claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 4
classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
444 | Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
446 | It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.” | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_... |
447 | “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:22",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst clim... |
449 | So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:302",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Tipping points are \"perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes\", leading to irreversible impacts on society.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"vote... |
450 | If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
451 | The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:445",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon capture and storage",
"evidence": "If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_I... |
452 | “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:103",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead ... |
454 | Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.” | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:59",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and ... |
455 | Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,... |
457 | temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,... |
461 | Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Temperature:286",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Temperature",
"evidence": "In fact the lowest temperature ever obtained in a macroscopic system was 20 nK, which was achieved in 1995 at NIST.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_I... |
463 | “So now we’re able to explain from natural factors how we’ve had the 20th Century warming. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "20th century:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "20th century",
"evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",... |
467 | This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Colonization of the Moon:111",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Colonization of the Moon",
"evidence": "It is estimated there is at least 600 million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [... |
469 | Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began. | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INF... |
470 | According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "20th century:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "20th century",
"evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",... |
473 | La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Pacific Ocean:94",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Pacific Ocean",
"evidence": "Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator.",
"entropy": 0.69314718246... |
474 | Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS"... |
477 | Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Avoided Deforestation Partners:5",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Avoided Deforestation Partners",
"evidence": "Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.",
"entropy": 0,
"vo... |
478 | Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030 | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:35",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO... |
482 | It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Emissions trading:921",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Emissions trading",
"evidence": "\"How will the changes impact on forestry?\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,
null
]
},
{
... |
484 | “We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon sink:33",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon sink",
"evidence": "Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NO... |
487 | “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:19",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change and ecosystems",
"evidence": "Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, \"The global temperatures p... |
488 | Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Biodiversity:216",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "No longer do we have to justify the existence of humid tropical forests on the feeble grounds that they might carry plants with drugs that cure human disease.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"v... |
490 | IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:18",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth... |
492 | But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:183",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"REFUTES",
... |
493 | Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Paleotempestology:101",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Paleotempestology",
"evidence": "In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with ... |
494 | The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 experienced a Category 3 or 4 storm, with up to a 20-foot storm surge. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air National Guard:538",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Air National Guard",
"evidence": "The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New O... |
495 | While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "1938 New England hurricane:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "1938 New England hurricane",
"evidence": "The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive trop... |
496 | Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate of Florida:70",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate of Florida",
"evidence": "A statewide drought began in November 2005, one month after Hurricane Wilma's passage through the state, and persisted until 2009.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"N... |
498 | The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:50",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate change in the United States",
"evidence": "Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES"... |
499 | The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Economics of global warming:185",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Economics of global warming",
"evidence": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in... |
502 | But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.” | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:160",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as r... |
503 | “During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2013–14 North American winter:28",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2013–14 North American winter",
"evidence": "On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.",
"entropy": 0.6931... |
506 | More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:191",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"... |
508 | Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate model:37",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate model",
"evidence": "This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics me... |
512 | water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
516 | For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:249",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENO... |
519 | Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Holocene:279",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Holocene",
"evidence": "\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
nul... |
520 | Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by humans in the past 250 years. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:185",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
... |
527 | Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:151",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).",
... |
528 | Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:16",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,... |
530 | South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Adelaide:426",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Adelaide",
"evidence": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
}... |
531 | When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Energy policy of India:150",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Energy policy of India",
"evidence": "The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
]... |
532 | Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.... |
534 | Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference):28",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference)",
"evidence": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPO... |
538 | Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:88",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxi... |
539 | We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:126",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated... |
540 | The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:113",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves",
"evidence": "Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS"... |
548 | The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cyclone:113",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cyclone",
"evidence": "A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere,... |
549 | The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:83",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two deca... |
550 | Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:166",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NO... |
551 | Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Alpine climate:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Alpine climate",
"evidence": "Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
}... |
554 | The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate of India:260",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate of India",
"evidence": "Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, c... |
555 | In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier. | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "Brown bear:215",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Brown bear",
"evidence": "They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORT... |
556 | The April low temperatures here are now about 6 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than they used to be. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate of Chicago:38",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate of Chicago",
"evidence": "At O'Hare, temperatures as low as 7 °F (−14 °C) and 31 °F (−1 °C) have been recorded as late as April 7 and May 21, respectively.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"RE... |
558 | Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals:90",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals",
"evidence": "The American coyote is an example of a generalist.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
559 | And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Biodiversity:309",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Biodiversity",
"evidence": "Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
562 | current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:1783",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
... |
564 | This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:18",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth... |
565 | In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "Big data:287",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Big data",
"evidence": "Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
nu... |
567 | But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:225",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.",
"entropy": 0,
"vo... |
568 | The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Regime shift:56",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Regime shift",
"evidence": "Bush encroachment refers to small changes in herbivory rates that can shift drylands from grassy dominated regimes towards woody dominated savannas.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
... |
575 | While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:21",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
576 | ‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "London:218",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "London",
"evidence": "Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_IN... |
577 | ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Heat wave:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Heat wave",
"evidence": "A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_EN... |
578 | ‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and con... |
581 | the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:122",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in Australia",
"evidence": "August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
... |
582 | On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:127",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atlantic Ocean",
"evidence": "For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas.",
"entropy": 0.6... |
583 | But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Bahrain:195",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Bahrain",
"evidence": "Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C (122 °F) under the right conditions.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
... |
586 | The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C). | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Mercury (planet):106",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Mercury (planet)",
"evidence": "The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F) at the most extreme places: 0°N, 0°W, or 180°W.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_... |
590 | Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:21",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate sensitivity",
"evidence": "As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), \"there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C an... |
591 | But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases. | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:995",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change adaptation",
"evidence": "African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this ... |
593 | It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Bachelor's degree:406",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Bachelor's degree",
"evidence": "Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_... |
598 | If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:234",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the \"surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate mod... |
603 | Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:1026",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
... |
609 | That’s because as Antarctica’s mass shrinks, the ice sheet’s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away — with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:351",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": ... |
614 | The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Köppen climate classification:113",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Köppen climate classification",
"evidence": "s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
... |
615 | If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:101",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": ... |
616 | The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cryosphere:59",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cryosphere",
"evidence": "Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.",
"ent... |
619 | Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Colorado River:409",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Colorado River",
"evidence": "In November 2012, the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement, known as Minute 319, permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years, thus increasing the efficiency ... |
620 | Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:198",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the United States",
"evidence": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of ... |
621 | Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:96",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Warmer air holds more water vapor.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null
... |
622 | A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows. | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:201",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate change and agriculture",
"evidence": "Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yiel... |
623 | The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma” | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:358",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "\"Scientists discover evidence for past high-level sea rise\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
]
... |
625 | I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",... |
626 | The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",
"entropy": 0... |
628 | as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Geology of Scotland:52",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Geology of Scotland",
"evidence": "Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.",
"entropy"... |
630 | I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Flood:52",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Flood",
"evidence": "Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or... |
633 | Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:98",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum",
"evidence": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"RE... |
634 | But there is also good data showing sea levels | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral:186",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coral",
"evidence": "By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null... |
637 | By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Mediterranean Sea:274",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Mediterranean Sea",
"evidence": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [... |
638 | Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Fred Singer:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Fred Singer",
"evidence": "Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
642 | Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "20th century:6",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "20th century",
"evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.",... |
644 | an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:24",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"vot... |
645 | Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Nitrogen fixation:19",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Nitrogen fixation",
"evidence": "Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_... |
646 | If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:93",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"N... |
648 | ‘there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carnivorous plant:220",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carnivorous plant",
"evidence": "The net uptake of carbon dioxide, and therefore, the plant's potential for growth, must be positive for the plant to survive.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
649 | “Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | [
{
"evidence_id": "Farleigh Hungerford Castle:106",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Farleigh Hungerford Castle",
"evidence": "Edward later fell out with the king over the proposal that the Roman Catholic James II should succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and after the discovery of the Rye Hou... |
656 | The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:174",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to be... |
661 | “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen. | 3DISPUTED | [
{
"evidence_id": "Polar bear:357",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Polar bear",
"evidence": "Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early... |
Subsets and Splits
False Climate Claims
Retrieves all records from the 'test' dataset where the claim label is 0, providing basic filtering without deep insight.