Split (1)

train · 1.32k rows

dataset_name stringlengths 3 28	dataset_config stringlengths 1 34	text stringlengths 44 22.4k
winogrande	winogrande_xl	The _ in the sentence below refers to Kyle. True or False? Kyle doesn't wear leg warmers to bed, while Logan almost always does. _ is more likely to live in a colder climate. False
winogrande	winogrande_xl	Kyle doesn't wear leg warmers to bed, while Logan almost always does. _ is more likely to live in a warmer climate. Replace the _ in the above sentence with the correct option: - Kyle - Logan Kyle
winogrande	winogrande_xs	Ian volunteered to eat Dennis's menudo after already having a bowl because _ despised eating intestine. In the previous sentence, does _ refer to Ian or Dennis? Dennis
winogrande	winogrande_xs	The _ in the sentence below refers to Ian. True or False? Ian volunteered to eat Dennis's menudo after already having a bowl because _ enjoyed eating intestine. True
winogrande	winogrande_xs	He never comes to my home, but I always go to his house because the _ is smaller. What does the _ in the above sentence refer to? home or house? home
winogrande	winogrande_xs	In the sentence below, does the _ stand for home or house? He never comes to my home, but I always go to his house because the _ is bigger. house
winogrande	winogrande_xs	Kyle doesn't wear leg warmers to bed, while Logan almost always does. _ is more likely to live in a colder climate. Replace the _ in the above sentence with the correct option: - Kyle - Logan Logan
winogrande	winogrande_xs	Fill in the _ in the below sentence: Kyle doesn't wear leg warmers to bed, while Logan almost always does. _ is more likely to live in a warmer climate. Choices: - Kyle - Logan Answer: Kyle
winogrande	winogrande_debiased	John moved the couch from the garage to the backyard to create space. The _ is small. Replace the _ in the above sentence with the correct option: - garage - backyard garage
winogrande	winogrande_debiased	The doctor diagnosed Justin with bipolar and Robert with anxiety. _ had terrible nerves recently. What does the _ in the above sentence refer to? Justin or Robert? Robert
winogrande	winogrande_debiased	Dennis drew up a business proposal to present to Logan because _ wants his investment. In the previous sentence, does _ refer to Dennis or Logan? Dennis
winogrande	winogrande_debiased	In the sentence below, does the _ stand for Felicia or Katrina? Felicia unexpectedly made fried eggs for breakfast in the morning for Katrina and now _ owes a favor. Katrina
winogrande	winogrande_debiased	The _ in the sentence below refers to shampoo. True or False? My shampoo did not lather easily on my Afro hair because the _ is too dirty. False
winogrande	winogrande_debiased	Fill in the _ in the below sentence: The circuit failed to power the television but kept the radio going, as the _ had a weak connection. Choices: - television - radio Answer: television
winogrande	winogrande_l	The _ in the sentence below refers to Ian. True or False? Ian volunteered to eat Dennis's menudo after already having a bowl because _ despised eating intestine. False
winogrande	winogrande_l	Fill in the _ in the below sentence: Ian volunteered to eat Dennis's menudo after already having a bowl because _ enjoyed eating intestine. Choices: - Ian - Dennis Answer: Ian
winogrande	winogrande_l	He never comes to my home, but I always go to his house because the _ is smaller. In the previous sentence, does _ refer to home or house? home
winogrande	winogrande_l	He never comes to my home, but I always go to his house because the _ is bigger. Replace the _ in the above sentence with the correct option: - home - house house
winogrande	winogrande_l	In the sentence below, does the _ stand for Kyle or Logan? Kyle doesn't wear leg warmers to bed, while Logan almost always does. _ is more likely to live in a colder climate. Logan
winogrande	winogrande_l	Kyle doesn't wear leg warmers to bed, while Logan almost always does. _ is more likely to live in a warmer climate. What does the _ in the above sentence refer to? Kyle or Logan? Kyle
winogrande	winogrande_s	Ian volunteered to eat Dennis's menudo after already having a bowl because _ despised eating intestine. In the previous sentence, does _ refer to Ian or Dennis? Dennis
winogrande	winogrande_s	The _ in the sentence below refers to Ian. True or False? Ian volunteered to eat Dennis's menudo after already having a bowl because _ enjoyed eating intestine. True
winogrande	winogrande_s	In the sentence below, does the _ stand for home or house? He never comes to my home, but I always go to his house because the _ is smaller. home
winogrande	winogrande_s	He never comes to my home, but I always go to his house because the _ is bigger. Replace the _ in the above sentence with the correct option: - home - house house
winogrande	winogrande_s	Fill in the _ in the below sentence: Kyle doesn't wear leg warmers to bed, while Logan almost always does. _ is more likely to live in a colder climate. Choices: - Kyle - Logan Answer: Logan
winogrande	winogrande_s	Kyle doesn't wear leg warmers to bed, while Logan almost always does. _ is more likely to live in a warmer climate. What does the _ in the above sentence refer to? Kyle or Logan? Kyle
hlgd	None	On 2019-01-25, the article "Seven bodies found after dam burst at Brazil mine, hundreds missing" is published. On 2019-01-26, the article "Fears rise for 300 missing in Brazil dam disaster; 9 bodies recovered" is published. Are they related to the same event? Answer yes or no. no
hlgd	None	Do the following headlines talk about the same event? Dam collapses in Brazil: mud sludge leaves over 200 miners missing Brazil dam collapse: At least seven dead and hundreds missing after disaster triggers mudslides yes
hlgd	None	Barbara just finished reading an article titled "Remember Savita': father's plea for voters to end Ireland's abortion ban". She then came across another article "Ireland referendum could lift strict ban on abortion". Is the second article describing the same event as the first article? no
hlgd	None	Given the headline: "Whistleblower Snowden can apply for Russian passport next year: RIA cites lawyer", what would be another headline for the same event?
hlgd	None	Which one of the following choices "same event" or "different event" best describe the relationship between these two pieces of news? News Title A: Brazilian despair turns to anger as toll from Vale dam disaster hits 60 News Title B: Brazil dam: Startling pictures of Brumadinho collapse different event
hlgd	None	Headline 1: "Ireland Votes to End Abortion Ban in Rebuke to Catholic Church" Headline 2: "Sturgeon takes Brexit concerns to Brussels" Do they refer to the same event? no
hlgd	None	Both headlines "Ireland votes resoundingly to repeal abortion ban" and "Irish abortion referendum: Ireland overturns abortion ban" are discussing the same event. Do you agree or disagree? agree
hlgd	None	Can "Facebook Loses EU Friends as Bloc's Lawmakers Weigh Break Up" replace "EU privacy watchdog: Big tech firms are 'blackmailing' users into agreeing with their new data terms"? Here, a headline is replaceable by another headline if the latter headline describes the same event as the former. no
hlgd	None	The editor asks James to create a headline that describes the same event as "What is the eighth amendment and what happens if Ireland repeals it?". James comes up with "Ireland to start abortion law reform after historic vote". Does the new headline satisfy the editor's requirement? Answer yes or no. no
hlgd	None	On 2018-05-22, the article "EU Parliament grills Zuckerberg - but Facebook CEO slips away without giving solid answers" is published. On 2018-05-25, the article "EU data protection regulation comes into force" is published. Answer yes if the second article's headline is a paraphrase of the first; otherwise, answer no. no
hlgd	None	Does the headline "Ireland exit polls show landslide victory in vote to end abortion ban" published on 2018-05-26 talk about the same event as "Ireland ends abortion ban as 'quiet revolution' transforms country" published on 2018-05-27 ? Answer yes or no. no
wiki_hop	masked	Information: - Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth - most populous city in the United States after Chicago , located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico . With a census - estimated 2014 population of 2 . 239 million within an area of , it also is the largest city in the Southern United States , as well as the seat of Harris County . It is the principal city of Houston The Woodlands Sugar Land , which is the fifth - most populated metropolitan area in the United States of America . - John Hillery Osteen ( August 21 , 1921 -- January 23 , 1999 ) was the founder and first pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston , Texas , from its beginnings in 1959 until his death in 1999 . His son Joel Osteen then succeeded him as pastor . - Lakewood Church is a nondenominational charismatic Christian megachurch located in Houston , Texas . It is the largest congregation in the United States , averaging about 52 , 000 attendees per week . The 16 , 800 - seat Lakewood Church Central Campus , home to four ___MASK46___ - language services and two Spanish - language services per week , is located at the former Compaq Center . Joel Osteen is the senior pastor of Lakewood Church with his wife , Victoria , who serves as co - pastor . Lakewood Church is a part of the Word of Faith movement . - A Christian ( or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity , an Abrahamic , monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ . " Christian " derives from the Koine ___MASK15___ word " Christós " ( ), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term " mashiach ". - Mexico (, modern ___MASK67___ ), officially the United Mexican States , is a federal republic in the southern half of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost two million square kilometers ( over 760 , 000 sq mi ), Mexico is the sixth largest country in the... What is the relationship between "john osteen" and "___MASK46___"? languages spoken or written
wiki_hop	masked	Information: - Reptiles are tetrapod ( four - limbed vertebrate ) animals in the class Reptilia , comprising today ' s turtles , crocodilians , snakes , amphisbaenians , lizards , tuatara , and their extinct relatives . The study of these traditional ___MASK11___ orders , historically combined with that of modern amphibians , is called herpetology . - Crocodiles ( subfamily Crocodylinae ) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa , Asia , the Americas and Australia . Crocodylinae , all of whose members are considered true crocodiles , is classified as a biological subfamily . A broader sense of the term ___MASK24___ , Crocodylidae that includes " ___MASK72___ ", is not used in this article . The term ___MASK24___ here applies only to the species within the subfamily of Crocodylinae . The term is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order ___MASK85___ , which includes " ___MASK72___ ", the alligators and caimans ( family Alligatoridae ), the gharials ( family Gavialidae ), and all other living and fossil Crocodylomorpha . - The skull is a bony structure that forms the head of the skeleton in most vertebrates . It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain . The skull is composed of two parts : the cranium and the mandible . In the ___MASK84___ these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone . The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation housing the brain , and several sensory structures such as the eyes , ears , nose , and mouth . In the ___MASK84___ these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton . - The ___MASK85___ ( or Crocodylia ) are an order of mostly large , predatory , semiaquatic reptiles . They appeared 83 . 5 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period ( Campanian stage ) and are the closest living relatives of birds , as the two groups are the only known... Question: (proaigialosaurus, parent taxon, ?) ___MASK57___
wiki_hop	masked	Information: - Binomial nomenclature ( also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature ) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts , both of which use Latin grammatical forms , although they can be based on words from other languages . Such a name is called a binomial name ( which may be shortened to just " binomial "), a binomen or a scientific name ; more informally it is also called a Latin name . The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs ; the second part identifies the species within the genus . For example , humans belong to the genus " ___MASK19___ " and within this genus to the species " ___MASK19___ sapiens ". The " formal " introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus , effectively beginning with his work " Species Plantarum " in 1753 . But Gaspard Bauhin , in as early as 1623 , had introduced in his book " Pinax theatri botanici " ( English , " Illustrated exposition of plants ") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus . - A genus ( genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology . In the hierarchy of biological classification , genus comes above species and below family . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus . - ___MASK5___ was a subfamily of crocodiles from Australia and the South Pacific that have now become extinct . They first appear in the fossil record in the Eocene in Australia , and survived until the Pleistocene in Australia and until the arrival of humans in the Pacific islands of Fiji , New Caledonia and Vanuatu . There is however disagreement on whether or not ___MASK5___ is a subfamily within Crocodylidae , or a distinct family , Mekosuchidae , on its own within the superfamily ___MASK53___ . - Australosuchus is an extinct genus of crocodylian belonging to the subfamily ___MASK5___ . The type and only known... Question: (australosuchus, parent taxon, ?) Candidate Answers: - ___MASK16___ - ___MASK19___ - ___MASK23___ - ___MASK50___ - ___MASK53___ - ___MASK5___ - ___MASK60___ - ___MASK62___ - ___MASK80___ - ___MASK84___ ___MASK50___
wiki_hop	masked	Information: - In ___MASK69___ , buoyancy ( or ; also known as upthrust ) is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object . In a column of fluid , pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid . Thus the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the column . Similarly , the pressure at the bottom of an object submerged in a fluid is greater than at the top of the object . This pressure difference results in a net upwards force on the object . The magnitude of that force exerted is proportional to that pressure difference , and ( as explained by Archimedes ' principle ) is equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the volume of the object , i . e . the displaced fluid . - Liu Bei ( 161 10 June 223 ), courtesy name Xuande , was a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ___MASK4___ . Despite early failings compared to his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded , he gathered support along disheartened Han loyalists who objected to Cao Cao ' s reign over the emperor and relied heavily on this support . Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm , which at its peak spanned present - day Sichuan , Chongqing , Guizhou , Hunan , parts of Hubei , and parts of Gansu . - A courtesy name (" zi "), also known as a style name , is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one ' s given name . This practice is a tradition in East Asian cultures , including China , Japan , Korea , and Vietnam . - Cao Rui ( 204 or 206 22 January 239 ), courtesy name Yuanzhong , was the second ___MASK66___ of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period . His parentage is in dispute : his mother , Lady Zhen , was Yuan Xi ' s wife , but she later remarried Cao Pi , the first ___MASK4___ of Wei . Based on conflicting accounts of his age , Pei Songzhi calculated that , in order... Generate a fact triple for the information above. (cao chong, occupation, ___MASK68___)
wiki_hop	masked	Information: - Ready to Strike is the first album by the ___MASK22___ ___MASK48___ Kobra . It was released on November 9 , 1985 . - Carmine Appice ( born December 15 , 1946 ) is an American ___MASK15___ and percussionist most commonly associated with the rock genre of music . He has received classical music training , and was influenced early - on by the work of jazz drummers Buddy Rich and Gene Krupa . Appice is best known for his associations with Vanilla Fudge , Cactus , the power trio Beck , Bogert & Appice , Rod Stewart , King Kobra , and Blue Murder , which also featured John Sykes of Thin Lizzy fame , and Tony Franklin of The Firm . He was inducted into the " Classic ___MASK15___ " Hall of Fame in 2013 , and the " Modern ___MASK15___ " Hall of Fame in 2014 . - Bernardo Chavez Rico ( born October 13 , 1941 December 3 , 1999 ) was an American ___MASK95___ specializing in guitars . Known as Bernie Rico Sr . or simply B . C ., Rico was born in East Los Angeles California . Working with his father , Rico began his career building Flamenco , Classical guitars , banjos , and ukuleles in the 1950s . Rico ' s original instruments were acoustic guitars made under the name B . C . Rico . These acoustic guitars are very rare with approximately 300 surviving . - Blackie Lawless ( born Steven Edward Duren ; September 4 , 1956 ) is an American ___MASK30___ and ___MASK55___ best known as the lead singer and rhythm ___MASK58___ ( formerly ___MASK65___ ) for the heavy metal band W . A . S . P . - Mötley Crüe was an American glam metal ___MASK22___ formed in Los Angeles , California on January 17 , 1981 . The group was founded by bass ___MASK58___ Nikki Sixx and ___MASK15___ Tommy Lee , lead singer Vince Neil and lead ___MASK58___ Mick Mars . Mötley Crüe has sold more than 100 million records worldwide including 25 million in the US , making them one of the world ' s best - selling bands of all time . - The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings , usually having six . The... Question: (?, occupation, ___MASK65___) johnny rod
wiki_hop	original	Information: - The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004, was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto "Welcome Home." 10,625 athletes competed, some 600 more than expected, accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries. There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports. Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance. 2004 marked the return of the games to the city where they began. - The Pan-American or Pan American Games (also known colloquially as the Pan Am Games) is a major sporting event in the Americas featuring summer sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The competition is held among athletes from nations of the Americas, every four years in the year before the Summer Olympic Games. The only Winter Pan American Games were held in 1990. The Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) is the governing body of the Pan American Games movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter. - A National Olympic Committee (NOC) is a national constituent of the worldwide Olympic movement. Subject to the controls of the International Olympic Committee, NOCs are responsible for organizing their people's participation in the Olympic Games. They may nominate cities within their respective areas as candidates for future Olympic Games. NOCs also promote the development of athletes and training of coaches and officials at a national level within their geographies. - Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net. It has been an Olympic discipline since the 1996 Games. - A multi-sport event is an organized sports event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from (mostly) nation states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of international significance is the modern Olympic Games. - The 14th Pan American Games were held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from August 1 until August 17, 2003. The successful bid for the games was made in the mid-1990s, when Dominican Republic had one of the highest growth rates in Latin America. - The 1996 Summer Olympics, known officially as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially as the Centennial Olympic Games, was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, from July 19 to August 4, 1996. A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games, which had been held in the same year since 1924, and place them in alternating even-numbered years, beginning in 1994. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games. Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. - Juan Miguel Rossell Milanes ( born December 28 , 1969 in Jiguani , Granma ) is a beach volleyball player from Cuba , who won the gold medal in the men 's beach team competition at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , partnering Francisco Alvarez . He represented his native country at the 1996 and the 2004 Summer Olympics . What object entity has the relation of 'participant of' with the subject 'juan rossell'? Choices: - 1996 summer olympics - olympic games - sport 1996 summer olympics
wiki_hop	original	Information: - A Christian (or ) is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word "Christós" (), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term "mashiach". - Lakewood Church is a nondenominational charismatic Christian megachurch located in Houston, Texas. It is the largest congregation in the United States, averaging about 52,000 attendees per week. The 16,800-seat Lakewood Church Central Campus, home to four English-language services and two Spanish-language services per week, is located at the former Compaq Center. Joel Osteen is the senior pastor of Lakewood Church with his wife, Victoria, who serves as co-pastor. Lakewood Church is a part of the Word of Faith movement. - Mexico (, modern Nahuatl ), officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America. Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana and León. - John Hillery Osteen ( August 21 , 1921 -- January 23 , 1999 ) was the founder and first pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston , Texas , from its beginnings in 1959 until his death in 1999 . His son Joel Osteen then succeeded him as pastor . - Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States after Chicago, located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of , it also is the largest city in the Southern United States, as well as the seat of Harris County. It is the principal city of HoustonThe WoodlandsSugar Land, which is the fifth-most populated metropolitan area in the United States of America. What is the relationship between 'john osteen' and 'english'? languages spoken or written
wiki_hop	original	Information: - Reptiles are tetrapod (four-limbed vertebrate) animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology. - Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus. - The skull is a bony structure that forms the head of the skeleton in most vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisationhousing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In the human these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton. - Herpetology (from Greek ""herpein"" meaning "to creep") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Batrachology is a further subdiscipline of herpetology concerned with the study of amphibians alone. - Tuatara are reptiles endemic to New Zealand. Although resembling most lizards, they are part of a distinct lineage, the order Rhynchocephalia. Their name derives from the Mori language, and means "peaks on the back". The single species of tuatara is the only surviving member of its order, which flourished around 200 million years ago. Their most recent common ancestor with any other extant group is with the squamates (lizards and snakes). For this reason, tuatara are of great interest in the study of the evolution of lizards and snakes, and for the reconstruction of the appearance and habits of the earliest diapsids, a group of amniote tetrapods that also includes dinosaurs, birds, and crocodilians. - Diapsids ("two arches") are a group of amniote tetrapods that developed two holes (temporal fenestra) in each side of their skulls about 300 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period. The diapsids are extremely diverse, and include all crocodiles, lizards, snakes, tuatara, turtles, and dinosaurs (both avian and non-avian). Although some diapsids have lost either one hole (lizards), or both holes (snakes and turtles), or have a heavily restructured skull (modern birds), they are still classified as diapsids based on their ancestry. At least 7,925 species of diapsid reptiles exist in environments around the world today (nearly 18,000 when birds are included). - The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, Mya. The name "Carboniferous" means "coal-bearing" and derives from the Latin words "carb" ("coal") and "fer" ("I bear, I carry"), and was coined by geologists William Conybeare and William Phillips in 1822. Based on a study of the British rock succession, it was the first of the modern 'system' names to be employed, and reflects the fact that many coal beds were formed globally during that time. The Carboniferous is often treated in North America as two geological periods, the earlier Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian. - Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodylinae, all of whose members are considered true crocodiles, is classified as a biological subfamily. A broader sense of the term crocodile, Crocodylidae that includes "Tomistoma", is not used in this article. The term crocodile here applies only to the species within the subfamily of Crocodylinae. The term is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia, which includes "Tomistoma", the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), the gharials (family Gavialidae), and all other living and fossil Crocodylomorpha. - The superclass Tetrapoda (Ancient Greek s tetrapods, "four-footed"), or the tetrapods , comprises the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants, including the living and extinct amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles and some ancient, exclusively aquatic creatures such as the Acanthostega. Tetrapods evolved from the lobe-finned fishes around 390 million years ago in the middle Devonian Period, with modern tetrapod groups having appeared by the late Devonian, 367.5 million years ago. The specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods, and the process by which land colonization occurred, remain unclear, and are areas of active research and debate among palaeontologists at present. - A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. - Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 6,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group, traditionally recognized as the suborder Lacertilia, is defined as all extant members of the Lepidosauria (reptiles with overlapping scales) that are neither sphenodonts (i.e., tuatara) nor snakes they form an evolutionary grade. While the snakes are recognized as falling phylogenetically within the Toxicofera clade from which they evolved, the sphenodonts are the sister group to the squamates, the larger monophyletic group, which includes both the lizards and the snakes. - Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. Like all squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaws. To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca. - Proaigialosaurus is an extinct genus of semi-aquatic diapsid reptile . The genus was erected by Kuhn ( 1958 ) , based upon skull fragments , which have since been lost . Generally considered the oldest specimen of the lizard family Aigialosauridae , others have considered it to be a pleurosaurid , a marine sphenodontian ( the order to which the extant Tuatara belongs ) . Proaigialosaurus was discovered in the Solnhofen limestone formation of Bavaria , Germany . It was small ( less than a metre long ) . - Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. Modern amphibians are all Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe. - Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic. Although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research, the current scientific consensus places their origin between 231 and 243 million years ago. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the TriassicJurassic extinction event 201 million years ago. Their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods and ended when the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups 66 million years ago. - In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs. - Amphisbaenia (called amphisbaenians or worm lizards) is a group of usually legless squamates, comprising over 180 extant species. Amphisbaenians are characterized by their long bodies, the reduction or loss of the limbs, and rudimentary eyes. As many species have a pink body and scales arranged in rings, they have a superficial resemblance to earthworms. While the genus "Bipes" retains forelimbs, all other genera are limbless. Although superficially similar to the snakes and Dibamidae, recent phylogenetic studies suggest that they are most closely related to the Lacertidae. Amphisbaenians are widely distributed, occurring in North America, Europe, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. Most species are less than long. Little is known of them outside of their anatomy, and even that is difficult to study due to the mechanics of dissecting such small animals. - The Crocodilia (or Crocodylia) are an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles. They appeared 83.5 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian stage) and are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria. Members of the order's total group, the clade Pseudosuchia, appeared about 250 million years ago in the Early Triassic period, and diversified during the Mesozoic era. The order Crocodilia includes the true crocodiles (family Crocodylidae), the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), and the gharial and false gharial (family Gavialidae). Although the term 'crocodiles' is sometimes used to refer to all of these, a less ambiguous vernacular term for this group is crocodilians. What entity does 'proaigialosaurus' has the relation 'parent taxon' with? lepidosauria
wiki_hop	original	Information: - Mekosuchinae was a subfamily of crocodiles from Australia and the South Pacific that have now become extinct. They first appear in the fossil record in the Eocene in Australia, and survived until the Pleistocene in Australia and until the arrival of humans in the Pacific islands of Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. There is however disagreement on whether or not Mekosuchinae is a subfamily within Crocodylidae, or a distinct family, Mekosuchidae, on its own within the superfamily Crocodyloidea. - Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney. - In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs. - Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodylinae, all of whose members are considered true crocodiles, is classified as a biological subfamily. A broader sense of the term crocodile, Crocodylidae that includes "Tomistoma", is not used in this article. The term crocodile here applies only to the species within the subfamily of Crocodylinae. The term is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia, which includes "Tomistoma", the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), the gharials (family Gavialidae), and all other living and fossil Crocodylomorpha. - A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. - Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus. - Australosuchus is an extinct genus of crocodylian belonging to the subfamily Mekosuchinae . The type and only known species Australosuchus clarkae lived during the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene of southern Australia . The generic name Australosuchus means `` Southern crocodile '' . It was described in 1991 from fossil material discovered at Lake Palankarinna in South Australia . Given the paragraphs above, decide what entity has the relation 'parent taxon' with 'crocodilia'. australosuchus
wiki_hop	original	Information: - Wu (222280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). It previously existed from 220222 as a vassal kingdom nominally under Cao Wei, its rival state, but declared independence from Wei and became a sovereign state in 222. It became an empire in 229 after its founding ruler, Sun Quan, declared himself 'Emperor'. Its name was derived from the place it was based in the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta) region, which was also historically known as "Wu". It was referred to as "Eastern Wu" or "Sun Wu" by historians to distinguish it from other Chinese historical states with similar names which were also located in that region, such as the Wu state in the Spring and Autumn period and the Wuyue kingdom in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was called "Eastern Wu" because it occupied most of eastern China in the Three Kingdoms period, and "Sun Wu" because the family name of its rulers was "Sun". During its existence, Wu's capital was at Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), but at times it was also at Wuchang (present-day Ezhou, Hubei). - Cao Huan (246-303), courtesy name Jingming, was the fifth and last emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. In 265, he abdicated the throne in favour of Sima Yan (later Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty), and brought an end to the Wei regime. After his abdication, Cao Huan was granted the title "Prince of Chenliu" and held it until his death, after which he was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Yuan (of Cao Wei)". - The Yellow Turban Rebellion, also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt in China against the Han dynasty. The uprising broke out in the year 184 during the reign of Emperor Ling. It took 21 years until the uprising was suppressed in the year 205. The rebellion, which got its name from the color of the cloths that the rebels wore on their heads, marked an important point in the history of Taoism due to the rebels' association with secret Taoist societies. The revolt was also used as the opening event in Luo Guanzhong's historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". - Japan ("Nippon" or "Nihon" ; formally "" or "Nihon-koku", means "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest. - The Qin dynasty was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Gansu and Shaanxi, the dynasty was formed after the conquest of six other states by the Qin state, and its founding emperor named Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the Legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin accomplished a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty, and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States to gain control over the whole of China. It is also the shortest dynasty in Chinese history, lasting only 15 years with two emperors. - Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the centre of mass of the displaced fluid. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics. It was formulated by Archimedes of Syracuse. - Cao Chong ( 196 -- 208 ) , courtesy name Cangshu , was a son of Cao Cao , a warlord who rose to power towards the end of the Han dynasty and laid the foundation of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period . A child prodigy , Cao Chong is best known for his ingenious method of weighing an elephant using the principle of buoyancy . He was considered by his father as a possible successor but died prematurely at the age of 12 . - Sun Quan (182252), courtesy name Zhongmou, formally known as Emperor Da of Wu (lit. "Great Emperor of Wu"), was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He inherited control of the warlord state founded by his elder brother Sun Ce in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from 222 to 229 as "King of Wu" and from 229 to 252 as the "Emperor of Wu". Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, Quan governed his empire mostly separate of politics and ideology, he is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he accommodated the wills of both his rivals but only when it benefited his state of Wu and never fully attempted to conquer his rivals, although most of historians would cite his lack of logistical resources to do so. - Emperor Gaozu of Han (256 BC June 1, 195 BC), born Liu Bang, was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning from 202 195 BC. He was one of the few dynasty founders in Chinese history with humble origin from the peasant class. - The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire known as the Qin dynasty. Although different scholars point toward different dates ranging from 481 BC to 403 BC as the true beginning of the Warring States, Sima Qian's choice of 475 BC is generally the most often cited and popularly accepted one. The Warring States era also overlaps with the second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, though the Chinese sovereign, known as the king of Zhou, ruled merely as a figurehead and served as a backdrop against the machinations of the warring states. - Cao Pi (187 29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. He was born in Qiao (; present-day Bozhou, Anhui) as the second son of Cao Cao, a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. However, he was the eldest son among all the children born to Cao Cao by his concubine (later wife) Lady Bian. Of all his brothers, Cao Pi was the shrewdest. Instead of focusing on academic studies or administering military affairs, he was always in the presence of court officials in order to gain their support. He was mostly in charge of defence at the start of his career. After the defeat of Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, he took the widow of Yuan Shao's son Yuan Xi, Lady Zhen, as a concubine, but in 221 Lady Zhen died and Guo Nüwang became empress. - In psychology research literature, the term child prodigy is defined as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain to the level of an adult expert performer. Child prodigies are rare; and, in some domains, there are no child prodigies at all. Prodigiousness in childhood does not always predict adult eminence. - Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area under a parabola. - Shu or Shu Han (221263) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). The state was based in the area around present-day Sichuan and Chongqing, which was historically known as "Shu" after an earlier state in Sichuan named Shu. Shu Han's founder Liu Bei had named his state "Han" as he considered it the legitimate successor to the Han dynasty, while "Shu" is added to the name as a geographical prefix to differentiate it from the many "Han" states throughout Chinese history. - The Three Kingdoms (AD 220280) was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu, following the Han dynasty and preceding the Jin dynasty. The term "Three Kingdoms" itself is something of a mistranslation, since each state was eventually headed not by a king, but by an emperor who claimed legitimate succession from the Han dynasty. Nevertheless, the term "Three Kingdoms" has become standard among sinologists. To further distinguish the three states from other historical Chinese states of similar names, historians have added a relevant character: Wei is also known as Cao Wei, Shu is also known as Shu Han, and Wu is also known as Dong (or Eastern) Wu. - In science, buoyancy (or ; also known as upthrust) is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the column. Similarly, the pressure at the bottom of an object submerged in a fluid is greater than at the top of the object. This pressure difference results in a net upwards force on the object. The magnitude of that force exerted is proportional to that pressure difference, and (as explained by Archimedes' principle) is equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the volume of the object, i.e. the displaced fluid. - Dong Zhuo (died 22 May 192), courtesy name Zhongying, was a politician and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He seized control of the capital Luoyang in 189 when it was in a state of turmoil following the death of Emperor Ling and a clash between the eunuch faction and some court officials led by General-in-Chief He Jin. Dong Zhuo subsequently deposed Emperor Shao and instated Emperor Xian. - The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, was a decisive battle fought at the end of the Han dynasty, about twelve years prior to the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. It was fought in the winter of AD 208/9 between the allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan and the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao. Liu Bei and Sun Quan successfully frustrated Cao Cao's effort to conquer the land south of the Yangtze River and reunite the territory of the Eastern Han dynasty. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, gave them control of the Yangtze , and provided a line of defence that was the basis for the later creation of the two southern states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu. The battle has been called the largest naval battle in history in terms of numbers involved. - In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F. - Wang Mang (c. 45 6 October 23 AD), courtesy name Jujun (), was a Han Dynasty official who seized the throne from the Liu family and founded the Xin (or Hsin, meaning "renewed") Dynasty (), ruling 923 AD. The Han dynasty was restored after his overthrow, and his rule marks the separation between the Western Han Dynasty (before Xin) and Eastern Han Dynasty (after Xin). Some historians have traditionally viewed Wang as a usurper, while others have portrayed him as a visionary and selfless social reformer. Though a learned Confucian scholar who sought to implement the harmonious society he saw in the classics, his efforts ended in chaos. - Cao Rui (204 or 206 22 January 239), courtesy name Yuanzhong, was the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His parentage is in dispute: his mother, Lady Zhen, was Yuan Xi's wife, but she later remarried Cao Pi, the first ruler of Wei. Based on conflicting accounts of his age, Pei Songzhi calculated that, in order to be Cao Pi's son, Cao Rui could not have been 36 (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died as recorded, so the recorded age was in error; Lu Bi and Mou Guangsheng argued instead that Cao Rui was Yuan Xi's son. - The Xin dynasty was a Chinese dynasty (termed so despite having only one emperor) which lasted from 9 to 23 AD. It interrupted the Han dynasty, dividing it into the periods of the Western Han and the Eastern Han. - Cao Wei (220265) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220280). With its capital at Luoyang, the state was established by Cao Pi in 220, based upon the foundations laid by his father, Cao Cao, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. The name "Wei" first became associated with Cao Cao when he was named the Duke of Wei by the Eastern Han government in 213, and became the name of the state when Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor in 220. Historians often add the prefix "Cao" to distinguish it from other Chinese states known as "Wei", such as Wei of the Warring States period and Northern Wei of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The authority of the ruling Cao family gradually weakened after the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui, and eventually fell into the hands of Sima Yi, a Wei regent, and his family, in 249. Cao Rui's successors remained as puppet rulers under the control of the Simas until Sima Yi's grandson, Sima Yan, forced the last Wei ruler, Cao Huan, to abdicate the throne and established the Jin dynasty. - A courtesy name ("zi"), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in East Asian cultures, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. - The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (923 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC 9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25220 AD). - Cao Cao (155 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde, was a Chinese warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty. As one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period, he laid the foundations for what was to become the state of Cao Wei and was posthumously honoured as "Emperor Wu of Wei". Although he is often portrayed as a cruel and merciless tyrant in subsequent literature, Cao Cao has also been praised as a brilliant ruler and military genius who treated his subordinates like his family. During the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Cao was able to secure the most populated and prosperous cities of the central plains and northern China. Cao had much success as the Han chancellor, but his handling of the Han emperor Liu Xie was heavily criticized and resulted in a continued and then escalated civil war. Opposition directly gathered around warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan, whom Cao was unable to quell. Cao was also skilled in poetry and martial arts and wrote many war journals. - Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million inhabitants , it is the world's 14th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast. Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976. - Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. - Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea") and South Korea (officially the "Republic of Korea"). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the East Sea. - China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower. - The end of the Han dynasty refers to the period of Chinese history from 189 to 220 AD, which roughly coincides with the tumultuous reign of the Han dynasty's last ruler, Emperor Xian. During this period, the country was thrown into turmoil by the Yellow Turban Rebellion (184-205). Meanwhile, the Han Empire's institutions were destroyed by the warlord Dong Zhuo, and fractured into regional regimes ruled by various warlords, some of whom were nobles and officials of the Han imperial court. Eventually, one of those warlords, Cao Cao, was able to gradually reunify the empire, ostensibly under Emperor Xian's rule, but the empire was actually controlled by Cao Cao himself. Cao Cao's efforts to completely reunite the Han empire were rebuffed at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 / 209, when his armies were defeated by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei. The Han dynasty formally ended in 220 when Cao Cao's son and heir, Cao Pi, pressured Emperor Xian into abdicating in his favour. Cao Pi became the emperor of a new state, Cao Wei. A year later, in response to Cao Pi's usurpation of the Han throne, Liu Bei declared himself emperor of Shu Han; and in 229, Sun Quan followed suit, declaring himself emperor of Eastern Wu. The period from Emperor Xian's abdication in 220 to the partial reunification of China under the Jin dynasty in 265 was known as the Three Kingdoms era in Chinese history. - FLUID (Fast Light User Interface Designer) is a graphical editor and GUI builder that is used to produce FLTK source code. FLUID edits and saves its state in text .fl files, which can be edited in a text editor for finer control over display and behavior. - Liu Bei (161 10 June 223), courtesy name Xuande, was a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ruler. Despite early failings compared to his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, he gathered support along disheartened Han loyalists who objected to Cao Cao's reign over the emperor and relied heavily on this support. Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, parts of Hubei, and parts of Gansu. - Sima Yi (179 7 September 251), courtesy name Zhongda, was a general and politician of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. He is perhaps best known for defending Wei from Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions. His success and subsequent rise in prominence paved the way for his grandson Sima Yan's founding of the Jin dynasty, which would eventually bring an end to the Three Kingdoms era. In 265 after the Jin dynasty was established, Sima Yi was posthumously honoured as Emperor Xuan of Jin with the temple name of Gaozu. - In science and engineering, the weight of an object is usually taken to be the force on the object due to gravity. Weight is a vector whose magnitude (a scalar quantity), often denoted by an italic letter "W", is the product of the mass "m" of the object and the magnitude of the local gravitational acceleration "g"; thus: . The unit of measurement for weight is that of force, which in the International System of Units (SI) is the newton. For example, an object with a mass of one kilogram has a weight of about 9.8 newtons on the surface of the Earth, and about one-sixth as much on the Moon. In this sense of weight, a body can be weightless only if it is far away (in principle infinitely far away) from any other mass. Although weight and mass are scientifically distinct quantities, the terms are often confused with each other in everyday use (i.e. comparing and converting force weight in pounds to mass in kilograms and vice versa). Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'occupation' with the subject 'cao chong'. Choices: - academic - builder - chancellor - classics - confucian scholar - designer - duke - emperor - engineer - engineering - father - founder - general - king - leader - major - mathematician - military - official - peasant - physicist - physics - politician - prior - rebel - research - ruler - science - script - social reformer - socialist - sovereign - taiwan physicist
wiki_hop	original	Information: - King Kobra is a hard rock band founded by drummer Carmine Appice after his tenure with Ozzy Osbourne from 1983 to 1984. During the time of their first two albums, the band included four relatively unknown musicians that included vocalist Mark Free, guitarist David Michael-Philips, guitarist Mick Sweda, and bassist Johnny Rod. After two albums on Capitol records"Ready to Strike" (November 9, 1985) and "Thrill of a Lifetime" (1986)and an independent release entitled "King Kobra III" in 1988, Appice decided to dissolve the band and join guitarist John Sykes on his Blue Murder project in 1989. - Bernardo Chavez Rico (born October 13, 1941 December 3, 1999) was an American luthier specializing in guitars. Known as Bernie Rico Sr. or simply B.C., Rico was born in East Los Angeles California. Working with his father, Rico began his career building Flamenco, Classical guitars, banjos, and ukuleles in the 1950s. Rico's original instruments were acoustic guitars made under the name B.C. Rico. These acoustic guitars are very rare with approximately 300 surviving. - Great White is an American hard rock band, formed in Los Angeles in 1977. The band gained popularity during the 1980s and early 1990s. The band released several albums in the late 1980s and gained airplay on MTV with music videos for songs like "Once Bitten, Twice Shy". The band reached their peak popularity with the album "...Twice Shy" in 1989. - John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne (born 3 December 1948) is an English singer, songwriter, and actor. He rose to prominence in the early 1970s as the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He was fired from Black Sabbath in 1979 and went on to have a successful solo career, releasing 11 studio albums, the first seven of which were all awarded multi-platinum certifications in the US. Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions, recording the album "13" in 2013. His longevity and success have earned him the informal title of "Godfather of Heavy Metal". - Dokken are an American metal band formed in 1979. They split up in 1989 and reformed four years later. They had three charting singles ("Alone Again", "In My Dreams" and "Burning Like a Flame") and have sold more than 10 million albums worldwide. "Beast from the East" was nominated for the inaugural Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1989. - Van Halen is an American hard rock band formed in Pasadena, California, in 1972. From 1974 until 1985, the band consisted of guitarist Eddie Van Halen, vocalist David Lee Roth, drummer Alex Van Halen, and bassist Michael Anthony. - Mötley Crüe was an American glam metal band formed in Los Angeles, California on January 17, 1981. The group was founded by bass guitarist Nikki Sixx and drummer Tommy Lee, lead singer Vince Neil and lead guitarist Mick Mars. Mötley Crüe has sold more than 100 million records worldwide including 25 million in the US, making them one of the world's best-selling bands of all time. - L.A. Guns are an American hard rock band from Los Angeles, California, formed in 1983. As of 2014, the lineup consists of Phil Lewis (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Steve Riley (drums, percussion, backing vocals), Kenny Kweens (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Michael Grant (lead guitar, backing vocals). The first incarnation of the group was formed by Tracii Guns in 1983 and merged with fellow Los Angeles group Hollywood Rose to form Guns N' Roses in 1984. In 1985, the group was reformed by Guns and singer Paul Black adding Mick Cripps and Nickey Alexander. Black would soon be replaced by former Girl singer Phil Lewis while former Faster Pussycat bassist Kelly Nickels was added to the group. Later, Alexander would be replaced by former W.A.S.P. drummer Steve Riley with this being known as the "classic lineup" of L.A. Guns. They achieved moderate chart success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, the group went through numerous lineup changes (with Riley being the most consistent member) and failed to regain mainstream attention. - Johnny Rod ( born John Tumminello on December 8 , 1957 ) is an American bass guitar player . One of the early bands he was active in was King Kobra , from 1983 to 1986 . In 1986 he joined the heavy metal band W.A.S.P. . Johnny Rod used both Fender ( the Fender Precision bass is his all time favorite ) and B.C. Rich basses during his career . His main bass with W.A.S.P. was a yellow B.C. Rich Ironbird bass . In 2010 , he reunited with King Kobra . - Mick Sweda is a songwriter, guitarist and singer born in Gowanda, NY on April 18, 1960. - The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a hollow wooden or plastic and wood box (for an acoustic guitar), or through electrical amplifier and a speaker (for an electric guitar). It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, thumb and/or fingernails of the right hand or with a pick while fretting (or pressing against the frets) the strings with the fingers of the left hand. The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. The modern guitar was preceded by the gittern, the vihuela, the four-course Renaissance guitar, and the five-course baroque guitar, all of which contributed to the development of the modern six-string instrument. - Guns N' Roses is an American hard rock band from Los Angeles formed in 1985. The lineup, when first signed to Geffen Records in 1986, consisted of vocalist Axl Rose, lead guitarist Slash, rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin, bassist Duff McKagan, and drummer Steven Adler. The current lineup consists of Rose, Slash, McKagan, keyboardists Dizzy Reed and Melissa Reese, guitarist Richard Fortus and drummer Frank Ferrer. The band has released six studio albums, accumulating sales of more than 100 million records worldwide, including shipments of 45 million in the United States, making Guns N' Roses one of the world's best-selling bands of all time. - W.A.S.P. is an American heavy metal band formed in 1982 by Blackie Lawless, who is the only remaining original member of the band. They emerged from the same Los Angeles scene that spawned Van Halen, Mötley Crüe, Dokken, Ratt, Quiet Riot, Guns N' Roses, Great White, L.A. Guns, Leatherwolf and others. The band's popularity peaked in the 1980s, yet they continue to record and tour, making them one of the most enduring of the West Coast heavy metal bands. W.A.S.P. gained notoriety for their shock rock themed image, lyrics and live performances. They have sold over 12 million copies of their albums. - Blackie Lawless (born Steven Edward Duren; September 4, 1956) is an American songwriter and musician best known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist (formerly bassist) for the heavy metal band W.A.S.P. - B.C. Rich is an American brand of acoustic and electric (bass) guitars founded by Bernardo Chavez Rico in 1969. The company started to make electric guitars in the 1970s that were notable for their atypical body shapes. In the following decade B.C. Rich gained a broader exposure with the popularity of heavy metal and has since often been linked to that music scene. The company briefly switched owners in the 1990s before being acquired in the 2000s by Hanser Music Group, a distribution company based in Hebron , Kentucky. B.C Rich has since been acquired by Praxis Musical based in Orange, California. The high-end B.C. Rich instruments are custom-made in the USA whereas the mid and low budget models are produced in different countries in Asia. - Ready to Strike is the first album by the band King Kobra. It was released on November 9, 1985. - Quiet Riot is an American heavy metal band, best known for their hit singles "Metal Health" and "Cum on Feel the Noize." The band was founded in 1973, by guitarist Randy Rhoads and bassist Kelly Garni under the name Mach 1. They then changed the name to Little Women, before settling on Quiet Riot in May 1975. The band's name was inspired by a conversation with Rick Parfitt of the British band Status Quo, in which Parfitt said he'd like to name a band "Quite Right," and his thick English accent made it sound like he was saying "Quiet Riot." The band is ranked at No. 100 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock. - Los Angeles (Spanish for "The Angels"), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the second-most populous city in the United States (after New York City), the most populous city in California and the county seat of Los Angeles County. Situated in Southern California, Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, sprawling metropolis, and as a major center of the American entertainment industry. Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over . - King Kobra III, released in 1988 on New Renaissance Records, was the first and last album by the Edwards, Michael-Phillips, Northrup, Hart and Appice line-up of King Kobra. After the demise of the original line-up, remaining members Carmine Appice and David Michael-Phillips teamed up with Johnny Edwards, Jeff Northrup and Larry Hart, all 3 members of the Sacramento, CA band Northrup at the time. - Ratt (stylized as RATT) is an American heavy metal band that had significant commercial success in the 1980s, with their albums having been certified as gold, platinum, and multi-platinum by the RIAA. The group is perhaps best known for hit singles such as "Round and Round" and "Lay It Down", tracks that ranked on Billboard's top 40 at No. 12 and No. 40, respectively, as well as other songs such as "Wanted Man", "You're in Love" and "Dance". Along with groups such as friendly rivals Mötley Crüe, Ratt has been recognized as instrumental in the formation of the early 1980s Los Angeles glam metal scene, also known as "hair metal" or "pop metal". - Carmine Appice (born December 15, 1946) is an American drummer and percussionist most commonly associated with the rock genre of music. He has received classical music training, and was influenced early-on by the work of jazz drummers Buddy Rich and Gene Krupa. Appice is best known for his associations with Vanilla Fudge, Cactus, the power trio Beck, Bogert & Appice, Rod Stewart, King Kobra, and Blue Murder, which also featured John Sykes of Thin Lizzy fame, and Tony Franklin of The Firm. He was inducted into the "Classic Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2013, and the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2014. - John James Sykes (born 29 July 1959) is an English rock guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter who has played with Streetfighter, Tygers of Pan Tang, John Sloman's Badlands, Thin Lizzy, Whitesnake, and Blue Murder. Sykes co-wrote the majority of the songs on Whitesnake's 1987 self-titled album with David Coverdale. Sykes is also a successful solo artist. - Leatherwolf is an American heavy metal band that formed in Huntington Beach, California in 1981. They split up in 1991, but reunited in 1999. The group is also nicknamed the "Triple Axe Attack" for pioneering the use of a 3-guitar line-up in heavy metal. Currently comprising vocalist and guitarist Michael Olivieri, guitarists Rob Math and Joey Tafolla, bassist Patrick Guyton, and drummer Dean Roberts, the band has released five studio albums. Leatherwolf has gone through many line-up changes, leaving Roberts as the only constant member. Though the band continues to perform live, they have not released any studio material since their 2007 album "New World Asylum". After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'johnny rod' exhibits the relationship of 'occupation'. Find the answer from the choices below. Choices: - band - bassist - commercial - construction - diversity - drummer - guitarist - king - lead vocalist - luthier - major - member - musician - singer - songwriter - speaker - vocalist bassist
wiki_hop	original	Information: - Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) is the debut studio album by the American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan, released November 9, 1993, on Loud Records and distributed through RCA Records. Recording sessions for the album took place during 1992 to 1993 at Firehouse Studio in New York City, and it was mastered at The Hit Factory. The album's title originates from the martial arts film "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin" (1978). The group's "de facto" leader RZA, also known as Prince Rakeem, produced the album entirely, utilizing heavy, eerie beats and a sound largely based on martial-arts movie clips and soul music samples. - `` Method Man '' is the B - side to the single `` Protect Ya Neck '' from critically acclaimed debut album by the Wu - Tang Clan titled Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) . It was a solo track for the first successful solo star of the Wu - Tang Clan , Method Man . The song was chosen for The Source magazine 100 best rap singles . The refrain of the song ( M - E - T - H - O - D ) draws from the 1984 Hall & Oates hit `` Method of Modern Love '' from Big Bam Boom . It is featured on The RZA Hits compilation . The remix is featured on Method Man 's debut album , Tical . - Staten Island is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U.S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the southern tip of the island and the state. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a 2015 Census-estimated population of 474,558, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in area at . The borough is coextensive with Richmond County, and until 1975 was the Borough of Richmond. Its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has been sometimes called "the forgotten borough" by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. - Clifford Smith (born March 2, 1971), better known by his stage name Method Man, is an American rapper, record producer, and actor. He is known as a member of the East Coast hip hop collective Wu-Tang Clan. He is also one half of the hip hop duo Method Man & Redman. He took his stage name from the 1979 film "Method Man". In 1996, he won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, for "I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By", with American R&B singer-songwriter Mary J. Blige. - "Method of Modern Love" is a single by the American duo Hall & Oates. It was released as the second single from their 1984 album, "Big Bam Boom". The song reached number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in February 1985 and is included in numerous compilation albums except on the album: . - Dennis Coles (born May 9, 1970), better known by his stage name Ghostface Killah, is an American rapper and prominent member of the Wu-Tang Clan. After the group achieved breakthrough success in the aftermath of "Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)", the members went on to pursue solo careers to varying levels of success. Ghostface Killah debuted his solo-career with "Ironman" in 1996, which was well received by music critics. He has continued his success over the following years with critically acclaimed albums such as "Supreme Clientele" (2000) and "Fishscale" (2006). His stage name was taken from one of the characters in the 1979 kung fu film "Mystery of Chessboxing". He is the founder of his own label Starks Enterprises. - Mary Jane Blige (born January 11, 1971) is an American singer, songwriter, model, record producer and actress. Starting her career as a background singer on Uptown Records in 1989, Blige released her first album, "What's the 411?", in 1992, and has released 12 studio albums since and made over 150 guest appearances on other albums and soundtracks. - "Out of Touch" is a 1984 song by Hall & Oates. The lead single from their 1984 album "Big Bam Boom", it was their last "Billboard" Hot 100 number one, topping the chart for two weeks in December 1984. It became the duo's fourteenth consecutive top 40 hit since 1980. - "Protect Ya Neck" is the debut single by hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan. The song is from the group's critically acclaimed first album "Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)". It is produced by RZA (then known as Prince Rakeem) and features eight of the original nine Wu-Tang members. - Wu-Tang Clan is an American hip hop group from New York City, originally composed of East Coast rappers RZA, GZA, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Method Man, Raekwon, Ghostface Killah, Inspectah Deck, U-God and Masta Killa. Cappadonna later became an official member of the group. The group was formed in and is associated with the New York City borough of Staten Island. - Soul music (often referred to simply as soul) is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States; where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential in the civil rights era. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa. - Loud Records is a record label founded by Steve Rifkind and Rich Isaacson in 1991. - John William Oates (born April 7, 1948) is an American rock, R&B and soul guitarist, musician, songwriter and record producer best known as half of the rock and soul duo, Hall & Oates (with Daryl Hall). - RCA Records is an American major record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment (SME). It is one of SME's flagship record labels alongside sister labels Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, and country. The company's name is derived from the initials of the label's former parent company, Radio Corporation of America (RCA). It is the second oldest recording company in U.S. history, after sister label Columbia Records. RCA's Canadian unit (formerly Berliner Gramophone Canada) is Sony's oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression. - Lamont Jody Hawkins (born October 11, 1970), better known as U-God (short for Universal God), is an American rapper and member of the hip hop collective, Wu-Tang Clan. He has been with the group since its inception, and is known for having a deep, rhythmic flow that can alternate between being gruff or smooth. - A Grammy Award (originally called Gramophone Award), or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the music industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards (television), the Tony Awards (stage performance), and the Academy Awards (motion pictures). - Big Bam Boom is the twelfth studio album by Daryl Hall & John Oates, released by RCA Records late in 1984. It marked the end of one of the most successful album runs by a duo of the 1980s. RCA issued a remastered version in July 2004 with four bonus tracks. The song "Out of Touch" (the first single) was a #1 pop hit, and charted in several other areas (#24 Hot Black Singles, #8 on the Adult Contemporary charts and #1 on the dance charts, #48 in the UK). Another song taken from the album, the Daryl Hall and Janna Allen-penned "Method of Modern Love" reached a high point of #5. - Russell Tyrone Jones (November 15, 1968 November 13, 2004), better known under his stage name Ol' Dirty Bastard (or ODB), was an American rapper and producer. He was one of the founding members of the Wu-Tang Clan, a rap group primarily from Staten Island, New York which first rose to mainstream prominence with their 1993 debut album "Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)". - Corey Quontrell Woods (born January 12, 1970), better known by the stage name Raekwon, is an American rapper and a member of the Wu-Tang Clan. He released his solo debut, "Only Built 4 Cuban Linx..." in 1995, and has since recorded numerous solo albums, as well as continuing to work with Wu-Tang and providing an extensive number of guest contributions to other hip hop artists' works. He is the founder of his own label ICEH20 Records. Given the information, choose the subject and object entities that have the relation of 'record label'. method man , loud records
wiki_hop	original	Information: - A province is almost always an administrative division, within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman "provincia", which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries, and in those with no actual provinces, it has come to mean "outside the capital city". While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of federal authority, especially in Canada. In other countries, like China, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy. - Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel's base metal is iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. It is the interaction of those allotropes with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the centre of each cube, and in the face-centred cubic, there is one at the center of each of the six faces of the cube. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal lattices of iron atoms. - A municipality is usually a single urban administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and state laws, to which it is subordinate. It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term "municipality" may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French "municipalité" and Latin "municipalis". - A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction. - Raipur is a city in the Raipur district of the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It is the capital city of the state of Chhattisgarh and is the administrative headquarters of Raipur district. It is also the largest city in Chhattisgarh. It was formerly a part of Madhya Pradesh before the state of Chhattisgarh was formed on 1 November 2000. Naya Raipur is the upcoming business hub in Chhattisgarh promoted by the state government. - The seat of government is (as defined by "Brewer's Politics") "the building, complex of buildings or the city from which a government exercises its authority". - Naya Raipur is the new capital city of Chhattisgarh , a state in Central India . Naya Raipur is located between National Highways NH - 6 and NH - 43 , about 17 km south - east of the current capital Raipur ; Swami Vivekananda Airport separates the old and new cities . Naya Raipur is serving as the administrative capital of the State and also caters to the infrastructural needs of industry and trade in the region . Naya Raipur is surrounded by the cities of Raipur , Arang , Mahasamund , Rajim and Abhanpur . Naya Raipur covers an area of about 8000 hectares . It includes 41 villages out of which 27 villages form the core of Naya Raipur . During the renovation of villages for the construction of Naya Raipur , it displaced the population of one village . About half of the total acquired land is being used for afforestation , roads , parks , public conveniences , water facilities - canals , green belts etc. ; twenty three percent ( 23 % ) of the land would be reserved for educational institutions , government offices and public auditoriums etc. ; and thirty percent ( 30 % ) of the land will be used for residential and economical purposes . Naya Raipur is India 's fifth planned capital city after Gandhinagar ( Gujarat ) , Chandigarh ( Punjab & Haryana ) , Bhubaneshwar ( Orissa ) , and Navi Mumbai ( Maharashtra ) . The city is expected to house about 4.5 lakh ( 450,000 ) people within a decade . Provisions have been made for its expansion and to upgrade infrastructure in the future . - Chhattisgarh (literally 'Thirty-Six Forts') is a state in central India. It is the 10th largest state in India, with an area of . With a population of 28 million, Chhattisgarh is the 17th most-populated state of the nation. It is a source of electricity and steel for India, accounting for 15% of the total steel produced in the country. Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India. - Jurisdiction (from the Latin "ius, " meaning "law" and "" meaning "to speak") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law. In the federations like USA, areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, and federal levels; e.g. the court has jurisdiction to apply federal law. - India, officially the Republic of India ("Bhrat Gaarjya"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad. - Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. - Raipur district is a district in the Chhattisgarh state of India. Raipur is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district is rich in mineral resources. There are many wild life sanctuaries and sight seeing places worth visiting. The district has the population of 30 lakhs. - Madhya Pradesh (MP) (, meaning Central Province) is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and the largest city is Indore. Nicknamed the "heart of India" due to its geographical location in India, Madhya Pradesh is the second-largest state in the country by area. With over 75 million inhabitants, it is the fifth-largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest. Its total area is 308,245 km². Before 2000, When Chattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state, Singoli and Konta, was 1500 km. - A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. - A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. "constitute", what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a "written" constitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a "codified" constitution. Some constitutions (such as the constitution of the United Kingdom) are uncodified, but written in numerous fundamental Acts of a legislature, court cases or treaties. - Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (for ) and atomic number 50, is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide, SnO. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is -tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey -tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin is not easily oxidized in air. After reading the paragraphs above, choose the best answer for the entity that related to 'naya raipur' with the relationship of 'located in the administrative territorial entity'. Choices: - bangladesh - bhopal - bhutan - canada - center - central - central province - centre - chennai - chhattisgarh - district - hyderabad - india - indian ocean - italy - kolkata - madhya pradesh - michigan - most - mumbai - nepal - new delhi - normal - northwest - of - pakistan - post - raipur district - rajasthan - roman empire - south - thailand - united kingdom - uttar pradesh raipur district
wiki_hop	original	Information: - BBC Choice was a BBC TV station which launched on 23 September 1998 and closed on 28 February 2003. It was the first British TV channel to broadcast exclusively in digital format, as well as the BBC's second non-terrestrial channel launch (following on from the BBC News channel in 1997). - BBC iPlayer is an internet streaming catchup television and radio service in the United Kingdom. The service is available on a wide range of devices, including mobile phones and tablets, personal computers, and smart televisions. Neither the iPlayer services nor the individual TV programmes display any commercial advertising. The terms BBC iPlayer, iPlayer, and BBC Media Player all refer to the same services. - A British sitcom is a situation comedy programme produced for British television. Although styles of sitcom have changed over the years they tend to be based on a family, workplace or other institution, where the same group of contrasting characters is brought together in each episode. British sitcoms are typically produced in one or more series of six episodes. Most such series are conceived and developed by one or two writers. - BBC Three (stylised as BBC II!) is a British digital publisher and broadcaster operated by the BBC. It launched on 16 February 2016, having previously been a broadcast channel since 9 February 2003. BBC Three was originally intended as a replacement for BBC Choice. The service's remit was to provide "innovative" programming to a target audience of viewers between 16 and 34 years old, leveraging technology as well as new talent. - Daniel Gregory `` Dan '' Clark ( born 3 July 1976 ) is an English actor , comedian , writer , director and singer . He is best known for playing Don Danbury on the BBC Three sitcom How Not to Live Your Life , which he also wrote , co-produced , and directed various episodes of . He has been a regular on the British comedy scene as both a sketch and stand - up comedian . - The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation, and is the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, with over 20,950 staff in total, of whom 16,672 are in public sector broadcasting; including part-time, flexible as well as fixed contract staff, the total number is 35,402. - How Not to Live Your Life (styled in the opening credits as "how NOT to live your life") was a British sitcom, written by and starring Dan Clark that aired between 27 September 2007 and 22 December 2011 on BBC Three, about a neurotic twenty-nine-year-old man who is trying to navigate his way through life but is not helped by his bad instincts. After a pilot, the show debuted in 2008 with moderate ratings but grew over the course of the three series, doubling its ratings each series because of its cult following. The third series got viewing figures of 1.5 million across the week and was the second most watched show on BBC iPlayer. When BBC Three controller Danny Cohen left the channel, new controller Zai Bennett cancelled several comedies, including "How Not to Live Your Life". 'dan clark' is related to which object entity through the relation of 'country of citizenship'? Choices: - british - london - united kingdom - writer united kingdom
scitldr	Abstract	Generate a summary for the text: Due to the success of deep learning to solving a variety of challenging machine learning tasks, there is a rising interest in understanding loss functions for training neural networks from a theoretical aspect. Particularly, the properties of critical points and the landscape around them are of importance to determine the convergence performance of optimization algorithms. In this paper, we provide a necessary and sufficient characterization of the analytical forms for the critical points (as well as global minimizers) of the square loss functions for linear neural networks. We show that the analytical forms of the critical points characterize the values of the corresponding loss functions as well as the necessary and sufficient conditions to achieve global minimum. Furthermore, we exploit the analytical forms of the critical points to characterize the landscape properties for the loss functions of linear neural networks and shallow ReLU networks. One particular conclusion is that: While the loss function of linear networks has no spurious local minimum, the loss function of one-hidden-layer nonlinear networks with ReLU activation function does have local minimum that is not global minimum. We provide necessary and sufficient analytical forms for the critical points of the square loss functions for various neural networks, and exploit the analytical forms to characterize the landscape properties for the loss functions of these neural networks.
scitldr	Abstract	Elaborate on the given summary: Biologically plausible learning algorithms, particularly sign-symmetry, work well on ImageNet Start with following sentence: The backpropagation (BP) algorithm is often thought to be biologically implausible in the brain. The backpropagation (BP) algorithm is often thought to be biologically implausible in the brain. One of the main reasons is that BP requires symmetric weight matrices in the feedforward and feedback pathways. To address this “weight transport problem” (Grossberg, 1987), two biologically-plausible algorithms, proposed by Liao et al. (2016) and Lillicrap et al. (2016), relax BP’s weight symmetry requirements and demonstrate comparable learning capabilities to that of BP on small datasets. However, a recent study by Bartunov et al. (2018) finds that although feedback alignment (FA) and some variants of target-propagation (TP) perform well on MNIST and CIFAR, they perform significantly worse than BP on ImageNet. Here, we additionally evaluate the sign-symmetry (SS) algorithm (Liao et al., 2016), which differs from both BP and FA in that the feedback and feedforward weights do not share magnitudes but share signs. We examined the performance of sign-symmetry and feedback alignment on ImageNet and MS COCO datasets using different network architectures (ResNet-18 and AlexNet for ImageNet; RetinaNet for MS COCO). Surprisingly, networks trained with sign-symmetry can attain classification performance approaching that of BP-trained networks. These results complement the study by Bartunov et al. (2018) and establish a new benchmark for future biologically-plausible learning algorithms on more difficult datasets and more complex architectures.
scitldr	Abstract	Compress the abstract to one or two sentences. Make sure it captures the main point of the abstract. Abstract: We introduce the 2-simplicial Transformer, an extension of the Transformer which includes a form of higher-dimensional attention generalising the dot-product attention, and uses this attention to update entity representations with tensor products of value vectors. We show that this architecture is a useful inductive bias for logical reasoning in the context of deep reinforcement learning. Summary: We introduce the 2-simplicial Transformer and show that this architecture is a useful inductive bias for logical reasoning in the context of deep reinforcement learning.
scitldr	Abstract	Abstract: We present Tensor-Train RNN (TT-RNN), a novel family of neural sequence architectures for multivariate forecasting in environments with nonlinear dynamics. Long-term forecasting in such systems is highly challenging, since there exist long-term temporal dependencies, higher-order correlations and sensitivity to error propagation. Our proposed tensor recurrent architecture addresses these issues by learning the nonlinear dynamics directly using higher order moments and high-order state transition functions. Furthermore, we decompose the higher-order structure using the tensor-train (TT) decomposition to reduce the number of parameters while preserving the model performance. We theoretically establish the approximation properties of Tensor-Train RNNs for general sequence inputs, and such guarantees are not available for usual RNNs. We also demonstrate significant long-term prediction improvements over general RNN and LSTM architectures on a range of simulated environments with nonlinear dynamics, as well on real-world climate and traffic data. Please summarize the abstract in one sentence: Accurate forecasting over very long time horizons using tensor-train RNNs
scitldr	Abstract	Recent efforts on combining deep models with probabilistic graphical models are promising in providing flexible models that are also easy to interpret. We propose a variational message-passing algorithm for variational inference in such models. We make three contributions. First, we propose structured inference networks that incorporate the structure of the graphical model in the inference network of variational auto-encoders (VAE). Second, we establish conditions under which such inference networks enable fast amortized inference similar to VAE. Finally, we derive a variational message passing algorithm to perform efficient natural-gradient inference while retaining the efficiency of the amortized inference. By simultaneously enabling structured, amortized, and natural-gradient inference for deep structured models, our method simplifies and generalizes existing methods. TL;DR: We propose a variational message-passing algorithm for models that contain both the deep model and probabilistic graphical model.
scitldr	Abstract	Modern deep neural networks have a large amount of weights, which make them difficult to deploy on computation constrained devices such as mobile phones. One common approach to reduce the model size and computational cost is to use low-rank factorization to approximate a weight matrix. However, performing standard low-rank factorization with a small rank can hurt the model expressiveness and significantly decrease the performance. In this work, we propose to use a mixture of multiple low-rank factorizations to model a large weight matrix, and the mixture coefficients are computed dynamically depending on its input. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on both language modeling and image classification tasks. Experiments show that our method not only improves the computation efficiency but also maintains (sometimes outperforms) its accuracy compared with the full-rank counterparts. Please summarize the above paragraph. A simple modification to low-rank factorization that improves performances (in both image and language tasks) while still being compact.
cbt	P	Read the passage and fill in the XXXXX: CHAPTER I. -LCB- Chapter heading picture : p1.jpg -RCB- How the Fairies were not Invited to Court .Once upon a time there reigned in Pantouflia a king and a queen .With almost everything else to make them happy , they wanted one thing : they had no children .This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child .However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince .The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing .She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else .Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen .Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child .Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it .It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on... `` You have not forgotten any XXXXX our aunts ? '' of
cbt	P	Which of the following options replaces XXXXX the best? as, at, before, in, of, on, than, that, to, with in this story: With almost everything else to make them happy , they wanted one thing : they had no children .This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child .However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince .The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing .She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else .Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen .Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child .Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it .It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said his majesty .`` You have not forgotten any of our aunts ? ''`` No ; the old cats ! '' replied the queen ; for the king 's aunts were old-fashioned , and did not approve XXXXX her , and she knew it . of
cbt	P	Write the next sentence of this story: This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child .However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince .The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing .She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else .Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen .Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child .Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it .It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said his majesty .`` You have not forgotten any of our aunts ? ''`` No ; the old cats ! ''replied the queen ; for the king 's aunts were old-fashioned , and did not approve of her , and she knew it . `` They are very kind old ladies in their way , '' said the king ; `` and were nice to me when I was a boy . ''
cbt	raw	Write a story for this title: Prince Prigio CHAPTER I. -LCB- Chapter heading picture : p1.jpg -RCB- How the Fairies were not Invited to Court . Once upon a time there reigned in Pantouflia a king and a queen . With almost everything else to make them happy , they wanted one thing : they had no children . This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child . However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince . The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing . She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else . Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen . Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child . Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it . It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors . There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her . There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period . On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots . There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family . Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls . `` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? '' said the king . `` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen . `` People...
cbt	raw	Write a title for this story: CHAPTER I. -- How the Fairies were not Invited to Court ONCE upon a time there reigned in Pantouflia a king and a queen . With almost everything else to make them happy , they wanted one thing : they had no children . This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child . However , she too , in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince . The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing . She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else . Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen . Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child . Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it . It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors . There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her . There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period . On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots . There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family . Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls . `` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? '' said the king . `` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen . `` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said... Prince Prigio From "His Own Fairy Book"
cbt	CN	Write the next sentence of this story: With almost everything else to make them happy , they wanted one thing : they had no children .This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child .However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince .The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing .She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else .Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen .Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child .Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it .It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said his majesty .`` You have not forgotten any of our aunts ? ''`` No ; the old cats ! '' replied the queen ; for the king 's aunts were old-fashioned , and did not approve of her , and she knew it .
cbt	CN	Read the passage and fill in the XXXXX: With almost everything else to make them happy , they wanted one thing : they had no children .This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child .However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince .The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing .She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else .Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen .Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child .Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it .It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said his majesty .`` You have not forgotten any of our aunts ? ''`` No ; the old cats ! '' replied the queen ; for the XXXXX 's aunts were old-fashioned , and did not approve of her , and she knew it . king
cbt	CN	Which of the following options replaces XXXXX the best? ancestors, aunts, books, breakfast, cats, children, everything, majesty, queen, thing in this story: With almost everything else to make them happy , they wanted one thing : they had no children .This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child .However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince .The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing .She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else .Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen .Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child .Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it .It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said his majesty .`` You have not forgotten any of our aunts ? ''`` No ; the old cats ! '' replied the queen ; for the king 's XXXXX were old-fashioned , and did not approve of her , and she knew it . aunts
cbt	V	Write the next sentence of this story: This vexed the king even more than the queen , who was very clever and learned , and who had hated dolls when she was a child .However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince .The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing .She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else .Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen .Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child .Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it .It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said his majesty .`` You have not forgotten any of our aunts ? ''`` No ; the old cats ! ''replied the queen ; for the king 's aunts were old-fashioned , and did not approve of her , and she knew it . `` They are very kind old ladies in their way , '' said the king ; `` and were nice to me when I was a boy . ''
cbt	V	Read the passage and fill in the XXXXX: However , she , too in spite of all the books she read and all the pictures she painted , would have been glad enough to be the mother of a little prince .The king was anxious to consult the fairies , but the queen would not hear of such a thing .She did not believe in fairies : she said that they had never existed ; and that she maintained , though The History of the Royal Family was full of chapters about nothing else .Well , at long and at last they had a little boy , who was generally regarded as the finest baby that had ever been seen .Even her majesty herself remarked that , though she could never believe all the courtiers told her , yet he certainly was a fine child -- a very fine child .Now , the time drew near for the christening party , and the king and queen were sitting at breakfast in their summer parlour talking over it .It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said his majesty .`` You have not forgotten any of our aunts ? ''`` No ; the old cats ! ''replied the queen ; for the king 's aunts were old-fashioned , and did not approve of her , and she knew it .`` They are very kind old ladies in their way , '' said the king ; `` and were nice to me when I was a boy . '' Then he waited a little , and XXXXX : `` The fairies , of course , you have invited ? remarked
cbt	V	Which of the following options replaces XXXXX the best? answered, approve, cried, hung, knows, raised, reigning, said, seated, waited in this story: It was a splendid room , hung with portraits of the royal ancestors .There was Cinderella , the grandmother of the reigning monarch , with her little foot in her glass slipper thrust out before her .There was the Marquis de Carabas , who , as everyone knows , was raised to the throne as prince consort after his marriage with the daughter of the king of the period .On the arm of the throne was seated his celebrated cat , wearing boots .There , too , was a portrait of a beautiful lady , sound asleep : this was Madame La Belle au Bois-dormant , also an ancestress of the royal family .Many other pictures of celebrated persons were hanging on the walls .`` You have asked all the right people , my dear ? ''said the king .`` Everyone who should be asked , '' answered the queen .`` People are so touchy on these occasions , '' said his majesty .`` You have not forgotten any of our aunts ? ''`` No ; the old cats ! ''replied the queen ; for the king 's aunts were old-fashioned , and did not approve of her , and she knew it .`` They are very kind old ladies in their way , '' said the king ; `` and were nice to me when I was a boy . ''Then he waited a little , and remarked : `` The fairies , of course , you have invited ?It has always been usual , in our family , on an occasion like this ; and I think we have neglected them a little of late . ''`` How can you be so absurd ? ''cried the queen .`` How often must I tell you that there are no fairies ?And even if there were -- but , no matter ; pray let us drop the subject . '' `` They are very old friends of our family , my dear , that 's all , '' XXXXX the king timidly . said
cbt	NE	Which of the following options replaces XXXXX the best? CHAPTER, Flitter, Prigio, Saracens, lumber-room, ogres, p9.jpg, rustling, speaking-trumpet, wishing-cap in this story: Some were abroad ; several were ill ; a few were in prison among the Saracens ; others were captives in the dens of ogres .The end of it was that the king and queen had to sit down alone , one at each end of a very long table , arrayed with plates and glasses for a hundred guests -- for a hundred guests who never came !`` Any soup , my dear ? ''shouted the king , through a speaking-trumpet ; when , suddenly , the air was filled with a sound like the rustling of the wings of birds .Flitter , flitter , flutter , went the noise ; and when the queen looked up , lo and behold !on every seat was a lovely fairy , dressed in green , each with a most interesting-looking parcel in her hand .Do n't you like opening parcels ?The king did , and he was most friendly and polite to the fairies .But the queen , though she saw them distinctly , took no notice of them .You see , she did not believe in fairies , nor in her own eyes , when she saw them .So she talked across the fairies to the king , just as if they had not been there ; but the king behaved as politely as if they were real -- which , of course , they were .When dinner was over , and when the nurse had brought in the baby , all the fairies gave him the most magnificent presents .One offered a purse which could never be empty ; and one a pair of seven-leagued boots ; and another a cap of darkness , that nobody might see the prince when he put it on ; and another a wishing-cap ; and another a carpet , on which , when he sat , he was carried wherever he wished to find himself .Another made him beautiful for ever ; and another , brave ; and another , lucky : but the last fairy of all , a cross old thing , crept up and said , `` My child , you shall be too clever ! ''This fairy 's gift would have pleased the queen , if she had believed in it , more than anything else , because she was so clever herself .But she took no notice at all ; and the fairies went each to her own country , and none of them stayed there at the palace , where nobody believed in them , except the... I think I 've told you that his name was XXXXX -- did I not ? Prigio
cbt	NE	Read the passage and fill in the XXXXX: So she talked across the fairies to the king , just as if they had not been there ; but the king behaved as politely as if they were real -- which , of course , they were .When dinner was over , and when the nurse had brought in the baby , all the fairies gave him the most magnificent presents .One offered a purse which could never be empty ; and one a pair of seven-leagued boots ; and another a cap of darkness , that nobody might see the prince when he put it on ; and another a wishing-cap ; and another a carpet , on which , when he sat , he was carried wherever he wished to find himself .Another made him beautiful for ever ; and another , brave ; and another , lucky : but the last fairy of all , a cross old thing , crept up and said , `` My child , you shall be too clever ! ''This fairy 's gift would have pleased the queen , if she had believed in it , more than anything else , because she was so clever herself .But she took no notice at all ; and the fairies went each to her own country , and none of them stayed there at the palace , where nobody believed in them , except the king , a little .But the queen tossed all their nice boots and caps , carpets , purses , swords , and all , away into a dark lumber-room ; for , of course , she thought that they were all nonsense , and merely old rubbish out of books , or pantomime `` properties . ''CHAPTER II .-LCB- Chapter heading picture : p9.jpg -RCB- Prince Prigio and his Family .Well , the little prince grew up .I think I 've told you that his name was Prigio -- did I not ?Well , that was his name .You can not think how clever he was .He argued with his nurse as soon as he could speak , which was very soon .He argued that he did not like to be washed , because the soap got into his eyes .However , when he was told all about the pores of the skin , and how they could not be healthy if he was not washed , he at once ceased to resist , for he was very reasonable .He argued with his father that he did not see why there should be kings who were rich , while beggars... -LCB- XXXXX reading a book : p11.jpg -RCB- Indeed , I can not tell you how the prince was hated by all ! Prigio
cbt	NE	Write the next sentence of this story: You can not think how clever he was .He argued with his nurse as soon as he could speak , which was very soon .He argued that he did not like to be washed , because the soap got into his eyes .However , when he was told all about the pores of the skin , and how they could not be healthy if he was not washed , he at once ceased to resist , for he was very reasonable .He argued with his father that he did not see why there should be kings who were rich , while beggars were poor ; and why the king -- who was a little greedy -- should have poached eggs and plum-cake at afternoon tea , while many other persons went without dinner .The king was so surprised and hurt at these remarks that he boxed the prince 's ears , saying , `` I 'll teach you to be too clever , my lad . ''Then he remembered the awful curse of the oldest fairy , and was sorry for the rudeness of the queen .And when the prince , after having his ears boxed , said that `` force was no argument , '' the king went away in a rage .-LCB- Prigio reading a book : p11.jpg -RCB- Indeed , I can not tell you how the prince was hated by all !He would go down into the kitchen , and show the cook how to make soup .He would visit the poor people 's cottage , and teach them how to make the beds , and how to make plum-pudding out of turnip-tops , and venison cutlets out of rusty bacon .He showed the fencing-master how to fence , and the professional cricketer how to bowl , and instructed the rat-catcher in breeding terriers .He set sums to the Chancellor of the Exchequer , and assured the Astronomer Royal that the sun does not go round the earth -- which , for my part , I believe it does .The young ladies of the Court disliked dancing with him , in spite of his good looks , because he was always asking , `` Have you read this ? ''and `` Have you read that ? ''-- and when they said they had n't , he sneered ; and when they said they had , he found them out .He found out all his tutors and masters in the same horrid way ; correcting the accent of his French teacher ,... As time went on , Prince Prigio had two younger brothers , whom everybody liked .
wiki_bio	None	Facts: - birth date: 1954 - nationality: german - name: walter extra - occupation: aircraft designer and manufacturer Based on these bullet points, write a short biography describing the life of walter extra . walter extra is a german award-winning aerobatic pilot , chief aircraft designer and founder of extra flugzeugbau -lrb- extra aircraft construction -rrb- , a manufacturer of aerobatic aircraft . extra was trained as a mechanical engineer . he began his flight training in gliders , transitioning to powered aircraft to perform aerobatics . he built and flew a pitts special aircraft and later built his own extra ea-230 . extra began designing aircraft after competing in the 1982 world aerobatic championships . his aircraft constructions revolutionized the aerobatics flying scene and still dominate world competitions . the german pilot klaus schrodt won his world championship title flying an aircraft made by the extra firm . walter extra has designed a series of performance aircraft which include unlimited aerobatic aircraft and turboprop transports .
wiki_bio	None	Read the bio below and try to give details on aaron hohlbein 's: - fullname - youthclubs - pcupdate - position - birth date - goals - clubs - height - birth place - youthyears - name - caps - years Bio: aaron hohlbein -lrb- born august 16 , 1985 in middleton , wisconsin -rrb- is an american soccer player who is currently without a club . - fullname is aaron hohlbein - youthclubs is wisconsin badgers - pcupdate is june 4 , 2011 - position is defender - birth date is 16 august 1985 - goals is 0 2 0 0 - clubs is wisconsin fc -lrb- loan -rrb- fort lauderdale strikers badgers princeton 56ers kansas city wizards → miami - height is 6 0 - birth place is middleton , wisconsin , united states - youthyears is 2003 -- 2006 - name is aaron hohlbein - caps is 12 43 10 14 - years is 2003 -- 2006 2006 2007 -- 2010 2010 2011
wiki_bio	None	What type of details about majda vrhovnik can be gathered from the following bio? Bio: majda vrhovnik -lrb- nom de guerre lojzka -rrb- -lrb- 14 april 1922 -- 4 may 1945 -rrb- was a slovene communist and medical student . she was a member of the district committee of the communist party of slovenia for klagenfurt and was named a people 's hero of yugoslavia after her death . - known for - education - party - birth date - other names - death cause - nationality - image - alma mater - resting place - birth place - death date - death place - name - occupation
wiki_bio	None	- birth date is 19 january 1953 - birth place is stanmore , middlesex , england - birthname is linda m. higginson - occupation is actress Given the details above, guess who could this information be about. linda hayden
wiki_bio	None	What key details about craig starcevich can be extracted from the following bio? Bio: craig starcevich -lrb- born 16 may 1967 -rrb- is a former australian rules footballer who played in the vfl/afl . he currently works as a fitness trainer . he was recruited from east perth whom he played 37 games for after he won the 1986 f. d. book medal for being judged their best and fairest player . on the back of this , he was recruited to collingwood in the vfl . starcevich made his vfl debut in 1987 with the collingwood football club . the key position player came off the bench in collingwood 's 1990 premiership side and was a solid contributor during the 1990 afl grand final . he played 124 games , kicking 162 goals for collingwood before moving to the brisbane bears in 1994 . he went on to play 20 games for 16 goals for the bears before retiring at the end of 1995 . following his retirement from afl football , starcevich has become one of the most prominent fitness trainers in the afl , providing his services to the brisbane lions and being part of premiership success with his conditioning work . in 2006 he was recruited as part of the st kilda football club 's head of training services in an attempt to turn around the club 's large injury list in the 2005 season . during the 2006 pre-season starcevich adopted a controversial policy whereby players were banned from wearing thongs , citing the fact that they could increase the risk of injuries to feet . he left the saints before the 2007 season citing `` family reasons '' . in march 2007 , starcevich joined a-league team queensland roar as strength and conditioning coach . - originalteam is east perth -lrb- wafl -rrb- - debutstadium is victoria park - birth date is 16 may 1967 - statsend is 1995 - clubs is collingwood brisbane bears - debutopponent is sydney swans - name is craig starcevich - debutdate is round 1 , 1987 - debutteam is collingwood - years is 1987 '' ' -- 1993 1994 -- 1995 '' ` total
hyperpartisan_news_detection	byarticle	Consider this news article text: "<p>Money ( <a href="https://farm8.static.flickr.com/7020/6551534889_9c8ae52997.jpg" type="external">Image</a> by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/68751915@N05/" type="external">401(K) 2013</a>) <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/" type="external">Permission</a> <a type="internal">Details</a> <a type="internal">DMCA</a></p> No Pill Can Stop Tinnitus, But This 1 Weird Trick Can <p>The walls are closing in on Congress.</p> <p>Terrifying walls of water from Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, which, when the damage is totaled, could rise to a half trillion dollars. The Walls of War: The multi-trillion dollar ongoing cost of Afghanistan, Iraq and other interventions. The crumbling walls of the U.S. infrastructure, which need at least $3 trillion to be repaired or replaced. A wall of 11 million undocumented immigrants, whose deportation could easily cost $200 billion. The planned wall at the Mexican border, which some estimates place at $67 billion. Then there is the Wall of All, the $20 trillion national debt. The walls of debt are closing in.</p> <p>At moments of crisis in our nation, in addition to invoking the assistance of Higher powers, we can call upon the Constitution for guidance.</p> <p>Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution contains a long-forgotten provision, "the coinage clause," which empowered Congress "to coin (create) Money." The ability to create money to meet the needs of the nation is a sovereign power, which enables a nation to have control of its own destiny.</p> <p>The same article indicates the Founders anticipated having to borrow money on the full faith and credit of the United States. Enter the Funding Act of 1790, which assumed and paid off the debt of the colonies and retired the financial obligations of the newly created states now united. This was a powerful, object lesson in debt retirement, relevant today.</p> <p>It is abundantly clear from a plain reading of the coinage clause that the Founders never intended that the only way the government was to..." Does it follow a hyperpartisan argumentation? True or False? True
hyperpartisan_news_detection	byarticle	"<p>Donald Trump ran on many braggadocios and largely unrealistic campaign promises. One of <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/16/politics/trump-infrastructure/index.html" type="external">those promises</a> was to be the best, the hugest, the most competent infrastructure president the United States has ever seen. Trump was going to fix every infrastructure problem in the country and Make America Great Again in the process.</p> <p>That is, unless you’re a brown American. In that case, you’re on your own, even after a massive natural disaster like Hurricane Maria.</p> <p>Puerto Rico’s debt, which the Puerto Rican citizens not in government would have no responsibility for, has nothing to do with using federal emergency disaster funds to save the lives of American citizens there. The infrastructure is certainly a mess at this point after a Category 5 hurricane ripped through the island, and <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/16-percent-puerto-rico-power-weeks-hurricane-maria/story?id=50417366" type="external">84 percent</a> of Puerto Rican people are currently without electricity.</p> <p>Emergency efforts after Hurricanes Irma and Harvey reportedly went very well and Trump praised himself as well and even saw his disastrous approval ratings tick up slightly as a result. However, the insufficient response in Puerto Rico has nothing to do with Trump, in his mind, and can only be blamed on the people there who do not live in a red state and have no electoral college votes to offer the new president for 2020.</p> <p>They’re on their own.</p> <p>Twitter responded with sheer incredulity at Trump’s vicious attack on an already suffering people.</p> Featured image screengrab via <p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4pMxaH5oxs&t=57s" type="external">YouTube</a></p>" The news article text above follows a hyperpartisan argumentation. True or False? True
hyperpartisan_news_detection	byarticle	"<p>In response to Joyce Newman’s recent letter about a conversation about guns: According to the National Right to Life Organization, approximately 600,000 babies are murdered every year by Planned Parenthood with more than 52 million murdered since Roe v. Wade. This makes Planned Parenthood the biggest mass murderer in the history of the world. Is she willing to have a serious conversation about that? Where is her outrage over that?</p> <p>More people die every year from overdoses or auto accidents then from guns. More people die every year from obesity then from guns. Where is her outrage over those issues?</p> <p>The left’s obsession with gun “control” is just that, control. It has always been about Democrats wanting to control every aspect of your life. They support Planned Parenthood but go ballistic when a gun is used to kill someone. It’s the old game of “don’t pay any attention to what’s going on over there, but look what’s happening here.”</p>" We must consume the news article above with caution as it exhibits prejudiced allegiance towards one group or cause. True or False? True
hyperpartisan_news_detection	byarticle	"<p>After Colin Kaepernick rightly chose to kneel during the national anthem before NFL games, many racists and idiots came out with critical response to what was a peaceful, important statement against police brutality and systemic American racism. That’s what Kap’s protest is about. Brutality and racism. Violence against people of color, unimpugned state violence at that.</p> <p>Kap’s protest is strictly against racism, which is what this country was built on. On the backs of African slaves shipped here catch-style to do white people’s work.</p> <p>Kap’s protest is decidedly not against the American flag. Anyone — including our moron President — that tries to argue otherwise is themselves a moron. “But the troops!” you might scream. The troops are a manifold and variegated thing. <a href="https://twitter.com/UncleChaps/status/911927134351970309" type="external">Here’s a former Marine saying</a>that Kap’s protest is nececcesary. Chaps is good. Many of them fight for Kaepernick’s right to stand down during the national anthem. You want to shit on those troops too?</p> <p>Here’s a picture of <a href="http://www.sbnation.com/college-football/players/207989/laremy-tunsil" type="external">Laremy Tunsil</a>, a wonderful and beautiful left tackle, kneeling out of solidarity with fellow Americans before Sunday’s game against the <a href="http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/teams/new-york-jets" type="external">New York Jets</a>, which the <a href="http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/teams/miami-dolphins" type="external">Dolphins</a> lost, 20-6. That doesn’t matter at all, though.</p> <p>He kneels at left.</p> <p>Hat off to Tunsil for this action. “Respecting the flag” and “respecting the anthem” before football games are perhaps the dumbest notions floated among sports fans. Sporting events are not flag-worthy at all. Nobody else in the world does this. Further, THESE ATHLETES ARE HUMAN PEOPLE. <a..." The news article above takes an extreme left-wing or right-wing standpoint. True or False? True
hyperpartisan_news_detection	byarticle	"<p>Almost a half-century ago, in 1968, the United States seemed to be falling apart.</p> <p>The Vietnam War, a bitter and close presidential election, antiwar protests, racial riots, political assassinations, terrorism and a recession looming on the horizon left the country divided between a loud radical minority and a silent conservative majority.</p> <p>The United States avoided a civil war. But America suffered a collective psychological depression, civil unrest, defeat in Vietnam and assorted disasters for the next decade -- until the election of a once-polarizing Ronald Reagan ushered in five consecutive presidential terms of relative bipartisan calm and prosperity from 1981 to 2001.</p> <p>It appears as if 2017 might be another 1968. Recent traumatic hurricanes seem to reflect the country's human turmoil.</p> <p>After the polarizing Obama presidency and the contested election of Donald Trump, the country is once again split in two.</p> <p>But this time the divide is far deeper, both ideologically and geographically -- and more 50/50, with the two liberal coasts pitted against red-state America in between.</p> <p>Century-old mute stone statues are torn down in the dead of night, apparently on the theory that by attacking the Confederate dead, the lives of the living might improve.</p> <p>All the old standbys of American life seem to be eroding. The National Football League is imploding as it devolves into a political circus. Multimillionaire players refuse to stand for the national anthem, turning off millions of fans whose former loyalties paid their salaries.</p> <p>Politics -- or rather a progressive hatred of the provocative Donald Trump -- permeates almost every nook and cranny of popular culture.</p> <p>The new allegiance of the media, late-night television, stand-up comedy, Hollywood, professional sports and universities is committed to liberal sermonizing. Politically correct obscenity and vulgarity among celebrities and entertainers is a substitute for talent, even as Hollywood is..." The publisher of the news piece above has reported strongly in favor of one political side and seems to have ignored the other side. True or False? False
hyperpartisan_news_detection	byarticle	Consider this news piece: "<p>Briefly: In our opinion, full (150% of the regular full position) speculative short positions in gold, silver and mining stocks are justified from the risk/reward perspective at the moment of publishing this alert.</p> <p>Gold moved back and forth on Friday and the accompanying volume was high, but that’s not the only important thing that we can discuss today. The week is over and we have weekly changes and weekly volume levels to analyze and we saw major moves in the important ratios. Additionally, we discovered a self-similar pattern in gold that has critical and volatile implications going forward.</p> <p>Let’s start with Friday’s session and the changes in the gold market (chart courtesy of <a href="http://stockcharts.com/" type="external">http://stockcharts.com</a>).</p> <a href="https://www.sunshineprofits.com/media/cms_page_media/2017/12/4/1_BNTrL7o.png" type="external" /> <p>Gold moved sharply back and forth as both positive and negative data was released and ultimately it ended the session a few dollars higher (based on kitco’s prices, the closing price was $1,279.60). Why was the reaction so significant? The reason could be technical – the apex of the triangle was likely to be accompanied by a turnaround and since we just saw a more visible top a couple of days ago and apparently gold doesn’t want to form a bottom here, then the only remaining outcome is a local daily top that doesn’t change much – which is what we saw.</p> <p>Why do we think that gold doesn’t want to bottom here? Because if it did, it would have ended Friday’s session much higher.</p> <a href="https://www.sunshineprofits.com/media/cms_page_media/2017/12/4/2_I8jpobb.png" type="external" /> The USD Index moved lower, so gold had a good reason to close the session visibly higher, especially that it moved quite high on an intraday basis. Yet, it declined before the session was over and closed only insignificantly higher. <p>If gold doesn’t want to move higher,..." It exhibits blind, prejudiced, or unreasoning allegiance to one party, faction, cause, or person. True or False? True
hyperpartisan_news_detection	byarticle	Consider this news piece: "<p>When the Graham-Cassidy bill failed to reach the Senate floor last week, the media wanted to put a stake in the heart of the administration’s agenda, declaring all Obamacare repeal efforts to be dead. For the millions of Americans struggling under the Affordable Care Act regime, however, the fight to make lemonade out of lemons must continue this fall.</p> <p>Luckily, conservatives in Congress who want to see the end of Obamacare and understand the perils of inaction are not giving up.</p> <p>Earlier this week, America Rising Squared, a conservative policy organization which I lead, issued a <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/360054557/Five-Proactive-Steps-That-Congress-Can-Take-ToCurtail-The-Obamacare-Disaster-in-2017" type="external">path forward</a>. We outline five popular conservative actions Congress and the president can take by the end of the year to protect taxpayers and those disproportionately harmed by the ACA while the larger repeal effort remains delayed until next year.</p> <p>The first step is to protect them from new Obamacare taxes coming in January.</p> <p>Americans should be encouraged to know that conservatives in the Senate have <a href="https://www.gardner.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/gardner-authors-proposal-to-delay-costly-health-insurance-tax" type="external">introduced legislation</a> to stop the health insurance tax and the medical device tax. Cory Gardner (R-Colo.) and 10 fellow conservative senators, including Ted Cruz (R-Texas) and Ron Johnson (R-Wis.), introduced legislation last week to stop the insurance tax. In the House, a bipartisan effort is underway to do the same, led by Republican Rep. Kristi Noem of South Dakota and Democratic Rep. Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona.</p> <p>These members of Congress understand that Obamacare taxes will harm Americans of all walks of life, and will disproportionately harm seniors and small businesses. In all, if Congress fails to act, the health insurance tax would amount to a new annual <a..." It exhibits extreme one-sidedness to a single group of individuals or cause. True or False? True
hyperpartisan_news_detection	bypublisher	"<p>When explaining her decision to reevaluate Title IX guidelines as they pertain to sexual assault on college campuses, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/betsy-devos-overhaul-obama-era-guidance-campus-sex-assault-n799471" type="external">said</a>: “Every survivor of sexual misconduct must be taken seriously. Every student accused of sexual misconduct must know that guilt is not predetermined.”</p> <p>The Obama administration’s changes to Title IX have been <a href="" type="internal">criticized</a> for, among other things, substantially lowering the burden of proof as it pertains to sexual assault, as well as denying elements of due process to the accused.</p> <p>However, many progressives are lashing out at DeVos because they hate her, and also rape culture and stuff.</p> <p>Perhaps the most grotesque attack came when Rob Ranco, a Texas attorney, tweeted Friday that “I'm not wishing for it … but I'd be ok if #BetsyDevos was sexually assaulted. #Sexual Assault #TitleIX.”</p> <p><a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/sep/9/rob-ranco-texas-lawyer-says-he-would-be-ok-if-bets/" type="external">The Washington Times</a> reports that in several other tweets (condensed for this publication), Ranco wrote: “Perhaps Betsy doesn’t understand how horrible rape is. She’s made the world more dangerous for my daughters. I need her to understand,” and “Make the world more dangerous for my daughters — intentionally — and your well being is not my concern. Full stop.”</p> <p>Ranco's additional tweets don't make his first one any less vile.</p> <p>In the wake of the overwhelming negative response, Ranco locked his Twitter profile, then <a href="https://www.redstate.com/brandon_morse/2017/09/09/cowardly-austin-lawyer-wished-sexual-assault-betsy-devos-locked-twitter-account/" type="external">deleted</a> it.</p> <p>Many on social media are calling for the attorney to be fired..." How would you describe the political leaning of the publisher who reported the news piece above? Please choose one of these options: right, right-center, least, left-center, and left. right
hyperpartisan_news_detection	bypublisher	"<p>A Florida university will honor Trayvon Martin with a posthumous Bachelor of Science Degree in Aviation at a May 13 commencement ceremony. The degree will be accepted by his parents, Tracy Martin and Sabrina Fulton.</p> <p>Seventeen-year-old Martin was killed in February of 2012 by former neighborhood watch captain George Zimmerman, who is Hispanic, in self-defense. After a long, racially-charged public debate and court trial, Zimmerman was completely exonerated in July of 2013.</p> <p>Florida Memorial University officially <a href="https://www.facebook.com/FLMemorialUniv/" type="external">announced</a>the posthumous degree via Facebook on Wednesday.</p> <p>"The University will confer upon TRAYVON MARTIN a posthumous degree in Aeronautical Science with a concentration in Flight Education, in honor of the steps he took during his young life toward becoming a pilot," says the Facebook post. "This particular Bachelor’s degree is designated for those studying to be pilots. Martin’s parents, both social justice activists and co-founders of The Trayvon Martin Foundation ... will accept the degree on behalf of their son."</p> <p>“Of special significance is awarding posthumously the Bachelor of Science Degree in Aviation to Trayvon Martin. Sybrina, our alum, epitomizes strength and dignity as she uplifts other victims of violence while effecting change for a more equal and just society," said Florida Memorial University President Dr. Roslyn Clark Artis.</p> <p>Additionally, the school will host a post-commencement fundraiser which will partly support The Trayvon Martin Foundation.</p>" The news piece above gives the readers a biased view of political news. How would you decribe the bias? right, right-center, least, left-center, or left? right
hyperpartisan_news_detection	bypublisher	"<p>Nov. 15 (UPI) — Texas State University has suspended all Greek life activity on campus after a pledge died after attending an event hosted by a university fraternity.</p> <p>Police officers found Matthew Ellis, a 20-year-old Phi Kappa Psi pledge, dead on Monday after they responded to an off-campus call. Ellis attended a Greek life event on Sunday hosted by fraternity members, but it is unclear if the event was hosted by one fraternity or multiple fraternities.</p> <p>Although an autopsy has been ordered, <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hazing-in-america/texas-state-university-suspends-greek-life-activity-after-frat-pledge-n820946" type="external">a preliminary investigation suggested alcohol poisoning</a> as a factor in the student’s death.</p> <p>Phi Kappa Psi Executive Director Mark Guidi said that the organization is “heartbroken.”</p> <p>“Our thoughts and prayers are with his family, friends and the entire TSU student body during this difficult time,” Giudi said.</p> <p>Texas State University President Denise M. Trauth <a href="http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2017/November-2017/Greeks111417.html" type="external">released a statement</a> announcing the suspension of Greek life activity on campus.</p> <p>“I am deeply saddened by the tragic death of one of our students who attended an off-campus social event on Sunday evening hosted by members of a university fraternity,” Trauth said.</p> <p>“As a result of this tragedy, I have suspended activities of all Greek fraternity and sorority chapters at Texas State. These chapters are prohibited from holding new-member events, chapter meetings, social functions, and philanthropic activities until a thorough review of the Greek Affairs system is completed.”</p> <p>Trauth also said Vice President for Student Affairs Dr. Joanne Smith would “immediately initiate this review” and would “propose recommendations” for the Greek chapters..." The news piece above offers a biased view of political news. Which of the following options do you agree with? right, right-center, least, left-center, or left? right-center
hyperpartisan_news_detection	bypublisher	"<p>Against the backdrop of an increasingly polarized political landscape, one organization is issuing a clarion call for collective unity and understanding. On Tuesday, Acheinu, a Jewish missionary group working to draw Jews closer to the traditional core of Judaism, is holding a <a href="http://dayofjewishunity.com/" type="external">Day of Jewish Unity</a> to consolidate the disparate voices of the diaspora in a seven-hour period (7 am- 2pm) of sober reflection.</p> <p /> <p>“Orchestrated by the Acheinu organization, the Day of Jewish Unity was born: a revolutionary initiative designed to unify all Jewish people from around the world in a day of prayer on behalf of the current -and cautioning – state of affairs, both nationally and internationally,” explains the event’s webpage.</p> <p>Under the hashtag #DayofJewishUnity, Acheinu is working to mobilize one million Jews of varied ideological orientations from around the world to take a step back and reexamine the often petty and disorienting political divisions that divide us. The event is open to people of all faiths, but Acheinu is specifically marketing its message to Jews, many of whom have felt marginalized or overshadowed by the forceful social currents of grievance-based identity politics.</p> <p>Watch Acheinu’s promotional video below:</p> <p><a href="https://vimeo.com/182868992" type="external">Will the character assassination ever stop...</a> from <a href="https://vimeo.com/dayofjewishunity" type="external">Day of Jewish Unity</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com" type="external">Vimeo</a>.</p> <p>In previous years, the annual Day of Jewish Unity has galvanized hundreds of thousands of people from Jerusalem to New York City, thanks to Acheinu’s powerful videos and promotional material. In fact, the organization drew a record-setting 500,000 participants in the 2015 event. This year, they plan on doubling that.</p> <p>As Americans, and quite frankly, people across the world, set to watch what will likely..." Based on the news piece above, which of the following options best captures the publisher's poltical position? Options: right, right-center, least, left-center, and left. right
hyperpartisan_news_detection	bypublisher	Consider this news piece: "<p>President-elect Donald Trump has reached an agreement with United Technologies (UTC) to keep 1,000 Carrier jobs in the state of Indiana, according to CNBC. Both Trump's transition and Carrier have confirmed that a deal has indeed been struck.</p> <p>BREAKING: Trump team and United Technologies reach agreement on keeping close to 1,000 factory jobs in Carrier plant in Indiana - sources</p> <p>We are pleased to have reached a deal with President-elect Trump &amp; VP-elect Pence to keep close to 1,000 jobs in Indy. More details soon.</p> <p>The company had planned on moving thousands of jobs to Mexico, to the chagrin of workers and labor groups. On Thanksgiving Day, Trump said via Twitter that he was “working hard” to “get Carrier A.C. company to stay in the U.S. (Indiana).” After days of negotiation with Carrier, he seems to have succeeded in keeping his campaign promise.</p> <p>I am working hard, even on Thanksgiving, trying to get Carrier A.C. Company to stay in the U.S. (Indiana). MAKING PROGRESS - Will know soon!</p> <p>Manufacturing jobs have been increasingly exported to foreign countries, including China and Mexico over the last few decades. Hundreds of thousands of blue collar workers have been laid off as a result. American manufacturers say, however, that in order to stay competitive in the global economy they need to keep costs low. The most efficient way to do that is to hire cheap foreign labor. Carrier Corp was looking to follow this formula to keep profit margins in the green.</p> <p>“The jobs at Carrier Corp. are on the way to Mexico because the company concluded that it could not stay competitive and reward its shareholders unless it took advantage of lower production costs south of the border,” <a href="http://www.courant.com/business/hc-trump-carrier-20161128-story.html" type="external">reports</a> CNBC. “Things are as simple as that…”</p> <p>But Trump (or Mike Pence, who is still the governor of Indiana) managed to..." Its publisher exhibits a political bias through their reporting of the news. Which of these options do you agree with regarding the said bias? Options: right, right-center, least, left-center, and left. right
ambig_qa	light	Here's a question-answer pair: When did the simpsons first air on television? December 17, 1989. Is the question ambiguous? If so, generate a better question suitable for the answer. Otherwise, output the same question. When did the Simpsons first air as a half-hour prime time show?
ambig_qa	light	What are the possible answers to the question "Who played george washington in the john adams series?"? Use semi-colons to separate your answers if you have multiple answers. David Morse
ambig_qa	light	Given the question "What is the legal age of marriage in usa?", generate all the possible answers, separated by semi-colon. 18 years of age; 18; 19; 21; 0
ambig_qa	light	Is "Mildred Natwick" an acceptable answer to "Who starred in barefoot in the park on broadway as Victor Velasco?"? Yes or no? No
ambig_qa	light	Question: When did the manhattan project began and end? Answer: Began 1939, end 1946 Knowing that the question can be ambiguous, can you perform question disambiguation by generating a question such that "Began 1939, end 1946" is a more suitable answer? If you deem that the question is not ambiguous, generate the same question given above. Based on the initial thoughts of the project, when did the Manhattan project begin and end?
cos_e	v1.0	If a lantern is not for sale, where is it likely to be? Choose the most suitable option to answer the above question. Options: - antique shop - house - dark place house
cos_e	v1.0	Which group is the cover for tonight's musical program? Choose the most suitable option to answer the above question. Options： A. concert B. opera C. television A
cos_e	v1.0	Where is the most likely place for more than one stadium? - rome - college town - large city The best answer is large city
cos_e	v1.0	Question: When you drive and see someone walking across the street what do we do? Options: - stop - walking - passenger The answer is "stop" because pedestrians always have right of way.
cos_e	v1.0	Here's a question: Bob asked James to be an alibi witness for him but James is worried about committing perjury. He's afraid he'll be found out and he'll what? Here are possible answers to this question: - go to jail - embarrassment - penalty I believe the correct choice is "go to jail", here's why: perjury is a crime that leads to jail time
cos_e	v1.0	Question: The weasel was sifting through garbage, where did it look for it? Choices: - hollow log - backyards - law office The rationale to choose "backyards" as the answer is that: the backyard most likely contains the garbage weasels look for.
cos_e	v1.0	What happens when someone is playing too aggressively? A. injury B. get hungry C. feeling happy The best answer is A

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