:121", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", n...
148	Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Cloud feedback:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cloud feedback", "evidence": "The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.", ...
152	“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of seriou...
157	Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "...
161	Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0, "v...
163	We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Conservative Judaism:407", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Conservative Judaism", "evidence": "Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demogr...
164	Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:106", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.", "entropy": 0,...
165	When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "George W. Bush:579", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "George W. Bush", "evidence": "Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal governmen...
168	As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes ...
169	They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:91", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy rec...
171	We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and gender:39", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and gender", "evidence": "Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", ...
173	If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Coal:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",...
180	Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Calcium carbonate:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Calcium carbonate", "evidence": "Under these conditions calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide which, along with other gases, give rise to explosive volcanic eruptions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ ...
181	Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Anthozoa:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anthozoa", "evidence": "In this symbiotic relationship, the zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host while the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased production of calciu...
184	It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming....
185	Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:29", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUP...
189	The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas	3DISPUTED	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:658", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "Rennie 2009: \"Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from v...
190	Climate change is normal and continual.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):10", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null,...
194	The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:107", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "...
195	Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_...
196	Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:294", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The life and death of planet Earth.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",...
197	Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Earth:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmosphere of Earth", "evidence": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", ...
198	For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.	0SUPPORTS	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:241", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments...
199	In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:307", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global...
200	if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Earth:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmosphere of Earth", "evidence": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NO...
203	In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:125", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "An Inconvenient Truth", "evidence": "Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; S...
204	after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr...
207	Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.	1REFUTES	[ { "evidence_id": "2012 in science:264", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "2012 in science", "evidence": "(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxi...
211	For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.	2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasi...

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Dataset Card for ClimateFever

Dataset Summary

A dataset adopting the FEVER methodology that consists of 1,535 real-world claims regarding climate-change collected on the internet. Each claim is accompanied by five manually annotated evidence sentences retrieved from the English Wikipedia that support, refute or do not give enough information to validate the claim totalling in 7,675 claim-evidence pairs. The dataset features challenging claims that relate multiple facets and disputed cases of claims where both supporting and refuting evidence are present.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

[Needs More Information]

Languages

The text in the dataset is in English, as found in real-world claims about climate-change on the Internet. The associated BCP-47 code is en.

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

{
  "claim_id": "0",
  "claim": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction",
  "claim_label": 0,  # "SUPPORTS"
  "evidences": [
    {
     "evidence_id": "Extinction risk from global warming:170",
     "evidence_label": 2,  # "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"
     "article": "Extinction risk from global warming",
     "evidence": "\"Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event\".",
     "entropy": 0.6931471805599453,
     "votes": [
      "SUPPORTS",
      "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
      null,
      null,
      null
     ]
    },
    {
     "evidence_id": "Global warming:14",
     "evidence_label": 0,  # "SUPPORTS"
     "article": "Global warming",
     "evidence": "Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.",
     "entropy": 0.0,
     "votes": [
      "SUPPORTS",
      "SUPPORTS",
      null,
      null,
      null
     ]
    },
    {
     "evidence_id": "Global warming:178",
     "evidence_label": 2,  # "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"
     "article": "Global warming",
     "evidence": "Rising temperatures push bees to their physiological limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations.",
     "entropy": 0.6931471805599453,
     "votes": [
      "SUPPORTS",
      "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
      null,
      null,
      null
     ]
    },
    {
     "evidence_id": "Habitat destruction:61",
     "evidence_label": 0,  # "SUPPORTS"
     "article": "Habitat destruction",
     "evidence": "Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.",
     "entropy": 0.0,
     "votes": [
      "SUPPORTS",
      "SUPPORTS",
      null,
      null,
      null
     ]
    },
    {
     "evidence_id": "Polar bear:1328",
     "evidence_label": 2,  # "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"
     "article": "Polar bear",
     "evidence": "\"Bear hunting caught in global warming debate\".",
     "entropy": 0.6931471805599453,
     "votes": [
      "SUPPORTS",
      "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
      null,
      null,
      null
     ]
    }
  ]
}

Data Fields

claim_id: a string feature, unique claim identifier.
claim: a string feature, claim text.
claim_label: a int feature, overall label assigned to claim (based on evidence majority vote). The label correspond to 0: "supports", 1: "refutes", 2: "not enough info" and 3: "disputed".
evidences: a list of evidences with fields:
evidence_id: a string feature, unique evidence identifier.
evidence_label: a int feature, micro-verdict label. The label correspond to 0: "supports", 1: "refutes" and 2: "not enough info".
article: a string feature, title of source article (Wikipedia page).
evidence: a string feature, evidence sentence.
entropy: a float32 feature, entropy reflecting uncertainty of evidence_label.
votes: a list of string features, corresponding to individual votes.

Data Splits

This benchmark dataset currently consists of a single data split test that consists of 1,535 claims or 7,675 claim-evidence pairs.

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

Annotations

Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

Citation Information

@misc{diggelmann2020climatefever,
      title={CLIMATE-FEVER: A Dataset for Verification of Real-World Climate Claims},
      author={Thomas Diggelmann and Jordan Boyd-Graber and Jannis Bulian and Massimiliano Ciaramita and Markus Leippold},
      year={2020},
      eprint={2012.00614},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}