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During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers—ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour.
Futbol Club Barcelona -LRB- -LSB- fubˈbɔɫ ˈkɫub bərsəˈɫonə -RSB- -RRB- , commonly known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça , is a professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto `` Més que un club '' -LRB- `` More than a club '' -RRB- . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the second most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 3.56 billion , and the world 's second richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of $ 560.8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the `` Cant del Barça '' , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won 24 La Liga , 29 Copa del Rey , 12 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , Barcelona has won twenty European and World titles -- four UEFA Champions League titles and one European Cup , a record four UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a shared record five UEFA Super Cup , a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the third position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards -LRB- 11 -RRB- , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards -LRB- 7 -RRB- , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário and Ronaldinho . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy -LRB- Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta and Xavi -RRB- were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school . Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division , along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid . In 2009 , Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga , Copa del Rey , and the UEFA Champions League , and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year , completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup , UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . In 2011 , the club became European champions again and won five trophies . This Barcelona team , which won 14 trophies in just 4 years under Pep Guardiola , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time . By winning their fifth Champions League trophy on 6 June 2015 , Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice .
GEICO advertising campaigns The company's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot, The Gecko, an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency, modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore. The gecko first appeared in 1999, during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors.[8] The original commercial features the Gecko, voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer, who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters "This is my final plea: I am a gecko, not to be confused with GEICO, which could save you hundreds on car insurance. So, STOP CALLING ME!", before licking his eye. Later "wrong number" ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko. In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood[9] (which portray him as a representative of the company), the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent, because it would be unexpected, according to Martin Agency's Steve Bassett. In 2010s commercials, the gecko's accent is more working-class, perhaps in an effort to further "humanize" him.[10] "As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better, we did a few things," says Steve Bassett, creative director at The Martin Agency. "We wanted to make him a little more guy-next-door. And he looks a lot more real than he's looked before."[8] Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then-Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013.[11] He had since became GEICO's longest-running mascot, appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017.
Shahzad Nawaz is a Pakistani filmmaker, actor, singer, advertiser and graphic designer. Started his career as an advisor to many news agencies and media publications such as Geo TV, PTV, ARY, Dunya News and Jang Group of Newspapers, he served as a CEO of Nai Baat Media Network for a year. He also worked as a graphic designer for a number organization's designing their logos including Pakistan Television Corporation.
Boeing B-29 Superfortress \| Warbirds Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia " 49 Three Feathers " March Field Air Museum Boeing B-29 Survivors highlights the history of many well known flying and static display Boeing B-29s in the United States . A list is also provided of other B-29's on display around the world; including location, model and serial numbers, brief history, nicknames/markings, and conditions. Contents [ show ] Background In September 1945, immediately after the surrender of Japan, all contracts for further production of the B-29 were terminated after 3,970 aircraft (2,766 by Boeing Aircraft, 668 by Bell Aircraft and 536 by Glenn L. Martin Co.) were accepted by the USAAF. Uncompleted airframes at the Boeing Plant in Wichita Kansas plant were stripped of all Government Furnished Equipment and scrapped on the flightline. A vast majority all of the B-29s were stored by a new process of cocooning, however, this process trapped heat and moisture resulting in numerous airframes being damaged by this process (primarily the avionics and instruments). Between 1946 and 1949, many early and high time combat veteran aircraft were sold or scrapped – none were released to civilian use. While the B-29 was still considered useful in the post WWII inventory, the numerous problems with development, (i.e. including the freezing of the design in 1942) and the fear that the postwar congress would not fund the purchase of a design that still had significant quantity in storage, led to the radically redeveloped B-29D being redesignated the B-50A . While the B-50A looked similar to the B-29, Boeing had redeveloped the airframe with a new stronger alloy skin, redesigned main spar, taller vertical stabilizer and improved engine cowlings. Additionally, the engines were changed to the R-4360 which produced higher horsepower, had better cooling and were less prone to failure. In 1947, with the advent of the USAF , the B-29 was redesignated as a medium bomber. With the new heavy bombers in production ( B-36 and B-49 ) and the planned production of the both the B-47 and the XB-52 becoming a reality, the Superfortress was quickly starting to become eclipsed by technology. It was only the advent of the Korean War in 1950, which slowed down the retirement of the B-29. Once again, the Superfortress was pressed into combat; while the first 6 months the B-29 was able to hold its own, the introduction of Jet fighters ( Mig-15s ) proved the demise of this aircraft. The B-29 was too slow and the gunnery systems could not keep up/track the high-speed aircraft. By 1953, the remaining B-29s were withdrawn from combat (except for some RB-29s). The remaining B-29s in service were then redesignated as Training ( TB-29 ) , Photo Recon ( RB-29 ), Air-Sea Rescue ( SB-29 ) and refueling/tanker ( KB-29M ) aircraft. The last USAAF flight was in September 1960. The Royal Air Force as a stop-gap measure between the Lancaster and the new V-Bombers leased 88 aircraft in the early 1950s – redesigning them Washington Mk b.I’s . The Washingtons remained in service until late 1958 when they were retired and returned to the United States. Several Washingtons were given to Australia, but within one year they were retired and scrapped. The B-29 did enjoy limited success post war as a flying testbed, being used with NACA to carry the early rocket aircraft ( X-1 , X-1A , D-558-2 etc…), prototype jet engine testing, electronic test ships, High Altitude Atmospheric tests, etc… The majority of the surviving B-29 came from airframes that had either been designated (with the US Navy at NAS China Lake ), initially, as target-tow aircraft, then unmanned target aircraft, finally as a ground target (the last B-29 destroyed was in 1981 more than 6 years after a ban had been placed on further using these aircraft as targets). Furthermore, B-29's were used at Aberdeen Proving Grounds as ground targets and survivability studies. In 1966, the then fledgling Confederate Air Force , in their quest to gather an example of all the remaining WWII bombers attempted to track down a B-29. At this t
CnamB \| Camogie \| Virginia Modern Cumann na mBan in teal Proudly sponsored by: Welcome/Fáilte Cumann na mBan (CnamB for short), is a camogie team of over 30 women of all ages and walks of life in Coastal Virginia (aka "the 757"). Camogie is the all-women version of the ancient sport of hurling, believed to be the oldest field sport, and the Camogie Association was officially founded in Ireland in 1903. Team Updates Follow Us On Your Favorite Social Media: April 3, 2016 - CnamB is kicking off our camogie Spring Mermaid League! As always, we owe a huge thanks to the 2016 Mermaid League team sponsors, Mermaid Winery and Lewis Communication. The Selkies and the Sirens will play alternating Sundays at Lafayette Park in Norfolk, VA , (right next to the Zoo) and the athletic field at Spratley School in Hampton, VA . We will be rotating game times with the two hurling games as follows: 4/3 - 12PM Game at Lafayette Park 4/10 - 11AM Game at Spratley School 4/17 - 10AM Game at Lafayette Park 4/24 - 12PM Game at Spratley School 5/1 - NO GAMES - CHARLESTON 5/8 - 11AM Game at Lafayette Park 5/15 - 10AM Game at Spratley 5/29 - Final Game at Lafayette CnamB is actively recruiting new players for the leauge, no matter your level of experience! Check out our FaceBook page for information on practices (free and we have all the equipment you need) and league registration. Fans are welcomed and encouraged (there are bathrooms, stands and plenty of room for chairs). “Dress suitably in short skirts and sitting boots, leave your jewels and gold wands in the bank, and buy a revolver.” Countess Markievicz 4696 Princess Anne Road, Virginia Beach Larkspur Middle School
Journey is an American rock band that formed in San Francisco in 1973 , composed of former members of Santana and Frumious Bandersnatch . The band has gone through several phases ; its strongest commercial success occurred between 1978 and 1987 . During that period , the band released a series of hit songs , including `` Do n't Stop Believin ' -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , which in 2009 became the top-selling track in iTunes history among songs not released in the 21st century . Its parent studio album , Escape , the band 's eighth and most successful , reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and yielded another of their most popular singles , `` Open Arms '' . Its 1983 follow-up album , Frontiers , was almost as successful in the United States , reaching No. 2 and spawning several successful singles ; it broadened the band 's appeal in the United Kingdom , where it reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart . Journey enjoyed a successful reunion in the mid-1990s and later regrouped with a series of lead singers . Sales have resulted in two Gold albums , eight multi-platinum albums , and two diamond albums -LRB- including seven consecutive multi-platinum albums between 1978 and 1987 -RRB- . They have had eighteen Top 40 singles in the U.S. -LRB- the second most without a Billboard Hot 100 number one single behind Electric Light Orchestra with 20 -RRB- , six of which reached the Top 10 of the US chart and two of which reached No. 1 on other Billboard charts , and a No. 6 hit on the UK Singles Chart in `` Do n't Stop Believin . In 2005 , `` Do n't Stop Believin reached No. 3 on iTunes downloads . Originally a progressive rock band , Journey was described by AllMusic as having cemented a reputation as `` one of America 's most beloved -LRB- and sometimes hated -RRB- commercial rock/pop bands '' by 1978 , when they redefined their sound by embracing pop arrangements on their fourth album , Infinity . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Journey has sold 48 million albums in the U.S. , making them the 25th best-selling band . Their worldwide sales have reached close to 90 million records , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time . A 2005 USA Today opinion poll named Journey the fifth-best American rock band in history . Their songs have become arena rock staples and are still played on rock radio stations across the world . Journey ranks No. 96 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . Journey was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the class of 2017 . Inductees included lead singer Steve Perry , guitarist Neal Schon , keyboardists Jonathan Cain and Gregg Rolie , bassist Ross Valory , and drummers Aynsley Dunbar and Steve Smith .
The Real Cost of Laser Eye Surgery The cost of laser eye surgery can range from as low as $299 per eye to up to $4,000 or more per eye. The average price of custom bladeless LASIK eye surgery in 2013 was about $2,500 USD per eye. Geography, surgical experience, technology (e.g., which lasers), insurance benefi...
Working with photographer Steven Klein, Madonna completed a 17-minute film called secretprojectrevolution. The BitTorrent company was selected by Madonna to release the film as part of a Madonna bundle. It was released on September 24, 2013, and consisted of the 17-minute film, its stills, a Vice interview, and a message from Madonna. With the film she launched the Art for Freedom initiative, which helped to promote "art and free speech as a means to address persecution and injustice across the globe". The website for the project has had over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception, with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting the help of other artists like David Blaine and Katy Perry as guest curators.
24 Awesome greek mythology creatures with pictures \| 10Steps.SG Tweet 24 Awesome greek mythology creatures with pictures I have always been fascinated by Greek mythical creatures. The only downside is that there was a lack of pictures to depict how they really look. Thankfully, the design community has stepped in to re-imagine how these fantasy creatures look like. Most of the pictures are really awesome so I want to showcase my favorite Greek mythology creatures with pictures. Centaurs picture Source: mi9.com Centaurs are a well known race of mythology creatures who had the upper body of a man and the lower body of a horse. They were featured in the story of Theseus during their battle with Lapiths. In this story, the centaurs were invited to the wedding of Hippodamia, who was part of the Lapiths clan. In their drunken state, the centaurs took a liking to Hippodamia and attempted to steal her from the wedding. The Lapiths fought back, and with the help of Theseus, manged to drive the centaurs from the wedding. Cerberus picture Source: wall.alphacoders.com Cerberus is the famous three headed hell dog that guarded the entrance of the underworld. Appearing in both Greek and Roman mythology, Cerberus has also been depicted numerous times in various game titles. According to the Greek legend, Cerberus was was given birth by Echidna, a hybrid half-woman and half-serpent, and Typhon, which we will will cover later in the article. Cerberus was featured in the stories of Hercules as the last labor in which the hero must captured the monster alive with no tools. There are currently some disagreement over the representation of the three heads. Some said that they represent past, present and future while others have argued that they represent birth, youth and old age. Charybdis picture Source: cghub.com Charybdis was interpreted as either a sea monster or as a large whirlpool in the Greek mythology. In the former, she was portrayed as the daughter of the sea god Poseidon and goddess of Earth, Gaia. In this interpretation, she had a mouth for a face and had to swollen huge amounts of water each day. When Charybdis belch the water back, it lead to the formation of large whirlpools. Charybdis was featured in the story of Odysseus, who had to cross a narrow channel in the Strait of Messina. On one side of the channel lies Charybdis while the other side lays a hydra monster by the name of Scylla. To cross the channel successfully, Odysseus had to balance the ship’s navigation well. This give arise to the modern saying of “‘between Scylla and Charybdis'”, which means that choosing between 2 dangers. Chimera picture Source: abstract.desktopnexus.com Chimera is a Greek mythology creature that comprise a lion, a goat and a snake. Similar to Cerberus, Chimera parents were Typhon and Echidna. In the literature, Chimera is often depicted as a female creature, that is capable of breathing fire. Chimera was eventually killed by the Greek hero Bellerophon, with the help of another Greek mythology creature. the Pegasus. Due to Pegasus’s ability to fly, it kept Bellerophon away from the fire breath of the Chimera. The killing blow is said to be a spear that was thrown by Bellerophon. The spear contained a lump of lead that was melted by Chimera’s fire breath and killed the creature. Cyclops picture Source: God of War The name taken by the leader of the famous X Men comics, Cyclops is a Greek mythology monster that is well known for their one eye. In most Greek stories, cyclops were often depicted as giants. According to the Greek story, cyclops were the weapon makers for Zeus to help him overthrow the rule of Cronus. In fact, they were also the makers of many God’s weapons including Poseidon’s trident, Artemis’s bow and arrow of moonlight and Hades’s helmet of darkness. Empusa picture Souce: yahoo-trendz.blogspot.sg Empusa is a less well known Greek mythology creature. She was first introduced as a demi goddess who was birthed by the goddess Hecate and the spirit Mormo. Her physical characteristic is her beautiful flaming hair and her bronze f
Knowing that a sequel is likely, it turns out that at least one of the characters who could appear in it may be somewhat unlikely. While El Diablo doesn't survive to the end of Suicide Squad, the actor behind the character is hinting that his character might not be as done as we thought. What's more, it sounds like there were other plans for the character once upon a time. There are two members of the Suicide Squad who don't make it out alive. One is a character who was obviously designed to simply be fodder, the other, Jay Hernandez's El Diablo, was actually one of the deeper and more complex characters in the film. He goes out, literally, in a blaze of glory.
. Jeff Po's Railroad Lantern Page Last update: 02/14/1 8Welcome to my antique railroad lantern collection website. This webpage is dedicated to my collection of railroad lanterns as well as other railroadiana items. In it you will learn about the various lanterns and lamps used by the railroad. I document how they were used as well as provide information on the railroad line that used it. Do note that while there are battery powered electric lanterns, and electrically powered lamps, my main interest are those that are fuel powered (i.e. kerosene). The very nature of operating a train and a train yard means that you have to have a means of communication. During the days of steam locomotives and early diesel, the noise and distance involved with train operations pretty much ruled out speaking or yelling, especially since common radio devices weren't yet available. Any device used would also have to be portable, since those working on the line were constantly on the move. While flags and semaphores might work during the day, how about at night? The most effective means of nighttime communications was the kerosene railroad lantern (oil in the earlier days). The kerosene railroad lantern was a portable, efficient light source, that could be easily seen. Even after electric flashlights began showing up, some railroad workers still preferred the lantern because it lasted longer (i.e. no batteries), gave better light (i.e. the flashlight was too directional), and I've even read about where multiple lamps were used on cold nights to provide for some warmth. At any rate, lanterns have enjoyed a long history with the railroad and today have become collector items for those fascinated with the railroad as a hobby. And like others who are spellbound by America's history of railroads, I too have entered the fray of collecting railroad lanterns. I guess I should be a little more descriptive. I don't collect in the sense of looking for value or investment. I just like the fact that these devices were used by hardworking blue collar men, on our nation's railways in the dead of night. When I fire up a kerosene railroad lantern, I like to imagine that someone else did the same, decades ago, as they reported for work at the rail yard. While there are electric, battery powered versions, I just think of kerosene versions as more representative of what an antique railroad lantern is all about. I initially created this webpage to share my collection of lanterns and how they were used. Since then it has evolved into historical information about the associated railroads, and other railroadiana items I have collected. Enjoy. NOTE: I'm a collector only. I don't sell lanterns, parts, or supplies (though I do list some sources). Jump to my railroad lantern collection If you're asking for the valueof a lantern... If you're looking for lantern parts... If you're offering to sellme your lantern... If you want to link to my webpage... Frequently Asked Questions FAQHome Email Work Email Wanted Lantern Items At the bottom of this page, I've got a list of railroad lanterns and parts that I'm looking for. While my main focus is on lanterns, if you have something to sell that is railroad related, let me know. Lantern versus Lamp A railroad lantern and a railroad lamp are two different things. Lanterns were designed to be portable (i.e. carried) and were basically globes surrounded by a metal frame with a fuel source. When you think of a railroad worker swinging a signal, think lantern. Lamps on the other hand, generally had a sheet metal or cast metal body and used lenses to amplify the internal light source. They were generally intended to be stationary or mounted somewhere. They are generally bigger and most have lenses to magnify the light. The lamps on railroad track switches or on the back of a caboose as markers are examples. While they may have handles on them for transportation, they were not meant to be swung about like lanterns. In the image above, looking from left to right, you have a hand lantern made by Adlake, a hand lantern made by Dietz, and a switch lamp made by Dressel. The Adlake lantern is about 9.5 inches tall not including the handle, the Dietz lantern is about 10 inches tall, and the Dressel lamp is about 17.5 inches tall. The lantern was used by various railroad workers as a hand signaling device. It would be swung in various ways to send a signal, such as stop, apply air brakes, etc. The lamp would generally be mounted to something. Unlike hand lanterns, which were used primarily at night, railroad lamps were used both day and night. * A note on the Dietz railroad lantern. The one above is a Vesta model. While it looks similar to the tubular barn lantern styles, it is a bit different. Notice that it has a wire guard to protect the globe. It also has a wire guard around the fuel fount to serve as the base. Normal tubular barn lanterns actually use the fuel fount as their base (see the Dietz Little Wizard model below). NON-Railroad Lanterns Pictured is a Dietz Little Wizard kerosene lantern that has been in my family for years. You’ll often see people advertise this style of lantern as a railroad lantern. It is not railroad related. Most people refer to these as barn lanterns. The design is what's known as a tubular lantern. Every now and then you will see a barn style lantern that is marked for a particular railroad, which means that at least that particular specimen was used on the railroad. But without a railroad marking, it can’t be considered as an official railroad lantern. These lanterns were general utility lanterns, used by people at home and by businesses such as construction companies and such. They were also used not only for light, but also as a signal or marker when the globe was exchanged for one that had a specific color. For example, you will sometimes find a utility lantern with a red, amber, or blue globe. Here's a lantern that is often mistakenly listed as a railroad lantern. This is a Dietz No. 40 Traffic Gard lantern. Yes, "Gard" is spelled without the "u". It has a red fresnel globe/lens. As the name implies, this lantern was used by highway contractors, utility companies, and municipalities rather than the railroad. They were used to mark construction sites and roadwork, and generally warn night time drivers of road hazards. They also used various globe colors such as amber, blue, red, etc., and these colors do correspond to the same signal meanings that the railroad used. For example, red meant to stop, and blue meant that men were working or equipment was not to be moved. Here's a common lamp that's mistaken as a railroad lantern. It's a Dietz headlight lamp made for a car such as a Model T. They sometimes have a red lens in the back. Or, sometimes the front lens is red in which case it's a rear marker lamp for a car or truck. While this has similarities to a railroad inspector lantern, this Dietz lantern is actually made for a wagon. Notice the bracket on the side that was used to connect it to the wagon. Signals - Hand Lanterns Various railroad workers, such as engineers and brakemen, used the lantern to signal instructions to others (such as the locomotive engineer). A rail yard is a busy place. Hooking up and rearranging railroad cars took a lot of coordination and proper communication. The lighted kerosene lantern was just the right tool for use at night. Lantern Globes Railroads used five colored globes ( clear/white, red, green, yellow, and blue) for their signaling. The yellow globe can range from looking light amber, to yellow, to orange, but officially it is known as a yellow globe. The green globe typically looks like an aqua or teal color in natural light, but will shine a signal green color when illuminated by a yellow kerosene flame. There are a few green globes that look green in natural light. Clear and red globes are the most common. The white/clear lantern was used by the brakeman to give the general, more common signals around the rail yard. They were swung by hand. A white lantern (or a green lantern) could be used to stop a train at a flag station. A flag station is a location where one would want to ride one or two days a week, but would otherwise be too costly for a train to stop everyday if there weren't any passengers. It could be hung from the building or swung by hand. The red lantern was generally used to signal STOP. This could be at the tower, a flag station, etc. Sometimes a red lantern was hung on the rear of the tender. Sometimes a red lantern was hung on the end of a caboose as a rear marker. A red lantern might also be hung outside the tower to indicate the train needs to stop for Form 31 orders. Orders are instructions from the dispatcher, delivered through the operator, to the engineer and conductor of a train which either gives them the authority to operate, as in the case of an extra train, or modifies the schedule which exists in the timetable. Unlike Form 19 orders, Form 31 orders require the train to stop and the engineer and conductor must each sign for the order. The blue lantern was used for marking equipment that wasn't to be moved. It was hung on the various equipment, such as boxcars or locomotives, that were being worked on. The signal green lantern was used as a tower signal for "proceed with caution". The green lantern (or a yellow lantern) was also used by switch tenders to indicate that the switches were aligned properly. The green lantern was also used by the wreck master (the one in charge at the scene of a wreck cleanup) to signal the wrecker operator and the engineer of the work train positioning the wrecker. The engineer of the wreck train could only act on a green signal given by the wreck master. A green lantern (or a white lantern) could be used to stop a train at a flag station. The yellow lantern was used to mark "camp cars". Camp cars were railroad cars that track repair men or other repair people lived in when many miles from home. They ate and slept in them. Switch tenders (people that manually threw the railroad switches) also used the yellow lantern (or the green lantern) for signaling to indicate that the switches were aligned properly. A yellow lantern could also be hung as a tower signal to indicate that Form 19 orders were to be handed up to conductor and engineer. Form 19 orders are "hooped" (affixed to a stick with a hoop on it that the engineer could put his arm through to grab it) up to the engineer and conductor by the operator once the train is underway. In other words, the train did not have to stop to receive Form 19 orders. To communicate with a lantern, the railroad worker would swing the lantern in various ways according to what message he wanted to send. Some messages could be quite quick and complex, meaning the workers really had to know their signals. They had to give them and read them. They could signal how many cars needed to moved and to where. From what I've read, if you missed or misread a given signal, you were in for an ear full of discipline from the more senior members of the crew. Below is a set of very common set of hand lantern signals used by railroad workers. STOPStop signal. Lantern swung back and forth across tracks. NOTE: Any object waved violently by anyone on or near the track is a signal to stop PROCEEDProceed or go signal. Lantern raised up and down, vertically. BACKBack signal. Lantern swung vertically in a circle at half-arm's length across the track. REDUCE SPEEDReduce speed, or slow down signal. Lantern is held out to the side, at arm's length. APPLY BRAKESApply brakes signal. Lantern is swung horizontally above the head. RELEASE BRAKESRelease brakes signal. Lantern is held at arm's length above the head. TRAIN HAS PARTEDTrain has parted or come loose signal. Lantern is swung vertically in a circle at arm's length across the tracks. NOTE: While modern trains have made this signal obsolete, it was a very serious signal in its time. It meant part of the train was missing or disconnected and could be coasting into the rail yard and cause a collision/wreck. NOTE: The animated GIFs, with the exception of the "train has parted" signal, were provided by Ron Paludan: http://www.trainweb.org/railmation/signals.html . Ron didn't have an animation version of the "train has parted" signal so I created it myself using one of his images as a base image and copying and pasting the lantern arm at various angles to animate the motion. It's crude and not very smooth, but it still conveys what the signal looked like. NOTE: The still images are from a poster by Daniel Edwards. You can order the poster and other railroad related images at: http://www.a-trains.com/shop/de-poster-rrhandsignalsm/Railroad_Hand_Signals_and_Whistle_Signals_Poster.html Signals – Lamps Lamps were mounted in various places to signal traffic moving along the rails. They weren't mean to be handheld signals. Lamps are generally larger than lanterns, and have a much larger fuel fount (for those that aren't electric, or reflector). Lamp Lenses Instead of a singular globe seen from all directions like a lantern has, a lamp would have lenses, shaped like little round saucers, that were more directional with their light. The average size of the lenses ranged from 4" to 5 3/8" in diameter. A lamp could have one, two, three, or four lenses. Lamp lenses came in seven colors. The four main colors generally seen are red, green, yellow, and clear/white . Just like a green globe, the green lens would look teal or aqua blue in natural light, but shine green with a yellow flame. The yellow lens looks more like amber or orange, but it's still officially yellow. Lunar white on left, purple on right. The other three colors you'll see are blue, purple, and lunar white. The image above shows a lunar white lens on the left, and a purple lens on the right. They all look like a similar blue in natural light, although the lunar white is a little bit lighter. But with the yellow flame, the purple lens is noticeably more violet than the blue lens. The lunar white lens appears to be pure white with the yellow flame, just like the light of a full moon (hence the name). The lunar white lenses were sometimes used in switch lamps opposite some yellow lenses. The purple lenses were sometimes used on derail lamps opposite some green or yellow lenses. A blue lens shines with the same hue as a blue globe from a hand lantern. A lamp with a blue lens was used on a "doll arm post". A doll arm post was an extension on a main signal post that had a blue signal on it. It was used when another track intervened between the main signal, and the track that signal governed (i.e. there wasn't enough room between the tracks to put the signal beside of the track it controlled, like it normally would have been placed). Types of Lamps A switch lamp was mounted to a railroad track switch and would indicate (using specific colors) which position the switch was set to. Usually a green signal indicated the switch was set to straight ahead while a red signal indicated that the switch was set to the turn out. Sometimes instead of red, a railroad would used yellow lenses. A semaphore lamp was a lamp with a single white lens used to illuminate the colored glass filter roundels of a semaphore blade (see the image to the right of the lamp). The signal could be stop, proceed, or caution/slow based on what color it was. Train order lamps were used in similar fashion to semaphore lamps, but generally had two lenses instead for each direction (though some only had one). They were used to signal the approaching train to let them know whether or not to stop at the station for train orders, or if there were standing orders for that block of track. There were also more portable versions of train order lamps (shown above) called slow order lamps. These were used by work crews along the railroad line. Marker lamps (also called caboose lamps) were mounted on the rear of a train to mark the end car and to serve in some cases as a signal (to passing trains) if the last railcar was completely off the main line and onto a siding. Classification lamps were mounted on the front sides of a locomotive. They had three settings. Off, white, and green. The green signal was achieved by turning a lever that would move green glass discs between the light source and the clear lens. Regularly scheduled trains would show dark (i.e. off) classification lamps. Trains run as extras would show white classification lamps. If a train was split up into more than one section, the preceding sections would show green classification lamps with the last section having an unlit lamp. Crossing gate lamps were used as markers at crossing gates. Some used four lenses (two red, two white). Some used two red lenses. And some used just a single red lens. The red lens faced toward the traffic that was to stop for the approaching train. My Railroad Lantern Collection At my previous house, I had some of my railroad lantern collection displayed in my living room, along a wall of my cathedral ceiling. I created the railroad crossbuck to give it more visual appeal. I also had a couple of switch lamps on the fireplace hearth. So far I haven't come up with a display for the new house, other than the occasional lantern sitting here and there, that I actually use for mood lighting. I actually have an office now that I want to use to setup my model trains, so I'll probably do something in there. Maybe use wall shelves instead of hooks. Below is a more detailed look at each lantern in my collection. Click on an image to see a larger picture, more pictures of the lantern, and some information on the associated railroad. Armspear lantern for Erie Railroad. Clear globe. Hiram Piper lantern for Canadian Pacific Railroad. Amber/yellow globe. Dietz lantern for New Haven Railroad. Clear globe. Adlake lantern for Penn Central Railroad. Blue globe. Dietz lantern for New York Central Railroad. Red globe. Dressel lantern for Pennsylvania Railroad. Red globe. Adlake lantern for Southern Railway. Clear globe. Adlake switch lamp. Dietz lantern for Reading Railroad. Red globe. Dressel crossing gate lamp. Adlake lantern for Baltimore & Ohio Railroad . Blue globe. Dietz #39 lantern. Red globe. Dietz #6 lantern for New York Central Railroad. Clear globe. Dressel switch lamp for Maine Central Railroad. Dietz lantern for New York Central Railroad. Signal green globe. Dietz lantern for New Haven Railroad. Red globe. Dietz #6 lantern for New York Central Railroad (more detailed). Clear globe. Dietz lantern for Maine Central Railroad . Signal green globe. Dressel switch lamp for Wabash Railroad. Adlake lantern. Various globe colors. Dietz #6 lantern for Boston & Albany Railroad. Clear globe. Dietz #6 lantern for New York Central Railroad. Red globe. Adlake lantern for Pennsylvania Railroad. Clear globe. Adlake lantern for Southern Railway. Signal green globe. Dressel Stainless derail lamp Dressel Stainless switch lamp, possibly for Maine Central Railroad Handlan marker lamp Adlake Reflex switch lamp Adlake lantern for Norfolk & Western Railway. Red globe. Adlake bellbottom switch lamp. Adlake lantern for Baltimore & Ohio railroad. Clear globe. Adlake lantern for Boston & Maine railroad. Red globe. Adlake bellbottom switch lamp for Union Pacific Railroad Adlake bellbottom lantern for Grand Trunk Railway. Clear globe. Handlan lantern for New York Central Railroad. Red globe. Dietz lantern for Reading Railroad. Amber/yellow globe. Adlake lantern for Delaware & Hudson railroad. Clear globe. Armspear lantern for the Louisville & Nashville railroad. Red globe. Vesta lantern for Boston & Maine railroad. Amber/yellow globe. Hiram L. Piper marker lamp for Canadian National Railways Vesta lantern for Pittsburg & Lake Erie railroad. Red globe. Adlake lantern for Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway. Clear globe. Pyle marker lamps (small style)Adlake lantern for Norfolk & Western Railway. Clear globe. Armspear lantern for the Erie railroad. Clear globe. Jeff Po's Franken-Lamp Handlan "slow order" lamp for the Union Pacific Railroad Dietz #6 lantern for Empire State Railroad. Red globe. Casey lantern for the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Red globe. Adams & Westlake lanterns for the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Clear globes. Dressel crossing gate lamp Dressel train order lamps Adlake lantern for Baltimore & Ohio railroad. Clear globe. Adlake lantern, possibly for Southern Railway . Various globe colors Dietz #6 lantern for New York Central Railroad. Red globe. Vesta lantern for New York Central Railroad. Blue globe. Star inspector lantern for New York Central Railroad. Handlan lantern for Pennsylvania Railroad . Amber/yellow globe. Handlan "slow order" resume speed lamp for the Union Pacific Railroad Handlan steam engine tender lamp Adlake marker lamp for the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Dressel lantern for Central Railroad of New Jersey. Red globe. Pyle marker lamps (large style)Handlan crossing gate lamp Dressel slow order train lamp Handlan lantern for Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway. Red globe. Adams & Westlake nickel plated conductor lantern for the Pullman Palace Car Company Adams & Westlake Franken-lantern for Northern Pacific Railway Armspear lanterns for Seaboard Airline Railroad. Red and clear globes. Vesta lantern for New York Central Railroad. Amber/yellow globe. Dietz lantern for New Haven Railroad. Signal green globe. Adlake lantern for Soo Line Railroad. Amber/yellow globe. Dressel lantern for Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad. Clear globe. Aladdin caboose lamp Adlake lantern for Florida East Coast Railway . Red globe. CT Ham conductor lantern (electrified)Adlake lantern for Nickel Plate Road Railroad . Amber/yellow globe. Armspear lantern for Pennsylvania Railroad. Clear globe. Casey lantern for Baltimore & Ohio railroad. Clear globe. Pyle National engine classification lamp Dietz #39 lantern for Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway. Clear globe. Adlake switch lamp. Adams & Westlake brass plated conductor lantern Adams & Westlake lantern for Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Signal green globe. Dressel switch lamp Brass RPO candle lamp Dressel semaphore lamp for the Pennsylvania Railroad Armspear marker lamp (turned into a table lamp)Adlake Kero lantern, brass plated. Clear globe. Armspear lantern for Southern Railway. Amber/yellow globe. Tri-color (track walker) lamp Adlake lantern for Chicago & North Western Railway . Amber/yellow globe. Adlake lantern for the Rock Island Railroad. Blue globe. Who knows what I'll get next? Lantern Parts Need a lantern globe or lamp lens? How about a burner or fuel fount? If you're looking for lantern/lamp parts, Larry & Doris Krise should be your first stop. Take a look at their list of parts and prices: Krise Depot. Value of a Lantern NOTE: I don't do appraisals on a commercial or professional level. I only give my opinion of value of a lantern or two that a private individual might have come across, or inherited. If you have a number of lanterns that you're planning on selling, or auctioning, and need the values on them, you need to contact someone that is in the business of doing lantern appraisals. I don't have the expertise or ability to give values in these situations. I suggest you contact Sue Knous of Railroad Memories . She literally wrote the book on the subject. NOTE: I mainly collect antique, obsolete, and kerosene powered lanterns and lamps. I don't know much about more modern electrical versions and thus can't help much with estimating a value on them, or even identifying them. NOTE: http://www.railroadcollectibles.com Came across this webpage while surfing. They offer free appraisals. However, they do run auctions, so make sure their appraisal price is the true value, and not some low value just to get your lantern to sell for a big profit. Disclaimer: while I collect lanterns and have a website, I'm still far from being an expert. There are no guarantees on the value of your lantern. I'm not doing an official appraisal. I don't do appraisals. I'm just giving you my personal opinion of what I think its value is, which the market could prove wrong. If you want an official appraisal of your lantern, there are companies that do that such as Railroad Memories. The most common types of questions I get from visitors to my website are requests to identify the kind of lantern they have found, inherited, or purchased, followed by a request of how much is it worth. For lantern identification and value, please tell me what is written on the top of the lantern, or along the brim of the top. I don't need patent dates, just the manufacturer name and the name or initials of the railroad if present. Tell me the color of the globe and any writings that may be on it. Let me know if the fuel fount/tank and burner is present. Lastly, send me an image or two . As they say, a picture worth a thousand words. But please don't send me gigantic, mega-megabyte files. Resize them if necessary into something that is easier to download. Determining the value of a lantern can be quite difficult because it is so subjective. There are many factors that go into forming the value of a lantern. Age and condition are obvious. The older something is, and the better condition it is in, the more it is usually worth. With railroad lanterns, the road name on the lantern also matters. For example, the New York Central Railroad is a very common road name and the market has many of those types of lanterns, so they command a lower price than others. A Santa Fe lantern will usually be valued higher than a New York Central. A Virginian lantern seems to command higher prices. If the railroad is more obscure, or if items marked by that railroad are rarer, the pieces are valued more. Globe colors also factor into the value. Clear or red globes are more common. Blue and other colored globes are more rare. Lantern prices can range from around $25 into the thousands of dollars. The types of lanterns also matter. Lanterns with brass tops, or conductor lanterns will command a higher price. The color of the globe will factor into how much it is worth. Clear and red globes are the most common, so they are lower priced. Blue, green, and amber globes are rarer, so they are generally higher priced. A globe that is marked for a particular railroad, with the railroad named etched or cast into the glass, will be more valuable than a globe that has no railroad name on it. And of course, the market plays a big role, from who wants the lantern, to how bad they want the lantern, to where the lantern is being sold. If you find a lantern at a yard sale or flea market, you might buy it for a good price. Sometimes an auction can also net you a good deal. I buy the majority of my lanterns off of Ebay. It’s a hit or miss out there as to whether I get a good deal. Sometimes I do, and sometime someone else is willing to pay a lot more. Who wants a lantern can have an impact of what a lantern sells for. A person that deals and collects lanterns on a larger scale will not pay that much for a more common lantern. A novice or someone that has a casual interest might be willing to pay more. While it’s not an exact science given how each lantern is different, looking at the completed listings price on Ebay can sometimes at least give you a ballpark range of what a particular lantern might be worth. Railroad shows and antique shops seem to have the highest prices. In general I can usually buy the same lantern I see at a Railroad show or antique shop for substantially less off of Ebay, especially if it's a more common lantern. The bonus of a railroad show is that you can look and examine the lantern directly, and the selection is pretty vast. I use Railroad shows to buy the more unique of items, and for parts, but save my purchases of more common stuff for Ebay. I also will not purchase stuff at top retail prices. I know I can always wait until a better deal comes along. Lantern Evolution Let’s briefly talk about the general types and the evolution of lanterns and lamps, so you can get a general feel for the values. There are about five basic types of railroad lanterns: fixed globe, tall globe, short globe, inspector, and conductor . There are a few other specialty lanterns, but these five are the main ones. Fixed globe lanterns: Fixed globe lanterns represent the earliest of the lanterns, from a time around the mid-1800s. They are generally kind of slender. The globe is cemented/fastened in place, hence the term fixed globe. There's not much of a frame around the globe. Fixed globe lanterns are more rare, so their prices are higher, from about $500 on up, into the thousands of dollars. Tall globe lanterns : The tall globe lantern replaced the fixed globe lantern. It has a removable globe of 5 3/8” to 6” in height. It's also a bit more robust, with more frame around the globe to protect it. They were used from the last quarter of the 1800s up until the first quarter of the 1900s. In the images above, the lantern on the left has a wire base bottom. The lantern on the right has a bell bottom. Generally, the bell bottoms are a little older, and thus sometimes more valuable. The value on the more common models range from about $75 to $125. Rare models, especially with the more rare globes, can reach into the thousands of dollars. Brass top lanterns, so called because their top is made of brass, is a subset of tall globe lanterns that seem to command high prices of a few hundred dollars on up. Short globe lanterns : The short globe lantern replaced the tall globe lantern. These came in toward the end of the first quarter of the 1900s and continued to be the dominant style until replaced entirely with electric lanterns, with the last of them being made in the early 1970s (though the Adlake company does still make them for collectors). Their globes ranged in size from about 3 ¼” to 4 ½”. In the images above, the lantern on the left is a standard short globe lantern, with a3 ¼” globe. The image on the right is a Dietz Vesta lantern, with a 4 ½” globe. These burned kerosene, and were smaller and lighter than their taller predecessors (though the Dietz Vesta style was similar in size to the tall globes). Short globe lanterns are the most common, with values ranging from about $25 to $60. Those from more rare railroads, or those that have the more rare globes, can go from $100 to a few hundred. Conductor lanterns : The conductor lantern, sometimes called a presentation lantern, is a more ornate version of a tall globe lantern. They have curvy lines and are generally nickel plated or brass plated. The globes can sometimes be decorated with etched leaves and fancy letters, or have two colors. The conductor was the face seen by the paying passengers so he needed a lantern to show his status and to demonstrate the elegance of railroad travel. Values on the common models can range from about $200 to around $450. More rare models and globes can be from $1200 to $2000. Inspector lanterns : Inspector lanterns were basically glorified barn lanterns. They are utility lanterns with a hood and concave mirror reflector. As the name implies, they were used to inspect the railroad cars and equipment at night. Values on these are generally around $70 or so dollars, give or take. One that is marked for the railroad on the handle might push closer to $100, and one with a railroad marked globe might be $125 or higher. Lamps: You’ll also encounter the larger railroad lamps, such as the switch lamp or marker/caboose lamp. Average price on these might range from about $75 to $150, depending on what it is. More rare models, especially if they’re marked for the railroad, might garner a little more. Electric models are generally less valuable than fuel oil models. Square shaped bodies are generally a sign it’s an older lamp. However, a square top on a round body is generally a newer lamp. Depot, train car lanterns & lamps : The railroad also used a variety of lanterns and lamps in the railroad depots/stations, and in the railcars (passenger and caboose). Unfortunately, I don't know a thing about them. I haven't collected them nor have I found a good book to use as a source. If you're looking for information about this category of lanterns and lamps, I'll direct you to the Q&A section of http://www.railroadiana.org/pg QB.php . If you contact me for the value of a lantern I’ll do my best to describe what I think the potential is, from the lowest to the highest. Just realize it’s hard to pin an exact dollar amount to a particular lantern, and this is only my personal opinion, which is subjective and could be wrong. Disclaimer: This bears repeating ... while I collect lanterns and have a website, I'm still far from being an expert. There are no guarantees on the value of your lantern. I'm not doing an official appraisal. I don't do appraisals. I'm just giving you my personal opinion of what I think its value is, which the market could prove wrong. If you want an official appraisal of your lantern, there are companies that do that such as Railroad Memories. If you email me and don't hear back within a few days, I'm not purposely ignoring you. I'm pretty busy and I get lots of email so sometimes I miss something, or if I don't respond right away it will drop off the main page and I'll forget about it. Feel free to send a secondary email, or even a third if you haven't heard back from me within a reasonable amount of time. I answer all emails. Home Email Work Email NOTE: Feel free to change the subject line from " Inquiry from Lantern webpage " if desired. Want to sell your lantern to me? A lot of people that contact me for the identity and value of a lantern also want to know if I'm interested in purchasing it. I'll always have some sort of interest, if it's in decent shape, but the level of my interest will vary as to what it is, and how much I want (or need) it. I am not a high end collector, so I won't pay dealer or railroad show prices. I also won't pay antique shop prices. The prices I'm willing to pay will be more in line with the better deals I find on Ebay. I won't try to steal the lantern from you, and my offer will usually be better than wholesale (i.e. what a dealer would try to buy it for). I'm always up front and honest about what I offer, what I'm basing it on, and I'll tell you if I think you can get more. I won't try to trick you into selling it to me. I base my offers on what the item is worth to me (which can be quite subjective), what I've paid in the past for similar items, and what I think I can buy it for somewhere else. For example, if you present a plain Southern Railroad Adlake lantern, or a New York Central Railroad Vesta lantern, or a Pennsylvania Railroad Dressel lantern for sale, I'll probably offer you about $25 (if I'm in the market to buy one). The reason is that these are very common lanterns, I already have versions of them, and I can buy them for that elsewhere. That's probably better than a wholesale price, but honestly, if money is what you're after, you can probably (though not guaranteed) get a little more for it on Ebay. Rest assured that I 'm not trying to buy lanterns to make a profit. I fuel them up and use them personally. When they come to my collection they stay. The only exception is when I give a lantern as a gift to someone. Occasionally someone offers something that is unique and that I really want. I of course offer more for it. Just remember that I'm offering what the item is personally worth to me. I'll still tell you my personal opinion of what I think the value is, whether or not I buy it. I know some people have turned selling and buying railroad lanterns into a business, but it's still just a passionate hobby to me. I only buy for my enjoyment (not for resale) and I don't charge for advice. And I also try to share each lantern I purchase with the world via this webpage so that others can learn about them. NOTE: if you jumped straight to this section from the top I encourage you to read the other sections on this page about how lanterns were used, their value as a collectible, and visit the variety of lanterns I have in my collection. Home Email Work Email NOTE: Feel free to change the subject line from " Inquiry from Lantern webpage " if desired. Restoring and cleaning lanterns If you’ve ever watched the Antiques Roadshow or similar program, you’ve probably seen an appraisal of a piece of furniture go like this: Appraiser: “You’ve got a lovely piece here that is in excellent condition.”Owner: “Thanks. What’s it worth?”Appraiser: “It would easily bring $2500 at auction.”Owner: “Wow! I didn’t realize it was worth that much.”Appraiser: “And if you had not refinished it, it would bring one million dollars!”I’m exaggerating, but that seems to be the theme. Leave furniture the way it is if you want to maintain its value. Thankfully that is not the case with railroad lanterns. I’ve been watching auctions and sales for years and the cleaned and restored lanterns are the ones that go for more money. So if you have an old lantern don’t hesitate to clean it up, remove the rust, or even repaint it in case of switch lamps. The only exception might be the really old stuff like those older, fixed globe lanterns, or lanterns that had a japanned coating. I'd also be a little cautious with conductor style lanterns (i.e. the nickel or brass plated ones). Fine steel wool and brillo pads do wonders in cleaning up your basic dirty lantern (but NOT nickel or brass plated conductor lanterns). Some people are experts at removing rust. I’m not, so if the brillo pad doesn’t do it, that’s as far as I can go. But others use lye, bead blasting, etc. to get a lantern looking like new. You do have to know what you're doing if you're using the more harsh methods like bead blasting. You could damage the lantern or remove too much metal. Lanterns were tin coated from the factory, so if you remove too much of that it makes them more prone to rust. You can also protect a lantern by applying an enamel clear coat to it if you don’t plan on using it. I’ve done that to a few, but now I mostly just wipe them down with a cloth and machine oil. I have found that some of the extra clean lanterns I've purchased have a tendency to rust. Probably because the protected tin coating has been removed. So in the future I'll probably put an enamel clear coat on them. On a few of my lamps (i.e. not lanterns) I’ve used Rustoleum enamel spray paint to give them a fresh coat. In regards to paint, I've been asked whether someone should use gloss, semi-gloss, or flat finish. The answer is "yes". In other words, use whatever looks good to you. When in doubt, use a semi-gloss finish, which is my preferred finish. I think semi-gloss is probably the most popular. However, I also have lamps that are painted with a gloss finish, and some with a flat finish. Use what you like. Disclaimer: you clean your lanterns at your own risk. The purpose of this website is for general advice based on my subjective opinion, and to tell you what I do with my lanterns. I make no guarantees how cleaning your lantern will affect the value, positively or negatively. Using a railroad lantern around the house Dietz "Steel Clad" utility lantern sitting on my dining table. I encourage everyone to fire up their lantern. They make great mood lighting and can be used as a centerpiece on the table during the evening meal. Are you sitting on the deck and enjoying the summer night while you count lightning bugs? Why not accent the setting with a railroad lantern with a red globe? I sometimes light more than one. I might use the clear globe or I might add a little color by using a red or green globe. Your lantern can also be used for auxiliary lighting during power outages, or at the campsite. I always take mine along during camping trips. And you never know when a train might come by and you'll need it! :) Some folks have asked me what is the best fuel to use in their railroad lantern. They were made to burn on kerosene, so the best fuel is fresh kerosene. However, some people don't like the odor of kerosene. And kerosene can be a bit of a hassle to buy and store, given you probably have to get it from a gas station that sells it (if you can find a convenient one). Another fuel possibility, and the one I use is ordinary lamp oil from a place like Walmart. My wife complained about the scent of kerosene so I started using the lamp oil. Lamp oil still has a scent, but it's not as strong as kerosene. I'm currently using the Lamplight Medallion brand. There is a product called Ultra Pure Lamp Oil, which is paraffin based. I'm not recommending it because I've heard of complaints that it doesn't wick properly, or burns erratically. While it burns with even less odor than the ordinary lamp oil, it's really made for candle oil lamps, with round wicks of 1/4" or less, or for use with flat wicks of 1/2" or less. I’ve heard that once you’ve used a wick with paraffin based oil, you can’t go back to using it with kerosene or lamp oil because of the paraffin content now in the wick. Don’t know how true that is, but you might want to have some extra wicks on hand if you’re experimenting with it. I will say that when I first stopped using kerosene, I actually did use paraffin oil for a while with no ill effects. Didn't burn as bright as kerosene, but seemed to work. But I only use regular lamp oil now. It's cheaper, readily available, and probably the better product to use with my lanterns. Various Adlake lanterns with various color globes in my three season room. Other Railroad Related Pages On My Site Trains/Railroad Model Trains Railroad Lanterns (current webpage)Pocket Watches Railroad Locks Wax sealers, telegraph, whistle, misc. Railroad Lantern Resource and Information Larry & Doris Krise Krise Depot . For railroad lanterns, lamps, and other parts, Larry & Doris Krise should be your first stop. Good people that truly care about the hobby. Tell them I sent you!Lantern Express1 Ebay seller Jack Moore sells a variety of lanterns and parts.http://www.railroadiana.org Website of Railroadiana Online. It outlines about everything you'd ever want to know about lanterns and lamps from manufacturing details to restoration. Awesome site with awesome information. Lantern and globe surveys. Great Q&A forum that you can search, or post your own questions: http://www.railroadiana.org/pg QB.php If you only want to consult one railroad lantern site, this is probably it. It also has info on other railroad items.https://www.facebook.com/groups/Railroad Lanterns Facebook group for railroad lantern collectors.http://railroadmemories.com Railroad Memories . Run by Sue Knous. Auction site for railroad stuff. Looks like a well run auction. Satisfaction and authenticity guaranteed. They also offer official appraisals. They also produce a very nice book that is a price guide on various railroad items. It's a great reference and research tool. Tell them I sent you.http://www.tagtown.net/tagtown.html Tag Town . Great website about railroad baggage tags. It's good for learning and to use as a resource.http://www.railroadsignals.us Railroad Signals of the US . Excellent webpage by Todd Sestero. Great site with lots of images covering the various railroad signals used by American railroads.http://kernriverjunction.com Kern River Junction . Railroadiana collector that also offers free "for sale" listings on his webpage. Has a photo gallery section.http://jerrysrrstuff.com Jerry's RR Stuff . Came across a website that sells parts and stuff. Haven't bought anything, so no comments as to service. Just listing the site because it's another resource.http://www.rubylane.com/shop/timestreasures Time’s Treasures This is a shop run by Jane Silvernail. Not only do they have railroad items, but they have other collectibles too. I like how they not only describe the item, but also try to offer a history and how it was used. Take a visit and see if something interests you.http://www.railroadcollectors.org Railroadiana Collectors Association. Founded in 1971, RCAI promotes fellowship and scholarship among collectors of the artifacts of railroad history. General information along with stuff on cleaning/restoring lanterns, as well as info on fake and reproduction lanterns/globes.http://www.railroadcollectibles.com/ Railroad Collectibles Came across this webpage while surfing. They claim they buy railroad items and also offer free appraisals. HOWEVER, this person runs auctions, so instead of buying for collecting, they are probably buying to resale in their auction. If their appraisal price is close to their offer to buy, I'd be cautious as they might be undervaluing your lanterns. No experience whatsoever with this person, so I don't know how they do business. This is just a word of advice, which would be applicable to any person in the buying and selling business.http://www.railserve.com Website of Rail Serve.com . It's a railroad oriented website that has links to tons of railroad oriented sites, from antiques, to jobs, to operating railroads.http://www.klnl.org Key, Lock & Lantern, Inc. Key Lock & Lantern is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of railroad memorabilia and history. Members receive a quarterly magazine about railroad history & railroadiana collecting, a bi-monthly e-mail newsletter, and an invitation to participate in an annual convention. They have lantern survey information.http://www.railroadcollectors.org Railroad Collectors Associatio n Incorporated (RCAI) . Another organization that promotes fellowship and scholarship among collectors of the artifacts of railroad history.http://www.collectorsweekly.com/railroadiana/overview The Collectors Weekly . A way to look for your favorite items on Ebay. This link is for railroad stuff.http://madisonrails.railfan.net Roger Hensley's Railroads of Madison County. Photos, information, and stories about railroading in that region. Check out the articles on the Memory Pages. Contributor Maurice Lewman has given me great information on lantern signals. Golden Spike Enterprises Lists some of the bigger trains shows and events on the east coast. They also have an auction, but they charge you for the catalog. I could see charging for a hardcopy listing for the auction to cover printing costs, but they should provide a free online version. I think they would have a better response. I've decided I'm not going to pay to participate in an auction.http://www.lanternnet.com W. T. Kirkman Oil & Electric Lanterns. Good information on lanterns, some history, etc. Some info on cleaning lanterns. They also sell a nice selection of new lanterns, even a "railroad style" version. They also sell lantern parts.http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/railway/railhom.htm Railways: History, Signaling, Engineering . Another great site with tons of information on railroad signals. Railroad Places To Visit North Carolina Transportation Museum 411 S. Salisbury Ave., Spencer, NC 28159. Phone: 704-636-2889. Neat museum with a lot of railroad items. You can ride the trains too, though it's only back and forth (not a loop). Tweetsie Railroad 300 Tweetsie Railroad Lane, Blowing Rock, NC 28605. Phone: 800-526-5740. Old west train theme park. Pretty much an amusement park in the mountains, with a train running around the mountain. Very neat. Wilmington Railroad Museum 505 Nutt Street, Wilmington, NC 28401. Phone: (910)763-2634. Nice collection of railroad items in historic Wilmington, NC. Great Smoky Mountain Railroad 45 Mitchell Street, Bryson City, NC 28713. Phone: 800-872-4681. Dinner and adventure train. You can also combine it with local white water rafting. New Hope Valley Railway 3900 Bonsal Rd. New Hill, NC 27562. Phone: (919) 362-5416. Small railroad museum that also offers train rides. Frequently Asked Questions FAQFrequently asked questions I receive about antique railroad lanterns. Question Answer Do you sell lanterns? No, I don’t. My lanterns are just my personal collection. Do you sell lantern parts? No, I don’t. Best place for lantern parts and supplies is The Krise Depot . After that it’s probably Ebay. Look at my links for other resources. What’s my antique railroad lantern worth? That depends. It depends on age, condition, railroad road name, rarity, globe color, etc. Look at my railroad lantern value section for more information. The most common short globe lanterns will be around $40 to $60, though flea market finds are in the $25 to $35 range. Common tall globe lanterns will be around $75 to $100. A common switch lamp will be in the $125 range. What fuel should I use in my lantern? Most were made to run on kerosene. If you don’t like the smell or inconvenience of buying/storing kerosene, use lamp oil. I use lamp oil from Walmart in mine. I'm currently using the Lamplight Medallion brand. Lamp oil doesn’t burn quite as bright as kerosene, but the average person won’t notice or care. How do I clean my lantern? I’m not an expert in this area. I lack the skills and patience. If you Google or yahoo the subject, you’ll find all kinds of stuff like lye baths, etc. Personally I do the best I can with Brillo pads (though not on brass or nickel plated conductor lanterns), and leave it at that. What color should my lantern be painted? For the most part, railroad lanterns were not painted. They were tin coated at the factory and the railroads used them that way. A painted lantern is generally a sign someone painted it after its railroad days. But don’t confuse lanterns with lamps, such as switch lamps. Switch lamps were painted. The colors I’ve seen is either black (most common) or yellow. I’ve painted a few of my lamps using both gloss and satin Rustoleum spray paint. They turned out great. Painting your railroad lamp (i.e. not lantern) will not affect its value. However I've found that painting your railroad lantern will negatively affect its value somewhat. Do you buy lanterns or lantern collections? No. Well, maybe, kind of. Buying collections? No, I don’t have the funds for that. But every now and then I do buy a lantern from someone that contacts me if the price is right, and it’s something I want. I've also been given some lanterns because someone wanted a collector that appreciated it to have it. Are you an antique railroad lantern appraiser? No, I’m not. Any values I give are just best guesses, on what I’ve observed. Nothing official about them. In fact, I could be totally wrong. I’m more familiar with common items. Rare items aren’t my expertise. Do you appraise lantern collections? No. I will give you what my opinion of value is for a single lantern or two. But if you’re a dealer or seller that’s looking for values on a lot of lanterns, or someone that’s trying to price an entire collection, I don’t provide those sorts of values. There are those that do offer that kind of service. Look at my links for those contacts. Where can I get a railroad lantern? The easiest place is Ebay. If you’re just getting started, I suggest a common road name in a short globe lantern like the Adlake 300, or Dietz Vesta. Flea markets are another source, though sometimes the sellers think their common railroad lantern is super rare and thus super expensive. Antique shops often think they are made of gold. Just make sure you’re buying a real railroad lantern instead of a utility lantern that someone thinks is a railroad lantern. Look at my non-railroad lantern section for some common mislabeled lanterns. Where should I sell my railroad lantern? If you want to reach the largest audience, and get the most money, the best venue is Ebay. Of course Ebay will charge you to list it there, and take a cut of your profits. But it’s still the easiest way to reach the collectors that want it. Craigslist is another option, but you have to be careful when dealing with people face to face. A lot of crazy folks out there, and scammers. And the collector pool is much more limited on Craigslist. I personally buy and sell things on Craigslist, but it's not for everyone. Likewise, some don't like dealing with Ebay because of the fees they charge. Can I advertise on your webpage? Nope. One reason I maintain my own webpage and domain is that I don't like ads all over the place. I know I could make a little money on it, but this is a hobby that I have a passion for, so I'm not in it to make money. Will you list a link to my website in your favorite links section? Maybe. There are generally two reasons that I will list a website in my links section; 1) I like the site and/or consider it a resource, or 2) I think my readers might could use it as a resource. Can I list a link to your website on my website? Sure. If you like my website and want to share it, go right ahead. I created this website to share my railroad lantern hobby with the world and hopefully help others that have an interest or inquiry. You can paste the following link:http://www.jeffpolston.com/lantern.htm If you'd like to use a graphic, I've created this one: How do I ... remove the fuel fount ... remove the globe ... replace a lens ... etc. I've been getting more of these type of questions so I'm working on a special " how to " page. For now, just email me with your questions and I'll try to help where I can: Home Email or Work Email Does electrifying a lantern affect its value? Yes! Negatively! Well, it does depend on how it's done. If it's done without physically altering the lantern (i.e. wires run through existing holes) then it doesn't impact the value. But once you start drilling holes and removing parts you negatively impact the collector value of lantern and turn it into a novelty item. How was my lantern used on the railroad? All of that is addressed on this webpage. Just look above for something similar to your style of lantern. I have more detailed information on the individual lantern pages. Just click and read, but ask if you have more questions. What does this color globe mean? All of that is also addressed on this webpage. I cover the colors and what they mean. The basics are CLEAR: hand signaling, RED: stop, GREEN: go or proceed, BLUE: don't move equipment, YELLOW: camp car. But read above for more applications. * Wanted Lantern Items Below is a list of lanterns or lantern related items I’m in the market for. If someone has these items for sale, let me know. Fuel founts/tanks/burners:1) Drop-in fuel fount/tank for Armspear 1925 short globe lantern. I need two founts and one burner. These founts are slight smaller in diameter than your normal Adlake versions.2) Drop-in fuel fount/tank & burner for Dietz No. 39 lantern. Probably any Dietz drop-in fount would do.3) Drop-in fuel fount/burner for Dietz "Steel Clad" lantern. Probably any Dietz drop-in fount would do.4) Drop-down fuel fount/burner for Dietz Vesta lantern (newer style with ridges).5) Handlan fount/burner for slow order lamp. Measurements: 3.75" wide, 2.5" high, 4.5" deep6) Drop-down fuel fount/burner for Adams & Westlake (Adlake) "The Adams" lantern. Globes/lenses/glass:7) Red transparent glass pane to go in a Handlan tail marker or classification lamp. This is a small piece of red glass that was placed between the burner and clear lens to change the signal from white to red. Measurements should be 3 7/8” x 3 7/8” square, and about 1/16” to 3/32” thick. The red color should be flashed glass, instead of solid red. I want an authentic piece from a Handlan lamp.8) Dietz No. 39 lantern globe. This is a tall globe that is cast with DIETZ 39 RR at the top.9) Atlantic Coast Line tall globe. Any color.10) Marked P&LE RR (Pittsburg & Lake Erie) Vesta globe, any color. (Clear Cast, Red Cast, Clear Etched, or Amber Etched).11) Any tall globe, any color. I need a couple of Dietz, but will consider others. I've got a couple of lantern frames that need a globe.12) Marked CPR ( Canadian Pacific Railway) short globe. Prefer amber/yellow/orange, but will consider other colors.13) Dietz No. 6 RR lantern globe. This is a tall globe that is cast with DIETZ 6 RR at the top. I’d prefer a red one, but might consider another color.14) Marked PRR ( Pennsylvania Railroad) globe for Handlan lantern. Prefer amber/orange, blue, or green.15) Northern Pacific tall globe. Any color.16) Seaboard (SAL) red Adlake short globe Lantern frames and/or founts:17) D&H tall globe lantern frame. Globe not needed. Fount not needed if it's an Adlake Reliable.18) Pennsylvania Lines tall globe lantern frame and fuel fount. A Casey would be nice. Globe not needed. Whole lanterns:19) Any lantern with a marked cobalt blue globe.20) Tri-Color lamp. Also called a track walker lantern or inspector lantern. I want the American version (Adlake, Dietz, Dressel, etc). Looks similar to these: NOTE: I found a British version to add to my collection but would still love to have an American version.21) Any Casey lantern with marked globe and frame. I'd also consider unmarked globes.22) SOUTHERN RY short globe lantern with marked red or blue globe.23) Unmarked Adlake lanterns and fuel founts. I use these around the house for mood lighting, and for gifts to friends.24) Weighted locomotive cab lantern. Just a hand lantern that has a lead ring around the bottom.25) Fixed globe lantern26) Semaphore lamp or order lamp with a blue lens. A REAL blue lens, not one that kind of looks blue but is really a signal green color. These were used on doll arm posts. Other railroad items:27) What do you have? :)Parts:28) And any other lantern, lamp, globe, or part you may have to sell. If you have something, let me know. I might have a use for it. I'm also interested in other railroad items such as locks, watches, telegraphs, wax sealers, RPO mail cancellation stamps, etc. Home Email Work Email Inventory Back to home page *
Processes of the Kidneys Processes of the Kidneys There are four basic processes in the formation of urine starting with plasma. Filtration Filtration is the mass movement of water and solutes from plasma to the renal tubule that occurs in the renal corpuscle. About 20% of the plasma volume passing through the glomerulus at any given time is filtered. This means that about 180 liters of fluid are filtered by the kidneys every day. Thus, the entire plasma volume (about 3 liters) is filtered 60 times a day! Filtration is primarily driven by hydraulic pressure (blood pressure) in the capillaries of the glomerulus. Note that the kidneys filter much more fluid than the amount of urine that is actually excreted (about 1.5 liters per day). This is essential for the kidneys to rapidly remove waste and toxins from the plasma efficiently. Reabsorption Reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the tubule back into the plasma. Reabsorption of water and specific solutes occurs to varying degrees over the entire length of the renal tubule. Bulk reabsorption, which is not under hormonal control, occurs largely in the proximal tubule. Over 70% the filtrate is reabsorbed here. In addition, many important solutes (glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate) are actively transported out of the proximal tubule such that their concentrations are normally extremely low in the remaining fluid. Further bulk reabsorption of sodium occurs in the loop of Henle. Regulated reabsorption, in which hormones control the rate of transport of sodium and water depending on systemic conditions, takes place in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Secretion Even after filtration has occured, the tubules continue to secrete additional substances into the tubular fluid. This enhances the kidney's ability to eliminate certain wastes and toxins. It is also essential to regulation of plasma potassium concentrations and p H. (See Fluid and electrolyte balance). Excretion Excretion is what goes into the urine, the end result of the above three processes. Although the original concentration of a substance in the tubule fluid may initially be close to that of plasma, subsequent reabsorption and/or secretion can dramatically alter the final concentration in the urine. The amount of a particular substance that is excreted is determined by the formula:amount excreted = amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted
The Beatles - Biography - IMDb The Beatles Jump to: Overview (1) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Trivia (40) Overview (1) The Fab Four Mini Bio (1) The Beatles were an English rock band that became arguably the most successful act of the 20th century. They contributed to music, film, literature, art, and fashion, made a continuous impact on popular culture and the lifestyle of several generations. Their songs and images carrying powerful ideas of love, peace, help, and imagination evoked creativity and liberation that outperformed the rusty Soviet propaganda and contributed to breaking walls in the minds of millions, thus making impact on human history. In July of 1957, in Liverpool, 'Paul McCartney (I)' met John Lennon . Both were teenagers. Paul impressed John with his mastery of acoustic guitar, and was invited to join Lennon's group, The Quarrymen. George Harrison joined them in February of 1958. In 1959 they played regular gigs at a club called The Casbah. They were joined by vocalist Stuart Sutcliffe, and by drummer Peter Best, whose mother owned The Casbah club. Early incarnations of the band included The Quarrymen, Johnny & the Moon Dogs, and The Silver Beetles. John Lennon dreamed up the band's final name, The Beatles, a mix of beat with beetle. In 1960 The Beatles toured in Hamburg, Germany. There they were joined by Ringo Starr , who previously played with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. In Hamburg, The Beatles made their first studio work as a backing band for singer Tony Sheridan's recordings for the German Polydor label, however, in the credits the band's name was changed to The Beat Brothers. From February 1961 to August 1963, The Beatles played a regular gig at the Cavern. They were paid five pounds for their first show, rising to three hundred pounds per show in 1963. In two and a half years The Beatles gave 262 shows at the Cavern in Liverpool. Brian Epstein was invited to be the manager of the Beatles in November 1961. His diplomatic way of dealing with the Beatles and with their previous manager resulted in a December 10, 1961, meeting, where it was decided that Epstein would manage the band. A 5-year management contract was signed by four members at then-drummer Pete Best's home on January 24, 1962. Epstein did not put his signature on it, giving the musicians the freedom of choice. At that time McCartney and Harrison were under 21, so the paper wasn't technically legal. None of them realized this and it did not matter to them. What mattered was their genuine trust in Epstein. He changed their early image for the good. Brian Epstein made them wear suits and ties, classic shoes, and newer haircuts. They were advised to update their manners on stage and quit eating and drinking in public. Brian Epstein worked hard on both the Beatles' image and public relations. He improved their image enough to make them accepted by the conservative media. Most if not all of their communication off-stage was managed by Brian Epstein. On January 1, 1962, The Beatles came to London and recorded fifteen songs at the Decca Records. They were not hired, but the material helped them later. During the year 1962, they made several trips to London and auditioned for various labels. In May of 1962 Epstein canceled the group's contract with Tony Sheridan and the German label. Brian Epstein was persistent in trying to sign a record deal for the Beatles, even after being rejected by every major record label in UK, like Columbia, Philips, Oriole, Decca, and Pye. Epstein transferred a demo tape to disc with HMV technician Jim Foy, who liked their song and referred it to Parlophone's George Martin. On June 6, 1962, at the Abbey Road studios, they passed Martin's audition with the exception of Pete Best. George Martin liked them, but recommended the change of a drummer. Being asked by John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison; Epstein fired Pete Best. After a mutual decision the band was completed with Ringo Starr , who duly became the fourth Beatle. In September of 1962 The Beatles recorded their first hit Love Me Do, which charted in UK,
Singapore -LRB- -LSB- ˈsɪŋgəpɔr -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Singapore , sometimes referred to as the Lion City , the Garden City or the Little Red Dot , is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia . It lies one degree -LRB- 137 km -RRB- north of the equator , at the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia 's Riau Islands to the south . Singapore 's territory consists of one main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % -LRB- 130 km2 -RRB- , and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens . Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore in 1819 as a trading post of the East India Company ; after its collapse and the eventual establishment of the British Raj , the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826 . During the Second World War , Singapore was occupied by Japan . It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia , but separated two years later over ideological differences , becoming a sovereign nation in 1965 . After early years of turbulence , and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland , the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy , based on external trade and its workforce . Singapore is a global commerce , finance and transport hub . Its standings include : the most `` technology-ready '' nation -LRB- WEF -RRB- , top International-meetings city -LRB- UIA -RRB- , city with `` best investment potential '' -LRB- BERI -RRB- , second-most competitive country , third-largest foreign exchange market , third-largest financial centre , third-largest oil refining and trading centre , and the second-busiest container port . The country has also been identified as a tax haven . Singapore ranks 5th on the UN Human Development Index and the 3rd highest GDP per capita . It is ranked highly in education , healthcare , life expectancy , quality of life , personal safety , and housing . Although income inequality is high , 90 % of homes are owner-occupied . 38 % of Singapore 's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals . There are four official languages : English -LRB- common and first language -RRB- , Malay , Mandarin , Tamil ; almost all Singaporeans are bilingual . Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic , with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government . The People 's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959 . The dominance of the PAP , coupled with a low level of press freedom and restrictions on civil liberties and political rights , has led to Singapore being classified by some as a semi-authoritarian regime . One of the five founding members of the ASEAN , Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation -LRB- APEC -RRB- Secretariat , and a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , and the Commonwealth of Nations .
Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).
Housatonic Congregational Church is a historic church at 1089 Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. It was built in 1892 to replace an earlier church, the first built for the congregation in 1842. It was designed by H. Neill Wilson, who also designed a number of notable Pittsfield buildings. In 1902 a new parsonage replaced an earlier one which was purchased by the Monument Mills Company; it was sold in 1979 to provide funds for needed work on the church and the rest of the property. The sanctuary's stained glass windows were restored in 1978.
Just a Friend The song interpolates the 1968 song "You Got What I Need" recorded by Freddie Scott, whose basic chord and melody provided the base for the song's chorus and made it famous. Due to the widespread popularity of the song along with its acclaim and its influence on pop culture (and his failure to have another charting Hot 100 song), Biz was classified by VH1 as a one-hit wonder, and "Just a Friend" was ranked 81st on VH1's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders in 2000, and later as number 100 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop in 2008.[5] Karma, a staff record producer for Cold Chillin' Records, told Vibe magazine in 2005 that he produced the single, but never received credit.[6]
By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States challenged Britain's economic lead. Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain. Although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the world's pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britain's colonies in South-East Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan. Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the Empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire. Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share one monarch—Queen Elizabeth II.
London's 'Met,' a renowned police force with a checkered past - CNN.com London's 'Met,' a renowned police force with a checkered past By Tim Lister (CNN) Met chief Paul Stephenson (left) and Assistant Commissioner John Yates quit over alleged police links with journalists. STORY HIGHLIGHTS The Met was founded in 1829 on the initiative of then Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel London force deals with terrorism, complex fraud cases, cyber-crime and international drug syndicates Recent controversies include 2005 shooting of Brazilian Jean Charles de Menezes Current crisis about excessively close relationships between senior officers and media Editor's Note: Watch UK lawmakers question Rupert Murdoch, James Murdoch and Rebekah Brooks live from 1:30 p.m. GMT / 9:30 a.m. ET Tuesday on CNN.com and also via CNN Apps including iPhone, iPad, Android and selected Nokia devices. Also watch lawmakers question leading members of the Metropolitan Police including former chief Paul Stephenson from 11 a.m. GMT / 7 a.m. ET Tuesday. (CNN) -- When he became the Commissioner of London's Metropolitan Police in 1972, Robert Mark told his new subordinates: "The basic test of a decent police force is that it catches more criminals than it employs." Mark later said he was astonished by the arrogance and institutionalized wrongdoing he found when he arrived at the Met, as it's commonly known. And he launched an anti-corruption drive that led to the "early retirement" or reassignment of dozens of officers. The British public began to reassess a police force often lauded as among the world's finest: incorruptible, the "people's friend." The London "bobby" was celebrated in British films, walking his beat in size 12 boots with no more than a truncheon, engaging with locals and escorting villains to the "station." Scotland Yard, the Met's fabled headquarters, had been an inspiration to Arthur Conan Doyle and Monty Python's Flying Circus alike. The elite Flying Squad was nicknamed "The Sweeney" (Cockney rhyming slang: Flying Squad/Sweeney Todd) which became the title of a long-running TV series about the unit. Founded in 1829 on the initiative of then Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel (hence the colloquial term "bobby" for a policeman), the Metropolitan Police originally comprised 895 constables for a population of more than two million. Alleged UK police corruption uncovered Second police officer quits amid scandal News Corp's Rebekah Brooks arrested Both the Met and the size of London have expanded exponentially since. And so has the complexity of policing -- extending to terrorism, complex fraud cases, cyber-crime and international drug syndicates where Chechens, Jamaicans and others feud over London turf. In the 1960s, specialist units like the Flying Squad, that tackled armed robbery, and the Vice Squad became influential -- units with great autonomy and to some critics too little scrutiny. For some officers, the temptation to cut corners, tampering with evidence, taking bribes from underworld figures, became irresistible. In 1977, the then head of the Flying Squad, Chief Superintendent Ken Drury, was jailed along with 12 other Scotland Yard detectives, for accepting bribes. One fellow officer said of Drury that he was also expert at "falsifying or manipulating alibi statements" and "the repeated harassment of witnesses until we had got what we wanted from them." It also transpired that the head of the obscene publications squad had been extracting protection money from Soho pornographers. Then came "Operation Countryman" -- a six-year inquiry carried out by an external police force into police corruption in London. The man who led it complained of resistance at the highest levels within the Met. Of the few criminal prosecutions launched, even fewer were successful. Despite the creation of a sizeable anti-corruption unit within the Met, further scandals emerged in the 1990s, with serving and retired detectives accused of links with organized crime and drug dealers. Some had offshore bank accounts containing six-figure sums. Phone-hacking scandal expands
It seems an oracular cult existed in Delphi from the Mycenaean ages. In historical times, the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden, "the double-axe men", which indicates Minoan origin. The double-axe, labrys, was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth. The Homeric hymn adds that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios was a sea-god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands, and his name indicates his connection with Delphi and the holy serpent Delphyne ("womb").[citation needed] Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis (Diktynna), the Minoan "Mistress of the animals". In her earliest depictions she is accompanied by the "Mister of the animals", a male god of hunting who had the bow as his attribute. His original name is unknown, but it seems that he was absorbed by the more popular Apollo, who stood by the virgin "Mistress of the Animals", becoming her brother.
Acts of the Apostles The author is not named in either volume.[8] According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century, he was the "Luke" named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself; this view is still sometimes advanced, but "a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters."[9]) (An example can be seen by comparing Acts's accounts of Paul's conversion (Acts 9:1–31, 22:6–21, and 26:9–23) with Paul's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1:17–24).)[10] The author "is an admirer of Paul, but does not share Paul's own view of himself as an apostle; his own theology is considerably different from Paul's on key points and does not represent Paul's own views accurately."[11] He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself; this is significant, because more high-brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke's audience.[12]
If it is a submerged leaf, no stomata will be present on either side. In botany, a stoma (also stomate; plural stomata) is a tiny opening or pore, found mostly on the under-surface (epidermis) of a plant leaf, and used for gas exchange.The pore is formed by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells which are responsible for regulating the size of the opening. years ago. Dicotyledons usually have more stomata on the lower epidermis than the upper epidermis. As these leaves are held horizontally, upper epidermis is directly illuminated. Locating fewer stomata on the upper epidermis can then prevent excess water loss.
Westfield Garden City, better known as Garden City, is one of Brisbane's major shopping centres, located in the suburb of Upper Mount Gravatt. The centre is operated by Westfield, and previously operated by AMP Limited before the takeover in 2003. The shopping centre currently has 440 specialty stores, cafes, restaurants and other services and food vendors.
The popular Indonesian sport Pencak Silat is a form of: Martial Arts; Triathlon; Boating; or Netball? View the step-by-step solution to: The popular Indonesian sport Pencak Silat is a form of: Martial Arts; Triathlon; Boating; or Netball? This question was answered on May 31, 2016. View the Answer The popular Indonesian sport Pencak Silat is a form of: Martial Arts; Triathlon; Boating; or Netball? irmaarnold posted a question · May 31, 2016 at 5:52am Top Answer Attached is a detailed explanation... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29838587) ]} The following items need to be identified:Please identify all items on the list in 25 words or more . Minorities in Early American History Definition of Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? expert786 3 World History experts found online! Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want!
George Walker Bush -LRB- born July 6 , 1946 -RRB- is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial win over Democratic rival Al Gore , becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent . From a prominent political family , he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , the 41st President of the United States , making him only the second president to assume the nation 's highest office after his father , following the lead of John Quincy Adams . His brother , Jeb Bush , a former Governor of Florida , was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election . His paternal grandfather , Prescott Bush , was a United States Senator from Connecticut . The September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush 's first term as president . Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine : launching a `` War on Terror '' , an international military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and the Iraq War in 2003 . He also promoted policies on the economy , health care , education , Social Security reform , and amending the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . He signed into law broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . His tenure included national debates on immigration , Social Security , electronic surveillance , and torture . In the 2004 Presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another relatively close election . After his re-election , Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War , Hurricane Katrina , and other challenges . Amid this criticism , the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections . In December 2007 , the United States entered its longest post-World War II recession , often referred to as the `` Great Recession '' , prompting the Bush administration to obtain congressional passage of multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country 's financial system . Nationally , Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history , having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks , as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis . Bush left office in 2009 , returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford . He wrote a memoir , Decision Points . His presidential library was opened in 2013 . His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians ' polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s .
The "Bleacher Bums" is a name given to fans, many of whom spend much of the day heckling, who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field. Initially, the group was called "bums" because it referred to a group of fans who were at most games, and since those games were all day games, it was assumed they did not work. Many of those fans were, and are still, students at Chicago area colleges, such as DePaul University, Loyola, Northwestern University, and Illinois-Chicago. A Broadway play, starring Joe Mantegna, Dennis Farina, Dennis Franz, and James Belushi ran for years and was based on a group of Cub fans who frequented the club's games. The group was started in 1967 by dedicated fans Ron Grousl, Tom Nall and "mad bugler" Mike Murphy, who was a sports radio host during mid days on Chicago-based WSCR AM 670 "The Score". Murphy alleges that Grousl started the Wrigley tradition of throwing back opposing teams' home run balls. The current group is headed by Derek Schaul (Derek the Five Dollar Kid). Prior to the 2006 season, they were updated, with new shops and private bar (The Batter's Eye) being added, and Bud Light bought naming rights to the bleacher section, dubbing them the Bud Light Bleachers. Bleachers at Wrigley are general admission, except during the playoffs. The bleachers have been referred to as the "World's Largest Beer Garden." A popular T-shirt (sold inside the park and licensed by the club) which says "Wrigley Bleachers" on the front and the phrase "Shut Up and Drink Your Beer" on the reverse fuels this stereotype.
History of hard disk drives In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a "Random Access File" having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost.[1] After considering technologies such as wire matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays, etc.,[1] the engineers at IBM's San Jose California laboratory invented the hard disk drive.[2] The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically drums) but faster and more expensive than tape drives.[3]
Beyoncé is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyoncé appeared as Jay Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, which would further fuel speculation of their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé and Jay Z were married without publicity. As of April 2014, the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together. The couple are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Beyoncé suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011, describing it as "the saddest thing" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyoncé and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4, and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris.
Kreacher travelled with Voldemort to the cave and inside, Kreacher was made to drink all of the potion so Voldemort could see the effects his enchantment would have on any thieves. Voldemort then left Kreacher on the island to be killed by the Inferi in the lake. However he forgot that house elves could apparate and disapparate within the cave and Kreacher was able to return home and tell his master, Regulus, what had happened.
Star Trek: Discovery Star Trek: Discovery premiered on September 19, 2017, at ArcLight Hollywood, before debuting on CBS and CBS All Access on September 24. The rest of the 15-episode first season is streaming weekly on All Access. The series' release led to record subscriptions for All Access, and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin-Green's performance. A second season was ordered in October 2017.
National Minimum Wage rates increase National Minimum Wage rates increase adult hourly rate of the national minimum wage 25 years+ is £7.20 adult hourly rate of the national minimum wage 21-24 years is £6.95 development rate (which covers workers aged 18-20 years) is £5.30 rate for 16 to 17-year-olds is £4/hour for apprentices under the age of 19 and those aged 19 and over in the first 12 months of their apprenticeship, the apprentice minimum wage rate£3.40 per hour from 1st April 2017: hourly rate of the national minimum wage for those of 25 years and over, will increase from £7.20 to £7.50. It will rise again 1st April 2018. For those working aged 16-24, their rates are due a rise 1st October 2017. The Living Wage is £8.45/hour outside London, updated in November 2016. It is calculated according to the cost of living by the Living Wage Foundation, calculated by the Centre for Research in Social Policy and not to be confused with the Tory use of the term referring to the increase of minimum wage for 25 years+ The National Minimum Wage was introduced AS LAW by the Labour government in April 1999. It has been uprated as follows: 25+yrs 21-24yrs 18-20yrs 16-17yrs apprentice rate Oct 2016 £7.20 £6.95 £5.30 £4.00 £3.40 Living Wage £8.45 in Midlands £9.75 in London Apr 2016 £7.20 £6.70 £5.30 £3.87 £3.30 Living Wage £8.25 in Midlands £9.40 in London 21+yrs 18-20yrs 16-17yrs apprentice rate Oct 2015 £6.70 £5.30 £3.87 £3.30 Living Wage £8.25 in Midlands £9.40 in London Oct-2014 £6.50 £5.13 £3.79 £2.73/hour Living Wage £7.85 in Midlands £9.15 in London Oct-2013 £6.31 £5.03 £3.72 £2.68/hour Living Wage £7.65 in Midlands £8.80 in London Oct-2012 £6.19 £4.98 £3.68 £2.65/hour Living Wage £7.45 in Midlands £8.55 in London Oct-2011 £6.08 £4.98 £3.68 £2.60/hour Living Wage £7.20 in Midlands £8.30 in London Oct-2010 £5.93 £4.92 £3.64 £2.50/hour Living Wage £7.85 in London 22+yrs 18-21yrs 16-17yrs Oct-09 £5.80 £4.83 £3.57 none Living Wage £7.60 in London Oct-08 £5.73 £4.77 £3.53 Living Wage £7.45 in London Oct-07 £5.52 £4.60 £3.40 Living Wage £7.20 in London Oct-06 £5.35 £4.45 £3.30 Living Wage £7.05 in London Oct-05 £5.05 £4.25 £3.00 Living Wage £6.70 in London Oct-04 £4.85 £4.10 £3.00 Living Wage £6.50 in London Oct-03 £4.50 £3.80 none first calculation of Living Wage £6.40 in London Oct-02 £4.20 £3.60 none Apr-99 £3.60 £3.00 none The apprentice rate is for apprentices aged 16 to 18 and those aged 19 or over who are in their first year. All other apprentices are entitled to the National Minimum Wage for their age. Pay and Work Rights https://www.gov.uk/pay-and-work-rights You can get advice on issues including: working for a gangmaster The TUC has produced a minimum wage calculator - Click HERE to see if you are getting enough? What is the minimum wage? or call the Acas helpline or visit the Acas Helpline Online for advice about the National Minimum Wage. I you get accomodation as part of your job: £6.00 Daily accommodation offset rate £42.00 Weekly accommodation offset rate If an employer charges more than the offset rate, the difference is taken off the worker’s pay whi
The performance of "Summertime" by Barrino, later known simply as "Fantasia", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single "I Believe", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released "Dreams". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy.
Sonic the Comic, known to its many readers as "STC", was a British children's comic published fortnightly by Fleetway Editions (the merged companies Fleetway and London Editions, which progressively became integrated with its parent company Egmont until it became known as Egmont Magazines) between 1993 and 2002. It was the UK's official Sega comic, featuring stories about its mascot Sonic the Hedgehog and related characters, as well as comic strips based on other Sega video games. The comic received praise from fans and has since then gained a loyal cult following.
August Weismann August Friedrich Leopold Weismann (17 January 1834 â€“ 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist. Ernst Mayr ranked him as the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin. Weismann became the Director of the Zoological Institute and the first Professor of Zoology at Freiburg.
Irn-Bru is a soft drink originating in Scotland and produced by A. G. Barr.Irn-Bru is bright orange and has a unique flavour. It is popular in its native Scotland where it is arguably more popular than Coca-Cola.he name was changed to Irn-Bru in 1946 when the laws in Scotland changed and the carbonated soft drink, which was not brewed at all, could no longer contain the word brew in its name. Irn-Bru has been the leading soft-drink in Scotland for a century, and is sold in other parts of the world.
Canada -LRB- -LSB- ˈkænədə -RSB- -LSB- kanadɑ -RSB- -RRB- is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 e6km2 , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area . Canada 's border with the United States is the world 's longest binational land border . The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate , but southerly areas are warm in summer . Canada is sparsely populated , the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains . It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , many near the southern border . One third of the population lives in the three largest cities : Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver . Its capital is Ottawa , and other major urban areas include Calgary , Edmonton , Quebec City , Winnipeg and Hamilton . Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French claims were made on the area , with the colony of Canada first being established by the French in 1535 during Jacques Cartier 's second voyage to New France . As a consequence of various conflicts , Great Britain gained and lost territories within British North America until it was left , in the late 18th century , with what mostly geographically comprises Canada today . Pursuant to the British North America Act , on July 1 , 1867 , the colonies of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia joined to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion of Canada . This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada . In 1931 , Canada achieved near total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster 1931 , but at the time , Canada decided to allow the British Parliament to temporarily retain the power to amend Canada 's constitution , on request from the Parliament of Canada . With the Constitution Act 1982 , Canada took over that authority -LRB- as the conclusion of Patriation -RRB- , removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom , giving the country full sovereignty . Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy , with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state . The country is officially bilingual at the federal level . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries . Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world , relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks . Canada 's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture . Canada is a developed country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index . It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic freedom , and education . Canada is a Commonwealth realm member of the Commonwealth of Nations , a member of the Francophonie , and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the G8 , the Group of Ten , the G20 , the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum .
How do I calculate compound interest using Excel? A: Compound interest is interest that's calculated both on the initial principal of a deposit or loan, and on all previously accumulated interest. For example, let's say you have a deposit of $100 that earns a 10% compounded interest rate. The $100 grows into $110 after the first year, then $121 after the second year. Each year the base increases by 10%. The reason the second year's gain is $11 instead of $10 is as a result of the same rate (10% in this example) being applied to a larger base ($110 compared to $100, our starting point). Or let's say, $100 is the principal of a loan, and the compound interest rate is 10%. After one year you have $100 in principal and $10 in interest, for a total base of $110. In year two, the interest rate (10%) is applied to the principal ($100, resulting in $10 of interest) and the accumulated interest ($10, resulting in $1 of interest), for a total of $11 in interest gained that year, and $21 for both years. ( Want to improve your excel skills? Visit Investopedia Academy to view our excel for finance courses. )What Is The Formula for Compound Interest? It's similar to the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). For CAGR, you are computing a rate which links the return over a number of periods. For compound interest, you most likely know the rate already; you are just calculating what the future value of the return might be. For the formula for compound interest, just algebraically rearrange the formula for CAGR. You need the beginning value, interest rate, and number of periods in years. The interest rate and number of periods need to be expressed in annual terms, since the length is presumed to be in years. From there you can solve for the future value. The equation reads: Beginning Value * (1 + (interest rate/number of compounding periods per year))^ (years * number of compounding periods per year) = Future Value This formula looks more complex than it really is, because of the requirement to express it in annual terms. Keep in mind, if it's an annual rate, then the number of compounding periods per year is one, which means you're dividing the interest rate by one and multiplying the years by one. If compounding occurs quarterly, you would divide the rate by four, and multiply the years by four. Calculating Compound Interest in Excel Financial modeling best practices require calculations to be transparent and easily auditable. The trouble with piling all of the calculations into a formula is that you can't easily see what numbers go where, or what numbers are user inputs or hard-coded. There are two ways to set this up in Excel. The most easy to audit and understand is to have all the data in one table, then breakout the calculations line by line. Conversely, you could calculate the whole equation in one cell to arrive at just the final value figure. Both are detailed below: RELATED FAQSWhat formula calculates interest on interest? Find out more about compounding interest, what it measures, and how to calculate the amount of compound interest accrued ... Read Answer >>Simple versus compound interest Different methods in interest calculation can end up different interest payment. Learn the differences between simple and ... Read Answer >>Continuous compounding versus discrete compounding Learn to differentiate between and calculate the continuous and discrete compounding formulas and see how it is going to ... Read Answer >>What is the difference between stated annual return and effective annual return? Essentially, the effective annual return accounts for intra-year compounding, and the stated annual return does not. Read Answer >>Related Articles Investing Understanding the Power of Compound Interest Understanding compound interest is important for both investing and borrowing money. Investing Continuous Compound Interest Different frequency in compound interest results in different returns. Check out how continuous compounding accelerates your return. Investing Overcoming Compounding's Dark Side Understanding how money is made and lost over time can help you improve your returns. Investing4 Ways Simple Interest Is Used In Real Life Simple interest works in your favor when you're a borrower, but against you when you're an investor. Personal Finance Simple Interest Loans: Do They Exist? Yes, they do. Here is what they are – and how to use them to your advantage. Investing How to Calculate Your Investment Return How much are your investments actually returning? Find out why the method of calculation matters. Investing The Interest Rates: APR, APY And EARWhen most people shop for financial products, all they focus on is the listed interest rate. Human eyes instinctively dismiss the fine print, which usually includes the terms APR (annual percentage ... Investing Investing $100 a Month in Stocks for 30 Years Find out how you could potentially earn hundreds of thousands of dollars just by investing $100 a month in stocks during your working years. Investing How to Make the Time Value of Money Work for You How to make the time value of money and power of compounding work for you. Here's a hint: Start saving now. RELATED TERMSInterest Rate Interest rate is the amount charged, expressed as a percentage ... Biotech Compound A chemical entity that forms the starting point in the drug development ... Stated Annual Interest Rate The return on an investment that is expressed as a per-year percentage, ... Compound The ability of an asset to generate earnings, which are then ... Cumulative Interest Cumulative interest is the sum of all interest payments made ... Time Value of Money - TVMThe time value of money is the idea that money presently available ...
Detroit (/dᵻˈtrɔɪt/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States.
The City of Denver was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Union Pacific Railroad between Chicago, Illinois and Denver, Colorado. It operated between 1936 and 1971. From 1936–1955 the Chicago and North Western Railway handled the train east of Omaha, Nebraska; the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (the "Milwaukee Road") handled it thereafter. The train was the fastest long-distance train in the United States when it debuted in 1936, covering 1048 mi in 16 hours. For almost its entire career its principal competitor was the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad's "Denver Zephyr". When Amtrak assumed operation of most intercity trains in the United States in 1971 it discontinued the "City of Denver", preferring to use the Burlington's route between Chicago and Denver.
`` The Catalyst '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . Released on August 2 , 2010 , it is the first single from their fourth studio album , A Thousand Suns , which was released on September 8 , 2010 . The music video for the song , directed by the band 's turntablist Joe Hahn , was released on August 26 , 2010 . `` The Catalyst '' is used in the trailer and credits of the video game Medal of Honor and also the opening song of Namco-Bandai 's Arcade game , Mobile Suit Gundam : Extreme Vs. . It was also used in select commercials of the Discovery Channel series , Surviving the Cut . The song was also featured in the video game Linkin Park Revenge for the iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch . `` The Catalyst '' has also been used in the advertisement for the 2011 movie The Lincoln Lawyer with Matthew McConaughey . `` The Catalyst '' , along with five other songs from A Thousand Suns , are featured in the `` Linkin Park Track Pack '' as downloadable content for the rhythm video game Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock . The track pack was released on October 19 , 2010 .
Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief.
Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.
Hollywood Sign "HOLLYWOOD" is spelled out in 45-foot (13.7m)-tall[1] white capital letters and is 352 feet (107.3 m) long. The sign was originally created in 1923 as an advertisement for a local real estate development, but due to increasing recognition, the sign was left up.[2] The sign has been a frequent target of pranks and vandalism across the decades, but it has since undergone restoration, including the installation of a security system to deter vandalism. The sign is protected and promoted by The Hollywood Sign Trust,[3] a nonprofit organization, while its site and the surrounding land are part of Griffith Park.
equanimity equanimitye·qua·nim·i·ty Use equanimity in a sentencenoun Equanimity is defined as being calm and maintaining your emotions, especially in bad situations. An example of equanmity is when you react calmly when you are given bad news about your health or your job. Your Dictionary definition and usage example. Copyright © 2018 by Love To Know Corp Link/Citeequanimitythe quality of remaining calm and undisturbed; evenness of mind or temper; composure Origin of equanimity Classical Latin aequanimitas from aequanimis from aequus, even, plain + animus, the mind: see animal Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citeequanimitynoun The quality of being calm and even-tempered; composure. Origin of equanimity Latin aequanimitās from aequanimus even-tempered, impartial aequuseven animus mind ; see anə- in Indo-European roots. THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citeequanimity Noun ( countable and uncountable, plural equanimities)the state of being calm, stable and composed, especially under stress Related termsequanimous Origin From French équanimité, from Latin aequanimitās (“calmness, equanimity”), from aequus (“even; calm; fair”) + animus (“mind, soul”) + -itās. Surface analysis is equ- + animus + -ity. English Wiktionary. Available under CC-BY-SA license. Link/Cite
In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet.
Boston -LRB- pronounced -LSB- ˈbɒstən -RSB- -RRB- is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city proper covers 48 mi2 with an estimated population of 667,137 in 2015 , making it the largest city in New England and the 23rd most populous city in the United States . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a Metropolitan Statistical Area -LRB- MSA -RRB- home to a census-estimated 4.7 million people in 2014 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . Alternately , as a Combined Statistical Area -LRB- CSA -RRB- , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people , making it the sixth-largest as such in the United States . One of the oldest cities in the United States , Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . Through land reclamation and municipal annexation , Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public school , Boston Latin School -LRB- 1635 -RRB- , first subway system , the Tremont Street Subway -LRB- 1897 -RRB- , and first public park , Boston Common -LRB- 1634 -RRB- . The area 's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education , including law , medicine , engineering , and business , and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship , with nearly 2,000 startups . Boston 's economic base also includes finance , professional and business services , biotechnology , information technology , and government activities . Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States ; businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment . The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification , though it remains high on world livability rankings .
Brooks Wackerman -LRB- born February 15 , 1977 -RRB- is an American musician , currently the drummer for the American heavy metal bands Avenged Sevenfold and Mass Mental , also known as the former drummer for Bad Religion , and is the younger brother of John Bob , and Chad Wackerman -LRB- formerly a member of Frank Zappa 's band -RRB- . He is the son of Chuck Wackerman , an educator in the Los Alamitos California Unified School District . Wackerman is also a former student of Murray Spivack and Chuck Flores . After his departure from Bad Religion , it was announced on November 4 , 2015 that he would replace Arin Ilejay as the drummer for Avenged Sevenfold .
Carolyn Jones Carolyn Sue Jones[3] (April 28, 1930 – August 3, 1983)[1] was an American actress of television and film. Jones began her film career in the early 1950s, and by the end of the decade had achieved recognition with a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Bachelor Party (1957) and a Golden Globe Award as one of the most promising actresses of 1959. Her film career continued for another 20 years. In 1964, she began playing the role of Morticia Addams (as well as her sister Ophelia and the feminine counterpart of Thing, Lady Fingers), in the original black and white television series The Addams Family.
Stanford University \| Location, Enrollment, & Notable Alumni \| Britannica.com university Stanford University, official name Leland Stanford Junior University, private coeducational institution of higher learning at Stanford, California , U.S. (adjacent to Palo Alto ), one of the most prestigious in the country. The university was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford and his wife, Jane (née Lathrop), and was dedicated to their deceased only child, Leland, Jr.; it opened in 1891. The university campus largely occupies Stanford’s former Palo Alto farm. The buildings, conceived by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and designed by architect Charles Allerton Coolidge, are of soft buff sandstone in a style similar to the old California mission architecture, being long and low with wide colonnades, open arches, and red-tiled roofs. The campus sustained heavy damage from earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 but was rebuilt each time. The university was coeducational from the outset, though between 1899 and 1933 enrollment of women students was limited to 500. Hoover Tower, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S. CapitalR Leland Stanford. From The Days of a Man, Being Memories of a Naturalist, Teacher, and Minor Prophet of Democracy, by David Starr Jordan, Vol. 1, 1922 Stanford maintains overseas study centres in France, Italy, Germany, England, Argentina, Mexico , Chile , Japan , and Russia; about one-third of its undergraduates study at one of these sites for one or two academic quarters. A study and internship program is also offered in Washington, D.C. The university offers a broad range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree programs in schools of law, medicine, education, engineering, business, earth sciences, and humanities and sciences. Total enrollment exceeds 16,000. Stanford is a national centre for research and is home to more than 120 research institutes. The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace—founded in 1919 by Stanford alumnus (and future U.S. president) Herbert Hoover to preserve documents related to World War I—contains more than 1.6 million volumes and 50 million documents dealing with 20th-century international relations and public policy. The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ( SLAC ), established in 1962, is one of the world’s premier laboratories for research in particle physics. Other noted research facilities include the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, the Institute for International Studies, and the Stanford Humanities Center. Similar Topics University of Mississippi The Stanford Medical Center, completed on the campus in 1959, is one of the top teaching hospitals in the country. Other notable campus locations are the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts (housing the university museum) and its adjacent sculpture garden, containing works by Auguste Rodin , and Hanna House (1937), designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright . Adjacent to the campus is the Stanford Research Park (1951), one of the world’s principal locations for the development of electronics and computer technology. The Hopkins Marine Station is maintained by the university at Pacific Grove on Monterey Bay, and a biological field station is located near the campus at Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve. Memorial Church on the campus of Stanford University, Stanford, California, designed by Charles … iStockphoto/Thinkstock Stanford University - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) One of the most prestigious universities in the United States, Stanford University is a private institution of higher education in Stanford, California. It is situated on the outskirts of Palo Alto, about 30 miles (50 kilometers) south of San Francisco. The institution was founded in 1885 as the Leland Stanford Junior University. It was created from the fortune and estate of prominent California governor, senator, and businessman Leland Stanford. He and his wife built the university to honor their son, Leland Jr., who died in adolescence. The Stanfords wished to create an institution that offer
The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming , who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections . Since Fleming 's death in 1964 , eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations : Kingsley Amis , Christopher Wood , John Gardner , Raymond Benson , Sebastian Faulks , Jeffery Deaver , William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz . The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz , published in September 2015 . Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond , and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character , Moneypenny . The character has also been adapted for television , radio , comic strip , video games and film . The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over $ 7.040 billion in total , making it the fourth-highest-grossing film series to date , which started in 1962 with Dr. No , starring Sean Connery as Bond . As of , there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series . The most recent Bond film , Spectre -LRB- 2015 -RRB- , stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond ; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series . There have also been two independent productions of Bond films : Casino Royale -LRB- a 1967 spoof -RRB- and Never Say Never Again -LRB- a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film , Thunderball -RRB- . In 2015 , the franchise was estimated to be worth $ 19.9 billion , making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time . The Bond films are renowned for a number of features , including the musical accompaniment , with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions , and two wins . Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond 's cars , his guns , and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch . The films are also noted for Bond 's relationships with various women , who are sometimes referred to as `` Bond girls '' .
Background. Inflammation of the bulbar and/or palpebral conjunctiva, or conjunctivitis, can be caused by allergies, viruses, or bacteria. Bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly caused by staphylococci, streptococci, chlamydial organism, and gonococci.ommon causes of bacterial conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the bulbar and/or palpebral conjunctivas, include staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, and Chlamydia. Complications are expected to develop only in cases caused by extremely pathogenic bacteria, such as C trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a 2016 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . A spin-off of the Harry Potter film series , it was produced and written by J. K. Rowling , in her screenwriting debut , and inspired by her book of the same name . Set in 1926 New York , the film stars Eddie Redmayne as Newt Scamander with Katherine Waterston , Dan Fogler , Alison Sudol , Ezra Miller , Samantha Morton , Jon Voight , Carmen Ejogo , Ron Perlman and Colin Farrell in supporting roles . It is the first instalment in the Fantastic Beasts series , and the ninth overall in J. K. Rowling 's Wizarding World , the franchise that began with the Harry Potter films . Principal photography began at Warner Bros. . Studios , Leavesden , England in August 2015 and was completed in January 2016 . Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them premiered in New York City on 10 November 2016 and was released worldwide on 18 November 2016 in 3D , IMAX 4K Laser and other large format cinemas . The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed $ 814 million worldwide , making it the eighth highest-grossing film of 2016 . The film was nominated for five BAFTAs , winning for Best Production Design , as well as two Academy Awards , winning Best Costume Design , becoming the first film in J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World to win an Academy Award .
Hennessy is a brand of French or Irish cognac by the Jas Hennessy & Company, which happens to be the largest producers of cognacs in the world. Hennessy is classified as hard liquor and has 40% alcohol content. It may be taken straight from the bottle or mixed with other drinks like soda. It also has a reputation of being a smooth cognac and a favorite among the wealthy because it is quite expensive. The original Hennessy distillery was built in 1765 by Richard Hennessy. Over the years the company produced a variety of cognacs and other types of liquor products. In 1971, the company was able to merge with Moet & Chandon, another French winery which is considered one of the largest champagne producers.
Long Island serial killer (also referred to by media sources as the Gilgo Beach Killer or the Craigslist Ripper) is an unidentified suspected serial killer who is believed to have murdered 10 to 16 people associated with prostitution, over a period of nearly 20 years, and dumped their bodies along the Ocean Parkway, near the remote Long Island, New York beach towns of Gilgo Beach and Oak Beach in Suffolk County, and the area of Jones Beach State Park in Nassau County.
Wisconsin Amish Wisconsin Amish The Wisconsin Amish population is the fourth-largest in North America With a population of over 15,000, Wisconsin has fewer Amish than only Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. The Wisconsin Amish population is spread over nearly four dozen settlements across the state, and a total of 120 church districts (Young Center, 2010). Wisconsin Amish communities include: Cashton -The Cashton settlement is Wisconsin’s largest Amish community, with 13 church districts Hillsboro -the Hillsboro Amish community in Vernon County numbers 8 districts Wilton/Tomah -A sizeable Amish settlement is found in Monroe County near the towns of Wilton and Tomah Medford -The Amish community at Medford in Taylor County is the oldest in Wisconsin Green Lake County -The Amish community near the towns of Kingston and Dalton consists of 9 church districts Clark County -Clark County is home to 5 separate Amish communities Small Wisconsin Amish communities -Small Amish communities are found across the Badger State Cashton Cashton is the largest Wisconsin Amish community. Founded in 1966, the settlement had grown to 13 churches as of 2009 (see Amish Settlements Across America: 2008, David Luthy, for dates of founding and some church district numbers). Amish do business in the town of Cashton, Wisconsin The Cashton Amish community is a conservative group. Cashton Amish do not use indoor plumbing for bathrooms, and will have only cold water in homes. Cashton is a very farming-oriented community. Amish farmers supply milk for a local cheese factory. There are also some Amish-run businesses, many operated as sidelines. These include three hat shops, three buggy makers and a shoe store which keep the Cashton Amish supplied with clothing and transportation. Additionally, cabinet makers, metal shops, bulk food stores, a hardwares store and a clockmaker are found among Amish businesses in the Cashton community. Cashton Amish have ties with the Hillsboro Amish community. Amish from Cashton have also started at least one daughter community, in southern Illinois. Hillsboro The Hillsboro Amish community, founded in 1985, is located in eastern Vernon County. The Hillsboro settlements has roots in a Kentucky Amish community. At first glance, the Hillsboro Amish community appears to be one of Wisconsin’s largest, with 8 church districts. However, David Luthy notes that the Hillsboro districts are exceptionally small, in 2002 averaging 13 households per congregation–roughly half the size of the average Amish church district elsewhere ( Amish Settlements Across America: 2008, Luthy p 8). Wilton/Tomah The Amish community near the towns of Wilton and Tomah in Monroe County was founded just a few years after the Cashton settlement, in 1969. Amish at the time were likely attracted to the state for its strong dairy reputation. A team pulls through the snow at the Monroe County Amish settlement, near Wilton The Monroe County settlement is one of the largest in Wisconsin, with 8 church districts, (population roughly 1,000) as of 2008. Medford The Medford Amish settlement in Taylor County, founded 90 years ago (1920) is by far Wisconsin’s oldest. Given its age, the Medford Amish community is relatively small, with only 3 church districts as of 2008. Medford is located in north-central Wisconsin. The GAMEO entry for this settlement notes that “Its cold winters have had an effect on the slow growth” in the community. Green Lake County Green Lake County is home to one of the largest Amish settlements in Wisconsin, near the communities of Kingston and Dalton. The Kingston/Dalton settlement was founded in 1977 and has grown to 9 congregations today. Amish travel to church service in the Kingston/Dalton settlement in Green Lake County, Wisconsin Clark County Clark County is located in central Wisconsin, and is one of the largest of Wisconsin’s 72 counties in terms of land area. Amish have found Clark County an attractive area and roomy enough for a number of separate settlements to have been founded here. The oldest Amish community in Clark County is found near the towns of Greenwood and Willard in the center of the county. Founded in 1975, this community numbers 2 districts today. The largest Clark County communities are at Granton (1981), in the southeast portion of the county, and at Loyal (1989). Both settlements are comprised of 5 congregations today. Two other small Amish settlements can be found in Clark County, at Owen (1991), and the much younger settlement at Neilsville (2005). Both consist of one church district as of 2008. Other Wisconsin Amish communities Another noteworthy Wisconsin Amish community is found at Augusta in Eau Claire County, at 6 church districts in size. The Augusta Amish settlement was founded over 30 years ago (1978). Wisconsin is dotted with small Amish communities. Roughly 3/4 of Wisconsin’s 40+ Amish settlements consist of just 1 or 2 church districts. Wisconsin has experienced high levels of in-migration from Amish communities in other states. Nearly 30 Amish settlements have been founded in Wisconsin over the past 2 decades. Onlookers observe a horse trainer at the Sauk County Amish auction at Cazenovia. Sauk County is home to 2 Amish settlements Wisconsin’s Amish population has increased at a much faster rate than most over this 20-year period, gaining 150% as opposed to an average of roughly 100% (see Young Center, 2010). Older small communities are found at Blair in Trempealeau County, Spencer in Marathon County, and Chetek in Barron County. Younger small settlements are located at New Auburn in Chippewa County (1997), Taylor in Jackson County (1998), and near Platteville and Darlington in Lafayette County (1999). All of these young settlements have reached the level of at least 2 church districts. Though the long-term trend suggests high in-migration to Wisconsin, over the past five years (2005-2009) Amish communities in the state have actually experienced a net loss of population. The Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies notes that “Wisconsin had 236 new immigrant families in the five-year period, but it lost 325 families, yielding a net deficit of 42 households” (Young Center, 2010). Wisconsin v. Yoder Wisconsin is of particular significance in the matter of Amish education. A local conflict over schooling in a small Wisconsin Amish community eventually reached the U. S. Supreme Court, resulting in a landmark 1972 decision which effectively granted Amish and other religious groups the right to remove their students from school upon finishing the eighth grade. Conflict between Amish and school officials had occurred in previous decades in places such as Iowa, Kansas, and Pennsylvania, garnering national attention. Amish in numerous cases had been compelled to migrate to different locales were school officials were seen to be more lenient (resulting in the founding of new settlements, such as the St. Mary’s County, Maryland Amish settlement). The Wisconsin conflict, originating in a newly-formed settlement at New Glarus in Green County, resonated to the highest judicial levels in the country, and ultimately influenced not only Amish education but numerous other religious freedom cases. A footpath through the snow leads to an Amish phone shanty in Vernon County Local school administrators in Green County objected to the Amish practice of removing their children from school at completion of the eighth grade. In the fall of 1968, three fathers of Amish children aged fourteen and fifteen were arrested for refusal to enroll their children in high school. This refusal on the part of the Amish came in direct violation of Wisconsin law requiring school attendance until reaching sixteen years of age. Though Amish generally refuse to defend themselves in court, the case was taken up by the National Committee for Amish Religious Freedom, a group which had been recently formed by non-Amish for the legal defense of Amish religious liberty. Attorney Willam Ball was hired to argue the Amish case. Ball maintained that state officials were in fact violating the religious liberty of the Amish. After hearings at local and state levels, the case made its way to the US Supreme Court. On May 15, 1972, a final verdict was delivered in the Wisconsin v. Yoder case. By a vote of 7 to 0, the Supreme Court Justices granted that both the First and Fourteenth amendments supported the Amish practice of removing students from school before age sixteen. The precedent set by this decision has essentially granted Amish legal protection, though certain issues such as teacher certification continue to pose potential problems in some areas (see Amish Society, Hostetler, pp 268-270; also The Amish and the State, “The National Committee for Amish Religious Freedom”, William C. Lindholm, and “First Amendment Issues”, William B. Ball). Extinct Wisconsin Amish Settlements The New Glarus community, where the famous conflict over schooling originated, had disbanded by 2007, after over 40 years in existence. Wisconsin was also once home to a number of other now-failed settlements dating back a century. In The Amish In America: Settlements that Failed 1840-1960, David Luthy tells us that the Exeland Wisconsin settlement in Sawyer County, in the northwestern section of the state, was founded in 1909. Amish from North Dakota, Montana, and Indiana were attracted to this area of “cheap, cutover timberland”, likely by a land agents’s advertisement promoting the inexpensive acreage. Luthy reports that Amish used dynamite to blast away at acres of stumps left over from the former forest land. Raising a barn, Amish-style, near Westby, WIAmish in this settlements operated sawmills, hunted, and grew an abundance of crops, including oats, sugar beets, barley, and red clover. Eventually this settlement disbanded in 1927, due to a “lack of leadership” ( Settlements that Failed, Luthy, p 504). A second Amish settlement existed during this period in Rusk County, bordering Sawyer County to the south. Settlers from a Michigan Amish community founded a settlement near the town of Glen Flora in 1920. This settlement existed for about 2 decades, but eventually disbanded with the last Amish family leaving in 1942 ( Settlements, Luthy, pp 504-509). A number of modern-day Wisconsin Amish communities ceased to exist in the first decade of the 21st century, including one at Viroqua (though 2 communities remain in this area), as well as Clayton, Downing, and Hilbert. All of these communities lasted roughly a decade or less ( Amish Settlements Across America: 2008, Luthy). Wisconsin Amish at home in the “Dairy State”A buggy approaches an Amish farm in Green Lake County, WIWisconsin is a state which saw Amish arrive relatively late compared to other states associated with the Plain People. Though the first Amish only began to settle in Wisconsin in the early 1900s, the Wisconsin Amish presence has grown to become the fourth-largest in North America. In terms of Amish population, Wisconsin trails only Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, states which first experienced Amish settlement 50-100 years, or more, earlier. In Wisconsin, Amish have found an environment conducive to settlement. Relatively few Amish settled in Wisconsin before the 1960s, when the state began to see an influx of Amish which has only increased in each ensuing decade. One observer notes that “Undoubtedly the farmers were attracted to Wisconsin because of its highly rural character and its reputation as the nation’s “Dairy State.” ( The Amish Struggle With Modernity, Luthy p 245). As long as Wisconsin offers affordable farmland and relatively isolated communities in which to settle, Amish are likely to continue to thrive in the Badger State. For more information, see: Amish Settlements Across America: 2008, David Luthy The Amish in America: Settlements that Failed, 1840-1960, David Luthy The New American Almanac 2010, Raber’s Bookstore (Baltic, Ohio), Ben J. Raber Amish Society, John A. Hostetler The Amish and the State, “The National Committee for Amish Religious Freedom”, William C. Lindholm; “First Amendment Issues”, William B. Ball The Amish Struggle with Modernity, “Appendix: Amish Migration Patterns 1972-1992”, David Luthy“Amish Population by State (2010)”, “Amish Population Change 1991‐2010”, and “Amish Migration Trends 2005-2009”; Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College (http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_by_State_2010.asp; http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/PDF/Statistics/Population_Change_1991_2010.pdf; http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Migration_Trends.asp. )Yoder, Samuel L. “Medford, Wisconsin, Old Order Amish Settlement.” Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1987. Web. 25 October 2010. http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/M438.html. Photo credits: Cashton Amish- Brandon O’Connor; Wilton Amish- Marius Boeriu; Kingston Amish buggies- Brian Sprague, Genesee Depot WI; Sauk County Amish auction- William O’Rourke, Celtic Graphics; Amish barn-raising- Westby Times; Green County buggy- Doc Will Question on the Amish? Get answers to 300+ questions in 41 categories at the Amish FAQ. Get the Amish in your inbox Related Articles to Wisconsin Amish Amish Quilts in Wisconsin Amish quilts in a shop in Monroe County, Wisconsin. Natural light, no bulbs, means this is in all likelihood an Amish-operated shop, though I don't know which one. The settlement…Amish Baskets – Wisconsin Amish basket sellers in Wisconsin Amish communities in the Badger State are located around Cashton, Hillsboro, Tomah, Medford, Clark and the Green Lake County areas among others. Amish made baskets…Wisconsin Amish Protest Planned High-Voltage Line In another example of Amish taking a public stand, over 100 Amishmen occupied the Cashton, Wisconsin village hall to register opposition to high-voltage power lines potentially cutting through their community. From the La Crosse…111 responses to Wisconsin Amish« Previous 1 2 3Laura Siler Comment on penpal (November 30th, 2013 at 01:57)penpal I am looking for a Amish pen pal and was wondering If anyone has a connection with an Amish community that wouldn’t mind an English pen pal Reply to Comment Leslie Leon-Cremeens Comment on Amish Pen Pals (December 16th, 2013 at 14:39)Amish Pen Pals If you can get yourself a copy of The Budget, that is THE Amish newspaper and they are listings in there for penpals—or you could put your own listing in there. Reply to Comment Erik/Amish America Comment on Wisconsin Amish (December 16th, 2013 at 17:57)I don’t think they accept Amish pen pal listings actually, or don’t anymore. I was asked to let that be known a while back. Here’s the page for the pen pal topic:http://amishamerica.com/how-can-i-find-an-amish-pen-pal/Reply to Comment Susanne Comment on How to get in touch with Amish People (August 26th, 2015 at 00:25)How to get in touch with Amish People Hi Erik: I have read numerous postings and stories as well as the page to the link you mentioned on finding Amish Penpals. However, everything really takes you to having to be somewhere where there are Amish people. I currently live in Los Angeles, and would love to live and work on an Amish farm, and to become friends with and learn more about the Amish life style. However, there are no Amish settlements anywhere near LA… or California for that matter… So, since Amish don’s use the internet, how would I go about getting in touch with someone? Reply to Comment Joseph Shaurette Comment on They live near Shawano Wi. (January 17th, 2016 at 20:34)They live near Shawano Wi. They have businesses look for them. Reply to Commentlisa Comment on amish communities (January 3rd, 2017 at 11:54)amish communities They do you the internet. Yoder and store should be your search elements. There is a community in Madison, VA, and in Bonduel, WI (south of Shawano, WI) The list of communities is very incomplete. Other than Lancaster, PA, I would recommend Shipshewana, IN where their skills are employed by Coachman. Shipshewana is close enough to Chicago that it is a great two night layover to go to Amish acres. Reply to Comment Ginger Kay Stevens Comment on information request (January 23rd, 2014 at 17:02)information request I am living in Madison, WI and searching for volunteer assembly work. I am also trained in office work. I sent two resumes to the Akron, Pennsylvania office today. My grandmother was mixed with Pennsylvania German blood and has Pennsylvania geneology somewhere but we know her from Rutland, Illinois. I have seen the Amish people outside but mainly just want to mention that I know about her industrious approach. I would like to learn more about this so I can concentrate better and nurture my interest in helping. I do not have it with me but I have a public aid case number. I also am a food coop member but not in Madison because I am in the process of joining a new one in Bloomington-Normal, IL. I have worked in Bloomington at the State Job Center as a temporary. I have a Social Security job list and have worked at four jobs in Madison since living here. I have also volunteered at the Dane County Farmer’s Market under Manager Larry Johnson. Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Amish Furniture Maker (March 25th, 2014 at 00:03)Amish Furniture Maker Was wondering if anyone could tell me on where any of the Amish are that make custom made furniture. Looking for someone who does quality work. Thanks for any help you can provide. Reply to Comment Mary Jo Comment on Wisconsin Amish (March 25th, 2014 at 07:58)There is an Amish gentleman near Marytown/St Anna area that does furniture and cabinets, etc. They also have a wonderful bakery. Your location would be helpful. Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Custom furniture (March 25th, 2014 at 11:37)Custom furniture We’re not looking in any particular area for the furniture. We would go where ever and go spend the day and enjoy the adventure of our trip. We are south of Milwaukee. Reply to Comment Debbie Reichert Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 3rd, 2014 at 10:42)Their is a auction coming up in Bondual wi on Saturday of mothers day weekend I have been there before it is Great Reply to Comment Linda Comment on Wisconsin Amish Furniture (March 26th, 2014 at 11:21)Wisconsin Amish Furniture Deb, you may want to check these lists:http://amishamerica.com/amish-furniture-wisconsin/ http://amishamerica.com/amish-beds-wisconsin/Valley Woodworks Custom made cabinets, desks, bedroom sets Mervin and Ruth Schmucker W5594 Stub Lane Shawano, WI 54166 715-758-6210Twin Oak Woodturning Custom Kitchens, Custom Furniture. Cherry, Hickory, Maple, Oak Andrew Hochstetler W2053 Kiel Road New Holstein, WI 53061 920-894-1447If you visit an Amish settlement, you can ask around. http://www.travelcolumbiacounty.net/ccvbamish.html This publication from 2013 has a map of Columbia County Amish businesses (Pardeeville, Dalton, Kingston, Markesan) on page 25: http://issuu.com/lmeiborg/docs/green_lake_vg13 It lists Maple Lane Furniture and some cabinet shops. Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Linda - Woodworkers (March 26th, 2014 at 11:26)Linda - Woodworkers Linda —Thanks for the information. It is greatly appreciated. Reply to Comment Dale Rohwer Comment on amish furniture (May 9th, 2014 at 22:45)amish furniture Hi, I live by the Tomah/Wilton Amish group and we have several that do great work. If you are still looking for this. Send email with contact info so we can talk. Reply to Commentjeff Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 10th, 2014 at 00:10)in Dalton wis. we have 7 different makers. let me know what type u want. and I will tell you where to go. ironjsmithatyahoodotcom 2623258350+Reply to Comment Richard Lee Dawley Comment on Experienced writers needed (March 25th, 2014 at 11:14)Experienced writers needed I write non-fiction books about personal experiences with the Anabaptists. But, I’m in my 79th year on earth and could defer to writers who have had or will have experiences with these pain people in the state of WI. I’ve written 8 non-fiction books about them, and working on 9 and 10, with room for your writings that have been read by a friend, and proofed by a proofreader. I’ll watch for your reply on this site. Google my full name to see what Amazon and others might be listing under other sellers. I have none of my books left out of 8,500 copies sold. Richard Lee Dawley Reply to Comment Marshall Sawyers Comment on Walworth Amish (March 25th, 2014 at 20:46)Walworth Amish Howdy: Ever hear of Amish living in Walworth Co? I lived there 5 years and I never have. I think this TV program is a phony Reply to Commentmark Comment on Wisconsin Amish (March 25th, 2014 at 22:59)Its all fake. You see them do all this crazy stuff with the english and never does anyone call the police. Tonight on the show in Wisconsin that would been felony destruction of private property Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Wisconsin Amish (March 25th, 2014 at 23:30)Wisconsin Amish I don’t live far from Walworth. Never heard of Amish in the area. What TV show are you watching? Reply to Comment Richard Lee Dawley Comment on Phony TV "Documentaries" (March 26th, 2014 at 09:12)Phony TV "Documentaries"The producer of one of the escapades is from England. THERE ARE NO AMISH IN ENGLAND AND NEVER HAVE BEEN. How does she KNOW the real Amish? Reply to Comment Kathy Spealman Comment on Wisconsin Amish (August 14th, 2014 at 12:43)There aren’t any Amish in Walworth County. There used to be an Amish furniture store, but that closed awhile ago. There is a community west of Beloit in Rock County. Reply to Commentjames clary Comment on we have several (March 26th, 2014 at 05:49)we have several We are connected to 4 different craftsman. Not to mention we have inhouse craftsman. We stock and have special amish orders built. Over 12000 sq ft plus full amish bulk foods. 920 696 3100Reply to Comment Deb Comment on James Clarey (March 26th, 2014 at 08:21)James Clarey Where are you located? Reply to Commentjames clary Comment on here we are (March 31st, 2014 at 09:55)here we are N3469. State rd 26. Juneau wi. 53039. 920 696 3100Reply to Commentjim clary Comment on largest amish store near madison (March 27th, 2014 at 05:21)largest amish store near madison Www.countrytreasureswi.com Reply to Comment Richard Lee Dawley Comment on Country Store near Madison (March 27th, 2014 at 05:34)Country Store near Madison Do you have the address of the store? I’m in New Berlin, WI. Any help with directions you can offer? I’m coming to an auction in Albany west of Madison. Richard Lee Dawley Reply to Comment Tonya Comment on Albany Auction (March 27th, 2014 at 11:09)Albany Auction When and where is the Albany auction. Would like to go to it. Reply to Comment Richard Lee Dawley Comment on albany Auction (March 31st, 2014 at 12:21)albany Auction The auction is in Albany north of the village on a main highway about 1 or 2 miles. You’ll see the cars parked in the auction area where the road takes a big swing to the right to clear a “mountain.” If that’s not clear connect with me at rld7971858@att.net Richard Dawley Reply to Comment Tonya Comment on Albany Auction (March 31st, 2014 at 17:10)Albany Auction Richard What is the date of the auction? Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (August 28th, 2015 at 22:08)Hi All,Do any of you know of any Benefit Auctions or meals between September 4th to 12th 2015 in Wisconsin? Please post here or please email me. Thanks…. Tom Linc Nebr@hotmail.com Reply to Comment Linda Comment on Wisconsin Amish Auctions (August 29th, 2015 at 07:29)Wisconsin Amish Auctions Tom, here are some clues you could check out: Sept. 5, 2015, Shawano, Wisc., Amish Quilt & Consignment Auction: http://www.travelwisconsin.com/events/fairs-festivals/amish-quilt-consignment-auction-39176Sept. 7, 2015, Cashton, Wisc., Quilt, Craft, & New Furniture Auction: http://growersproduceauction.com/Schedule.php Amish Auctions – September 2014 (many auctions are held on the same certain Saturday each year): http://amishamerica.com/amish-auctions-september-2014/Amish Auctions – August 2014, Labor Day weekend: http://amishamerica.com/amish-auctions-august-2014/https://www.facebook.com/Amish In Wisconsin Reply to Comment Kim Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 5th, 2014 at 21:40)Do you happen to have the phone number to the Amish that do the medal roofs? Reply to Commentjeff Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 10th, 2014 at 00:17)262-325-8350 d@l metal supply in Dalton,Reply to Comment Arley d Comment on Wisconsin Amish (March 26th, 2014 at 21:03)I live in Walworth county. There are no Amish. There are in rock co. The next county over. I could see the store owner not calling the police. He was ripping people off. But that store, and all their Walworth county footage is all scenery I have never seen before. Reply to Comment Erik/Amish America Comment on Wisconsin Amish (March 28th, 2014 at 11:31)There is one Amish settlement listed in Rock & Green Counties according to this comprehensive 2013 listing: http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/57700/JAPAS_Donnermeyer_Luthy_vol1-issue2_pp107-129.pdf?sequence=1There’s no settlement listed for Walworth County. Sometimes Amish spill over into the adjacent county, but this settlement looks like it is situated on the opposite side of Rock Co. Like others have said, I wouldn’t rely on much you see on shows like this. Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Marion and wautoma auctions (May 12th, 2014 at 12:39)Marion and wautoma auctions Marion Auction is June 7 @ 9 am Lester Lambright Farm Located from Marion WI south on 110Wautoma july 5th 8:30am Monroe Schumucker farm Located from wautoma, wi West on 21 to 11th Drive then notth to 1st farm on left Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 12th, 2014 at 23:32)I got a flyer for the Marion sale this last week. It says Saturday June 7th @ 8:30. Pancake breakfast from 7–9am and school bake sale.8:30am outside misc and inside crafts and furniture Quilts 10:30 and (more ) furniture at noon. Flowers and shrubs start at 9am.4 miles South of Marion, or 12 miles North of Manawa on Hwy 110, or from Clintonville West on “C” to 110, then right on 110 to the farm. Watch for signs!I also have numbers to call if you have sell there. Tom Geist Linc Nebr@hotmail.com Reply to Comment Kathy Comment on Faith (March 30th, 2014 at 13:34)Faith Are there any Amish Communities near Coloma, WI ? Reply to Comment Patricia L Huber Comment on Amish near Coloma, WI (March 30th, 2014 at 13:41)Amish near Coloma, WIThere is a small group of Amish that live between Wautoma and Coloma near the communities of Richford and Dakota. Reply to Comment Richard Lee Dawley Comment on Amish near Coloma (March 30th, 2014 at 19:04)Amish near Coloma Well described, Patricia. I’d like to hear more about your experiences with the Wautoma Amish. Wautoma quilt and furniture acution is July 5th that I plan to attend. I’ve sold many of my 8 books at their auctions. I’m in New Berlin outside Milwaukee and looking for a place to stay the night before. any suggestions? Reply to Comment Mandy Comment on Amish near Coloma (March 30th, 2014 at 21:52)Amish near Coloma I believe there is still a really nice Amish owned and run greenhouse in Coloma. I’ve seen several homes in that area. Reply to Commentbarbara foster Comment on looking for walworth county amish (April 6th, 2014 at 19:39)looking for walworth county amishcan you plz tell me where they are located at want to enjoy watching then and stuff they make etc ty so much barbara foster Reply to Comment Marshall Sawyers Comment on Amish (April 7th, 2014 at 00:10)Amishdepends on where you live,stations differ though out the country Dallas area tues on 120 at 6PMReply to Comment Pam Schwoerer Comment on Bonduel wis sale (April 27th, 2014 at 23:16)Bonduel wis sale Can someone help: We love attending the Bonduel Wis Amish sales; but when is the sale in May of 2014 in Bonduel wis???? Reply to Comment Erik/Amish America Comment on Bonduel, Wisconsin Amish Auction Date (April 28th, 2014 at 08:26)Bonduel, Wisconsin Amish Auction Date Hi Pam, Richard Dawley, who would know, just emailed me this: “Always the Saturday closest to Mothers Day.” Looks like for 2014 that means May 10th. Reply to Comment PSchwoerer Comment on Wisconsin Amish (April 28th, 2014 at 23:05)THANK YOU SO Much!! From Pam and Family Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Bonduel auction (May 4th, 2014 at 20:55)Bonduel auction The Bonduel Auction is always the Saturday of Mothers Day weekend and the n Saturday of Labor Day weekend each year. Reply to Comment JMc Arthur Comment on Flooring installer (April 29th, 2014 at 03:11)Flooring installer I’m looking for an Amish carpenter who will replace my Baraboo kitchen laminate flooring with a wood floor. Can you recommend someone I might contact? Thanks. Reply to Comment Karolina Wallin Comment on Visit Amish family (May 4th, 2014 at 20:52)Visit Amish family I’m a Finnish excahnge student here in Wisconsin since August. I really find the Amish culture fascinating and a man in my Rotary club (I’m a Rotary exchange-student) had said he knew an Amish family and could take me to visit them which I think would be so interesting. The thing is though, that it might not happen now, and I’m wondering if there’s any opportunities to visit an Amish family for a day or so and see how they actually live and get to hear from them about the Amish culture. Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 11th, 2014 at 08:29)Hi Karolina Wallin,You didn’t say where you are located so it’s hard to suggest where you could go. Are you able to drive and/or do you have some friends that can? Some areas have Amish tours you might be able to take as well. Let us know. Tom Geist Linc Nebr@hotmail.com Reply to Comment Cecilia Pisco Comment on Athens, wi amish auction (May 6th, 2014 at 13:32)Athens, wi amish auction Does anyone know date and location of Athens, Wisconsin Amish Auction? Do they have a phone number to use to get information from? Thanks. Reply to Comment Cecilia Pisco Comment on Amish Auctions (May 6th, 2014 at 13:39)Amish Auctions For those who want to know. Bonduel is May 10 and Aug. 30 Medford has one on May 10 and Aug. 16 Sheldon had their first one on May 6, but fall one is Aug. 23 Have addresses if anyone needs. Reply to Comment Tonya Comment on Amish Auctions (May 6th, 2014 at 15:44)Amish Auctions I have been to the Bonduel Auction several times. If you could give the addresses of the other 2 auctions (Medford and Sheldon) that would be wonderful. Looking forward to hearing from you and where these auctions are locaed. I enjoy going to other Auctions. There is an auction in Hazelton, IA on Saturday, May 17th as well. Reply to Comment Erik/Amish America Comment on Amish Auction List (May 7th, 2014 at 00:31)Amish Auction List Cecilia and Tonya, thanks for sharing here. Cecilia unfortunately I don’t have the details on the Athens auction. However we are maintaining an Amish auction list for May with about 30 auctions listed. http://amishamerica.com/amish-auctions-may-2014/If you don’t mind sharing a few details for Hazleton, IA and the Wisconsin auctions you mention (addresses or start time or whatever might be useful) I’d be glad to add them to the list. For Wisconsin we currently have dates for Bonduel, Amherst, and Readstown listed (but no addresses or many details for any of them yet). Reply to Comment Cecilia Pisco Comment on Auctions (May 8th, 2014 at 20:21)Auctions Medford Auction: Location: Marvin Miller – W8332 Pine Ave., Medford, Wi May 10 and Aug. 16 starting at 8:30. From Medford, 7 Miles west of medford on CTH O to oak drive, 2 miles south on oak dr. to Pine Ave. Sheldon: Location from Ladysmith: South on HWY 27 go 9 miles to broken arrow rd., east on broken arrow 6 miles to Marshall, South 1/2 on Marshall. Contact Marvin J. Mast, N1698 Marshall Rd., Sheldon, WI 54766 or call 715-452-5389. Starts 8:30 a.m. (For photos of auction items go to www.ferrisauction-realty.com) (Was on May 3, but has another on Aug. 23)Reply to Comment Erik/Amish America Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 9th, 2014 at 10:57)Thank you Cecilia, just updated the May listings with your WI auction info: http://amishamerica.com/amish-auctions-may-2014/Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Kingston auction (May 12th, 2014 at 12:29)Kingston auction Eric there is also an auction in Kingston either the 1st or 2nd Saturday in June. Thinking it mihpght be the first Saturday in June. N1046 Cty H Dalton, WI 53926 1 mile east of Dalton to Cty H or 4 miles South of Kingston, North on Cty HReply to Comment Richard Lee Dawley Comment on Kingston Auction (May 23rd, 2014 at 05:31)Kingston Auction It’s on the 14th of June, Saturday. Richard Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Sheldon auction (March 28th, 2015 at 07:10)Sheldon auction Does anyone know when the Sheldon Auction is this year? Thanks Reply to Comment Cecilia Pisco Comment on auctions 2015 (March 30th, 2015 at 07:35)auctions 2015Sheldon is on may 2 and aug. 29 for 2015. Bonduel is may 9 and sept. 5 this year. Reply to Comment Cecilia Pisco Comment on Bonduel auction (May 12th, 2014 at 08:57)Bonduel auction Went to the Bonduel auction for the first time, was huge and great. Would suggest for anyone to try it. Lots outside, plenty of guilts, all price ranges, many flowers. People were very friendly and helpful, since this was my first time at this auction. Reply to Comment Lynn Comment on Fix Wagon Wheel (May 12th, 2014 at 09:12)Fix Wagon Wheel I am looking for someone to fix the wood hub on a wagon wheel. I bought the old wagon at an auction but one of the back wheels is broken. Could someone tell me of a place I could get this fixed near wausau, WI Any help is greatly appreciated. Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 12th, 2014 at 23:51)Hi Lynn,In the 2009 Wisconsin Amish directory* it lists Henry Yoder in Edgar Wisconsin as having a buggy shop. I believe that is about 18 miles from you. I also have Aaron T Swarey in Athens, Wi. (31-ish miles away) No phone numbers are listed in the directory but there are address’s that I could give you if you email me. If they don’t work on wheels I’m sure they could tell you where to check. Tom G Linc Nebr@hotmail.com* note that 2009 directory is the newest Wisconsin directory. A new one is being made up now!Reply to Comment Lynn Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 14th, 2014 at 09:32)Tom, Thanks for the information. I really appreciate it. My email is lschulz@dce.k12.wi.us if you could email with any phone numbers, that would be great. Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 16th, 2014 at 00:10)Lynn,I replied to your email address yesterday and to the email you sent me today. You might have to look in your spam/junk box to find them. Please reply to my email to let me know they arrived. Tom Reply to Commentjanine Comment on try (May 13th, 2014 at 12:07)try Call Harlan Nolt at 715-267-7879. He is a farrier in the Greenwood/Withee/Thorp area. He would know who to contact. I know I have driven past a buggy shop on the way to Frenchtown Greenhouse but don’t know the name. Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Hazelton school auction (May 14th, 2014 at 08:28)Hazelton school auction Eric The Amish Hazelton School Auction is on 120th Street in Hazelton, IA this Saturday. Reply to Comment Monique Comment on Help! Need a homemade pie today! (May 15th, 2014 at 12:18)Help! Need a homemade pie today!Where can I get an homemade Amish pie today? I live in Milwaukee. Reply to Comment Linda Comment on Online pie (May 15th, 2014 at 23:02)Online pie Hi Monique, I don’t know where you can buy a pie locally, but there are several places online that will ship pies to you from Ohio and Pennsylvania.www.amishpie.comhttp://www.dutchcountrypantry.com/http://www.dhgroup.com/en/shop/Amish+Bakery/Amish-style+Pies/Reply to Comment Mary Jo Comment on Miller Bakery (May 22nd, 2014 at 08:26)Miller Bakery Miller Bakery will again be available at the Sheboygan Outdoor Farmers Market starting in June. Every Saturday at Fountain Park, Erie & 8th street. Pies, fry pies, donuts, and many other yummy things. Their bakery is located just east on Marytown on Hwy HH. (near New Holstein) They are open Fridays and Saturdays. Call 920-898-1193 or hours or special orders. Reply to Comment Diane Comment on "Amish Walmart" (May 21st, 2014 at 12:36)"Amish Walmart"Does anyone have directions on how to get to the Amish Walmart by Cashton, WI? Reply to Comment Linda Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 22nd, 2014 at 22:34)Diane, Atlee Yoder’s store named Trails End, S302A Little Ridge Road, Ontario, WI 54651, has been called the “Amish Walmart.” Is it more of a man’s store? One person wrote about his visit at:http://www.brokenoakhill.com/La Farge_Amish.html Trails End makes exit signs from old tools: https://www.farmshow.com/a_article.php?aid=26440It’s interesting that a few other stores have a similar nickname. Country Housewares in Leola, PA, has been called an “Amish Walmart.” Dutchman’s Store in Cantril, Iowa, is called the “Mennonite Walmart.” And a country store owned by Dan in Clare, MI, is nicknamed the “Dan-Mart.”Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (May 21st, 2014 at 18:28)Hi Diane,I hope you get a more precise response than what mine is going to be, but if not, maybe I can get you closer to what you are looking for. Two weeks ago I was in Wisconsin and got one of their old Amish directory’s for the state. In it most Amish folks listed if they were farmers or worked in a sawmill or whatever. Cashton, as you might know, has lots of Amish people. I saw that one had a “Coleman shop” while others had a shoe store, bakery, farm store and bent and dent. I would be happy to pass along the address for any of those if it sounds like what you might be looking for. Tom in Lincoln, Ne Linc Nebr@hotmail.com Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Amish Directory (September 13th, 2014 at 09:00)Amish Directory Tom Where did you get the Amish Directory? Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (September 13th, 2014 at 12:14)Hi Deb,I first borrowed one from a Amish family that had moved from Wisconsin to Pawnee City Nebraska. Then, while visiting some of the Amish in Wisconsin, I inquired about who might have one for sale. Not only did I find one for sale but everyone talked about how the new Wisconsin directory was just about ready to come out, so I put in an order for a couple of copies of the new one when it is available. (this was back in early May 2014) I have not received a new directory from the people yet, but I would assume one is out. Tom in Lincoln Linc Nebr@hotmail.com Reply to Comment Mary Jo Comment on St Anna Strawberry Shortcake/Brat fry (June 13th, 2014 at 21:30)St Anna Strawberry Shortcake/Brat fry The Amish community in the St Anna WI area will be having a Strawberry Shortcake and Brat Fry With homemade pies and ice cream Wednesday June 25, 2014 4:30 to 8:00 PM St Anna Fireman’s Park N126 School St. (rural New Holstein) Proceeds will be going towards major hospital and medical expenses recently incurred by a family Reply to Comment Amy Teresa Comment on Amish Raw Milk Cheese (August 11th, 2014 at 16:30)Amish Raw Milk Cheese I live in Westfield, Wisconsin. Wondering if anyone knows of any Amish that sell Raw milk cheese near by? Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (August 11th, 2014 at 19:59)Hi Amy Teresa,I might not be much help… but per the Amish Newspaper “Die Botschaft” it appears there are either Old Order Amish or Horse and buggy Mennonite in the following city’s near you. Using Google maps I come up with the distance. Using the 2009 Wisconsin Directory I came up with how many church districts 2 of them have. (the other are not in the directory. That could mean they are new or that they are listed as a subset of one of one of the bigger communities. The new Wisconsin directory might be out now, but this is all I have to work with. Coloma–12 miles away Wautoma–21.5 miles away–3 church districts Dalton–27.3 miles away Kingston–28.6 miles–10 church districts Pardeeville–31.9I didn’t take the time to look up who sells dairy products in Wautoma & Kingston but if you email me and let me know if either of those work for you I can give you some names and address’s. Unfortunately the Wisconsin directory did not list any phone numbers. Tom Geist…. Lincoln Linc Nebr@hotmail.com Reply to Comment Christine Waterbury Comment on WI Amish Newspaper (September 12th, 2014 at 05:18)WI Amish Newspaper Is their a link or address to the WI Amish newspaper? Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (September 12th, 2014 at 06:33)Hi Christine,Wisconsin probably has their own reginal Amish newletter (s) or small paper but I don’t know the name of it/them. The main Amish papers, Die Botschaft & The Budget. Neither of these two will have any link to read online. They are not like the English newspapers that list National/local/sports/weather in them rather they are notes from each community as to what is going on. A typical one will list what the weather is doing, what they are planting or harvesting, where gmay (church) was held last time and where it will be the next time “Lord willing.” Then they will list people that attended gmay, or a wedding, if someone is sick or fell from a roof or was kicked by a horse, or had a snake come in their house. Some of the writers are fun to read because of their style of writing. Was there anything specific you hope to see in the paper? Tom in Lincoln Linc Nebr@hotmail.com Reply to Comment Slightly-Handled-Order-Man Comment on Oh, interesting stuff (September 12th, 2014 at 07:18)Oh, interesting stuff Hold on, Tom, you’re telling me that the Amish press publishes who attends church? Can’t that be a little bit prideful of them? I mean, reading a newspaper and seeing one’s cousin was in an accident, for instance, is one thing, but reading a paper and seeing who did or who did not attend a service might be a bit embarrassing, can’t it? And a bit boring if your there every Gmay and see the same people over and over again? I’m not making fun of the practice, mind you. Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (September 12th, 2014 at 12:02)To be a little more specific… they will list what visitors from other communities attended… not everyone. For the wedding notes they sometimes will list all of the servers and bridal people. As far as pride goes… I wonder if they look at it as more just stating the facts. I was amazed by one scribe that mentioned three women in their community that got new dentures to wear. She listed all 3 of the womens names. In the English world I think most people would not want that broadcast by the scribe told me that it was no big deal in the Amish world. Tom Reply to Comment Slightly-Handled-Order-Man Comment on Oh, I see (September 12th, 2014 at 15:55)Oh, I see Mmm, I’ll chalk one up to learning something new everyday. Thanks for the info!Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (September 12th, 2014 at 16:03)S. H. O. M. First, I really need to proof read what I say for errors. I wish we could edit what we say. Anyhoo… if you would like me to take a couple of pictures of scribe notes from your area I can email them to you. Feel free to email me at my address below. Tom Linc Nebr@hotmail.com Reply to Comment Mary Jo Comment on St Anna Hay Stack Supper (August 20th, 2014 at 20:07)St Anna Hay Stack Supper The Amish community in the St Anna WI area will be having a Hay Stack Supper with homemade pies and ice cream Wednesday Aug 27th, 2014 4:00 to 7:30 PM St Anna Fireman’s Park N126 School St. (rural New Holstein) Proceeds will be going towards major hospital and medical expenses recently incurred by a family through childbirth. Reply to Comment Anita Comment on Leave the Amish Alone (September 12th, 2014 at 20:17)Leave the Amish Alone There is no Amish paper in Wisconsin. None of the Amish in Wisconsin want you to take a picture of them or their property. They are unlike Pennsylvania Amish, do not know what Rumspringa is and do not bike, rollerblade of play badminton…..only baseball. Who cares what they they write in their paper. Reply to Comment Mandy Comment on Anita (September 13th, 2014 at 14:35)Anita Anita, I know plenty of amish people, in Waupaca and Shawano Co.) who do the exact opposite of what you say, I know some who allow pictures of them working their land as long as you can’t see there faces. A family in Binduel actually writes a quarterly article for a Wisconsin Magazine. I know some who rollerblade, play volleyball, and so on. Each amish community differs from church district to church district. Reply to Comment Mandy Comment on Anita (September 13th, 2014 at 14:36)Anita Anita, I know plenty of amish people, in Waupaca and Shawano Co.) who do the exact opposite of what you say, I know some who allow pictures of them working their land as long as you can’t see there faces. A family in Bonduel actually writes a quarterly article for a Wisconsin Magazine. I know some who rollerblade, play volleyball, and so on. Each amish community differs from church district to church district. Reply to Comment Karen Comment on Apples (September 29th, 2014 at 21:12)Apples We visit Wisconsin Amish communities twice each year and love every minute of our trips. I am looking for any Amish restaurants or places to stay. I would also like to find Amish Apple orchards. I would appreciate any information that anyone can give me. Reply to Comment Tom Geist Comment on Wisconsin Amish (September 29th, 2014 at 21:17)Hi Karen,I don’t know that I can be of much help, but whomever is will need to know where in Wisconsin you plan to go visit. Is the whole state open to you or are you looking within a certain area? You might mention also a mileage range you are looking to go from. Say, 100 miles outside of Madison… or Green Bay or such. Wisconsin is a big state. Tom in Lincoln Reply to Comment Genny Comment on Wisconsin Amish (December 4th, 2016 at 03:42)Hi Tom, Could you look in your Amish directory and give me a name and address of a door maker. I live in walworth. So within 50 miles or so. My email address is g_ohlenroth@yahoo.com Thanks Reply to Comment Karen Comment on Wisconsin Amish (September 30th, 2014 at 09:41)After I posted, I realized I hadn’t given an area. We will be in the Eau Claire area, the Dalton area and the area below Tomah and Sparta which is our favorite. I am amazed that we don’t find Amish restaurants and would love to know of any. We have been to the orchards around Gays Mill, but would like to find some closer to the Sparta area. I am so thrilled to have found this site and will follow it closely. Reply to Comment Linda Comment on Amish restaurants in Wisconsin (September 30th, 2014 at 18:28)Amish restaurants in Wisconsin Karen, you might want to tryhttp://amishamerica.com/amish-restaurants/#wisconsinhttp://amishamerica.com/amish-markets/#wisconsinwww.amishinwisconsin.com Reply to Comment Deb Comment on Auctions (October 1st, 2014 at 00:59)Auctions Karen Have you been to any of the auctions? Reply to Comment Karen Comment on Wisconsin Amish (October 1st, 2014 at 05:41)Hi Deb, We have been to a couple at Cashton, and just love them. We were even fortunate enough to have attended a couple right on the farms. The auction house at Cashton is right behind the creamery which is a “must stop” each time we go on this trip. Reply to Comment Mary Paruszkiewicz Comment on Chicke Processors (November 12th, 2014 at 16:54)Chicke Processors I am looking for someone to process chickens for me. I live in the Madison, WI area. A friend of mine takes hers to an Amish farm near Mineral Point, WI but that is to far for me to make it economical enough to drop off chickens come back home then pick them up that evening. Anyone have any ideas? Thanks Mary Reply to Comment Laurie G. Comment on Chickens (January 29th, 2015 at 07:32)Chickens I live in Coloma Wi which is an hour from Madison. There is a Amish farm up here that does do Chicken processing. I can send information to you if your interested!Reply to Comment Re Comment on Wisconsin Amish (April 12th, 2015 at 19:24)Can anyone tell me of any Amish stores, etc near Medford or Thorp? Reply to Comment Linda Comment on Amish Stores Wisconsin (May 8th, 2015 at 22:15)Amish Stores Wisconsin-http://amishamerica.com/amish-furniture-wisconsin/ (Amish Furniture Wisconsin)-http://visitmarshfield.com/attractions/countryside.php (Amish/Mennonite Countryside Shops)-http://www.simplyprepared.com/amish_and_mennonite_stores.htm-Countryside Bulk Foods W9315 Oak Rd Thorp, WI 54771 715 669-3318 (presumed to be Plain Mennonite)Reply to Comment Jennifer Comment on Amish log cabins (April 27th, 2015 at 11:11)Amish log cabins Hello Erick and readers, My boyfriend and I are about to buy land in the Vernon/Crawford County area and want to get an Amish log cabin! I looked online, and sure enough, there are folks that contract on behalf of the Amish to host a website in order to sell cabins. My question is, are there any Amish builders that you can contract directly with, is that something that they’d be OK with, or is it preferred that we work with the middleman? Driving to the property on Hwy 14, we came across a builder with models out front, but naturally, we don’t want to be rude and knock on a door without a bit of knowledge beforehand. Any advice or names of builders that anyone has experience with would be helpful. The cabins we looked at were super cute and so much more affordable than the “brand name builders” around Wisconsin. Jennifer Reply to Comment Charlotte Teano Comment on Amish home builders (April 29th, 2015 at 20:00)Amish home builders I am looking for an Amish home builder in the Prairie du Chien area of wisconsin. If there is someone that could build for us please contact me. thanks Reply to Commentarıs gostantıan Comment on Wisconsin Amish (April 30th, 2015 at 10:47)I am looking for a Amish home repair handy man to get my house repair Reply to Comment Leo Comment on Visit the Amish in WI (September 21st, 2015 at 16:30)Visit the Amish in WIHow can I get in contact with an Amish community leader (like a bishop) in Kingston or Dalton? I’d like to spend a few days learning from their faith. Should I simply show up in the area and look for one? Thanks. Reply to Comment Donna Comment on IN NEED OF AMISH CONTRACTOR-ROOFING (December 21st, 2015 at 19:59)IN NEED OF AMISH CONTRACTOR-ROOFINGHello, I need a Amish roofing contractor. The one we did use in the past supposedly moved, Alvin Buckingham, A&J Construction. In the Wausau, WI area. Please help!Reply to Comment Laurie Comment on Roofer (December 22nd, 2015 at 07:35)Roofer Medford area?? I’m not real sure how far that is from you but I know it’s in that direction! Good Luck Reply to Comment GLEN KComment on good roofers in dalton (January 23rd, 2016 at 22:48)good roofers in daltondan smucker roofed my house and did a great job. he is on cty “h” in the Dalton area. take 44 west out of Kingston about 4 miles. cty h will be a left only turn. dans house will be the first house at the top of the hill on the west side.glen k Reply to Comment Jim Schmechel Comment on Church in English instead of German (January 29th, 2016 at 15:43)Church in English instead of German Hello,Does anyone know of an Anabaptist church near Madison, Wisconsin that the service is given in English instead of German? Thank you!Reply to Comment Eric Westhagen Comment on Looking for an Amish roofer with asphalt shingles for Brandon, WI (July 29th, 2016 at 13:17)Looking for an Amish roofer with asphalt shingles for Brandon, WII am looking for an Amish roofer for my house in Brandon, 20mi E of Kingston. It is asphalt shingles. ——Eric Westhagen—920-332-4330 or email—–Reply to Comment Steve Shank Comment on In need of a pole barn builder in the Siren WI area (November 15th, 2016 at 13:56)In need of a pole barn builder in the Siren WI area Hello, I am looking for an Amish Builder to build me a pole barn or something similar. 35’x60′ size. Can anyone give me a name and # to a perspective builder. My Hm# 651-768-7095Thank you,Reply to Comment Brother Jeremy Comment on Old Order Amish lady becomes a nun (September 19th, 2017 at 15:46)Old Order Amish lady becomes a nun Sister M. Joanna, formerly an Old Order Amish lady, became a Catholic nun. She belongs to a conservative, traditional, Catholic community, and as all their members do, wears the full religious Old Order Catholic habit, including the very long black and white veiling and garb. There are also Plain Catholic families in a few more states other than WI. Br. Jeremy Reply to Comment Lea Brandt Comment on St. Anna Bakery (April 5th, 2018 at 01:21)St. Anna Bakery I can remember in the mid-1990’s going with a friend to a bakery at St. Anna. Over the years I have forgotten the address of the bakery, but haven’t forgotten the heavenly food that we brought home that day. Is the bakery still open? If it is open, could you please post the hours and the address of the bakery? Thank You! !Reply to Comment« Previous 1 2 3Leave a reply to Wisconsin Amish Name (required)Mail (not published) (required)Website Comment Title Confirm you are not a spammer Notify me of new posts by email. Check to be notified of comments on this post
The Real Cost of a New Roof The Real Cost of a New Roof Know how roofers charge and how much roofing materials cost so you can negotiate the best deal. Replacing your existing roof carries a significant cost, and it can't be put off once it becomes necessary. But the urgency of needing a new roof doesn't mean you should blindly hire the first roofing contractor you interview. How do roofers charge While it's possible to replace your own roof, it's not always a good idea — without the right tools and enough experience, there's a high likelihood you'll make a mistake, which could reduce the lifespan of your roof and endanger the integrity of your home. A standard 2,200- to 3,400-square-foot roof replacement with asphalt shingles will cost DIY homeowners between $2,000 and $6,000; professionals will charge $5,000 to $12,000 or more for architectural asphalt shingles. Roofers charge for their work using what are known as "squares." One 10-by-10-foot patch of roof makes a square. The average residential roof needs between 22 and 34 squares to be replaced. First, roofers charge labor for removing your old roof. A one-story roof with a single shingle layer costs between $100 and $150 per square to remove; a double layer, $115 to $165; and triple layer, $125 to $175. If you have a particularly high roof or one that is extremely steep, you will pay more per square. Need professional help with your project? Get quotes from top-rated pros. How much does roof installation costs The most common type of roofing material is asphalt shingles, which cost between $120 and $400 per square. You'll also need to pay for flashing, trim, vent covers and gutters to complete the project. It's possible to keep costs down by shingling over an existing roof, rather than replacing it. However, roofers say doing so often lowers the lifespan of a new roof because they can't repair any damaged roof deck or apply newer synthetic membranes that offer superior protection against water and ice damage. The cost of a metal roof tends to range between $500 a square for lower-end metal material to $1,800 for higher-end copper roofs. The average homeowner usually selects corrosion-resistant metal priced between $700 and $1,000 per square. A natural slate tile roof can cost between $800 and $1,600 per square. But pros say the final tab for a slate roof can exceed $4,000 per square if the slate is high end and the installation pattern is intricate. While the cost of a clay tile roof often ranges between $600 and $800 a square for an average sized home, the price can also exceed $4,000 a square for premium grade, custom-made clay tiles. Related Article Pros and Cons of a New Roof Vs. Overlay Dear Angie: We need a new roof. A builder suggested overlaying over the existing layer of shingles. Is it wise to do this? My concern is how would we know about any underlying damage? –Kim T., Newton, Mass. Roofers installed new sheathing before nailing down shingles on this new roof. (Photo courtesy of Angie's List member Kimberly G., Aurora, Illinois)Hiring a professional roofer While the costs listed above cover basic roofing materials supplied by any roofing contractor, not all roofers deliver reliable performance. Finding a solid contractor means considering several factors. First, a true roofing professional should be familiar with local building codes. The should know whether the jurisdiction or shingle manufacturer allows more than one layer of shingles and any rules governing underlay or shingle type. In addition, contractors should be on the lookout for any existing damage to your home's wooden structure, either from fire or water. If this isn't dealt with before a new roof is installed, it can necessitate frequent repairs, cause premature failure or void the shingle manufacturer's warranty. Related Article6 Questions to Ask Roofing Contractors When Hiring Be sure your roofer can answer questions about their location, insurance and more. Reliable roofers also offer substantive guarantees for their work. Standard for the industry is between five and 10 years on workmanship, which includes free repair of any defects due to improper installation. These typically cover leakage or total failure, but won't cover normal wear and tear, general maintenance, damage from weather such as hail or storms or bacterial and insect infestations. Some will offer 40-year or more warranties, but these usually apply to specific high-end roof products and require specific installation procedures. The cost of a new roof can easily run upward of $5,000 when using a professional roofing company. This price is often worth it, however, for the security of long-term warranty and knowledge that the roofing job was done correctly. Have you replaced your roof? Tell us about your experience in the comments section below. Editor's note: This is an updated version of an article originally published on April 30, 2013. Doug Bonderud contributed information for this story. Sept. 29, 2016By Cynthia Wilson Cynthia Wilsoncovered roofing, gutters, windows, home health hazards, health care and financial services for Angie's List. Leave a Comment - 95Commentsevarrich1 year ago Subject: Roofers I live in Florida and there is no way I would be on the roof replacing it unless it was winter time. These guys work their a's off in the heat or cold. They will not turn down a job because of anything other than rain and still will get around that too. These guys deserve to get paid like anyone else. Its funny how you can get an attorney that rips you off for $300 to talk b.s but that same attorney will nickel dime the roofer. You want to get paid for your job well so does everyone else so shut up and pay them. Don't want to get ripped off get 5 or 6 estimates go somewhere in the middle. For the cheap one that takes the lowest bid good luck you will call the better guy to fix your problems.reply Ron1 year ago Subject: Roofers Bravo....well said!reply View More Replies - 1GJ2 years ago Subject: Comparison of Metal Roof Manufacturers Contractor ladies and gentlemen.... Do you folks have any insight as to whose metal sheeting is best for standing seam aluminum roofing (in particular, PVDF coated)? Some names I have seen include MBCI, Firestone, Pac-Clad (Petersen Aluminum), and Whirlwind. Are they all the same? Or is there a standout in terms of quality? Also, with respect to the PVDF, is there any difference between Trinar, Duranar or Fluropon or the house-formulated versions? I'm looking at putting on a roof relatively soon in Wilmington NC. Of course I should ask the guys bidding on my work, but I always like to gather unbiased opinions from folks like you as well. Thanks in advance!!! GJreply Marc2 years ago Subject: Standing Seam & Kynars The standing seam systems you've mentioned are all excellent. You may want to consider using a steel substrate unless you are within a mile of a coastal area. The aluminum substrate is very good for corrosion resistance in a salt air environment but you will simply overpay if you are inland. The paints you mentioned are both Fluoropolymers (Kynars). Trinar is simply the trade name for the AKZO Nobel paint and Duranar is the PPG brand name. They are all excellent and will perform to your expectations. But, you may want to consider having your home stand out. There are decorative coatings available that will give your home an exceptional look. Call Petersen Aluminum in Atlanta and ask them to send you information on decorative finishes from their supplier Steelscape. You will like them.reply Bruce2 years ago Subject: Crooked contractors I've learned that large contracting companies are a bunch of scammers I called a company to fix the piping of my wood burner because water was leaking from it and they sent a couple of Albainian roofers who came to my house and told me I needed a whole new roof because they can see nails protruding from the shingles I had my roof done 2 years ago and experienced clowns like this before I paid $6,500 to rip 2 roofs and replace it from my high ranch single family home so what did I do about these clowns , I called the New York State department of consumer affairs which sent an investigator to my house and set up another visit from that company with an investigator on the scene and guess what ,that company failed their test and was fined $10,000 for fraud . What I learned is that the big companies are usually untrustworthy where as small buisnesses a fair and trustworthy shop around my friends.reply Rob2 years ago Subject: Roof in Nashua,NHJust had my roof finished today. 12 square for $5,400 That included ripping off one layer and installing 6' feet of ice shield along bottom front and back, deposal of old shingles, ridge vent and flashing around vent pipe. Roof was a simple 26'x42' Ranch with a 6/12 pitch. Contractor been in business for 40 years and did it with his Son in 2 days ... about 16 hours total.reply Franco2 years ago Subject: Price That is a very high price it should have been no more 4800 but u seem happy thats what mattersreply View More Replies - 2Pat C2 years ago Subject: Roofing question What would anyone consider the cost difference in hand-nailed vs. gun-nailed roof installation. I contracted for $10,500 for a 32sq tear off, re-roof. Then the installer asked for an $1,800 material supplement after the job was completed thereby increasing the job cost by $1,800. This job was not hand-nailed as promised and I need to know what would be a fair cost difference.reply Sam1 year ago Subject: Roofing Question Hand nailing simply takes more time. Cost for loose nails is less than nails for coil gun. It does however take some skill to hand nail and be competent. However I have never charged extra to hand nail. It's slower but some folks want that extra touch. $1800 seems excessive to me even if I did charge extra for that servicereply Ramiro Garcia2 years ago Subject: im a 25year expenerience roofern remodeler. If the roof was a 1story house ,n just tearoff and install new30lb felt, DLMetal drip edge, 20"valley flashing on 2valleys,n 30years shingles, starter strips about4pipe vents flashing,3/4roof air vents, hauloff all trash clean up to. Total cost about$7800.00 materials and labor.. Rami G. Texas's.reply View More Replies - 1Outdoorguy792 years ago Subject: what??? hand nailing vs. gun nailing??? So I'm guessing your $10,500 job.... was the cheapest bid you got... What was the next highest one?? That breaks down to $328/sq minus roughly $130/sq for materials leaves $100/sq to rip and $100/sq to install... hhhmmmm Where'd he get rid of them???? How many people? I don't know any legitimate company that would even do that job with air guns for that price let alone hand nail everything???? or at least any legitimate company that has insurance and legitimate employees Also,,, Was there any bad rotten sheathing that needing to be replaced after they ripped the roof?? Maybe you should have researched BEFORE you hired them... Did you ask for references?? Ask for proof of insurance?? Ask how much experience??? or did you only ask "How cheap can you do it for?" If so... then you got what you paid for. inexperience,,, at an inexperienced price.reply Jeff2 years ago Subject: Real helpful, thanks guys. Found article helpful. Found most comments not so. So here I am, adding another, just to say that.reply Joe P from Denver2 years ago Subject: What my Roof Cost I had 21.21 Squares of roof. I got 4 estimates for tear off and replacement with Owens Corning impact resistant Duration Shingles. Lowest bid was $9,423. With $55 per sheet for decking replacement. They replaced 4 sheets around a chimney. Highest bid was for $12,389. Took them two days for 7-8 guys and the roof looks flawless. Tear off required carrying all waste down 8 stairs to sidewalk and it is a two story home. And shingles had to be hand loaded on roof since crane wouldn't reach. So that is $444.27/square.reply Jason Fibish2 years ago Subject: Cost of living? I did a quick calculation of the cost per square (before I saw you had it calculated below) and decided I needed to pack up my family and move to your area. :0 That it significantly above the national average, for a Duration shingle (around here, Duration/ Tru Def, is my second favorite). I don't know the particulars of your roof, nor the cost of living increase in Colorado over every other area, but for a single layer flat (4/12 to 7/12) roof, with new flashing everywhere, ice and water shield, new drip edge, wood replacement included, new pipe collars, and hauling everything away, in my area it would cost between $4,500 and $6,400 (that's between $200 and $300 per square). For the price given you, my company could install a super premium shingle (hatteras, super shangle, landmark TL). For a 25 mile radius of me though, cost of living is low. We as roofers are closer to $200-$250 for a standard 1-2 story (walkable) roof. Go a little bit further (Charlottesville, Harrisonburg, or past that to Richmond) and the standard is $250-$300 per square. With all that said, Not all roofers calculate strictly by the square. The amount of square is important so you know how much material to purchase, but there are other factors. What I find most important to measuring a roof, is climbing on the roof itself. I would be weary of anyone who give you an estimate from the ground. Either they assuming that all your roof decking is in good shape, as well as your flashings, penetrations, and structural integrity, or they don't intend to deal with that stuff anyway. Since I pay my guys by the square, I do calculate that amount + material + dump fees, as a base rate. I then add how much me as a company wants to make. That amount can also depend on who I am contracting too (I refuse to make a profit as a company, on church buildings for example). it also includes the cost of insurances (workers comp and liability). The average amount is between $500 and $3000. I then calculate in my time consuming tasks. Is it super steep. is the landscaping going to be a pain to protect. Does the roof have 50 different planes. Do I have to hand carry in every bundle from across the street. (the most difficult job I've done here, cost the homeowner about $294 per square). While the lowest price is not always from the best contractor, the same must be said about the highest price. I've lost jobs to contractors charging a few thousand more then me, that have no business up on a roof. I've also lost contracts to guys who use Mexican crews (not racist...they are indeed from Mexico), pay them half what I pay my guys, and in turn can charge $1000-$2000 less. While I hesitate to say someone in my area will provide the same quality as I do, for the same price or less, I am not naive enough to believe that another roofer out there doesn't love roofing as much as I do, knows as much as I do, and will charge any price to get the contract, just to feed his family. Disclaimer: I do feel there is NO ONE who can put on a better asphalt, GACO, epdm, cedar, or synthetic slate roof then me and my guys. What I'm getting at; without know how much gas or groceries cost in your neck of the woods, or if you have a standing seam copper roof attachment, or even 10 skylights, I can't say your quotes are unreasonable. I will say to not look at bids as being high or low, but look at them to see what each offers. Who has the best workmanship warranty/ guarantee. Who has better references. Who do you feel good about when talking to them (I'm biased here as I don't use salesmen). While price will almost always be a factor, don't let it be the deciding factor. Jason Fibishreply View More Replies - 8Danielle2 years ago Subject: Keeping cost down Is there a way to keep the cost of a new roof down? Will buying the materials and having the roof already torn down for the roofers be worth it to keep my costs down?replycarol zivanovich2 years ago Subject: roofing question I know roofing is a roof job but I was just given a bill for $1696 additional wood for my house it is approx 1500 sq ft house with roof dims. I am a first time homeowner old house with roof leaks no doubt needed much work got quote of $6950 but now this the work they did so far looks very tight had to replace a lot of fascia and know undecking but the killer was 288 ft of plywood decking at $3.50 which was $1,008.00...it would have been nice if this guy to gave me a heads up when they did the teardown... I am a senior citizen, disabled and this cleans me out still have to come up with final installment of $2085.. I know it is too late but how do ifnthey are being honest with me..what questions can I ask this is first home I ever owned and it has me in the poor house after 4 yrs.... I am not accusing anyone but before I write out these cks I need to know if it is reasonable and customary... All my gutteers are missing...when the replaced the fascia they don't put them back I was told....all my under soffets is hanging off the city inspector said the decent thing to have does is at least nail the hanging soffetts....no have to replace my missing gutters I am desperate for answers...my younger brother used to help me but he died a few years ago and I am lost...please help me!!! !reply Ben2 years ago Subject: I just paid $7,800 for a tear I just paid $7,800 for a tear off on my 47 Sq house. I got a material list from the roofer and I shopped around for the lowest price on the GAF shingles that I wanted and had them delivered. The company had 5 guys and insurance and finished in 2 days.reply PM feller2 years ago Subject: 7800 tear off If they tore off/shingled the house for that price, the contractor made $4,900 profit and each guy made an average of $280 a day. At least that's what it appears to be. How much did u pay for all materials total? My guess is you paid a total of $300 per square for labor and materials which is not bad....reply Vinny2 years ago Subject: 7800 for tear off?$7800 for 470 sqft or 4700 sqft house?replyjake2 years ago Subject: roofers Roofers think they're are doctors - and want to charge you as such. Don't be scammed or fooled by high prices for menial labor. If you do the math some want $50 a man hour for banging nails in!!!!! My cardiologist doesn't charge that much for an office visit!!! And I'm SURE his training and his INSURANNCE is far more than any roofer or roofing company. They're high-fiving as you wite the check! SHOP AROUNDreply Jeremiah Sickler2 years ago Subject: Don't hire a contractor Where I'm from insurance companies pay around three hundred dollars per 100 square feet or square, you can get materials for around 100 a square. So you find a contractor, who want to charge at least the 300 the insurance company is willing to pay. You award them the job, they find out what color you want and make a phone call and order all your materials from sometimes the same company that has the dumpster he's also gotta order, who delivers materials and dumpster at the same time. Then he finds a crew to do the work, requires them to have their own insurance and tools, and pays them anywhere from fifty to a hundred a square. He never sets foot on the ladder, picks up a piece of debris, or breaks a sweat and makes probably twice the money the guys doing the actual work do. Order your own materials and dumpster, there's showrooms at the supply house and salesmen who are more than happy to help you get it all ordered and delivered to the roof of your house, and they may even know of a roofing crew who would love to do the job, or place an ad somewhere looking for one, they usually make fraction of what the contractor was going to charge. Don't hire anyone who you couldn't ever see being a roofer, or seems a little too anxious, or just doesn't make you feel completely comfortable about it. You should be able to tell who knows what they're doing and who knows how to talk about it. Best chances are the guy you want to do a good job for you will make a few bucks more and wanna go the extra mile to please you. You'll probably come out ahead financially as well. And probably actually know the name of the guy who's covering your biggest investment.reply View More Replies - 1Do I Look Tired To You?2 years ago Subject: $50 dollars per hour / Why not Try D. I. YThe mistake you're making is we do not just bang nails in, that is only a small proportion of the job. We are experts at roofing, and and even better experts on judging people and pricing their jobs, and, after my judging you by your post above, I/we would unknown to you decide to refuse to work for you at the order pricing stage, using some good excuse such has recommending that "You should get at least three or four estimates, ten would be better, then afterwards DO get back to us. What you don't know and would never guess is: We do not want your business, trade or order. Good workers like us are also experts at walking away from jobs, we also know roofing can be fun if you can get rid off the dead beat clients who ring playing big shots trying to save $500,00,reply PM feller2 years ago Subject: Cardiologists I have news for you but your cardiologist makes a hell of a lot more than fifty an hour!! Try $300 an hour!! What you pay at the counter is not what they make. Plus you are actually with the doc for 15 minutes not an hour. Don't forget what your insurance pays or your public assistance pays. You are very misinformed. Roofing businesses pay through the roof ( well played) for insurance and workers comp. Please do your research. If you don't think that roofers deserve good money then bring your booty up on a roof and give it a shot. We will see what you think after a 12hr day in 90* heat. Have a great day! !replythomas2 years ago Subject: Seriously? Everyone wants a deal, that's a part of life, but roofing is not a menial task, otherwise you and everyone else could do it. The work (if done right) is tough and there are many steps to follow. You can look a video and get the gist of how it is done; however, not doing certain aspects the right way can kill a roof. I've seen tear offs needing to be done on 7 year roofs because the ice and water shield and felt were not properly installed and the drip lines on the Architecturals were not stepped out correctly, I could go on and on , but the point is the roof of a house is the barrier between you and Mother Nature, don't skimp or cheap out on your largest investment, Doctors are over pricing everyone and getting away with it and they don't work nearly as hard as a roofer.reply Leenie2 years ago Subject: Menial labor My uncle, an experienced DIYer, was just cleaning gutters on his roof and fell off, breaking his back and ended up in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. Eventually died from complications of fall. It was "menial labor" that cost him his freedom and everyone else's who cared for him. Too cheap to hire a roofer to do the job despite pleas from my aunt. Can only imagine the danger "real" roofers face daily.reply Jacob2 years ago Subject: ignorance It's not important until you have pots and bowls catching water during a storm jackassreplyraul madrigal2 years ago Subject: thats wrongwhere do you get 50 dollars a man hour. your cardiologist works in ac and doesn't carry 85 pound bundles up ladder all day long 110 degree weather. I have seen a lot of homeowners greedy try doing thereself thinking not hard and charge to much end up calling anyway and costing more cause messed up things that wouldn't have had to be changed. somethings you can get by with for another 20 years no problem just if hiring big companies and so forth they are going fix every little thing possible to write the biggest bill possible. I can tell you know its worth every penny I do it daily and trust me you think its a lot but if you look into roofing insurance and the cost of owning a roofing business you will understand. basically college just allows you to work in clean environment and out of the elements outside but you can still make good money with no degree at all just be prepared to work a lot harder. trust me a lot harder then just banging nails as you state.reply View More Replies - 7Ryan2 years ago Subject: really! ?roofing is a horribly hard, hot, painful type of work. I'm a contractor who builds roughly 16 houses a year. I'll build any part of my projects, EXCEPT the roofing. I will always hire that out as it is the worst part of the project to do. Takes the highest toll on your body. As you're shopping around for your better deal, do some research before you compare a cardiologist to roofing. The insurance is higher than you would imagine, the risk is phenomenal if rain is a possibility, and the Men who do the work EARN what they get paidreply View More Replies - 1joseph2 years ago Subject: doctors? Climb up there risk your life and pound your own nails then. Doctor's wil not risk their lives to protect you, your little dog, and flat screen, from whats outside. Roofers are the real unsung heroes who protect every last possession you have. All of the doctors who I have worked for have appreciated and respected the risks and hazards involved plus the skills required to put a roof on that will probably last longer than the installer will on this planet. We have to make money we have to charge accordingly. The price is fair when you consider that my product maybe protecting your home long after you're gone. We may look grungy and grimy at times but our job is to protect you and everything you own. Show a little respect to the real working man. Or you know you can probably always do it yourself. Go out there with a tear off crew for one day and then we'll see what you got to say after that.reply View More Replies - 2Jason Miller2 years ago Subject: People who think they know what they dont know First of all roofing has some of the highest workman's comp insurance in the workforce at 26%. Second the taxes an employer pays on his/her employees basically matches what the employee pays in himself/herself. All said and done an employer pays around 70% in addition of his employees wedges. Roofers make around $20 an hour add 70% that's $34 an hour. So your telling me making $14 a head an hour to cover shop costs, office costs, tools, gas, advertisement, let alone paying for ones family is high???? Do you know how much work and employees you would need to make ends meet? $50 an hour is just for a rot repair costs. I would hate to tell you what roofers have to charge to replace a roof to stay in business. At $50 a man hour a contractor would not make it out of the driveway. FYI a cardiologist makes around 500k a year. That's roughly $250 an hour. I am a contractor that charges $55 an hour for rot repair. I work about 80 hours a week all spring, summer, and, fall, and 30 hours a week in the winter. I made $79,000 last year running a crew of 5. And third of all what do you know about this anyway to open your mouth.reply View More Replies - 4P2 years ago Subject: Menial labour? Ha! "Menial labour". That's absolutely hilarious. $50 an hour for a roofer is an extremely fair price. $50 for the skill and speed of a trained roofer will get much better value per hour than for hiring 2 unskilled and unacknowledged people at 15 dollars an hour each, that take 3 times as much time anyway, costing you $90 for the same work that the roofer could accomplish in his 1 hour at $50. Try roofing for an entire summer. If you work hard, you feel like you've been hit by a car after work every day. And if you're lazy and slow, have fun making any money in the roofing industry because there is so much competition for low job bids that we are constantly having to negotiate lower. Some days I can barely even walk. You spend countless hours of your free time driving and using a lot of gas to get to places to give free estimates, calculating materials, setting up ladders, talking to haggling clients, etc. The chronic lower back and joint pain that still affects you throughout the winter and into the next season before you start up again. The visits to the chiropractor, the hot water bill for all the long showers you spend attempting to get the grime off you, the raw fingertips and burns from handling hot shingles and metal. The sunburns from the sunscreen sweating right off you. Do you know how hot it gets up on the roof? There's no shade, and the dark shingles absorb all the heat onto the roof. Let's not even get into having to blowtorch a flat roof on a hot and humid summer day. You can drink cases upon cases of water and you'll never have to take a bathroom break because every drop of it will leave your body in the form of sweat. The frequent wasp stings, and sometimes you find ill tempered raccoons in the roof that aren't happy you're tearing up their home. Shoes that last a month, and clothes get torn up fast. A brand new pair of gloves will last me about 3 tear offs, and forget wearing gloves when shingling. You need the dexterity of your fingertips if you plan to align them straight and make them look nice. The wear and tear on your vehicle, not to mention your car/truck gets dirty inside no matter how clean you try to keep it. The tar and asphalt grime that stays on your hands and under your nails for a days no matter how much you wash them, and so unless you're on vacation, your hands will always look dirty. Fiberglass splinters, chemical fumes, sheet metal slicing your hand, nails stabbing you. Standing on a slope all day isn't fun for the ankles. Hanging from a rope on steep roofs isn't fun either. The ridiculous cost of tools and maintenance. Paying for storage space for all the tools and equipment. Any good company will pay taxes and have insurance. Insurance in my area is 14.8%, and taxes 13%, so that takes up close to 30% of your bill. Dump fees, trailer maintenance, etc. The amount of calories you need to consume to be able to do this "menial labour", as you say. I burn between 4-5000 calories on days I work. That ends up costing big money in grocery bills. Energy drinks aren't cheap either. Imagine waking up at 6am after a week long of 10-12 hour days and still having to go in and do more when you can barely move. Your evenings are either spent sleeping as you pass out within an hour of coming home from work, or if you're awake, you're up writing estimates for people. Days off a often spent going to the warehouse and scheduling material deliveries because they're closed by the time you finish on days you work. Perhaps try doing your own roof, and then see how many hours you get into it before you decide to call a roofer in to finish it up. I've had dozens of people call me to finish up a roof they've started, and half the time, if they've even made it to the shingling part, they've screwed it up so badly that you have to tear it off again and start over. It's not just banging nails in, as you say, or else there wouldn't be so many people I've seen that have royally screwed up the installation they've attempted. I've had some people call me to come finish their roof after telling me they didn't realize it would be so much effort, and I get there to see they haven't even gotten a measly 100 sq ft torn off. There's an excellent video on youtube showing a guy who documented himself replacing his entire roof on his own. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ui Xc UT6Nq UYIt was maybe between 1500-2000 sq ft and took the guy almost a month, and with a helper too. I would have had that done in 2-3 days with me and a helper. That's to give you an idea of the amount of work it takes. Paying me at $50 an hour would save you considerable money over paying that guy $15 an hour, AND you wouldn't end up with the mistakes that he made. So, take all of what I said into consideration next time you decide to call roofing just some overpriced "menial labour" and "banging nails in".reply View More Replies - 4lee2 years ago Subject: Your doctor doesn't keep you Your doctor doesn't keep you dry keep your little one safe from roof failer! Does he!!! !reply View More Replies - 2Matt2 years ago Subject: Business Owner Unfortunately, most can go around and pick up a hammer and call themselves a construction company. Then they get approved by an unsuspecting client and get ripped off, and we get the bad rep. I understand the frustration. However, there are good companies out there, get several estimates. Ask for a certificate of insurance and workers comp, and for it to state they are covered in roofing. That will weed out most as workers comp in my area is 35% of every $100 in payroll. Ask for referals and go speak to them. Dont pay anything up front, if you do make sure you have a legally binding contract that complies with the home improvement act. Regarding $50 an hour, it is a business! Your paying for an experienced company to manage and install your new roof up to codes designated by your local building department. If its a successful company like mine we pay for a shop and office location, workers comp, insurance, auto insurance, gas, dump fees, equipment fees and maintenance, admin fees, legal fees for an LLC, advertising, and we also do some non-profit work. You probably have a car or phone where the CEOs make multi-million dollar bonuses on top of making millions, maybe you should take it out on them. Your paying them part of their 10,000 an hour pay right? I charge $115 square to tear off one a one story below 7/12 pitch, $35 a square to install dimensional shingles. Thats only with one layer, no re-decking, includes installing ridge cap, pipe vents, roof vents, ice and water shield and underlayment. I charge $30 a square extra per layer for more than one layer, $30 square extra for anything 7/12 pitch and up. Other factors factors could impact price like terrain, distance traveled, height of work, special equipment, custom products, skylights, custom flashing etc... The good roofers out there really deserve some praise, and if you run into a good roofer that has what I mentioned above, please do not insultingly waste their time and haggle on pricing. They have a hard business to run with a lot of expenses, try going into a applebees and telling them your only paying 2/3 the price of a steak before you order it. My neighbor took another crews estimate because they were lower, they installed his shingles with staples, 2 square blew off in a 65 mph wind storm 4 years later. They didnt come back to fix it, they were not insured or did not have workers comp and they wrote a check to an individual. Do your homework, hire a pro!reply View More Replies - 3D hoyt2 years ago Subject: R u serious ? Menial labor...are you serious? $50.00 an hour won't get you a good roofer!!! I know you have never roofed a house...or you would'nt have that opinion! My mechanic charges 75. My plumber 85. My electrician 90. Roofers work harder than all combined and their license,insurance,bond,rates are the highest in the Industry. As a general contractor I charge an average of 75. Per man hour for residential projects which is the going rate in this region.reply Jason L. Willoughby2 years ago Subject: Roofing prices in the Indiana, Ohio,my area Hi I am a third generation roofer serving the tri- state area. The prices in these three states range from 230-300 $ per 100 sq. Ft.on reroofs add more for flashing details and penetrations and10% more per pitch change over a 8/12 , on tear offs 300-400$ depending on layers accessibility, pitch. I have grown up in the buissness,working in it all my life,25 yrs its dangerous,hard,skilled work. Us roofers deserve and work for every penny we earn. I feel to be called a roofer ,not just a shingle installer you should be proficient in all materials that best applys to the job weather its modified, rubber,metal,vynal ,hot process.replyoutdoorguy793 years ago Subject: Where do you people live?? I am a Contractor,, I have NO IDEA where half these people come from quoting prices from 1980.. LOL LOL $250/sq labor & mat??? lay off the pipe... That was the price when shingles were $30.00/SQ, $60/SQ went to business expenses and the remaining $160 went $70/sq to rip and dispose, $90/square to install..... AND that was in the 80's... Since then,,, gas prices have more than quadrupled along with the cost of everything else, including INSURANCE... If you want it done cheap, do it yourself... HOP up on that roof, grab a shovel or ripper, and get to it... LOL BE careful,,, don't fall,,, wear gloves so you don't get blisters and don't forget don't get a nail in your foot... :) oh and you'll want to start early in the morning before it gets hot and you start tearing up the shingles with your feet... You get negative points for that.. :) Let me know how it goes ... OR in the 21st century,, expect to pay $350 - $500+ a square for A.) $120 for removal and disposal of 1 layer of shingles, paper and drip edge,) B. install NEW FELT, DRIP EDGE and ROOFING ( $130 a square) C. Materials for decent QUALITY SHINGLES, SYNTHETIC FELT, NEW DRIP EDGE and proper vent and fasteners ($130/sq) and that's CONSERVATIVE.... not taking into account Steep pitch, more than one layer of roof, more than one story off the ground.... etc etc.... Pretty much any legitimate contractor wouldn't even do the job for less than $350/sq... If they are,, I highly doubt they have insurance... NOW,, how "Cheap" do you want to be when you "think you saved money" but when "someone" falls off your roof or the roof leaks due to ignorance.... and now you need to fix the roof,,, your attic insulation,,, and your ceiling.... or worse, try to fix a person... What exactly did you save... Roofing is an expensive business for a reason.. It's A. DANGEROUS.... and because of it being "dangerous"... To run a "proper" business cost more,, making it B. EXPENSIVE,, and on top of that C... ROOFING is A PAIN IN THE ASS!!! IT'S HOT,, IT'S DIRTY, IT'S DANGEROUS AND IT'S HARD WORK.. Remember that next time you're sitting at your desk bouncing your pencil in the A/C...replychris2 years ago Subject: Contractor,If you are a "contractor" I hope you have someone else doing your "contracts". If they are anything like you post, I can't believe you get many jobs. All of this talk about "deserving" $50 to $75 a hour by some of you is just talk...hard work, hot sun, climbing a ladder, blisters, sore knees and on and on I would guess most of you are paying the actual people who are doing those things about 1/4 of that amount. So again why do you deserve this money? Hell most of you are there to talk someone into the job and there the time the job starts and again when it's time to pick up the check. If you really believe it that hard of work...pay the people who are actually up on that roof. That way us home owners aren't paying twice. Most actual roofer that I know and I've been around construction for 30+ years...are being paid so little they are also getting government asst. in rent and food stamps. The "contractor" will be the one driving the new $45,000 truck. The ones doing most if not all the work will show in in the junkers. Eating a ham sandwich at lunch paid for with the food stamps they are getting because you greedy sob want to keep that money for yourself. Now that's the real world of a rooferreply Kevin white2 years ago Subject: appreciation Thank you for hitting the nail on the head.reply Jeff Dowdy2 years ago Subject: Roof Cost My roof is being replaced by an experienced local contractor and cost is $245.00 square for lifetime shingles. I'm in Charlotte, NC area and I have a high pitch roof. Cost includes tear off.reply View More Replies - 1Ernest3 years ago Subject: reply to outdoorguy79You go boy, you hit the nail right on the head. No pun intended. I couldn't have said it any better or different . Thank you, your posting was very helpful. .reply Hickory Painted Horse3 years ago Subject: tear-off Been roofing 35plus years pices vary according to level of expertise, experience, and contract verbiagereply Bob3 years ago Subject: cost per square Typically All materials with tax is around 125.00 per sq and Labor is the same for a 1 layer 4/12 pitch tear off. Total base is usually $250.00 per square 20 sq roof =$5,000 Pitch change and number of layers can increase. A job like this is done in 2 days. Typically roofers can make $300-$1,000 bucks a day. I've done it for 15 years....reply Steve3 years ago Subject: Roofing Costs I had three estimates for tearing down and replacing a 39 square roof. The low bid was $10,932. This was also including 6 new skylights velux. GAF HD dimensional shingles. So shop and get at least three quotes.reply Floris Jansen3 years ago Subject: Dryer slow There are three things that can make a dryer slow: clothes go in too wet (use faster spin cycle), air is not hot enough (use higher heat setting, check thermostat / burner are working properly), or not enough air flow (so wet air doesn't get removed fast enough). The third is the most likely. Check your lint filter, the hose to the outside (you can remove it from the back of the dryer), and the actual outlet (usually there is a flap that is opened by the air flow- did it get stuck?). Restricted air flow can lead to fires - not just long dryer cycles! You can get special long flexible brushes (Home Depot etc) to clean out hard to reach places - lint will really "cake" I your hoses and restrict the flow. A 10% change in diameter results in a 40% reduction in flow! Finally if the hose to the outside is quite long you may find a booster fan will make a world of difference - this gives the dryer more "oomph" to move the air through. I installed one myself (found online) and it solved my problem. And now that air moves faster I don't get so much lint buildup either.reply Woody J3 years ago Subject: Dryer Sounds like no hot air. Check settings plus open door after ten minutes operating and check if warm/hot inside. Not so? Heater wire broken or temperature selector switch open connectionreply Stuart Radcliffe4 years ago Subject: Roofing the way you should. The cost to do roofing comes down to how efficent you are. Some roofing brands do not cover a full square so you need more material at the end of the day. Dumpsters are inefficent due to the delivery lack of ability to clean up untill they are gone. etc. it was mentioned that you can roof over the existing shingles, this is not allowed by the NC building code since we are in a moderate hail area. The cost of not tearing off the shingles and inspecting the deck is far more expensive in the long run. I have found that the lowest price is not the least expensive. Just do it right or go home.reply Joe Guevarez3 years ago Subject: Great advice I agree with over 30 years in construction. Counting your pennies will cost you dollars in time.reply Mark Greer4 years ago Subject: Correction to Roofing Article A standard roof about 22-26 square, I think that's about right, but all tools and higher quality materials after tax to do the labor myself on 27 sq. was $4900, so I would like to know how you get as low as $1000. Also, a tear off starting at $100 per square? Roofers almost ALWAYS do tear offs these days. A tear-off consists of a $150 dumpster rental and about 3 hours with a shingle remover. It goes fast. $2600+ to do a quick scraping?reply Ed3 years ago Subject: Huh!Are we really going to be that naive? Know how much compensation and general liability insurance costs are for a roofing company? What about OSHA fines? Payroll and matching deductions? Equipment maintenance? Insurance on 3 or 4 trucks and trailers? Medical? The cost to keep trained and experienced employees? I guarantee I'm forgetting a dozen more things but you get the point. When you hire a contractor he's not getting paid by the hour. He would never stay in business to be around when you need that workmanship warranted the most. Listen, here's a quick and dirty break down of a responsible estimate, for both the home owner and the contractor. One layer, one story, walk-able. Depending on squares, dumpster - $200-400, tear off -$100/sq, Install -$100/square, material -$160/square. New vents and flashings are extra. That's all she wrote.reply Troy Walker3 years ago Subject: Quick Scraping? No one can remove 2600 square feet of shingles in in 3 hours. It takes an hour to set up some kind of barrier on each side of the house to protect the walls from falling shingles , along with ground tarps for the shingles to land on so you can keep all of the nails from getting lost in the grass. It will take another hour to sweep and clean up the roof, around flashings and in the gutters after all of the shingles are off of the roof. And it will take at least another hour to pick everything up off of the ground and put it in this $150 dumpster that won't be large enough to hold 26 squares of shingle tear off. (26 squares of cheap shingles weigh about 3 tons) There are not many people that can move 3 tons anywhere in one hour. That doesn't even leave you any time to do the actual work of "quickly scraping" 2600 square feet of roof in 3 hours, including setting up any safety equipment.reply View More Replies - 2WW3 years ago Subject: Wow! $800/hour to remove shingles? Where can I sign up? Alternatively, I should get a quote and then subtract $2600, finish that part of the job myself on a Saturday morning an have professionals do the install. Thanks for the tip.reply Braxton K4 years ago Subject: I agree, these numbers are I agree, these numbers are very low. Almost 1/4th of the true costs.reply View More Replies - 1Tara Eller4 years ago Subject: dryer taking too long to dry clothes It takes me about 2 hours to dry a load of clothes. I have a Maytag dryer.reply Rhonda Williams4 years ago Subject: Dryer taking too long Check the hose behind the dryer. See if there is build up inside or if it needs replacing.reply View More Replies - 1View Comments - 95Post New Comment Name * email@youremail.com The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. Subject Type your comments here. All comments are subject to review and approval prior to posting.
If you were travelling in a mid range car that averaged 40 MPG and were paying Â£4.54 per gallon (1.00 per litre) for your petrol then the cost for this trip based on an estimated driving distance of 545.67 miles (830.34 kms) , from Granada to Barcelona for your fuel would be in the region of Â£61.93 .
Best Answer: A dresser typically has a mirror. A chest of drawers is exactly that. A bureau is usually lower and longer than a chest of drawers. In my book, a bureau holds clothing but also has a little writing table built into it. A chest of drawers is generally box shaped and has pull out drawers. A dresser is long and low with small pullout drawers on either side, and a sit-down area in the middle with a mirror. Amused Contestant Â· 1 decade ago.
However, a one year old still needs about 24 ounces of whole milk per day. Getting them to like the whole milk prior to transitioning to a cup has helped in my experience. Not all children will need this gradual transition with the bottle, but some will most certainly benefit from it.
Toy Story 3 is a 2010 American 3D computer-animated comedy-drama film , the third installment in the Toy Story series , and the sequel to Toy Story 2 -LRB- 1999 -RRB- . It was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It was directed by Lee Unkrich , the editor of the first two films and co-director of Toy Story 2 , written by Michael Arndt , while Unkrich wrote the story along with John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton , respectively director and co-writer of the first two films . The film was released in theaters June 18 , 2010 , and played worldwide from June through October in the Disney Digital 3-D , RealD , and IMAX 3D formats . Toy Story 3 was the first film to be released theatrically with Dolby Surround 7.1 sound . The plot focuses on the toys Woody , Buzz Lightyear , and their friends dealing with an uncertain future as their owner , Andy , prepares to leave for college . The film features an ensemble voice cast with Tom Hanks , Tim Allen , Joan Cusack , Don Rickles , Wallace Shawn , John Ratzenberger , Estelle Harris , Jodi Benson , and John Morris reprising their roles from the previous films , along with Blake Clark as the voice of Slinky Dog -LRB- because Jim Varney died ten years before the release of the film -RRB- and Ned Beatty , Michael Keaton , Whoopi Goldberg , Timothy Dalton , Kristen Schaal , Bonnie Hunt , and Jeff Garlin voicing the new characters introduced in this film . Like its predecessors , Toy Story 3 received critical acclaim upon release . It became the second Pixar film -LRB- after Up -RRB- and third animated film overall -LRB- after Beauty and the Beast and Up -RRB- to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture . The film received four more Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Sound Editing , Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song , winning the latter two . Toy Story 3 grossed over $ 1 billion worldwide , becoming the highest-grossing film of 2010 -- both in North America and worldwide -- and the fourth highest-grossing film at the time of its release , as well as the third highest-grossing animated film of all time and the first animated film to generate $ 1 billion in ticket sales . A sequel , Toy Story 4 , directed by Lasseter , is scheduled to be released on June 21 , 2019 .
Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.
Maximo (MRO) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page. Feel free to improve the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion. This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (October 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)IBM Maximo Asset Management is an enterprise asset management (EAM) software solution product produced by IBM. It is a solution which enterprises use to track the operation, maintenance and disposal of assets. [1] It focuses on the following types of assets: [2] [3] [4] [5]Plant and production (for example oil, gas, chemicals, mining, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, food, electronics and power generation [6])Infrastructure (including railways, highways, telecommunications, water and wastewater, and electric and gas distribution networks)Transportation (for military, airlines, trucking, shipping, rail and other use)Real estate and facilities (for example, in offices, schools and hospitals)EAM is globally known to be critical in asset intensive industries, e.g., utilities, oil & gas, pharma., rail & transit, heavy manufacturing, and facilities including hospitals, campuses and hotels. The current release, IBM Maximo Asset Management 7.6, is the third release built upon a J2EE service-oriented architecture. It is an enterprise asset management, service management and IT asset management suite of applications that are scalable and easily integrated into existing enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. MRO Software, the provider of Maximo, was acquired by IBM in August 2006. [7]Maximo is the basis of Tivoli Process Automation Engine, which is the central part of Tivoli Service Automation Manager [8] [9] and it has been licensed to other companies for more specified development. [6] [10]References [ edit]^ IBM^ IBM Asset Management Blog^ IBM Internet of Things Linked In Group^ Maximo users group - Run by Christopher Wanko and Wes Williams since 1999; largest independent user group for Maximo.^ "IBM Maximo Asset Management wiki". Retrieved January 6, 2018.^ a b Fortum Maximo homepage^ IBM press release about MRO acquisition^ IBM Middleware User Community^ IBM Watson Internet of Things - Asset and Service Management Software^ IBM Maximo Asset Management - Product Support See also [ edit]Enterprise Asset Management IT asset management This business software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Business software IBM software Business software stubs
How Do I Remove a Car Scratch? How Do I Remove a Car Scratch? Have scratches on your car? Read on to learn the best ways to remove them. For people who take pristine care of their vehicles, a scratch on their car’s exterior is an unsightly blemish. Fortunately, there are professional detailers and even DIY kits that specialize in eliminating unwanted scratches and dents from a vehicle’s surface.“If it looks good, it feels good and it drives better,” says Darren Macron, owner of Macron Mobile Detailing in Dublin, Ohio. “Scratches are just about the No. 1 thing on the minds of drivers when it comes to exterior detailing.”How professionals remove car scratches Most detailers go by the general rule that if you run your finger over a scratch and it stops, it’s likely too deep just to buff out and you may need to take your vehicle to an auto body shop for repair. In a case where your finger may feel the scratch but still glides over it, auto detailers can generally fix it with a rubbing compound. Scratches that are contained to the clearcoat and don’t penetrate the paint are fixed rather easily, as re-painting isn’t involved. The first step is to clean the surface of the scratch with either a clay bar or Nanoskin pad, says Ken Steeg, owner of Xclusive Mobile Detailing in Granadad Hills, California. The next step is applying the rubbing compound to either a cloth or a buffer. Macron says he hand buffs over the clearcoat in a circular motion, sometimes leaving a 2- to-3-inch in diameter circle around the scratch. This blends the scratch while wearing down the clearcoat, he says.“We’re working the clearcoat so everything is smooth,” he says. RELATED: The Angie's List Guide to Auto Detailing Electric buffers are a better option to rub in the compound for longer or multiple scratches. A buffer will tear through some of the clearcoat. Steeg says he typically buffs the entire car when he does this, which he says prevents 90 to 95 percent of the scratches from coming back. For best results, Macron recommends leaving high-speed buffing to professional detailers. Macron says the final step they use is applying a petroleum-based polish, followed by a wax.“A wax will fill in the crevice and will smooth it out,” Macron says. For serious scratches that have cut through the entire clearcoat and into the paint, Macron says he offers a service that includes sanding. This will include using a 2,000 or more grit wet/dry sandpaper to wear down the entire clearcoat to the metal and then touching it up with paint. These are scratches deep enough to catch your fingernail, Macron says.“In these cases, I would recommend finding someone that can do wet sanding,” Steeg says. “If it’s really deep, you may have to go to a body shop.” Steve Schwartz, owner of C & S Body Shop in Kansas City, Missouri, says if the scratch is through the paint, rust will form within a week if it’s not repaired or at least covered up temporarily with nail polish. The process generally includes sanding the scratch down and priming the area before painting it, he says. Can I remove a car scratch myself? Waxing, eliminates up to 80 percent of surface scratches, Macron says, whether it’s by hiring a detailer or doing it on your own. However, using only an over-the-counter wax and not a rubbing compound is only a temporary solution.“Three to four weeks later the scratch will come back,” Macron says. “A compound will eliminate it.”Macron says there are DIY solutions available, such as scratch repair pens that will provide a quick fix, but he doesn’t recommend these low-cost alternatives“I haven’t found any that are helpful — nothing that I’ve been impressed with,” Steeg says. Cost to remove a car scratch Macron says he charges roughly $35 to $55 for a single scratch, depending on the size, difficulty and time required. Macron says he removes multiple scratches for $159. Steeg says he charges anywhere from $50 to $300 to repair light scratches on cars. Scratch Wizard , an online company that sells DIY touch up kits, estimates the cost to repair a clearcoat scratch is generally between $150 and $300 Schwartz says the cost to repair a deep paint scratch can range in price from $300 to $900.“It’s a good idea to go to a shop and ask what they can do for you,” Schwartz says. March 19, 2015By Tom Moor@Tom Moor Indy Tom Moorwrote for Angie's List Magazine and the Solution Center. The Indiana University graduate also penned a weekly automotive column. Leave a Comment - 2Commentselias2 years ago Subject: scratch cari scratched the left part of my car i would like to how much it would cost mereply Kelli2 years ago Subject: ¡car scratch!hello my name is Kelli and I and a teenager and I took out my bike to pump up the tire and I forgot it there and it tipped over and it left a little scratch I fell really bad that I scratched my moms car and I was wonder how much a little scratch would cost to repair email me places that are 100$ and less thanksreply Hide Comments Post New Comment Name * email@youremail.com The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. Subject Type your comments here. All comments are subject to review and approval prior to posting.
The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.
William Henry Cosby Jr. -LRB- born July 12 , 1937 -RRB- is an American stand-up comedian , actor , and author . His start in stand-up comedy began at the hungry i in San Francisco and was followed by his landing a starring role in the 1960s television show I Spy . He was also a regular on the children 's television series The Electric Company during the show 's first two seasons . Using the Fat Albert character developed during his stand-up routines , Cosby created , produced , and hosted the animated comedy television series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids , a show that ran from 1972 to 1985 , centering on a group of young friends growing up in an urban area . Throughout the 1970s , Cosby starred in a number of films , and he occasionally returned to film later in his career . After attending Temple University in the 1960s , he received his bachelor 's degree there in 1971 . In 1973 , he received a master 's degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst , and in 1976 , he earned his Doctor of Education degree , also from UMass . His dissertation discussed the use of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids as a teaching tool in elementary schools . Beginning in the 1980s , Cosby produced and starred in a television sitcom , The Cosby Show , which aired from 1984 to 1992 and was rated as the number one show in America for five years , 1984 through 1989 . The sitcom highlighted the experiences and growth of an affluent African-American family . Cosby produced the Cosby Show spin-off sitcom A Different World , which aired from 1987 to 1993 , starred in The Cosby Mysteries from 1994 to 1995 , starred in the sitcom Cosby from 1996 to 2000 ; and hosted Kids Say the Darndest Things for two seasons , from 1998 to 2000 . Cosby has been the subject of sexual assault allegations , the earliest of which date back decades but becoming highly publicized since about 2014 . He has been accused by 51 women of rape , drug facilitated sexual assault , sexual battery , child sexual abuse , and sexual misconduct , with the earliest alleged incidents taking place in the mid-1960s and the most recent in 2008 . He has denied the allegations . Numerous related lawsuits against Cosby are pending ; and although most of the acts alleged by his accusers fall outside the statutes of limitations for criminal legal proceedings , one notable case has been ruled actionable , and he has been charged with three felony counts of aggravated indecent assault in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania . He surrendered to authorities on December 30 , 2015 , and was released on $ 1 million bail . Cosby is scheduled to go on trial on or before June 5 , 2017 .
In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, "EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism." NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour.
Greg McAdoo is a venture capitalist at Sequoia Capital in Silicon Valley. Greg specializes in internet services, mobile, energy and technology investments. Greg at some time was on the boards of Airbnb, Bump Technologies, Cue, Clustrix, Imageshack, MeLLmo and Songkick. Greg also led Sequoia's investment in Y Combinator and previously sat on the boards of Isilon Systems, Loopt, RockYou, Achates Power and PowerFile.
Cloud Atlas is a 2012 German-American science fiction film written and directed by The Wachowskis and Tom Tykwer . Adapted from the 2004 novel of the same name by David Mitchell , the film has multiple plots set across six different eras , which Mitchell described as `` a sort of pointillist mosaic . '' The official synopsis describes it as `` an exploration of how the actions of individual lives impact one another in the past , present and future , as one soul is shaped from a killer into a hero , and an act of kindness ripples across centuries to inspire a revolution . '' Tom Hanks , Halle Berry , and Jim Broadbent lead an ensemble cast . The film was produced by Grant Hill , Stefan Arndt , the Wachowskis , and Tykwer . During four years of development , the project met difficulties securing financial support ; it was eventually produced with a $ 102 million budget provided by independent sources , making it one of the most expensive independent films of all time . Production began in September 2011 at Studio Babelsberg in Potsdam-Babelsberg , Germany . It premiered on 8 September 2012 at the 37th Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 26 October 2012 in conventional and IMAX cinemas . It polarized critics , and has been included on various Best Film and Worst Film lists . It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for Tykwer -LRB- who co-scored the film -RRB- , Johnny Klimek , and Reinhold Heil . It received several nominations at the Saturn Awards including Best Science Fiction Film , winning for Best Editing and Best Make-up .
Lost is an American drama television series that originally aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) from September 22, 2004, to May 23, 2010, over six seasons, comprising a total of 121 episodes. The show contains elements of supernatural and science fiction, and follows the survivors of a commercial jet airliner crash, flying between Sydney and Los Angeles, California, on a mysterious tropical island somewhere in the South Pacific Ocean. The story is told in a heavily serialized manner. Episodes typically feature a primary storyline set on the island, augmented by flashback or flashforward sequences which provide additional insight into the involved character(s).
In the Land of the Head Hunters (also called In the Land of the War Canoes) is a 1914 silent film fictionalizing the world of the Kwakwaka'wakw peoples of the Queen Charlotte Strait region of the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada, written and directed by Edward S. Curtis and acted entirely by Kwakwaka'wakw native people.
Benefits / Costs. The average zoning system will cost the homeowner about $1500. This is about a third the cost of adding a complete second HVAC system (i.e.: a furnace & air conditioner for upstairs and a furnace & air conditioner for downstairs).The benefits of zoning are (1) better temperature control and (2) reduced fuel costs.Code / Regulatory.his is about a third the cost of adding a complete second HVAC system (i.e.: a furnace & air conditioner for upstairs and a furnace & air conditioner for downstairs). The benefits of zoning are (1) better temperature control and (2) reduced fuel costs. Code / Regulatory.
Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman "domestic" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military.
Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is located in the continent of Asia and bounded by (clockwise) the Arabian Gulf on the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast and south, the Gulf of Aden on the south, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait on the southwest and the Red Sea, which is located on the southwest and west.[12] The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear border line, although the northern boundary of the Arabian Peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.[12]
Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. Transferrin levels rise with iron deficiency and fall in cases of iron overload.Transferrin is also responsible for circadian variation in serum iron (which peaks in the AM).ormally, iron is absorbed from food and transported throughout the body by transferrin, which is produced by the liver. About 70% of the iron is transported to the bone marrow and incorporated into hemoglobin within red blood cells.
If you are trying to model how real objects appear under light from real light sources then, as you suspect, the the answer to the question in the title of your post is no. Using RGB values to summarize the light spectrum and object reflectance loses information even though the human eye has only three receptor types. The loss of information is related to the concept of [metamerism](_URL_0_). For example, say you have two light sources with different spectra but the same apparent color and also two objects with different reflectance spectra that appear the same under some standardized white light source. There are four possible combinations of light with object and in general each of the four combinations will result in a different color even though alone the two lights look the same, and under identical light the two objects look the same.
Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling €47.3 billion (US$65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002–2011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54%of the nation's installed wind power capacity. Wind power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. These are some of the largest wind farms in the world:
The court of public opinion is an alternative system of justice. It's very different from the traditional court system: This court is based on reputation, revenge, public shaming, and the whims of the crowd. Having a good story is more important than having the law on your side. Being a sympathetic underdog is more important than being fair.
Every business has a fiscal year. A company's Fiscal Year is its financial year; it is any twelve-month period that the company uses for accounting purposes. The fiscal year is expressed by stating the year-end date. A fiscal year end can be the end of any quarter â March 31, June 30, September 30, or December 31.
Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent -LRB- singles -RRB- or between two teams of two players each -LRB- doubles -RRB- . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as `` lawn tennis '' . It had close connections both to various field -LRB- `` lawn '' -RRB- games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term `` tennis '' referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis : for example , in Disraeli 's novel Sybil -LRB- 1845 -RRB- , Lord Eugene De Vere announces that he will `` go down to Hampton Court and play tennis . '' The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye . Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport . The four Grand Slam tournaments -LRB- also referred to as the `` Majors '' -RRB- are especially popular : the Australian Open played on hard courts , the French Open played on red clay courts , Wimbledon played on grass courts , and the US Open played also on hard courts .
CHASTAIN PARK AMPHITHEATRE TICKETS CHASTAIN PARK AMPHITHEATRE TICKETSChastain Park Tickets are now available for the Chastain Park Amphitheatre in Atlanta, Georgia! Chastain Park Amphitheatre (sometimes spelled Chastain Park Amphitheater), is home of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra's Classic Chastain summer series, and Atlanta's premiere outdoor music venue and summer place to be. The Chastain Park Amphitheatre lineup includes some of the country's top acts across the music spectrum, and this year will include the likes of BB King, Leann Rimes, Gipsy Kings, Harry Connick Jr, Diana Krall, Clay Aiken, and many, many more! Chastain really does get class-acts and puts them in a small, intimate venue, the likes of which is rarely seen in other places. Last year's artists included the likes of Gipsy Kings, India. Arie, Santana, and John Mayer just to name a few. Many artists like to come back next year, to become a summer Chastain Park conert attraction!Chastain Park Amphitheatre also recently won the Reader's Pick for Best Concert Venue and Best Outdoor Music Venue in Atlanta, in Creative Loafing, which is the authority in things to do in the Atlanta, Georgia area. It just shows how good the Chastain Park Amphitheatre Ticket experience is!You shouldn't delay, however. Once Chastain Park Amphitheatre Tickets go for sale, they quickly sell out. Native Atlantans know the tickets go fast at this incredible venue, and they usually try and pick them up as fast as they are announced. Trust Peachtree Tickets as your premiere Chastain Park Amphitheatre Ticket Broker and make your sold-out Chastain Park Ticket purchase safely and easily! [ Map to Chastain Park Amphitheatre]» Order Chastain Park Amphitheatre Tickets CHASTAIN PARK AMPHITHEATRE 2015 TICKET SCHEDULEDATES TICKET EVENTApril 04 Alt J - Chastain Park Tickets May 08 Hozier - Chastain Park Tickets May 22 Diana Ross - Chastain Park Tickets June 04 Third Eye Blind and Dashboard Confessional - Chastain Park Tickets June 05 Lou Gramm: The Voice of Foreigner with Orchestra - Chastain Park Tickets June 06 Maze featuring Frankie Beverly - Chastain Park Tickets June 12 Blackstreet with Tony Tone - SVW and Next - Chastain Park Tickets June 20 Weird Al Yankovic - Chastain Park Tickets June 23 Move Live - Chastain Park Tickets June 26 Indigo Girls - Chastain Park Tickets July 10 Daryl Hall and John Oates - Chastain Park Tickets July 21 Rob Thomas - Chastain Park Tickets July 24 Idina Menzel - Chastain Park Tickets July 25 Keith Sweat with After 7 - Troop and Shai - Chastain Park Tickets July 29 Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga - Chastain Park Tickets August 08 Piano Guys - Chastain Park Tickets CHASTAIN PARK SEATING INFOAccording to Chastain Park's offical website: Chastain Park Seats are broken down into tables (each table seating accomodates 6), reserved orchestra seats, and a general admission area on the lawn. Many Chastain Park Amphitheatre events are considered"table set-up" shows, where Chastain Park patrons may bring personal-size coolers and/or picnic baskets with any food and drink desired and, for those who purchase orchestra seats, TV trays are allowed in the spacious aisles. Lawn ticket holders are allowed to bring blankets for their picnics. Some people have even been known to bring caviar and champagne; others bring a six-pack and a bucket of chicken. Table ticket holders have been known to bring tablecloths, votive candles, and silverware. Food and drink are available there at Chastain Park for purchase inside the amphitheatre from some of their full-service catering, or from concession stands. Attire at the amphitheatre ranges from very casual to almost formal. Every so often, there is a show that is a "No Table/No Carry-Ins" show. This means that no tables will be set up and no food or drink will be allowed brought from outside the amphitheatre. No TV trays, coolers, picnic baskets or backpacks will be allowed. Blankets, however, are still allowed for Lawn ticket holders [ CHASTAIN PARK SEATING DIAGRAM]Other Notes for Chastain Park Ticket-goers: As parking is exceedingly limited at Chastain, please plan to ARRIVE EARLY and CARPOOL if at all possible. Gates open one and a half hours prior to showtime. All concerts are rain or shine. All seating areas are designated as non-smoking areas. Smoking areas are located at the top of Gates 2 and 3 and in the Mirrasou Sun Room. No cameras, video recorders or recording equipment are allowed into Chastin Park Amphitheatre. Wheelchair access tickets are available through Ticket Master. No chairs of any type are allowed to be brought inside. Lawn ticket holders may bring a blanket to use as a seat. On Table-Set up shows, you may bring in folding tables, food, and beverages. A standard folding table is 18" wide by 12" deep (TV tray size). Tables larger than this dimension will not be aloud into the amphitheatre. No open flames. Candles must be in a nonflammable container and the flame must not go above the container. Candles may be lit on tables, if they are in a non-flammable container and the flame is not higher than the container. No candle pillars. All children must have a ticket, regardless of age or size. Related Links: Chastain Park Amphitheatre information page
Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nikāyas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tathāgatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The "Tathāgatagarbha Sutras" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts.
Clinton Eastwood Jr. '' ' -LRB- born May 31 , 1930 -RRB- is an American actor , filmmaker , musician , and political figure . After achieving success in the Western TV series Rawhide , he rose to international fame with his role as the Man with No Name in Sergio Leone 's Dollars trilogy of spaghetti Westerns during the 1960s , and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five Dirty Harry films throughout the 1970s and 1980s . These roles , among others , have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity . For his work in the Western film Unforgiven -LRB- 1992 -RRB- and the sports drama Million Dollar Baby -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Eastwood won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture , as well as receiving nominations for Best Actor . Eastwood 's greatest commercial successes have been the adventure comedy Every Which Way But Loose -LRB- 1978 -RRB- and its sequel , the action comedy Any Which Way You Can -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , after adjustment for inflation . Other popular films include the Western Hang 'Em High -LRB- 1968 -RRB- , the psychological thriller Play Misty for Me -LRB- 1971 -RRB- , the crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot -LRB- 1974 -RRB- , the Western The Outlaw Josey Wales -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , the prison film Escape from Alcatraz -LRB- 1979 -RRB- , the action film Firefox -LRB- 1982 -RRB- , the suspense thriller Tightrope -LRB- 1984 -RRB- , the Western Pale Rider -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , the war films Where Eagles Dare -LRB- 1968 -RRB- , Heartbreak Ridge -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , the action thriller In the Line of Fire -LRB- 1993 -RRB- , the romantic drama The Bridges of Madison County -LRB- 1995 -RRB- , and the drama Gran Torino -LRB- 2008 -RRB- . In addition to directing many of his own star vehicles , Eastwood has also directed films in which he did not appear , such as the mystery drama Mystic River -LRB- 2003 -RRB- and the war film Letters from Iwo Jima -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , for which he received Academy Award nominations , and the drama Changeling -LRB- 2008 -RRB- . The war drama biopic American Sniper '' -LRB- 2014 -RRB- set box office records for the largest January release ever and was also the largest opening ever for an Eastwood film . Eastwood received considerable critical praise in France for several films , including some that were not well received in the United States . Eastwood has been awarded two of France 's highest honors : in 1994 he became a recipient of the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres , and in 2007 he was awarded the Legion of Honour medal . In 2000 , Eastwood was awarded the Italian Venice Film Festival Golden Lion for lifetime achievement . Since 1967 , Eastwood has run his own production company , Malpaso , which has produced all but four of his American films . Starting in 1986 , Eastwood served for two years as Mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea , California , a non-partisan office .
Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children is a 2016 American dark fantasy film directed by Tim Burton and written by Jane Goldman , based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Ransom Riggs . The film stars Eva Green , Asa Butterfield , Chris O'Dowd , Allison Janney , Rupert Everett , Terence Stamp , Ella Purnell with Judi Dench and Samuel L. Jackson . Filming began in February 2015 in London and the Tampa Bay Area . The film premiered at Fantastic Fest in Austin , Texas on September 25 , 2016 and was theatrically released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 by 20th Century Fox . It grossed $ 296 million worldwide against a production budget of $ 110 million .
Rachel Roy is NOT happy with Beyonce! Bey totally called out Rachel for allegedly having an affair with Jay Z on her new album, âLemonade,â and we got EXCLUSIVE word on just how âfuriousâ Rachel is about it! Beyonce may not have actually said Rachel Royâs name on her latest album, Lemonade, but the 42-year-old fashion designer completely knew that Bey was attacking her. When Beyonce, 34, sang about a girl named Becky âwith the good hair,â suddenly the alleged Jay Z affair drama from 2014 was stirred right back up â and Rachel was less than pleased!
Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson -LRB- born Hilda Roderick Ellis , 1 October 1914 -- January 2006 -RRB- was an English antiquarian and academic , writing in particular on Germanic paganism and Celtic paganism . Davidson used literary , historical and archaeological evidence to discuss the stories and customs of Northern Europe . Gods and Myths of Northern Europe -LRB- Penguin Books , 1964 -RRB- is considered one of the most thorough and reputable sources on Germanic mythology . Like many of her publications , it was credited under the name H. R. Ellis Davidson . Davidson was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries , and was president of the Council of the Folklore Society from 1974 to 1976 , and served on the council from 1956 to 1986 . Davidson has been cited as having `` contributed greatly '' to the study of Norse mythology .
it's not a spiritual number per se... i couldn't cite a source if i wanted to but i'm fairly sure you're onto something with it being a biblical way of saying "a lot." possibly an old hebrew/babylonian/aramaic/etc euphemism for "a lot" using a word that actually had a definite number meaning, got translated literally instead of figuratively edit: sorry for the borderline speculation. i do have a background in linguistics and this sort of thing does happen alarmingly often in very old texts and translations
Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961: two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban villes nouvelles ("new cities") and the RER commuter train network. Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population: these districts were socially mixed at first, but few residents actually owned their homes (the growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s). Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere and their repopulation by those with more limited possibilities.
Melisandre Melisandre converts Stannis's wife Selyse to her religion, along with several other members of Stannis' court. Stannis' maester Cressen, fearing Melisandre's power and her influence over him, tries to assassinate Melisandre with poison in a murder-suicide, and although Melisandre drinks most of the poison her powers allow her to survive. When Stannis' brother Renly also declares himself king, Melisandre has a vision of Renly defeating Stannis' host at King's Landing. She convinces Stannis to impregnate her, giving birth to a shadow demon that kills Renly. She also births another demon that kills Storm's End's castellan, Ser Cortnay Penrose, when he refuses to yield Storm's End. Ser Bryce Caron convinces Stannis to leave Melisandre at Dragonstone during the Battle of the Blackwater, which ends in Stannis' defeat. During the battle, Ser Garlan Tyrell dons Renly's armor and leads the Tyrell-Lannister vanguard, thus fulfilling Melisandre's earlier prophecy.
Costs. How much breast implants cost depends on the location, doctor, and type of implant used. Typically, the surgery ranges from $5,000 to $10,000. Because it is a cosmetic procedure, health insurance usually doesn't cover breast augmentation.ow much breast implants cost depends on the location, doctor, and type of implant used. Typically, the surgery ranges from $5,000 to $10,000.
Nemesis (Resident Evil) The Nemesis, also called the Nemesis-T Type, the Pursuer or the , is a fictional character in Capcom's "Resident Evil" franchise. Although smaller than other Tyrant models, the creature dwarfs a typical human, and possesses vastly superior intelligence and physical dexterity than its undead peers. It features in "" as a titular main villain before later emerging in other titles and cameo roles. It is also featured on various merchandise and in the 2004 film "". The character is voiced by Tony Rosato in the original game and Gregg Berger in "Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City", and portrayed by Matthew G. Taylor in the film.
Thirteen is a 2003 American semi-autobiographical drama film , directed by Catherine Hardwicke , and written by Hardwicke and Nikki Reed , based on events from Reed 's life at age 12 and 13 . It stars Evan Rachel Wood , with Wood 's character `` Tracy '' being loosely based upon Reed . Nikki Reed herself co-stars in the role of Evie Zamora . The script was written in six days . The film caused controversy upon its release , because it dealt with topics like drugs such as inhalants , marijuana , and alcohol , underage sexual behavior , and self-harm . The film earned Holly Hunter an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Golden Globe nominations for Hunter and Evan Rachel Wood for Best Supporting Actress and Best Actress in a Drama , respectively .
I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You "I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You" is a song by the British progressive rock band The Alan Parsons Project, featured on their 1977 album I Robot. Written by band leaders Alan Parsons and Eric Woolfson, "I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You" was sung by pop singer Lenny Zakatek, who would go on to sing many of the band's songs. In the United States, the song was a moderate success and charted at #36 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Cyprus: The ancient island of Aphrodite - CNN.com When the Ottoman Empire launched a successful full-scale attack in 1570, the scene was set for the divisions between Turkish and Greek Cypriots that exist on the Mediterranean island until today. Cyprus in the 20th century By the time Cyprus came under British administration in 1878, Greek Cypriots were already agitating for union with Greece. A referendum in 1950 that was boycotted by Turkish Cypriots came out heavily in favor of union with Greece. Inter-communal violence fractured the Turkish and Greek Cypriot communities after the country gained independence in 1960 and Turkey threatened to invade in a series of events that became a Cold War flashpoint in 1963 and 1964. Only the involvement of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson halted a Turkish invasion when he stated that the U.S. would not stand beside the NATO member in the event of a Soviet invasion of Turkish territory. In July 1974, the Greek military junta backed a coup d'etat in Cyprus. In response Turkey launched military intervention and by August it had landed thousands of troops and successfully partitioned the island along what is known as the "Green Line." Around 180,000 Greek Cypriots were forced south and some 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved into vacant properties in the northern Turkish occupied zone. Cyprus has existed as a de-facto divided country ever since and the events of the bloody summer of 1974 still dominate, not just the politics of the island, but Greco-Turkish relations in general. Locals playing backgammon outside a cafe in Nicosia. In 1983, the administration in northern Cyprus declared the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)"; an entity that is not recognized internationally by any country other than Turkey. Efforts to resolve the conflict have ended in failure. Attempts at reconciliation In 2004, the Annan Plan, named after then U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, led to a referendum on reunification which was supported by Turkish Cypriots but rejected by the Greek side as being too heavily weighted in favor of the Turkish side. Despite this setback, Cypriots have been chipping away at partition. In 2008, Greek Cypriots demolished a key section of the barrier dividing the island's capital city Nicosia. Ledra Street -- a pedestrianized shopping area -- became the sixth crossing point on the divided island. At the time, the move was welcomed by then leader of the Turkish north Ferdi Sabit Soyer who was reported as calling it "a positive development." In 2004, Cyprus gained accession to the European Union which recognized its entry as a whole but suspended its legislation in the Turkish north, saying that "these areas are outside of the customs and fiscal territory of the EU. But the EU notes that this does not affect the personal rights of Turkish Cypriots as EU citizens." Economic ups and downs Erratic growth in the 1990s -- largely due to fluctuations in tourist arrivals that reflected the island's political instability -- gave way to stronger growth. The Republic of Cyprus was first listed as an advanced economy by the International Monetary Fund in 2001. According to the IMF, Cypriots are among the most prosperous people in in the Mediterranean region with GDP per capita surpassing $26,000 in 2012. Economists say the turnaround was made all the more spectacular when partition is taken into account. After 1974, Cypriots in the south lost 65% of their hotel and tourist accommodation, 46% of its industrial sector and 56% of its mining and quarrying production. The Republic of Cyprus experienced rapid economic growth as it rebuilt its tourism industry after losing much of its infrastructure in the north after the invasion of 1974. In the north, however, the economy struggles. According to the CIA World Factbook, its GDP remains one quarter the size of the south and, with Turkey its primary public and private investor, its per capita GDP is around half that of the south. Demonstrators against the EU bailout pamphlet during a student parade in March in Nicosia, Meanwhile, Cyprus has s
Geraldine Leigh Chaplin -LRB- born July 31 , 1944 -RRB- is a prolific actress of English , French , and Spanish language films , the fourth child of Charlie Chaplin , the first of eight with fourth wife Oona O'Neill . After beginnings in dance and modeling , she turned her attention to acting , and made her American acting debut -LRB- and came to prominence in what would be a Golden Globe -- nominated role -RRB- in her portrayal of Tonya in David Lean 's Doctor Zhivago -LRB- 1965 -RRB- . She made her Broadway acting debut in Lillian Hellman 's The Little Foxes in 1967 , and received her second Golden Globe nomination for Robert Altman 's Nashville -LRB- 1975 -RRB- . She also appeared in his other pictures , including Buffalo Bill and the Indians , or Sitting Bull 's History Lesson -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , and A Wedding -LRB- 1978 -RRB- . She received a BAFTA nomination for her role in Welcome to L.A. -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , and then appeared in Roseland -LRB- 1977 -RRB- and Remember My Name -LRB- 1978 -RRB- . She played her grandmother Hannah Chaplin in the biopic , Chaplin -LRB- 1992 -RRB- for which she received her third Golden Globe nomination . She also appeared in The Age of Innocence -LRB- 1993 -RRB- , Jane Eyre -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Mother Teresa : In the Name of God 's Poor -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , and a decade later , in The Wolfman -LRB- 2010 -RRB- . Chaplin has appeared in a wide variety of critically recognised Spanish and French films . She starred in Claude Lelouch 's Les Uns et les Autres -LRB- 1981 -RRB- , the Alain Resnais comedy Life Is a Bed of Roses -LRB- 1983 -RRB- and the Jacques Rivette experimental film Love on the Ground -LRB- 1984 -RRB- . She enjoyed her greatest critical success collaborating with Carlos Saura , starring in several notable films by the director , including Ana and the Wolves -LRB- 1973 -RRB- , Cría cuervos -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , Elisa , vida mía -LRB- 1977 -RRB- , and Mamá cumple cien años -LRB- 1979 -RRB- . She collaborated with Pedro Almodóvar in Talk to Her -LRB- 2002 -RRB- . She was awarded a Goya Award for her role in En la ciudad sin límites -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , and was nominated again for The Orphanage -LRB- 2007 -RRB- . Her contribution to Spanish cinema culminated in her being awarded the Gold medal by the Spanish Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences in 2006 . Chaplin had a long term relationship with Spanish film director Carlos Saura , giving birth to their son , Shane Suara , in 1976 . A subsequent long-term relationship with Chilean cinematographer Patricio Castilla -LRB- married , 2006 -RRB- , gave her a daughter , Oona , born 1986 . As of 2011 , Chaplin maintained homes in Miami , Florida , in the United States , and in Madrid , Spain , and Corsier-sur-Vevey , Switzerland .
Rating Newest Oldest. Best Answer: Rome is in Italy, where they speak Italian. There are many people who study French in Italy so they can speak with their French neighbors, but the official language of all of Italy is Italian. Latin is a dead language, no one speaks it as an official language.
Atlanta Falcons In their 51 years of existence, the Falcons have compiled a record of 350–450–6 (341–437–6 in the regular season and 9–13 in the playoffs), winning division championships in 1980, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2012, and 2016. The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls, the first being during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII, where they lost to the Denver Broncos 34–19,[5] and the second being a 34–28 overtime defeat by the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI.
Step #3: Choosing Arrow Weight. If you want to target practice, you want the arrow to weigh in total (shaft, vanes, insert, nock and field point combined) around 5 to 6 grain per pound of draw weight. So if your bow has 60 lbs. of draw, you want to use arrows that weigh in total between 300 and 360 grain. If you want to hunt, you want an arrow with a total weight of between 6 and 8 grain per pound of draw weight. So again in the case of a 60 lbs. draw compound bow, this would mean an arrow weight of between 360 and 480 grain. The values above are not set in stone, however.
Chemical Elements.com - Arsenic (As) Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Arsenic. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/as.html>. For more information about citing online sources, please visit the MLA's Website . This page was created by Yinon Bentor. Use of this web site is restricted by this site's license agreement . Copyright © 1996-2012 Yinon Bentor. All Rights Reserved.

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