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Barack Obama From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see Barack (disambiguation) and Obama (disambiguation). Barack Obama44th President of the United States In office January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017Vice President Joe Biden Preceded by George W. Bush Succeeded by Donald Trump United States Senator from Illinois In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008Preceded by Peter Fitzgerald Succeeded by Roland Burris Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th district In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004Preceded by Alice Palmer Succeeded by Kwame Raoul Personal details Born Barack Hussein Obama II August 4, 1961 (age 56)Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. Political party Democratic Spouse (s) Michelle Obama ( m. 1992)Children Malia Sasha Parents Barack Obama Sr. Ann Dunham Relatives See Family of Barack Obama Education Columbia University (BA)Harvard Law School (JD)Awards Nobel Peace Prize ( 2009) Profile in Courage Award (2017)Signature Website Office of Barack and Michelle Obama Obama Foundation Organizing for Action White House Archives (archived)This article is part of a series about Barack Obama Political positions Electoral history Early life and career Family Public image Pre-presidency Illinois State Senator2004 DNC keynote address U. S. Senator from Illinois44th President of the United States Presidency Timeline Policies Economy Energy Foreign policy Obama Doctrine Foreign trips Pardons Social Space Appointments Cabinet Judges First term Campaign for the Presidency2008 general election Primaries Transition 1st inauguration First 100 days Affordable Care Act Iraq Withdrawal Death of Osama bin Laden Timeline: '09 '10 '11 '12Second term Reelection campaign2012 general election Reactions2nd inauguration Immigration executive action Iran deal Cuban thaw Timeline: '13 '14 '15 '16 '17Post-presidency Planned Library Obama Foundation One America Appeal Dreams from My Father The Audacity of Hope Nobel Peace Prizev t e Part of a series on New Democrats Ideology People Bruce Babbitt Evan Bayh John Carney Tom Carper Lawton Chiles Bill Clinton Hillary Clinton Gerry Connolly Jim Davis Susan Davis Cal Dooley John Edwards Harold Ford Jr. Al From Dick Gephardt Al Gore Bob Graham Jim Himes John Kerry Ron Kind Mary Landrieu Rick Larsen Joe Lieberman Blanche Lincoln Will Marshall Jim Moran Sam Nunn Barack Obama Jared Polis Chuck Robb Timothy J. Roemer Paul Tsongas Allyson Schwartz Adam Smith Organizations Politics portalv t e Barack Hussein Obama II ( / b ə ˈ r ɑː k h uː ˈ s eɪ n oʊ ˈ b ɑː m ə / ( listen); [1] born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. The first African American to assume the presidency, he was previously the junior United States Senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008. Before that, he served in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 until 2004. Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state. Raised largely in Hawaii, Obama also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in New York City in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. Obama received national attention in 2004 with his unexpected March primary win, his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president a year after his campaign began and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton. He was elected over Republican John Mc Cain and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, accepting the award with the caveat that he felt there were others "far more deserving of this honor than I. "During his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills into law. The main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (often referred to as "Obamacare", shortened as the "Affordable Care Act"), the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession. After a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi; Gaddafi was killed by NATO-assisted forces, and he also ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden. After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. During his second term, Obama promoted inclusiveness for LGBT Americans. His administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ). Obama advocated for gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U. S. combat operations in Afghanistan, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U. S. relations with Cuba. Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating and currently resides in Washington, D. C. Since leaving office, his presidency has been favorably ranked by historians and the American general public. [2] [3]Contents1 Early life and career1.1 Education1.2 Family and personal life1.3 Law career1.4 Legislative career2 Presidential campaigns2.1 2008 presidential campaign2.2 2012 presidential campaign3 Presidency (2009–2017)3.1 First 100 days3.2 Domestic policy3.3 Foreign policy3.4 Cultural and political image4 Post-presidency (2017–present)5 Legacy5.1 Presidential library6 Books written6.1 Audiobooks7 See also7.1 Politics7.2 Other7.3 Lists8 Notes and references8.1 Notes8.2 References9 Further reading10 External links10.1 Official10.2 Other Early life and career Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama Obama was born on August 4, 1961, [4] at Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu, Hawaii. [5] [6] [7] He is the only President who was born in Hawaii [8] and the only President who was born outside of the contiguous 48 states. [9] He was born to a white mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942–1995), was born in Wichita, Kansas; she was mostly of English descent, [10] with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss, and Welsh ancestry. [11] His father, Barack Obama Sr. (1936–1982), was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyang'oma Kogelo. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship. [12] [13] The couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born. [14] [15]In late August 1961 (only a few weeks after he was born), Barack and his mother moved to the University of Washington in Seattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, the elder Obama completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He then left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at Harvard University, where he earned an M. A. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964. [16] Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time. He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas time in 1971, [17] before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old. [18] Recalling his early childhood, Obama said, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me – that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk – barely registered in my mind." [13] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage. [19]In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro at the University of Hawaii; he was an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography. The couple married on Molokai on March 15, 1965. [20] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in a Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the Tebet subdistrict of south Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the Menteng subdistrict of central Jakarta. [21]Education From age six to ten, Obama attended local Indonesian-language schools: Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi ( St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Elementary School) for two years and Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01 (State Elementary School Menteng 01/ Besuki Public School) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language Calvert School homeschooling by his mother. [22] [23] As a result of those four years in Jakarta, he was able to speak Indonesian fluently as a child. [24] [25] [26] During his time in Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works". [27]In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Dunham. He attended Punahou School — a private college preparatory school — with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979. [28] In his youth, Obama went by the nickname "Barry". [29] Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Hawaii. [30] Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school at Punahou when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work. [31] His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a Ph D degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for ovarian and uterine cancer. [32]Obama later reflected on his years in Honolulu and wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered – to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect – became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear." [33] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind". [34] Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana. [35] [36]After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the disinvestment from South Africa in response to that nation's policy of apartheid. [37] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks. [37] Later in 1981, he transferred as a junior to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations [38] and in English literature [39] and lived off-campus on West 109th Street. [40] He graduated with a BA degree in 1983 and worked for about a year at the Business International Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and writer, [41] [42] then as a project coordinator for the New York Public Interest Research Group on the City College of New York campus for three months in 1985. [43] [44] [45]Family and personal life Main article: Family of Barack Obama Obama posing in the Green Room of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher ." [46] Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised ( Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband) and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living. [47] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham, [48] until her death on November 2, 2008, [49] two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011. [50] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. [51]Obama with Jonathan Toews and the Stanley Cup champion Chicago Blackhawks, 2010Obama is a supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and he threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator. [52] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the All-Star Game while wearing a White Sox jacket. [53] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears football fan in the NFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after he took office as President. [54] In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Chicago Bears to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their Super Bowl win in 1986 due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. [55] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team, [56] and he is left-handed. [57]Obama taking a left-handed jump shot during a pick-up game on the White House basketball court, 2009Obama lived with anthropologist Sheila Miyoshi Jager while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s. [58] He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down. [58] [59] The relationship was only made public in May 2017, several months after Obama's two-term presidency had ended. [59]In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin. [60] Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date. [61] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992. [62] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998, [63] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001. [64] The Obama daughters attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D. C., in January 2009, the girls started at the Sidwell Friends School. [65] The Obamas have two Portuguese Water Dogs; the first, a male named Bo, was a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy. [66] In 2013, Bo was joined by Sunny, a female. [67]Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the LBJ Presidential Library, 2014In 2005, the family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago. [68] The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko —attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama. [69]In December 2007, Money Magazine estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3 million. [70] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books. [71] [72] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments. [73] [74] Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million. [75]In early 2010, Michelle spoke about her husband's smoking habit and said that Barack had quit smoking. [76] [77]On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in Glamour, in which he described how his daughters and the presidency have made him a feminist. [78] [79] [80]Religious views Obama is a Protestant Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. [81] He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He described his father as a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change." [82]The Obamas worship at African Methodist Episcopal Church in Washington, D. C., January 2013In January 2008, Obama told Christianity Today: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life." [83] On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying, "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't – frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead – being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me ." [84] [85]Obama met Trinity United Church of Christ pastor Rev. Jeremiah Wright in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992. [86] During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after some of Wright's statements were criticized. [87] Since moving to Washington, D. C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including Shiloh Baptist Church and St. John's Episcopal Church, as well as Evergreen Chapel at Camp David, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis. [88] [89] [90]Law career Community organizer and Harvard Law School Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama was back in Chicago when he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project, a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988. [44] [91] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens. [92] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute. [93] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time. [94] [95]External video Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard, April 24, 1990, 11:34, Boston TV Digital Archive [96] Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25. Obama entered Harvard Law School in the fall of 1988, living in nearby Somerville, Massachusetts. [97] He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year, [98] president of the journal in his second year, [92] [99] and research assistant to the constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe while at Harvard for two years. [100] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990. [101] After graduating with a JD degree magna cum laude [102] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago. [98] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention [92] [99] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations, [103] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father. [103]Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book. [103] [104] He then taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004. [105]From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be. [106]He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank, 94 C 4094 (N. D. Ill.). [107] This class action lawsuit was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act. [108] The case was settled out of court. [109] Final Judgment was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees. [110] His law license became inactive in 2007. [111] [112]From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago —which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the Joyce Foundation. [44] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999. [44]Legislative career Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after Shore Bank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator Alice Palmer from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park – Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn. [113] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws. [114] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare. [115] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures. [116]He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002. [117] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary race for Illinois's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one. [118]In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority. [119] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations. [115] [120] During his 2004 general election campaign for the U. S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms. [121] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U. S. Senate. [122]2004 U. S. Senate campaign Main article: United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004County results of the 2004 U. S. Senate race in Illinois. Obama won the counties in blue. In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U. S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003. [123]Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq. [124] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, [125] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally, [126] and spoke out against the war. [127] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war. [128]Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates. [129] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father. [130] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, [131] seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party. [132]Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004. [133] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan. [134] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70% of the vote. [135]U. S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama The official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005, [136] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus. [137] CQ Weekly characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency. [138]Legislation See also: List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act. [139] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction concept to conventional weapons; [140] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending. [141] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John Mc Cain —introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008. [142]Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee. [143] Regarding tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations. [144]Obama and U. S. Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005) [145]In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor. [146] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. [147] Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections, [148] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007. [149]Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges. [150] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008. [151] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism. [152] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries. [153]Committees Obama speaking with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006. [154] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. [155] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs. [156] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government. [157]Presidential campaigns2008 presidential campaign Main articles: United States presidential election, 2008; Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008; and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008Obama standing on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in Springfield, Illinois, February 10, 2007On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois. [158] [159] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858. [158] [160] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and reforming the health care system, [161] in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change. [162]Numerous candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules. [163] On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama. [164]Outgoing President George W. Bush meets with President-elect Obama in the Oval Office on November 10, 2008On August 23, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate. [165] Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine. [166] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support. [167] Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field at Mile High to a crowd of approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide. [168] [169] [170]During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations. [171] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976. [172]2008 electoral vote results John Mc Cain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected Sarah Palin as his running mate. The two candidates engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008. [173] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by Mc Cain. [174] Obama won 52.9% of the popular vote to Mc Cain's 45.7%. [175] He became the first African American to be elected president. [176] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park. [177]2012 presidential campaign Main articles: United States presidential election, 2012 and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012Obama greets former Governor Mitt Romney in the Oval Office on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting since Obama's re-election victory over Romney On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission. [178] [179] [180] As the incumbent president he ran virtually unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries, [181] and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination. [182]2012 electoral vote results At the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans Mitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin. [183]On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president. [184] [185] [186] With 51.1% of the popular vote, [187] Obama became the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win the majority of the popular vote twice. [188] [189] President Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's Mc Cormick Place after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties." [190] [191]Presidency (2009–2017)Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama. See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet and List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama First 100 days Main article: First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency Barack Obama takes the oath of office administered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. at the Capitol, January 20, 2009The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U. S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq. [192] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, [193] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds [194] [195] [196] and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U. S. or to other countries. [197] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records. [198] He also revoked President George W. Bush 's restoration of President Ronald Reagan 's Mexico City Policy prohibiting federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion. [199]Domestic policy See also: Social policy of the Barack Obama administration The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits. [200] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children. [201] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research. [202]Obama delivering a speech at joint session of Congress with Vice President Joe Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on February 24, 2009Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated Sonia Sotomayor on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009, [203] becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of Hispanic descent. [204] Obama nominated Elena Kagan on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in American history. [205]On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill that ended the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increased the Pell Grant scholarship award, and made changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. [206] [207]Obama meets with the Cabinet of the United States, November 23, 2009In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U. S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station. [208]President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on " clean " electricity. [209] [210]LGBT rights On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. [211]On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV, which was celebrated by Immigration Equality. [212]On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign [213] [214] to end the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces. [215] In 2016, the Pentagon ended the policy that also barred transgender people from serving openly in the military. [216]As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said that he favored legalizing same-sex marriage. [217] By the time of his Senate run in 2004, he said that he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, but he opposed same-sex marriages for strategic reasons. [218] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U. S. president to do so. [219] [220]The White House was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015. During his second inaugural address on January 21, 2013, [191] Obama became the first U. S. President in office to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law – for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word "gay" in an inaugural address. [221] [222]In 2013, the Obama Administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of Hollingsworth v. Perry (regarding same-sex marriage) [223] and United States v. Windsor (regarding the Defense of Marriage Act ). [224] Then, following the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are all more free." [225]On July 30, 2015 the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the ailment, which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the Human Rights Campaign. [226]White House advisory and oversight groups On March 11, 2009, Obama created the White House Council on Women and Girls, which forms part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established by Executive Order 13506 with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls. [227] The Council is currently chaired by Senior Advisor to the President Valerie Jarrett. [228] Obama also established the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault through an official United States government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States. [228] [229] [230] The current co-chairs of the Task Force are Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. [229] The Task Force has been a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and Office of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that, the 1994 Violence Against Women Act that was first drafted by Biden. [231]Economic policy Main article: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration Play media Obama presents his first weekly address as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession. [232] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals. [233]Deficit and debt increases, 2001–16In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to two trillion dollars in depreciated real estate assets. [234] Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry [235] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat [236] and a reorganization of GM giving the U. S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake. [237] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment. [238] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy. [239] [240] [241]The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department. These guarantees totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion was spent by the end of November 2009. [242] Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted the 2010 budget deficit would be $1.5 trillion or 10.6% of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9% of GDP. [243] [244] For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will shrink to $1.34 trillion, and the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53 trillion or 90% of GDP. [245] The most recent increase in the U. S. debt ceiling to $17.2 trillion took effect in February 2014. [246] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings. [247] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a U. S. government default on its obligations. [248]US employment statistics ( unemployment rate and monthly changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U. S. President [249] [250]As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year. [251] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries. [252] By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7%, [253] decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013. [254] During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter. [255] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter. [256] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year. [256] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman Ben Bernanke said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain". [257] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010. [258]The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth. [259] [260] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million, [260] [261] [262] [263] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package." [259] Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment. [264] The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original NATO members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of World War II. [265] The OECD credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus in the United States and the austerity measures in the European Union. [266]Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes. [267] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010. [268]In December 2013, Obama declared that growing income inequality is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the nationwide strikes of fast-food workers and Pope Francis ' criticism of inequality and trickle-down economics. [269]Obama has urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership. [270]Environmental policy See also: Climate change policy of the United States Obama at a 2010 briefing on the BP oil spill at the Coast Guard Station Venice in Venice, Louisiana On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming. [271] [272]On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review. [273] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government. [274]In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and stated he "would reject the Keystone XL pipeline if it increased carbon pollution" or "greenhouse emissions". [275] [276] Obama's advisers called for a halt to petroleum exploration in the Arctic in January 2013. [277] On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would authorize the pipeline. [278] It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto. [279]Obama has emphasized the conservation of federal lands during his term in office. He used his power under the Antiquities Act to create 25 new national monuments during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U. S. president. [280]Health care reform Main article: Health care reform in the United States Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal. [281] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans. [282] [283]Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and federal poverty level, under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, starting in 2014 (Source: CRS) [284]On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U. S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009. [281] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals. [285] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research. [286]On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House. [287] [288] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39. [289] On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212. [290] Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010. [291]The ACA includes health-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133% of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014, [292] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400% of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income, [293] [294] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level. [293] [295]Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: JAMA) [296]The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies; [297] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons. [298] In March 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade. [299]The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius that the mandate was constitutional under the U. S. Congress's taxing authority. [300] In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in King v. Burwell that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads. [301]Energy policy Main article: Energy policy of the Obama administration Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic energy policy, which Obama has maintained since his first term and which he last confirmed at his State of the Union speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy. [302] Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy such as coal mining and oil fracking has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources. [303] [304]Gun control Main article: Social policy of the Barack Obama administration § Gun policy Obama visits an Aurora shooting victim at University of Colorado Hospital, 2012On January 16, 2013, one month after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding gun control. [305] He urged Congress to reintroduce an expired ban on military-style assault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives for the first time since 2006. [306] On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers. [307] In a 2016 editorial in the New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to women's suffrage and other civil rights movements in American history. [308]2010 midterm elections Main articles: United States House of Representatives elections, 2010 and United States Senate elections, 2010Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives, [309] "humbling" and a "shellacking". [310] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery. [311]Cybersecurity and Internet policy On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the Federal Communications Commission reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. [312] [313] On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed Executive Order 13636, "Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity." [314]Foreign policy Main article: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration Obama speaking on " A New Beginning " at Cairo University on June 4, 2009In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U. S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and " reset " to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration. [315] Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, Al Arabiya. [316]On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran. [317] [318] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments. [319] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for " A New Beginning " in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace. [320]International trips made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office Obama German Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election by saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it." [321] While in Moscow on July 7, he responded Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East." [322]On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U. S. President to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council. [323]In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem. [324] [325] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third. [326] Obama and Medvedev signed the New START treaty in April 2010, and the U. S. Senate ratified it in December 2010. [327]Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi at the White House, October 2016In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries. [328] In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminated against gays, [329] but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. [330]In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to normalize relationships between Cuba and the United States. [331] The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U. S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia. [332]Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor Angela Merkel had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as President. [333]War in Iraq Main articles: Iraq War and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end." [334] The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U. S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces. [335] [336] On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over. [337] On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U. S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays". [338]Meeting with UK Prime Minister David Cameron during the 2010 G20 Toronto summit In June 2014, following the capture of Mosul by ISIS, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U. S. personnel and the U. S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing. [339] [340]In August 2014, during the Sinjar massacre, Obama ordered a campaign of U. S. airstrikes against ISIS. [341]By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict [342] and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U. S. Air Force and Navy pilots. [343]In the spring of 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the 82nd Airborne Division the number of U. S. ground troops in Iraq surged to 4,400, [344] and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield. [345]War in Afghanistan Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–14)Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U. S. troop strength in Afghanistan. [346] He announced an increase in U. S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires". [347] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. Mc Kiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. Mc Chrystal in May 2009, indicating that Mc Chrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war. [348] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date; [349] this took place in July 2011. David Petraeus replaced Mc Chrystal in June 2010, after Mc Chrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article. [350] In February 2013, Obama said the U. S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U. S. troops by February 2014. [351]In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U. S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation. [352]Israel Obama meeting with Israeli President Shimon Peres in the Oval Office, May 2009In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so. [353] Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps. [354]In June 2011, Obama said that the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable". [355] During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U. S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the U. S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries. [356] The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the Iron Dome program in response to the waves of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel. [357]In 2013, Jeffrey Goldberg reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation." [358] In 2014, Obama likened the Zionist movement to the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. He said that both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics." [359] Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. [360] In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the Iran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U. S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad". [361]On December 23, 2016 under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, effectively allowing it to pass. [362] Netanyahu strongly criticized the Administration's actions, [363] [364] and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017. [365] On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution. [366] [367]Libya Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya President Obama meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi as part of the Arab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution [368] passed unanimously by the U. S. Senate. [369] In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi [370] —announced an immediate cessation of military activities, [371] yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U. S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone, [372] including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets. [373] [374] [375] Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector. [376] Some Representatives [377] questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath. [378] [379]Syrian Civil War See also: Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War § United States On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the Syrian Civil War, Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for President Assad to step aside." [380] [381] This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015. [382] In 2012, Obama authorized multiple programs run by the CIA and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels. [383] The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015. [384] [385]In the wake of a chemical weapons attack in Syria, formally blamed by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged [386] and, rather than authorise the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad giving up chemical weapons; however attacks with chlorine gas continued. [387] [388] In 2014, Obama authorized an air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL, but repeatedly promised that the U. S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria. [389] [390]Death of Osama bin Laden Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden Play media President Obama's address (9:28) Also available: Audio only; Full text Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear in the White House Situation Room, May 1, 2011. See also: Situation Room Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of Osama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) from Islamabad. [391] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011. [391] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs. [391] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound. [392] [393] DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse, [394] which was buried at sea several hours later. [395] Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square. [392] [396]Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, [397] and from many countries around the world. [398]Iran nuclear talks Main article: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013In November 2013, the Obama administration opened negotiations with Iran to prevent it from acquiring nuclear weapons, which included an interim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the " Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action ", saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. [399] [400] [401] In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shielded Hezbollah from the Drug Enforcement Administration 's project cassandra investigation regarding drug smuggling and from the Central Intelligence Agency. [402] [403]Relations with Cuba Main article: United States–Cuban Thaw President Obama meeting with Cuban President Raúl Castro in Panama, April 2015Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and Vatican City. [404] The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U. S. and Cuba to exchange prisoners as a gesture of goodwill. [405] On December 10, 2013, Cuban President Raúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the Nelson Mandela memorial service in Johannesburg. [406]In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente. [407] Popularly dubbed the Cuban Thaw, The New Republic deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement." [408] On July 1, 2015, President Barack Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and Havana. [409] The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively. [410]Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U. S. President to arrive since Calvin Coolidge in 1928. [411]Africa Obama spoke in front of the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U. S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progresses made in education, infrastructure, and economy. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities ( LGBT people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified democratization and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans. [412] [413] During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U. S. president ever to visit Kenya, which is the homeland of his father. [414]Hiroshima speech On May 27, 2016, 2½ months before the 71st anniversary of the U. S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima that ended World War II, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit Hiroshima, Japan. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. [415]Russia See also: Russia–United States relations § Obama's tenure (2009–2017)Obama meets Russian President Vladimir Putin in September 2015. After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U. S. presidential election, [416] Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure. [417] George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said that Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last. [418]Cultural and political image Main article: Public image of Barack Obama See also: International reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008 and International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement. [419] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong." [420] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation." [421]Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator. [422] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses. [423] Former presidential campaign surrogate and Georgetown professor, Michael Eric Dyson, is both critical and sympathetic of President Obama's leadership in race relations, indicating that Obama's speeches and action on racial disparity and justice have been somewhat reactive and reluctant when, especially in the later part of his second term, racial violence demanded immediate presidential action and conversation. [424]Presidential approval ratings According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68% approval rating [425] before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010, [426] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan 's and Bill Clinton 's first years in office. [427] He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously. [428] [429] His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second inauguration. [430] Despite approval ratings dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup. [431]Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency. [432] [433] In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U. S. by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful. [434] In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn. [435] [436]G8 leaders watching the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008. [437] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video " Yes We Can ", which was viewed 10 million times on You Tube in its first month [438] and received a Daytime Emmy Award. [439] In December 2008 and in 2012, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year. [440] The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which Time described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments". [441] On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the UK Parliament in Westminster Hall, London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state being extended this invitation, following Charles de Gaulle in 1960, Nelson Mandela in 1996, Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2010. [442] [443]On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples". [444] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility." [445] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures. [446] [447] [448] [449] [450] [451] [452] [ excessive citations] Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by The New York Times. [453] Obama is the fourth U. S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office. [454] Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, Geir Lundestad, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect. [455]Post-presidency (2017–present)Obama, with Joe Biden and Donald Trump at the latter's inauguration on January 20, 2017Barack Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the inauguration of his Republican successor, Donald Trump. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on Executive One, circled the White House, and flew to Joint Base Andrews. [456] The family currently rents a house in Kalorama, Washington, D. C. [457]A 2018 survey of historians by the American Political Science Association ranked Obama the 8th-greatest American President. [3] Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institute that ranked Obama the 18th-greatest American President. [458]During the 2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election, the Obama administration pushed Tom Perez to run against Keith Ellison. [459] President Barack Obama personally called DNC members to vote for Perez. [460]On March 2, 2017, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum awarded the annual Profile in Courage Award to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage." [461] On April 24, 2017, in his first public appearance out of office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the University of Chicago aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal for their participation in politics. [462] On May 4, 2017, three days ahead of the French presidential election, Obama publicly endorsed Emmanuel Macron: "He appeals to people's hopes and not their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for the future of France." [463] Macron went on to win the election. On May 9, 2017, Obama delivered a speech urging civic engagement during a food innovation summit in Milan, Italy, saying in part, "if you don't vote and you don't pay attention, you'll get policies that don't reflect your interest." [464]While in Berlin on May 25, 2017, Obama made a joint public appearance with Chancellor Angela Merkel where he stressed inclusion and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign. [465] Obama traveled to Kensington Palace in England and met with Prince Harry on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the Manchester Arena bombing that occurred five days prior. [466]On June 1, 2017, after President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, Obama released a statement disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got." [467] On July 1, when Obama was visiting Indonesia, the first Asian country that he visited after his presidency as well as the country of his childhood, he urged the world to stand against "aggressive nationalism" while making a speech in Jakarta, notably standing for Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, a jailed former Jakarta Governor and an ally of the current Indonesian president Joko Widodo. [468] During an appearance at the Seoul conference on July 3, Obama said the Paris Agreement "will still be a critical factor in helping our children solve the enormous challenge in civilization." [469]After the Congressional baseball shooting, Obama telephoned Senator Jeff Flake to express condolences for the victims and to request Flake inform House Majority Whip Steve Scalise, injured during the shooting, of his sentiments for him. [470]Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina Mauricio Macri, October 2017On June 22, 2017, after Senate Republicans revealed the Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, Obama released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the richest people in America." [471] On September 19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with pre-existing conditions". [472]On September 5, 2017, after Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced the termination of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, Obama released a Facebook post rebuking the decision. [473]On September 7, 2017, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities. [474]On October 31, 2017, Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the Obama Foundation in Chicago. Obama intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office. [475]Obama went on an international trip from November 28 to December 2, 2017 and visited China, India and France. In China, he delivered remarks at the Global Alliance of SMEs Summit in Shanghai and met with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing. [476] [477] He then went to India where he spoke at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit, before meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi over lunch. In addition, he held a town hall for young leaders, organized by the Obama Foundation. [478] [479] He also met with Dalai Lama while in New Delhi. [480] He ended his five-day trip in France where he met with French President Emmanuel Macron, former President Francois Hollande and Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo and then spoke at an invitation-only event, touching on climate issues. [481]Legacy Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. [482] Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, it represents the U. S. healthcare system 's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. [483] [484] [485] [486]Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened depression and pulling the economy back from the Great Recession. [482] According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Obama administration created 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his term. [487]In 2009, President Obama signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded existing federal hate crime laws in the United States to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity. In 2010, President Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to the financial crisis of 2007–08, it brought the most significant changes to financial regulation in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression under Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt. [488]As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights. [489] In 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to " don't ask, don't tell " policy in the U. S. armed forces that banned open service from LGB people; the law went into effect the following year. [490] In 2016, the Obama administration brought an end to the ban on transgender people serving openly in the US armed forces. [491] [216] A Gallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68% of Americans believed that the U. S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during Obama's eight years in office. [492]President Obama continued the drone strikes that President George W. Bush started during his presidency in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen. Obama also ordered drone strikes in Libya in 2011, the Philippines in 2012, and Syria in 2014. [493] In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the US dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries. [494] [495] Obama left about 9,800 US troops in Afghanistan, 5,262 US troops in Iraq, 503 US troops in Syria, 133 US troops in Pakistan, 106 US troops in Somalia, 7 US troops in Yemen, and 2 US troops in Libya at the end of his presidency. [496] [497]According to Pew Research Center and United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2015, that inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined by 5% under US President Obama. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democrat US President Jimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under US presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. [498]Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. [499] [500] A 2017 C-SPAN Presidential Historians Survey ranked Obama as the 12th-best US president. [501] [502]Presidential library Main article: Barack Obama Presidential Center The Obama Presidential Center is the planned presidential library of Barack Obama. The center will be hosted by the University of Chicago, and will be located in Jackson Park on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. [503]Books written Dreams from My Father, 1995The Audacity of Hope, 2006Of Thee I Sing, 2010Audiobooks2006: The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (read by the author), Random House Audio, ISBN 978-0-7393-6641-7See also Barack Obama portal Government of the United States portal2010s portal Book: Barack Obama Politics Social policy of Barack Obama DREAM Act Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009National Broadband Plan (United States)Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy SPEECH Act Stay with It White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy Other Speeches of Barack Obama Roberts Court Lists Assassination threats against Barack Obama List of people pardoned by Barack Obama Federal political scandals, 2009–17List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012List of African-American United States Senators List of things named after Barack Obama Notes and references Notes^ "Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office" on You Tube^ Inc., Gallup,. "Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%". Gallup.com. Retrieved 2018-04-05.^ a b "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?". The New York Times. February 19, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.^ "President Barack Obama". The White House. 2008. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2008.^ "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu" (PDF). Department of Health, State of Hawaii. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved October 28, 2008.^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011.^ Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Today's Junkie segment on TOTN: a political review Of 2009". Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog). NPR. Retrieved April 18, 2010. We began with the historic inauguration on January 20 – yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii^ Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O'Bryant, Richard L. (November 12, 2013). "Introduction". American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781317937159. Retrieved May 8, 2017.^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.^ Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). "The quest for Obama's Irish roots". Ancestry. 26 (6): 46–47, 49. ISSN 1075-475X. Retrieved December 20, 2011. Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". Huff Post. Retrieved May 19, 2011. Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). "Researchers: Obama has German roots". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved May 13, 2010. Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). "For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. Press Association of Ireland. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2008. Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own". The Washington Post. p. A14. Retrieved May 13, 2007. David Williamson (July 5, 2008). "Wales link in US presidential candidate's past". walesonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.^ Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 7, 2017.^ a b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10. Scott (2011), pp. 80–86. Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118. Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007.^ Scott (2011), p. 86. Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127. Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.^ Scott (2011), pp. 87–93. Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161. Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.^ Scott (2011), pp. 142–144. Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230. Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.^ Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The East African. Nairobi. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved June 25, 2008. Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255. Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.^ Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2007. Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.^ Scott (2011), pp. 97–103. Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.^ "Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler? – Calvert Education Blog". calverteducation.com. Retrieved November 25, 2015.^ "Wawancara Eksklusif RCTI dengan Barack Obama (Part 2)". You Tube. March 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2018.^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). "Obama's Indonesian Redux". Language Log. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2009. "Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan". Kompas (in Indonesian). November 26, 2008. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008.^ Zimmer, Benjamin (January 23, 2009). "Obama's Indonesian pleasantries: the video". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 7, 2012.^ Meacham, Jon (August 22, 2008). "What Barack Obama Learned from His Father". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved March 20, 2008. Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 18, 2011. Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4. Scott (2012), pp. 131–134. Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.^ Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). "When Barry Became Barack". Newsweek. Retrieved March 21, 2016.^ Scott (2011), pp. 139–157. Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.^ Scott (2011), pp. 157–194. Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.^ Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.^ Reyes, B. J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved February 10, 2007. As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.^ Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N. H. students". Boston Globe. Associated Press. p. 8A. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.^ Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). "Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang " ". ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2012. Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. pp. 93–94. Retrieved June 3, 2016. Maraniss, David (2012). Barack Obama: The Story. pages with "choom gang". Retrieved June 3, 2016.for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see: Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved October 29, 2006. Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 14, 2007.^ "FRONTLINE The Choice 2012". PBS. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.^ a b Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune. p. 20. Archived from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Adam Goldman; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". Fact Check.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 98–112. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112. Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. ISSN 0572-7820. Retrieved October 1, 2006.^ "Remarks by the President in Town Hall". White House. June 26, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2016.^ "The Approval Matrix". New York. August 27, 2012.^ Horsley, Scott (July 9, 2008). "Obama's Early Brush With Financial Markets". NPR. Retrieved 17 July 2017.^ Obama, Barack (1998). "Curriculum vitae". The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from the original on May 9, 2001. Retrieved October 1, 2006. Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). "Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Archived from the original on August 9, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2008.^ Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). 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"Barack 'No Bomb' Obama pushes for world without nukes". The Times of India. Retrieved July 2, 2015.^ Berger, Robert (March 25, 2010). "Israel Refuses to Halt Construction in East Jerusalem". Voice of America. Retrieved July 2, 2015.^ Kershner, Isabel (March 24, 2010). "Israel Confirms New Building in East Jerusalem". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.^ Baker, Peter (March 26, 2010). "Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia". The New York Times.^ Baker, Peter (December 22, 2010). "Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71–26". The New York Times.^ Mc Veigh, Karen (December 6, 2011). "Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 4, 2013.^ Parsons, Christi (August 7, 2013). "Obama criticizes Russia's new anti-gay law in Leno interview". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 27, 2014.^ Johnson, Luke (August 9, 2013). "Obama Opposes Olympic Boycott, Criticizes Russian Anti-Gay Law". Huff Post. Retrieved August 27, 2014.^ Achenbach, Joel (December 18, 2014). "In Miami, a mixed and muted response to historic change in Cuba policy". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 18, 2014.^ "Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen". The Washington Post. March 25, 2015.^ "Obama: Merkel was my closest ally". The Local. November 15, 2016.^ Feller, Ben (February 27, 2009). "Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq". The Gazette. Associated Press. Retrieved March 3, 2009.^ Jones, Athena (February 27, 2009). "Obama announces Iraq plan". MSNBC. Retrieved July 2, 2015.^ Sykes, Hugh (August 19, 2010). "Last US combat brigade exits Iraq". BBC News. Retrieved December 25, 2012.^ Mac Askill, Ewen (September 1, 2010). "Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page ' ". The Guardian. London.^ "All U. S. troops out of Iraq by end of year". MSNBC. October 21, 2011. 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"PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines." Ynetnews. Retrieved May 22, 2011.^ Johnston, Nicholas (June 20, 2011). "Obama Says U. S. Connection With Israel Is 'Unbreakable ' ". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2012.^ Levinson, Charles (August 14, 2010). "U. S., Israel Build Military Cooperation". The Wall Street Journal (New York). Retrieved March 1, 2011.^ Kampeas, Ron (October 26, 2012). "For Obama campaign, trying to put to rest persistent questions about 'kishkes ' ". Jewish Journal.^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (January 14, 2013). "Obama: 'Israel Doesn't Know What Its Best Interests Are ' ". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 23, 2013.^ Goldberg, Jeffrey. "After the Iran Deal: Obama, Netanyahu, and the Future of the Jewish State. "The Atlantic. September 13, 2015. September 13, 2015.^ "Obama reaffirms Israel's right to defend itself". The Times of Israel. 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' " White House website, August 18, 2011.^ Nelson, Colleen. "Obama Says Syrian Leader Bashar al-Assad Must Go".^ Hosenball, Mark. "Obama authorizes secret support for Syrian rebels". Retrieved February 19, 2016.^ Michael D. Shear; Helene Cooper; Eric Schmitt. "Obama Administration Ends Effort to Train Syrians to Combat ISIS". Retrieved February 20, 2016.^ Phil Stewart; Kate Holton. "U. S. pulls plug on Syria rebel training effort; will focus on weapons supply". Retrieved February 20, 2016.^ "Obama 'red line' erased as Bashar Assad's chemical weapons use goes unchecked by U. S. military". The Washington Times. May 17, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.^ Gordon, Michael. "U. S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms". Retrieved February 19, 2016.^ Boghani, Priyanka. "Syria Got Rid of Its Chemical Weapons – But Reports of Attacks Continue". Retrieved February 19, 2016.^ "Obama outlines plan to target IS fighters". Al Jazeera. September 11, 2014. 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A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000. |
The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space, mass, time, and volume supports (rather than contradicts) the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920, but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s, especially by Clement Greenberg. Contemporary views of Cubism are complex, formed to some extent in response to the "Salle 41" Cubists, whose methods were too distinct from those of Picasso and Braque to be considered merely secondary to them. Alternative interpretations of Cubism have therefore developed. Wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the "Salle 41" artists, e.g., Francis Picabia; the brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who beginning in late 1911 formed the core of the Section d'Or (or the Puteaux Group); the sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens; and painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, František Kupka, Diego Rivera, Léopold Survage, Auguste Herbin, André Lhote, Gino Severini (after 1916), María Blanchard (after 1916) and Georges Valmier (after 1918). More fundamentally, Christopher Green argues that Douglas Cooper's terms were "later undermined by interpretations of the work of Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger that stress iconographic and ideological questions rather than methods of representation." |
Under the supervision of May and Taylor, numerous restoration projects have been under way involving Queen's lengthy audio and video catalogue. DVD releases of their 1986 Wembley concert (titled Live at Wembley Stadium), 1982 Milton Keynes concert (Queen on Fire – Live at the Bowl), and two Greatest Video Hits (Volumes 1 and 2, spanning the 1970s and 1980s) have seen the band's music remixed into 5.1 and DTS surround sound. So far, only two of the band's albums, A Night at the Opera and The Game, have been fully remixed into high-resolution multichannel surround on DVD-Audio. A Night at the Opera was re-released with some revised 5.1 mixes and accompanying videos in 2005 for the 30th anniversary of the album's original release (CD+DVD-Video set). In 2007, a Blu-ray edition of Queen's previously released concerts, Queen Rock Montreal & Live Aid, was released, marking their first project in 1080p HD. |
Danny Lebern Glover -LRB- born July 22 , 1946 -RRB- is an American actor , film director , and political activist . He is well known for his leading role as Roger Murtaugh in the Lethal Weapon film series , The Color Purple -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , To Sleep with Anger -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , and Angels in the Outfield -LRB- 1994 -RRB- . He also has prominent supporting roles in Silverado -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , Witness -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , Predator 2 -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , Saw -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , Shooter -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , 2012 -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , Death at a Funeral -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , Beyond the Lights -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , and Dirty Grandpa -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . He has appeared in many other movies , television shows , and theatrical productions , and is an active supporter of various humanitarian and political causes . |
Southport -LRB- -LSB- ˈsaʊθpɔrt -RSB- -RRB- is a large seaside town in Merseyside , England . At the 2001 census , it had a population of 90,336 , making it the eleventh most populous settlement in North West England . Southport lies on the Irish Sea coast and is fringed to the north by the Ribble estuary . The town is 16.7 mi north of Liverpool and 14.8 mi southwest of Preston . Historically part of Lancashire , the town was founded in 1792 when William Sutton , an innkeeper from Churchtown , built a bathing house at what now is the south end of Lord Street . At that time , the area , known as South Hawes , was sparsely populated and dominated by sand dunes . At the turn of the 19th century , the area became popular with tourists due to the easy access from the nearby Leeds and Liverpool Canal . The rapid growth of Southport largely coincided with the Industrial Revolution and the Victorian era . Town attractions include Southport Pier with its Southport Pier Tramway , the second longest seaside pleasure pier in the British Isles and Lord Street , an elegant tree-lined shopping street , once home of Napoleon III of France . Extensive sand dunes stretch for several miles between Birkdale and Woodvale to the south of the town . The Ainsdale sand dunes have been designated as a national nature reserve and a Ramsar site . Local fauna include the Natterjack toad and the Sand lizard . The town contains examples of Victorian architecture and town planning , on Lord Street and elsewhere . A particular feature of the town is the extensive tree planting . This was one of the conditions required by the Hesketh family when they made land available for development in the 19th century . Hesketh Park at the northern end of the town is named after them , having been built on land donated by Rev. Charles Hesketh . Southport today is still one of the most popular seaside resorts in the UK . It hosts various events , including an annual air show on and over the beach , and the largest independent flower show in the UK , in Victoria Park . The town is at the centre of England 's Golf Coast and has hosted the Open Championship at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club . |
What is the function of a purlin? | Reference.com What is the function of a purlin? A: Quick Answer Purlin function as a form of support for rafters and are horizontal structural members in a building, architecture or structural engineering. They are used to increase roof spans without the need for increasing rafter sizes or compromising wall stability. Full Answer Purlins are also used to build wider roofs, as they provide mid-span support. In addition, they increase the rigidity of the roof and support the overall weight of the roof deck. Three types of purlin can be used in wood construction for framing: purlin plate, common purlin and principal purlin. In steel construction, purlins are used as roof framing members that support the roof sheeting or decking. |
Stephon Xavier Marbury -LRB- born February 20 , 1977 -RRB- is an American professional basketball player who most recently played for the Beijing Ducks of the Chinese Basketball Association -LRB- CBA -RRB- . He has won three CBA championships with Beijing in 2012 , 2014 and 2015 , and is widely considered as the greatest foreign player to ever play in the Chinese Basketball Association . The , 205 lb point guard was selected out of the Georgia Institute of Technology by the Milwaukee Bucks with the 4th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft , but was traded shortly thereafter to the Minnesota Timberwolves . He was an NBA All-Star in 2001 and 2003 and was voted into the All-NBA Third Team in 2000 and 2003 . |
Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan (German: Schlieffen-Plan, pronounced [ʃliːfən plaːn]) was the name given after World War I to the thinking behind the German invasion of France and Belgium on 4 August 1914. Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen, the Chief of the Imperial Army German General Staff from 1891 to 1906, devised a deployment plan for a war-winning offensive, in a one-front war against the French Third Republic from 1905–06. After the war, the German official historians of the Reichsarchiv and other writers, described the plan as a blueprint for victory. German historians claimed that the plan had been ruined by Generaloberst (Colonel-General) Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, the Commander-in-Chief of the German army after Schlieffen retired in 1906, who was dismissed after the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September 1914). |
Geometry Glossary Math Help > Geometry > Geometry Glossary Glossary of Geometrical Terms Have you ever imagined a geometrical shape, and then had trouble describing it? Many shapes have names, but they're fairly obscure, so a glossary might help. General notes: planes, lines, cones, and cylinders extend infinitely in both (or all) directions. A cone, in particular, is not shaped like an "ice cream cone" but rather like two such objects, attached at their pointy ends, and extending infinitely in both directions. Shapes that are bounded are called "line segments", "frustums", "solid cones", "prisms", etc. So read the definitions carefully. (See also thesaurus and mathworld ) acute angle - an angle whose measure is greater than 0 but less than 90 degrees adjacent angles - 2 nonstraight and nonzero angles that have a common side in the interior of the angle formed by the noncommon sides alternate exterior angles - exterior angles on alternate sides of the transversal (not on the same parallel line) alternate interior angles - interior angles on alternate sides of the transversal (not on the same parallel line) angle - the union of 2 rays that have the same endpoint; measured in degrees or radians; the five types of angles are zero, acute, right, obtuse, and straight angle bisector - a ray that is in the interior of an angle and forms two equal angles with the sides of that angle annulus - a ring; the area bounded by two concentric circles apothem - in a regular polygon, the perpendicular distance from the center to a side; in a circle with a chord, the distance from the midpoint of a chord to the circle's center arbelos arbelos - a plane region bounded by three mutually tangent semicircles whose diameters are collinear. arc - a continuous portion (as of a circle or ellipse) of a curved line arc length - the distance between an arc's endpoints along the path of the circle area - the surface enclosed within a closed plane figure; the measure of the surface, expressed in equivalent square units, such as square inches. axis - a straight line about which a body or a geometric figure rotates or may be supposed to rotate; a straight line with respect to which a body or figure is symmetrical -- called also axis of symmetry; one of the reference lines of a coordinate system ball - a "solid sphere"; the interior of a sphere (open ball); a sphere and its interior (closed ball); Borromean rings Borromean rings Borromean rings - A set of three rings joined in such a way that no pair is interlinked, but the three cannot be separated. bundle - the set of planes through a point, in projective geometry . cage - regular graph that has as few vertices as possible for its girth. Formally, an (r,g)-graph is defined to be a graph in which each vertex has exactly r neighbors, and in which the shortest cycle has length exactly g. The (r,3)-cage is a complete graph Kr+1 on r+1 vertices, and the (r,4)-cage is a complete bipartite graph Kr,r on 2r vertices. Other cages listed in Wikipedia include the Moore graphs: (3,5)-cage: Petersen graph, (3,6)-cage: Heawood graph, (3,8)-cage: Tutte�Coxeter graph, (7,5)-cage: Hoffman�Singleton graph. Cartesian plane - a coordinate plane central angle of a circle - an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle cevian - a line segment connecting a vetex of a triangle with a point on the opposite side of the triangle. The condition for three general Cevians from the three vertices of a triangle to concur (at a cevian point) is known as Ceva's theorem . cevian point - the point of concurrence of three cevians cevian triangle - Given a point P and a triangle ABC, the Cevian triangle A'B'C' is defined as the triangle composed of the endpoints of the cevians through the Cevian point P. chord - In general, a straight line joining two points on a curve; often, chord is used to mean a straight line segment joining and included between two points on a circle; chord of a circle - a segment whose endpoints are on a circle circle - a closed plane curve every point of which is |
Justice League (Smallville) Although the Justice League first appeared in season six's "Justice", each member had their own introduction and recurring storylines in the series prior to the formation of the team. The first member to appear on Smallville, other than Clark Kent (Tom Welling), was Bart Allen (Kyle Gallner), who was introduced in the season four episode "Run". In the episode, Bart is the first person Clark discovers to have a superhuman ability—being able to run at supersonic speeds—that was not created from exposure to kryptonite. When Clark and Bart first meet, Bart is a pickpocket who saves Jonathan Kent (John Schneider) from being hit by a truck. Eventually, Clark convinces Bart to give up his life of crime.[1] Arthur Curry (Alan Ritchson), who has the ability to swim at superhuman speeds and create energy blasts through the water, is next to appear in the season five episode "Aqua". Arthur arrives in Smallville to stop an underwater weapon developed by Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum), which is killing the surrounding ocean life. Arthur and Clark initially clash on Arthur's tactics; Arthur tries to blow up Lex's lab, while Clark insists that they should simply talk to Lex face-to-face and ask him to stop. Eventually, Arthur and Clark locate and destroy the weapon outright.[2] Season five also introduced Victor Stone (Lee Thompson Young) in the episode "Cyborg". Here, it is revealed that Victor was mortally wounded in a car accident that also took the lives of his family, but Lex's company, LuthorCorp, took Victor's body to a research lab where they experimented on him—ultimately replacing his bone skeleton with a metal one. Clark attempts to provide Victor with a safe haven after Victor escapes from Lex's facility. Clark manages to convince Lex to stop hunting Victor, who eventually leaves Smallville with his girlfriend.[3] |
The Times They Are a-Changin' (song) "The Times They Are a-Changin'" is a song written by Bob Dylan and released as the title track of his 1964 album of the same name. Dylan wrote the song as a deliberate attempt to create an anthem of change for the time, influenced by Irish and Scottish ballads. Released as a 45-rpm single in Britain in 1965, it reached number 9 in the British top ten.[1] |
Guy Kawasaki (born August 30, 1954) is an American marketing specialist, author, and Silicon Valley venture capitalist. He was one of the Apple employees originally responsible for marketing their Macintosh computer line in 1984. He popularized the word "evangelist" in marketing the Macintosh and the concepts of evangelism marketing and technology evangelism. |
The Melbourne rail network has its origins in privately built lines from the 1850s gold rush era, and today the suburban network consists of 209 suburban stations on 16 lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place. The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as direct interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide and beyond which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. In the 2013–2014 financial year, the Melbourne rail network recorded 232.0 million passenger trips, the highest in its history. Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and rail yards are also used for freight. The Overland to Adelaide departs Southern Cross twice a week, while the XPT to Sydney departs twice a day. |
Concrete is in fact the most used material for construction in the world and has been in use since the age of the Roman Empire. Concrete is a mixture of aggregate (sand and gravel) combined with water and cement.Depending on the ratio of these parts the concrete can be stronger or weaker. Concrete hardens in a process known as hydration which is caused by the reaction between water and cement. Adding too much water can weaken the concrete.For most deck projects it is practical to buy bags of premixed concrete that are prepared by adding water and mixing. You can use a wheelbarrow and mix with a hoe to a consistency that is able to move and fill voids but is not too wet and soupy.oncrete is in fact the most used material for construction in the world and has been in use since the age of the Roman Empire. Concrete is a mixture of aggregate (sand and gravel) combined with water and cement. |
James Best James Best (born Jewel Franklin Guy; July 26, 1926 – April 6, 2015) was an American television, film, character, voice, and stage actor, as well as a writer, director, acting coach, artist, college professor, and musician, whose career spanned seven decades of television. He appeared as a guest on various country music and talk shows. |
This study reported that the following brands failed to meet extra virgin olive oil standards: Bertolli Carapelli Colavita Filippo Berio Mazzola Mezzetta Newman's Own Safeway Star Whole Foods. Part of a post on facebook entitled, Fake Oil Oil: What You Need To Know. Independent tests at the University of California found that 69% of all store-bought extra virgin olive oils in the US are probably fake. This study reported that the following brands failed to meet extra virgin olive oil standards: 1 Bertolli. |
Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler, the head of the FCC, which has to approve the deal, is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA – The Wireless Association. According to Politico, Comcast "donated to almost every member of Congress who has a hand in regulating it." The US Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the deal on April 9, 2014. The House Judiciary Committee planned its own hearing. On March 6, 2014 the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division confirmed it was investigating the deal. In March 2014, the division's chairman, William Baer, recused himself because he was involved in a prior Comcast NBCUniversal acquisition. Several states' attorneys general have announced support for the federal investigation. On April 24, 2015, Jonathan Sallet, general counsel of the F.C.C., said that he was going to recommend a hearing before an administrative law judge, equivalent to a collapse of the deal. |
As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469–71 |
Black rhinoceros From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Black rhinoceros or hook-lipped rhinoceros [1]South-western black rhinoceros in Etosha National Park. Conservation status Critically Endangered ( IUCN 3.1) [2]Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Rhinocerotidae Genus: Diceros Gray, 1821Species: D. bicornis Binomial name Diceros bicornis ( Linnaeus, 1758)Subspecies Diceros bicornis bicornis †Diceros bicornis brucii †Diceros bicornis chobiensis Diceros bicornis ladoensis Diceros bicornis longipes †Diceros bicornis michaeli Diceros bicornis minor Diceros bicornis occidentalis Historical black rhinoceros range (ca. 1700 A. D.). [3] Hatched: Possible historical range in West Africa. [4]Current black rhinoceros rangenative reintroduced introduced possibly extinct extinct The black rhinoceros or hook-lipped rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis) is a species of rhinoceros, native to eastern and southern Africa including Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Although the rhinoceros is referred to as black, its colors vary from brown to grey. The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum ). The word "white" in the name "white rhinoceros" is often said to be a misinterpretation of the Afrikaans word wyd ( Dutch wijd) meaning wide, referring to its square upper lip, as opposed to the pointed or hooked lip of the black rhinoceros. These species are now sometimes referred to as the square-lipped (for white) or hook-lipped (for black) rhinoceros. [5]The species overall is classified as critically endangered (even though the South-western black rhinoceros is classified as vulnerable ). Three subspecies have been declared extinct, including the western black rhinoceros, which was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2011. [6] [7]Contents [ hide ]1 Taxonomy1.1 Subspecies2 Evolution3 Description4 Distribution4.1 Prehistorical range4.2 Historical and extant range5 Behavior5.1 Diet5.2 Communication5.3 Reproduction6 Conservation7 Threats8 References9 Further reading10 External links Taxonomy [ edit]The species was first named Rhinoceros bicornis by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema naturae in 1758. The name means "double-horned rhinoceros". There is some confusion about what exactly Linnaeus conceived under this name as this species was probably based upon the skull of a single-horned Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ), with a second horn artificially added by the collector. Such a skull is known to have existed and Linnaeus even mentioned India as origin of this species. However he also referred to reports from early travellers about a double-horned rhino in Africa and when it emerged that there is only one, single-horned species of rhino in India, "Rhinoceros" bicornis was used to refer to the African rhinos (the white rhino only became recognised in 1812). [8] In 1911 this was formally fixed and the Cape of Good Hope officially declared the type locality of the species. [9]Subspecies [ edit]The intraspecific variation in the black rhinoceros has been discussed by various authors and is not finally settled. [10] The most accepted scheme considers seven or eight subspecies, [3] [11] [12] of which three became extinct in historical times and one is on the brink of extinction: Southern black rhinoceros or Cape rhinoceros ( D. b. bicornis) – Extinct. Once abundant from the Cape of Good Hope to Transvaal, South Africa and probably into the south of Namibia, this was the largest subspecies. It became extinct due to excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850. [13]North-eastern black rhinoceros ( D. b. brucii) – Extinct. Formerly central Sudan, Eritrea, northern and southeastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and northern and southeastern Somalia. Relict populations in northern Somalia vanished during the early 20th century. Chobe black rhinoceros ( D. b. chobiensis) – A local subspecies restricted to the Chobe Valley in southeastern Angola, Namibia ( Zambezi Region) and northern Botswana. Nearly extinct, possibly only one surviving specimen in Botswana. [12]Uganda black rhinoceros ( D. b. ladoensis) – Former distribution from South Sudan, across Uganda into western Kenya and southwesternmost Ethiopia. Black rhinos are considered extinct across most of this area and its conservational status is unclear. Probably surviving in Kenyan reserves. Western black rhinoceros ( D. b. longipes) – Extinct. Once lived in South Sudan, northern Central African Republic, southern Chad, northern Cameroon, northeastern Nigeria and south-eastern Niger. The range possibly stretched west to the Niger River in western Niger, though this is unconfirmed. The evidence from Liberia and Burkina Faso mainly rests upon the existence of indigenous names for the rhinoceros. [4] A far greater former range in West Africa as proposed earlier [14] is doubted by a 2004 study. [4] The last known wild specimens lived in northern Cameroon. In 2006 an intensive survey across its putative range in Cameroon failed to locate any, leading to fears that it was extinct in the wild. [6] [15] On 10 November 2011 the IUCN declared the western black rhinoceros extinct. [6]Eastern black rhinoceros ( D. b. michaeli) – Had a historical distribution from South Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, down through Kenya into north-central Tanzania. Today, its range is limited primarily to Kenya and Tanzania. South-central black rhinoceros ( D. b. minor) – Most widely distributed subspecies, characterised by a compact body, proportionally large head and prominent skin-folds. Ranged from north-eastern South Africa ( Kwa Zulu-Natal) to northeastern Tanzania and southeastern Kenya. Preserved in reserves throughout most of its former range but probably extinct in eastern Angola, southern Democratic Republic of Congo and possibly Moçambique. Extinct but reintroduced in Malawi, Botswana, and Zambia. South-western black rhinoceros ( D. b. occidentalis) – A small subspecies, adapted to survival in desert and semi-desert conditions. Originally distributed in north-western Namibia and southwestern Angola, today restricted to wildlife reserves in Namibia with sporadic sightings in Angola. These populations are often erroneously referred to D. b. bicornis or D. b. minor but represent a subspecies in their own right. [12]The most widely adopted alternative scheme only recognizes five subspecies or "eco-types", D. b. bicornis, D. b. brucii, D. b. longipes, D. b. michaeli, and D. b. minor. [16] This concept is also used by the IUCN, listing three surviving subspecies and recognizing D. b. brucii and D. b. longipes as extinct. The most important difference to the above scheme is the inclusion of the extant southwestern subspecies from Namibia in D. b. bicornis instead of in its own subspecies, whereupon the nominal subspecies is not considered extinct. [2]Evolution [ edit]The rhinoceros originated in the Eocene about fifty million years ago alongside other ungulates (hooved animals). [17] Ancestors of the black and the white rhinoceros were present in Africa by the end of the Late Miocene about ten million years ago. [17] The two species evolved from the common ancestral species Ceratotherium neumayri during this time. The clade comprising the genus Diceros is characterised by an increased adaptation to browsing. Between four and five million years ago, the black rhinoceros diverged from the white rhinoceros. [17] After this split, the direct ancestor of Diceros bicornis, Diceros praecox was present in the Pliocene of East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania). D. bicornis evolved from this species during the Late Pliocene – Early Pleistocene. [18]Description [ edit]Comparative illustration of black (top) and white rhinos (bottom)An adult black rhinoceros stands 140–180 cm (55–71 in) high at the shoulder and is 3–3.75 m (9.8–12.3 ft) in length. [19] [20] An adult typically weighs from 800 to 1,400 kg (1,760 to 3,090 lb), however unusually large male specimens have been reported at up to 2,199–2,896 kg (4,848–6,385 lb). [3] [19] The females are smaller than the males. Two horns on the skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 cm (20 in) long, exceptionally up to 140 cm (55 in). The longest known black rhinoceros horn measured nearly 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length. [21] Sometimes, a third, smaller horn may develop. [22] These horns are used for defense, intimidation, and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding. The black rhino is smaller than the white rhino, and is close in size to the Javan Rhino of Indonesia. It has a pointed and prehensile upper lip, which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding. [21] The white rhinoceros has square lips used for eating grass. The black rhinoceros can also be distinguished from the white rhinoceros by its size, smaller skull, and ears; and by the position of the head, which is held higher than the white rhinoceros, since the black rhinoceros is a browser and not a grazer. This key differentiation is further illustrated by the shape of the two species mouths (lips): the "square" lip of the white rhinoceros is an adaptation for grazing, and the "hooked" lip of the black rhinoceros is an adaptation to help browsing. [ citation needed]Diceros bicornis skull Their thick-layered skin helps to protect the rhino from thorns and sharp grasses. Their skin harbors external parasites, such as mites and ticks, which may be eaten by oxpeckers and egrets. [23] Such behaviour was originally thought to be an example of mutualism, but recent evidence suggests that oxpeckers may be parasites instead, feeding on rhino blood. [24] It is commonly assumed that black rhinos have poor eyesight, relying more on hearing and smell. However, studies have shown that their eyesight is comparatively good, at about the level of a rabbit. [25] Their ears have a relatively wide rotational range to detect sounds. An excellent sense of smell alerts rhinos to the presence of predators. Distribution [ edit]Black rhinos in Ngorongoro crater, Tanzania Prehistorical range [ edit]As with many other components of the African large mammal fauna, black rhinos probably had a wider range in the northern part of the continent in prehistoric times than today. However this seems to have not been as extensive as that of the white rhino. Unquestionable fossil remains have not yet been found in this area and the abundant petroglyphs found across the Sahara desert are often too schematic to unambiguously decide whether they depict black or white rhinos. Petroglyphs from the Eastern Desert of southeastern Egypt relatively convincingly show the occurrence of black rhinos in these areas in prehistoric times. [26]Historical and extant range [ edit]The natural range of the black rhino included most of southern and eastern Africa, but it did not occur in the Congo Basin, the tropical rainforest areas along the Bight of Benin, the Ethiopian Highlands, and the Horn of Africa. [3] Its former native occurrence in the extremely dry parts of the Kalahari desert of southwestern Botswana and northwestern South Africa is uncertain. [27] In western Africa it was abundant in an area stretching east to west from Eritrea and Sudan through South Sudan to southeastern Niger, and especially around Lake Chad. Its occurrence further to the west is questionable, though often purported to in literature. [4] Today it is totally restricted to protected nature reserves and has vanished from many countries in which it once thrived, especially in the west and north of its former range. The remaining populations are highly scattered. Some specimens have been relocated from their habitat to better protected locations, sometimes across national frontiers. [2] The black rhino has been successfully reintroduced to Malawi since 1993, where it became extinct in 1990. [28] Similarly it was reintroduced to Zambia ( North Luangwa National Park) in 2008, where it had become extinct in 1998, [29] and to Botswana (extinct in 1992, reintroduced in 2003). [30]In May 2017, 18 Eastern Black Rhinos were translocated from South Africa to the Akagera National Park in Rwanda. The park had around 50 rhinos in the 1970s but the numbers dwindled to zero by 2007. In September 2017, the birth of a calf raised the population to 19. The park has dedicated rhino monitoring teams to protect the animals from poaching. [31]In October 2017, The governments of Chad and South Africa reached an agreement to transfer six black rhinos from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad. Once established, this will be the northernmost population of the species. The species was wiped out from Chad in the 1970s and is under severe pressure from poaching in South Africa. The agreement calls for South African experts to assess the habitat, local management capabilities, security and the infrastructure before the transfer can take place. [32]Behavior [ edit]Black rhinoceros at Zoo Leipzig Black rhinoceros covered in mud Black rhinoceros are generally thought to be solitary, with the only strong bond between a mother and her calf. In addition, males and females have a consort relationship during mating, also subadults and young adults frequently form loose associations with older individuals of either sex. [33] They are not very territorial and often intersect other rhino territories. Home ranges vary depending on season and the availability of food and water. Generally they have smaller home ranges and larger density in habitats that have plenty of food and water available, and vice versa if resources are not readily available. Sex and age of an individual black rhino influence home range and size, with ranges of females larger than those of males, especially when accompanied by a calf. [34] In the Serengeti home ranges are around 70 to 100 km 2 (27 to 39 sq mi), while in the Ngorongoro it is between 2.6 to 58.0 km 2 (1.0 to 22.4 sq mi). [33] Black rhinos have also been observed to have a certain area they tend to visit and rest frequently called "houses" which are usually on a high ground level. [ citation needed] These "home" ranges can vary from 2.6 km 2 to 133 km 2 with smaller home ranges having more abundant resources than larger home ranges. [35]Black rhinoceros in captivity and reservations sleep patterns have been recently studied to show that males sleep longer on average than females by nearly double the time. Other factors that play a role in their sleeping patterns is the location of where they decide to sleep. Although they do not sleep any longer in captivity, they do sleep at different times due to their location in captivity, or section of the park. [36]The black rhino has a reputation for being extremely aggressive, and charges readily at perceived threats. They have even been observed to charge tree trunks and termite mounds. [ citation needed] Black rhinos will fight each other, and they have the highest rates of mortal combat recorded for any mammal: about 50% of males and 30% of females die from combat-related injuries. [37] Adult rhinos normally have no natural predators, thanks to their imposing size as well as their thick skin and deadly horns. [38] However, adult black rhinos have fallen prey to crocodiles in exceptional circumstances. [39] Calves and, very seldom, small sub-adults may be preyed upon by lions as well. [3]Black rhinoceros follow the same trails that elephants use to get from foraging areas to water holes. They also use smaller trails when they are browsing. They are very fast and can get up to speeds of 55 kilometres per hour (34 mph) running on their toes. [40] [41]Diet [ edit]Chewing on plants An adult black rhinoceros with young grazing in Krefeld Zoo The black rhinoceros is a herbivorous browser that eats leafy plants, branches, shoots, thorny wood bushes, and fruit. [42] The optimum habitat seems to be one consisting of thick scrub and bushland, often with some woodland, which supports the highest densities. Their diet can reduce the amount of woody plants, which may benefit grazers (who focus on leaves and stems of grass), but not competing browsers (who focus on leaves, stems of trees, shrubs or herbs). It has been known to eat up to 220 species of plants. They have a significantly restricted diet with a preference for a few key plant species and a tendency to select leafy species in the dry season. [43] The plant species they seem to be most attracted to when not in dry season are the woody plants. There are 18 species of woody plants known to the diet of the black rhinoceros, and 11 species that could possibly be a part of their diet too. [44] Black rhinoceros also have a tendency to choose food based on quality over quantity, where researchers find more populations in areas where the food has better quality. [45] In accordance with their feeding habit, adaptations of the chewing apparatus have been described for rhinos. The black rhinoceros has a twophased chewing activity with a cutting ectoloph and more grinding lophs on the lingual side. The black rhinoceros can also be considered a more challenging herbivore to feed in captivity compared to its grazing relatives. [46] It can live up to 5 days without water during drought. Black rhinos live in several habitats including bushlands, Riverine woodland, marshes, and their least favorable, grasslands. Habitat preferences are shown in two ways, the amount of sign found in the different habitats, and the habitat content of home ranges and core areas. Habitat types are also identified based on the composition of dominant plant types in each area. Different subspecies live in different bushlands including, Acacia bushlands, Euclea bushlands, mixed bushlands, and dense euclea bushland. [33] They browse for food in the morning and evening. They are selective browsers but, studies done in Kenya show that they do add the selection material with availability in order to satisfy their nutritional requirements. [47] In the hottest part of the day they are most inactive- resting, sleeping, and wallowing in mud. Wallowing helps cool down body temperature during the day and protects against parasites. When black rhinos browse they use their lips to strip the branches of their leaves. Competition with elephants is causing the black rhinoceros to shift its diet. The black rhinoceros alters its selectivity with the absence of the elephant. [48]There is some variance in the exact chemical composition of rhinoceros horns. This variation is directly linked to diet and can be used as a means of rhino identification. Horn composition has helped scientists pinpoint the original location of individual rhinos, allowing for law enforcement to more accurately and more frequently identify and penalize poachers. [49]Communication [ edit]Black rhino in Ngorongoro crater, Tanzania Rhinos use several forms of communication. Due to their solitary nature, scent marking is often used to identify themselves to other black rhinos. Urine spraying occurs on trees and bushes, around water holes and feeding areas. Females urine spray more often when receptive for breeding. Defecation sometimes occurs in the same spot used by different rhinos, such as around feeding stations and watering tracks. Coming upon these spots, rhinos will smell to see who is in the area and add their own marking. When presented with adult feces, male and female rhinoceroses respond differently than when they are presented with subadult feces. The urine and feces of one black rhinoceros helps other black rhinoceroses to determine its age, sex, and identity. [50] Less commonly they will rub their heads or horns against tree trunks to scent-mark. The black rhino has powerful tube-shaped ears that can freely rotate in all directions. This highly developed sense of hearing allows black rhinos to detect sound over vast distances. [51]Reproduction [ edit]Mother and calf in Lewa, central Kenya The adults are solitary in nature, coming together only for mating. Mating does not have a seasonal pattern but births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in more arid environments. When in season the females will mark dung piles. Males will follow females when they are in season; when she defecates he will scrape and spread the dung, making it more difficult for rival adult males to pick up her scent trail. Courtship behaviors before mating include snorting and sparring with the horns among males. Another courtship behavior is called bluff and bluster, where the rhino will snort and swing its head from side to side aggressively before running away repeatedly. Breeding pairs stay together for 2–3 days and sometimes even weeks. They mate several times a day over this time and copulation lasts for a half-hour. The gestation period for a black rhino is 15 months. The single calf weighs about 35–50 kilograms (80–110 lb) at birth, and can follow its mother around after just three days. Weaning occurs at around 2 years of age for the offspring. The mother and calf stay together for 2–3 years until the next calf is born; female calves may stay longer, forming small groups. The young are occasionally taken by hyenas and lions. Sexual maturity is reached from 5 to 7 years old for females, and 7 to 8 years for males. The life expectancy in natural conditions (without poaching pressure) is from 35 to 50 years. [52]Conservation [ edit]For most of the 20th century the continental black rhino was the most numerous of all rhino species. Around 1900 there were probably several hundred thousand [2] living in Africa. During the latter half of the 20th century their numbers were severely reduced from an estimated 70,000 [53] in the late 1960s to only 10,000 to 15,000 in 1981. In the early 1990s the number dipped below 2,500, and in 2004 it was reported that only 2,410 black rhinos remained. According to the International Rhino Foundation —housed in Yulee, Florida at White Oak Conservation, which breeds black rhinos [54] —the total African population had recovered to 4,240 by 2008 (which suggests that the 2004 number was low). [55] In 1992, nine rhinos were brought from Chete National Park, Zimbabwe to Australia via Cocos Island. After the natural deaths of the males in the group, four males were brought in from United States and have since adapted well to captivity and new climate. [56] Calves and some subadults are preyed on by lions, but predation is rarely taken into account in managing the black rhinoceros. [ citation needed] This is a major flaw because predation should be considered when attributing cause to the poor performance of the black rhinoceros population. [57] In 2002 only ten western black rhinos remained in Cameroon, and in 2006 intensive surveys across its putative range failed to locate any, leading to fears that this subspecies had become extinct. [15] In 2011 the IUCN declared the western black rhino extinct. [58]Under CITES Appendix I all international commercial trade of the black rhino horn is prohibited since 1977. [35] China though having joined CITES since 8 April 1981 is the largest importer of black rhino horns. [59] [ citation needed] However, this is a trade in which not only do the actors benefit, but so do the nation states ignoring them as well. Nonetheless, people continue to remove the rhino from its natural environment and allow for a dependence on human beings to save them from endangerment. [60] Parks and reserves have been made for protecting the rhinos with armed guards keeping watch, but even still many poachers get through and harm the rhinos for their horns. Many have considered extracting rhino horns in order to deter poachers from slaughtering these animals or potentially bringing them to other breeding grounds such as the US and Australia. [60] This method of extracting the horn, known as dehorning, consists of tranquilizing the rhino then sawing the horn almost completely off to decrease initiative for poaching, although the effectiveness of this in reducing poaching is not known and rhino mothers are known to use their horns to fend off predators. [61]The only rhino subspecies that has recovered somewhat from the brink of extinction is the southern white rhinoceros, whose numbers now are estimated around 14,500, up from fewer than 50 in the first decade of the 20th century. [62] But there seems to be hope for the black rhinoceros in recovering their gametes from dead rhinos in captivity. This shows promising results for producing black rhinoceros embryos, which can be used for testing sperm in vitro. [63]A January 2014 auction for a permit to hunt a black rhinoceros in Namibia sold for $350,000 at a fundraiser hosted by the Dallas Safari Club. The auction drew considerable criticism as well as death threats directed towards members of the club and the man who purchased the permit. [64] This permit was issued for 1 of 18 black rhinoceros specifically identified by Namibia's Ministry of Environment and Tourism as being past breeding age and considered a threat to younger rhinos. The $350,000 that the hunter paid for the permit was used by the Namibian government to fund anti-poaching efforts in the country. [65]Threats [ edit]Today, there are various threats posed to the black rhinoceros including habitat changes, illegal poaching, and competing species. Civil disturbances such as war have made mentionably negative effects on the black rhinoceros populations in since the 1960s in countries including, but not limited to, Chad, Cameroon, Rwanda, Mozambique, and Somalia. [2] In the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, the African elephant Loxodonta africana is posing slight concern involving the black rhinoceroses who also inhabit the area. Both animals are browsers however the elephant's diet consists of a wider variety of foraging capacity while the rhinoceros primarily sticks to dwarf shrubs. The black rhinoceros has been found to eat grass as well, however the shortening of its range of available food could be potentially problematic. [66]Black rhinoceros face problems associated with the minerals they ingest. They have become adjusted to ingesting less iron in the wild due to their evolutionary progression, which poses a problem when placed in captivity. These rhinoceros can overload on iron, which leads to build up in the lungs, liver, spleen, and small intestine. [67] Not only do these rhinoceros face threats being in the wild, but in captivity too. Black rhinoceros have become more susceptible to disease in captivity with high rates of mortality. [63]Illegal poaching for the international rhino horn trade is the main and most detrimental threat. [2] The killing of these animals is not unique to modern day society. The Chinese have maintained reliable documents of these happenings dating back to 1200 B. C. [68] The ancient Chinese often hunted rhino horn for the making of wine cups as well as the rhino's skin to manufacture imperial crowns and belts and armor for soldiers. [68] A major market for rhino horn has historically been in the Middle East nations to make ornately carved handles for ceremonial daggers called jambiyas. Demand for these exploded in the 1970s causing the black rhinoceros population to decline 96% between 1970 and 1992. The horn is also used in traditional Chinese medicine, and is said by herbalists to be able to revive comatose patients, facilitate exorcisms and various methods of detoxification, [68] cure fevers, and aid male sexual stamina and fertility. [69] It is also hunted for the superstitious belief that the horns allow direct access to heaven due to their unique location and hollow nature. [68] The purported effectiveness of the use of rhino horn in treating any illness has not been confirmed or even suggested by medical science. In June 2007, the first-ever documented case of the medicinal sale of black rhino horn in the United States (confirmed by genetic testing of the confiscated horn) occurred at a traditional Chinese medicine supply store in Portland, Oregon 's Chinatown. [69]References [ edit]^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). 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Retrieved 24 February 2012.^ Wood, G. L. (1983) The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc., ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9^ Rhino facts, World Wildlife Fund^ Black rhino information, Save the Rhino^ Oloo, Timothy W.; Brett, Robert & Young, Truman P. (1994). "Seasonal variation in the feeding ecology of black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis L.) in Laikipia, Kenya". African Journal of Ecology. 32 (2): 142–157. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00565.x.^ Buk, Kenneth Gregers; Knight, Mike H. (2012). "Seasonal diet preferences of black rhinoceros in three arid South African National Parks" (PDF). Afr. J. Ecol. 42 (4): 82–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2010.01213.x.^ Malan, E. W.; Reilly, B. K.; Landman, M.; Myburgh, W. J. (2012). "Diet of black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis minor) as determined by faecal microhistological analysis at the Mokopane Biodiversity Conservation Centre, Limpopo Province – a preliminary investigation". 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Hayward, Matt, ed. "Shift in Black Rhinoceros Diet in the Presence of Elephant: Evidence for Competition?". PLo S ONE. 8 (7): e69771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069771. PMC 3714249. PMID 23874997.^ Rhino Horn Use: Fact vs. Fiction. pbs.org^ Linklater, W. L.; Mayer, K.; Swaisgood, R. R. (2013). "Chemical signals of age, sex and identity in black rhinoceros" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 85 (3): 671–677. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.034.^ Black Rhinoceros. Chicago Zoological Society^ Dollinger, Peter & Geser, Silvia. "Black Rhinoceros". World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on 16 July 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2007.^ "WWF Factsheet; Black Rhinoceros Diceros Bicornis" (PDF). World Wildlife Fund. October 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2007.^ "Southern Black Rhino". Retrieved 21 June 2013.^ "Black Rhino Information". International Rhino Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2011.^ Kelly, J. D.; Blyde, D. J.; Denney, I. S. (1995). "The importation of the black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis) from Zimbabwe into Australia" (PDF). Australian Veterinary Journal. 72 (10): 369–374. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb06173.x. PMID 8599568.^ Plotz, Roan D. & Linklater, Wayne L. (2009). "Black Rhinoceros ( Diceros Ricornis) Calf Succumb After Lion Predation Attempt: Implications For Conservation Management". African Zoology. 44 (2): 283–287. doi: 10.3377/004.044.0216.^ Boettcher, Daniel (9 November 2011). "Western black rhino declared extinct". BBC. Retrieved 10 November 2011.^ "Rhino Horn Import Ban (RHINO)". american.edu. Archived from the original on 2000-12-09.^ a b Black Rhino and Trade. american.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2013.^ Kasnoff, C. "Black Rhino An Endangered Species". bagheera.com. Retrieved 23 October 2013.^ Markey, Sean (12 July 2006). "West African Black Rhino Extinct, Group Says". National Geographic. Retrieved 9 October 2007.^ a b Stoops, M. A.; O'Brien, J. K.; Roth, T. L. (2011). "Gamete rescue in the African black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis )" (PDF). Theriogenology. 76 (7): 1258–1265. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.032. PMID 21752452.^ "Black Rhino Hunting Permit Auctioned For $350,000". NY Daily News. 12 January 2014.^ "Texas hunter bags his rhino on controversial hunt in Namibia". CNN. 21 May 2015.^ Rookmaaker, L. C. (2004). "Historical Distribution of the Black Rhinoceros ( Diceros Bicornis) In West Africa" (PDF). African Zoology. 39 (1): 63–70.^ Olias, P.; Mundhenk, L.; Bothe, M.; Ochs, A.; Gruber, A. D.; Klopfleisch, R. (2012). "Iron Overload Syndrome in the Black Rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ): Microscopical Lesions and Comparison with Other Rhinoceros Species". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 147 (4): 542–549. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.07.005. PMID 22935088.^ a b c d RRC: China and the rhino. Rhinoresourcecenter.com. Retrieved 7 November 2013.^ a b Patte, David (26 June 2007). "Portland Man Pleads Guilty to Selling Black Rhino Horn". U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007. Further reading [ edit]Emslie, R. & Brooks, M. (1999). African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0502-9. Rookmaaker, L. C. (2005). "Review of the European perception of the African rhinoceros". Journal of Zoology. 265 (4): 365–376. doi: 10.1017/S0952836905006436. External links [ edit]Find more about Black rhinoceros at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Taxonomy from Wikispecies Black rhinoceros at Curlie (based on DMOZ)Black Rhino Info & Black Rhino Pictures on the Rhino Resource Center website. "Black Rhinoceros" (PDF). Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.www.savetherhino.org Wild Life Now Website for the Tony Fitzjohn / George Adamson African Wildlife Preservation Trust, supporting the Mkomazi Game Reserve and Mkomazi Rhino Sanctuary in Tanzania U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust dedicated to black rhino conservation in Zimbabwe A Radiolab interview with the man that won the auction to hunt a black rhino [ hide]v t e Extant Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) species by suborder Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria Hippomorpha Equidae (Horse family)Equus (including Zebras)Subgenus Equus: Wild horse ( E. ferus) Domestic horse ( E. ferus caballus)Subgenus Asinus: African wild ass ( E. africanus) Donkey ( E. africanus asinus)Onager ( E. hemionus) Kiang ( E. kiang)Subgenus Dolichohippus: Grévy's zebra ( E. grevyi)Subgenus Hippotigris: Plains zebra ( E. quagga) Mountain zebra ( E. zebra)Ceratomorpha Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceroses)Rhinoceros Indian rhinoceros ( R. unicornis) Javan rhinoceros ( R. sondaicus)Dicerorhinus Sumatran rhinoceros ( D. sumatrensis)Ceratotherium White rhinoceros ( C. simum)Diceros Black rhinoceros ( D. bicornis)Tapiridae (Tapirs)Tapirus Baird's tapir ( T. bairdii) Little black tapir ( T. kabomani) Malayan tapir ( T. indicus)Mountain tapir ( T. pinchaque) South American tapir ( T. terrestris)Category Taxon identifiers Wd: Q95036 ARKive: diceros-bicornis Eo L: 311501 EPPO: DKRSBI Fossilworks: 197764GBIF: 5220111 i Naturalist: 43350 ITIS: 625003 IUCN: 6557 MSW: 14100059 NCBI: 9805Species+: 6656Authority control LCCN: sh85014609 GND: 4182388-6 BNF: cb13328971f (data)Categories: IUCN Red List critically endangered species Rhinoceroses EDGE species Fauna of East Africa Mammals of Southern Africa Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa Critically endangered fauna of Africa Mammals described in 1758 Species endangered by use in wearables Species endangered by human consumption for medicinal or magical purposes |
International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments. This is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons, not between them. This has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly. |
Linux Linux (/ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen) LIN-əks)[9][10] is a family of free and open-source software operating systems built around the Linux kernel. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. The defining component of a Linux distribution is the Linux kernel,[11] an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.[12][13][14] Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name. The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to refer to the operating system family, as well as specific distributions, to emphasize that most Linux distributions are not just the Linux kernel, and that they have in common not only the kernel, but also numerous utilities and libraries, a large proportion of which are from the GNU project. This has led to some controversy.[15][16] |
SOLID In object-oriented computer programming, the term SOLID is a mnemonic acronym for five design principles intended to make software designs more understandable, flexible and maintainable. The principles are a subset of many principles promoted by Robert C. Martin.[1][2][3] Though they apply to any object-oriented design, the SOLID principles can also form a core philosophy for methodologies such as agile development or adaptive software development.[3] The theory of SOLID principles was introduced by Martin in his 2000 paper Design Principles and Design Patterns,[2][4] although the SOLID acronym itself was introduced later by Michael Feathers.[5] |
Lip blisters are caused by herpes simplex virus HSV-1. It may occur due to emotional stress or trauma on the lips or due to prolonged exposure to sunlight. Sometimes it may infect your eyes, fingers and even genitals. Symptoms : Fever, nausea, vomiting, headache are some of the common symptoms of lip blisters. You may have painful sores on the lips and inside the oral cavity. The area may develop inflammation and you will have difficulty to eat and drink. Sometimes, there may be sore throat. |
The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945. |
His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression. He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct. |
Canada goose Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act,[56] and in Canada under the Migratory Birds Convention Act.[57] In both countries, commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession, hunting, and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions.[58][59] In the UK, as with native bird species, the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law, except when their removal has been specifically licensed, and shooting is generally permitted only during the defined open season.[60][61][62] |
Dhyan Chand Award The Dhyan Chand Award, officially known as Dhyan Chand Award for Lifetime Achievement in Sports and Games,[1] is the lifetime achievement sporting honour of the Republic of India. The award is named after Dhyan Chand (1905–79), an Indian field hockey player who scored more than 1000 goals during a career which spanned over 20 years from 1926 to 1948.[2] It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured for their contributions to sport both during their active sporting career and after retirement. As of 2016[update], the award comprises a statuette, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of ₹5 lakh (US$7,800).[1] The cash prize was revised from ₹3 lakh (US$4,700) to ₹5 lakh (US$7,800) in 2009.[3][4] |
The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The retina of the eye contains "classical" photoreceptors ("rods" and "cones"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock. |
1 PREHEAT oven to 250F. Place steaks on a rack over a baking sheet. 2 Rub with 1 tbsp oil and season with salt and pepper. 3 Roast steaks in the centre of the oven for about 20 minutes for medium-rare. 4 Remove from oven.HEAT oil in a medium skillet over high heat. Add steaks and sear until deep brown and crisp, about 3 minutes a side. Hold the steak on their sides and cook the edges for 1 min per side.Remove to rack and let rest for 10 min.emove from oven. HEAT oil in a medium skillet over high heat. Add steaks and sear until deep brown and crisp, about 3 minutes a side. Hold the steak on their sides and cook the edges for 1 min per side. |
Jamie Robert Murray, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 13 February 1986) is a British professional tennis player from Scotland. He is a five-time Grand Slam doubles winner and a Davis Cup champion, currently the world No. 11 doubles player, and a former doubles world No. 1. Murray is the elder brother of Britain's world No. 3 singles tennis player Andy Murray. |
The top 10 leading causes of death in the United States Newsletter MNT - Hourly Medical News Since 2003Search Log in Newsletter MNT - Hourly Medical News Since 2003Search Login The top 10 leading causes of death in the United States Last updated Thu 23 February 2017By Hannah Nichols Reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, Ph D, CRNPHeart disease Cancer Chronic lower respiratory disease Accidents Stroke Alzheimer's disease Diabetes Influenza and pneumonia Kidney disease Suicide Nearly 75 percent of all deaths in the United States are attributed to just ten causes, with the top three of these accounting for over 50 percent of all deaths. Over the last 5 years, the main causes of death in the U. S. have remained fairly consistent. The most recent data (2014) (resource no longer available at www.cdc.gov) reveals that annually there were 2,626,418 deaths registered in the U. S., which equates to: An age-adjusted death rate, which accounts for the aging population, of 823.7 deaths per 100,000 U. S. standard population A life expectancy at birth of around 78.8 years Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the U. S., accounting for almost 1 in every 4 deaths, and affecting significantly more men than women. Death rates below are calculated on an annual basis per 100,000 of estimated population. Age-adjusted rates are used to compare relative mortality risks among groups and over time. Below, we expand on each of the causes of death and ask whether they can be prevented.1: Heart disease Deaths: 614,348Rate: 192.7Age-adjusted rate: 167.0Percentage of total deaths: 23.4 percent Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U. S. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the U. S. and also the leading cause of death worldwide. More than half of the deaths that occur as a result of heart disease are in men. Heart disease is a term used to describe several conditions, many of which are related to plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries. As the plaque builds up, the arteries narrow, this makes it more difficult for blood to flow and creates a risk for heart attack or stroke . Other types of heart problems include angina, arrhythmias, and heart failure . The key to preventing death from heart disease is to protect the heart and know the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack. Major warning signs and symptoms of heart attack Some of the following signs and symptoms can materialize before a heart attack: Chest pain or discomfort Pain or discomfort in the upper body, arms, neck, jaw, or upper stomach Breathlessness Nausea Lightheadedness Cold sweats Protecting the heart Lowering blood pressure and cholesterol can significantly lower heart disease risk. Several lifestyle and dietary modifications can dramatically reduce the risk of heart disease, including: Follow instructions to ensure safe use of medications and any OTC drugs Eating a diet that is low in salt, refined sugars, total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol and high in fresh fruits and vegetables Exercise regularly (at least 150 minutes a week)Avoid excessive intake of alcohol Quit smoking Take steps to reduce stress levels, or get help with stress management2: Cancer Deaths: 591,699Rate: 185.6Age-adjusted rate: 161.2Percentage of total deaths: 22.5 percent Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U. S. Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can interfere with essential life-sustaining systems and result in death. Anyone can develop cancer, but the risk of most types of cancer increases with age, and some individuals have higher or lower risk due to differences in exposure to carcinogens (such as from smoking) and as a result of genetic factors. Lung cancer accounts for more deaths than any other cancer in both men and women. Estimated cancer-related deaths for 2016Leading causes of death from cancer for males: Lung and bronchus - 85,920Prostate - 26,120Colon and rectum - 26,020Leading causes of death from cancer for females: Lung and bronchus - 72,160Breast - 40,450Colon and rectum - 23,170Can cancer be prevented? A substantial proportion of cancers are preventable, and all cancers caused by cigarette smoking and heavy use of alcohol could be prevented. The World Cancer Research Fund has estimated that up to one-third of cancer cases that occur in economically developed countries like the U. S. are related to being overweight, obese, inactive (sedentary), or poor nutrition. These are all preventable. Some cancers are related to infectious agents such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ), and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) - these may be prevented through behavioral changes and use of protective vaccinations and antibiotic treatments. Many of the more than 3 million skin cancer cases that are diagnosed annually could be prevented by protecting skin from excessive sun exposure and avoiding indoor tanning.3: Chronic lower respiratory disease Deaths: 147,101Rate: 46.1Age-adjusted rate: 40.5Percentage of total deaths: 5.6 percent CLRD is the third leading cause of death in the U. S. Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is a collection of lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related issues, including primarily chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but also bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma . Warning signs and symptoms of COPDSigns and symptoms of COPD may include: Difficulty breathing (breathlessness), especially when active A persistent cough with phlegm Frequent chest infections How can COPD be prevented? In the U. S., tobacco smoke is a key factor in the development and progression of COPD, although exposure to air pollutants in the home and workplace, genetic factors, and respiratory infections also play a role. Smoking is a primary risk factor of COPD, and approximately 80 percent of COPD deaths can be attributed to smoking. To prevent COPD: Quit smoking Avoid second-hand smoke Avoid air pollution Avoid chemical fumes Avoid dust4: Accidents Deaths: 136,053Rate: 42.7Age-adjusted rate: 40.5Percentage of total deaths: 5.2 percent Accidents are the fourth leading cause of death in the U. S. Accidents, also referred to as unintentional injuries, are at present the 4th leading cause of death in the U. S. and the leading cause of death for those aged1-44. Possible prevention measures By their very natures, accidents are unintentional, but there are many ways to reduce the risk of accidental death and injury. Some key components of accident prevention include those focused on road safety, such as seat-belt use, and improved awareness of the dangers of driving while intoxicated.5: Stroke Deaths: 133,033Rate: 41.7Age-adjusted rate: 36.5Percentage of total deaths: 5.1 percent Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the U. S. Cerebrovascular diseases are conditions that develop as a result of problems with the blood vessels that supply the brain. Four of the most common types of cerebrovascular disease are: Stroke Transient ischemic attack (TIA)Subarachnoid hemorrhage Vascular dementia Every year more than 795,000 people in the U. S. have a stroke; risk of having a stroke varies with race, ethnicity, and geography; it also increases with age. However, in 2009, 24 percent of people hospitalized for stroke were younger than 65 years. The highest death rates from stroke in the U. S. occur in the southeast. Signs and symptoms of stroke During a stroke, every second counts. Fast treatment can reduce the brain damage that stroke can cause. Signs and symptoms of stroke include sudden: Numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body Confusion, trouble speaking or difficulty understanding speech Trouble seeing in one or both eyes Trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination Severe headache with no known cause Call 9-1-1 immediately if any of the above symptoms are experienced. If you think someone may be having a stroke, act F. A. S. T. and do the following simple test: F - Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop? A - Arms: Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? S - Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is their speech slurred or strange? T - Time: If you observe any of these signs, call 9-1-1 immediately Note the time when any symptoms first appear. Some treatments for stroke only work if given within the first 3 hours after symptoms appear. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving treatment on the way to the emergency room. How can stroke be prevented? High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking are major risk factors for stroke. Several other medical conditions and unhealthy lifestyle choices can increase your risk for stroke. Although you cannot control all of your risk factors for stroke, you can take steps to prevent stroke and its complications. Stroke prevention measures include: Eating a healthy diet Maintaining a healthy weight Getting enough exercise Not smoking Limiting alcohol use Managing cholesterol levels Controlling blood pressure Managing diabetes Managing heart disease Taking medicine correctly Talking with a health care team Staying hydrated6: Alzheimer's disease Deaths: 93,541Rate: 29.3Age-adjusted rate: 25.4Percentage of total deaths: 3.6 percent Alzheimer's is the sixth leading cause of death in the U. S. Dementia is an overall term for diseases and conditions characterized by a decline in cognitive function that affects a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Dementia is caused by damage to nerve cells in the brain. As a result of the damage, neurons can no longer function normally and may die. This, in turn, can lead to changes in memory, behavior, and the ability to think clearly. Alzheimer's disease is just one type of dementia, with vascular dementia causing similar symptoms but resulting from changes to the blood vessels that supply circulation to the brain. For people with Alzheimer's disease, the damage and death of neurons eventually impair the ability to carry out basic bodily functions such as walking and swallowing. People in the final stages of the disease are bed-bound and require round-the-clock care. Alzheimer's is ultimately fatal. An estimated 5.4 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease currently, including approximately 200,000 individuals younger than 65 who have younger-onset Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's disease is one of the most expensive conditions in the nation and is the only cause of death in the top 10 that cannot currently be cured, prevented, or slowed. In 2015, the cost of Alzheimer's in the U. S. is estimated at $226 billion. Despite these already staggering figures, Alzheimer's is expected to cost an estimated $1.2 trillion (in today's dollars) in 2050. This is, in part, because of improved rates of early detection, treatment, and prevention of other major causes of death, meaning that more people survive into older age (when the risk of Alzheimer's disease is greatest). Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease The following are common signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's: Memory loss that disrupts daily life Challenges in planning or solving problems Difficulty completing familiar tasks at home, work or in leisure Confusion with time or place Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships New problems with words in speaking or writing Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps Decreased or poor judgment Withdrawal from work or social activities Changes in mood and personality, including apathy and depression Can Alzheimer's be prevented? As the exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is still unknown, there is no way to prevent the condition. However, there are some steps you can take that may help to delay the onset of dementia. Alzheimer's is thought to develop as a result of complex interactions among multiple factors, including age, genetics, environment, lifestyle, and coexisting medical conditions. Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease Many of the factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (disease of the heart or blood vessels) have also been connected to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. In fact, results of autopsies have revealed the some 80 percent of people with Alzheimer's have cardiovascular disease. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease, as well as stroke and heart attacks, may be reduced by improving cardiovascular health using steps such as: Stopping smoking Avoiding excess alcohol intake Eating a healthy balanced diet Regular exercise Checking and managing blood pressure through regular health tests Carefully managing diabetes or prediabetes, including taking appropriate medications and following dietary and lifestyle recommendations Staying mentally active Evidence suggests rates of dementia are lower in mentally, physically, and socially active people. It may be possible to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia by: Reading Writing for pleasure Learning foreign languages Playing musical instruments Taking part in adult education courses Playing sports Walking7: Diabetes Deaths: 76,488Rate: 24.0Age-adjusted rate: 20.9Percentage of total deaths: 2.9 percent Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the U. S. Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body is no longer able to carefully control blood glucose, leading to abnormally high levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Persistently elevated blood glucose can cause damage to the body's tissues, including the nerves, blood vessels, and tissues in the eyes. Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, a simple sugar, for our bodies to use for energy. The pancreas, an organ situated near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin that helps glucose get into the cells of our bodies. When a person has diabetes, the body either does not make enough insulin or cannot use insulin as well as it should. This causes sugar to build up in the blood. Diabetes can cause serious health complications including heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and the need for amputation of the lower extremities or limbs. Type 1 diabetes, which was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes, accounts for about 5 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes, which was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, accounts for about 90-95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Warning signs and symptoms of diabetes People who think they might have diabetes must visit a doctor for diagnosis. They may have some or none of the following symptoms: Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Extreme hunger Sudden vision changes Tingling or numbness in hands or feet Feeling very tired much of the time Very dry skin Sores that are slow to heal More infections than usual Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains may accompany some of these symptoms in the abrupt onset of type 1 diabetes . Can diabetes be prevented? Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system misidentifies the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas and attacks these cells. Researchers are making progress in identifying the involvement of genes and triggering factors that predispose some individuals to develop type 1 diabetes, but there is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Unlike with type 1 diabetes, there are numerous ways to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. A number of studies have shown that regular physical activity can significantly reduce the risk, as can maintaining a healthy body weight The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a large prevention study of people at high risk for diabetes, showed that lifestyle intervention that resulted in weight loss and increased physical activity in this population can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes and in some cases return blood glucose levels to within the normal range. Other international studies have shown similar results.8: Influenza and pneumonia Deaths: 55,227Rate: 17.3Age-adjusted rate: 15.1Percentage of total deaths: 2.1 percent Influenza and pneumonia are the eighth leading cause of death in the U. S. Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious viral infection that is one of the most severe illnesses of the winter season. The reason influenza is more prevalent in the winter is not known; however, data suggest the virus survives and is transmitted better in cold temperatures. Influenza is spread easily from person to person, usually when an infected person coughs or sneezes. A person can have the flu more than once because the virus that causes the disease may belong to different strains of one of three different influenza virus families: A, B or C. Type A viruses tend to have a greater effect on adults, while type B viruses are a greater problem in children. Influenza can be complicated by pneumonia, a serious condition that can cause inflammation of the lungs. In people with pneumonia, the air sacs in the lungs fill with pus and other liquid, preventing oxygen from reaching the bloodstream. If there is too little oxygen in the blood, the body's cells cannot work properly, which can lead to death. Warning signs and symptoms of influenza and pneumonia Signs and symptoms of influenza include: Fever Headache Cough Chills Sore throat Nasal congestion Muscle aches Loss of appetite Malaise Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include: Fever Wheezing Cough Chills Rapid breathing Chest pains Loss of appetite Malaise Feeling of weakness or ill health Can influenza and pneumonia be prevented? Methods of preventing influenza and pneumonia include: Vaccination against flu every year to prevent seasonal influenza. Vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia if you are at high risk of getting this type of pneumonia. Washing hands frequently, especially after blowing nose, going to the bathroom, diapering, and before eating or preparing foods. Quitting smoking - tobacco damages the lungs and reduces the ability to fight off infection. Smokers have been found to be at a higher risk of getting pneumonia. Since pneumonia often follows respiratory infections, be aware of any symptoms that linger for more than a few days. Good health habits - a healthy diet, rest, regular exercise, etc. - help prevent viruses and respiratory illnesses. Hib vaccine prevents pneumonia in children from Haemophilus influenzae type B. A drug called Synagis (palivizumab) can be given to some children younger than 24 months to prevent pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Patients with cancer or HIV should consult their doctor for advice on how to reduce their risk of pneumonia and other infections.9: Kidney disease Deaths: 48,146Rate: 15.1Age-adjusted rate: 13.2Percentage of total deaths: 1.8 percent Kidney disease is the ninth leading cause of death in the U. S. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis are all conditions, disorders, or diseases of the kidneys. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood as well as healthy kidneys. Because of this, waste from the blood remains in the body and may cause other health problems. An estimated 10 percent of adults in the U. S. - more than 20 million people - are thought to have CKD to some degree. The chances of developing CKD increase with age, especially after the age of 50, and the condition is most common among adults older than 70. Awareness and understanding about kidney disease is critically low, with an estimated 26 million Americans having chronic kidney disease. Among those with severe (stage 4) kidney disease, fewer than half realize that they have damaged kidneys. Warning signs and symptoms of kidney disease The early symptoms of chronic kidney disease are the same as for many other illnesses. These symptoms may be the only sign of a problem in the early stages. Symptoms may include: Appetite loss General ill feeling and fatigue Headaches Itching (pruritus) and dry skin Nausea Weight loss without trying to lose weight Symptoms that may occur when kidney function has become severe include: Abnormally dark or light skin Bone pain Drowsiness or problems concentrating or thinking Numbness or swelling in the hands and feet Muscle twitching or cramps Breath odor Easy bruising, or blood in the stool Excessive thirst Frequent hiccups Problems with sexual function Menstrual periods stop ( amenorrhea)Shortness of breath Sleep problems Vomiting, often in the morning Can kidney disease be prevented? To reduce your risk of chronic kidney disease: Avoid excessive intake of alcohol Follow instructions on OTC medications, especially when using non-prescription pain relievers Maintain a healthy weight Quit smoking Manage medical conditions with the help of a doctor or health care professional10: Suicide Deaths: 42,773Rate: 13.4Age-adjusted rate: 13Percentage of total deaths: 1.6 percent Among adults aged 18 years or younger in the U. S. during 2008-2009: An estimated 8.3 million adults (3.7 percent of the adult U. S. population) reported having suicidal thoughts in the past year An estimated 2.2 million adults (1.0 percent of the adult U. S. population) reported having made suicide plans in the past year An estimated 1 million adults (0.5 percent of the U. S. adult population) reported making a suicide attempt in the past year How can suicide be prevented? Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the U. S. Risk factors vary with age, gender, and ethnic group. Some important risk factors are: Depression and other mental disorders Substance abuse Prior suicide attempt Family history of suicide Family violence including physical or sexual abuse Firearms in the home Incarceration Exposure to the suicidal behavior of others, such as family members or peers However, it is important to note that many people with these risk factors are not suicidal, while others who are contemplating suicide may not have any of these risk factors. The following are some of the signs you might notice in yourself or a friend that may be a reason for concern. Talking about wanting to die or to kill yourself Looking for a way to kill yourself, such as searching online or buying a gun Talking about feeling hopeless or having no reason to live Talking about feeling trapped or in unbearable pain Talking about being a burden to others Increasing the use of alcohol or drugs Acting anxious or agitated; behaving recklessly Sleeping too little or too much Withdrawing or feeling isolated Showing rage or talking about seeking revenge Displaying extreme mood swings Related coverage Unintentional Injury - Leading Cause Of Death We need to become a lot more careful. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) data, published today, looks at the last decade of accidents and shows that the leading cause of death... Read now Breast-feeding mothers at lower risk of heart disease, stroke Mothers who breast-feed their babies may reduce their risk of heart disease and stroke in later life, especially if they breast-feed for longer durations. Read now CDC: life expectancy in the US reaches record high Life expectancy in the US is at its highest since records began, according to a new report from the CDC. The authors say the increase is due to declines in major causes of death. Read now Elevated blood sugar in heart failure patients linked with early death New research suggests that acute heart failure patients should have their blood sugar levels checked on arrival at the emergency department. Read now Kidney stones may increase the risk of heart disease, stroke A new study finds that kidney stones - a condition that affects around 1 in 10 Americans - may increase the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Read nowemailshare Public Health Cancer / Oncology Heart Disease Stroke Additional information Article last updated on Thu 23 February 2017. Visit our Public Health category page for the latest news on this subject, or sign up to our newsletter to receive the latest updates on Public Health. All references are available in the References tab. References Citations Spotlight on: Public Health What are the top 10 leading causes of death in the US? Tips For Healthy Flying Do You Know What Drowning Looks Like? How to recognize a gas leak Popular in: Public Health Eating out increases exposure to 'hormone disruptors''Game-changing' antibiotic can kill off superbugs This is how a single high-fat meal can lead to heart disease Essential oils may disrupt normal hormonal activity E-cigarettes 'may do more harm than good,' study suggests Popular news Editorial articles All news topics Knowledge center Your MNTLog in or sign up Newsletters Share our content About us Our editorial team Contact us Advertise with MNTget our newsletter Health tips, wellness advice and more. Subscribe Your privacy is important to us. Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK.© 2004-2018 All rights reserved. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. 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Drinking habits and the motives behind them often reflect certain aspects of an individual's personality; in fact, four dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality demonstrate associations with drinking motives (all but 'Openness'). Greater enhancement motives for alcohol consumption tend to reflect high levels of extraversion and sensation-seeking in individuals; such enjoyment motivation often also indicates low conscientiousness, manifesting in lowered inhibition and a greater tendency towards aggression. On the other hand, drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with high neuroticism and low agreeableness. Alcohol use as a negative emotion control mechanism often links with many other behavioral and emotional impairments, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. |
It's done purely to restrict girls' sexual pleasure, or in some cases to prevent them having sex at all. Parts of the clitoris are literally removed. As /u/SweatingQuiteALot says, this is the equivalent of removing part of the head of the penis. There are all sorts of risks involved with the procedures (which are often performed without anaesthetic), and not even a single *potential* health benefit in the way that male circumcision may have. I'm not at all a fan of routine male circumcision, but it's clear that FGM is simply in a different league. Even if it were performed under sterile, civilised conditions, it would still be utterly unjustifiable to remove working, functional tissue from a child who can neither understand the consequences, nor possibly benefit in any way. |
Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons. |
The Emoji Movie is an upcoming 2017 American 3D computer-animated buddy adventure comedy film written and directed by Tony Leondis and co-written by Eric Siegel and Mike White . It will star the voices of T.J. Miller , Anna Faris , James Corden , Patrick Stewart , Maya Rudolph , Steven Wright , Rob Riggle , Jennifer Coolidge , Jake T. Austin , Sofia Vergara , and Christina Aguilera . Produced by Sony Pictures Animation , the film is scheduled to be released on July 28 , 2017 , by Columbia Pictures . |
Mount Chimborazo is Actually the Highest Point on Earth - Condé Nast Traveler Mount Chimborazo is Actually the Highest Point on Earth Share via Pinterest Despite misconceptions, Mount Chimborazo is higher than Mount Everest. If there’s one thing everyone knows about mountains—and given the state of geography education today, that may be a pretty accurate estimate—it’s that Mount Everest, in the Himalayas, is the Earth’s highest point. But what if it wasn’t? What if Everest, with its famous 29,029-foot peak, was actually dwarfed by a mountain you’ve probably never even heard of, an Ecuadorian volcano called Chimborazo? View Mount Chimborazo in a larger map Mount Chimborazo is an Andean stratovolcano in central Ecuador, looming so impressively over the country that, on a clear day, you can see it all the way from the large port city of Guayaquil, 90 miles away. Chimborazo is Ecuador’s highest point, but in terms of elevation, it’s far from the highest peak in the Andes. In fact, there are almost 40 more impressive mountains in South America, many of which (like Aconcagua, the continent’s highest peak) are located farther south, near the Chile-Argentina border. So how is the 30-somethingth highest mountain in the Andes simultaneously the highest point on Earth? The central problem here is that Pythagoras, Columbus, and your elementary school teachers were all wrong: Earth isn’t really round. Well, it’s round-ish, but it’s not a sphere. The combined effects of gravity and rotational centrifugal force have pushed the Earth’s mass outward around its middle. Imagine hula-hooping for a few hours after a big Thanksgiving dinner and you’ll get the idea. The resulting shape is often called an “oblate ellipsoid”: slightly flatter at the poles and bulgier at the equator than you’d expect. This bulge isn’t huge—a deviation of about one part in 300 from a perfect sphere—but it’s enough to mess with cartography. Chimborazo tops out at 20,702 feet, almost two miles lower than Everest. But that’s only compared to sea level. If we take the equatorial bulge into account—in other words, if we measure what peak is farthest from the center of the Earth—Chimborazo sticks more than 7,000 feet farther into space than any of the Himalayas do, since they’re located thousands of miles north of the Equator. So, to quote Obi-Wan Kenobi, “what I told you was true—from a certain point of view.” Hawaiians are quick to point out that Mauna Kea, the volcano that forms the peak of the state’s big island, is also taller than Everest—if you measure from its base. Everest only rises about 13,000 feet above its base, less than half of Mauna Kea’s 33,000-foot rise. The problem, of course, is that the Hawaiian mountain’s “base camp” sleeps with the fishes at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. Give Mauna Kea a fair start by moving it to the Himalayas, and it would be by far the highest peak on Earth. |
How Yorkshire won the county title - Live - BBC Sport How Yorkshire won the county title 9 Sep 20159 Sep 2015 1h1h Got a TV Licence? You need one to watch live TV on any channel or device, and BBC programmes on iPlayer. It’s the law. Yorkshire secure County Championship crown Notts bowled out for 204 to hand Yorkshire title Yorkshire skittled Middlesex for 106 at Lord's Somerset 147-0 after Hants out for 240 in relegation battle Use 'Live Coverage' tab to choose commentary Live Reporting By Gary Smee, Ged Scott and Kalika Mehta All times stated are UK Get involved Facebook: BBC Sport Posted at 18:45 So that's all we've got time for I'm afraid on what was a memorable day for Yorkshire and their supporters. Durham were the last side to win back-to-back titles in 2008 and 2009. Yorkshire have not won consecutive titles since 1968 when they became the last team to win three on the trot, under the captaincy of Brian Close. Our next county cricket live text commentary will be on 19 September for the One-Day Cup final between Gloucestershire and Surrey at Lord's. If you can't wait until then, England are back in action in the fourth ODI against Australia on Friday at Headingley where the series is intriguingly poised at 2-1 in favour of the Aussies. I hope you've enjoyed today's coverage, thank you for joining us. Share Recap - How Yorkshire won the title Posted at 18:41 Getty Images Yorkshire went into the match against Middlesex knowing they needed five points to secure the title, if both their opponents and Notts claimed maximum points. However, the Tykes would also be crowned champions if they bowled Middlesex out for less than 300 and Notts failed to make 350. And that's exactly what happened. Ryan Sidebottom took three wickets in the first over of the day to leave the hosts 0-3 at Lord's. The left-armer eventually finished with 5-18 and Tim Bresnan picked up four wickets as Middlesex were skittled for 106 - part one done. Then it was just a waiting game to see how Notts were doing - not very well. They had slumped to 73-7 against Durham and were eventually bowled out for 204. It meant the title returned to Headingley at just after 15:00 BST. Share Posted at 16:16 Getty Images Delayed tea interval at Lord's as they catch up on the day's allocation of overs but finally the two Yorkshire batsmen out in the middle, skipper Andrew Gale and Alex Lees, can join their celebrating team-mates back in the away dressing room. With Lees having gone in the last over before the break, Gale will be the happier of the two having reached his half century with his ninth boundary, rapidly followed by his 10th. BBC London 94.9's Kevin Hand at Lord's: "Middlesex were all out for 106 just after lunch when Ryan Sidebottom claimed his fifth wicket, three of which had come in the first over of the day. "But the leaden skies have now cleared though and the sun has been out for most of the Yorkshire innings, in which skipper Andrew Gale has reached an unbeaten fifty." Share |
Buddhism -LRB- -LSB- pronˈbʊdɪzəm -RSB- or -LSB- ˈbuːdɪzəm -RSB- -RRB- is an Indian religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha . Buddhism originated in Ancient India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE , from where it spread through much of Asia , whereafter it declined in India during the middle ages . Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada -LRB- Pali : `` The School of the Elders '' -RRB- and Mahayana -LRB- Sanskrit : `` The Great Vehicle '' -RRB- . Buddhism is the world 's fourth-largest religion , with over 500 million followers or 7 % of the global population , known as Buddhists . Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation , the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures , and especially their respective practices . Practices of Buddhism include taking refuge in the Buddha , the Dharma and the Sangha , study of scriptures , observance of moral precepts , renunciation of craving and attachment , the practice of meditation -LRB- including calm and insight -RRB- , the cultivation of wisdom , loving-kindness and compassion , the Mahayana practice of bodhicitta and the Vajrayana practices of generation stage and completion stage . In Theravada the ultimate goal is the cessation of the kleshas and the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana , achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path -LRB- also known as the Middle Way -RRB- , thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth . Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia . Mahayana , which includes the traditions of Pure Land , Zen , Nichiren Buddhism , Shingon and Tiantai -LRB- Tendai -RRB- , is found throughout East Asia . Rather than Nirvana , Mahayana instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path , a state wherein one remains in the cycle of rebirth to help other beings reach awakening . Vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas , may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana . Tibetan Buddhism , which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India , is practiced in regions surrounding the Himalayas , Mongolia and Kalmykia . Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body . |
Home. 1 SAMBO is the combat style made as an ultimate compilation of all known martial arts and shaped by Russian sports enthusiasts in 1920s. The main objective of the contest is to get your opponent out of balance and force or throw him to the ground. In many ways, SAMBO resembles its sister sports, judo... |
The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population. 10% of the population are Shan. The Kayin make up 7% of the population. The Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population. Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population. Myanmar's ethnic minority groups prefer the term "ethnic nationality" over "ethnic minority" as the term "minority" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as "Burmanisation"—the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures. |
The Tunisia national football team (Arabic: منتخب تونس لكرة القدم ), nicknamed "Les Aigles de Carthage (The Eagles of Carthage or The Carthage Eagles)", is the national team of Tunisia and is controlled by the Tunisian Football Federation. They have qualified for four FIFA World Cups, the first one in 1978, but have yet to make it out of the first round. Nevertheless, they created history in that 1978 tournament in Argentina by becoming the first African side to win a World Cup match, beating Mexico 3–1. They also held defending champions West Germany to a goalless draw before bowing out. They have since qualified for the three tournaments in succession, in 1998, 2002 and 2006: they were the only African team to appear at both the 2002 and 2006 tournaments. |
Follow-up care. You will most likely be checked within four to six weeks following surgery for a postoperative visit. After that, it is critical to get regular check-ups by a heart specialist.Clarify with your healthcare provide what symptoms would warrant a phone call or an additional recheck.ollow-up care. You will most likely be checked within four to six weeks following surgery for a postoperative visit. After that, it is critical to get regular check-ups by a heart specialist. |
It's Short Girl Appreciation day on the 9th of March. Short Girl Appreciation Day' is by our calculation on: March the 9th. The first time we detected Short Girl Appreciation Day was the 8th of March 2015 and the most recent detection of references to Short Girl Appreciation Day was 1 month ago. There were many celebrations relating to national holdiays written about on social media that our algorithms picked up, on the 9th of March. |
As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945. |
In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England. |
Domicile (law) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search In law, domicile is the status or attribution of being a lawful permanent resident in a particular jurisdiction. A person can remain domiciled in a jurisdiction even after he has left it, if he has maintained sufficient links with that jurisdiction or has not displayed an intention to leave permanently (i.e. if that person has moved to a different state but has not yet formed an intention to remain there indefinitely). Traditionally many common law jurisdictions considered a person's domicile to be a determinative factor in the conflict of laws and would, for example, only recognize a divorce conducted in another jurisdiction if at least one of the parties were domiciled there at the time it was conducted. Contents [ hide ]1 Description1.1 General principles1.2 Application1.3 In extraterritorial jurisdiction1.4 Commercial domicile and prize law2 The law in specific jurisdictions2.1 Canada2.2 India2.3 United States2.4 United Kingdom2.4.1 England and Wales2.4.2 Scotland2.4.3 Northern Ireland2.4.4 For taxation purposes2.5 People's Republic of China3 See also4 Further reading5 Notes6 References7 External links Description [ edit]In early societies, there was little mobility but, as travel from one state to another developed, problems emerged: what should happen if different forms of marriage exist, if children became adults at different ages, etc.? One answer is that people must be given a connection to a legal jurisdiction, like a passport, that they carry with them wherever they go. Domicile is governed by lex domicilii, as opposed to lex patriae which depends upon nationality, which is the relationship between an individual and a country. Where the state and the country are co-extensive, the two may be the same. However: Where the country is federated into separate legal systems, citizenship and domicile will be different. For example, one might have United States citizenship and a domicile in Kentucky, Canadian citizenship and a domicile in Quebec, or Australian citizenship and a domicile in Tasmania. One can have dual nationality but not more than one domicile at a time. A person may have a domicile in one state while maintaining nationality in another country. Unlike nationality, no person can be without a domicile even if stateless. Domicile is distinct from habitual residence where there is much less focus on future intent. Domicile is being supplanted by habitual residence in international conventions dealing with conflict of laws and other private law matters. General principles [ edit]A person can have only one domicile at any given time, and the manner in which it could change was explained in 1869 in the House of Lords by Lord Westbury in Udny v Udny:“It is a settled principle, that no man shall be without a domicile, and to secure this result the law attributes to every individual as soon as he is born the domicile of the father if the child be legitimate, or the domicile of the mother if illegitimate. This has been called the domicile of origin, and it is involuntary. Other domiciles are domiciles of choice, for, as soon as the individual is sui juris, it is competent to him to elect and assume another domicile, the continuance of which depends upon his will and act. When another domicile is put on, the domicile of origin is for that purpose relinquished, and remains in abeyance during the continuance of the domicile. But as the domicile of origin is the creature of law, and independent of the will of the party, it would be inconsistent with the principles on which it is by law created and ascribed, to suppose, that it is capable of being, by the mere act of the party, entirely obliterated and extinguished. It revives and exists whenever there is no other domicile, and it does not require to be regained or reconstituted animo et facto in the manner which is necessary for the acquisition of a new domicile of choice. Domicile of choice is a conclusion or inference which the law derives from the fact of a man fixing voluntarily his sole or chief residence in a particular place with the unlimited intention of continuing to reside there. This is a description of the circumstances which create or constitute a domicile, and not a definition of the term. There must be a residence freely chosen and not prescribed or dictated by any external necessity such as the duties of office, the demands of creditors, or the relief of illness. And it must be residence fixed not for any defined period or particular purpose, but general and indefinite in its future duration. It is true, that residence originally temporary, or intended only for a limited period, may afterwards become general and unlimited, and in such a case, so soon as the change of purpose or the animus manendi may be inferred, the fact of domicile of origin may be extinguished by act of law, as, for example, by sentence of death, exile, and perhaps outlawry, but it cannot be destroyed by the act of the party. Domicile of choice, if it is gained animo et facto, may be put an end to in the same manner. Expressions are found in some books in one or two cases, to the effect, that the first domicile remains until another is acquired. This is true, if applied to the domicile of origin, but it cannot be true if such general words were intended (which is not probable) to convey the conclusion, that a domicile of choice, though unequivocally relinquished and abandoned, clings, in spite of his will and act. to the party until another domicile has animo et facto been acquired. The cases to which I have referred are in my opinion met and controlled by other decisions, but more especially by the reason of the thing. A natural born Englishman may, if he domiciles himself in Holland, acquire the status civilis of a Dutchman, which is of course ascribed to him in respect of his settled abode in Holland, but if he breaks up his establishment, sells his house and furniture, discharges his servants, quits Holland, declaring that he will never return to it again, and taking with him his wife and children for the purpose of travelling in France or Italy in search of another place of residence, can it be said, that he carries his Dutch domicile on his back, and that it clings to him pertinaciously until he has finally set up his tabernacle in another country? Such a conclusion would be absurd. But there is no absurdity, but, on the contrary, much reason in holding, that an acquired domicile may be effectually determined by an unequivocal intention and act, and that, when it is so determined, the domicile of origin instantly revives, and continues until a new domicile of choice is acquired. [1]”Depending on a person's circumstances, it has historically been based upon the following principles: [2]Type How acquired Domicile of originthe father's domicile, where the father was alive at the child's birththe mother's domicile, where the father was not alive at the child's birth, or where the child was illegitimatewhere the parents were not known, the domicile was the place in which the child was found Domicile of choicewhen a child reached the age of majority, and had subsequently settled in another jurisdiction with the intention of making it his permanent homewhen a person moves away from a domicile of choice with the intention of settling in another jurisdiction, but has not yet done so, his domicile reverts to the domicile of origin until settlement in a new permanent home has taken place Domicile of dependencya child's domicile would change when the relevant parent had acquired a new domicile of choice [a]a wife would acquire her husband's domicile upon marriagea person born mentally incapacitated, or becomes mentally incapacitated while still a minor, continues to be treated in the same way as a dependent child until the incapacity no longer exists [3] [b]Application [ edit]A person's domicile can have important personal consequences: A marriage is valid only where properly performed under the law of the jurisdiction in which it takes place, as well as under the law applicable to each of the participants in effect in their respective domiciles. [5] [c]If someone is an infant and therefore has reduced contractual capacity, that reduced capacity will tend to apply wherever they go. When a person dies, it is the law of their domicile that determines how their will is interpreted, or if the person has no valid will, how their property will pass by intestate succession. [6]Historically, divorce could only take place in the domicile of the parties concerned. [7]There is tension between "domicile of origin" and "domicile of choice" which arises out of the fact that the latter can only be acquired through fulfilling both:the ability to settle permanently in another place, andthe intention to remain there permanently. The ability to settle permanently has been held to arise only when one can become a permanent resident of the jurisdiction for immigration purposes. For example, suppose that A came from England to Canada on a visa to work for an employer in Ontario. While there, his son B is born. A likes Canada enough to have his status changed to that of landed immigrant. When B comes of age, he decides to leave Ontario for good, but dies before settling permanently elsewhere. B's domicile of origin is England, because of A's initial inability to settle permanently in Ontario. When A obtains permission to land, Ontario becomes his domicile of choice, and B (provided he is still a minor) automatically acquires it as a domicile of dependency. When B attains the age of majority, Ontario becomes his domicile of choice until he decides to leave for good, at which time it reverts to the domicile of origin. His new domicile of choice would only occur once he had been able to settle permanently in a new jurisdiction. [8]However, it is more difficult to abandon a domicile of choice than to acquire it. In the case of abandonment, both the above conditions must be fulfilled simultaneously as they are interrelated, whereas they are discrete in the latter case of acquisition. [6]The lack of intention to remain permanently can lead to unexpected results: A, whose domicile of origin was England, went to India where he had a legitimate son B. B, while resident in India, had a legitimate son C who also, while resident in India, had a legitimate son D. A, B and C intended to return to England when they retired at sixty years of age, but they all died in India before reaching that age. D's domicile of origin remains England, even though he has never lived there. [9]In extraterritorial jurisdiction [ edit]Certain anomalous jurisprudence occurred where persons lived abroad in cases relating to extraterritorial jurisdiction. The East India Company was declared to be equivalent to a foreign government, and persons engaged in service to it for an indefinite period were deemed to have acquired Anglo-Indian domicile. [10] Persons in the service of the Crown, as well as independent traders, could not acquire this status. [11] [12] As a consequence of the Indian Mutiny, the Company ceased to function as a government upon the passage of the Government of India Act 1858, and such domicile was not capable of being acquired thereafter. [10]Unsuccessful attempts were made to adapt that case law to other circumstances. In 1844, Stephen Lushington of the Consistory Court observed in dicta that, in the case of the Ottoman Empire, "every presumption is against the intention of British Christian subjects voluntarily becoming domiciled in the dominions of the Porte ." [13] [14] Similar statements were expressed by the Court of Chancery in 1883 in rejecting the concept of an Anglo-Chinese domicile, where Chitty J of the Court of Chancery stated that "There is no authority that I am aware of in English law that an individual can become domiciled as a member of a community which is not the community possessing the supreme or sovereign territorial power." [15] [16] This was later endorsed by Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1888, in holding that "residence in a foreign country, without subjection to its municipal laws and customs, is therefore ineffectual to create a new domicile." [17]The reasoning behind such decisions was never satisfactorily explained, [18] and the House of Lords later held in 1918 that these rulings built on dicta were wrongly decided and were thus swept aside. [19] In holding that domicile in a foreign State could be properly acquired in such circumstances, Lord Finlay LC declared:“Before special provision was made in the case of foreigners resident in such countries for application to their property of their own law of succession, for their trial on criminal charges by Courts which will command their confidence, and for the settlement of disputes between them and others of the same nationality by such Courts, the presumption against the acquisition of a domicile in such a country might be regarded as overwhelming, unless under very special circumstances. But since special provision for the protection of foreigners in such countries has been made, the strength of the presumption against the acquisition of a domicile there is very much diminished. [20]”Commercial domicile and prize law [ edit]The rules governing civil domicile have on occasion been confused with those governing commercial domicile that appear in public international law which come into play in time of war, [21] with emphasis on the area of prize law, [22] where a merchant's status as an enemy or neutral come to be determined in the courts of a belligerent state. [21] The two sets of rules are fundamentally different. [23] The basic principles that apply are: Commercial domicile is acquired whenever a person resides and carries on business in a country in time of war without any intention of bringing his business to an immediate end. [21]It is possible to have more than one commercial domicile at the same time and be engaged in business in each of them, but enemy or neutral character is characterized only in the transactions that originate in the belligerent or neutral country concerned. [24]Commercial domicile is acquired when a person acts as a merchant, even when he also acts as a consular representative of a state. [21]In acting as a merchant, the activity must be extensive enough that the country is said to derive an advantage from the trade he carries on there. [21]Commercial domicile is lost at the moment a person puts himself in motion to quit the country of domicile with no intention of returning. [25]Any person is an enemy with respect to a ship or cargo who resides and carries on a trade in an enemy territory, and has not divested himself of this hostile character by bona fide putting himself in motion to quit the enemy territory. [26] [27]If a person carries on business in both enemy and British territory, any property belonging to him as a merchant of the belligerent state is liable to be captured at sea. [28] Neutral ships may be captured if they break, or attempt to break, a blockade. [28]The law in specific jurisdictions [ edit]The rules determining domicile in common law jurisdictions are based on case law in origin. Most jurisdictions have altered some aspects of the common law rules by statute, the details of which vary from one jurisdiction to another. The general framework of the common law rules has however survived in most jurisdictions and is in outline as follows: Canada [ edit]Until the passage of the Divorce Act in 1968, [29] divorce could only be obtained in the province of domicile, which effectively required those domiciled in Quebec and Newfoundland to obtain divorce only through an Act of the Parliament of Canada. [30] The 1968 Act required that "the domicile of a married woman shall be determined as if she were unmarried, and, if she is a minor, as if she had attained her majority", [31] with one year's residence in the province where the divorce order was sought. [32] The later 1986 Act [33] removed the domicile requirement completely. [34]When later court proceedings revealed complications arising from the impact of domicile on the validity of same-sex marriages solemnized in Canada, [35] the Civil Marriage Act was amended in 2013 to provide for divorce to be available to nonresident spouses in the province where the marriage took place. [36]Outside of marriage and divorce, rules relating to domicile generally fall under provincial jurisdiction. The Civil Code of Quebec standardizes rules for that province, [37] while Manitoba is the only common-law province to attempt to completely revise and simplify the rules within its scope. [38] Other provinces have modified their rules as the need arose. Ontario has modified the following rules relating to domicile: Effective 1 January 1959, the domicile of origin for an adopted child was declared to be that of its adoptive parents, "as if the adopted child had been born in lawful wedlock to the adopting parent." [39]On 31 March 1978, the doctrine of illegitimacy was abolished, [40] as well as the rule deeming a married woman's domicile to be that of her husband's, [41] and the rules governing the domicile of minors were simplified. [42]Effective 1 March 1986, the rules governing the domicile of minors were simplified further. [43]India [ edit]A domicile of origin is the one with which a person is born. It can be changed as a result of adoption and marriage. Under the common law a married woman was deemed to have the same domicile as her husband, so the domicile of origin of the children of the marriage was the same as that of their father and the time of birth. Children gained their mother's domicile if their father was predeceased or they were born outside marriage. An orphan has the jurisdiction over the original domicile where he or she was found. [44]Every adult (other than married women) can change their domicile by leaving the jurisdiction of the prior domicile with an intention of permanently residing somewhere else. This is referred to as a domicile of choice. A domicile of choice can be abandoned if a new domicile of choice is acquired or if the domicile of origin revives. [45] [46]A married woman can only get domicile and other caste certificates from her husband's jurisdiction. A child's domicile is dependent and, therefore the same, as the adult on whom he or she is dependent. [47]United States [ edit]Each state of the United States is considered a separate sovereign within the U. S. federal system, and each therefore has its own laws on questions of marriage, inheritance, and liability for tort and contract actions. Persons who reside in the U. S. must have a state domicile for various purposes. For example, a person can always be sued in their state of domicile. Furthermore, in order for indivirdual parties (that is, natural persons) to invoke the diversity jurisdiction of a United States district court (a federal trial court), all the plaintiffs must have a different state of domicile from all the defendants (so-called "complete diversity"). [48]Recently, the United States Supreme Court case of Hertz Corp. v. Friend concluded that the "principal place of business refers to the place where corporations' high level officers direct, control and coordinate the corporations' activities." This is the test for corporate domicile when claiming diversity jurisdiction. [49]United Kingdom [ edit]The United Kingdom contains three jurisdictions: England and Wales; Scotland; and Northern Ireland. All UK jurisdictions distinguish between domicile of origin (decided by the domicile of their father, or if parents unmarried their mother), domicile of choice (when a person has exercised a legal option to change their domicile as can be done when attaining majority) and domicile of dependence (applicable to those legally dependent on another such as some incapable persons, children or women married before 1974) but in general only one place can be a person's domicile at any one time thus preventing the creation of differing simultaneous domiciles for different purposes; the three types of domicile can enable a voluntary change when a person reaches a relevant age. If a domicile of choice lapses and is not replaced the domicile of origin reasserts itself. The concept of domicile is not rooted in statute thus the basic matter of an individual's domicile is not decided by any single statute but rather by case law in combination with applicable international law and statutes following in accord. England and Wales [ edit]The Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973 [50] abolished the rule that a married woman had the domicile of her husband (with transitional rules for those married before 1 January 1974), as well as reforming the rules dealing with the domicile of minors. [51]Scotland [ edit]The rules for persons under 16 for the particular purposes of some Scottish family law are dealt with in the Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006, [52] but this does not by itself fix the domicile for general purposes. Northern Ireland [ edit]The law in Northern Ireland is generally similar to England and Wales but with domestic statutes applying which are not inevitably coincident. For taxation purposes [ edit]Income tax and inheritance tax are applied at first instance to those who are domiciled in the UK. Recent legislative reforms have changed the manner in which Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs applies the concept of domicile for such purposes: [53]For income tax purposes, those who are UK-domiciled are taxed on their worldwide income, while those who are UK-resident but not UK-domiciled can opt to have taxed on a remittance basis non-UK income that is repatriated from abroad, [54] subject to the payment of a remittance basis charge. [55]For inheritance tax purposes, those who are UK-domiciled are taxed on their worldwide estate, while those who are not can be taxed on that part of the estate that is located there. UK domicile is deemed to exist where a person has been UK-resident for at least 17 of the past 20 years, [56] and is deemed to continue to exist for up to three years after the acquisition of a new domicile. [56] A spouse or civil partner may elect to be deemed as so domiciled. [57]Double taxation agreements with India and Pakistan provide for deemed UK domicile in IHT matters to not apply in specified circumstances to persons domiciled in the other jurisdiction (thus effectively excluding non-UK assets from UK IHT), while residents in France and Italy enjoy protection that is more limited in scope. [58] Other tax treaties with the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States also have provisions that reduce the impact of deemed domicile. [58]For all tax purposes, members of the British House of Commons and the House of Lords are deemed to be resident and domiciled in the UK for each tax year in which they hold such office, [59] but there is still scope for tax planning opportunities for such officeholders. [60]In 2015, Her Majesty's Treasury proposed further changes to the deemed domicile rules, which went through two rounds of consultation. [61] In its response in December 2016, [62] the UK's government announced the following changes would form part of the next Finance Bill, effective on or after 6 April 2017, declaring that deemed domicile will extend to the following classes of persons: [63]For purposes of income tax and capital gains tax: [64]Where an individual was born in the UK with a UK domicile of origin, and is UK resident in the relevant tax year, or Where an individual has been UK resident for at least 15 of the last 20 tax years immediately preceding the relevant tax year, except where that individual is not UK resident in the relevant tax year and there is no tax year beginning after 5 April 2017 and preceding the relevant tax year in which the person was UK resident. For purposes of inheritance tax, where an individual has been UK resident for at least 15 of the last 20 tax years immediately preceding the relevant tax year, and for at least one of the four tax years ending with the relevant tax year. [65]Legislative changes were delayed because of the intervening 2017 general election, but are anticipated to be implemented in the autumn of 2017, with retrospective effect. [66]People's Republic of China [ edit]A domiciled individual is defined as one who, by reason of the individual’s permanent registered address, family, and/or economic interests, habitually resides in China. A PRC national with a Chinese passport or a domicile registration is likely to be deemed as domiciled in China–whether resident in China or not–and therefore attract liability for individual income tax on worldwide income. [67]See also [ edit]Tax residence Further reading [ edit]Dickinson, Edwin D. (1919). "The Domicil of Persons Residing Abroad under Consular Jurisdiction". Michigan Law Review. 17 (6): 437–455., later updated in Dickinson, Edwin D. (1919). "The Domicil of Persons Residing Abroad under Consular Jurisdiction". Michigan Law Review. 17 (8): 694–696. The Earl of Halsbury (1909). "Conflict of Laws". The Laws of England. VI (1st ed.). London: Butterworth & Co. pp. 177–308. The Earl of Halsbury (1912). "Prize Law and Jurisdiction". The Laws of England. XXIII (1st ed.). London: Butterworth & Co. pp. 275–295. The full text of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Domicile at Wikisource Collins, Lawrence (2006). Dicey Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws (14th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-0-42188360-4. Private International Law: The Law of Domicile (PDF). Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission. 1987. ISBN 0-10-102002-3. "Rules for determining domicile" (PDF). hkreform.gov.hk. Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong. April 2005. Notes [ edit]^ and thus, if a legitimate child had acquired a domicile of origin from its father, its domicile of dependency would continue to be concurrent with its father's, even if it stayed with its mother after separation of the parents^ conversely, an adult person retains the domicile existing at the time he becomes mentally incapacitated, until such time as the incapacity no longer exists [4]^ meaning than a person who is domiciled in a jurisdiction that only allows monogamous marriage (such as England) is unable to enter into a polygamous marriage in Saudi Arabia References [ edit]^ George Udny v John Henry Udny of Udny [1869] UKHL 2_Paterson_1677, (1869) LR 1 HL 441 (3 June 1869), pp. 1686–1687^ Law Comms 1987, pp. 4–7.^ HK Law Reform Comm 2005, p. 16.^ HK Law Reform Comm 2005, pp. 15–16.^ Swan, Angela (January 16, 2012). "Marriage and Divorce in the Conflict of Laws". slaw.ca.^ a b Robertson, Gerald B. (2010). "The Law of Domicile: Re Foote Estate ". Alberta Law Review. 48 (1): 189–194., at 194, discussing the rule expressed in IRC v Duchess of Portland [1982] 1 Ch 314, endorsed in Re Foote Estate2009 ABQB 654 at par. 508 (13 November 2009)^ HK Law Reform Comm 2005, p. 15.^ Hill, Jonathan; Ní Shúilleabháin, Máire (2016). Clarkson and Hill's Conflict of Laws (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-19-106982-6.^ HK Law Reform Comm 2005, p. 17.^ a b Halsbury VI 1909, p. 190.^ Halsbury VI 1909, pp. 190-191.^ Jopp v Wood (1865) De GJ&S 616, 46 ER 1057 (14 February 1865), Court of Chancery^ Maltass v Maltass (1844) 1 Rob Ecc 67, 163 ER 967 at 80 (17 July 1844), Consistory Court^ Dickinson 1919a, pp. 442-443.^ In re Tootal’s Trust, 52 LJ 664, 670 (Ch 1883).^ Dickinson 1919a, p. 444.^ Ellen Abd-ul-Messih (Widow) v Chukri Farra and Angela Farra [1888] UKPC 22, (1888) 13 AC 431 (17 March 1888), P. C. (on appeal from the Supreme Court of Constantinople)^ Dickinson 1919a, p. 445.^ Dickinson 1919b, p. 695.^ Casdagli v Casdagli [1918] UKHL 56SLR0411, [1919] AC 145 (28 October 1918)^ a b c d e Halsbury VI 1909, p. 195.^ Halsbury XXIII 1912, p. 278.^ Dickinson 1919a, p. 440.^ Halsbury VI 1909, pp. 195-196.^ Halsbury VI 1909, p. 196.^ Halsbury XXIII 1912, pp. 278-279.^ The Indian Chief (1801) 3 C Rob 12, 165 ER 367 (27 February 1801), High Court of Admiralty^ a b Halsbury XXIII 1912, p. 279.^ Divorce Act, S. C. 1967-68, c. 24^ The full text of Parliamentary Notice, January 13, 1868 at Wikisource^ S. C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 6 (1)^ S. C. 1967-68, c. 24, s. 5 (1)^ Divorce Act, 1985, S. C. 1986, c. 4^ S. C. 1986, c. 4, s. 3 (1)^ Kirkby, Cynthia (9 March 2012). "Legislative Summary of Bill C-32: An Act to Amend the Civil Marriage Act". Library of Parliament.^ Civil Marriage of Non-residents Act, S. C. 2013, c. 30^ Civil Code of Quebec, art. 75–83^ The Domicile and Habitual Residence Act, CCSM , c. D96^ The Child Welfare Act, 1954, S. O. 1954, c. 8, s. 74, as inserted by The Child Welfare Amendment Act, 1958, S. O. 1958, c. 11, s. 3^ The Children's Law Reform Act, 1977, S. O. 1977, c. 41^ The Family Law Reform Act, 1978, S. O. 1978, c. 2, s. 65^ 1978 Act, s. 67^ Family Law Act, 1986, S. O. 1986, c. 4, s. 67^ Dicey Morris & Collins 2006, par. 6R-025.^ Dicey Morris & Collins 2006, par. 6R-033 and 6R-074.^ Fawcett, James; Carruthers, Janeen; North, Peter (2008). Cheshire, North & Fawcett: Private International Law (14th ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-928438-2.^ Dicey Morris & Collins 2006, par. 6R-078.^ Sun Printing & Publishing Association v. Edwards, 194U. S. 377 (1904)^ Hertz Corp. v. Friend, No. 08-1107, 559 U. S. ___ (2010)^ UK Parliament. Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973 as amended (see also enacted form ), from legislation.gov.uk.^ Kessler, James (2013). Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries (12th ed.). Oxford: Key Haven Publications plc. ISBN 978-1-90161459-6.^ Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006, 2006 asp 2, at s. 22^ "Guidance Note: Residence, Domicile and the Remittance Basis" (PDF). Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs. June 2016.^ "Helpsheet 264: Remittance basis (2015)". Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs. 24 August 2016.^ "SA109: Residence, remittance basis etc notes" (PDF). Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs. 2016. pp. 10–11.^ a b Inheritance Tax Act 1984, s. 267^ Inheritance Tax Act 1984, s. 267ZA, as inserted by the Finance Act 2013, s. 177.^ a b "Non-UK domiciliaries: Inheritance tax issues and opportunities" (PDF). Charles Russell Speechlys LLP. May 2015.^ Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, Part 4^ Slevin, Kevin (19 May 2011). "Not quite the same" (PDF). Taxation. pp. 6–8.^ "Reforms to the taxation of non-domiciles". HM Treasury. 19 August 2016.^ "Reforms to the taxation of non-domiciles: responses to further consultation" (PDF). HM Treasury. December 2016.^ "Draft provisions for Finance Bill 2017" (PDF). HM Treasury. December 2016.^ 2017 draft Finance Bill, s. 40^ 2017 draft Finance Bill, s. 41^ "Draft Finance (No. 2) Bill" (PDF). ey.com. Ernst & Young. 13 July 2017.^ "China" (PDF). KPMG. 2011. p. 2. External links [ edit]Taxation of Non-Residents and Foreign Domiciliaries in UK law- HM Revenue and Customs (Official Website)Categories: Conflict of laws Home |
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Wynonna Ellen Judd -LRB- -LSB- waɪˈnoʊnə -RSB- born Christina Claire Ciminella ; May 30 , 1964 -RRB- is an American country music singer . Her solo albums and singles are all credited to the single name Wynonna . Wynonna first rose to fame in the 1980s alongside her mother , Naomi , in the country music duo The Judds . The duo released seven albums on Curb Records in addition to charting 26 singles , of which 14 were number-one hits . After The Judds disbanded in 1991 , Wynonna began a solo career , also on Curb . In her solo career , she has released eight studio albums , a live album , a holiday album and two compilation albums in addition to charting more than 20 singles of her own . Her first three singles -- `` She Is His Only Need '' , `` I Saw the Light , '' and `` No One Else on Earth '' -- all reached number one on the U.S. country singles charts consecutively , as did 1993 's `` Only Love '' and 1996 's , `` To Be Loved by You . '' Three of her albums are certified platinum or higher by the RIAA . Her most recent recording , Sing : Chapter 1 , was released on February 3 , 2009 and she released a new song , `` Something You Ca n't Live Without , '' in March 2013 . Wynonna is most recognized for her musical work , although starting in the 2000s she has also pursued other interests , including writing , acting and philanthropy . |
The Spinone Italiano (] ) is an Italian dog breed. It was originally bred as a versatile gun dog. To this day, the breed is still a capable dog for that purpose. The Spinone is a loyal, friendly and alert dog with a close lying, wiry coat. It is an ancient breed that can be traced back to approximately 500 BC. |
Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called feet . line of iambic pentameter is made up of five such pairs of short/long, or unstressed/stressed, syllables. Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. |
Dom Pedro II (English: Peter" "II; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. His father's abrupt abdication and departure to Europe in 1831 left a five-year-old Pedro II as Emperor and led to a grim and lonely childhood and adolescence. Obliged to spend his time studying in preparation for rule, he knew only brief moments of happiness and encountered few friends of his age. His experiences with court intrigues and political disputes during this period greatly affected his later character; he grew into a man with a strong sense of duty and devotion toward his country and his people, yet increasingly resentful of his role as monarch. |
The University of Maine (also referred to as UMaine, Maine or UMO) is a public research university in Orono, Maine, United States. The university was established in 1865 as a land grant college and is the flagship university of the University of Maine System. The University of Maine is one of only nine land, sea and space grant institutions in the nation. |
Performance is a 1970 British crime drama film directed by Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg , written by Cammell and photographed by Roeg . The film stars James Fox as a violent and ambitious London gangster who , after carrying out an unordered killing , goes into hiding at the home of a reclusive rock star -LRB- Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones , in his film acting debut -RRB- . The film was produced in 1968 but not released until 1970 due to the reluctance of Warner Bros. to distribute the film because of its graphic violent and sexual content . It initially received a mixed critical response but gained a cult following , and since then its reputation has grown in stature ; it is now regarded as one of the most influential and innovative films of the 1970s as well as in British cinema . In 1999 , Performance was voted the 48th greatest British film of all time by the British Film Institute ; in 2008 Empire magazine ranked the film 182nd on its list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . |
How does the ear hear sounds? Health Corps Administration A few things happen to enable our ears to hear: Sound waves enter your ear canal and cause your eardrum to vibrate. Vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, stimulating the receptor cells. The receptor cells send impulses to the brain. David M. Vernick, MDEar, Nose & Throat (Otolaryngology)Sound waves make the eardrum vibrate. The rate of the vibrations indicates the frequency, or pitch, of the incoming sound. For example, a sound wave that vibrates at 256 cycles per second -- the middle C on the piano, for example -- is said to have a frequency of 256 hertz, the unit in which frequencies are measured. The higher the frequency of the sound wave, the higher the pitch. As it vibrates, the eardrum transfers sound waves to the ossicles, three bones that form a bridge across the middle ear. These bones are named with the Latin words for their shapes: the malleus, or hammer; the incus, or anvil; and the stapes, or stirrup. The tiny sound waves must move these bony structures, causing them to vibrate -- the part of the adventure akin to moving mountains. The purpose of the eardrum and the ossicles is to transmit the sound waves efficiently to the inner ear. If the incoming sound is very loud, two muscles attached to the ossicles in the middle ear lower the volume by contracting. These muscles are called the tensor tympani and the stapedius. As they contract, they pull on the three bones, reducing their ability to vibrate. This action helps prevent extremely loud noises from hurting your ears or being uncomfortable to hear. The vibrating ossicles transfer the sound-wave vibrations to the door between the middle ear and the inner ear. This door consists of the stapes footplate and a fibrous membrane that holds the footplate in place and seals the chamber. A major structure of the inner ear is the cochlea, a snail-shaped structure that consists of bone on the outside and fluid-filled membranes on the inside. There are 10,000 to 15,000 hair cells in each ear. As sound waves travel through the liquid passageways, they send a ripple across rows of sensory hair cells lining the cochlea. They cause a vibration of the inner ear at a location that is sensitive to that frequency thus moving the hair cells. The sound waves of different frequencies thus stimulate the hair cells in different regions of the cochlea. As the hairlike prongs on the hair cells bend with the motion, a chemical signal is released around the auditory nerve (eighth cranial nerve), triggering an electrical firing of the nerve. The auditory nerve in each ear transmits this electrical signal, which encodes a particular sound's frequency and loudness, to the area of the brain (auditory cortex) that interprets the sound. |
Tetris -LRB- , pronounced -LSB- ˈtɛtrʲɪs -RSB- -RRB- is a tile-matching puzzle video game , originally designed and programmed by Russian game designer Alexey Pajitnov . It was released on June 6 , 1984 , while he was working for the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre of the Academy of Science of the USSR in Moscow . He derived its name from the Greek numerical prefix tetra - -LRB- all of the game 's pieces contain four segments -RRB- and tennis , Pajitnov 's favorite sport . Tetris was the first entertainment software to be exported from the USSR to the US , where it was published by Spectrum HoloByte for Commodore 64 and IBM PC . The Tetris game is a popular use of tetrominoes , the four-element special case of polyominoes . Polyominoes have been used in popular puzzles since at least 1907 , and the name was given by the mathematician Solomon W. Golomb in 1953 . However , even the enumeration of pentominoes is dated to antiquity . The game -LRB- or one of its many variants -RRB- is available for nearly every video game console and computer operating system , as well as on devices such as graphing calculators , mobile phones , portable media players , PDAs , Network music players and even as an Easter egg on non-media products like oscilloscopes . It has even inspired Tetris serving dishes and been played on the sides of various buildings . While versions of Tetris were sold for a range of 1980s home computer platforms as well as arcades , it was the hugely successful handheld version for the Game Boy launched in 1989 that established the game as one of the most popular ever . Electronic Gaming Monthly '' 's 100th issue had Tetris in first place as `` Greatest Game of All Time '' . In 2007 , Tetris came in second place in IGN 's `` 100 Greatest Video Games of All Time '' . In January 2010 , it was announced that the Tetris franchise had sold more than 170 million copies , approximately 70 million physical copies and over 100 million copies for cell phones , making it the best selling paid-downloaded game of all time . On 14 March 2014 , The Tetris Company announced a deal to bring Tetris '' to two of the latest hardware platforms , the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 , in partnership with Ubisoft -LRB- publishing -RRB- and SoMa Play -LRB- development -RRB- , to coincide with the franchise 's 30th anniversary . |
Norman is a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma 20 mi south of downtown Oklahoma City in its metropolitan area. The population was 110,925 at the 2010 census. Norman's estimated population of 120,284 in 2015 makes it the third-largest city in Oklahoma, and the city serves as the county seat of Cleveland County. |
Hopefully, your oncologist or oncology nurse has already informed you of the foods to avoid during chemotherapy, including: 1 Unpasteurized dairy and undercooked eggs â If it's got a runny yolk, avoid it. Raw seafood â Oysters, sushi and other kinds of raw or undercooked seafood is off the menu for now. |
The Kpelle comprise more than 20% of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia, residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia. Americo-Liberians, who are descendants of African American and West Indian, mostly Barbadian settlers, make up 2.5%. Congo people, descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825, make up an estimated 2.5%. These latter two groups established political control in the 19th century which they kept well into the 20th century. |
A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its rotating windings. Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature. |
James Earl Chaney was born in Meridian, Mississippi, the elder son of Fannie Lee and Ben Chaney, Sr. His brother Ben was nine years younger, born in 1952, and he had three sisters, Barbara, Janice, and Julia.His parents separated for a time when James was young.James attended Catholic school for the first nine grades.is brother Ben was nine years younger, born in 1952, and he had three sisters, Barbara, Janice, and Julia. His parents separated for a time when James was young. James attended Catholic school for the first nine grades. |
8 1034AM Local Time in Meridian, MS8:10:34 AM, Tuesday 10, April 2018 CDT 24 hours Offset to GMT/UTCStandard time zone: UTC/GMT -6 hours (Central Standard Time)Daylight saving time: +1 hour Current time zone offset: UTC/GMT -5:00 hours (Central Daylight Time)Time zone abbreviation: CDTDaylight saving Time Change Dates 2018DST started on Sunday 11 March 2018, 02:00 local standard time (CST) DST ends on Sunday 04 November 2018, 02:00 local daylight time (CDT)Meridian time zone CST - Central Standard Time CDT - Central Daylight Time when daylight saving time is being observed (from mid-March to early November)Meridian - Geographical Location Latitude: 32° 21′ 51″ North Longitude: 88° 42′ 13″ West Meridian online map View time at locations near Meridian : Marion, Nellieburg, Bailey, Suqualena, Basic Get Free Website Html Clock for Meridian Online Html clock provided by 24Time Zones.com is really nice and fancy website widget! This analog html clock is adjusted for Daylight Saving Time changes and always displays correct current local time for Meridian, Mississippi. You can adjust color and size of your Meridian clock or choose clock for any city in the US here!Your clock will look like this: Meridian Configure your own clock using the form below and then click "Get HTML code" button:* Color* Size I agree to place the code provided by 24timezones.com on my web pages without making any changes to the text and links. I understand that 24timezones.com may terminate the service in case the code is changed. Get HTML code!New version of Analog Website Clocks! Install it on your website or blog now!Special offer for webmasters: now you can put the full version of Digital Website Clock on your own site!Get a FREE html clock widgets displaying local time at major capitals around the world for your website or blog! |
Joy is a 2015 American biographical comedy-drama film , written and directed by David O. Russell and starring Jennifer Lawrence as Joy Mangano , about whom the story is loosely based as a self-made millionaire who created her own business empire . Joy received a theatrical release on December 25 , 2015 , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Lawrence 's performance but criticized the writing and pace of the film . Lawrence received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her performance . Joy was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , among other accolades . |
This is the direct way to get phone number, you can always send a contact request: http://support.uber.com/hc/en-us/requests/new. But as for now there is no direct Uber customer service care contact phone number: 1-800-000-000 for Uber. You just have this request page using which you can expect a call back sooner or later. Uber request can be used if customer have lost item in an Uber car and would like to get Uber driverâs contact phone number. |
Nearly 5 million children in the U.S. have some type of serious mental illness (one that significantly interferes with daily life). In any given year, 20% of American children will be diagnosed with a mental illness. The term mental illness is not entirely accurate, because there are many physical factors -- including heredity and brain chemistry -- that might be involved in the development of a mental disorder. |
Dear SS: According to Foodsafety.gov, uncooked poultry is safe in the refrigerator for 1-2 days, and safe in the freezer for 9 months (for pieces) and up to 12 months for whole chickens or turkey.Cooked poultry is safe refrigerated for 3-4 days.You can also freeze your cooked breaded chicken cutlets (tightly wrapped in foil or saran wrap and place in freezer bags) for 1-3 months. Just pull it out the night before you want to have it and thaw in the fridge.ear SS: According to Foodsafety.gov, uncooked poultry is safe in the refrigerator for 1-2 days, and safe in the freezer for 9 months (for pieces) and up to 12 months for whole chickens or turkey. |
Diverticulitis - When To Call a Doctor Diverticulitis - When To Call a Doctor Articles On Diverticulitis Topic Overview Cause Symptoms What Happens What Increases Your Risk When To Call a Doctor Exams and Tests Treatment Overview Prevention Home Treatment Medications Surgery Other Treatment Other Places To Get Help Related Information References Credits Call or other emergency services immediately if the person has been bleeding from the anus and has signs of shock, which could mean that a diverticular pouch is bleeding ( diverticular bleeding ). Signs of shock include passing out, or feeling very dizzy, weak, or less alert. Call your doctor immediately if you have pain in the abdomen that is in one spot (as opposed to general pain in the abdomen), especially if you also have: Fever or chills. Nausea and vomiting. Unusual changes in your bowel movements or abdominal swelling. Blood in your stool. Pain that is worse when you move. Burning pain when you urinate. Abnormal vaginal discharge. Call your doctor immediately if you have: Severe pain in the abdomen that is getting worse. Pain in the abdomen that becomes worse when you move or cough. A stool that is mostly blood (more than a few streaks of blood on the stool). Blood in the stool may appear as reddish or maroon-colored liquid or clots or may produce a black stool that looks like tar. Passed gas or stool from your urethra while urinating. This likely means that you have an opening (fistula) between the bowel and the urinary tract. Call your doctor if you: Have cramping pain that does not get better when you have a bowel movement or pass gas. Have rectal bleeding, a change in bowel habits, and you have been losing weight without trying. Continue Reading Belowyou might like SLIDESHOWSlideshow: Diverticulitis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments See images from Web MD of what goes on in the colon to cause the telltale pouches of diverticulosis that lead to the inflammation of diverticulitis. Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diverticular disease. Call your doctor if you are treating mild diverticulitis at home and: You have a fever. Your pain is getting worse. You can't keep down liquids. You are not better after 3 days. Watchful waiting It is not uncommon to have bloating, gas pressure, or mild abdominal (belly) pain. These can be caused by eating certain foods or by stress. Home treatment usually will take care of these symptoms. If home treatment does not help or if the symptoms become worse, see your doctor. Who to see Health professionals who can diagnose and prescribe treatment for diverticulitis include: Family medicine physician, general practitioner, or other primary care doctor. Internist. Physician assistant. Nurse practitioner. If further tests are needed, if your symptoms do not respond to treatment, or if you may need surgery, your doctor may refer you to a: Gastroenterologist. Surgeon. To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment. Web MD Medical Reference from Healthwise This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information. © 1995-2015 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Next In Diverticulitis Exams and Tests |
You could now refinance the balance of your car loan at 3 percent and lower your payments to about $445 a month for the remaining three years. That's a savings of $80 a month and $2,880 over the life of the loan.Other examples could be even more dramatic.hen interest rates drop, refinancing your car loan could save you thousands of dollars. Say you bought a new car two years ago and there were a few dings on your credit. You might have been charged 9 percent on a five-year loan for a $23,000 car. |
David Robert Joseph Beckham , -LRB- -LSB- ˈbɛkəm -RSB- born 2 May 1975 -RRB- is an English former professional footballer . He played for Manchester United , Preston North End , Real Madrid , Milan , LA Galaxy , Paris Saint-Germain , and the England national team for which he held the appearance record for an outfield player until 2016 when Wayne Rooney surpassed his total . He is the first English player to win league titles in four countries : England , Spain , the United States and France . He announced his retirement in May 2013 after a 20-year career , during which he won 19 major trophies . Known for his range of passing , crossing ability and bending free-kicks as a right winger , Beckham was runner up in the Ballon d'Or , twice runner-up for FIFA World Player of the Year and in 2004 he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players . He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . A global ambassador for the sport , Beckham is regarded as a British cultural icon . Beckham 's professional club career began with Manchester United , where he made his first-team debut in 1992 aged 17 . With United , he won the Premier League title six times , the FA Cup twice , and the UEFA Champions League in 1999 . He then played four seasons with Real Madrid , winning the La Liga championship in his final season with the club . In July 2007 Beckham signed a five-year contract with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy . While a Galaxy player , he spent two loan spells in Italy with Milan in 2009 and 2010 . He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games . In international football , Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21 . He was captain for six years , earning 58 caps during his tenure . He made 115 career appearances in total , appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments , in 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and two UEFA European Championship tournaments , in 2000 and 2004 . Beckham has consistently ranked among the highest earners in football , and in 2013 he was listed as the highest-paid player in the world , earning over $ 50 million in the previous 12 months . He has been married to Victoria Beckham since 1999 and they have four children . He has been a UNICEF UK ambassador since 2005 , and in 2015 he launched 7 : The David Beckham UNICEF Fund . In 2014 , MLS announced Beckham and a group of investors would own an expansion team in Miami , which would begin in 2016 or 2017 . |
1 If you have previous character and progression data on multiple systems, you will be prompted to select one set of data. 2 You can only transfer one set of character and progression data for your Social Club account on PC. 3 Once the transfer has completed, you will be prompted to choose a character and enter GTA Online.n order to transfer your previous GTA Online character and progression data, you will need a Social Club account linked to the PlayStation®Network and/or Xbox Live account(s) used while previously playing Grand Theft Auto Online. |
Paper Moon is a 1973 American comedy-drama film directed by Peter Bogdanovich and released by Paramount Pictures . Screenwriter Alvin Sargent adapted the script from the novel Addie Pray by Joe David Brown . The film , shot in black-and-white , is set in Kansas and Missouri during the Great Depression . It stars the real-life father and daughter pairing of Ryan and Tatum O'Neal as protagonists Moze and Addie . |
Northwestern University From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other universities with a similar name, see Northwestern University (disambiguation). Northwestern University Motto Quaecumque sunt vera ( Latin) Ὁ Λόγος πλήρης χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας — Ho logos pleres charitos kai aletheias ( Greek)Motto in English Whatsoever things are true ( Philippians 4:8 AV) The word full of grace and truth ( Gospel of John 1:14)Type Private research university Established January 28, 1851Religious affiliation United Methodist Church [1]Academic affiliations AAUBTAAURANAICUCOFHEIAMSCUEndowment $10.456 billion (2017) [2]Chairman J. Landis Martin President Morton O. Schapiro Provost Jonathan Holloway Academic staff 3,401 (2014) [3]Students 21,208 (Fall 2016) [4]Undergraduates 8,353 (Fall 2016) [4]Postgraduates 12,855 (Fall 2016) [4]Location Evanston, Illinois, U. S. Campus Evanston main campus, Urban, 240 acres (97 ha); Chicago campus, Urban, 25 acres (10 ha)Academic term Quarter Colors Purple and white [5]Nickname Wildcats Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I – Big Ten Mascot Willie the Wildcat Website northwestern .edu Northwestern University ( NU) is a private research university based in Evanston, Illinois, United States, with other campuses located in Chicago and Doha, Qatar, and academic programs and facilities in Washington, D. C., and San Francisco, California. [6] [7] [8] Along with its selective undergraduate programs, Northwestern is known for its highly ranked Kellogg School of Management, Pritzker School of Law, Feinberg School of Medicine, Bienen School of Music, and Medill School of Journalism. Northwestern is a large research university with a comprehensive doctoral program, attracting over $650 million in sponsored research each year. [9] [10] Northwestern has the tenth-largest university endowment in the United States, currently valued at $10.456 billion. [2]The University's former and present faculty and alumni include 16 Nobel Prize laureates, 38 Pulitzer Prize winners, [11] 6 Mac Arthur Genius Fellows, [12] 16 Rhodes Scholars, [13] 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences [14] and two Supreme Court Justices. [15] Northwestern's School of Communication is a leading producer of Academy Award, Emmy Award and Tony Award -winning actors, actresses, playwrights, writers and directors. [16]Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the city of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. [17] Instruction began in 1855 and women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication. [18] In 2016, Northwestern opened its San Francisco space at 44 Montgomery St., which hosts journalism, engineering, and marketing programs. [19]The University is a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and remains the only private university in the conference. [20] The Northwestern Wildcats compete in 19 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA 's Division I Big Ten Conference. Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Campuses2.1 Evanston2.2 Chicago2.3 Satellite campus in Qatar2.4 Sustainability3 Organization and administration4 Academics4.1 Admissions4.2 Libraries and museums4.3 Research5 Campus life5.1 Traditions5.2 Performing arts5.3 Debate society5.4 Service5.5 Undergraduate housing6 Media6.1 Print6.2 Web-based6.3 Radio, film, and television7 Athletics8 People8.1 Student body8.2 Faculty8.3 Alumni9 References10 Sources11 Further reading12 External links History [ edit]Main article: History of Northwestern University The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31, 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen, Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory. On January 28, 1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. [21] [22] The school's nine founders, all of whom were Methodists (three of them ministers ), knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting. [23] Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church, they were committed to non-sectarian admissions, believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory. [24]University Hall (1869), the second building constructed on campus, and the oldest building still standing John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855. [25] To raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 "perpetual scholarships" entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. [26] [27] Another building, University Hall, was built in 1869 of the same Joliet limestone as the Chicago Water Tower, also built in 1869, one of the few buildings in the heart of Chicago to survive the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. [28] In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, and Frances Willard, who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), became the school's first dean of women. Willard Residential College (1938) is named in her honor. Northwestern admitted its first female students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874. [29]Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. [30] [31] The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917. Deering Library (1933)Under Walter Dill Scott 's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. [32] [33] Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute. Technological Institute in 1942, after the relocation of Patten Gymnasium but before the construction of the Lakefill After the golden years of the 1920s, the Great Depression in the United States (1929-1941) hit Northwestern hard. Its annual income dropped 25 percent from $4.8 million in 1930-31 to $3.6 million in 1933-34. Investment income shrank, fewer parents could pay full tuition, and annual giving from alumni and philanthropy fell from $870,000 in 1932 to a low of $331,000 in 1935. The university responded with two salary cuts of 10 percent each for all employees. It imposed a hiring freeze, a building freeze, and slashed appropriations for maintenance, books, and research. Having had a balanced budget in 1930-31, the University now faced deficits of roughly $100,000 for the next four years, which was made up by using the endowment. Enrollments fell in most schools, with law and music suffering the biggest declines. But the movement toward state certification of school teachers prompted Northwestern to start a new graduate program in education, thereby bringing in new students and much needed income. In June 1933, Robert Maynard Hutchins, president of the University of Chicago, proposed a merger of the two universities, estimating annual savings of $1.7 million. The two presidents were enthusiastic, the faculty liked the idea; the Northwestern alumni, however, were vehemently opposed to it, fearing the loss of their Alma Mater and its many traditions that distinguished Northwestern from Chicago. The medical school, for example, was oriented toward training practitioners, and feared it would lose its mission if it were merged into the larger, research-oriented University of Chicago medical school. The merger plan was dropped. The Deering family gave an unrestricted gift of $6 million in 1935 that rescued the budget, bringing it up to $5.4 million in 1938-39. That allowed many of the spending cuts to be restored, including half the salary reductions. [34]Like other American research universities, Northwestern was transformed by World War II. The regular enrollment fell dramatically, but the school opened high-intensity, short-term courses that trained over 50,000 military personnel. Franklyn B. Snyder led the university from 1939 to 1949, and after the war, surging enrollments under the G. I. Bill drove dramatic expansion of both campuses. In 1948 prominent anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits founded the Program of African Studies at Northwestern, the first center of its kind at an American academic institution. [35] J. Roscoe Miller 's tenure as president from 1949 to 1970 was responsible for the expansion of the Evanston campus, with the construction of the lakefill on Lake Michigan, growth of the faculty and new academic programs, as well as polarizing Vietnam-era student protests. In 1978, the first and second Unabomber attacks occurred at Northwestern University. [36] Relations between Evanston and Northwestern were strained throughout much of the post-war era because of episodes of disruptive student activism, [37] disputes over municipal zoning, building codes, and law enforcement, [38] as well as restrictions on the sale of alcohol near campus until 1972. [39] [40] Northwestern's exemption from state and municipal property tax obligations under its original charter has historically been a source of town and gown tension. Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen 's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. [41] [42] On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates. [43]The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera ("Whatsoever things are true") is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians ( Philippians 4:8 ), while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας ("The Word full of grace and truth", John 1:14 ). [44] [45] Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892, [46] replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) ("Hail to purple, hail to white") and in many university guidelines. [5] [47]Campuses [ edit]See also: List of Northwestern University buildings and Campus of Northwestern University Evanston [ edit]Northwestern's Evanston campus is located on Lake Michigan. Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall. The Chicago Transit Authority 's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line, taking its name from Northwestern's school color. The Foster and Davis stations are within walking distance of the southern end of the campus, while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus. The Central station is close to Ryan Field, Northwestern's football stadium. The Evanston Davis Street Metra station serves the Northwestern campus in downtown Evanston and the Evanston Central Street Metra station is near Ryan Field. Pace Suburban Bus Service and the CTA have several bus routes that run through or near the Evanston campus. Panorama of Northwestern University Chicago [ edit]The Montgomery Ward Memorial Building (1927) at Northwestern's Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, America's first academic skyscraper [48]Northwestern's Chicago campus is located in the city's Streeterville neighborhood. The Chicago campus is home to the medical school and affiliated hospitals, the law school, the part-time MBA program, and the School of Professional Studies, which offers evening and weekend courses for working adults. Northwestern's professional schools and affiliated hospitals are about four blocks east of the Chicago station on the CTA Red Line. The Chicago campus is also served by CTA bus routes. Founded at various times in the university's history, the professional schools originally were scattered throughout Chicago. [49] In connection with a 1917 master plan for a central Chicago campus and President Walter Dill Scott 's capital campaign, 8.5 acres (3.44 ha) of land were purchased at the corner of Chicago Avenue and Lake Shore Drive for $1.5 million in 1920. [49] [49] [50] The architect James Gamble Rogers was commissioned to create a master plan for the principal buildings on the new campus which he designed in collegiate gothic style. In 1923, Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs, research grants, scholarships, and building maintenance. [51] The building would become the first university skyscraper in the United States. [48] In addition to the Ward Building, Rogers designed Wieboldt Hall to house facilities for the School of Commerce [52] and Levy Mayer Hall to house the School of Law. [53] The new campus comprising these three new buildings was dedicated during a two-day ceremony in June 1927. The Chicago campus continued to expand with the addition of Thorne Hall in 1931 and Abbott Hall in 1939. [49] [54] In October 2013, Northwestern began the demolition of the architecturally significant Prentice Women's Hospital. Eric G. Neilson, dean of the medical school, penned an op-ed that equated retaining the building with loss of life. [55]Satellite campus in Qatar [ edit]In Fall 2008, Northwestern opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar, joining five other American universities: Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Georgetown University, Texas A&M University, and Virginia Commonwealth University. [56] Through the Medill School of Journalism and School of Communication, NU-Q offers bachelor's degrees in journalism and communication respectively. [57] However, some have questioned whether NU-Q can truly offer a comparable journalism program to that of its U. S. campus given Qatar’s strict limits on journalistic and academic freedoms and instances of censorship. [58] [59] The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development, a private charitable institution started by former emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and his wife and mother of the current emir Sheikha Moza bint Nasser, provided funding for construction and administrative costs as well as support to hire 50 to 60 faculty and staff, some of whom rotate between the Evanston and Qatar campuses. [60] [61] Northwestern receives about $45 million per year to operate the campus. [59] In February 2016, Northwestern reached an agreement with the Qatar Foundation to extend the operations of the NU-Q branch for an additional decade, through the 2027-2028 academic year. [62] As with other universities with campuses in Doha, Northwestern has received criticism for accepting money from a country with poor human rights record. [59] [63] [64]Sustainability [ edit]In January 2009, the Green Power Partnership (GPP, sponsored by the EPA) listed Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing energy from renewable sources. The university matches 74 million kilowatt hours (k Wh) of its annual energy use with Green-e Certified Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). This green power commitment represents 30 percent of the university's total annual electricity use and places Northwestern in the EPA's Green Power Leadership Club. The 2010 Report by The Sustainable Endowments Institute awarded Northwestern a "B-" on its College Sustainability Report Card. [65] The Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), supporting research, teaching and outreach in these themes, was launched in 2008. [66]Northwestern requires that all new buildings be LEED-certified. Silverman Hall on the Evanston campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2010; Wieboldt Hall on the Chicago campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2007, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center on the Evanston campus was awarded Silver LEED Certification in 2006. New construction and renovation projects will be designed to provide at least a 20% improvement over energy code requirements where technically feasible. [67] The university also released at the beginning of the 2008–09 academic year the Evanston Campus Framework Plan, which outlines plans for future development of the Evanston Campus. The plan not only emphasizes the sustainable construction of buildings, but also discusses improving transportation by optimizing pedestrian and bicycle access. [68] Northwestern has had a comprehensive recycling program in place since 1990. Annually more than 1,500 tons are recycled at Northwestern, which represents 30% of the waste produced on campus. All landscape waste at the university is composted. [66]Organization and administration [ edit]Northwestern is privately owned and is governed by an appointed Board of Trustees. The board, composed of 70 members and as of 2011 chaired by William A. Osborn '69, delegates its power to an elected president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university. [69] Northwestern has had sixteen presidents in its history (excluding interim presidents), the current president, Morton O. Schapiro, an economist, having succeeded Henry Bienen whose 14-year tenure ended on August 31, 2009. [70] [71] [72] The president has a staff of vice presidents, directors, and other assistants for administrative, financial, faculty, and student matters. [73] Jonathan Holloway, provost since August 2017, serves under the president as the chief academic officer of the university to whom the deans of every academic school, leaders of cross-disciplinary units, and chairs of the standing faculty committee report. [74]The Associated Student Government consists of the elected representatives of the undergraduate students and the Graduate Student Association represents graduate students. [75] [76]Northwestern University is composed of 12 schools and colleges. The faculty for each school consists of the dean of the school and the instructional faculty. Faculty are responsible for teaching, research, advising students, and serving on committees. Each school's admission requirements, degree requirements, courses of study, and disciplinary and degree recommendations are determined by the voting members of that school's faculty (assistant professor and above). [77]In 2003, Northwestern finished a five-year capital campaign that raised $1.55 billion, $550 million more than its goal. In 2007, the university sold its royalty interest in the pain relief drug Lyrica for $700 million, a drug developed at Northwestern by Richard Bruce Silverman (for whom Silverman Hall was named), who is the John Evans Professor of Chemistry. This was the largest such sale in history, [78] the proceeds of which were added to the endowment. [79]In 2014, Northwestern announced the "We Will Campaign" with a fundraising goal of $3.75 billion. As of February 28, 2017, the university has received $3.31 billion towards its goal. Undergraduate and graduate schools Graduate and professional Evanston Campus Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences (1851)School of Communication (1878)Bienen School of Music (1895)Mc Cormick School of Engineering and Applied Science (1909)Medill School of Journalism (1921)School of Education and Social Policy (1926)School of Professional Studies (1933)Evanston Campus Kellogg School of Management (1908)The Graduate School (1910)Chicago Campus Feinberg School of Medicine (1859)Kellogg School of Management (1908)Pritzker School of Law (1859)School of Professional Studies (1933)Northwestern University had a dental school from 1891 to May 31, 2001, when it closed. [80]Academics [ edit]University rankings National ARWU [81] 18Forbes [82] 28U. S. News & World Report [83] 11Washington Monthly [84] 40Global ARWU [85] 21QS [86] 28Times [87] 20U. S. News & World Report [88] 24 [ show] National Program Rankings [89] [ show] Global Program Rankings [90]Northwestern is a large, residential research university. [91] Accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and the respective national professional organizations for chemistry, psychology, business, education, journalism, music, engineering, law, and medicine, [92] the university offers 124 undergraduate programs and 145 graduate and professional programs. [7] [8] Northwestern conferred 2,190 bachelor's degrees, 3,272 master's degrees, 565 doctoral degrees, and 444 professional degrees in 2012–2013. [93]The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction in the arts and sciences, plus the professions of engineering, journalism, communication, music, and education. [91] Although a foundation in the liberal arts and sciences is required in all majors, there is no required common core curriculum; individual degree requirements are set by the faculty of each school. [77] Northwestern's full-time undergraduate and graduate programs operate on an approximately 10-week academic quarter system with the academic year beginning in late September and ending in early June. Undergraduates typically take four courses each quarter and twelve courses in an academic year and [94] are required to complete at least twelve quarters on campus to graduate. Northwestern offers honors, accelerated, and joint degree programs in medicine, science, mathematics, engineering, and journalism. [95] The comprehensive doctoral graduate program has high coexistence with undergraduate programs. [91]Undergraduates with grade point averages in the highest five percent of each graduating class are awarded degrees summa cum laude, the next eight percent magna cum laude, and the next twelve percent cum laude. [96] Northwestern also has chapters of academic honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa (Alpha of Illinois), Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, Eta Sigma Phi (Beta Chapter), [97] Lambda Pi Eta, [96] and Alpha Sigma Lambda (Alpha Chapter). [98] Since 1951, Northwestern has awarded 520 honorary degrees. [99] [100]Undergraduate cost of attendance for the 2012/13 school year was $61,240; this includes the basic tuition of $43,380, fees (health $200, etc. ), room and board of $13,329 (less if commuting), books and supplies $1,842, personal expenses $1,890, transportation cost of $400. [101] Northwestern awards financial aid solely on the basis of need through loans, work-study, grants, and scholarships. [101] [102] The University processed in excess of $472 million in financial aid for the 2009–2010 academic year. This included $265 million in institutional funds, with the remainder coming from federal and state governments and private organizations and individuals. Northwestern scholarship programs for undergraduate students support needy students from a variety of income and backgrounds. Approximately 44 percent of the June 2010 graduates had received federal and/or private loans for their undergraduate education, graduating with an average debt of $17,200. In the fall of 2014, among the six undergraduate schools, 40.6% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, 21.3% in the Mc Cormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, 14.3% in the School of Communication, 11.7% in the Medill School of Journalism, 5.7% in the Bienen School of Music, and 6.4% in the School of Education and Social Policy. [103] The five most commonly awarded undergraduate degrees are in economics, journalism, communication studies, psychology, and political science. [104] While professional students are affiliated with their respective schools, the School of Professional Studies offers master's and bachelor's degree, and certificate programs tailored to the professional studies. [105] With 2,446 students enrolled in science, engineering, and health fields, [106] the largest graduate programs by enrollment include chemistry, integrated biology, material sciences, electrical and computer engineering, neuroscience, and economics. [107] The Kellogg School of Management 's MBA, the School of Law 's JD, and the Feinberg School of Medicine 's MD are the three largest professional degree programs by enrollment. [103]Admissions [ edit]Admissions are characterized as "most selective" by U. S. News & World Report. [108] There were 40,425 applications for the undergraduate class of 2022 (entering 2018). For early decision, 1,072 out of 4,049 applicants were admitted, for an acceptance rate of 26%. In regular decision, 2,320 out of 36,518 applicants were admitted, for an acceptance rate of 6.35%. In total, 3,392 out of 40,425 applicants were admitted for an overall acceptance rate of 8.4%, making Northwestern one of the most selective schools in the United States. [109] For freshmen enrolling in the class of 2021, the interquartile range (middle 50%) on the post-2016 SAT was a combined (verbal and math) 1440-1540 out of 1600, ACT composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 32–34 out of 36, and 91% ranked in the top ten percent of their respective high school classes. [110]In April 2016, Northwestern announced that it signed on to the Chicago Star Partnership, a City Colleges initiative. Through this partnership, Northwestern is one of 15 Illinois public and private universities that will "provide scholarships to students who graduate from Chicago Public Schools, get their associate degree from one of the city's community colleges, and then get admitted to a bachelor's degree program." The partnership was influenced by Mayor Rahm Emanuel, who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school district. The University of Chicago, Northeastern Illinois University, the School of the Art Institute, De Paul University and Loyola University are also part of the Star Scholars partnership. [111]Libraries and museums [ edit]University Library (1970), in Brutalist style The Northwestern library system consists of four libraries on the Evanston campus including the present main library, University Library and the original library building, Deering Library; three libraries on the Chicago campus; and the library affiliated with Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. [112] The University Library contains over 4.9 million volumes, 4.6 million microforms, and almost 99,000 periodicals making it (by volume) the 30th-largest university library in North America and the 10th-largest library among private universities. [112] [113] Notable collections in the library system include the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, the largest Africana collection in the world, [114] an extensive collection of early edition printed music and manuscripts as well as late-modern works, and an art collection noted for its 19th and 20th-century Western art and architecture periodicals. [115] The library system participates with 15 other universities in digitizing its collections as a part of the Google Book Search project. [115] The Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art is a major art museum in Chicago, containing more than 4,000 works in its permanent collection as well as dedicating a third of its space to temporary and traveling exhibitions. [116]In 2011, the Holocaust Educational Foundation, which had previously endowed the Theodore Zev Weiss – Holocaust Educational Foundation Professorship in Holocaust Studies, became part of Northwestern. [117] [118]Research [ edit]Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center (2005)Northwestern was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1917 and remains a research university with "very high" research activity. [91] [119] Northwestern's schools of management, engineering, and communication are among the most academically productive in the nation. [120] Northwestern received $649.7 million in research funding in 2016. [121] Northwestern supports nearly 1,500 research laboratories across two campuses, predominately in the medical and biological sciences. Through the Innovation and New Ventures Office (INVO), [122] Northwestern researchers disclosed 247 inventions, filed 270 patent applications, received 81 foreign and US patents, started 12 companies, and generated $79.8 million in licensing revenue in 2013. The bulk of the revenue has come from a patent on pregabalin, a synthesized organic molecule discovered by chemistry professor Richard Silverman, which ultimately was marketed as Lyrica, a drug sold by Pfizer, to combat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. INVO has been involved in creating a number of centers, including the Center for Developmental Therapeutics (CDT) [123] and the Center for Device Development (CD2). [124] It has also helped form over 50 startup companies based on Northwestern technologies. [125]Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics, Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems, Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Materials Research Center, Institute for Policy Research, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies, the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern [66] and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research. [126]Campus life [ edit]Traditions [ edit]The Rock in front of University Hall The undergraduates have a number of traditions: Painting The Rock (originally a fountain donated by the Class of 1902) is a way to advertise, for example, campus organizations, events in Greek life, student groups, and university-wide events. [127]Dance Marathon, a 30-hour philanthropic event, has raised more than 13 million dollars in its history for various children's charities. [128] Primal Scream is held at 9 p.m. on the Sunday before finals week every quarter; students lean out of windows or gather in courtyards and scream. [129] Armadillo Day, or, more popularly, Dillo Day, a day of music and food, is held on Northwestern's Lakefill every Spring on the weekend after Memorial Day. [129] And in one of the University's newer traditions, every year during freshman orientation, known as Wildcat Welcome, freshmen and transfer students pass through Weber Arch to the loud huzzahs of upperclassmen and the music of the University Marching Band. There are traditions long associated with football games. Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball, while simulating a paw with their hands. They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff. In the past, before the tradition was discontinued, students would throw marshmallows during games. [130] The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple, instead of its usual white, after a winning game, thereby proclaiming the happy news. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season. Whereas formerly the Clock Tower was lighted only for football victories, wins for men's basketball and women's lacrosse now merit commemoration as well; important victories in other sports may also prompt an empurpling. Performing arts [ edit]Two annual productions are especially notable: The Waa-Mu Show, and the Dolphin show. Waa-Mu is an original musical, written and produced almost entirely by students. [131] Children's theater is represented on campus by Griffin's Tale and Purple Crayon Players. [132] Its umbrella organization — the Student Theatre Coalition, or Stu Co — organizes nine student theater companies, multiple performance groups and more than sixty independent productions each year. [133] Many Northwestern alumni have used these productions as stepping stones to successful television and film careers. Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre Company, for example, which began life in the Great Room in Jones Residential College, was founded in 1988 by several alumni, including David Schwimmer; in 2011, it won the Regional Tony Award. [134]Northwestern also has a variety of improvisational groups. The improv and sketch comedy group Mee-Ow created by Paul Warshauer and Josh Lazar in 1974 lists Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Ana Gasteyer, Dermot Mulroney, Seth Meyers, John Cameron Mitchell, and Kristen Schaal among its alumni. The undergraduate students maintain twelve a cappella groups, including THUNK a cappella, the Northwestern Undertones, Shirei NU A Cappella, and Purple Haze. [135]Northwestern's Mock Trial team is ranked 7th in the country out of roughly 600 teams. [136] [137]Debate society [ edit]The Northwestern Debate Society is a policy debate team which has won fifteen National Debate Tournaments, the highest number of any university. Famous alumni of the society include Erwin Chemerinsky and Elliot Mincberg, the latter senior vice president, general counsel and legal director of People For the American Way. Scott Deatherage, the head coach, was named "Coach of the Nineties". Service [ edit]Many students are involved in community service in one form or another. Annual events include Dance Marathon, a thirty-hour event that raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011; [128] and Project Pumpkin, a Halloween celebration hosted by the Northwestern Community Development Corps (NCDC) to which more than 800 local children are invited for an afternoon of games and sweets. NCDC's work is to connect hundreds of student volunteers to some twenty volunteer sites in Evanston and Chicago throughout the year. [138] Many students have assisted with the Special Olympics and have taken alternative spring break trips to hundreds of service sites across the United States. [139] Northwestern students also participate in the Freshman Urban Program, a program for students interested in community service. [140] A large and growing number of students participate in the university's Global Engagement Studies Institute (GESI), a group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa, or Latin America, in conjunction with the Foundation for Sustainable Development. [141] Several internationally recognized non-profit organizations have originated at Northwestern including the World Health Imaging, Informatics and Telemedicine Alliance, a spin-off from an engineering student's honors thesis. [142] [143]Undergraduate housing [ edit]See also: List of Northwestern University residences Northwestern has several housing options, including both traditional residence halls and residential colleges which gather together students who have a particular intellectual interest in common. Among the residential colleges are the Residential College of Cultural and Community Studies (CCS), Ayers College of Commerce and Industry, Jones Residential College (Arts), and Slivka Residential College (Science and Engineering). Dorms include 1835 Hinman, Bobb-Mc Culloch, Foster-Walker complex (commonly referred to as Plex), Elder Hall and several more. In the winter of 2013, 39% of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority. [144] Northwestern recognizes 21 fraternities and 18 sororities. [145]Media [ edit]Print [ edit]The Daily Northwestern is the main student newspaper. Established in 1881, and published on weekdays during the academic year, it is directed entirely by undergraduates. Although it serves the Northwestern community, the Daily has no business ties to the university, and is supported wholly by advertisers. It is owned by the Students Publishing Company. North by Northwestern is an online undergraduate magazine established in September 2006 by students at the Medill School of Journalism. Published on weekdays, it consists of updates on news stories and special events inserted throughout the day and on weekends. It also publishes a quarterly print magazine. Syllabus is the undergraduate yearbook. First published in 1885, the yearbook is an epitome of that year's events at Northwestern. Published by Students Publishing Company and edited by Northwestern students, it is distributed in late May. Northwestern Flipside is an undergraduate satirical magazine. Founded in 2009, it publishes a weekly issue both in print and online. Helicon is the university's undergraduate literary magazine. Started in 1979, it is published twice a year: a web issue in the winter, and a print issue with a web complement in the spring. The Protest is Northwestern's quarterly social justice magazine. The Northwestern division of Student Multicultural Affairs also supports publications such as NUAsian, a magazine and blog about Asian and Asian-American culture and issues; Ahora, a magazine about Hispanic and Latino/a culture and campus life; Black Board Magazine, about African-American life; and Al Bayan, published by the Northwestern Muslim-cultural Student Association. [146]The Northwestern University Law Review is a scholarly legal publication and student organization at Northwestern University School of Law. Its primary purpose is to publish a journal of broad legal scholarship. The Law Review publishes four issues each year. Student editors make the editorial and organizational decisions and select articles submitted by professors, judges, and practitioners, as well as student pieces. The Law Review recently extended its presence onto the web, and now publishes scholarly pieces weekly on the Colloquy. The Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property is a law review published by an independent student organization at Northwestern University School of Law. The current editor-in-chief is Aisha Lavinier. The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review is a scholarly legal publication published annually by an editorial board of Northwestern undergraduates. Its mission is to publish interdisciplinary legal research, drawing from fields such as history, literature, economics, philosophy, and art. Founded in 2008, the journal features articles by professors, law students, practitioners, and undergraduates. It is funded by the Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies and the Office of the Provost. Web-based [ edit]Sherman Ave is a humor website that went online in January 2011. It often publishes content about Northwestern student life, [147] and most of its staff writers are current Northwestern undergraduates writing under various pseudonyms. The website is popular among students for its interviews of prominent campus figures, [148] its "Freshman Guide", [149] its live-tweeting coverage of football games, [150] and its satiric campaign in the autumn of 2012 to end the Vanderbilt University football team's custom of clubbing baby seals. [151] [152]Politics & Policy is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy. Begun in 2010 by students in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, School of Communication, and Medill School of Journalism, Politics & Policy reaches students on more than 250 college campuses around the world. Run entirely by undergraduates, it is published several times a week and features material ranging from short summaries of events to extended research pieces. The publication is financed in part by the Buffett Center. Northwestern Business Review is the campus source for business news. Founded in 2005, it has an online presence as well as a quarterly print schedule. Tri Quarterly Online (formerly Tri Quarterly) is a literary magazine published twice a year featuring poetry, fiction, nonfiction, drama, literary essays, reviews, a blog, and graphic art. Radio, film, and television [ edit]WNUR (89.3 FM) is a 7,200-watt radio station that broadcasts to Chicago and its northern suburbs. WNUR's programming consists of music – jazz, classical, rock – varsity sports (football, men's and women's basketball, baseball, softball, and women's lacrosse), breaking news on weekdays, politics, current events, and literature. [153]Studio 22 is Northwestern's student-run production company which produces roughly ten films per year. The organization, for example, financed the first film Zach Braff directed and has produced many films in which students who would go on to successful acting careers performed, including Zach Gilford of the television show Friday Night Lights. [154]Applause for a Cause is currently the only student-run production company in the nation to create a feature-length film for charity. It was founded at Northwestern in 2010 and has raised over $5,000 for various local and national organizations across the United States to date. Northwestern News Network is the student television news and sports network at Northwestern, serving Northwestern and Evanston. Its studios and newsroom are located on the fourth floor of the Mc Cormick Tribune Center on Northwestern's Evanston campus. NNN is funded by the Medill School of Journalism. Athletics [ edit]Main article: Northwestern Wildcats2005 NCAA Women's Lacrosse Championship game between the Virginia Cavaliers and Northwestern Wildcats Northwestern is a charter member of the Big Ten Conference. It is the only private institution in the conference, and has by far the smallest undergraduate enrollment (the next-smallest member, Iowa, is almost three times as large, with almost 22,000 undergraduates). Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) in addition to numerous club sports. [155] The women's lacrosse team won five consecutive NCAA national championships between 2005 and 2009, went undefeated in 2005 and 2009, added more NCAA championships in 2011 and 2012, giving them 7 NCAA championships in 8 years, and holds several scoring records. [156] [157] [158] The men's basketball team is recognized by the Helms Athletic Foundation as the 1931 National Champion. [159] In the 2010–11 school year, the Wildcats had one national championship, 12 teams in postseason play, 20 All-Americans, two Co SIDA Academic All-American selections, 8 Co SIDA Academic All0District selections, 1 conference Coach of the Year and Player of the Year, 53 All-Conference and a record 201 Academic All-Big Ten athletes. Overall, 12 of Northwestern's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances. The football team plays at Ryan Field (formerly known as Dyche Stadium); the basketball, wrestling, and volleyball teams play at Welsh-Ryan Arena. Northwestern's athletic teams are nicknamed the Wildcats. Before 1924, they were known as "The Purple" and unofficially as "The Fighting Methodists." The name Wildcats was bestowed upon the university in 1924 by Wallace Abbey, a writer for the Chicago Daily Tribune who wrote that even in a loss to the University of Chicago, "Football players had not come down from Evanston; wildcats would be a name better suited to [Coach Glenn] Thistletwaite's boys." [160] The name was so popular that university board members made "wildcats" the official nickname just months later. In 1972, the student body voted to change the official nickname from "Wildcats" to "Purple Haze" but the new name never stuck. [161]The mascot of Northwestern Athletics is Willie the Wildcat. The first mascot, however, was a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw who was brought to the playing field on the day of a game to greet the fans. But after a losing season, the team, deciding that Furpaw was to blame for its misfortune, banished him from campus forever. Willie the Wildcat made his debut in 1933 first as a logo, and then in three dimensions in 1947, when members of the Alpha Delta fraternity dressed as wildcats during a Homecoming Parade. The Northwestern University Marching Band (NUMB) performs at all home football games and leads cheers in the student section and performs the Alma Mater at the end of the game. Ryan Field (1926), Northwestern's 49,000 seat football stadium Northwestern's football team has made 73 appearances in the top 10 of the AP poll since 1936 (including 5 at #1) and has won eight Big Ten conference championships since 1903. [162] [163] [164] At one time, Northwestern had the longest losing streak in Division I-A, losing 34 consecutive games between 1979 and 1982. [165] [166] They did not appear in a bowl game after 1949 until the 1996 Rose Bowl. The team did not win a bowl since the 1949 Rose Bowl until the 2013 Gator Bowl. Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006, [167] 31-year-old former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position, becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time. [168] [169]In 1998, two former Northwestern basketball players were charged and convicted for sports bribery as a result of being paid to shave points in games against three other Big Ten schools during the 1995 season. [170] [171] [172] The football team became embroiled in a different betting scandal later that year when federal prosecutors indicted four former players for perjury related to betting on their own games. [173] In August 2001, Rashidi Wheeler, a senior safety, collapsed and died during practice from an asthma attack. [174] [175] An autopsy revealed that he had ephedrine, a stimulant banned by the NCAA, in his system, which prompted Northwestern to investigate the prevalence of stimulants and other banned substances across all of its athletic programs. [176] [177] In 2006, the Northwestern women's soccer team was suspended and coach Jenny Haigh resigned following the release of images of alleged hazing. [178] [179]In 2017, the men's basketball team made earned an NCAA berth for the first time in the program's history. They won their first round matchup against Vanderbilt University, but lost to number one seed Gonzaga in the second round. [180]People [ edit]Student body [ edit]Demographics of student body, fall 2016 [181] [182]Undergraduate Postgraduate U. S. Census African American 5.7% 4.3% 12.2%Asian American 17.4% 10.9% 4.7%White American 47.5% 45.5% 63.7%Hispanic American 12.5% 5.6% 16.4%Native American 0.0% 0.1% 0.7%Pacific Islander 0.0% 0.1% 0.2%Multi-racial 5.1% 1.9% 2.1%International student 9.8% 21.4% N/AUnknown 1.9% 10.3% N/ANorthwestern enrolled 8,368 full-time undergraduate and 8,208 full-time graduate and professional students in the 2010–11 academic year, along with approximately 1,100 part-time students. [183] The undergraduate population is drawn from all 50 states and over 100 foreign countries. [183] [184] 86% of students were graduated after four years, 92% after five years, the university having several five-year programs. [183]Faculty [ edit]Main article: List of Northwestern University faculty The university employs 3,401 full-time faculty members across its eleven schools, [185] including 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences, [186] 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, [14] 19 members of the National Academy of Engineering, [187] and 6 members of the Institute of Medicine. [188] Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize –winning economist Dale T. Mortensen; [189] nano-scientists Chad Mirkin and Samuel I. Stupp; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman; management expert Philip Kotler; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient and Nobel laureate Sir Fraser Stoddart; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey; [190]Holocaust denier Arthur Butz; [191] Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi; [192] former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn; [193] ethnographer Gary Alan Fine; [194] Pulitzer Prize –winning historian Garry Wills; [195]American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and Mac Arthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek, Jennifer Richeson, Amy Rosenzweig, John A. Rogers, Mark Hersam, William Dichtel, and Dylan Penningroth. Notable former faculty include political advisor David Axelrod, [196] [197] artist Ed Paschke, [198] writer Charles Newman, [199] Nobel Prize –winning chemist John Pople, [200] and military sociologist and " don't ask, don't tell " author Charles Moskos. [201]Alumni [ edit]Main article: List of Northwestern University alumni Charlton Heston, Academy Award -winning actor, National Rifle Association President, B. S. '45Northwestern has roughly 225,000 alumni in all branches of business, government, law, science, education, medicine, media, and the performing arts. Among Northwestern's more notable alumni are U. S. Senator and presidential candidate George Mc Govern, Nobel Prize–winning economist George J. Stigler, Nobel Prize–winning novelist Saul Bellow, Pulitzer Prize–winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem, much-decorated composer Howard Hanson, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan, historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman, and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide. U. S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Joseph Goldberg, and Governor of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson are among the graduates of the Northwestern School of Law. Many Northwestern alumni play or have played important roles in Chicago and Illinois, such as former Illinois governor and convicted felon Rod Blagojevich, Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, and theater director Mary Zimmerman. Northwestern alumnus David J. Skorton serves as head of The Smithsonian. Rahm Emanuel, mayor of Chicago and former White House Chief of Staff, earned a Masters in Speech and Communication in 1985. Former lawyer, Cincinnati mayor/councilman, Ohio gubernatorial candidate, news anchor/commentator and current tabloid talk host Jerry Springer is a graduate of the Northwestern School of Law. John Paul Stevens, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, J. D. '47Northwestern's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors, actresses, playwrights, and film and television writers and directors it has produced. Alumni who have made their mark on film and television include Ann-Margret, Warren Beatty, Jodie Markell, Paul Lynde, David Schwimmer, Anne Dudek, Zach Braff, Zooey Deschanel, Marg Helgenberger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Meghan Markle, Jerry Orbach, Jennifer Jones, Megan Mullally, John Cameron Mitchell, Dermot Mulroney, Charlton Heston, Richard Kind, Ana Gasteyer, Brad Hall, Shelley Long, William Daniels, Cloris Leachman, Bonnie Bartlett, Paula Prentiss, Richard Benjamin, Laura Innes, Charles Busch, Stephanie March, Tony Roberts, Jeri Ryan, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, Mc Lean Stevenson, Tony Randall, Charlotte Rae, Patricia Neal, Nancy Dussault, Robert Reed, Mara Brock Akil, Greg Berlanti, Bill Nuss, Dan Shor, Seth Meyers, Peter Spears, Frank De Caro, Zach Gilford, Nicole Sullivan, Stephen Colbert, Sandra Seacat and Garry Marshall. Directors who were graduated from Northwestern include Gerald Freedman, Stuart Hagmann, Marshall W. Mason, and Mary Zimmerman. Lee Phillip Bell hosted a talk show in Chicago from 1952 to 1986 and co-created the Daytime Emmy Award -winning soap operas The Young and the Restless in 1973 and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987. Alumni such as Sheldon Harnick, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Heather Headley, Kristen Schaal, Lily Rabe, and Walter Kerr have distinguished themselves on Broadway, as has designer Bob Mackie. Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni, and the school has become a training ground for future The Second City, I. O., Comedy Sportz, Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent. [202] [203] [204] Tam Spiva wrote scripts for The Brady Bunch and Gentle Ben. In New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, the number of Northwestern alumni involved in theater, film, and television is so large that a perception has formed that there's such a thing as a "Northwestern mafia." [205] [206]The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times ' Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today 's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin, former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen, sports broadcasting legend Brent Musburger, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B. S. and M. S. from Medill. [207] [208] Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards [209] [210] [211] and four Edward R. Murrow Awards. [211]The Feinberg School of Medicine (previously the Northwestern University Medical School) has produced a number of notable graduates, including Mary Harris Thompson, Class of 1870, ad eundem, first female surgeon in Chicago, first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital, and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital; Roswell Park, Class of 1876, prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, is named; Daniel Hale Williams, Class of 1883, performed the first successful American open heart surgery; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons, Charles Horace Mayo, Class of 1888, co-founder of Mayo Clinic; Carlos Montezuma, Class of 1889, one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school, and founder of the Society of American Indians; Howard T. Ricketts, Class of 1897, who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever; Allen B. Kanavel, Class of 1899, founder, regent, and president of the American College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as the founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery; Robert F. Furchgott, Class of 1940, recipient of a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide; Thomas E. Starzl, Class of 1952, who performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012; Joseph P. Kerwin, first physician in space, flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA; C. Richard Schlegel, Class of 1972, developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (administered as Gardasil) to prevent cervical cancer; David J. 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June 21, 2006.^ "Northwestern Falls to Gonzaga in Second Round, 79-73". NBC Chicago. March 19, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.^ "Common Data Set 2016-2017" (PDF). Institutional Research, Northwestern University. Retrieved January 22, 2017.^ See Demographics of the United States for references.^ a b c "Common Data Set – Enrollment and persistence". Northwestern University. Retrieved September 18, 2008.^ Undergraduate Course Catalog – Student Demographics (PDF). Office of the Registrar, Northwestern University. 2008–2009. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2009.^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2015., Northwestern Data Book.^ "National Academy of Sciences Directory". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 11, 2011.^ "National Academy of Engineering Directory". National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved February 11, 2011.^ "Institute of Medicine Directory". Institute of Medicine. Retrieved February 11, 2011. [ permanent dead link]^ "nobel prize in economics". Retrieved October 11, 2010.^ Carey, Benedict (August 21, 2007). "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2009.^ King, Seth S. (January 28, 1977). "Professor Causes Furor by Saying Nazi Slaying of Jews Is a Myth". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2008.^ "Steven G. Calabresi – Biography". The Federalist Society. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2010.^ Fountain, John (November 4, 2001). "Northwestern Alumni to End Donations if Ex-Radical Stays". The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2008.^ Sassatelli, Roberta (March 2010). "A Serial Ethnographer: An Interview with Gary Alan Fine". Qualitative Sociology. 33 (1): 79–96. doi: 10.1007/s11133-009-9144-2. ISSN 1573-7837.^ "Pulitzer-Prize winning writer Garry Wills". National Public Radio. March 4, 1997. Retrieved January 4, 2009.^ "Senior Advisor David Axelrod". The White House. Archived from the original on March 6, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2010.^ "David Axelrod Biography". Biography.com website. Retrieved May 22, 2015.^ Smith, Roberta (December 1, 2004). "Ed Paschke, Painter, 65, Dies; Pop Artist With Dark Vision". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2009.^ Fox, Margalit (March 22, 2006). "Charles Newman, 67, Writer and Literary Journal Editor, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2009.^ Chang, Kenneth (March 18, 2004). "Sir John A. Pople, 78, Dies; Won Nobel Chemistry Prize". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2009.^ Martin, Douglas (June 5, 2008). "Charles Moskos, Policy Adviser, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2009.^ Leber, Holly Alumnus (March 8, 2007). "Coloring Hollywood Purple". Chi Town Daily News. Chicago. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2009.^ Jevens, Darel (July 23, 2002). "Chicago-trained brothers face off on late-night shows". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 38. Retrieved May 22, 2015.^ Lavin, Cheryl (March 22, 1998). "Hollywood on the Lake: Chicagoans Are Making It Big Time in The Biz". Chicago Tribune. p. 10. Retrieved May 22, 2015.^ Russo, Francine (September 3, 2002). "Rallying the Troupes: Young Directors Take Charge". Village Voice. New York. Retrieved January 6, 2009.^ "Alum touts connections among NU grads in L. A." The Daily Northwestern. April 30, 2002. Retrieved January 6, 2009. [ permanent dead link]^ "Official website of George R. R. Martin". "The Life and Times". Retrieved February 19, 2012.^ Cubbage, Kent (2009). "In a Fantasy World of His Own: George R. R. Martin". Northwestern Magazine (Winter). Retrieved February 19, 2012.^ "Mega Metro News Center Story Archives June-August 2000". Mega Metro TV News Center. Mega Metro TV News Center. Retrieved November 7, 2014.^ Maynard, John (June 19, 2005). "Youth Is Served At Local Emmys". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2014.^ a b "Elisabeth Leamy Bio". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved November 7, 2014. Sources [ edit]Williamson, Harold F.; Wild, Payson S. (1976). Northwestern University, A history, 1850–1975. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0463-6. Further reading [ edit]Chicago portal Illinois portal University portal Pridmore, Jay (2000). Northwestern University: Celebrating 150 Years. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-1829-7. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northwestern University. Official website Official athletics website" Northwestern University ". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914." Northwestern University ". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. [ show]v t e Northwestern University [ show]Links to related articles Coordinates: 42.054853°N 87.673945°WCategories: Northwestern University Educational institutions established in 1851 Evanston, Illinois Universities and colleges in Chicago Universities and colleges in Illinois Tourist attractions in Evanston, Illinois1851 establishments in Illinois V-12 Navy College Training Program |
14 African Countries Forced by France to Pay Colonial Tax For the Benefits of Slavery and Colonization | SiliconAfrica 14 African Countries Forced by France to Pay Colonial Tax For the Benefits of Slavery and Colonization By: Mawuna Remarque KOUTONIN Tuesday, January 28th, 2014 at 3:41 pm. Did you know many African countries continue to pay colonial tax to France since their independence till today! When Sékou Touré of Guinea decided in 1958 to get out of french colonial empire, and opted for the country independence, the french colonial elite in Paris got so furious, and in a historic act of fury the french administration in Guinea destroyed everything in the country which represented what they called the benefits from french colonization. Three thousand French left the country, taking all their property and destroying anything that which could not be moved: schools, nurseries, public administration buildings were crumbled; cars, books, medicine, research institute instruments, tractors were crushed and sabotaged; horses, cows in the farms were killed, and food in warehouses were burned or poisoned. The purpose of this outrageous act was to send a clear message to all other colonies that the consequences for rejecting France would be very high. Slowly fear spread trough the african elite, and none after the Guinea events ever found the courage to follow the example of Sékou Touré, whose slogan was “We prefer freedom in poverty to opulence in slavery.” Sylvanus Olympio , the first president of the Republic of Togo, a tiny country in west Africa, found a middle ground solution with the French. He didn’t want his country to continue to be a french dominion, therefore he refused to sign the colonisation continuation pact De Gaule proposed, but agree to pay an annual debt to France for the so called benefits Togo got from french colonization. It was the only conditions for the French not to destroy the country before leaving. However, the amount estimated by France was so big that the reimbursement of the so called “colonial debt” was close to 40% of the country budget in 1963. The financial situation of the newly independent Togo was very unstable, so in order to get out the situation, Olympio decided to get out the french colonial money FCFA (the franc for french african colonies), and issue the country own currency. On January 13, 1963, three days after he started printing his country own currency, a squad of illiterate soldiers backed by France killed the first elected president of newly independent Africa. Olympio was killed by an ex French Foreign Legionnaire army sergeant called Etienne Gnassingbe who supposedly received a bounty of $612 from the local French embassy for the hit man job. Olympio’s dream was to build an independent and self-sufficient and self-reliant country. But the French didn’t like the idea. On June 30, 1962, Modiba Keita , the first president of the Republic of Mali, decided to withdraw from the french colonial currency FCFA which was imposed on 12 newly independent African countries. For the Malian president, who was leaning more to a socialist economy, it was clear that colonisation continuation pact with France was a trap, a burden for the country development. On November 19, 1968, like, Olympio, Keita will be the victim of a coup carried out by another ex French Foreign legionnaire, the Lieutenant Moussa Traoré . In fact during that turbulent period of African fighting to liberate themselves from European colonization, France would repeatedly use many ex Foreign legionnaires to carry out coups against elected presidents: – On January 1st, 1966, Jean-Bédel Bokassa , an ex french foreign legionnaire, carried a coup against David Dacko , the first President of the Central African Republic. – On January 3, 1966, Maurice Yaméogo , the first President of the Republic of Upper Volta, now called Burkina Faso, was victim of a coup carried by Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana , an ex French legionnaire who fought with french troops in Indonesia and Algeria against these countries independence. – on 26 |
Jean-Bertrand Aristide Aristide spent his exile first in Venezuela and then in the United States, working to develop international support. A United Nations trade embargo during Aristide's exile, intended to force the coup leaders to step down, was a strong blow to Haiti's already weak economy.[39] President George H.W. Bush granted an exemption from the embargo to many U.S. companies doing business in Haiti, and president Bill Clinton extended this exemption.[40][41] |
Chicago -LRB- -LSB- ʃᵻˈkɑːɡoʊ -RSB- or -LSB- ʃᵻˈkɔːɡoʊ -RSB- -RRB- , officially the City of Chicago , is the third-most populous city in the United States . With over 2.7 million residents , it is also the most populous city in both the state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States . It is the county seat of Cook County . The Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland , has nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S. Chicago has been called a global architecture capital . In terms of wealth and economy , Chicago is considered one of the most important business centers in the world . Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 , near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed , and grew rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century . Positioned along Lake Michigan , the city is an international hub for finance , commerce , industry , technology , telecommunications , and transportation : O'Hare International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the world when measured by aircraft traffic ; the region also has the largest number of U.S. highways and rail road freight . In 2012 , Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , and ranked seventh in the world in the 2016 Global Cities Index . Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States -- about $ 640 billion according to 2015 estimates . The city has one of the world 's largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14 % of the workforce . In 2016 , Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors , a new record making it one of the top visited cities in the nation . Landmarks in the city include Millennium Park , Navy Pier , the Magnificent Mile , Art Institute of Chicago , Museum Campus , the Willis -LRB- Sears -RRB- Tower , Museum of Science and Industry , and Lincoln Park Zoo . Chicago 's culture includes the visual arts , novels , film , theater , especially improvisational comedy , and music , particularly jazz , blues , soul , hip hop , gospel and house music . There are many colleges and universities in the Chicago area ; among these , Northwestern University , University of Chicago , and the University of Illinois at Chicago are classified as `` highest research '' doctoral universities . Additionally , Chicago has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues . The city has many nicknames , the best-known being the Windy City . |
The half life of suboxone is 36 hours. so it should be completely out of your system within 5 days. Your drug screening must have been a false positive if you hadn't taken any in 3 weeks!I got this info directly from suboxone so I know it's true.uboxone was tracked twice in 2 different urine tests. If they test using a screen for subutex/suboxone it will show positive. Released from that Dr.. My pain exceeded my Dr.'s willingness to provide enuff pain relief so I would go thru pain meds 33% faster then perscribed. |
When and where did the pizza originate? | How It Works Magazine When and where did the pizza originate? 5 years ago The pizza as a flat bread can be linked to ancient times. The Ancient Egyptians were expert bread makers and remains of this type of bread can still be found in many tombs. Flat bread was also popular with the Ancient Greeks and the Romans. However, the modern pizza is inextricably linked to Italy where it first became popular in the 18th century. Naples is thought to be the home of the pizza – a description of this type of dish is given by the French writer Alexandre Dumas in 1830. Its popularity continued to flourish as Italian immigrants brought the recipe to America along with the rest of the world. |
Lent From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about Lent in Western Christianity. For Lent in Eastern Christianity, see Great Lent. For other uses, see Lent (disambiguation). Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya-Sliba-Muse or Weeks of Eliyah, Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Churchv t e Lent ( Latin: Quadragesima: Fortieth) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later, before Easter Sunday. The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer, doing penance, mortifying the flesh, repentance of sins, almsgiving, and self-denial. [1] This event is observed in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, and Catholic Churches. [2] [3] [4] Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season. [5] [6] Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week, marking the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus, which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Palm Sunday, further climaxing on Jesus' crucifixion on Good Friday, which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. In Lent, many Christians commit to fasting, as well as giving up certain luxuries in order to replicate the sacrifice of Jesus Christ's journey into the desert for 40 days. [7] [8] [9] Many Christians also add a Lenten spiritual discipline, such as reading a daily devotional or praying through a Lenten calendar, to draw themselves near to God. [10] [11] The Stations of the Cross, a devotional commemoration of Christ's carrying the Cross and of his execution, are often observed. Many Roman Catholic and some Protestant churches remove flowers from their altars, while crucifixes, religious statues, and other elaborate religious symbols are often veiled in violet fabrics in solemn observance of the event. Throughout Christendom, some adherents mark the season with the traditional abstention from the consumption of meat, most notably among Lutherans, Roman Catholics and Anglicans. [12] [13] [14]Lent is traditionally described as lasting for 40 days, in commemoration of the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert, according to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, before beginning his public ministry, during which he endured temptation by Satan. [15] [16]Holy Week and the season of Lent, depending on the Christian denomination and local custom, end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday, on the morning of Easter Sunday, or at the midnight between them. Contents [ hide ]1 Etymology2 Duration and traditions2.1 Roman Catholicism2.2 Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy2.3 Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite2.4 Oriental Orthodoxy3 Other related fasting periods4 Associated customs5 Omission of Gloria and Alleluia6 Veiling of religious images7 Pre-Lenten festivals8 Fasting and abstinence9 Media coverage10 Holy days within the season of Lent10.1 Easter Triduum11 Vestments12 See also13 References14 External links Etymology [ edit]Lent celebrants carrying out a street procession during Holy Week, in Granada, Nicaragua. The violet color is often associated with penance and detachment. Similar Christian penitential practice is seen in other Christian countries, sometimes associated with mortification of the flesh. [17]The English word Lent is a shortened form of the Old English word len (c)ten, meaning " spring season ", as its Dutch language cognate lente ( Old Dutch lentin) [18] still does today. A dated term in German, lenz ( Old High German lenzo ), is also related. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, 'the shorter form (? Old Germanic type * laŋgito - , * laŋgiton -) seems to be a derivative of * laŋgo - long ... and may possibly have reference to the lengthening of the days as characterizing the season of spring'. The origin of the - en element is less clear: it may simply be a suffix, or lencten may originally have been a compound of * laŋgo - 'long' and an otherwise little attested word *- tino, meaning 'day'. [19]In languages spoken where Christianity was earlier established, such as Greek and Latin, the term signifies the period dating from the 40th day before Easter. In modern Greek the term is Σαρακοστή, derived from the earlier Τεσσαρακοστή, meaning "fortieth". The corresponding word in Latin, quadragesima ("fortieth"), is the origin of the term used in Latin-derived languages and in some others: for example, Croatiankorizma, French carême, Irish carghas, Italian quaresima, Portuguese quaresma, Albanian kreshma, Romanian păresimi, Spanish cuaresma, Basque garizuma and Welsh c (a)rawys. In other languages, the name used refers to the activity associated with the season. Thus it is called "fasting period" in Czech ( postní doba ), German ( Fastenzeit ), and Norwegian ( fasten / fastetid ), and it is called "great fast" in Polish ( wielki post) and Russian (великий пост – veliki post ). The terms used in Filipino are kuwaresma (from the Spanish) and Mahál na Araw ("precious/great days"); the latter term is also used specifically for Holy Week. [ citation needed]Duration and traditions [ edit]Various Christian denominations calculate the 40 days of Lent differently. The way they observe Lent also differs. Roman Catholicism [ edit]In the Roman Rite Lent starts on Ash Wednesday and finishes on Holy Saturday. This comprises a period of 46 days. This includes 6 Sundays which are not considered part of Lent because Sundays are days of celebration for Catholics. [20] [ not in citation given]In the Ambrosian Rite, Lent begins on the Sunday that follows what is celebrated as Ash Wednesday in the rest of the Latin Catholic Church, and ends as in the Roman Rite, thus being of 40 days, counting the Sundays but not Holy Thursday. The day for beginning the Lenten fast is the following Monday, the first weekday in Lent. The special Ash Wednesday fast is transferred to the first Friday of the Ambrosian Lent. Until this rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive, celebrated in white vestments with chanting of the Gloria in Excelsis and Alleluia, in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6:16, "When you fast, do not look gloomy". [21] [22] [23]The period of Lent observed in the Eastern Catholic Churches corresponds to that in other churches of Eastern Christianity that have similar traditions. Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy [ edit]In Protestant and Western Orthodox Churches, the season of Lent lasts from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday. [24] [25] This calculation makes Lent last 46 days, if the 6 Sundays are included, but only 40, if they are excluded, [26] This definition is still that of the Anglican Church, [27] Lutheran Church, [28] Methodist Church, [29] and Western Rite Orthodox Church. [30]Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite [ edit]Main article: Great Lent In the Byzantine Rite, i.e., the Eastern Orthodox Great Lent (Greek: Μεγάλη Τεσσαρακοστή or Μεγάλη Νηστεία, meaning "Great 40 Days" and "Great Fast" respectively) is the most important fasting season in the church year. [31]The 40 days of Great Lent includes Sundays, and begins on Clean Monday and are immediately followed by what are considered distinct periods of fasting, Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday, which in turn are followed straightway by Holy Week. Great Lent is broken only after the Paschal (Easter) Divine Liturgy. The Eastern Orthodox Church maintains the traditional Church's teaching on fasting. The rules for lenten fasting are the monastic rules. Fasting in the Orthodox Church is more than simply abstaining from certain foods. During the Great Lent Orthodox Faithful intensify their prayers and spiritual exercises, go to church services more often, study the Scriptures and the works of the Church Fathers in depth, limit their entertainment and spendings and focus on charity and good works. Oriental Orthodoxy [ edit]Among the Oriental Orthodox, there are various local traditions regarding Lent. Those using the Alexandrian Rite, i.e., the Coptic Orthodox, Coptic Catholic, Ethiopian Orthodox, Ethiopian Catholic, Eritrean Orthodox, and Eritrean Catholic Churches, observe eight weeks of Lent. In Ethiopian Orthodoxy, fasting ( tsome) lasts for 55 continuous days before Easter ( Fasika ), although the fast is divided into three separate periods: Tsome Hirkal, eight days commemorating an early Christian figure; Tsome Arba, 40 days of Lent; and Tsome Himamat, seven days commemorating Holy Week. [32] [33] [34] Fasting involves abstention from animal products (meat, dairy, and eggs), and refraining from eating or drinking before 3:00 pm. [32] Ethiopian devotees may also abstain from sexual activity and the consumption of alcohol. [32]As in the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the date of Easter is reckoned according to the Julian Calendar, and usually occurs later than Easter according to Gregorian Calendar used by Catholic and Protestant Churches. Other related fasting periods [ edit]The season of Lent begins on Ash Wednesday, most notably by the public imposition of ashes. In this photograph, a woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Anglican church. A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes during the Divine Service on Ash Wednesday. The number 40 has many Biblical references: Moses spent 40 days on Mount Sinai with God ( Exodus 24:18)Elijah spent 40 days and nights walking to Mount Horeb ( 1 Kings 19:8)God sent 40 days and nights of rain in the great flood of Noah ( Genesis 7:4)The Hebrew people wandered 40 years in the desert while traveling to the Promised Land ( Numbers 14:33)Jonah 's prophecy of judgment gave 40 days to the city of Nineveh in which to repent or be destroyed ( Jonah 3:4 ). Jesus retreated into the wilderness, where He fasted for 40 days, and was tempted by the devil ( Matthew 4:1–2, Mark 1:12–13, Luke 4:1–2 ). He overcame all three of Satan's temptations by citing scripture to the devil, at which point the devil left him, angels ministered to Jesus, and He began His ministry. Jesus further said that His disciples should fast "when the bridegroom shall be taken from them" ( Matthew 9:15 ), a reference to his Passion. Since, presumably, the Apostles fasted as they mourned the death of Jesus, Christians have traditionally fasted during the annual commemoration of his burial. It is the traditional belief that Jesus laid for 40 hours in the tomb, [22] which led to the 40 hours of total fasting that preceded the Easter celebration in the early Church [35] (the biblical reference to 'three days in the tomb' is understood by them as spanning three days, from Friday afternoon to early Sunday morning, rather than three 24-hour periods of time). Some Christian denominations, such as The Way International and Logos Apostolic Church of God, [36] as well as Anglican scholar E. W. Bullinger in The Companion Bible, believe Christ was in the grave for a total of 72 hours, reflecting the type of Jonah in the belly of the whale. [37]One of the most important ceremonies at Easter is the baptism of the initiates on Easter Eve. The fast was initially undertaken by the catechumens to prepare them for the reception of this sacrament. Later, the period of fasting from Good Friday until Easter Day was extended to six days, to correspond with the six weeks of training necessary to give the final instruction to those converts who were to be baptized. [ citation needed]Converts to Christianity followed a strict catechumenate or period of instruction and discipline prior to receiving the sacrament of baptism, sometimes lasting up to three years. [38] In Jerusalem near the close of the fourth century, classes were held throughout Lent for three hours each day. With the legalization of Christianity (by the Edict of Milan) and its later imposition as the state religion of the Roman Empire, its character was endangered by the great influx of new members. In response, the Lenten fast and practices of self-renunciation were required annually of all Christians, both to show solidarity with the catechumens, and for their own spiritual benefit. [ citation needed]Associated customs [ edit]Statues and icons veiled in violet shrouds for Passiontide in St Pancras Church, Ipswich, England There are traditionally 40 days in Lent; these are marked by fasting, both from foods and festivities, and by other acts of penance. The three traditional practices to be taken up with renewed vigour during Lent are prayer ( justice towards God), fasting (justice towards self), and almsgiving (justice towards neighbours). However, in modern times, observers give up partaking in vices and often invest the time or money saved in charitable purposes or organizations. [39]In addition, some believers add a regular spiritual discipline, to bring them closer to God, such as reading a Lenten daily devotional. [10] Another practice commonly added is the singing of the Stabat Mater hymn in designated groups. Among Filipino Catholics, the recitation of Jesus Christ' passion, called Pasiong Mahal, is also observed. In some Christian countries, grand religious processions and cultural customs are observed, and the faithful attempt to visit seven churches during Holy Week in honor of Jesus Christ heading to Mount Calvary. [ citation needed]In many liturgical Christian denominations, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, and Easter Sunday form the Easter Triduum. [40] Lent is a season of grief that necessarily ends with a great celebration of Easter. Thus, it is known in Eastern Orthodox circles as the season of "Bright Sadness". It is a season of sorrowful reflection which is punctuated by breaks in the fast on Sundays. [ citation needed]Omission of Gloria and Alleluia [ edit]The Gloria in excelsis Deo, which is usually said or sung on Sundays at Mass of the Roman Rite and Anglican rite, is omitted on the Sundays of Lent, but continues in use on solemnities and feasts and on special celebrations of a more solemn kind. [41] Some mass compositions were written especially for Lent, such as Michael Haydn's Missa tempore Quadragesimae, without Gloria, in D minor, and for modest forces, only choir and organ. The Gloria is used on Maundy Thursday, to the accompaniment of bells, which then fall silent until the Gloria in excelsis of the Easter Vigil. [42]The Lutheran Divine Service, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, and the Presbyterian service of worship associate the Alleluia with joy and omits it entirely throughout Lent, [43] [44] not only at Mass but also in the canonical hours as well as outside the liturgy. Before 1970, the omission began with Septuagesima. The word "Alleluia" at the beginning and end of the Acclamation Before the Gospel at Mass is replaced by another phrase. Before 1970, the whole Acclamation was omitted and was replaced by a Tract. Again, before 1970, the word "Alleluia" normally added to the Gloria Patri at the beginning of each Hour of the Liturgy of the Hours was replaced by the phrase Laus tibi, Domine, rex aeternae gloriae (Praise to you, O Lord, king of eternal glory). Now it is simply omitted. Until the Ambrosian Rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive, celebrated with chanting of the Gloria and Alleluia, in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6:16, "When you fast, do not look gloomy". [21] [22] [23]In the Byzantine Rite, the Gloria ( Great Doxology) continues to be used in its normal place in the Matins service, and the Alleluia appears all the more frequently, replacing "God is the Lord" at Matins. Veiling of religious images [ edit]A United Methodist minister prostrates at the start of the Good Friday liturgy at Holy Family Church, in accordance with the rubrics in the Book of Worship. The processional cross is veiled in black, the liturgical colour associated with Good Friday in Methodist Churches. A crucifix on the high altar is veiled for Lent. Saint Martin's parish, Württemberg, Germany In certain pious Christian states, in which liturgical forms of Christianity predominate, religious objects were traditionally veiled for the entire 40 days of Lent. Though perhaps uncommon in the United States of America, this pious practice is consistently observed in Goa, Malta, Peru, the Philippines (the latter only for the entire duration of Holy Week, with the exception of processional images), and in the Spanish cities: Barcelona, Málaga, and Seville. In Ireland, before Vatican II, when impoverished rural Catholic convents and parishes could not afford purple fabrics, they resorted to either removing the statues altogether or, if too heavy or bothersome, turned the statues to face the wall. As is popular custom, the 14 Stations of the Cross plaques on the walls are not veiled. Crucifixes made before the time of Saint Francis of Assisi did not have a corpus (body of Christ) and therefore were adorned with jewels and gemstones, which was referred to as Crux Gemmatae. To keep the faithful from adoring the crucifixes elaborated with ornamentation, veiling it in royal purple fabrics came into place. The violet colour later evolved as a color of penance and mourning. Further liturgical changes in modernity reduced such observances to the last week of Passiontide. In parishes that could afford only small quantities of violet fabrics, only the heads of the statues were veiled. If no violet fabrics could be afforded at all, then the religious statues and images were turned around facing the wall. Flowers were always removed as a sign of solemn mourning. In the pre-1992 Methodist liturgy and pre-1970 forms of the Roman Rite, the last two weeks of Lent are known as Passiontide, a period beginning on the Fifth Sunday in Lent, which in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal is called the First Sunday in Passiontide and in earlier editions Passion Sunday. All statues (and in England paintings as well) in the church were traditionally veiled in violet. This was seen as in keeping with the Gospel of that Sunday ( John 8:46–59 ), in which Jesus "hid himself" from the people. Within many churches in the United States of America, after the Second Vatican Council, the need to veil statues or crosses became increasingly irrelevant and was deemed unnecessary by some diocesan bishops. As a result, the veils were removed at the singing of the Gloria in Excelsis Deo during the Easter Vigil. In 1970, the name "Passiontide" was dropped, although the last two weeks are markedly different from the rest of the season, and continuance of the tradition of veiling images is left to the discretion of a country's conference of bishops or even to individual parishes as pastors may wish. On Good Friday, the Anglican, Lutheran, and Methodist churches traditionally veiled "all pictures, statutes, and the cross are covered in mourning black", while "the chancel and altar coverings are replaced with black, and altar candles are extinguished". The fabrics are then "replaced with white on sunrise on Easter Sunday ". [45]Pre-Lenten festivals [ edit]Main article: Shrovetide Further information: Carnival, Mardi Gras, Swabian-Alemannic-Fastnacht, Maslenitsa, Pancake Day, and Baklahorani The carnival celebrations which in many cultures traditionally precede Lent are seen as a last opportunity for excess before Lent begins. Some of the most famous are the Carnival of Barranquilla, the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the Carnival of Venice, Cologne Carnival, the New Orleans Mardi Gras, the Rio de Janeiro carnival, and the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival. The day immediately preceding Lent is variously called Mardi Gras (" Fat Tuesday "), Pancake Tuesday, or Shrove Tuesday. Sometimes, it is the peak of the pre-Lenten festival, while sometimes it is largely occupied with preparations for Lent. The observances vary from culture to culture, and even from town to town. Originally, in Lebanon and Syria, the last Thursday preceding Lent was called "Khamis el zakara". For Catholics, it was meant to be a day of remembrance of the dead ones. However, zakara (which means "remembrance", in Arabic) was gradually replaced by sakara (meaning "getting drunk" in Arabic), and so the occasion came to be known as Khamis el sakara, wherein celebrants indulge themselves with alcoholic beverages. Fasting and abstinence [ edit]Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness (Jésus tenté dans le désert), James Tissot, Brooklyn Museum Further information: Christian dietary laws Fasting during Lent was more prominent in ancient times than today. Socrates Scholasticus reports that in some places, all animal products were strictly forbidden, while various others permitted fish, or fish and fowl, others prohibited fruit and eggs, and still others permitted only bread. In many places, the observant abstained from food for a whole day until the evening, and at sunset, Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast, which was often known as the Black Fast. [46] [47] In India and Pakistan, many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent. [48]For other Latin Catholics, by the early 20th century the theoretical obligation of the penitential fast throughout Lent except on Sundays was to take only one full meal a day. In addition, a smaller meal, called a collation, was allowed in the evening, and a cup of some beverage, accompanied by a little bread, in the morning. In practice, this obligation, which was a matter of custom rather than of written law, was not observed strictly. [49] The 1917 Code of Canon Law allowed the full meal on a fasting day to be taken at any hour and to be supplemented by two collations, with the quantity and the quality of the food to be determined by local custom. The Lenten fast ended on Holy Saturday at noon. Only those aged 21 to 59 were obliged to fast. As with all merely ecclesiastical laws, particular difficulties, such as strenuous work or illness, excused one from observance, and a dispensation from the law could be granted by a bishop or parish priest. In addition to fasting, abstinence from meat was to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on Fridays and Saturdays in Lent. [50] A rule of thumb is that the two collations should not add up to the equivalent of another full meal. Rather portions were to be: "sufficient to sustain strength, but not sufficient to satisfy hunger". [51] The apostolic constitution Paenitemini of 17 February 1966 reduced the fasting days to two: Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, and allowed episcopal conferences to "substitute abstinence and fast wholly or in part with other forms of penitence and especially works of charity and the exercises of piety". [52] This was made part of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which made obligatory fasting for those aged between 18 and 59, and abstinence for those aged 14 and upward. [53] The Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference decided to allow other forms of Friday penance to replace that of abstinence from meat, whether in Lent or outside Lent, suggesting alternatives such as abstaining from some other food, or from alcohol or smoking; making a special effort at participating in family prayer or in Mass; making the Stations of the Cross; or helping the poor, sick, old, or lonely. [54] The Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales made a similar ruling in 1985 [55] but decided in 2011 to restore the traditional year-round Friday abstinence from meat. [56] The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has maintained the rule of abstention from meat on Friday only during Lent. [57]Many Lutheran Churches advocate fasting during designated times such as Lent, [9] [58] especially on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. [59] [9] [60] [61] A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent delineates the following Lutheran fasting guidelines: [12]Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat. Refrain from eating meat (bloody foods) on all Fridays in Lent, substituting fish for example. Eliminate a food or food group for the entire season. Especially consider saving rich and fatty foods for Easter. Consider not eating before receiving Communion in Lent. Abstain from or limit a favorite activity (television, movies, etc.) for the entire season, and spend more time in prayer, Bible study, and reading devotional material. [12]The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast, which begins on Ash Wednesday. [62] The United Methodist Church therefore states that: There is a strong biblical base for fasting, particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter. Jesus, as part of his spiritual preparation, went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights, according to the Gospels. [63]Good Friday, which is towards the end of the Lenten season, is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for Methodists. [64] Rev. Jacqui King, the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as "I'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I'm actually dining with God". [65]Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety. [8] The Reformed Church in America describes the first day of Lent, Ash Wednesday, as a day "focused on prayer, fasting, and repentance" and considers fasting a focus of the whole Lenten season, [66] as demonstated in the "Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline", found in the Reformed liturgy for the Ash Wednesday service, which is read by the presider: [67]We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ. I invite you, therefore, in the name of Christ, to observe a Holy Lent, by self-examination and penitence, by prayer and fasting, by practicing works of love, and by reading and reflecting on God's Holy Word. [67]Good Friday, which is towards the end of the Lenten season, is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for adherents of the Reformed faith. [64]During the early Middle Ages, eggs, dairy products, and meat were generally forbidden. In favour of the traditional practice, observed both in East and West, Thomas Aquinas argued that "they afford greater pleasure as food [than fish], and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust." [68] Aquinas also authorized the consumption of candy during Lent, because "sugared spices" (such as comfits) were, in his opinion, digestive aids on par with medicine rather than food. [69]Jousting against Carnival is represented by a fat man on a beer barrel who wears a huge meat pie as headdress; Lent is represented by a thin gaunt woman on a cart (shown here) bearing Lenten fare: mussels, pretzels, and waffles. Oil painting The Fight Between Carnival and Lent by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (circa 1558–1559). In Spain, the bull of the Holy Crusade (renewed periodically after 1492) allowed the consumption of dairy products [70] and eggs during Lent in exchange for a contribution to the cause of the crusade. Giraldus Cambrensis, in his Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales, reports that "in Germany and the arctic regions", "great and religious persons" eat the tail of beavers as "fish" because of its superficial resemblance to "both the taste and colour of fish". The animal was very abundant in Wales at the time. [71]In current Western societies the practice is considerably relaxed, though in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic Churches, abstinence from all animal products including eggs, fish, fowl, and milk sourced from animals (e.g., cows and goats, as opposed to the milk of coconuts and soy beans) is still commonly practiced, so that, where this is observed, only vegetarian (or vegan) meals are consumed for the whole of Lent, 45 days in the Byzantine Rite. In the Western Catholic Church, the obligation to fast no longer applies to all weekdays of Lent (40 days), but only to Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. In the tradition of this part of the Catholic Church, abstinence from eating some form of food (generally meat, but not dairy or fish products) is distinguished from fasting. Fasting involves having during the day only one proper meal with up to two "collations", [72] light meatless meals sufficient to maintain strength but not adding up to the equivalent of a full meal. [73] In principle, abstinence is to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on every Friday of the year that is not a solemnity (a liturgical feast day of the highest rank); but in each country the episcopal conference can determine the form it is to take, perhaps replacing abstinence with other forms of penance. [53] [74] [75]Present canonical legislation on these matters follows the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI, Paenitemini, in which he recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain. He also allowed replacing fasting and abstinence with prayer and works of charity in countries with a lower standard of living. The law of abstinence binds those age 14 or over, and that of fast binds those who are at least 18 years of age and not yet 60. [53] The sick and those who have special needs are excused, and dispensations can be granted by episcopal conferences or individual bishops, which can be wider outside of Lent. Even during Lent, the rule about solemnities holds, so that the obligation of Friday abstinence does not apply on 19 and 25 March when, as usually happens, the solemnities of Saint Joseph and the Annunciation are celebrated on those dates. The same applies to Saint Patrick's Day, which is a solemnity in the whole of Ireland as well as in dioceses that have Saint Patrick as principal patron saint. In some other places, too, where there are strong Irish traditions within the Catholic community, a dispensation is granted for that day. [76] In Hong Kong, where Ash Wednesday often coincides with Chinese New Year celebrations, a dispensation is then granted from the laws of fast and abstinence, and the faithful are exhorted to use some other form of penance. [73]After the Protestant Reformation, in the Lutheran Church, "Church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast, and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene, earnest attitude." [3] In the Anglican Churches, the Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion, a companion to the Book of Common Prayer, states that fasting is "usually meaning not more than a light breakfast, one full meal, and one half meal, on the forty days of Lent". [13] It further states that "the major Fast Days of Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, as the American Prayer-Book indicates, are stricter in obligation, though not in observance, than the other Fast Days, and therefore should not be neglected except in cases of serious illness or other necessity of an absolute character." [77]In many Christian countries, religious processions during the season of Lent are often accompanied by a military escort both for security and parade. Ceuta, Spain Traditionally, on Sunday, and during the hours before sunrise and after sunset, some Churches, such as Episcopalians, allow "breaks" in their Lent promises. For Roman Catholics, the Lenten penitential season ends after the Easter Vigil Mass. Orthodox Christians also break their fast after the Paschal Vigil, a service which starts around 11:00 pm on Holy Saturday, and which includes the Paschal celebration of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. At the end of the service, the priest blesses cheese, eggs, flesh meats, and other items that the faithful have been abstaining from for the duration of Great Lent. Lenten traditions and liturgical practices are less common, less binding, and sometimes non-existent among some liberal and progressive Christians, since these generally do not emphasize piety and the mortification of the flesh as a significant virtue. [78] A greater emphasis on anticipation of Easter Sunday is often encouraged more than the penitence of Lent or Holy Week. [79]Some Christians as well as secular groups also interpret the Lenten fast in a positive tone, not as renunciation but as contributing to causes such as environmental stewardship and improvement of health. [80] [81] [82] Even some atheists find value in the Christian tradition and observe Lent. [83]Media coverage [ edit]During Lent, BBC 's Radio Four normally broadcasts a series of programmes called the Lent Talks. [84] These 15-minute programmes are normally broadcast on a Wednesday and have featured various speakers, such as John Lennox. [85]Holy days within the season of Lent [ edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)See also: Easter Triduum A Methodist minister distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails on Ash Wednesday Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Old Jerusalem on Golgotha, Mount Calvary, where tradition claims Jesus was crucified and died There are several holy days within the season of Lent: Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in Western Christianity, such as the Lutheran Churches, Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, Methodist Churches, Reformed traditions, etc. In the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite, there is no Ash Wednesday: Lent begins on the first Sunday and the fast begins on the first Monday. The Sundays in Lent carry Latin names in German Lutheranism, derived from the beginning of the Sunday's introit. The first is called Invocabit, the second Reminiscere, the third Oculi, the fourth Laetare, the fifth Judica, the sixth Palm Sunday. The fourth Sunday in Lent, which marks the halfway point between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday, is referred to as Laetare Sunday by Anglicans, Roman Catholics, and many other Christians, because of the traditional Entrance Antiphon of the Mass. Due to the more "joyful" character of the day (since laetare in Latin means "rejoice"), the priest, deacon, and subdeacon have the option of wearing vestments of a rose colour (pink) instead of violet. Additionally, the fourth Lenten Sunday, Mothering Sunday, which has become known as Mother's Day in the United Kingdom and an occasion for honouring mothers of children, has its origin in a 16th-century celebration of the Mother Church. The fifth Sunday in Lent, also known in some denominations as Passion Sunday (and in some denominations also applies to Palm Sunday) marks the beginning of Passiontide. The sixth Sunday in Lent, commonly called Palm Sunday, marks the beginning of Holy Week, the final week of Lent immediately preceding Easter. Wednesday of Holy Week, Holy Wednesday (also sometimes known as Spy Wednesday) commemorates Judas Iscariot 's bargain to betray Jesus. [86] [87] [88]Thursday of Holy Week is known as Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday, and is a day Christians commemorate the Last Supper shared by Christ with his disciples. The next day is Good Friday, on which Christians remember Jesus' crucifixion, death, and burial. Easter Triduum [ edit]This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)In the Anglican, Lutheran, Old Catholic, Roman Catholic, and many other churches, the Easter Triduum is a three-day event that begins Maundy Thursday evening, with the entrance hymn of the Mass of the Lord's Supper. After this celebration, the consecrated Hosts are taken solemnly from the altar to a place of reposition, where the faithful are invited to meditate in the presence of the consecrated Hosts. This is the Church's response to Jesus' question to the disciples sleeping in the Garden of Gethsemane, "Could you not watch with me one hour?" On the next day, the liturgical commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ is celebrated at 3 pm, unless a later time is chosen due to work schedules. This service consists of readings from the Scriptures, especially John the Evangelist 's account of the Passion of Jesus, followed by prayers, veneration of the cross of Jesus, and a communion service at which the hosts consecrated at the evening Mass of the day before are distributed. The Easter Vigil during the night between Holy Saturday afternoon and Easter Sunday morning starts with the blessing of a fire and a special candle, and with readings from Scripture associated with baptism. Then, the Gloria in Excelsis Deo is sung, water is blessed, baptism and confirmation of adults may take place, the people are invited to renew the promises of their own baptism, and finally, Mass is celebrated in the usual way from the Preparation of the Gifts onwards. Holy Week and the season of Lent, depending on denomination and local custom, end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday or on the morning of Easter Sunday. It is custom for some churches to hold sunrise services which include open air celebrations in some places. Vestments [ edit]The chancel of a Lutheran church decorated with red paraments, the liturgical colour of the last week of Lent, Holy Week, in the Lutheran and Anglican Churches [89]In the Lutheran, Methodist, Reformed, Roman Catholic, and many Anglican churches, the pastor's vestments are violet during the season of Lent. On the fourth Sunday in Lent, rose-coloured (pink) vestments may be worn in lieu of violet. Historically, black had also been used: Pope Innocent III declared black to be the proper color for Lent, though Durandus of Saint-Pourçain claims violet has preference over black. [90]In some Anglican churches, a type of unbleached linen or muslin known as "Lenten array" is worn during the first three weeks of Lent, crimson is worn during Passiontide, and on holy days, the colour proper to the day is worn. [91] In certain other Anglican churches, as an alternative to violet for all of Lent except Holy Week and red beginning on Palm Sunday through Holy Saturday, Lenten array, typically made of sackcloth such as burlap and trimmed with crimson cloth, often velvet, is worn, even during Holy Week -- since the sackcloth represents penance and the crimson edges represent the Passion of Christ. Even the veils that cover the altar crosses or crucifixes and statuary (if any) are made of the same sackcloth with the crimson trim. See also [ edit]Christianity: Fasting in the Eastern Orthodox Church Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Fast of Nineveh People's Sunday Quinquagesima Islam: Ramadan Judaism: Counting of the Omer Tisha B'Av Yom Kippur Modern interpretations Lent Event, asks people to donate the value of what they forego during Lent General: Asceticism References [ edit]^ Stoll, Anita K.; Smith, Dawn L. (2000). Gender, Identity, and Representation in Spain's Golden Age. Bucknell University Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780838754252. Retrieved 4 May 2017.^ Comparative Religion For Dummies. For Dummies. 31 January 2011. ISBN 9781118052273. Retrieved 8 March 2011. This is the day Lent begins. Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads. The ashes drawn on ancient tradition represent repentance before God. The holiday is part of Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, and Episcopalian liturgies, among others.^ a b Gassmann, Günther (4 January 2001). Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 180. ISBN 081086620X.^ Benedict, Philip (3 March 2014). Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism. Yale University Press. p. 506. ISBN 030010507X.^ Mennonite Stew – A Glossary: Lent. Third Way Café. Retrieved 24 February 2012. Traditionally, Lent was not observed by the Mennonite church, and only recently have more modern Mennonite churches started to focus on the six-week season preceding Easter.^ Brumley, Jeff. "Lent not just for Catholics, but also for some Baptists and other evangelicals". The Florida Times Union. Retrieved 3 March 2014.^ Burnett, Margaret (5 March 2017). "Students observe Lent on campus – The Brown and White". The Brown and White. Retrieved 14 March 2017.^ a b Chisholm, Hugh (1911). The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 428. The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches, and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions.^ a b c Gassmann, Günther; Oldenburg, Mark W. (10 October 2011). Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. Scarecrow Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780810874824. In many Lutheran churches, the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus (with the exception of Palm/Passion Sunday): Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Laetare, and Judica. Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast, and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene, earnest attitude. Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday.^ a b Crumm, David. Our Lent, 2nd Edition. ISBN 1934879509.^ Ambrose, Gill; Craig-Wild, Peter; Craven, Diane; Moger, Peter (5 March 2007). Together for a Season. Church House Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 9780715140635.^ a b c Weitzel, Thomas L. (1978). "A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent" (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Retrieved 17 March 2018.^ a b Gavitt, Loren Nichols (1991). Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion. Holy Cross Publications.^ This practice is observed in numerous pious Christian countries, although the form of abstention may vary depending on what is customary. Some abstain from meat for 40 days, some do so only on Fridays, or some only on Good Friday itself. By pontifical decree under Pope Alexander VI, eggs and dairy products may be consumed by penitents in Spain and its colonized territories.^ "What is Lent and why does it last forty days?". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 24 August 2007.^ "The Liturgical Year". The Anglican Catholic Church. Retrieved 24 August 2007.^ Knowlton, Mary Lee (2004). Macedonia. Marshall Cavendish. p. 125. ISBN 9780761418542. Traditionally, as in many Christian countries, the carnival marked the beginning of Lent, which ushered in a six-week period of fasting for Christians.^ "lente (voorjaar)". etymologiebank.nl. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). " Lent ". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 427.^ "Questions and Answers about Lent and Lenten Practices". www.usccb.org. Retrieved 2018-02-20.^ a b "Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano" (PDF) (in Italian). Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret. Retrieved 9 June 2014.^ a b c Herbert, Thurston (1910). " Lent ". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. See paragraph: Duration of the Fast^ a b The "Secret of the Mass" in the First Sunday of Lent – " Sacrificium Quadragesimalis Initii", Missale Romanum Ambrosianus^ Akin, James. "All About Lent". EWTN. Retrieved 3 March 2014.^ The Roman and the Lutheran Observance of Lent. Luther League of America. 1920. p. 5.^ What is Lent and why does it last forty days?. The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Lent is a season of forty days, not counting Sundays, which begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday. Sundays in Lent are not counted in the forty days because each Sunday represents a "mini-Easter" and the reverent spirit of Lent is tempered with joyful anticipation of the Resurrection.^ Kitch, Anne E. (10 January 2003). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 130.^ The Northwestern Lutheran, Volumes 60–61. Northwestern Publishing House. 1973. p. 66.^ Langford, Andy (4 January 1993). Blueprints for worship: a user's guide for United Methodist congregations. Abingdon Press. p. 96.^ Fenton, John. "The Holy Season of Lent in the Western Tradition". Western Rite of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. Retrieved 3 March 2014.^ "Fasting and Great Lent - Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese". Antiochian.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.^ a b c James Jeffrey (22 March 2017). "Ethiopia: fasting for 55 days". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 March 2017.^ "Tsome Nenewe (The Fast of Nineveh)". Minneapolis: Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2017.^ Robel Arega. "Fasting in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church". Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department – Mahibere Kidusan. Why Fifty-Five Days?. Retrieved 30 March 2017.^ Lent & Beyond: Dr. Peter Toon—From Septuagesima to Quadragesima (web site gone, no alternate source found, originally cited 27 August 2010)^ Jesus Was Literally Three Days and Three Nights in the Grave, www.logosapostolic.org, retrieved 23 March 2011^ Burke, Daniel (13 April 2011). "Just How Long Did Jesus Stay in the Tomb?". www.huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 23 March 2015.^ Hinson, E. Glenn (1 January 1981). The Evangelization of the Roman Empire: Identity and Adaptability. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865540149. Like its parent, Judaism, earliest Christianity had a catechism for its converts, as much recent study has proven. ... Hippolytus required up to three years' instruction before baptism, shortened by a candidate's progress in developing Christian character.^ "Lent—disciplines and practices". Spirit Home. Retrieved 27 August 2010. [ self-published source? ]^ "General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar, 19". Catholicliturgy.com. Retrieved 27 August 2010.^ General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 53^ Roman Missal, Thursday of the Lord's Supper, 7^ "Why don't we use alleluias during Lent?" (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2018.^ Jr., J. Dudley Weaver, (2002). Presbyterian Worship: A Guide for Clergy. Geneva Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780664502188. The alleluia is traditionally not sung during Lent, and, here at the first service of Easter, it is at last reintroduced to the church's liturgy.^ Bratcher, Dennis (2015). "The Days of Holy Week". CRI.^ Cléir, Síle de (5 October 2017). Popular Catholicism in 20th-Century Ireland: Locality, Identity and Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 9781350020603. Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context, stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent, which originally involved just one meal a day, not to be eaten until after sunset.^ Guéranger, Prosper; Fromage, Lucien (1912). The Liturgical Year: Lent. Burns, Oates & Washbourne. p. 8. St. Benedict's rule prescribed a great many fasts, over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent; but it made this great distinction between the two: that whilst Lent obliged the monks, as well as the rest of the faithful, to abstain from food till sunset, these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None.^ "Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way". Union of Catholic Asian News. 27 February 2002. Retrieved 28 February 2018.^ O'Neill, James David (1909). " Fast ". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.^ "CIC 1917: text – Intra Text CT". Intratext.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.^ Gregson, David. "Fasting". EWTN. Eternal Word Television Network. Retrieved 9 February 2015.^ "Paenitemini (February 17, 1966) - Paul VI". w2.vatican.va. Retrieved 21 November 2017.^ a b c "Code of Canon Law - Intra Text". Vatican.va. Retrieved 21 November 2017.^ "Friday Penance resource from ICBC". Catholicbishops.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2017.^ "Fasting and Abstinence. Statement from the Bishops of England and Wales on Canons 1249–1253" (PDF).^ "Catholics asked to abstain from meat for Friday penance". BBC News.^ "EWTN Q & A, Response". Ewtn.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.^ What is the holiest season of the Church Year? Archived 2009-02-09 at the Wayback Machine .. Retrieved 2010-02-03. Archived copy at the Internet Archive^ Hatch, Jane M. (1978). The American Book of Days. Wilson. p. 163. ISBN 9780824205935. Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England, and in the United States by Episcopal, Lutheran, and some other Protestant churches. The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday, which is carried out according to members' personal wishes; however, it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion. Among Lutherans as well, there are no set rules for fasting, although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees.^ Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1990). Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. pp. 223–244, 260. ISBN 9780800603922. The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar, and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting.^ Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Haas, John Augustus William (1899). The Lutheran Cyclopedia. Scribner. p. 110. By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast. The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast. The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service, Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Lcetare, Judica.^ Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009-09-24). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 257–. ISBN 978-0-19-160743-1.^ "What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting?". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 1 March 2017.^ a b Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1883). The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge. D. Appleton and Company. p. 101. The Protestant Episcopal, Lutheran, and Reformed churches, as well as many Methodists, observe the day by fasting and special services.^ Chavez, Kathrin (2010). "Lent: A Time to Fast and Pray". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 1 March 2017.^ "The Liturgical Calendar". Reformed Church in America. 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.^ a b "Ash Wednesday". Reformed Church in America. 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.^ " Summa Theologica Q147a8". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 27 August 2010.^ Richardson, Tim H. (2002). Sweets: A History of Candy. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 147–148. ISBN 1-58234-229-6.^ Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. "Millennium: Fear and Religion". Archived from the original on 18 August 2002.^ "Baldwin's Itinerary Through Wales No. 2 by Giraldus Cambrensis". Gutenberg.org. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 27 August 2010.^ "Definition of "collation" – Collins English Dictionary".^ a b "Penitential Days – Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong".^ "Catholics United for the Faith – Lent – Discipline and History – Teaching the Catholic Faith". Catholics United for the Faith – Catholics United for the Faith is an international lay apostolate founded to help the faithful learn what the Catholic Church teaches.^ Colin B. Donovan, Fast and Abstinence. Retrieved 28 December 2007.^ Engber, Daniel (15 March 2006). "Thou Shalt Eat Corned Beef on Friday: Who Sets the Rules on Lent?". Slate. Retrieved 13 February 2010.^ "The Church's Discipline as to Fasting and Abstinence". Anglican Communion. Retrieved 3 March 2014.^ "Ash Wednesday: What Is Ash Wednesday? How Do We Observe It? Why Should We?". Patheos.com. Retrieved 25 March 2014.^ "An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent – USA – Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe". Peterlang.com. Retrieved 25 March 2014.^ Hebden, Keith (3 March 2014). "This Lent I will eat no food, to highlight the hunger all around us". The Guardian.^ Di Lallo, Matt (2 March 2014). "Believe it or Not, Catholics Observing Lent Save Our Environment". Fool.com. Retrieved 25 March 2014.^ Kellow, Juliette (4 March 2014). "Cut out one treat for Lent and your waistline could reap the benefits". Daily Express. Retrieved 25 March 2014.^ Winston, Kimberly. "After giving up religion, atheists try giving up something else for Lent". Religion News Service. Retrieved 19 March 2013.^ "Programmes: Lent Talks". BBC.^ Lennox, John (27 March 2012). "John Lennox's Lent Talk for Radio 4". RZIM. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2018.^ "spy, n . ", OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2013, Spy Wednesday n. in Irish use, the Wednesday before Easter.^ Packer, George Nichols (1893). "Our Calendar: The Julian Calendar and Its Errors, how Corrected by the Gregorian". Corning, NY: [The author]. p. 112. Retrieved 15 December 2013. Spy Wednesday, so called in allusion to the betrayal of Christ by Judas, or the day on which he made the bargain to deliver Him into the hands of His enemies for 30 pieces of silver.^ Mc Nichol, Hugh (2014). "Spy Wednesday conversion to Holy Wednesday". Catholic Online. Retrieved 10 May 2014.^ Gally, Howard E. (25 January 1989). Ceremonies of the Eucharist. Cowley Publications. p. 45. ISBN 9781461660521. In recent decades there has been a revival of the ancient use of red (crimson or scarlet) for Holy Week among both Episcopalians and Lutherans. The Roman rite has restored the use of red only on Palm Sunday and Good Friday.^ Kellner, K. A. H. (1908). Heortology: A History of the Christian Festivals from Their Origin to the Present Day Kegan Paul Trench Trubner & Co Limited. p. 430.^ The Church of England rubric states: "The colour for a particular service should reflect the predominant theme. If the Collect, Readings, etc. on a Lesser Festival are those of the saint, then either red (for a martyr) or white is used; otherwise, the colour of the season is retained." See page 532 here. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lent (fasting period). Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lent Look up Lent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Daily Lenten Devotional – LHMMethodist Church: Lent and Easter Resources [ show]v t e Easter [ show]v t e Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Categories: Lent Christian terminology Christian fasting March observances |
Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to create a spot for the instrument in classical music, ragtime and jazz. Like the teacher-dealers, they traveled the U.S., recording records, giving performances and teaching individuals and mandolin orchestras. Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America's preeminent mandolinists. Seth Weeks was an African American who not only taught and performed in the United States, but also in Europe, where he recorded records. Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page toured the country with a group, and was well known for his mandolin and mandola performances. Other names include Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., and Aubrey Stauffer. |
The Shape of Water is an upcoming American fantasy adventure film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Vanessa Taylor . The film stars Sally Hawkins , Michael Shannon , Richard Jenkins , Doug Jones , Lauren Lee Smith , Michael Stuhlbarg , and Octavia Spencer . It is scheduled for release in December 8 , 2017 . |
Kutztown University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Kutztown University or KU), is an American public university located in rural Kutztown, Pennsylvania and is one of fourteen schools that comprise the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) and is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, ... |
Total output is measured by the money (dollar) value of all final goods and services produced by an economy during a given period of time, usually a year. Total output includes the values of goods produced, like CD players and houses, and the value of services, like haircuts and teachers' salaries. |
Non-native species are species that have been introduced into new areas that have not historically been part of their native range. 'Exotic,' 'alien,' 'nonindigenous,' and 'introduced' are all synonymous terms referring to non-native species.In contrast, native species are species that have historically occurred as part of an ecosystem in a specific location. Native species are also called indigenous species.Introduction is defined by Krueger and May (1991) as the transfer by humans of an organism outside its native range.n contrast, native species are species that have historically occurred as part of an ecosystem in a specific location. Native species are also called indigenous species. Introduction is defined by Krueger and May (1991) as the transfer by humans of an organism outside its native range. |
Christianity in the 1st century The apostles dispersed from Jerusalem, founding the apostolic sees, presumably following the Great Commission's decree to spread the teachings of Jesus to "all nations". Peter, Paul, and James the Just were the most influential early Christian leaders,[4] although Paul's influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than any other New Testament authors,[5] but the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still disputed today. |
1 Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin: examples include cotton, hemp, jute, flax, ramie, sisal, bagasse, and banana.2 Plant fibers are employed in the manufacture of paper and textile (cloth), and dietary fiber is an important component of human nutrition. Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin: examples include cotton, hemp, jute, flax, ramie, sisal, bagasse, and banana. |
Philippe Petit Philippe Petit (French pronunciation: [filip pəti]; born 13 August 1949) is a French high-wire artist who gained fame for his high-wire walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, on the morning of August 7, 1974 as well as his high wire walk between the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, 1971.[1] For his unauthorized feat 400 metres (1,000 feet) above the ground – which he referred to as "le coup"[2] – he rigged a 200-kilogram (440-pound) cable and used a custom-made 8-metre (30-foot) long, 25-kilogram (55-pound) balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire. The following week, he celebrated his 25th birthday. All charges were dismissed in exchange for him doing a performance in Central Park for children. |
National Basketball Association On August 3, 1949, the BAA absorbed the remainder of the NBL: Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo. In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications, the league name was changed from the BAA to the National Basketball Association in spite of having the same BAA governing body including Podoloff.[7] The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities,[8] as well as large arenas and smaller gymnasiums and armories. In 1950, the NBA consolidated to eleven franchises, a process that continued until 1953–54, when the league reached its smallest size of eight franchises: the New York Knicks, Boston Celtics, Philadelphia Warriors, Minneapolis Lakers, Rochester Royals, Fort Wayne Pistons, Tri-Cities Blackhawks, and Syracuse Nationals, all of which remain in the league today. The process of contraction saw the league's smaller-city franchises move to larger cities. The Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and then to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957 and the Pistons relocated from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Detroit in 1957. |
The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro," no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father. |
The other viewpoint illustrated by the rapporteur' s initial statement and shared by a number of members is to promote regulations and codes of conduct which are needed in order to establish among insurers ways of organising costs on a mutual basis providing everybody with guaranteed access to high-quality care and to counter the risk of discriminatory practices developing together with risk and client selection. |
Tupac Amaru Shakur -LRB- -LSB- ˈtuːpɑːk_ʃəˈkʊər -RSB- ; born Lesane Parish Crooks ; June 16 , 1971September 13 , 1996 -RRB- , also known by his stage names 2Pac , Makaveli , and Pac , was an American rapper , record producer , actor , and poet . As of 2007 , Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide . His double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best-selling albums in the United States . He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by many publications , including Rolling Stone , which ranked him 86th on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time . On April 7 , 2017 , Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Shakur began his career as a roadie , backup dancer , and MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground , eventually branching off as a solo artist . Most of the themes in Shakur 's songs revolved around the violence and hardship in inner cities , racism , and other social problems . Both of his parents and several other people in his family were members of the Black Panther Party , whose ideals were reflected in his songs . During the latter part of his career , Shakur was a vocal participant during the East Coast -- West Coast hip hop rivalry , becoming involved in conflicts with other rappers , producers , and record-label staff members , most notably The Notorious B.I.G. and the label Bad Boy Records . On September 7 , 1996 , Shakur was fatally shot in a drive-by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas , Nevada . He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , where he died six days later . |
Surplus goods refers to the profit made in an economy, these goods could be any number of things eg money, resources .... Surplus goods refers to the profit made in an economy, these goods could be any number of things eg money, resources .... Surplus goods are the result of an efficient economy usually one that is a free market economy. Surplus goods are the result of an efficient economy usually one that is a free market economy. Minor edit? |
Number of medical marijuana dispensaries in AZ getting higher - Tucson News Now. Number of medical marijuana dispensaries in AZ getting higher. You could soon see new medical marijuana dispensaries popping up in your neighborhood. For the first time in four years, Arizona is allowing more dispensaries to open up shop. There are currently more than 80,000 card holders in Arizona and only 99 medical marijuana dispensaries licensed to operate in the state. But now, 31 new shops will be allowed to open up, including three right here in Tucson. |
Taiwan -LRB- -LSB- taɪˈwɑːn -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of China -LRB- ROC -RRB- , is a state in East Asia . Its neighbours include China -LRB- officially the People 's Republic of China , PRC -RRB- to the west , Japan to the northeast , and the Philippines to the south . Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations , and also possesses the largest economy of any state outside of the UN . The island of Taiwan , also known as Formosa , was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century , when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to Han Chinese immigration . After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning , the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty , the last dynasty of China . The Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War . While Taiwan was under Japanese rule , the Republic of China -LRB- ROC -RRB- was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty . Following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945 , the ROC took control of Taiwan . However , the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROC 's loss of the mainland to the Communists , and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate government of China , its effective jurisdiction since 1949 has been limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands , with the main island making up 99 % of its de facto territory . As a founding member of the United Nations , the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971 , when the PRC assumed China 's seat , causing the ROC to lose its UN membership . In the early 1960s , Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization , creating a stable industrial economy . In the 1980s and early 1990s , it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system . Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world , and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy . It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press , healthcare , public education , economic freedom , and human development . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence . Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC . Today only a few smaller nations recognize the ROC as the sole legal representative of China , but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates . Although Taiwan is fully self-governing , most international organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor . Internally , the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence , though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal . The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible . |
Characters from Agatha Christie stories - Agatha Christie Hercule Poirot One of the most famous fictional characters of all time, the inimitable Belgian private detective is synonymous with waxed moustaches, perfectionism and little grey cells. Poirot would be the first to call himself a great man - he has never been known for his modesty - but with such success in his career, it is difficult to argue with him. Miss Marple Miss Jane Marple doesn’t look like your average detective. Quite frankly, she doesn’t look like a detective at all. But looks can be deceiving... For a woman who has spent her life in the small village of St Mary Mead, Miss Marple is surprisingly worldly. But as she often points out, she has had every opportunity to observe human nature. Tommy & Tuppence International spies, two world wars, murders, thefts and not to mention marriage, Tommy and Tuppence seek out excitement wherever it may lie. Tuppence leads the way with her charismatic nature, while Tommy’s slow, considered manner provides the perfect foil. Together they form the 'Young Adventurers Ltd' and the adventures begin. |
The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be "revealed by God", stating: "The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith." |
Salman Rushdie. He married the actress Padma Lakshmi, the hostess of Padma's Passport, and dedicatee of his eighth novel, Fury (2001), on 17th April 2004. The late Ayatollah Khomeini declared a fatwa against him for the novel The Satanic Verses on 14th February 1989. He is currently completing a ninth novel. |
Geographers use Ptolemyâs calculations to create Lines of Latitude and Lines of Longitude. Lines of Latitude are imaginary lines that circle the globe from east to west. Lines of Latitude are called parallels because the lines parallel, or run in the same direction as the equator. The equator is the imaginary line that is as far away from the North Pole as it is from the South Pole. Lines of Longitude intersect the equator at right angles but end at the North and the South Poles. Lines of Longitude are also called meridians. Meridian comes from a Latin word that means midday. |
Fushun (, formerly romanised as "Fouchouen", using French spelling, also as Fuxi (撫西 )) is a prefecture level city in Liaoning province, China, about 45 km east of Shenyang, with a population of 2,138,090 inhabitants (2010 census) and a total area of 11,272 km2 , 714 km2 of which is the city proper. Situated on the Hun River ("muddy river"), it is one of the industrial and economic development hubs in Liaoning. |
Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Tetrachloroethylene Names IUPAC name Tetrachloroethene Other names Perchloroethene; Perchloroethylene; Perc; PCEIdentifiers CAS Number127-18-43D model ( JSmol)Interactive image Ch EBICHEBI:17300Ch EMBLCh EMBL114062Chem Spider13837281ECHA Info Card 100.004.388EC Number 204-825-9KEGGC06789RTECS number KX3850000UNIITJ904HH8SNUN number 1897In Ch I [show]SMILES [show]Properties Chemical formula C 2 Cl 4Molar mass 165.82 g·mol −1Appearance Clear, colorless liquid Odor mild, chloroform -like [1]Density 1.622 g/cm 3Melting point −19 °C (−2 °F; 254 K)Boiling point 121.1 °C (250.0 °F; 394.2 K)Solubility in water 0.15 g/L (25 °C)Vapor pressure 14 mm Hg (20°C) [1]Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -81.6·10 −6 cm 3 /mol Viscosity 0.89 c P at 25 °CHazards Main hazards Harmful (Xn), Dangerous for the environment (N)Safety data sheet See: data page External MSDSR-phrases (outdated)R40 R51/53S-phrases (outdated)S23 S36/37 S61NFPA 704 02 0Flash point Not flammable Lethal dose or concentration ( LD, LC ): LC 50 ( median concentration) 4000 ppm (rat, 4 hr) 5200 ppm (mouse, 4 hr) 4964 ppm (rat, 8 hr) [2]US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ): PEL (Permissible) TWA 100 ppm C 200 ppm (for 5 minutes in any 3-hour period), with a maximum peak of 300 ppm [1]REL (Recommended) Ca Minimize workplace exposure concentrations. [1]IDLH (Immediate danger) Ca [150 ppm] [1]Related compounds Related Related organohalides Tetrabromoethylene Tetraiodoethylene Related compounds Trichloroethylene Dichloroethene Tetrachloroethane Supplementary data page Structure and properties Refractive index ( n ), Dielectric constant (ε r ), etc. Thermodynamic data Phase behaviour solid–liquid–gas Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MSExcept where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 k Pa).verify ( what is ? )Infobox references Tetrachloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene (" perc " or " PERC "), and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl 2 C=CCl 2. It is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid". It has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm). Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985. [3]Contents [ hide ]1 Production2 Uses2.1 Historical applications3 Health and safety3.1 Testing for exposure4 Environmental contamination5 References6 Further reading7 External links Production [ edit]Michael Faraday first synthesized tetrachloroethylene in 1821 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane. C 2 Cl 6 → C 2 Cl 4 + Cl 2Most tetrachloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons. The method is related to Faraday's discovery since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes. [3] Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene. Several other methods have been developed. When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with chlorine, tetrachloroethylene is produced by the chemical reaction: Cl CH 2 CH 2 Cl + 3 Cl 2 → Cl 2 C=CCl 2 + 4 HCl This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon. Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation. According to a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report of 1976, the quantity of tetrachloroethylene produced in the United States in 1973 totaled 320,000 metric tons (706 million lb). [4] By 1993, the volume produced in the United States had dropped to 123,000 metric tons (271 million lb). [5]Uses [ edit]Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials. Otherwise it is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable. For these reasons, it is widely used in dry cleaning. It is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons. It appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers. It is used in neutrino detectors where a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the chlorine atom and converts it to a proton to form argon. Historical applications [ edit]Tetrachloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants. In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment for hookworm infestation. [6]Health and safety [ edit]The toxicity of tetrachloroethylene "is moderate to low". "Reports of human injury are uncommon despite its wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing". [7]The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethylene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that it is probably carcinogenic to humans. [8] Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethylene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure. [9] Tetrachloroethylene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation. Owing to tetrachloroethylene's cancer risks, California's Air Resources Board banned the substance from use in new dry-cleaning machines in 2007, with older PCE-using machines shut down by mid-2010 and the use of all such machines discontinued in California by 2023. [10]Animal studies and a study of 99 twins showed there is a "lot of circumstantial evidence" that exposure to tetrachloroethylene increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease ninefold. Larger population studies are planned. [11] Also, tetrachloroethylene has been shown to cause liver tumors in mice and kidney tumors in male rats. [12]At temperatures over 315 °C (599 °F), such as in welding, tetrachloroethylene can be oxidized into phosgene, an extremely poisonous gas. [13] [14]The U. S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has compiled extensive health and safety information for tetrachloroethylene, [15] [16] including recommendations for dry cleaning establishments. [17] [18] [19] [20]Perchloroethylene exposure has been linked to pronounced acquired color vision deficiencies after chronic exposure. [21]Testing for exposure [ edit]Tetrachloroethylene exposure can be evaluated by a breath test, analogous to breath-alcohol measurements. Because it is stored in the body's fat and slowly released into the bloodstream, tetrachloroethylene can be detected in the breath for weeks following a heavy exposure. Tetrachloroethylene and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a breakdown product of tetrachloroethylene, can be detected in the blood. In Europe, the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) recommends for tetrachloroethylene an occupational exposure limit (8 hour time-weighted average) of 20 ppm and a short-term exposure limit (15 min) of 40 ppm. [22]Environmental contamination [ edit]Tetrachloroethylene is a common soil contaminant. With a specific gravity greater than 1, tetrachloroethylene will be present as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) if sufficient quantities are released. Because of its mobility in groundwater, its toxicity at low levels, and its density (which causes it to sink below the water table ), cleanup activities are more difficult than for oil spills (which has a specific gravity less than 1). Recent research has focused on the in place remediation of soil and ground water pollution by tetrachloroethylene. Instead of excavation or extraction for above-ground treatment or disposal, tetrachloroethylene contamination has been successfully remediated by chemical treatment or bioremediation. Bioremediation has been successful under anaerobic conditions by reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides sp. and under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp. [23] [24] Partial degradation daughter products include trichloroethylene, cis- 1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts tetrachloroethylene to ethene and hydrogen chloride dissolved in water. Estimates state that 85% of tetrachloroethylene produced is released into the atmosphere; while models from OECD assumed that 90% is released into the air and 10% to water. Based on these models, its distribution in the environment is estimated to be in the air (76.39% - 99.69%), water (0.23% - 23.2%), soil (0.06-7%), with the remainder in the sediment and biota. Estimates of lifetime in the atmosphere vary, but a 1987 survey estimated the lifetime in the air to be about 2 months in the Southern Hemisphere and 5–6 months in the Northern Hemisphere. Degradation products observed in a laboratory include phosgene, trichloroacetyl chloride, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Tetrachloroethylene is degraded by hydrolysis, and is also persistent under aerobic conditions. This compound is degraded by reductive dechlorination with anaerobic conditions present, with the degradation products such as trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, ethylene, and ethane. [25]References [ edit]^ a b c d e "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0599". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).^ "Tetrachloroethylene". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).^ a b M. Rossberg et al. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2^ "Assessment of Hazardous Waste Practices: Organic Chemicals, Pesticides and Explosives Industries" prebpublication issue for EPA Libraries and Solid Waste Management Agencies under contract # 68-01-2919, USEPA 1976^ "Toxicological Profile For Tetrachloroethylene" (PDF). Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. September 1997. p. 174. Retrieved 2012-09-16. citing C&EN, 1994, Facts and Figures for the Chemical Industry, Chemical and Engineering News, July 4, 1994.^ Young, M. D.; et al. (1960). "The Comparative Efficacy of Bephenium Hydroxynaphthoate and Tetrachloroethylene against Hookworm and other Parasites of Man". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 9 (5): 488–491. PMID 13787477.^ E.-L. Dreher; T. R. Torkelson; K. K. Beutel (2011). "Chlorethanes and Chloroethylenes". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi: 10.1002/14356007.o06_o01.^ IARC monograph. Tetrachloroethylene, Vol. 63, p. 159. Last Updated May 20, 1997. Last retrieved June 22, 2007.^ Control of Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Commercial Drycleaning Archived September 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine .. Hazard Controls: Publication 97-157. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2015-10-05.^ Industrial Solvent Linked to Increased Risk of Parkinson's Disease Archived March 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.^ "Solvents: the hazardous chemicals to avoid in everyday life - Meds News". Meds News. Retrieved 2016-01-22.^ "ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Tetrachloroethylene (PERC)".^ Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and. "Document Removed : OSH Answers".^ "Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)". CDC / NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. October 25, 2010. Retrieved 2016-07-15.^ "Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) (76-185)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15.^ "Control of Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Commercial Drycleaning (97-154)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15.^ "Control of Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Commercial Drycleaning (Substitution) (97-155)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15.^ "Control of Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Commercial Drycleaning (Machine Design) (97-156)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15.^ "Control of Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Commercial Drycleaning (Ventilation) (97-157)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-15.^ Iregren, A (Dec 2002). "Color Vision and Occupational Chemical Exposure: An Overview of Tests and Effects". Neurotoxicity. 23 (6): 719–33. doi: 10.1016/S0161-813X (02)00088-8. PMID 12520762.^ "SCOEL recommendations". 2011-04-22. Retrieved 2011-04-22.^ Ryoo, D., Shim, H., Arenghi, F. L. G., Barbieri, P., Wood T. K. (2001). "Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, and Chlorinated Phenols Induce Toluene-o-xylene Monooxoygenase Activity in Pseudomonas Stutzeri OX1". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 56 (3–4): 545–549. doi: 10.1007/s002530100675.^ Deckard, L. A., Wills, J. C., Rivers, D. B. (1994). "Evidence for aerobic degradation of tetrachloroethylene by bacterial isolate". Biotechnol. Lett. 16 (11): 1221–1224. doi: 10.1007/BF01020855.^ Watts P. (2006). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 68: TETRACHLOROETHENE, World Health Organization Further reading [ edit]"Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethene". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1997. Doherty, R. E. (2000). "A History of the Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1 - Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene". Environmental Forensics. 1 (2): 69–81. doi: 10.1006/enfo.2000.0010. External links [ edit]ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Australian National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) page"Toxic Fumes May Have Made Gunman Snap", by Julian Kesner, New York Daily News, April 20, 2007. Sustainable uses and Industry recommendations Authority control LCCN: sh95000495 GND: 4184861-5 NDL: 01120522Categories: Organochlorides Halogenated solvents Hazardous air pollutants IARC Group 2A carcinogens Dry cleaning Commodity chemicals |
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