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4.3 Defining International -Level and National -Level Athletes 4.3.1 Code Article 5.2 gives different Anti -Doping Organizations authority to conduct Testing on potentially very large pools of Athletes .
However, in recognition of the finite resources of Anti -Doping Organizations , the Code definition of Athlete allows National Anti-Doping Organizations to limit the number of Athletes who will be subject to thei r national anti -doping programs (in particular, Testing) to those who compete at the highest national levels (i.e., National -Level Athletes , as defined by the National Anti -Doping Organization).
It also allows International Federations to focus their anti -doping programs (including Testing) on those who compete regularly at the international level (i.e., International -Level Athletes , as defined by the International Federation).
[Comment to 4.3.
1: Nothing prevents an International Federation from Testing an Athlete under its authority who is not an International -Level Athlete, if it sees fit, e.g., ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 20 of 92 where they are competing in an International Event.
Furthermore, as set out in the Code definition of Athlete, a National Anti -Doping Organization may decide to extend its anti -doping program (including Testing) to Athletes who compete below national level.
However, the main focus of an International Federation's Test Distribution Plan should be Interna tional -Level Athletes, and the main focus of a National Anti -Doping Organization's Test Distribution Plan should be National -Level Athletes and above.]
4.3.2 Therefore, once the Risk Assessment and the Test Distribution Plan described in Article 4.2 are complete d, the next step is to determine an appropriate definition of International -Level Athlete (for an International Federation), or National -Level Athlete (for a National Anti -Doping Organization) who are going to be subject to Testing by an Anti-Doping Organization : a) An International Federation is free to determine the criteria it will use to classify Athletes as International -Level Athletes , e.g., by ranking, by participation in particular International Events , etc.
It should make that determination in g ood faith, in accordance with its responsibility to protect the integrity of the sport at the international level (the showcase of the sport to the public), by fixing a definition that shall, at a minimum (and in accordance with the Risk Assessment undertaken in connection with the relevant sport/sports discipline), include those Athletes who compete regularly at an international level and/or who compete at a standard at which world records may be set.
[Comment to 4.3.2 (a): The Code requires each Internati onal Federation to publish in clear and concise form the criteria it uses to classify Athletes as International -Level Athletes, so that it is clear to everyone where the line is drawn.
For example, if the criteria include competing in certain International Events, then the International Federation shall publish a list of those International Events.]
b) Similarly, a National Anti -Doping Organization is free to determine the criteria it will use to classify Athletes as National -Level Athletes .
Again, it should make that determination in good faith, in accordance with its responsibility to protect the integrity of the sport at the national level (the source of national pride in different sports, and the steppingstone to international Competition, including representation of the nation in International Events or Competitions ).
Consequently, the definition shall at a minimum (and in accordance with the Risk Assessment undertaken in connection with the relevant sport/sports discipline) include those who c ompete at the highest levels of national Competition in the sport in question (i.e., in national championships or other Events that determine or count towards determining who are the best in the country in the category/discipline in question, and/or who ma y be selected to represent the country in International Events or Competitions ).
It shall also include those nationals of its country who generally or often compete at an international level and/or in International Events or Competitions (rather than at the national level) but who are not classified as International -Level Athletes by their International Federation.
4.4 Prioritizing Between Sports and/or Disciplines 4.4.1 Next, the Anti -Doping Organization shall consider whether there are any factor s warranting allocati on of Testing resources to one sport or discipline or nation (as applicable) in priority to others and shall take into account without limitation their ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 21 of 92 calendar of Events .
This means having assessed the relative risks of doping: a) In the case of an International Federation, allocating Testing between the different disciplines and nations , within its sport.
b) In the case of a National Anti -Doping Organization, allocating Testing between the different sports as well as any national anti -doping policy imperatives that may lead it to prioritize certain sports over others.
[Comment to 4.4.1 (b): National Anti -Doping Organizations will have varying national policy requirements and priorities.
For example, one National Anti - Doping Organization may have legitimate reasons to prioritize (some or all) Olympic sports while another may have legitimate reasons, because of different characteristics of that sporting nation, to prioritize for example certain other ‘national’ sports.
These policy imperatives are a relevant consideration in the National Anti -Doping Organization’s test distribution planning, alongside its assessm ent of the relative risks of doping in the various sports played within its national jurisdiction.
They may lead, for example, to a National Anti -Doping Organization deciding, in its Test Distribution Plan , for a particular period, (1) to allocate Testing to some sports within its jurisdiction but not others; and (2) to priori tize certain sports over others due not to a greater risk of doping in those sports but to a greater national interest in ensuring the integrity of those sports.]
c) In the case of a Major Event Organization, allocating Testing between the different sports and/or disciplines involved in its Event .
d) Another factor relevant to the allocation of Testing resources within the Test Distribution Plan will be the number of Athletes involved at the relevant level in the sport(s) and/or discipline(s) and/or nation(s) in question.
Where the risk of doping is assessed to be equal between two different sports or disciplines or nations, more resources should be devoted to the sport or discipline or nation involving the larger number of Athletes .
4.5 Prioritizing Between Different Athletes 4.5.1 Once the International -Level Athletes and National -Level Athletes have been defined (see Article 4.3), and the priority sports/disciplines/nations have been established (see Article 4.4), an intelligent Test Distribution Plan uses Target Testing to focus Testing resources where they are most needed within the overall pool of Athletes.
Target Testing shall therefore be made a priority, i.e., a significant amount of the Testing undertaken as part of an Anti -Doping Organization’s Test Distribution Plan shall be Target Testing of Athletes within its overall pool.
[Comment to 4.5.1: Target Testing is a priority because random Testing, or even weighted random Testing, does not ensure that all the appropriate Athletes will be tested enough.
The Code does not impose any reasonable suspicion or probable cause requirement for Target Test ing.
However, Target Testing should not be used for any purpose other than legitimate Doping Control.]
4.5.2 Anti-Doping Organizations shall consider conducting Target Testing on the following categories of Athletes : ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 22 of 92 a) For International Federations, Athletes (especially from its priority disciplines or nations) who compete regularly at the highest level of international Competition (e.g., candidates for Olympic, Paralympic or World Championship medals), as determined by rankings or other suitable criteria.
b) For National Anti -Doping Organizations , the following Athletes from its priority sports: (i) Athletes who are part of national teams in major Events (e.g., Olympic Paralympic, World Championship and other multi -sport Events ) or other sports of high national priority (or who might be selected for such teams); (ii) Athletes who train independently but perform at major Events (e.g., Olympic Games , Paralympic Games , World Championship and other multi -sport Events ) and may be selected for such Events ; (iii) Athletes in receipt of public funding; (iv) National Level Athletes who reside, train or compete abroad; [Comment to 4.5.2 (b) (iv): Even if National Level Athletes are not residing or training within the National Anti -Doping Organization’s country, it is still that National Anti -Doping Organization’s responsibility to ensure those Athletes are subject to testing abroad.
The fact that an Athlete resides or frequently trains abroad is not a valid reason not to test them.]
(v) National Level Athletes who are nationals of other countries but who are present (whether residing, training, competing or otherwise) within the National Anti -Doping Organization’s country; and (vi) In collaboration with International Federations, International -Level Athletes .
c) For all Anti -Doping Organizations with Testing Authority : (i) Athletes serving a period of Ineligibility or a Provisional Suspension; and (ii) Athletes who were high priority for Testing before they retired from the sport and who now wish to return from retirement to active participation in the sport.
[Comment to 4.5.2: Coordination between the International Federations, National Anti -Doping Organizations and other Anti-Doping Organizations shall occur in accordance with Article 4.9.]
4.5.3 Other individual factors relevant to determining which Athletes shall be the subject of Target Testing shall also be considered by the Anti -Doping Organization.
Relevant factors may include (but are not limited to): a) Prior anti -doping rule violations, Test history, including any abnormal biological parameters (blood parameters, steroid profiles, as recommended by an APMU , etc.
); ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 23 of 92 b) Sport performance history, performance pattern, and/or high performance without a commensurate Test record; c) Repeated failure to meet whereabouts requirements; d) Suspicious whereabouts patterns (e.g., last -minute updates of whereabouts information) ; e) Moving to or training in a remote location; f) Withdrawal or absence from expected Competition(s) ; g) Association with a third party (such as a team -mate, coach or doctor) with a history of involvement in doping; h) Injury ; i) Age/stage of career (e.g., move from junior to senior level, nearing end of contract, approaching retirement); j) Financial incentives for improved performance, such as prize money or sponsorship opportunities; and/or k) Reliable information from a third party, or intelligence developed by or shared with the Anti-Doping Organization in accordance with Article 11.
4.5.4 Testing which is not Target Testing shall be determined by Random Selection and should be conducted in accordance with the selection options in the Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testi ng Program.
Random Selection shall be conducted using a documented system for such selection.
Random Selection may be either weighted (where Athletes are ranked using pre -determined criteria in order to increase or decrease the chances of selection) or completely random (where no pre- determined criteria are considered, and Athletes are chosen arbitrarily from a list or pool of Athlete names).
Random Selection that is weighted shall be prioritized and be conducted according to defined criteria which may take into account the factors listed in Article 4.5.2 and 4.5.3 (as applicable) in order to ensure that a greater percentage of ‘at risk’ Athletes are selected.
[Comment to 4.5.4: In addition to Target Testing, Testing by Random Selection can play an important deterrent role, as well as helping to protect the integrity of an Event.]
4.5.5 For the avoidance of doubt, notwithstanding the development of criteria for select ion of Athletes for Testing, and in particular for Target Testing of Athletes , as well as the fact that as a general rule Testing shall take place between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m. unless (i) , the Athlete stipulates a 60- minute timeslot from 5 a.m. or, (ii) valid grounds exist for Testing overnight (i.e., between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m.), the fundamental principle remains (as set out in Code Article 5.2) that an Athlete may be required to provide a Sample at any time and at any place by any Anti -Doping Organization with authority to conduct Testing, whether or not the selection of the Athlete for Testing is in accordance with such criteria.
Accordingly, an Athlete may not refuse to submit to Sample collection on the basis that such Testing is not provided for in the Ant i-Doping Organization’s Test ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 24 of 92 Distribution Plan and/or is not being conducted between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m., and/or that the Athlete does not meet the relevant selection criteria for Testing or otherwise should not have been selected for Testing.
4.6 Prioritizing Between Different Types of Testing and Samples 4.6.1 Based on the Risk Assessment and prioritization process described in Articles 4.2 to 4.5, the Anti -Doping Organization must determine to what extent each of the following types of Testing is requi red in order to detect and deter doping practices within the relevant sport(s), discipline(s) and/or nation(s), intelligently and effectively: a) In-Competition Testing and Out-of-Competition Testing; (i) In sports and/or disciplines that are assessed as having a high risk of doping during Out-of-Competition periods, Out-of-Competition Testing shall be made a priority, and a significant portion of the available Testing shall be conducted Out-of-Competition .
However, a material amount of In-Competition Testing shall still take place.
(ii) In sports and/or disciplines that are assessed as having a low risk of doping during Out-of-Competition periods (i.e., where it can be clearly shown that doping while Out -of-Competition is unlikely to enhance performance or provide other illicit advantages), In -Competition Testing shall be made a priority, and a significant portion of the available Testing shall be conducted In-Competition .
However, some Out-of-Competition Testing shall still take place, proportionate to the risk of Out-of-Competition doping in such sport/discipline.
Very exceptionally, i.e., in the small number of sports and/or disciplines where it is determined in good faith that there is no material risk of doping during Out -of-Competition periods, there may be no Out-of-Competition Testing.
In these circumstances, the International Federation shall apply to WADA to seek an exemption from Out-of-Competition Tes ting in accordance with any protocol issued by WADA .
b) Testing of urine; c) Testing of blood; d) Testing involving longitudinal profiling, i.e., the Athlete Biological Passport program; and e) Testing of dried blood spots.
[Comment to 4.6.1 (c), (d) and (e): The requirements for blood in this International Standard for Testing and Investigations apply, without limitation to Samples collected by venipuncture in accordance with Annex D - Collection of Venous Blood Samples and Annex I - Collection, Storage and Transport of Blood Athlete Biological Passport Samples and by capillary blood sampling in accordance with Annex J - Collection, Storage and Transport of Dried Blood Spot Samples; however, different requirements apply depending on the Sample Collection Equipment and the requested analyses e.g., specific requirements apply for dried blood spot Samples, which are collected and allowed to dry on an absorbent Sample support (i.e., dried blood spot cellulose card or ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 25 of 92 other equipment made of another material .]
4.7 Sample Analysis, Retention Strategy and F urther Analysis 4.7.1 Anti-Doping Organizations shall ask Laboratories to analyze Samples for the standard analysis menu based on whether the Sample was collected In-Competition or Out-of-Competition.
Anti -Doping Organizations may also consider undertaking more extensive Sample analysis for Prohibited Substances or Prohibited Methods beyond those contained (or the levels required) within the TDSSA based on the risk of the sport/discipline/country or any intelligence that the Anti-Doping Organization may receive.
4.7.2 An Anti-Doping Organization may apply to WADA for flexibility in the implementation of the minimum levels of analysis specified for Prohi bited Substances or Prohibited Methods as outlined in the TDSSA.
4.7.3 The Anti-Doping Organization shall develop a written strategy for retention of Samples and the documentation relating to the collection of such Samples so as to enable the Further Analysis of such Samples at a later date in accordance with Code Articles 6.5 and 6.6.
Such strategy shall comply with the requirements of the International Standard for Laboratories and the International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information, and shall take into account the purposes of analysis of Samples set out in Code Article 6.2, as well as (without limitation) the following elements: a) Laboratory and APMU recommendations; b) The possible need for retroactive analysis in connection with the Athlete Biological Passport program; c) New detection methods to be introduced in the future relevant to the Athlete , sport and/or discipline; d) Samples collected from Athletes meeting some or all of the crit eria set out at Article 4.5; e) Any other information made available to the Anti -Doping Organization justifying long- term storage or F urther Analysis of Samples at the Anti-Doping Organization’s discretion.
4.8 Collecting Whereabouts Information 4.8.1 Whereabouts information is not an end in itself, but rather a means to an end, namely the efficient and effective conduct of No Advance Notice Testing .
Therefore, where an Anti -Doping Organization has determined that it needs to conduct Testing (including Out-of-Competition Testing) on particular Athletes , it shall then consider how much information it needs about the whereabouts of those Athletes in order to conduct that Testing effectively and wi th no advance notice.
The Anti -Doping Organization must collect all of the whereabouts information that it needs to conduct the Testing identified in its Test Distribution Plan effectively and efficiently.
In addition, the amount of whereabouts information requested shall be proportional to the whereabouts pool and the number of times the Anti -Doping Organization intends to test the Athlete.
ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 26 of 92 4.8.2 In accordance with Code Articles 5.5 and 14.5, Anti -Doping Organizations may collect whereabouts information and shall use ADAMS to conduct effective Doping Control.
As a result, such information shall be automatically available through ADAMS to WADA and other relevant Anti -Doping Organizations with overlapping Testing Authority .
This information shall: a) Be maintained in strict confidence at all times; b) Be used for purposes of planning, coordinating or conducting Doping Control ; c) Be relevant to the Athlete Biological Passport or other analytical results; d) Support an investigation into a potential anti -doping rule violation; and/or e) Support proceedings alleging an anti -doping rule violation.
4.8.3 Where an Anti -Doping Organization has determined that it needs to conduct Out-of-Competition Testing on particular Athletes following its Risk Assessment (in accordance with Article 4.2) and the prioritiz ation steps (in Articles 4.3 to 4.7), it shall then consider how much whereabouts information it needs for those Athletes in order to conduct No Advance Notice Testing effectively.
4.8.4 The International Federation or National Anti-Doping Organization should consider adopting a ‘pyramid’ or ‘tiered approach’, placing Athletes into different whereabouts pools, referred to as the Registered Testing Pool, Testing pool and other pool(s), depending upon how much whereabouts information it needs to conduct the amount of Testing allocated to those Athletes in the Test Distribution Plan.
4.8.5 The International Federation or National Anti-Doping Organization shall be able to demonstrate to WADA that it has conducted an appropriate risk -based approach in allocating Athletes to their whereabouts pool(s) and has allocated sufficient Out-of-Competition Tests in its Test Distribution Plan as required in Articles 4.8.6.1 and 4.8.10.1.
4.8.6 Registered Testing Pool 4.8.6.1 The top tier is the Registered Testing Pool and includes Athletes that are subject to the greatest amount of Testing and are therefore required to provide whereabouts in accordance with Article 4.8.6.2.
Athletes in the Registered Testing Pool shall be subject to Code Article 2.4 Whereabouts Requirements .
An International Federation or a National Anti -Doping Organization shall consider the following criteria for including Athletes into a Registered Testing Pool: a) Athletes who meet the criteria listed in Articles 4.5.2 and 4.5.3; b) Athletes whom the International Federation or National Anti- Doping Organization plans to t est at least three (3) times per year Out -of-Competition (either independently or in agreed coordination w ith other ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 27 of 92 Anti-Doping Organizations with Testing Authority over the same Athletes ); c) Athletes who are part of the Anti-Doping Organization’s hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport program as required by the TDSSA; d) Athletes in a Testing pool who fail to comply with the applicable whereabouts requirements of that pool; e) Athletes for whom there is insufficient whereabouts information available from other sources for an International Federation or National Anti -Doping Organization to locate them for that Testing; f) Athletes in a Team Sport who are not part of Team Activities for a period of time (e.g., during the off -season); and g) Athletes who are serving a period of Ineligibility .
[Comment to 4.8.6.1: Following consideration of points a) to g) above and once the Athletes in the R egistered Testing Pool are determined, the International Federation or the National Anti -Doping Organization shall plan, independently or in coordination with other Anti -Doping Organizations , to test any Athlete included in the Registered Testing Pool a minimum of three (3) times O ut-of-Competition per year. ]
4.8.6.2 An Athlete who is in a Registered Testing Pool shall: a) Make quarterly Whereabouts Filings that provide accurate and complete information about the Athlete’s whereabouts during the forthcoming quarter, including identifying where they will be living, training and competing during that quarter, and to update those Whereabouts Filings where necessary, so that they can be located for Testing during that quarter a t the times and locations specified in the relevant Whereabouts Filing , as specified in Article 4.8.8.
A failure to do so may be declared a Filing Failure; and b) Specify in their Whereabouts Filings , for each day in the forthcoming quarter, one specific 60- minute time slot where they will be available at a specific location for Testing, as specified in Article 4.8.8.3 .
This does not limit in any way the Athlete’s Code Article 5.2 obligation to submit to Testing at any time and place upon request by an Anti -Doping Organization with authority to conduct Testing on them.
Nor does it limit their obligation to provide the information specified in Article 4.8.8.2 as to their whereabouts outside that 60- minute time slo t. However, if the Athlete is not available for Testing at such location during the 60- minute time slot specified for that day in their Whereabouts Filing, that failure may be declared a Missed Test .
[Comment to 4.8.6.2 (b): The purpose of the 60 -minute ti me slot is to strike a balance between the need to locate the Athlete for Testing and the impracticality and unfairness of making Athletes potentially ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 28 of 92 accountable for a Missed Test every time they depart from their previously -declared routine.]
4.8.6.3 Anti-Doping Organizations with authority to conduct Testing on an Athlete in a Registered Testing Pool shall conduct Out -of-Competition Testing on that Athlete using the Athlete’s Whereabouts Filing.
Although Code Article 2.4 Whereabouts Requirements include the prov ision of a 60- minute time slot, Testing shall not be limited to the 60 -minute time slot provided by the Athlete.
To ensure Out-of-Competition Testing is unpredictable to the Athlete , Anti-Doping Organizations shall also consider other whereabouts informati on provided e.g., regular activities to test the Athlete.
4.8.6.4 An International Federation or National Anti-Doping Organization that maintains a Registered Testing Pool shall use ADAMS to ensure that: a) The information provided by the Athlete is stored safely and securely; b) The information can be accessed by (i) authorized individuals acting on behalf of the International Federation or National Anti-Doping Organization (as applicable) on a need- to-know bas is only; (ii) WADA ; and (iii) other Anti-Doping Organizations with authority to conduct Testing on the Athlete in accordance with Code Article 5.2; and c) The information is maintained in strict confidence at all times, is used exclusively for the purposes se t out in Code Article 5.5 and is destroyed in accordance with the International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information once it is no longer relevant.
4.8.6.5 Athletes under the Testing Authority of a National Anti-Doping Organization and an International Federation should only be in one Registered Testing Pool.
While being included in more than one Registered Testing Pool is possible, Athletes shall only file one set of whereabouts information.
If the Athlete is included i n the International Federation’s Registered Testing Pool and in the National Anti-Doping Organization’s Registered Testing Pool (or in the Registered Testing Pool of more than one National Anti-Doping Organization or more than one International Federation) , then each of them shall notify in writing the Athlete that they are in its pool.
Prior to doing so, however, they shall agree between themselves to whom the Athlete shall provide their Whereabouts Filings , and that Anti -Doping Organization shall be the w hereabouts custodian.
Each notice sent to the Athlete shall specify that they shall provide their Whereabouts Filings to that Anti -Doping Organization only (and it will then share that information with the other, and with any other Anti-Doping Organizations having authority to conduct Testing on that Athlete).
[Comment to 4.8.6.5: If the respective Anti -Doping Organizations cannot agree between themselves which of them will take responsibility for collecting the Athlete’s whereabouts information, and for making it available to the other Anti-Doping Organizations with authority to test the Athlete, then they should each explain in writing to WADA how they believe the matter should be resolved, and WADA will decide based on the best interests of the Athlete.
ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 29 of 92 WADA’s decision will be final and may not be appealed.]
4.8.7 Entering and L eaving a Registered Testing Pool 4.8.7.1 The International Federation or National Anti -Doping Organization (as applicable) shall notify in writing each Athlete designated for inclusion in its Registered Testing Pool of the following: a) The fact that they have been included in its Registered Testing Pool with effect from a specified date in the future; b) The whereabouts requirements with which they shall therefore comply; c) The Consequences if they fail to comply with those whereabouts requirements; and d) That they may also be tested by other Anti-Doping Organizations with authority to conduct Testing.
[Comment to 4.8.7.1: This notification may be made through the National Federation or National Olympic Committee where the International Federation/National Anti -Doping Organization considers it appropriate or expedient to do so and ordinarily shall be made reasonably in advance of the Athlete being included in the Registered Testing Pool.
The notice shall also explain what the Athlete needs to do in order to comply with the Code Article 2.4 Whereabouts Requirements (or refer them to a website or other resource where they can find out that information).
Athletes included in a Registered Testing Pool shall be informed and should be educated so that they understand the whereabouts requirements that they must satisfy, how the whereabouts system works, the C onsequences of Filing Failures and Missed Tests , and their right to contest Filing Failures and Missed Tests that have been asserted against them.
Anti-Doping Organizations should also be proactive in helping Athletes avoid Filing Failures .
For example, many Anti -Doping Organizations systematically remind Athletes in their Registered Testing Pool of quarterly deadlines for Whereabouts Filings , and then follow up with those Athletes who have still not made the necessary filing as the deadline approaches.
However, Athletes remain fully responsible for complying with the filing requirements, irrespective of whether or not the Anti -Doping Organization has provided them with such support.]
4.8.7.2 An Athlete who has been included in a Registered Testing Pool shall continue to be subject to the Code Article 2.4 Whereabouts Requirements unless and until: a) They have been given written notice by each Anti -Doping Organization that included them in its Registered Testing Pool that they no longer meet the criteria for inclusion in its Registered Testing Pool ; or b) They retire from Competition in the sport in question in accordance with ISTI – Effective 1 January 2023 Page 30 of 92 the applicable rules and give written notice to that effect to each Anti-Doping Organization th at included them in its Registered Testing Pool .
[Comment to 4.8.7.2: The applicable rules may also require that written notice of retirement be sent to the Athlete’s National Federation.
Where an Athlete retires from but then returns to sport, the period of retirement shall be disregarded for purposes of calculating the 12- month period referred to in Code Article 2.4.]
4.8.8 Whereabouts Filing Requirements for Athletes in a Registered Testing Pool 4.8.8.1 Anti-Doping Organizations shall review Athletes ’ Whereabouts Filings to ensure they are submitted in accordance with Articles 4.8.8.2 and 4.8.8.3.