image stringlengths 20 66 | question stringclasses 16
values | answer stringlengths 3 10.7k |
|---|---|---|
PMC1865376_F6_10804.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | NOGO-A Expression During Network Establishment. A) H&E and B) NOGO-A in situ hybridization (ISH) of HH36 (E10) optic tectum, prior to synaptogenesis. Transcript expression is intensified in cells of the tectal associated nuclei (TN) and cortical neuronal lamina. Note the lack of expression in the fibers of the optic tract (OT). C&D) Magnified view of tectal lamination (horizontal boxes) from A&B reveal the presumptive projection layer of the tectum, the compartment stratum griseum central (SGC), as the cortical neuronal lamina strongly expressing NOGO-A. Ventricular Zone-VZ, developing lamina-DL. E) H&E and F) NOGO-A in situ hybridization at E20 (after significant synaptogenesis) shows punctate expression localized to the large neuronal cell bodies of the tectal associated nuclei, the SGC, and to deep cellular layers of the main retinal afferent layer, the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS). G&H) Magnified view of tectal lamination (horizontal boxes) from C&D. I-M) Serial sections localizing NOGO-A expression to projection neurons within a tectal associated nucleus (vertical box in C). I) H&E showing the large cell bodies of the projection neurons (inset showing large cytoplasm-rich neuron with nuclear clearing and prominent nucleolus), J) punctate NOGO-A expression, K) immunohistochemistry (IHC) of neurofilament (NF), highlighting neuronal cell bodies, L) IHC of glial fiber associated protein (GFAP) demonstrating glial supporting cells, and M) IHC for vimentin (Vim) demarcating a few immature glial cells. |
PMC1865539_F1_10811.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | X-ray of postero-anterior and lateral view of right forearm showing an expansile lytic destructive lesion involving mid one-third of diaphysis of ulna, with ill-defined zone of transition. |
PMC1865539_F1_10812.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | X-ray of postero-anterior and lateral view of right forearm showing an expansile lytic destructive lesion involving mid one-third of diaphysis of ulna, with ill-defined zone of transition. |
PMC1866177_pone-0000451-g005_10818.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Histopathology of skin punch-biopsies from 24 h tick-immune animals shows increased inflammation.Representative hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of guinea pig skin punch biopsies obtained at 24 h near tick-attachment sites (*) from naive control (a, b), and 24 hour tick- immune (c, d). Samples from the 24-hour tick-immune animal had the highest number of inflammatory cells (c) which was characterized by a predominance of heterophils (d). In comparison inflammatory infiltrates were markedly reduced and comprised predominantly of mononuclear cells in 24-hour naïve animals (a, b). Scale bar = 500 µm (a, c); Scale bar = 100 µm (b, d). B. Dermal inflammatory cells in skin sections of 24 h tick-immune animals showed a statistically significant (P<0.001) increase in the numbers compared to naïve animals. C. Toluidine blue positive cells representing basophils/mast cells also showed a statistically significant increase (P<0.05) in skin biopsies of 24 h tick-immune animal compared to naïve animal (Error bars represent±SEM) |
PMC1866177_pone-0000451-g005_10817.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Histopathology of skin punch-biopsies from 24 h tick-immune animals shows increased inflammation.Representative hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of guinea pig skin punch biopsies obtained at 24 h near tick-attachment sites (*) from naive control (a, b), and 24 hour tick- immune (c, d). Samples from the 24-hour tick-immune animal had the highest number of inflammatory cells (c) which was characterized by a predominance of heterophils (d). In comparison inflammatory infiltrates were markedly reduced and comprised predominantly of mononuclear cells in 24-hour naïve animals (a, b). Scale bar = 500 µm (a, c); Scale bar = 100 µm (b, d). B. Dermal inflammatory cells in skin sections of 24 h tick-immune animals showed a statistically significant (P<0.001) increase in the numbers compared to naïve animals. C. Toluidine blue positive cells representing basophils/mast cells also showed a statistically significant increase (P<0.05) in skin biopsies of 24 h tick-immune animal compared to naïve animal (Error bars represent±SEM) |
PMC1866177_pone-0000451-g005_10814.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Histopathology of skin punch-biopsies from 24 h tick-immune animals shows increased inflammation.Representative hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of guinea pig skin punch biopsies obtained at 24 h near tick-attachment sites (*) from naive control (a, b), and 24 hour tick- immune (c, d). Samples from the 24-hour tick-immune animal had the highest number of inflammatory cells (c) which was characterized by a predominance of heterophils (d). In comparison inflammatory infiltrates were markedly reduced and comprised predominantly of mononuclear cells in 24-hour naïve animals (a, b). Scale bar = 500 µm (a, c); Scale bar = 100 µm (b, d). B. Dermal inflammatory cells in skin sections of 24 h tick-immune animals showed a statistically significant (P<0.001) increase in the numbers compared to naïve animals. C. Toluidine blue positive cells representing basophils/mast cells also showed a statistically significant increase (P<0.05) in skin biopsies of 24 h tick-immune animal compared to naïve animal (Error bars represent±SEM) |
PMC1866221_pone-0000452-g004_10822.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Visual field organization of dorsal visual areas and medial intra-parietal sulcus, from the polar angle version of the delayed saccade task.A and B: Medial and lateral views of an inflated representation of occipital cortex. C: flat representation of dorsal occipital and parietal cortex. Maps show preferred visual field location thresholded by contra-lateral preference, as in Figure 3 B&C. The cortical trajectory (shown in black) was drawn from the horizontal meridian of V1, in the calcarine sulcus, through V2, V3, V3A, V7 and then through those parts of medial intraparietal sulcus showing the greatest sensitivity to visual field location. D: Magnitude of BOLD activity associated with the three contra-lateral visual field positions along the trajectory (colors match maps in panels A–C). E: Mean magnitude associated with contra-lateral (pink) and ipsi-lateral (blue) visual field positions. F: Compass plots illustrating the BOLD magnitude associated with each of the six polar angles. Each plot comes from a cortical area demonstrating a preference for the contra-lateral horizontal meridian (blue regions in panels A–C). Data shown comes from the right hemisphere of subject A. Supplementary figures S1 and S2 show panels C–E for all eight hemispheres investigated. |
PMC1866221_pone-0000452-g004_10821.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Visual field organization of dorsal visual areas and medial intra-parietal sulcus, from the polar angle version of the delayed saccade task.A and B: Medial and lateral views of an inflated representation of occipital cortex. C: flat representation of dorsal occipital and parietal cortex. Maps show preferred visual field location thresholded by contra-lateral preference, as in Figure 3 B&C. The cortical trajectory (shown in black) was drawn from the horizontal meridian of V1, in the calcarine sulcus, through V2, V3, V3A, V7 and then through those parts of medial intraparietal sulcus showing the greatest sensitivity to visual field location. D: Magnitude of BOLD activity associated with the three contra-lateral visual field positions along the trajectory (colors match maps in panels A–C). E: Mean magnitude associated with contra-lateral (pink) and ipsi-lateral (blue) visual field positions. F: Compass plots illustrating the BOLD magnitude associated with each of the six polar angles. Each plot comes from a cortical area demonstrating a preference for the contra-lateral horizontal meridian (blue regions in panels A–C). Data shown comes from the right hemisphere of subject A. Supplementary figures S1 and S2 show panels C–E for all eight hemispheres investigated. |
PMC1866221_pone-0000452-g004_10819.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Visual field organization of dorsal visual areas and medial intra-parietal sulcus, from the polar angle version of the delayed saccade task.A and B: Medial and lateral views of an inflated representation of occipital cortex. C: flat representation of dorsal occipital and parietal cortex. Maps show preferred visual field location thresholded by contra-lateral preference, as in Figure 3 B&C. The cortical trajectory (shown in black) was drawn from the horizontal meridian of V1, in the calcarine sulcus, through V2, V3, V3A, V7 and then through those parts of medial intraparietal sulcus showing the greatest sensitivity to visual field location. D: Magnitude of BOLD activity associated with the three contra-lateral visual field positions along the trajectory (colors match maps in panels A–C). E: Mean magnitude associated with contra-lateral (pink) and ipsi-lateral (blue) visual field positions. F: Compass plots illustrating the BOLD magnitude associated with each of the six polar angles. Each plot comes from a cortical area demonstrating a preference for the contra-lateral horizontal meridian (blue regions in panels A–C). Data shown comes from the right hemisphere of subject A. Supplementary figures S1 and S2 show panels C–E for all eight hemispheres investigated. |
PMC1866226_F2_10828.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866226_F2_10833.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866226_F2_10830.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866226_F2_10824.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866226_F2_10826.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866226_F2_10827.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866226_F2_10831.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866226_F2_10832.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866226_F2_10825.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Examples of root cross sections which contain resting spores and were treated with each BNYVV antisera and FITC conjugated secondary antisera. The name of each viral protein is indicated in the bottom of each panel. The arrows point to examples of resting spores. Images were taken using confocal microscopy. Fluorescent images were merged with images taken using the transmitted light detector. Negative samples shown here were treated with buffer and secondary antisera. No label was detected in samples treated with buffer, BMV, or BSBMV antisera followed by FITC conjugated secondary antisera. Bars represent 10 μm. |
PMC1866232_F1_10844.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | A). Preoperative CT scan of the abdomen showing a highly vascularized retroperitoneal tumor measuring 10 × 9.2 cm with intratumor calcifications. Right ureter dilatation (grade II), (coronal multiplanar reformation, MPR) B). The same tumor in axial orientation. No other tumor localization in the abdomen nor enlarged lymph nodes were detected. |
PMC1866232_F1_10843.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | A). Preoperative CT scan of the abdomen showing a highly vascularized retroperitoneal tumor measuring 10 × 9.2 cm with intratumor calcifications. Right ureter dilatation (grade II), (coronal multiplanar reformation, MPR) B). The same tumor in axial orientation. No other tumor localization in the abdomen nor enlarged lymph nodes were detected. |
PMC1866233_F1_10835.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | CT scan before the treatment showing the mass lesion. |
PMC1866233_F1_10834.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | CT scan before the treatment showing the mass lesion. |
PMC1866233_F1_10837.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | CT scan before the treatment showing the mass lesion. |
PMC1866233_F1_10836.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | CT scan before the treatment showing the mass lesion. |
PMC1866233_F2_10839.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | CT scan after the treatment. |
PMC1866233_F2_10838.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | CT scan after the treatment. |
PMC1866233_F2_10840.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | CT scan after the treatment. |
PMC1866233_F3_10842.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Photomicrograph Showing collision of hepatoid carcinoma (left-up corner) and liposarcoma (left down corner) (H&E × 100 magnification). |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10853.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10852.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10851.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10850.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10845.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10855.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10854.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10848.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10847.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1866352_pgen-0030082-g002_10846.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Modification of the Phenotypes Caused by N-Terminal Expanded Htt in the Drosophila EyeRetinal sections of adult Drosophila eyes show modification of the phenotypes caused by expression of different levels (B and I) of a transgene encoding an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment. Enhancers (C–G) and suppressors (J–N) include proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization (C) and (J), signal transduction (D) and (K), neurotransmitter secretion (E) and (L), proteolysis/peptidolysis and the ubiquitin cycle (F) and (M), and transcriptional/translational regulation (G) and (N). Retinal sections of day 5 control flies cultured at 25 °C expressing the gene that encodes expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (B) show a degenerative phenotype when compared to controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (GMR-GAL4/+) (A). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina. The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be enhanced by (C) reduced levels of zipper (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}zip02957; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (D) reduced levels of Src oncogene at 42A (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}Src42Ak10108; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (E) overexpression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive -attachment protein (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/UAS-S102C#2D), (F) reduced levels of fat facets (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/fafBx4
), and (G) reduced levels of crooked legs (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}crol04418cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). None of these mutations cause an abnormal eye phenotype in flies carrying the GMR-GAL4 driver but not the UAS:128Qhtt[M64] transgene (unpublished data). However, when combined with an N-terminal expanded Htt fragment, they lead to an even larger decrease in retinal thickness sometimes accompanied by an increase in retinal detachment and vacuolization. Retinal sections of day 1 control flies cultured at 27 °C expressing a gene that encodes an expanded N-terminal Htt fragment (GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+) (I) show a severe degenerative phenotype when compared to GMR controls of the same age and cultured at the same temperature (H). The phenotype consists of a shortening (see arrow) and detachment of the retina, as well as the presence of vacuoles in the retina.The Htt-fragment-induced phenotype can be suppressed by (J) reduced levels of hu li tai shao (GMR-GAL4/P{lacW}htsk06121; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (K) reduced levels of G protein iαsubunit 65A (GMR-GAL4/; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/P{SUPor-P}G-ia65AKG01907ry506
), (L) reduced levels of clathrin heavy chain (Chc1/+ GMR-GAL4/+; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), (M) reduced levels of Rpt1 (GMR-GAL4/P{PZ}Rpt105643cn1; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+), and (N) reduced levels of myocyte enhancing factor 2 (GMR-GAL4/Df(2R)X1,Mef2[X1]; UAS:128Qhtt[M64]/+). These mutations decrease the vacuolization and increase the retinal thickness as well as virtually eliminating the retinal detachment. |
PMC1868019_F1_10856.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Plain radiograph of the abdomen demonstrated multiple homogenous radiopacities within the lumen of the bowel demonstrating the typical appearances of Type IV packages. |
PMC1868026_F1_10860.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Valve of our patient with B. henselae endocarditis. Resected valve with B. henselae infection showing large and non-inflammatory vegetation on the valvular surface (A, hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 100). The diagnosis of vegetation was made by the presence of fibrinous material with numerous darkly stained bacilli (arrows in Figure 1B) consistent with Bartonella, organized in numerous clusters (B, Warthin-Starry silver staining, original magnification × 400). The bacteria (arrows in Figure 1C) are detected by immunohistochemical analysis in an extracellular location inside the valvular vegetation (C, polyclonal antibody anti-B. henselae with hematoxylin counterstain, original magnification × 200). Resected lymph node showed a necrotizing lymphadenitis. Numerous microabscesses composed of fragmented neutrophils were observed in homogenous necrotic areas. Necrotic regions were surrounded by a ring of macrophages and epithelioid histiocytes to form stellate inflammatory granulomas consistent with cat-scratch disease (D, hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 100). |
PMC1868026_F1_10859.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Valve of our patient with B. henselae endocarditis. Resected valve with B. henselae infection showing large and non-inflammatory vegetation on the valvular surface (A, hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 100). The diagnosis of vegetation was made by the presence of fibrinous material with numerous darkly stained bacilli (arrows in Figure 1B) consistent with Bartonella, organized in numerous clusters (B, Warthin-Starry silver staining, original magnification × 400). The bacteria (arrows in Figure 1C) are detected by immunohistochemical analysis in an extracellular location inside the valvular vegetation (C, polyclonal antibody anti-B. henselae with hematoxylin counterstain, original magnification × 200). Resected lymph node showed a necrotizing lymphadenitis. Numerous microabscesses composed of fragmented neutrophils were observed in homogenous necrotic areas. Necrotic regions were surrounded by a ring of macrophages and epithelioid histiocytes to form stellate inflammatory granulomas consistent with cat-scratch disease (D, hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 100). |
PMC1868026_F1_10857.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Valve of our patient with B. henselae endocarditis. Resected valve with B. henselae infection showing large and non-inflammatory vegetation on the valvular surface (A, hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 100). The diagnosis of vegetation was made by the presence of fibrinous material with numerous darkly stained bacilli (arrows in Figure 1B) consistent with Bartonella, organized in numerous clusters (B, Warthin-Starry silver staining, original magnification × 400). The bacteria (arrows in Figure 1C) are detected by immunohistochemical analysis in an extracellular location inside the valvular vegetation (C, polyclonal antibody anti-B. henselae with hematoxylin counterstain, original magnification × 200). Resected lymph node showed a necrotizing lymphadenitis. Numerous microabscesses composed of fragmented neutrophils were observed in homogenous necrotic areas. Necrotic regions were surrounded by a ring of macrophages and epithelioid histiocytes to form stellate inflammatory granulomas consistent with cat-scratch disease (D, hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 100). |
PMC1868026_F1_10858.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Valve of our patient with B. henselae endocarditis. Resected valve with B. henselae infection showing large and non-inflammatory vegetation on the valvular surface (A, hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 100). The diagnosis of vegetation was made by the presence of fibrinous material with numerous darkly stained bacilli (arrows in Figure 1B) consistent with Bartonella, organized in numerous clusters (B, Warthin-Starry silver staining, original magnification × 400). The bacteria (arrows in Figure 1C) are detected by immunohistochemical analysis in an extracellular location inside the valvular vegetation (C, polyclonal antibody anti-B. henselae with hematoxylin counterstain, original magnification × 200). Resected lymph node showed a necrotizing lymphadenitis. Numerous microabscesses composed of fragmented neutrophils were observed in homogenous necrotic areas. Necrotic regions were surrounded by a ring of macrophages and epithelioid histiocytes to form stellate inflammatory granulomas consistent with cat-scratch disease (D, hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 100). |
PMC1868037_F8_10861.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Intracellular uptake of nanocurcumin by pancreatic cancer cell lines. Marked increase in fluorescence was observed by fluorescent microscopy in BxPC3 cells incubated with nanocurcumin (a) as compared to untreated control cells (b), in line with cellular uptake of curcumin in (a). |
PMC1868078_F3_10863.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Vaginal smears stained with Giemsa of mice that were
inoculated with lactobacilli and/or staphylococci. (a) Lactobacilli treated group; (b), (c) lactobacilli + pathogen treated group; (d) pathogen treated group. Magnification is 40X. |
PMC1868078_F3_10864.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Vaginal smears stained with Giemsa of mice that were
inoculated with lactobacilli and/or staphylococci. (a) Lactobacilli treated group; (b), (c) lactobacilli + pathogen treated group; (d) pathogen treated group. Magnification is 40X. |
PMC1868078_F3_10866.jpg | What does this image primarily show? | Vaginal smears stained with Giemsa of mice that were
inoculated with lactobacilli and/or staphylococci. (a) Lactobacilli treated group; (b), (c) lactobacilli + pathogen treated group; (d) pathogen treated group. Magnification is 40X. |
PMC1868714_F2_10867.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Typical microscopic finding of the super-small sized large bowel advanced cancers less than 15 mm in max. diameter (HE). |
PMC1868731_F1_10870.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | a) Right axillary lymphadenopathy demonstrated on mammogram. b) Ultrasonogram image. The node measures 1 cm and is not clinically palpable. |
PMC1868731_F1_10871.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | a) Right axillary lymphadenopathy demonstrated on mammogram. b) Ultrasonogram image. The node measures 1 cm and is not clinically palpable. |
PMC1868731_F2_10868.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | a) Retroclavicular lymph node demonstrated on composite PET image. b) PET/CT demonstrating large liver lesion. c) Ultrasound of lesion. |
PMC1868731_F2_10869.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | a) Retroclavicular lymph node demonstrated on composite PET image. b) PET/CT demonstrating large liver lesion. c) Ultrasound of lesion. |
PMC1868747_F2_10872.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Liver biopsy (ematossilin-eosin 40×) showing acidophil bodies and foamy degeneration of hepatocytes suggestive for a toxic-metabolic disorder. |
PMC1868749_F4_10874.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Kidney, dog. a. Segmental sclerotic glomerular lesion (arrow) in a control dog; C7, Table 2. b. Glomerulus from a control dog; C7, Table 2, revealing global advanced stage sclerosis. |
PMC1868749_F4_10873.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Kidney, dog. a. Segmental sclerotic glomerular lesion (arrow) in a control dog; C7, Table 2. b. Glomerulus from a control dog; C7, Table 2, revealing global advanced stage sclerosis. |
PMC1868777_pone-0000478-g005_10877.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Downregulation of centromeric and kinetochore proteins causes severe defects in chromosome congression and segregation.Mitotic phenotypes of D-mel wild-type cells transfected with dsRNAs targeting kinetochore proteins as indicated and stained with anti-α-tubulin antibody (to mark microtubules; red) and DAPI (to mark DNA; blue). Bar represents 5 µm. |
PMC1868777_pone-0000478-g005_10878.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Downregulation of centromeric and kinetochore proteins causes severe defects in chromosome congression and segregation.Mitotic phenotypes of D-mel wild-type cells transfected with dsRNAs targeting kinetochore proteins as indicated and stained with anti-α-tubulin antibody (to mark microtubules; red) and DAPI (to mark DNA; blue). Bar represents 5 µm. |
PMC1868777_pone-0000478-g005_10875.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Downregulation of centromeric and kinetochore proteins causes severe defects in chromosome congression and segregation.Mitotic phenotypes of D-mel wild-type cells transfected with dsRNAs targeting kinetochore proteins as indicated and stained with anti-α-tubulin antibody (to mark microtubules; red) and DAPI (to mark DNA; blue). Bar represents 5 µm. |
PMC1868777_pone-0000478-g006_10887.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Dependency relationships between dmNnf1R-1 and other centromere and kinetochore proteins.Example of the experimental approach used to establish dependencies between Drosophila centromere/kinetochore components: cells stably expressing dmNnf1R-1::EGFP fusion were treated with dsRNAs targeting other kinetochore components as indicated. Cells were stained with anti-α-tubulin antibody (first column) and counter-stained with DAPI (second column). DEP indicates “dependency” and IND indicates “independency” for kinetochore binding by dmNnf1R-1::EGFP. This approach allowed to establish recruitment dependencies for all other centromeric and kinetochore proteins analyzed in this study. Bar represents 5 µm. |
PMC1868777_pone-0000478-g006_10882.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Dependency relationships between dmNnf1R-1 and other centromere and kinetochore proteins.Example of the experimental approach used to establish dependencies between Drosophila centromere/kinetochore components: cells stably expressing dmNnf1R-1::EGFP fusion were treated with dsRNAs targeting other kinetochore components as indicated. Cells were stained with anti-α-tubulin antibody (first column) and counter-stained with DAPI (second column). DEP indicates “dependency” and IND indicates “independency” for kinetochore binding by dmNnf1R-1::EGFP. This approach allowed to establish recruitment dependencies for all other centromeric and kinetochore proteins analyzed in this study. Bar represents 5 µm. |
PMC1868777_pone-0000478-g006_10880.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Dependency relationships between dmNnf1R-1 and other centromere and kinetochore proteins.Example of the experimental approach used to establish dependencies between Drosophila centromere/kinetochore components: cells stably expressing dmNnf1R-1::EGFP fusion were treated with dsRNAs targeting other kinetochore components as indicated. Cells were stained with anti-α-tubulin antibody (first column) and counter-stained with DAPI (second column). DEP indicates “dependency” and IND indicates “independency” for kinetochore binding by dmNnf1R-1::EGFP. This approach allowed to establish recruitment dependencies for all other centromeric and kinetochore proteins analyzed in this study. Bar represents 5 µm. |
PMC1868777_pone-0000478-g006_10889.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | Dependency relationships between dmNnf1R-1 and other centromere and kinetochore proteins.Example of the experimental approach used to establish dependencies between Drosophila centromere/kinetochore components: cells stably expressing dmNnf1R-1::EGFP fusion were treated with dsRNAs targeting other kinetochore components as indicated. Cells were stained with anti-α-tubulin antibody (first column) and counter-stained with DAPI (second column). DEP indicates “dependency” and IND indicates “independency” for kinetochore binding by dmNnf1R-1::EGFP. This approach allowed to establish recruitment dependencies for all other centromeric and kinetochore proteins analyzed in this study. Bar represents 5 µm. |
PMC1868920_F1_10893.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | FGFR1 gene amplification in breast cancer. (a) Grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 200) with (b) one or two copies of FGFR1 (original magnification × 400; inset: × 630). (c) Grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 200) harbouring (d) FGFR1 gene amplification (original magnification × 400; inset: × 630). |
PMC1868920_F1_10894.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | FGFR1 gene amplification in breast cancer. (a) Grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 200) with (b) one or two copies of FGFR1 (original magnification × 400; inset: × 630). (c) Grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 200) harbouring (d) FGFR1 gene amplification (original magnification × 400; inset: × 630). |
PMC1868920_F1_10891.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | FGFR1 gene amplification in breast cancer. (a) Grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 200) with (b) one or two copies of FGFR1 (original magnification × 400; inset: × 630). (c) Grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 200) harbouring (d) FGFR1 gene amplification (original magnification × 400; inset: × 630). |
PMC1868920_F1_10892.jpg | What object or scene is depicted here? | FGFR1 gene amplification in breast cancer. (a) Grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 200) with (b) one or two copies of FGFR1 (original magnification × 400; inset: × 630). (c) Grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma (haematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 200) harbouring (d) FGFR1 gene amplification (original magnification × 400; inset: × 630). |
PMC1868922_F7_10901.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Mammary glands from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice treated with E2 or E2 plus Pg. Mice were implanted subcutaneously with silastic pellets containing E2 (20 μg) or Pg (20 mg) + E2 (20 μg). Representative H&E stained sections and WM are shown. The arrow points to ductal dilatations, typical of E2 action in BALB/c mice. All WM pictures were taken at the same magnification. Magnification: 100×, bar: 1.1 μm.P < 0.05, BALB/c versus C57BL/6. E2, 17β-estradiol; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; N, number of structures/slide; Pg, progesterone; WM, whole mount. |
PMC1868922_F7_10900.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Mammary glands from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice treated with E2 or E2 plus Pg. Mice were implanted subcutaneously with silastic pellets containing E2 (20 μg) or Pg (20 mg) + E2 (20 μg). Representative H&E stained sections and WM are shown. The arrow points to ductal dilatations, typical of E2 action in BALB/c mice. All WM pictures were taken at the same magnification. Magnification: 100×, bar: 1.1 μm.P < 0.05, BALB/c versus C57BL/6. E2, 17β-estradiol; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; N, number of structures/slide; Pg, progesterone; WM, whole mount. |
PMC1868922_F7_10897.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Mammary glands from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice treated with E2 or E2 plus Pg. Mice were implanted subcutaneously with silastic pellets containing E2 (20 μg) or Pg (20 mg) + E2 (20 μg). Representative H&E stained sections and WM are shown. The arrow points to ductal dilatations, typical of E2 action in BALB/c mice. All WM pictures were taken at the same magnification. Magnification: 100×, bar: 1.1 μm.P < 0.05, BALB/c versus C57BL/6. E2, 17β-estradiol; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; N, number of structures/slide; Pg, progesterone; WM, whole mount. |
PMC1868922_F7_10899.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Mammary glands from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice treated with E2 or E2 plus Pg. Mice were implanted subcutaneously with silastic pellets containing E2 (20 μg) or Pg (20 mg) + E2 (20 μg). Representative H&E stained sections and WM are shown. The arrow points to ductal dilatations, typical of E2 action in BALB/c mice. All WM pictures were taken at the same magnification. Magnification: 100×, bar: 1.1 μm.P < 0.05, BALB/c versus C57BL/6. E2, 17β-estradiol; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; N, number of structures/slide; Pg, progesterone; WM, whole mount. |
PMC1868922_F7_10898.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Mammary glands from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice treated with E2 or E2 plus Pg. Mice were implanted subcutaneously with silastic pellets containing E2 (20 μg) or Pg (20 mg) + E2 (20 μg). Representative H&E stained sections and WM are shown. The arrow points to ductal dilatations, typical of E2 action in BALB/c mice. All WM pictures were taken at the same magnification. Magnification: 100×, bar: 1.1 μm.P < 0.05, BALB/c versus C57BL/6. E2, 17β-estradiol; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; N, number of structures/slide; Pg, progesterone; WM, whole mount. |
PMC1868948_F1_10926.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Overview of three types of Drosophila neurons. (a) Larval mushroom body interneurons. These neurons were marked by crossing flies containing the mushroom body Gal4 driver 201Y with flies containing a UAS-mCD8-GFP transgene. Brains were dissected from third instar larval progeny. A projection of a confocal image stack is shown. The structure is shown schematically to the right, and a diagram of a single neuron is shown at the lower right. (b) Olfactory projection interneurons. These neurons were marked by crossing GH146 Gal4 and UAS-mCD8-GFP flies. Brains from third instar progeny were dissected and a projection of a confocal stack is shown. The GH146 Gal4 driver also expresses in the optic lobe, which accounts for the bright GFP in the lateral region of the brain. Different compartments of the projection neurons are outlined. The axon projections are outlined to their synapses on the mushroom body calyx, but the continuation to the lateral horn is not outlined as the axons become more difficult to follow. (c) Sensory neurons in the dorsal cluster, including dendritic arborization neurons. Neurons were labeled by crossing elav-Gal4 and UAS-mCD8-GFP flies. Confocal microscopy was used to image just below the cuticle of whole, live early second instar progeny; a projection is shown with the scale inverted for clarity. Cell bodies are in the center of the image. Anterior is left and dorsal is up. Dendrites project dorsally and branch extensively just under the cuticle. Axons project down and form a tight bundle. |
PMC1868948_F1_10925.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Overview of three types of Drosophila neurons. (a) Larval mushroom body interneurons. These neurons were marked by crossing flies containing the mushroom body Gal4 driver 201Y with flies containing a UAS-mCD8-GFP transgene. Brains were dissected from third instar larval progeny. A projection of a confocal image stack is shown. The structure is shown schematically to the right, and a diagram of a single neuron is shown at the lower right. (b) Olfactory projection interneurons. These neurons were marked by crossing GH146 Gal4 and UAS-mCD8-GFP flies. Brains from third instar progeny were dissected and a projection of a confocal stack is shown. The GH146 Gal4 driver also expresses in the optic lobe, which accounts for the bright GFP in the lateral region of the brain. Different compartments of the projection neurons are outlined. The axon projections are outlined to their synapses on the mushroom body calyx, but the continuation to the lateral horn is not outlined as the axons become more difficult to follow. (c) Sensory neurons in the dorsal cluster, including dendritic arborization neurons. Neurons were labeled by crossing elav-Gal4 and UAS-mCD8-GFP flies. Confocal microscopy was used to image just below the cuticle of whole, live early second instar progeny; a projection is shown with the scale inverted for clarity. Cell bodies are in the center of the image. Anterior is left and dorsal is up. Dendrites project dorsally and branch extensively just under the cuticle. Axons project down and form a tight bundle. |
PMC1868948_F1_10924.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Overview of three types of Drosophila neurons. (a) Larval mushroom body interneurons. These neurons were marked by crossing flies containing the mushroom body Gal4 driver 201Y with flies containing a UAS-mCD8-GFP transgene. Brains were dissected from third instar larval progeny. A projection of a confocal image stack is shown. The structure is shown schematically to the right, and a diagram of a single neuron is shown at the lower right. (b) Olfactory projection interneurons. These neurons were marked by crossing GH146 Gal4 and UAS-mCD8-GFP flies. Brains from third instar progeny were dissected and a projection of a confocal stack is shown. The GH146 Gal4 driver also expresses in the optic lobe, which accounts for the bright GFP in the lateral region of the brain. Different compartments of the projection neurons are outlined. The axon projections are outlined to their synapses on the mushroom body calyx, but the continuation to the lateral horn is not outlined as the axons become more difficult to follow. (c) Sensory neurons in the dorsal cluster, including dendritic arborization neurons. Neurons were labeled by crossing elav-Gal4 and UAS-mCD8-GFP flies. Confocal microscopy was used to image just below the cuticle of whole, live early second instar progeny; a projection is shown with the scale inverted for clarity. Cell bodies are in the center of the image. Anterior is left and dorsal is up. Dendrites project dorsally and branch extensively just under the cuticle. Axons project down and form a tight bundle. |
PMC1868948_F2_10905.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Mushroom body neurons are divided into molecularly distinct compartments. Mushroom body neurons expressing tagged markers were generated by crossing flies containing mushroom body Gal4 drivers with flies carrying UAS-controlled markers. The 201Y Gal4 was used in all panels except L10-YFP and homer-GFP, for which the OK107 Gal4 was used. 201Y drives expression in a large subset of mushroom body neurons [54, 55], and OK107 drives expression in all mushroom body neurons [11] as well as the optic lobe. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae, fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. All panels represent confocal projections through the entire mushroom body, except homer-GFP, which shows the cell bodies, dendrites and proximal axons, with distal axons in the inset. Low expression levels of n-syb-YFP expression were generated by using a 2XUAS vector, and low levels of homer-GFP were generated by raising larvae at 18°C. Arrow points to region of proximal axon in which Apc-2 GFP was localized. Scale bar at lower right is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F2_10907.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Mushroom body neurons are divided into molecularly distinct compartments. Mushroom body neurons expressing tagged markers were generated by crossing flies containing mushroom body Gal4 drivers with flies carrying UAS-controlled markers. The 201Y Gal4 was used in all panels except L10-YFP and homer-GFP, for which the OK107 Gal4 was used. 201Y drives expression in a large subset of mushroom body neurons [54, 55], and OK107 drives expression in all mushroom body neurons [11] as well as the optic lobe. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae, fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. All panels represent confocal projections through the entire mushroom body, except homer-GFP, which shows the cell bodies, dendrites and proximal axons, with distal axons in the inset. Low expression levels of n-syb-YFP expression were generated by using a 2XUAS vector, and low levels of homer-GFP were generated by raising larvae at 18°C. Arrow points to region of proximal axon in which Apc-2 GFP was localized. Scale bar at lower right is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F2_10909.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Mushroom body neurons are divided into molecularly distinct compartments. Mushroom body neurons expressing tagged markers were generated by crossing flies containing mushroom body Gal4 drivers with flies carrying UAS-controlled markers. The 201Y Gal4 was used in all panels except L10-YFP and homer-GFP, for which the OK107 Gal4 was used. 201Y drives expression in a large subset of mushroom body neurons [54, 55], and OK107 drives expression in all mushroom body neurons [11] as well as the optic lobe. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae, fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. All panels represent confocal projections through the entire mushroom body, except homer-GFP, which shows the cell bodies, dendrites and proximal axons, with distal axons in the inset. Low expression levels of n-syb-YFP expression were generated by using a 2XUAS vector, and low levels of homer-GFP were generated by raising larvae at 18°C. Arrow points to region of proximal axon in which Apc-2 GFP was localized. Scale bar at lower right is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F2_10910.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Mushroom body neurons are divided into molecularly distinct compartments. Mushroom body neurons expressing tagged markers were generated by crossing flies containing mushroom body Gal4 drivers with flies carrying UAS-controlled markers. The 201Y Gal4 was used in all panels except L10-YFP and homer-GFP, for which the OK107 Gal4 was used. 201Y drives expression in a large subset of mushroom body neurons [54, 55], and OK107 drives expression in all mushroom body neurons [11] as well as the optic lobe. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae, fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. All panels represent confocal projections through the entire mushroom body, except homer-GFP, which shows the cell bodies, dendrites and proximal axons, with distal axons in the inset. Low expression levels of n-syb-YFP expression were generated by using a 2XUAS vector, and low levels of homer-GFP were generated by raising larvae at 18°C. Arrow points to region of proximal axon in which Apc-2 GFP was localized. Scale bar at lower right is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F2_10904.jpg | What key item or scene is captured in this photo? | Mushroom body neurons are divided into molecularly distinct compartments. Mushroom body neurons expressing tagged markers were generated by crossing flies containing mushroom body Gal4 drivers with flies carrying UAS-controlled markers. The 201Y Gal4 was used in all panels except L10-YFP and homer-GFP, for which the OK107 Gal4 was used. 201Y drives expression in a large subset of mushroom body neurons [54, 55], and OK107 drives expression in all mushroom body neurons [11] as well as the optic lobe. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae, fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. All panels represent confocal projections through the entire mushroom body, except homer-GFP, which shows the cell bodies, dendrites and proximal axons, with distal axons in the inset. Low expression levels of n-syb-YFP expression were generated by using a 2XUAS vector, and low levels of homer-GFP were generated by raising larvae at 18°C. Arrow points to region of proximal axon in which Apc-2 GFP was localized. Scale bar at lower right is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F2_10911.jpg | What is shown in this image? | Mushroom body neurons are divided into molecularly distinct compartments. Mushroom body neurons expressing tagged markers were generated by crossing flies containing mushroom body Gal4 drivers with flies carrying UAS-controlled markers. The 201Y Gal4 was used in all panels except L10-YFP and homer-GFP, for which the OK107 Gal4 was used. 201Y drives expression in a large subset of mushroom body neurons [54, 55], and OK107 drives expression in all mushroom body neurons [11] as well as the optic lobe. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae, fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. All panels represent confocal projections through the entire mushroom body, except homer-GFP, which shows the cell bodies, dendrites and proximal axons, with distal axons in the inset. Low expression levels of n-syb-YFP expression were generated by using a 2XUAS vector, and low levels of homer-GFP were generated by raising larvae at 18°C. Arrow points to region of proximal axon in which Apc-2 GFP was localized. Scale bar at lower right is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F2_10906.jpg | What is the core subject represented in this visual? | Mushroom body neurons are divided into molecularly distinct compartments. Mushroom body neurons expressing tagged markers were generated by crossing flies containing mushroom body Gal4 drivers with flies carrying UAS-controlled markers. The 201Y Gal4 was used in all panels except L10-YFP and homer-GFP, for which the OK107 Gal4 was used. 201Y drives expression in a large subset of mushroom body neurons [54, 55], and OK107 drives expression in all mushroom body neurons [11] as well as the optic lobe. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae, fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. All panels represent confocal projections through the entire mushroom body, except homer-GFP, which shows the cell bodies, dendrites and proximal axons, with distal axons in the inset. Low expression levels of n-syb-YFP expression were generated by using a 2XUAS vector, and low levels of homer-GFP were generated by raising larvae at 18°C. Arrow points to region of proximal axon in which Apc-2 GFP was localized. Scale bar at lower right is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F2_10908.jpg | What is the main focus of this visual representation? | Mushroom body neurons are divided into molecularly distinct compartments. Mushroom body neurons expressing tagged markers were generated by crossing flies containing mushroom body Gal4 drivers with flies carrying UAS-controlled markers. The 201Y Gal4 was used in all panels except L10-YFP and homer-GFP, for which the OK107 Gal4 was used. 201Y drives expression in a large subset of mushroom body neurons [54, 55], and OK107 drives expression in all mushroom body neurons [11] as well as the optic lobe. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae, fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. All panels represent confocal projections through the entire mushroom body, except homer-GFP, which shows the cell bodies, dendrites and proximal axons, with distal axons in the inset. Low expression levels of n-syb-YFP expression were generated by using a 2XUAS vector, and low levels of homer-GFP were generated by raising larvae at 18°C. Arrow points to region of proximal axon in which Apc-2 GFP was localized. Scale bar at lower right is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F3_10916.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Olfactory projection neurons have molecularly distinct compartments. Tagged markers were expressed in olfactory projection neurons using the GH146 Gal4 driver, which is specific to these neurons and a few other scattered groups of neurons in the brain [56]. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae and fixed. Signal in nod-YFP and NgCAM-YFP panels was amplified by staining with GFP antibodies. Confocal projections through the region occupied by projection neurons are shown. The arrow in the nod-YFP panel represents fluorescence from other neurons; the asterisk indicates the projection neuron axons terminate; arrowheads indicate the beginning of the axons, just distal to the dendrite branch point. Scale bar is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F3_10914.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Olfactory projection neurons have molecularly distinct compartments. Tagged markers were expressed in olfactory projection neurons using the GH146 Gal4 driver, which is specific to these neurons and a few other scattered groups of neurons in the brain [56]. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae and fixed. Signal in nod-YFP and NgCAM-YFP panels was amplified by staining with GFP antibodies. Confocal projections through the region occupied by projection neurons are shown. The arrow in the nod-YFP panel represents fluorescence from other neurons; the asterisk indicates the projection neuron axons terminate; arrowheads indicate the beginning of the axons, just distal to the dendrite branch point. Scale bar is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F3_10915.jpg | Describe the main subject of this image. | Olfactory projection neurons have molecularly distinct compartments. Tagged markers were expressed in olfactory projection neurons using the GH146 Gal4 driver, which is specific to these neurons and a few other scattered groups of neurons in the brain [56]. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae and fixed. Signal in nod-YFP and NgCAM-YFP panels was amplified by staining with GFP antibodies. Confocal projections through the region occupied by projection neurons are shown. The arrow in the nod-YFP panel represents fluorescence from other neurons; the asterisk indicates the projection neuron axons terminate; arrowheads indicate the beginning of the axons, just distal to the dendrite branch point. Scale bar is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F3_10912.jpg | What is the principal component of this image? | Olfactory projection neurons have molecularly distinct compartments. Tagged markers were expressed in olfactory projection neurons using the GH146 Gal4 driver, which is specific to these neurons and a few other scattered groups of neurons in the brain [56]. Brains were dissected from third instar larvae and fixed. Signal in nod-YFP and NgCAM-YFP panels was amplified by staining with GFP antibodies. Confocal projections through the region occupied by projection neurons are shown. The arrow in the nod-YFP panel represents fluorescence from other neurons; the asterisk indicates the projection neuron axons terminate; arrowheads indicate the beginning of the axons, just distal to the dendrite branch point. Scale bar is 20 μm. |
PMC1868948_F4_10921.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Tagged endogenous proteins localize to distinct neuronal compartments. Homozygous fly lines containing GFP transposon insertions were imaged by confocal microscopy. Single confocal sections of third instar brains are shown. The images were all acquired at the depth of the mushroom body calyx; the calyx region is indicated in each image with an asterisk. A diagram of a section through a third instar brain is shown at the upper left. One brain lobe (boxed region) is shown in each panel. At the top right an example of a GFP transposon insertion that yields cytoplasmic fluorescence in the cell body, axons and dendrites is shown. The bel, Pdi, and Map205 genes all contain Wee-P [22] insertions, and the Jupiter line was previously described [23]. Scale bar at lower left is 50 μm. |
PMC1868948_F4_10918.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Tagged endogenous proteins localize to distinct neuronal compartments. Homozygous fly lines containing GFP transposon insertions were imaged by confocal microscopy. Single confocal sections of third instar brains are shown. The images were all acquired at the depth of the mushroom body calyx; the calyx region is indicated in each image with an asterisk. A diagram of a section through a third instar brain is shown at the upper left. One brain lobe (boxed region) is shown in each panel. At the top right an example of a GFP transposon insertion that yields cytoplasmic fluorescence in the cell body, axons and dendrites is shown. The bel, Pdi, and Map205 genes all contain Wee-P [22] insertions, and the Jupiter line was previously described [23]. Scale bar at lower left is 50 μm. |
PMC1868948_F4_10920.jpg | What is the focal point of this photograph? | Tagged endogenous proteins localize to distinct neuronal compartments. Homozygous fly lines containing GFP transposon insertions were imaged by confocal microscopy. Single confocal sections of third instar brains are shown. The images were all acquired at the depth of the mushroom body calyx; the calyx region is indicated in each image with an asterisk. A diagram of a section through a third instar brain is shown at the upper left. One brain lobe (boxed region) is shown in each panel. At the top right an example of a GFP transposon insertion that yields cytoplasmic fluorescence in the cell body, axons and dendrites is shown. The bel, Pdi, and Map205 genes all contain Wee-P [22] insertions, and the Jupiter line was previously described [23]. Scale bar at lower left is 50 μm. |
PMC1868948_F4_10919.jpg | What stands out most in this visual? | Tagged endogenous proteins localize to distinct neuronal compartments. Homozygous fly lines containing GFP transposon insertions were imaged by confocal microscopy. Single confocal sections of third instar brains are shown. The images were all acquired at the depth of the mushroom body calyx; the calyx region is indicated in each image with an asterisk. A diagram of a section through a third instar brain is shown at the upper left. One brain lobe (boxed region) is shown in each panel. At the top right an example of a GFP transposon insertion that yields cytoplasmic fluorescence in the cell body, axons and dendrites is shown. The bel, Pdi, and Map205 genes all contain Wee-P [22] insertions, and the Jupiter line was previously described [23]. Scale bar at lower left is 50 μm. |
PMC1868948_F5_10933.jpg | Can you identify the primary element in this image? | Determination of microtubule polarity in axons and dendrites using EB1-GFP dynamics. Flies containing an elav-Gal4 transgene were crossed to flies with a UAS-EB1-GFP transgene. Progeny were aged to early L2 and whole larvae were mounted for imaging. Single confocal images were acquired every 3.6 seconds. Additional data file 1 is a movie that shows all images acquired. Frames from two portions of the movie were selected for still images. The top row shows EB1-GFP fluorescence in an axon of a dendritic arborization neuron. The arrow and arrowhead track two different EB1-GFP dots as they move away from the cell body. The bottom row shows the dendrite from the same neuron as the top panels; these images were acquired at a different plane of focus. Three different EB1-GFP dots are tracked. The one indicated with the upward-pointing arrow moves away from the cell body and the other two move towards the cell body. The figure is shown with anterior up and dorsal to the left. Scale bar is 5 μm. |
PMC1868948_F5_10931.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Determination of microtubule polarity in axons and dendrites using EB1-GFP dynamics. Flies containing an elav-Gal4 transgene were crossed to flies with a UAS-EB1-GFP transgene. Progeny were aged to early L2 and whole larvae were mounted for imaging. Single confocal images were acquired every 3.6 seconds. Additional data file 1 is a movie that shows all images acquired. Frames from two portions of the movie were selected for still images. The top row shows EB1-GFP fluorescence in an axon of a dendritic arborization neuron. The arrow and arrowhead track two different EB1-GFP dots as they move away from the cell body. The bottom row shows the dendrite from the same neuron as the top panels; these images were acquired at a different plane of focus. Three different EB1-GFP dots are tracked. The one indicated with the upward-pointing arrow moves away from the cell body and the other two move towards the cell body. The figure is shown with anterior up and dorsal to the left. Scale bar is 5 μm. |
PMC1868948_F5_10934.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Determination of microtubule polarity in axons and dendrites using EB1-GFP dynamics. Flies containing an elav-Gal4 transgene were crossed to flies with a UAS-EB1-GFP transgene. Progeny were aged to early L2 and whole larvae were mounted for imaging. Single confocal images were acquired every 3.6 seconds. Additional data file 1 is a movie that shows all images acquired. Frames from two portions of the movie were selected for still images. The top row shows EB1-GFP fluorescence in an axon of a dendritic arborization neuron. The arrow and arrowhead track two different EB1-GFP dots as they move away from the cell body. The bottom row shows the dendrite from the same neuron as the top panels; these images were acquired at a different plane of focus. Three different EB1-GFP dots are tracked. The one indicated with the upward-pointing arrow moves away from the cell body and the other two move towards the cell body. The figure is shown with anterior up and dorsal to the left. Scale bar is 5 μm. |
PMC1868948_F5_10929.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Determination of microtubule polarity in axons and dendrites using EB1-GFP dynamics. Flies containing an elav-Gal4 transgene were crossed to flies with a UAS-EB1-GFP transgene. Progeny were aged to early L2 and whole larvae were mounted for imaging. Single confocal images were acquired every 3.6 seconds. Additional data file 1 is a movie that shows all images acquired. Frames from two portions of the movie were selected for still images. The top row shows EB1-GFP fluorescence in an axon of a dendritic arborization neuron. The arrow and arrowhead track two different EB1-GFP dots as they move away from the cell body. The bottom row shows the dendrite from the same neuron as the top panels; these images were acquired at a different plane of focus. Three different EB1-GFP dots are tracked. The one indicated with the upward-pointing arrow moves away from the cell body and the other two move towards the cell body. The figure is shown with anterior up and dorsal to the left. Scale bar is 5 μm. |
PMC1868948_F5_10935.jpg | What can you see in this picture? | Determination of microtubule polarity in axons and dendrites using EB1-GFP dynamics. Flies containing an elav-Gal4 transgene were crossed to flies with a UAS-EB1-GFP transgene. Progeny were aged to early L2 and whole larvae were mounted for imaging. Single confocal images were acquired every 3.6 seconds. Additional data file 1 is a movie that shows all images acquired. Frames from two portions of the movie were selected for still images. The top row shows EB1-GFP fluorescence in an axon of a dendritic arborization neuron. The arrow and arrowhead track two different EB1-GFP dots as they move away from the cell body. The bottom row shows the dendrite from the same neuron as the top panels; these images were acquired at a different plane of focus. Three different EB1-GFP dots are tracked. The one indicated with the upward-pointing arrow moves away from the cell body and the other two move towards the cell body. The figure is shown with anterior up and dorsal to the left. Scale bar is 5 μm. |
PMC1868948_F5_10930.jpg | What is the dominant medical problem in this image? | Determination of microtubule polarity in axons and dendrites using EB1-GFP dynamics. Flies containing an elav-Gal4 transgene were crossed to flies with a UAS-EB1-GFP transgene. Progeny were aged to early L2 and whole larvae were mounted for imaging. Single confocal images were acquired every 3.6 seconds. Additional data file 1 is a movie that shows all images acquired. Frames from two portions of the movie were selected for still images. The top row shows EB1-GFP fluorescence in an axon of a dendritic arborization neuron. The arrow and arrowhead track two different EB1-GFP dots as they move away from the cell body. The bottom row shows the dendrite from the same neuron as the top panels; these images were acquired at a different plane of focus. Three different EB1-GFP dots are tracked. The one indicated with the upward-pointing arrow moves away from the cell body and the other two move towards the cell body. The figure is shown with anterior up and dorsal to the left. Scale bar is 5 μm. |
PMC1868949_F1_10946.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Phenotype of conditional Sp8 mutants. (a, b) WMISH of Sp8 in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Sp8 is strongly expressed in the anterior neural ridge and in the forebrain neuroepithelium at E8.5 (a). At E9.5, Sp8 expression covers the putative forebrain vesicle (b). (c) Foxg1-Cre activity, visualized by X-Gal staining, is evident throughout the telencephalon at E10.5. (d) Cre recombination ablates Sp8 expression in the telencephalon and olfactory placode of cKO at E10.5. (e, f") Histological (nissl stained) coronal sections at E18.5. (e', f') Mutant brains miss the septum and reveal a reduced size of the telencephalon. (e', e") Callosal fibers do not cross the midline and form probst bundles unilaterally. (g, g') On (nissl stained) sagittal sections, a strongly reduced cortical diameter is characteristic for cKO at E18.5. With 15% penetrance, cKO brains show an enhanced phenotype, highlighted by the complete absence of midline derivates. These mutants were termed 'cKO no midline' (e", f"). cKO and 'cKO no midline' only differ at rostral levels of the forebrain. In 'cKO no midline' specimens, a delamination of the cortex from the basal telencephalon is apparent medially, as a visible hole (asterisk in e"). Caudally in the brain, the difference between low and high penetrance of the phenotypes is not significant (f', f"). AC, anterior commissure; ANR, anterior neural ridge; CC, corpus callosum; CP, cortical plate; CTX, cortex; DI, diencephalon; FB, forebrain; HC, hippocampus; IZ, intermediate zone; LGE, lateral ganglionic eminence; MB, midbrain; MZ, marginal zone; OP, olfactory placode; PB, probst bundles; POA, preoptic area; SE, septum; SP, subplate; SVZ, subventricular zone; TH, thalamus; VZ, ventricular zone. |
PMC1868949_F1_10945.jpg | What is being portrayed in this visual content? | Phenotype of conditional Sp8 mutants. (a, b) WMISH of Sp8 in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Sp8 is strongly expressed in the anterior neural ridge and in the forebrain neuroepithelium at E8.5 (a). At E9.5, Sp8 expression covers the putative forebrain vesicle (b). (c) Foxg1-Cre activity, visualized by X-Gal staining, is evident throughout the telencephalon at E10.5. (d) Cre recombination ablates Sp8 expression in the telencephalon and olfactory placode of cKO at E10.5. (e, f") Histological (nissl stained) coronal sections at E18.5. (e', f') Mutant brains miss the septum and reveal a reduced size of the telencephalon. (e', e") Callosal fibers do not cross the midline and form probst bundles unilaterally. (g, g') On (nissl stained) sagittal sections, a strongly reduced cortical diameter is characteristic for cKO at E18.5. With 15% penetrance, cKO brains show an enhanced phenotype, highlighted by the complete absence of midline derivates. These mutants were termed 'cKO no midline' (e", f"). cKO and 'cKO no midline' only differ at rostral levels of the forebrain. In 'cKO no midline' specimens, a delamination of the cortex from the basal telencephalon is apparent medially, as a visible hole (asterisk in e"). Caudally in the brain, the difference between low and high penetrance of the phenotypes is not significant (f', f"). AC, anterior commissure; ANR, anterior neural ridge; CC, corpus callosum; CP, cortical plate; CTX, cortex; DI, diencephalon; FB, forebrain; HC, hippocampus; IZ, intermediate zone; LGE, lateral ganglionic eminence; MB, midbrain; MZ, marginal zone; OP, olfactory placode; PB, probst bundles; POA, preoptic area; SE, septum; SP, subplate; SVZ, subventricular zone; TH, thalamus; VZ, ventricular zone. |
PMC1868949_F1_10937.jpg | What is the central feature of this picture? | Phenotype of conditional Sp8 mutants. (a, b) WMISH of Sp8 in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Sp8 is strongly expressed in the anterior neural ridge and in the forebrain neuroepithelium at E8.5 (a). At E9.5, Sp8 expression covers the putative forebrain vesicle (b). (c) Foxg1-Cre activity, visualized by X-Gal staining, is evident throughout the telencephalon at E10.5. (d) Cre recombination ablates Sp8 expression in the telencephalon and olfactory placode of cKO at E10.5. (e, f") Histological (nissl stained) coronal sections at E18.5. (e', f') Mutant brains miss the septum and reveal a reduced size of the telencephalon. (e', e") Callosal fibers do not cross the midline and form probst bundles unilaterally. (g, g') On (nissl stained) sagittal sections, a strongly reduced cortical diameter is characteristic for cKO at E18.5. With 15% penetrance, cKO brains show an enhanced phenotype, highlighted by the complete absence of midline derivates. These mutants were termed 'cKO no midline' (e", f"). cKO and 'cKO no midline' only differ at rostral levels of the forebrain. In 'cKO no midline' specimens, a delamination of the cortex from the basal telencephalon is apparent medially, as a visible hole (asterisk in e"). Caudally in the brain, the difference between low and high penetrance of the phenotypes is not significant (f', f"). AC, anterior commissure; ANR, anterior neural ridge; CC, corpus callosum; CP, cortical plate; CTX, cortex; DI, diencephalon; FB, forebrain; HC, hippocampus; IZ, intermediate zone; LGE, lateral ganglionic eminence; MB, midbrain; MZ, marginal zone; OP, olfactory placode; PB, probst bundles; POA, preoptic area; SE, septum; SP, subplate; SVZ, subventricular zone; TH, thalamus; VZ, ventricular zone. |
PMC1868949_F1_10938.jpg | What's the most prominent thing you notice in this picture? | Phenotype of conditional Sp8 mutants. (a, b) WMISH of Sp8 in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Sp8 is strongly expressed in the anterior neural ridge and in the forebrain neuroepithelium at E8.5 (a). At E9.5, Sp8 expression covers the putative forebrain vesicle (b). (c) Foxg1-Cre activity, visualized by X-Gal staining, is evident throughout the telencephalon at E10.5. (d) Cre recombination ablates Sp8 expression in the telencephalon and olfactory placode of cKO at E10.5. (e, f") Histological (nissl stained) coronal sections at E18.5. (e', f') Mutant brains miss the septum and reveal a reduced size of the telencephalon. (e', e") Callosal fibers do not cross the midline and form probst bundles unilaterally. (g, g') On (nissl stained) sagittal sections, a strongly reduced cortical diameter is characteristic for cKO at E18.5. With 15% penetrance, cKO brains show an enhanced phenotype, highlighted by the complete absence of midline derivates. These mutants were termed 'cKO no midline' (e", f"). cKO and 'cKO no midline' only differ at rostral levels of the forebrain. In 'cKO no midline' specimens, a delamination of the cortex from the basal telencephalon is apparent medially, as a visible hole (asterisk in e"). Caudally in the brain, the difference between low and high penetrance of the phenotypes is not significant (f', f"). AC, anterior commissure; ANR, anterior neural ridge; CC, corpus callosum; CP, cortical plate; CTX, cortex; DI, diencephalon; FB, forebrain; HC, hippocampus; IZ, intermediate zone; LGE, lateral ganglionic eminence; MB, midbrain; MZ, marginal zone; OP, olfactory placode; PB, probst bundles; POA, preoptic area; SE, septum; SP, subplate; SVZ, subventricular zone; TH, thalamus; VZ, ventricular zone. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.