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Imagine looking at your hand, and knowing nothing of cells, nothing of biochemistry, nothing of DNA. You’ve learned some anatomy from dissection, so you know your hand contains muscles; but you don’t know why muscles move instead of lying there like clay. Your hand is just . . . stuff . . . and for some reason it moves...
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Phlogiston was the eighteenth century’s answer to the Elemental Fire of the Greek alchemists. Ignite wood, and let it burn. What is the orangey-bright “fire” stuff? Why does the wood transform into ash? To both questions, the eighteenth-century chemists answered, “phlogiston.” . . . and that was it, you see, that was ...
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The preview for the X-Men movie has a voice-over saying: “In every human being . . . there is the genetic code . . . for mutation.” Apparently you can acquire all sorts of neat abilities by mutation. The mutant Storm, for example, has the ability to throw lightning bolts. I beg you, dear reader, to consider the biolog...
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When I was young, I read popular physics books such as Richard Feynman’s QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. I knew that light was waves, sound was waves, matter was waves. I took pride in my scientific literacy, when I was nine years old. When I was older, and I began to read the Feynman Lectures on Physics,...
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<p><strong>Prerequisite / Read this first:</strong>&nbsp; <a href="/lw/in/scientific_evidence_legal_evidence_rational/">Scientific Evidence, Legal Evidence, Rational Evidence</a> </p><p>Consider the statement &quot;It is physically possible to construct <a href="http://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.html">di...
Prerequisite / Read this first:  Scientific Evidence, Legal Evidence, Rational Evidence Consider the statement "It is physically possible to construct diamondoid nanomachines which repair biological cells."  Some people will tell you that molecular nanotechnology is "pseudoscience" because it has not been verified by ...
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<p>Suppose that your good friend, the police commissioner, tells you in strictest confidence that the crime kingpin of your city is Wulky Wilkinsen. As a rationalist, are you licensed to believe this statement? Put it this way: if you go ahead and insult Wulky, I’d call you foolhardy. Since it is prudent to act as if W...
Suppose that your good friend, the police commissioner, tells you in strictest confidence that the crime kingpin of your city is Wulky Wilkinsen. As a rationalist, are you licensed to believe this statement? Put it this way: if you go ahead and insult Wulky, I’d call you foolhardy. Since it is prudent to act as if Wulk...
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<p>This essay is closely based on an <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801042830/http://csml.som.ohio-state.edu:80/Music829C/hindsight.bias.html">excerpt</a> from Meyers’s <i>Exploring Social Psychology</i>; the excerpt is worth reading in its entirety.</p><p>Cullen Murphy, editor of <i>The Atlantic</i>, said t...
This essay is closely based on an excerpt from Meyers’s Exploring Social Psychology; the excerpt is worth reading in its entirety. Cullen Murphy, editor of The Atlantic, said that the social sciences turn up “no ideas or conclusions that can’t be found in [any] encyclopedia of quotations . . . Day after day social sci...
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<p><em>Hindsight bias</em> is when people who know the answer vastly overestimate its <em>predictability</em> or <em>obviousness,</em> compared to the estimates of subjects who must guess without advance knowledge.&nbsp; Hindsight bias is sometimes called the <em>I-knew-it-all-along effect</em>.</p><p>Fischhoff and Bey...
Hindsight bias is when people who know the answer vastly overestimate its predictability or obviousness, compared to the estimates of subjects who must guess without advance knowledge.  Hindsight bias is sometimes called the I-knew-it-all-along effect. Fischhoff and Beyth (1975) presented students with historical acco...
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<p>I talked about a style of reasoning in which not a single contrary argument is allowed, with the result that every non-supporting observation has to be argued away. Here I suggest that when people encounter a contrary argument, they prevent themselves from downshifting their confidence by <em>rehearsing</em> already...
I talked about a style of reasoning in which not a single contrary argument is allowed, with the result that every non-supporting observation has to be argued away. Here I suggest that when people encounter a contrary argument, they prevent themselves from downshifting their confidence by rehearsing already-known suppo...
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<p><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/lw/gw/politics_is_the_mindkiller/">Politics is the mind-killer</a>.&nbsp; Debate is war, <a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/lw/gz/policy_debates_should_not_appear_onesided/">arguments are soldiers</a>.&nbsp; There is the temptation to search for ways to <a href="https://www.lesswro...
Politics is the mind-killer.  Debate is war, arguments are soldiers.  There is the temptation to search for ways to interpret every possible experimental result to confirm your theory, like securing a citadel against every possible line of attack.  This you cannot do.  It is mathematically impossible. For every expecta...
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Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld, a priest who heard the confessions of condemned witches, wrote in 1631 the Cautio Criminalis (“prudence in criminal cases”), in which he bitingly described the decision tree for condemning accused witches: If the witch had led an evil and improper life, she was guilty; if she had led a go...
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<p>From Robyn Dawes’s <i>Rational Choice in an Uncertain World</i>:</p><blockquote><p>In fact, this post-hoc fitting of evidence to hypothesis was involved in a most grievous chapter in United States history: the internment of Japanese-Americans at the beginning of the Second World War. When California governor Earl Wa...
From Robyn Dawes’s Rational Choice in an Uncertain World: > In fact, this post-hoc fitting of evidence to hypothesis was involved in a most grievous chapter in United States history: the internment of Japanese-Americans at the beginning of the Second World War. When California governor Earl Warren testified before a c...
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<p>One of the great weaknesses of Science is this mistaken idea that if an experiment contradicts the dominant theory, we should throw out the theory instead of the experiment.</p><p>Experiments <em>can</em> go awry.&nbsp; They can contain design flaws. They can be deliberately corrupted.&nbsp; They can be unconscious...
One of the great weaknesses of Science is this mistaken idea that if an experiment contradicts the dominant theory, we should throw out the theory instead of the experiment. Experiments can go awry.  They can contain design flaws. They can be deliberately corrupted.  They can be unconsciously corrupted.  They can be s...
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<p>The following happened to me in an IRC chatroom, long enough ago that I was still hanging around in IRC chatrooms. Time has fuzzed the memory and my report may be imprecise.</p><p>So there I was, in an IRC chatroom, when someone reports that a friend of his needs medical advice. His friend says that he’s been having...
The following happened to me in an IRC chatroom, long enough ago that I was still hanging around in IRC chatrooms. Time has fuzzed the memory and my report may be imprecise. So there I was, in an IRC chatroom, when someone reports that a friend of his needs medical advice. His friend says that he’s been having sudden ...
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<p>A problem with betting on engineered superplagues, physics disasters, nanotechnological warfare, or <a href="http://intelligence.org/AIRisk.pdf">intelligence explosions</a> of both Friendly and unFriendly type, is that all these events are likely to disrupt settlement of trades (to put it mildly).&nbsp; It's not eas...
A problem with betting on engineered superplagues, physics disasters, nanotechnological warfare, or intelligence explosions of both Friendly and unFriendly type, is that all these events are likely to disrupt settlement of trades (to put it mildly).  It's not easy to sell a bet that pays off only if the prediction mark...
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<blockquote><p>What is true is already so.</p><p>Owning up to it doesn’t make it worse.</p><p>Not being open about it doesn’t make it go away.</p><p>And because it’s true, it is what is there to be interacted with.</p><p>Anything untrue isn’t there to be lived.</p><p>People can stand what is true,</p><p>for they are al...
> What is true is already so. > > Owning up to it doesn’t make it worse. > > Not being open about it doesn’t make it go away. > > And because it’s true, it is what is there to be interacted with. > > Anything untrue isn’t there to be lived. > > People can stand what is true, > > for they are already enduring it. ...
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<blockquote><p>What is true of one apple may not be true of another apple; thus more can be said about a single apple than about all the apples in the world.</p><p>—“The Twelve Virtues of Rationality”</p></blockquote><p>Within their own professions, people grasp the importance of narrowness; a car mechanic knows the di...
> What is true of one apple may not be true of another apple; thus more can be said about a single apple than about all the apples in the world. > > —“The Twelve Virtues of Rationality” Within their own professions, people grasp the importance of narrowness; a car mechanic knows the difference between a carburetor an...
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<p>Once, when I was holding forth upon the Way, I remarked upon how most organized belief systems exist to <em>flee from doubt</em>. A listener replied to me that the Jesuits must be immune from this criticism, because they practice organized doubt: their novices, he said, are told to doubt Christianity; doubt the exis...
Once, when I was holding forth upon the Way, I remarked upon how most organized belief systems exist to flee from doubt. A listener replied to me that the Jesuits must be immune from this criticism, because they practice organized doubt: their novices, he said, are told to doubt Christianity; doubt the existence of God...
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<p>Will bond yields go up, or down, or remain the same? If you&#x2019;re a TV pundit and your job is to explain the outcome after the fact, then there&#x2019;s no reason to worry. No matter <em>which</em> of the three possibilities comes true, you&#x2019;ll be able to explain why the outcome perfectly fits your pet mar...
Will bond yields go up, or down, or remain the same? If you’re a TV pundit and your job is to explain the outcome after the fact, then there’s no reason to worry. No matter which of the three possibilities comes true, you’ll be able to explain why the outcome perfectly fits your pet market theory. There’s no reason to ...
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<p>I just finished reading a history of Enron&#x2019;s downfall, <em>The Smartest Guys in the Room</em>, which hereby wins my award for &#x201C;Least Appropriate Book Title.&#x201D; </p> <p>An unsurprising feature of Enron&#x2019;s slow rot and abrupt collapse was that the executive players never admitted to having ...
I just finished reading a history of Enron’s downfall, The Smartest Guys in the Room, which hereby wins my award for “Least Appropriate Book Title.” An unsurprising feature of Enron’s slow rot and abrupt collapse was that the executive players never admitted to having made a large mistake. When catastrophe #247 grew t...
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<p>The earliest account I know of a scientific experiment is, ironically, the story of <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100312042939/http://www.nccbuscc.org/nab/bible/1kings/1kings18.htm">Elijah and the priests of Baal</a>.</p><p>The people of Israel are wavering between Jehovah and Baal, so Elijah announces that ...
The earliest account I know of a scientific experiment is, ironically, the story of Elijah and the priests of Baal. The people of Israel are wavering between Jehovah and Baal, so Elijah announces that he will conduct an experiment to settle it—quite a novel concept in those days! The priests of Baal will place their b...
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<p>Philosophically that is. Psychologically he fulfils an important role &#8211; to distance us from philosophy.</p><p>In no way would the existence of a God alter the important properties of the universe. Most of the problems a God supposedly solves are merely shifted to the other side of him &#8211; a step further aw...
Philosophically that is. Psychologically he fulfils an important role – to distance us from philosophy. In no way would the existence of a God alter the important properties of the universe. Most of the problems a God supposedly solves are merely shifted to the other side of him – a step further away from humans, wher...
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<p>I have so far distinguished between belief as <a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/lw/i3/making_beliefs_pay_rent_in_anticipated_experiences/">anticipation-controller</a>, <a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/lw/i4/belief_in_belief/">belief in belief</a>, <a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/lw/i6/professing_and_cheering/"...
I have so far distinguished between belief as anticipation-controller, belief in belief, professing and cheering.  Of these, we might call anticipation-controlling beliefs "proper beliefs" and the other forms "improper belief". Proper belief can be wrong or irrational, as when someone genuinely anticipates that prayer ...
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<p>I once attended a panel on the topic, “Are science and religion compatible?” One of the women on the panel, a pagan, held forth interminably upon how she believed that the Earth had been created when a giant primordial cow was born into the primordial abyss, who licked a primordial god into existence, whose descenda...
I once attended a panel on the topic, “Are science and religion compatible?” One of the women on the panel, a pagan, held forth interminably upon how she believed that the Earth had been created when a giant primordial cow was born into the primordial abyss, who licked a primordial god into existence, whose descendants...
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<p class="MsoNormal">You can have some fun with people whose <a href="/lw/i4/belief_in_belief/">anticipations get out of sync with what they believe they believe</a>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">I was once at a dinner party, trying to explain to a man what I did for a living, when he said: "I don't believe Artificial Inte...
You can have some fun with people whose anticipations get out of sync with what they believe they believe. I was once at a dinner party, trying to explain to a man what I did for a living, when he said: "I don't believe Artificial Intelligence is possible because only God can make a soul." At this point I must have b...
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<p>Carl Sagan once told a <a href="http://www.godlessgeeks.com/LINKS/Dragon.htm">parable</a> of someone who comes to us and claims: “There is a dragon in my garage.” Fascinating! We reply that we wish to see this dragon—let us set out at once for the garage! “But wait,” the claimant says to us, “it is an <i>invisible</...
Carl Sagan once told a parable of someone who comes to us and claims: “There is a dragon in my garage.” Fascinating! We reply that we wish to see this dragon—let us set out at once for the garage! “But wait,” the claimant says to us, “it is an invisible dragon.” Now as Sagan points out, this doesn’t make the hypothesi...
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Making Beliefs Pay Rent (in Anticipated Experiences)
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<p>Thus begins the ancient parable:</p><p><i>If a tree falls in a forest and no one hears it, does it make a sound? One says, “Yes it does, for it makes vibrations in the air.” Another says, “No it does not, for there is no auditory processing in any brain.”</i></p><p>If there’s a foundational skill in the martial art ...
Thus begins the ancient parable: If a tree falls in a forest and no one hears it, does it make a sound? One says, “Yes it does, for it makes vibrations in the air.” Another says, “No it does not, for there is no auditory processing in any brain.” If there’s a foundational skill in the martial art of rationality, a me...
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<p>Imagine something happens. For instance you make a decision. There are three possibilities for this occurence:</p> <ol> <li>It could be related purely to other factors (determinism)</li> <li>It could be not related to other factors (randomness)</li> <li>It could be a combination of these (a mixture of determinism an...
Imagine something happens. For instance you make a decision. There are three possibilities for this occurence: 1. It could be related purely to other factors (determinism) 2. It could be not related to other factors (randomness) 3. It could be a combination of these (a mixture of determinism and randomness) None o...
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Two More Things to Unlearn from School
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<p class="MsoNormal">In <a href="http://ben.casnocha.com/2007/07/three-things-to.html">Three Things to Unlearn from School</a>, Ben Casnocha cites Bill Bullard's list of three bad habits of thought: Attaching importance to personal opinions, solving given problems, and earning the approval of others. Bullard's proposed...
In Three Things to Unlearn from School, Ben Casnocha cites Bill Bullard's list of three bad habits of thought: Attaching importance to personal opinions, solving given problems, and earning the approval of others. Bullard's proposed alternatives don't look very good to me, but Bullard has surely identified some importa...
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<p>By request of the community, an Open Thread for free-form comments, so long as they're still related to the basic project of this blog.</p> <p>A word on post requests:&nbsp; You're free to ask, but the authors can't commit to posting on requested topics - it's hard enough to do the ones we have in mind already.</p>
By request of the community, an Open Thread for free-form comments, so long as they're still related to the basic project of this blog. A word on post requests:  You're free to ask, but the authors can't commit to posting on requested topics - it's hard enough to do the ones we have in mind already.
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<p>We see far too direct a correspondence between others&#x2019; actions and their inherent dispositions. We see unusual dispositions that exactly match the unusual behavior, rather than asking after real situations or imagined situations that could explain the behavior. We hypothesize mutants. </p> <p>When someone ...
We see far too direct a correspondence between others’ actions and their inherent dispositions. We see unusual dispositions that exactly match the unusual behavior, rather than asking after real situations or imagined situations that could explain the behavior. We hypothesize mutants. When someone actually offends us—...
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<blockquote><p>The correspondence bias is the tendency to draw inferences about a person’s unique and enduring dispositions from behaviors that can be entirely explained by the situations in which they occur.</p><p>—Gilbert and Malone<a href="#fn1x17"><sup>1</sup></a></p></blockquote><p>We tend to see far too direct a ...
> The correspondence bias is the tendency to draw inferences about a person’s unique and enduring dispositions from behaviors that can be entirely explained by the situations in which they occur. > > —Gilbert and Malone1 We tend to see far too direct a correspondence between others’ actions and personalities. When we...
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<p>I've always been annoyed by the term &quot;risk-free bonds rate&quot;, meaning the return on US Treasury bills.&nbsp; Just because US bonds have not defaulted within their trading experience, people assume this is <em>impossible?</em>&nbsp; A list of major governments in 1900 would probably put the Ottoman Empire or...
I've always been annoyed by the term "risk-free bonds rate", meaning the return on US Treasury bills.  Just because US bonds have not defaulted within their trading experience, people assume this is impossible?  A list of major governments in 1900 would probably put the Ottoman Empire or Austria-Hungary well ahead of t...
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