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Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner . It stars Charlton Heston , Roddy McDowall , Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , James Whitmore , James Daly and Linda Harrison . The screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle . Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant-garde score . It was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973 , all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox . The film tells the story of an astronaut crew who crash-land on a strange planet in the distant future . Although the planet appears desolate at first , the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech . The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins . The script was originally written by Rod Serling , but underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began . Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached , but the film 's producer Arthur P. Jacobs , upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston , chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film . Schaffner 's changes included an ape society less advanced -- and therefore less expensive to depict -- than that of the original novel . Filming took place between May 21 and August 10 , 1967 , in California , Utah and Arizona , with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area . The film 's final `` closed '' cost was $ 5.8 million . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , in the United States and was a commercial success , earning a lifetime domestic gross of $ 32.6 million . The film was groundbreaking for its prosthetic makeup techniques by artist John Chambers and was well received by critics and audiences , launching a film franchise , including four sequels , as well as a short-lived television show , animated series , comic books , and various merchandising . In particular , Roddy McDowall had a long-running relationship with the Apes series , appearing in four of the original five films -LRB- absent , apart from a brief voiceover , from the second film of the series , Beneath the Planet of the Apes , in which he was replaced by David Watson in the role of Cornelius -RRB- , and also in the television series . The original series was followed by Tim Burton 's remake Planet of the Apes in 2001 and the reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes in 2011 . Also in 2001 , Planet of the Apes was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .
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Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post—its long-time rival and main competition—when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press—a free alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000.
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Timothy David Olyphant -LRB- -LSB- ˈɔːlʌfɪnt -RSB- ; born May 20 , 1968 -RRB- is an American actor and producer . He made his acting debut in Off-Broadway theater in 1995 in The Monogamist , winning the Theatre World Award for his performance , and then originated David Sedaris ' The Santaland Diaries in 1996 . Following this he branched out to film ; in the early years of his career , he was often cast in supporting villainous roles , most notably in Scream 2 -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , Go -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , A Man Apart -LRB- 2003 -RRB- and The Girl Next Door -LRB- 2004 -RRB- . He came to the attention of a wider audience with his portrayal of Sheriff Seth Bullock in HBO 's western Deadwood -LRB- 2004 -- 2006 -RRB- . He then had starring roles in the romantic comedy Catch and Release -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , the action film Hitman -LRB- 2007 -RRB- , the thriller A Perfect Getaway -LRB- 2009 -RRB- and the horror film The Crazies -LRB- 2010 -RRB- . He was a villain in Live Free or Die Hard -LRB- 2007 -RRB- and was a recurring guest star in season two of the FX legal thriller Damages -LRB- 2009 -RRB- . The best-known performance of Olyphant 's career to date has been as Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens in FX 's modern-day Kentucky western Justified -LRB- 2010 -- 2015 -RRB- . He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 . He later had guest appearances in numerous television sitcoms including The Office -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , The Mindy Project -LRB- 2013 -RRB- and The Grinder -LRB- 2015 -- 2016 -RRB- , for which he won a Critics Choice Award . Olyphant currently stars with Drew Barrymore in the Netflix comedy Santa Clarita Diet -LRB- 2017 -RRB- , and is also an executive producer on the show .
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The Tick (2016 TV series) The Tick is an American web comedy television series based on the character The Tick from the comic book of the same name. Its pilot premiered on Amazon Video on August 18, 2016. A "half-season" of episodes 2-6 were released on August 25, 2017, and episodes 7-12 will be released on February 23, 2018.
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Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a British manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers. It was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. Steered from 1947 by David Brown, it became associated with expensive grand touring cars in the 1950s and 1960s, and with the fictional character James Bond following his use of a DB5 model in the 1964 film "Goldfinger". Their sports cars are regarded as a British cultural icon. Aston Martin has held a Royal Warrant as purveyor of motorcars to HRH the Prince of Wales since 1982.
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Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis can cause long-term complications and/or death if not adequately treated.yphilis is transmitted from person to person by direct contact with a syphilitic sore, known as a chancre. Chancres occur mainly on the external genitals, vagina, anus or in the rectum. Chancres also can occur on the lips and in the mouth.
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Glass is far inferior to paper, plastic and Styrofoam in terms of insulation. Thermal conductivity in terms of BTU/(feet - hour - degrees F) is 1.82 for glass, 0.09 for paper, 0.06 for Styrofoam. The conductivity of plastics varies depending on the materials: for polypropylene and polycarbonate, the thermal conductivity values are 0.69 and 0.35, respectively.
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Dehydration as a cause of a salty taste in the mouth. The most probable cause of a salty taste in the mouth is simply dehydration. The more dehydrated a person is, the more concentrated the chemicals are that are in saliva. The lips will also gradually become more salty when a person is dehydrated.
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The Cover of Rolling Stone "The Cover of 'Rolling Stone'" is a song written by Shel Silverstein and first recorded by American rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show. Produced by Ron Haffkine and released in 1972, it was the band's third single and peaked at number six on the U.S. pop chart for two weeks on March 17–24, 1973.
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Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166, with mosaics tied into a tree of life, mostly still preserved. The scenes depict biblical characters, warrior kings, medieval beasts, allegories of the months and working activity. Only fragments survived from the original mosaic decoration of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral. The mosaic ambos in the churches of Ravello prove that mosaic art was widespread in Southern Italy during the 11th–13th centuries.
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Solar Panels and Hail Damage: How Durable Are Solar Panels? Solar Panels and Hail Damage: How Durable Are Solar Panels? August 25, 2016 | By Eco Mark Solar While solar panels can be an excellent way to save money and reduce your carbon footprint, you may be concerned about things such as hail damage and solar panel durability. Solar panels are a great investment over time, and it’s only natural to want to ensure that investment can be protected. Fortunately, solar panels are much tougher than they appear to be at first glance. Because they are placed outside, solar panels are specifically designed with the effects of nature in mind. Solar Panels for Your Colorado Home Imagine living in a world where monthly electricity bills are eliminated and the Earth’s precious resources are protected. In Colorado, this feat can be achieved by simply installing solar panels on your home’s roof. A solar panel is a device that contains a large group of solar cells across the surface. When sunlight hits the solar panel, it is absorbed within the cell and then transferred into energy, in the form of electricity. With several solar panels on your roof, you will absorb enough light from the sun to completely power your home and eliminate the cost of a monthly electric bill for your household. This form of energy is renewable and reusable, versus traditional electricity, which is generally created using unsustainable fossil fuels. If you’ve ever seen solar panels on a rooftop, you may have found yourself thinking about how fragile they appear to be. Fortunately, appearances are often deceiving. Solar panels are designed for outdoor use and are comparable to traditional roofs in terms of durability. The solar cells themselves are covered in a protective glass, laminate or acrylic material that is reinforced and held together with a sturdy frame to withstand the typical effects of Mother Nature. Your home in Colorado is an excellent candidate for solar panels. The state has around 300 days of sunshine each year, which is an exceptional amount of sun compared to rainy locations such as Washington. With this much sun exposure, your home is powered effortlessly and without harming the picturesque state you love. Additionally, installing solar panels on your Colorado home may mean that you qualify for solar tax credits and rebates. Hail and Your Solar Panels As a resident of Colorado, you have most likely witnessed several hailstorms. This is because portions of Colorado are located in an area known as “Hail Alley.” This area sees more hail than any other in North America, and often, the hail is classified as large, ranging from the size of a quarter to the size of a golf ball. Unfortunately, Colorado does have the second-highest number of hail damage claims in the United States. Generally, you can count on some hailstorms each year from the middle of April until the middle of August While the threat of hail is concerning for all homeowners, in Colorado, you can anticipate which time of the year hail is most likely. This offers a unique opportunity to prepare and protect your home from potentially damaging hail in advance. Taking precautionary measures for your solar panels is especially important. Solar panel hail test results show that most panels can withstand winds of up to 50 miles an hour with quarter-sized (around 1 inch) hail; however, hail of larger sizes with stronger winds can cause problems for homeowners with solar panels. Hail larger than 1 inch in diameter ( golf ball- or baseball-sized hail) can cause considerable damage to panels, although hail of this size also generally causes damage to most structures. To protect your solar panels, a solar panel protective cover is recommended during the times when hail is expected. For additional protection, you should also have your solar panels added to your homeowner’s insurance policy. In the event that traditional roof and solar panel durability is no match for a damaging hailstorm with large hail, they can be repaired. In some instances, panels or cells may simply need minor repairs. Other times, however, it may be necessary to completely remove or replace a panel. With traditional roofs, shingles often need replacement after severe hail damage. In these cases, it may be wise to have impact-resistant shingles placed on your Colorado home. Fortunately, in any of these instances, the costs are usually covered by your homeowner’s insurance policy. We Have Your Solar Repairs Covered!If you find yourself in need of roofing and solar repair for your Colorado home due to hail damage, you can turn to Eco Mark for this service. Eco Mark provides a free inspection after damage incurred by hailstorms to assess the situation. After the inspection, Eco Mark’s repair service will handle all aspects of solar panel or shingle removal, repair and replacement. Eco Mark will even provide assistance when it comes to filing homeowner’s insurance claims to cover the costs of repairs — further simplifying the process for you. Have you installed solar panels for your Colorado home? Don’t let hailstorms stand in your way. Contact us for a free solar panel consultation today!Related Articles:4 Solar Panel Maintenance and Care Tips5 Reasons to Buy Solar Panels for Your First Home Leave a Reply
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People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, but clinical evidence points the other way, to chronic pain causing neuroticism. When long-term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention, scores on the neurotic triad and anxiety fall, often to normal levels. Self-esteem, often low in chronic pain patients, also shows improvement once pain has resolved.
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Hunting is the main threat to western lowland gorillas. Gorillas are sought after as food (bushmeat) and pets, and their body parts are used in medicine and as magical charms.he western lowland gorilla is the most widespread and numerous of the four gorilla subspecies. No accurate estimates of their numbers are possible, as these elusive apes inhabit some of Africaâs densest and most remote rainforests. However, the total population is thought to number up to 100,000 individuals.
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Submit. · just now. Report Abuse. I live in Saskatchewan and I paid $5000 last winter to have braces put on my son's teeth, that did not include the office visit to do the imprints $240 or the initial visit $80 for them to say yes they will accept him as a patient so no $6000 is not too much to pay.sk the ortho place that did up the estimate how they calculate their fees. Dentists usually base their prices on a pricing code that comes out once a year.. a good dentist does not charge MORE than the fee codes short of rounding up to the nearest dollar.
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Organic Compounds Organic Compounds Online Quizzes for CliffsNotes Biology Quick Review, 2nd Edition Organic Compounds The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association with organisms and because they are carbon-containing compounds. Organic compounds, which are the compounds associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. In addition, some carbohydrates serve as structural materials. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen and carbon atoms is 2:1. Simple carbohydrates, commonly referred to as sugars, can be monosaccharides if they are composed of single molecules, or disaccharides if they are composed of two molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose, a carbohydrate with the molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is the basic form of fuel in living things. In multicellular organisms, it is soluble and is transported by body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release its energy. Glucose is the starting material for cellular respiration, and it is the main product of photosynthesis (see Chapters 5 and 6). Three important disaccharides are also found in living things: maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Maltose is a combination of two glucose units covalently linked. The table sugar sucrose is formed by linking glucose to another monosaccharide called fructose. (Figure 2-2 shows that in the synthesis of sucrose, a water molecule is produced. The process is therefore called a dehydration reaction. The reversal of the process is hydrolysis, a process in which the molecule is split and water is added.) Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose units. Figure 2-2 Glucose and fructose molecules combine to form the disaccharide sucrose. Complex carbohydrates are known as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are formed by linking innumerable monosaccharides. Among the most important polysaccharides is starch, which is composed of hundreds or thousands of glucose units linked to one another. Starch serves as a storage form for carbohydrates. Much of the world’s human population satisfies its energy needs with starch in the form of rice, wheat, corn, and potatoes. Two other important polysaccharides are glycogen and cellulose. Glycogen is also composed of thousands of glucose units, but the units are bonded in a different pattern than in starch. Glycogen is the form in which glucose is stored in the human liver. Cellulose is used primarily as a structural carbohydrate. It is also composed of glucose units, but the units cannot be released from one another except by a few species of organisms. Wood is composed chiefly of cellulose, as are plant cell walls. Cotton fabric and paper are commercial cellulose products. Lipids Lipids are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is much higher in lipids than in carbohydrates. Lipids include steroids (the material of which many hormones are composed), waxes, and fats. Fat molecules are composed of a glycerol molecule and one, two, or three molecules of fatty acids (see Figure 2-3). A glycerol molecule contains three hydroxyl (–OH) groups. A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon atoms (from 4 to 24) with a carboxyl (–COOH) group at one end. The fatty acids in a fat may all be alike or they may all be different. They are bound to the glycerol molecule by a process that involves the removal of water. Certain fatty acids have one or more double bonds in their molecules. Fats that include these molecules are unsaturated fats. Other fatty acids have no double bonds. Fats that include these fatty acids are saturated fats. In most human health situations, the consumption of unsaturated fats is preferred to the consumption of saturated fats. Fats
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Zain Javadd `` Zayn '' Malik -LRB- -LSB- 'm ælɪk -RSB- زین مالک -RRB- -LRB- born 12 January 1993 -RRB- , who records mononymously as Zayn , is a British singer and songwriter . Born and raised in Bradford , Malik aspired to pursue a career in music from a young age leading him to audition as a solo artist for the British reality television music competition The X Factor in 2010 . After being eliminated as a solo performer , Malik was brought back into the competition , along with four other contestants , to form the boy band that would become known as One Direction . During his time in the group , they released the albums Up All Night -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Take Me Home -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , Midnight Memories -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , and Four -LRB- 2014 -RRB- . Malik split from the boy band in March 2015 and signed a solo recording contract with RCA Records . Adopting a more R&B music style , with his debut studio album Mind of Mine -LRB- 2016 -RRB- and its lead single , `` Pillowtalk '' , Malik became the first British male artist to debut at number one in both the UK and US with a debut single and debut album . Malik is the recipient of several accolades , including an American Music Award and a Billboard Music Award .
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"Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)" {Echa Para Allá (Manos Para Arriba)} (English version known as "Go Away (Hands Up)") is a Latin Grammy award winning song recorded by American rapper Pitbull for his seventh studio album "Global Warming". The song features guest vocals from Papayo. It was released on Jul 16, 2012. It was produced by Gregor Salto, Todorov and Urales "DJ Buddha" Vargas. The song has achieved moderate chart success and has found its way in "Billboard Top Latin Songs". It also peaked number 5 on the Billboard Tropical Songs Chart. It was also the official Miss Teen USA 2012 theme song. "Echa Pa'lla" won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Performance. At the 2014 Lo Nuestro Awards, it won the award for Urban Song of the Year at the 26th Lo Nuestro Awards.
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The 1998 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 18 -- 19 , 1998 , at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season . Before the draft , there was a debate on whether the Indianapolis Colts should select Peyton Manning or Ryan Leaf with the first overall pick ; both were considered excellent prospects and future franchise quarterbacks . Leaf was considered to have more upside and a stronger throwing arm , while Manning was considered a prospect who was NFL ready and more mature . On the day of the draft , the Colts selected Manning due to Leaf 's disdain for Indianapolis . Manning went on to win the Most Valuable Player award in five different seasons , the most of any NFL player ever , whereas Leaf was out of the NFL by 2002 and is considered one of the biggest draft busts in NFL history .
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Here is the best method of manually determining the amount of coins in a roll. Here's an example formula: Most should now know a roll of quarters have a face value of $10.00 and a one quarter is .25 cents, so we can divide $10.00 by .25 and this equals 40, and is the correct number of coins in a roll of quarters.
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5 Surprising Facts About Otzi the Iceman 5 Surprising Facts About Otzi the Iceman Scholars continue to be amazed by the ancient man found frozen in the Alps. View Images A life-size model of Ötzi the Iceman. Photograph by Robert Clark, National Geographic A report that Ötzi the Iceman has 19 genetic relatives living in Austria is the latest in a string of surprising discoveries surrounding the famed ice mummy. Ötzi's 5,300-year-old corpse turned up on the mountain border between Austria and Italy in 1991. Here is a rundown of the latest on the world's oldest Alpine celebrity, and some of the other remarkable things we've learned about Ötzi. Related Content (Read "Unfrozen" from the November 2011 issue of National Geographic magazine.) 1. The Iceman has living relatives. Living links to the Iceman have now been revealed by a new DNA study. Gene researchers looking at unusual markers on the Iceman's male sex chromosome report that they have uncovered at least 19 genetic relatives of Ötzi in Austria's Tyrol region. The match was made from samples of 3,700 anonymous blood donors in a study led by Walther Parson at Innsbruck Medical University . Sharing a rare mutation known as G-L91, "the Iceman and those 19 share a common ancestor, who may have lived 10,000 to 12,000 years ago," Parson said. The finding supports previous research suggesting that Ötzi and his ancestors were of farming stock. The study used Y-chromosome markers that are passed from father to son to trace the Neolithic migrations that brought farming to Europe via the Alps. Ötzi belonged to a Y-chromosome group called haplogroup G, which is rooted, like farming, in the Middle East. The study's overall results fit the idea that the changes of the Neolithic Revolution spurred people westward into the Tyrol region, Parson said. He is nevertheless wary of any suggestion that Ötzi's distant relatives might be a chip off the old block, either physically or in their liking for simple grain porridge. 2. He had several health issues. Since Ötzi's discovery in an alpine glacier more than two decades ago, scientists have subjected his mummy to a full-body health check. The findings don't make pretty reading. The 40-something's list of complaints include worn joints, hardened arteries, gallstones, and a nasty growth on his little toe (perhaps caused by frostbite). Furthermore, the Iceman's gut contained the eggs of parasitic worms, he likely had Lyme disease, and he had alarming levels of arsenic in his system (probably due to working with metal ores and copper extraction). Ötzi was also in need of a dentist—an in-depth dental examination found evidence of advanced gum disease and tooth decay. (See video: "Iceman Autopsy." ) Despite all this, and a fresh arrow wound to his shoulder, it was a sudden blow to the head that proved fatal to Ötzi. 3. He also had anatomical abnormalities. Besides his physical ailments, the Iceman had several anatomical abnormalities. He lacked both wisdom teeth and a 12th pair of ribs. The mountain man also sported a caddish gap between his two front teeth, known as a diastema. Whether this impressed the ladies is a moot point—some researchers suspect Ötzi might have been infertile. 4. The Iceman was inked. Ötzi's frozen mummy preserves a fine collection of Copper Age tattoos. Numbering over 50 in total, they cover him from head to foot. These weren't produced using a needle, but by making fine cuts in the skin and then rubbing in charcoal. The result was a series of lines and crosses mostly located on parts of the body that are prone to injury or pain, such as the joints and along the back. This has led some researchers to believe that the tattoos marked acupuncture points. If so, Ötzi must have needed a lot of treatment, which, given his age and ailments, isn't so surprising. The oldest evidence for acupuncture, Ötzi's tattoos suggest that the practice was around at least 2,000 years earlier than previously thought. 5. He consumed pollen and goats. The Iceman's final meals have served up a feast of information to scholars. His stomach containe
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Will Ferrell 'Flattered' By Jay-Z/Kanye 'Paris' Cameo - MTV Will Ferrell 'Flattered' By Jay-Z/Kanye 'Paris' Cameo James Montgomery 11/08/2011 It's one of the biggest — and most inexplicable — hits of 2011, a song so popular that its hook was name-checked during player introductions on Sunday Night Football, so massive that Jay-Z and Kanye West have taken to performing it multiple times per set on their [article id="1673399"]Watch the Throne Tour[/article]. We're talking, of course, about "N---as in Paris," the max-impact Throne single that has become a sensation, thanks in no small part to producer [article id="1668529"]Hit-Boy's bouncing beat[/article], West's pop-cult wordplay ("What's that jacket, Margiela?") and, of course, a pair of oddball samples taken from Will Ferrell's 2007 figure-skating comedy "Blades of Glory." As you're probably aware, "Paris" kicks off with Ferrell's grizzled Chazz Michael Michaels defiantly declaring, "We're gonna skate to one song and one song only," then really picks up steam mid-song, when (in a move that could alternately be described as "completely inspired" or "completely insane"), Hit-Boy drops the beat and lets the song roll on a second Ferrell sample: " No one knows what it means, but it's provocative ... it gets the people going!" And, indeed, it has done just that. "Paris" currently sits atop Billboard 's Hip-Hop/R&B Charts, dominates urban radio and has received a thunderous response at Throne shows. And, thanks to Ferrell's contributions, it's certainly one of the oddest mainstream hip-hop tracks in recent history too. And if you're wondering how the whole thing came to be, well, you're not the only one: Turns out, Ferrell's pretty mystified by the track too, as he told MTV News in an email Tuesday (November 8). "Kanye reached out to me and I said, 'Of course,' " Ferrell wrote. "I was completely flattered when they asked if they could sample me into the song ... and when I heard it for the first time, I just started to laugh because it felt so surreal. But I really did like the song." So much so, in fact, that Ferrell said he's hoping to take the Throne collaboration to the next level — "We were trying to film a piece that they would use on the video boards of their concert, but haven't gotten it together," he wrote — and the whole process has opened his eyes to an entirely new career opportunity: Being the go-to sample guy on the hip hop circuit. "I think [something from] 'Step Brothers' would be good [to use in a song]," he wrote. "Or the Woody Allen movie I did, 'Melinda and Melinda.' " Regardless of whether any of those ideas come to fruition, thanks to the "Paris" success, Ferrell can bask in his newfound street cred, which is certainly at an all-time high. And that's saying something for a guy who once starred opposite Andre 3000 . "It makes me feel very good," he wrote. "And completely justified for buying a V-neck sweater made out of nothing but diamonds." Were you surprised by Will's Throne cameo? Let us know in the comments!
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Norovirus , sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting bug in the UK and Ireland , is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans . It affects people of all ages . The virus is transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water , by person-to-person contact , and via aerosolization of vomited virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces . Annually , norovirus is associated with 906,000 outpatient visits in industrialized countries , with 64,200 inpatient hospitalizations . In developing countries , it is associated with 1.1 million hospitalizations , with an estimated 218,000 deaths . Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea , vomiting , watery diarrhea , abdominal pain , and in some cases , loss of taste . A person usually develops symptoms of gastroenteritis 12 to 48 hours after being exposed to norovirus . General lethargy , weakness , muscle aches , headaches , and low-grade fevers may occur . The disease is usually self-limiting , and severe illness is rare . Although having norovirus can be unpleasant , it is not usually dangerous and most who contract it make a full recovery within two to three days . On surfaces , norovirus is rapidly inactivated by either sufficient heating or by chlorine-based disinfectants and polyquaternary amines , but the virus is less susceptible to alcohols and detergents . After infection , immunity to the same strain of the virus -- the genotype -- protects against reinfection for between 4.1 -LRB- 95 % confidence interval -LSB- CI -RSB- 3.2 -- 5.1 -RRB- to 8.7 -LRB- 95 % CI 6.8 -- 11.3 -RRB- years . This immunity does not fully protect against infection with the other diverse genotypes of the virus . Outbreaks of norovirus infection often occur in closed or semiclosed communities , such as long-term care facilities , overnight camps , hospitals , schools , prisons , clubs , dormitories , and cruise ships , where the infection spreads very rapidly either by person-to-person transmission or through contaminated food . Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person . The genus name Norovirus is derived from Norwalk virus , the only species of the genus . The species causes approximately 90 % of epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world , and may be responsible for 50 % of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States .
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Cabinet (government) A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch. They are usually called ministers, but in some jurisdictions are sometimes called secretaries. The functions of a cabinet are varied: in some countries it is a collegiate decision-making body with collective responsibility, while in others it may function either as a purely advisory body or an assisting institution to a decision making head of state or head of government. Cabinets are typically the body responsible for the day-to-day management of the government and response to sudden events, whereas the legislative and judicial branches work in a measured pace, in sessions according to lengthy procedures.
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A sweet but balanced wine with a generous mouth feel. The distinct aroma and flavor of fresh Concord grapes. Kosher For Passover. All Manischewitz Wines are made and bottled under the strict Rabbinical supervision of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America.All of our fine products carry the mark of quality that signifies adherence to Orthodox Union guidelines.he Kosher For Passover symbol can be found below the Manischewitz logo, and the Kosher For Passover banner also identifies the wine as being appropriate for Passover.
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Edison Lighthouse music - Listen Free on Jango || Pictures, Videos, Albums, Bio, Fans Biography Read More Edison Lighthouse was a UK pop group, initially a studio only assemblage that served as a vehicle for session vocalist Tony Burrows and songwriter/record producers Tony Macaulay and Barry Mason. They are best known for their 1970 UK chart-topper and million selling record, "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)".... Biography from Wikipedia
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Mammal classification From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Over 70% of mammal species are in the orders Rodentia (blue), Chiroptera (red), and Soricomorpha (yellow)Rodentia Chiroptera Soricomorpha Primates Carnivora Artiodactyla Diprotodontia Lagomorpha Didelphimorphia Cetacea Dasyuromorphia Afrosoricida Erinaceomorpha Cingulata Peramelemorphia Scandentia Perissodactyla Macroscelidea Pilosa Monotremata Proboscidea Mammalia is a class of animal within the Phylum Chordata. Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class. No classification system is universally accepted; Mc Kenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reader (2005) provide useful recent compendiums. [1] Many earlier ideas from Linnaeus et al have been completely abandoned by modern taxonomists, among these are the idea that bats are related to birds or that humans represent a group outside of other living things. [2] Competing ideas about the relationships of mammal orders do persist and are currently in development. Most significantly in recent years, cladistic thinking has led to an effort to ensure that all taxonomic designations represent monophyletic groups. The field has also seen a recent surge in interest and modification due to the results of molecular phylogenetics. George Gaylord Simpson 's classic "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" ( Simpson, 1945) taxonomy text laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's 1945 classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals. See list of placental mammals and list of monotremes and marsupials for more detailed information on mammal genera and species. Contents [ hide ]1 Molecular classification of placentals1.1 Atlantogenata1.1.1 Afrotheria1.1.2 Xenarthra1.2 Boreoeutheria1.2.1 Euarchontoglires1.2.2 Laurasiatheria2 Standardized textbook classification2.1 Subclass Prototheria2.2 Subclass Theria3 Mc Kenna/Bell classification3.1 Subclass Prototheria3.2 Subclass Theriiformes4 Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska, and Cifelli classification5 Simplified classification for non-specialists6 See also7 References Molecular classification of placentals [ edit]Molecular studies by molecular systematists, based on DNA analysis, in the early 21st century have revealed new relationships among mammal families. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreotheria - which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. [3]The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three have been proposed as basal in different hypotheses. [3] [4]The first divergence was that of the Afrotheria 110–100 million years ago (mya). The Afrotheria proceeded to evolve and diversify in the isolation of the African-Arabian continent. The Xenarthra, isolated in South America, diverged from the Boreoeutheria approximately 100–95 mya. The Boreoeutheria split into the Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires between 95 and 85 mya; both of these groups evolved on the northern continent of Laurasia. [ citation needed]After tens of millions of years of relative isolation, Africa-Arabia collided with Eurasia, and the formation of the Isthmus of Panama linked South America and North America, facilitating the distribution of mammals seen today. With the exception of bats and murine rodents, no placental land mammals reached Australasia until the first human settlers arrived approximately 50,000 years ago. It should however be noted that these molecular results are still controversial mainly because they are not reflected by morphological data and thus not accepted by many systematists. It is also important to note that fossil taxa are not and, in most cases cannot, be included. Although there are instances of DNA being recovered from prehistoric mammals such as the ground sloth Mylodon and Neanderthal humans, Homo neanderthalensis, fossils can generally only be incorporated in morphological analyses. The following taxonomy only includes living placentals (infraclass Eutheria ): Atlantogenata [ edit]Afrotheria [ edit]Clade Afroinsectiphilia Order Macroscelidea Family Macroscelididae: (17 species), elephant shrews (Africa)Order Afrosoricida Family Tenrecidae: (30 species), tenrecs (Madagascar) and otter-shrews (West and Central Africa)Family Chrysochloridae: (21 species), golden moles (Africa south of the Sahara)Order Tubulidentata Family Orycteropodidae: (1 species), aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)Clade Paenungulata Order Proboscidea Family Elephantidae: (3 species), elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)Order Hyracoidea Family Procaviidae: (4 species), hyraxes, dassies (Africa, Arabia)Order Sirenia Family Dugongidae: (1 species), dugong (East Africa, Red Sea, North Australia)Family Trichechidae: (3 species), manatees (tropical Atlantic coasts and adjacent rivers)Xenarthra [ edit]Order Cingulata Family Chlamyphoridae: (14 species), armadillos (Neotropical)Family Dasypodidae: (7 species), armadillos (Neotropical and Nearctic)Order Pilosa Family Cyclopedidae: (1 species), silky anteater (Neotropical)Family Myrmecophagidae: (3 species), anteaters (Neotropical)Family Megalonychidae: (2 species), two-toed sloths (Neotropical)Family Bradypodidae: (4 species), three-toed sloths (Neotropical)Boreoeutheria [ edit]Euarchontoglires [ edit]Chirogaleus furcifer Aye aye Capuchin Arctic hare Aplodontia Superorder Euarchonta Order Scandentia Family Ptilocercidae (1 species), pen-tailed treeshrews (Southeast Asia)Family Tupaiidae: (19 species), treeshrews (Southeast Asia)Clade Primatomorpha Order Dermoptera Family Cynocephalidae: (2 species), flying lemurs or colugos (Southeast Asia)Order Primates: lemurs, bushbabies, monkeys, apes ( cosmopolitan ). Family Cheirogaleidae: (32 species), dwarf lemurs (Madagascar)Family Lemuridae: (22 species), lemurs (Madagascar)Family Lepilemuridae: (26 species), sportive lemurs (Madagascar)Family Indriidae: (19 species), indri and sifakas (Madagascar)Family Daubentoniidae: (1 species), aye-aye (Madagascar area)Family Lorisidae: (9 species), lorises and potto (Africa and Southeast Asia)Family Galagidae: (19 species), galagos (Africa)Family Tarsiidae: (9 species), tarsiers (Southeast Asia)Family Callitrichidae: (41 species), marmosets and tamarins (South America)Family Cebidae: (14 species), New World monkeys (South America)Family Cercopithecidae: (137 species), Old World monkeys (Africa and Eurasia)Family Hylobatidae: (14 species), gibbons (Southeast Asia)Family Hominidae: (7 species), great apes (worldwide)Superorder Glires Order Lagomorpha: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas)Family Leporidae: (60 species), rabbits and hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas)Family Ochotonidae: (30 species), pikas (Holarctic)Order Rodentia: rodents (cosmopolitan)Family Aplodontiidae: (1 species) mountain beaver (North America)Family Sciuridae: squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots (cosmopolitan except Australia)Family Gliridae: dormice (Africa, Eurasia)Family Castoridae: (2 species) beavers (Holarctic)Family Geomyidae: (about 35 species) pocket gophers (North America)Family Heteromyidae: (about 59 species) kangaroo rats (North America)Family Dipodidae: jerboas and jumping mice (Africa, Eurasia, North America)Family Platacanthomyidae: spiny dormouse (Southeast Asia)Family Spalacidae: zokors, root rats, blind mole rats (Africa, Eurasia)Family Calomyscidae: mouse-like hamsters (Asia)Family Nesomyidae: old endemic African muroids (Africa, Madagascar)Family Cricetidae: hamsters, voles, and New World rats and mice (Holarctic, South America)Family Muridae: Old World rats and mice and gerbils (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)Family Anomaluridae: scaly-tailed flying squirrels (Africa)Family Pedetidae: springhaas (Africa)Family Ctenodactylidae: gundis (Africa, Asia)Family Hystricidae: (11 Species) Old World porcupines (Africa, Asia)Family Bathyergidae: African mole-rats (Africa)Family Petromuridae: (1 species) rock dassies (Africa)Family Thryonomyidae: cane rats (Africa)Family Erethizontidae: (19 species) New World porcupines (New World)Family Chinchillidae: chinchillas and viscachas (South America)Family Dinomyidae: pacarana (South America)Family Caviidae: (18 species) cavies and capybara (South America)Family Dasyproctidae: agoutis and acouchis (South America)Family Cuniculidae: paca (South America)Family Ctenomyidae: tuco-tucos (South America)Family Octodontidae: degus (South America)Family Abrocomidae: chinchilla-rats (South America)Family Echimyidae: spiny rats (South America)Family Capromyidae: hutias (South America)Family Myocastoridae: nutrias (South America)Laurasiatheria [ edit]Order Eulipotyphla Family Solenodontidae: solenodons (Cuba, Hispaniola)Family Soricidae: shrews (Eurasia, Africa, North America to northern South America)Family Talpidae: moles, shrew-moles, desmans (Eurasia, North America)Family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs, moonrats (Eurasia, Africa)Clade Ferungulata Cohort Cetartiodactyla: includes orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea Family Camelidae: camels (South America, Asia)Family Suidae: pigs (Africa, Eurasia)Pig and piglet Family Tayassuidae: peccaries (New World)Family Hippopotamidae: hippos (Africa)Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals and grey whales Family Balaenidae: right and bowhead whales Family Kogiidae: dwarf sperm whales Family Physeteridae: sperm whales Family Ziphiidae: beaked whales Family Platanistidae: river dolphins Family Delphinidae: dolphins Family Pontoporiidae: La Plata River dolphin Family Lipotidae: baiji Family Iniidae: Amazon River dolphin Family Monodontidae: beluga and narwhal Family Phocoenidae: porpoises Family Tragulidae: mouse-deer (Africa, Asia)Family Antilocapridae: pronghorn (North America)Family Giraffidae: giraffe and okapi (Africa)Giraffe Family Cervidae: deer (Holarctic, South America)Family Moschidae: musk deer (Asia)Muntjac deer Family Bovidae: cattle, antelope, sheep, etc. (Africa, Holarctic)Pair of Icelandic Sheep Clade Pegasoferae Order Chiroptera: bats (cosmopolitan)Family Pteropodidae: flying foxes (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)Family Rhinolophidae: Old World horseshoe and leaf-nosed bats (Old World)Family Emballonuridae: sac-winged bats (southern continents)Family Craseonycteridae: Kitti's hog-nosed bat (Thailand)Family Rhinopomatidae: mouse-tailed bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)Family Nycteridae: slit-faced bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)Family Megadermatidae: false vampire bats (Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia)Family Phyllostomidae: leaf-nosed bats (South America)Family Mormoopidae: leaf-chinned bats (South America)Family Noctilionidae: fishing bats (South America)Family Mystacinidae: short-tailed bats (New Zealand)Family Molossidae: free-tailed bats (cosmopolitan)Family Myzopodidae: sucker-footed bats (Madagascar)Family Thyropteridae: sucker-footed bats (South America)Family Furipteridae: smoky bats (South America)Family Natalidae: funnel-eared bats (South America)Family Vespertilionidae: vesper bats (cosmopolitan)Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates Family Equidae: horses, zebras, donkeys (Africa, West and Central Asia)Family Tapiridae: tapirs (Central and South America, Southeast Asia)Family Rhinocerotidae: rhinoceroses (Africa, Southeast Asia)Clade Ferae Order Pholidota Family Manidae: pangolins, scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia)Order Carnivora: carnivorans (cosmopolitan)Family Felidae: cats Family Viverridae: civets, Asiatic palm civets Family Herpestidae: mongooses Family Hyaenidae: hyaenas, aardwolf Family Canidae: dogs Family Ursidae: bears Family Otariidae: eared seals Family Odobenidae: walrus Family Phocidae: seals Family Ailuridae: red panda Family Mephitidae: skunks Family Mustelidae: weasels and relatives Family Procyonidae: ringtails, olingos, kinkajou, raccoons, coatis Standardized textbook classification [ edit]A somewhat standardized classification system has been adopted by most current mammalogy classroom textbooks. The following taxonomy of extant and recently extinct mammals is taken from Vaughan et al. (2000). This approach emphasizes an initial split between egg-laying prototherians and live-bearing therians. The therians are further divided into the marsupial Metatheria and the "placental" Eutheria. No attempt is made in this classification to further distinguish among the orders within these subclasses and infraclasses. This system also makes no note of the position of entirely fossil groups. In this and later taxonomies, families are merely listed under the order to which they belong. More detailed relationships among families is presented in the article of each order. Subclass Prototheria [ edit]Order Monotremata Family Tachyglossidae (echidnas)Family Ornithorhynchidae (platypuses)Subclass Theria [ edit]Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials and their nearest ancestors)Order Didelphimorphia Family Didelphidae (opossums, etc. )Order Paucituberculata Family Caenolestidae (shrew opossums)Order Microbiotheria Family Microbiotheriidae (monito del montes)Order Dasyuromorphia (most carnivorous marsupials)Family Thylacinidae (Tasmanian tigers)Family Myrmecobiidae (numbats)Family Dasyuridae (Tasmanian devils, quolls, dunnarts, planigale, etc. )Order Peramelemorphia (bandicoots, bilbies, etc. )Family Peramelidae Family Peroryctidae Order Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles)Family Notoryctidae Order Diprotodontia Family Phascolarctidae (koalas)Family Vombatidae (wombats)Family Phalangeridae (brushtail possums and cuscuses)Family Potoroidae (bettongs, potoroos and rat kangaroos)Family Macropodidae (kangaroos, wallabies, etc. )Family Burramyidae (pygmy possums)Family Pseudocheiridae (ringtailed possums, etc. )Family Petauridae ( striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, yellow-bellied glider, sugar glider, mahogany glider and squirrel glider)Family Tarsipedidae (honey possum)Family Acrobatidae ( feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum)Infraclass Eutheria Order Xenarthra Family Bradypodidae Family Megalonychidae Family Dasypodidae Family Myrmecophagidae Order Insectivora Noctilio albiventris Acerodon celebensis Cynopterus brachyotis Epomophorus wahlbergi Epomophorus Hypsignathus monstrosus Family Solenodontidae Family Nesophontidae Family Tenrecidae Family Chrysochloridae Family Erinaceidae Family Soricidae Family Talpidae Order Scandentia Family Tupaiidae Order Dermoptera Family Cynocephalidae Order Chiroptera Family Pteropodidae Family Emballonuridae Family Craseonycteridae Family Rhinopomatidae Family Nycteridae Family Megadermatidae Family Rhinolophidae Family Phyllostomidae Family Mormoopidae Family Noctilionidae Family Mystacinidae Family Molossidae Family Myzopodidae Family Thyropteridae Family Furipteridae Family Natalidae Family Vespertilionidae Order Primates Family Daubentoniidae Family Lemuridae Family Lepilemuridae Family Galagidae Family Lorisidae Family Cheirogaleidae Family Indriidae Family Tarsiidae Family Cercopithecidae Family Hominidae Family Hylobatidae Family Callitrichidae Family Cebidae Order Carnivora Family Felidae Family Viverridae Family Herpestidae Family Hyaenidae Family Canidae Family Ursidae Family Otariidae Family Phocidae Family Odobenidae Family Mustelidae Family Procyonidae Order Cetacea Family Balaenopteridae Family Eschrichtiidae Family Balaenidae Family Neobalaenidae Family Physeteridae Family Ziphiidae Family Platanistidae Family Delphinidae Family Monodontidae Family Phocoenidae Order Sirenia Family Dugongidae Family Trichechidae Order Proboscidea Family Elephantidae Order Perissodactyla Family Equidae Family Tapiridae Family Rhinocerotidae Order Hyracoidea Family Procaviidae Order Tubulidentata Family Orycteropodidae Order Artiodactyla Family Suidae Family Tayassuidae Family Hippopotamidae Family Camelidae Family Tragulidae Family Giraffidae Family Moschidae Family Cervidae Family Antilocapridae Family Bovidae Order Pholidota Family Manidae Order Rodentia Family Aplodontiidae Family Sciuridae Family Castoridae Family Geomyidae Family Heteromyidae Family Dipodidae Family Muridae Family Anomaluridae Family Pedetidae Family Ctenodactylidae Family Myoxidae Family Bathyergidae Family Hystricidae Family Petromuridae Family Thryonomyidae Family Erethizontidae Family Chinchillidae Family Dinomyidae Family Caviidae Family Hydrochaeridae Family Dasyproctidae Family Agoutidae Family Ctenomyidae Family Octodontidae Family Abrocomidae Family Echimyidae Family Capromyidae Family Heptaxodontidae Family Myocastoridae Order Lagomorpha Family Ochotonidae Family Leporidae Order Macroscelidea Family Macroscelididae Mc Kenna/Bell classification [ edit]In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. Mc Kenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the "Mc Kenna/Bell classification". Mc Kenna and Bell, Classification of Mammals: Above the species level, ( Mc Kenna & Bell, 1997) is a comprehensive work on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Mc Kenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia. The Mc Kenna/Bell hierarchical listing of all of the terms used for mammal groups above the species includes extinct mammals as well as modern groups, and introduces some fine distinctions such as legions and sublegions and ranks which fall between classes and orders that are likely to be glossed over by the layman. Click on the highlighted link for a table comparing the traditional and the new Mc Kenna/Bell classifications of mammals. Extinct groups are represented by †. Subclass Prototheria [ edit] (monotremes)Order Platypoda: platypuses Family Ornithorhynchidae: platypuses Order Tachyglossa: echidnas (spiny anteaters)Family Tachyglossidae: echidnas Subclass Theriiformes [ edit]Infraclass † Allotheria Order † Multituberculata: multituberculates Family † Plagiaulacidae Family † Bolodontidae Family † Hahnodontidae Family † Albionbaataridae Family † Arginbaataridae Family † Kogaionidae Family † Sloanbaataridae Family † Cimolodontidae Family † Ptilodontidae Family † Cimolomyidae Family † Eucosmodontidae Family † Taeniolabididae Family † Ferugliotheriidae Family † Sudamericidae Family † Patagoniidae Family † Groeberiidae Infraclass † Triconodonta Family † Amphilestidae Family † Triconodontidae Infraclass Holotheria Family † Chronoperatidae Superlegion † Kuehneotheria Family † Kuehneotheriidae Family † Woutersiidae Superlegion Trechnotheria Legion † Symmetrodonta Family † Shuotheriidae Order † Amphidontoidea Family † Amphidontidae Order † Spalacotherioidea Family † Tinodontidae Family † Spalacotheriidae Family † Barbereniidae Legion Cladotheria Sublegion † Dryolestoidea Order † Dryolestida Family † Austrotriconodontidae Family † Dryolestidae Family † Paurodontidae Family † Donodontidae Family † Mesungulatidae Family † Reigitheriidae Family † Brandoniidae Order † Amphitheriida Family † Amphitheriidae Sublegion Zatheria Family † Arguitheriidae Family † Arguimuridae Family † Vincelestidae Infralegion † Peramura Family † Peramuridae Infralegion Tribosphenida Family † Necrolestidae Supercohort † Aegialodontia Family † Aegialodontidae Supercohort Theria: therian mammals Family † Pappotheriidae Family † Holoclemensiidae Family † Kermackiidae Family † Endotheriidae Family † Picopsidae Family † Potamotelsidae Family † Plicatodontidae Order † Deltatheroida Family † Deltatheridiidae Family † Deltatheroididae Order † Asiadelphia Family † Asiatheriidae Family † Stagodontidae Family † Pediomyidae Cohort Marsupialia: marsupials Family † Yingabalanaridae Magnorder Australidelphia Superorder Microbiotheria Family Microbiotheriidae: monito del monte Superorder Eometatheria Order † Yalkaparidontia Family † Yalkaparidontidae Order Notoryctemorphia: marsupial moles Family Notoryctidae: marsupial moles Grandorder Dasyuromorphia: marsupial carnivores Family † Thylacinidae: recently extinct Tasmanian tiger and relatives Family Dasyuridae: Tasmanian devil, quolls, etc. Family Myrmecobiidae: numbat Grandorder Syndactyli: syndactylous marsupials Order Peramelia: bandicoots Family Peramelidae Family Peroryctidae Order Diprotodontia Family † Palorchestidae Family † Wynardiidae Family † Thylacoleonidae Family Tarsipedidae: honey possum Family † Ilariidae Family † Diprotodontidae Family Vombatidae: wombats Family Phalangeridae: phalangers Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums Family Macropodidae: rat kangaroos, kangaroos and wallabies Family Petauridae: gliders Family † Ektopodontidae Family Phascolarctidae: koala Family † Pilkipildridae Family † Miralinidae Family Acrobatidae: feather-tail glider, pen-tailed phalanger Magnorder Ameridelphia Order Didelphimorphia: opossums Family Didelphidae: opossums Family † Sparassocynidae Order Paucituberculata Family † Sternbergiidae Family Caenolestidae: rat or shrew opossums Family † Paleothentidae Family † Abderitidae Family † Sillustaniidae Family † Polydolopidae Family † Prepidolopidae Family † Bonapartheriidae Family † Argyrolagidae Family † Glasbiidae Family † Caroloameghiniidae Order † Sparassodonta Family † Mayulestidae Family † Hondadelphidae Family † Borhyaenidae Cohort Placentalia: placentals Order † Bibymalagasia Magnorder Xenarthra: edentates Order Cingulata: armadillos and relatives Family † Protobradidae Superfamily Dasypodoidea Family Dasypodidae: armadillos Family † Peltephilidae Superfamily † Glyptodontoidea Family † Pampatheriidae Family † Palaeopeltidae Family † Glyptodontidae: glyptodonts Order Pilosa: anteaters, sloths, and relatives Family † Entelopidae Suborder Vermilingua Family Myrmecophagidae: giant anteaters and relatives Family Cyclopedidae: pygmy anteater Suborder Phyllophaga Family † Rathymotheriidae Infraorder † Mylodonta Family † Scelidotheriidae Family † Mylodontidae Family † Orophodontidae Infraorder Megatheria Family † Megatheriidae: ground sloths Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths Family Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths Magnorder Epitheria: epitheres Superorder † Leptictida Family † Gypsonictopidae Family † Kulbeckiidae Family † Didymoconidae Family † Leptictidae Superorder Preptotheria Grandorder Anagalida Family † Zambdalestidae Family † Anagalidae Family † Pseudictopidae Mirorder Macroscelidea: elephant shrews Family Macroscelididae: elephant shrews Mirorder Duplicidentata Order † Mimotonida Family † Mimotonidae Order Lagomorpha Family Ochotonidae: pikas Family Leporidae: rabbits Mirorder Simplicidentata Order † Mixodontia Family † Eurymylidae Order Rodentia: rodents Family † Alagomyidae Family † Laredomyidae Suborder Sciuromorpha Family † Ischyromyidae Family † Allomyidae Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver Family † Mylagaulidae Infraorder † Theridomyomorpha Family † Theridomyidae Family † Reithroparamyidae Infraorder Sciurida Family Sciuridae: squirrels Family † Eutypomyidae Infraorder Castorimorpha Family Castoridae: beavers Family † Rhizospalacidae Suborder Myomorpha Family † Protoptychidae Infraorder Myodonta Family † Armintomyidae Family Dipodidae: jumping mice, jerboas Family † Simimyidae Family Muridae: rats, mice, and relatives Infraorder Glirimorpha Family Myoxidae: dormice Infraorder Geomorpha Family † Eomyidae Family † Florentiamyidae Family Geomyidae: pocket gophers, pocket mice, and kangaroo rats Suborder Anomaluromorpha Family † Parapedetidae Family Pedetidae: springhaas Family † Zegdoumyidae Family Anomaluridae: scaly-tailed squirrels Suborder Sciuravida Family † Ivanantoniidae Family † Sciuravidae Family † Chapattimyidae Family † Cylindrodontidae Family Ctenodactylidae: gundis Suborder Hystricognatha Family † Tsaganomyidae Infraorder Hystricognathi Family Hystricidae: Old World porcupines Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines Family † Myophiomyidae Family † Diamantomyidae Family † Phiomyidae Family † Kenyamyidae Family Petromuridae: rock rats Family Thryonomyidae: cane rats Parvorder Bathyergomorphi Family Bathyergidae: mole-rats Family † Bathyergoididae Parvorder Caviida Family Agoutidae: agoutis and pacas Family † Eocardiidae Family Dinomyidae: pacarana Family Caviidae: cavies Family Hydrochoeridae: capybara Family Octodontidae: degus, tuco-tucos Family Echimyidae: spiny rats, nutria Family Capromyidae: hutias Family † Heptaxodontidae Family Chinchillidae: chinchillas, viscachas Family † Neoepiblemidae Family Abrocomidae: rat chinchillas Grandorder Ferae Order Cimolesta - pangolins and relatives Family † Palaeoryctidae Suborder † Didelphodonta Family † Cimolestidae Suborder † Apatotheria Family † Apatemyidae Suborder † Taeniodonta Family † Stylinodontidae Suborder † Tillodonta Family † Tillotheriidae Suborder † Pantodonta Family † Wangliidae Family † Harpyodidae Family † Bemalambdidae Family † Pastoralodontidae Family † Titanoideidae Family † Pantolambdidae Family † Barylambdidae Family † Cyriacotheriidae Family † Pantolambdodontidae Family † Coryphodontidae Suborder † Pantolesta Family † Pantolestidae Family † Paroxyclaenidae Family † Ptolemaiidae Suborder Pholidota Family † Epoicotheriidae Family † Metacheiromyidae Family Manidae: pangolins Suborder † Ernanodonta Family † Ernanodontidae Order † Creodonta: creodonts Family † Hyaenodontidae Family † Oxyaenidae Order Carnivora Suborder Feliformia Family † Viverravidae Family † Nimravidae Family Felidae: cats Family Viverridae: civets, Asiatic palm civets Family Herpestidae: mongooses Family Hyaenidae: hyaenas, aardwolf Family Nandiniidae: African palm civets Suborder Caniformia Family † Miacidae Infraorder Cynoidea Family Canidae: dogs Infraorder Arctoidea Parvorder Ursida Family † Amphicyonidae Family Ursidae: bears Family † Hemicyonidae Parvorder Pinnipedia Family Otariidae: eared seals Family Phocidae: seals, walrus Parvorder Mustelida Family Mustelidae: weasels, skunks, and relatives Family Procyonidae: ringtails, olingos, kinkajou, raccoons, coatis, red panda Grandorder Lipotyphla Family † Adapisoriculidae Order Chrysochloridea Family Chrysochloridae: golden moles Order Erinaceomorpha Family † Sespedectidae Family † Amphilemuridae Family † Adapisoricidae Family † Creotarsidae Family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs and relatives Family † Proscalopidae Family Talpidae: moles Family † Dimylidae Order Soricomorpha Family † Otlestidae Family † Geolabididae Family † Nesophontidae: recently extinct west Indian shrews Family † Micropternodontidae Family † Apternodontidae Family Solenodontidae: solenodons Family † Plesiosoricidae Family † Nyctitheriidae Family Soricidae: shrews Family Tenrecidae: tenrecs Grandorder Archonta Order Chiroptera: bats Family Pteropodidae: flying foxes Family † Archaeonycteridae Family † Paleochiropterygidae Family † Hassianycterididae Family Emballonuridae: sac-winged bats Family Rhinopomatidae: mouse-tailed bats Family Craseonycteridae: bumblebee bats Family Megadermatidae: false vampire bats Family Nycteridae: hispid bats Family Rhinolophidae: horseshoe and Old World leaf-nosed bats Family Mystacinidae: New Zealand short-tailed bats Family Noctilionidae: fishing bats Family Mormoopidae: spectacled bats Family Phyllostomidae: New World leaf-nosed and vampire bats Family † Philisidae Family Molossidae: free-tailed bats Family Natalidae: funnel-eared bats Family Furipteridae: smoky bats Family Thyropteridae: New World sucker-footed bats Family Myzopodidae: Old World sucker-footed bats Family Vespertilionidae: common bats Order Primates: primates Family † Purgatoriidae Family † Microsyopidae Family † Micromomyidae Family † Picromomyidae Family † Plesiadapidae Family † Palaechthonidae Family † Picrodontidae Family † Paramomyidae Family † Plagiomenidae Family † Mixodectidae Family Galeopithecidae: colugos Family † Plesiopithecidae Family Daubentoniidae: aye-aye Family † Adapidae Family Lemuridae: lemurs Family Lorisidae: lorises and galagos Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf lemurs Family † Archaeolemuridae Family † Palaeopropithecidae Family Indriidae: indris and sifakas Family † Carpolestidae Family † Omomyidae Family † Microchoeridae Family † Afrotarsiidae Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers Family † Eosimiidae Family † Parapithecidae Family † Pliopithecidae Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys including colobuses Family Hominidae: humans, greater apes, lesser apes Family Callitrichidae: marmosets Family Atelidae: New World monkeys Order Scandentia Family Tupaiidae: tree shrews Grandorder Ungulata: ungulates Order Tubulidentata Family Orycteropodidae: aardvark Order † Dinocerata Family † Uintatheriidae Mirorder Eparctocyona Order † Procreodi Family † Oxyclaenidae Family † Arctocyonidae Order † Condylarthra Family † Hyopsodontidae Family † Mioclaenidae Family † Phenacodontidae Family † Periptychidae Family † Peligrotheriidae Family † Didolodontidae Order † Arctostylopida Family † Arctostylopidae Order Cete: whales and relatives Family † Triisodontidae Family † Mesonychidae: mesonychids Family † Hapalodectidae Family † Basilosauridae Family † Protocetidae Family † Remingtonocetidae Family † Agorophiidae Family † Squalodontidae Family † Rhabdosteidae Family † Aetiocetidae Family † Mammalodontidae Family † Cetotheriidae Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals and grey whales Family Balaenidae: right and bowhead whales Family Physeteridae: sperm whales Family Hyperoodontidae: beaked whales Family Platanistidae: river dolphins Family Delphinidae: dolphins Family Pontoporiidae: La Plata River dolphin Family Lipotidae: baiiji Family Iniidae: Amazon River dolphin Family † Kentridontidae Family Monodontidae: beluga and narwhal Family † Odobenocetopsidae Family † Dalpiazinidae Family † Acrodelphinidae Family Phocoenidae: porpoises Family † Albireonidae Family † Hemisyntrachelidae Order Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates Family † Raoellidae Family † Choeropotamidae Family Suidae: pigs Family Tayassuidae: peccaries Family † Santheriidae Family Hippopotamidae: hippos Family † Dichobunidae Family † Cebochoeridae Family † Mixtotheriidae Family † Helohyidae Family † Haplobunodontidae Family † Anthracotheriidae Family † Dacrytheriidae Family † Anoplotheriidae Family † Cainotheriidae Family † Agriochoeridae Family † Oreodontidae Family † Entelodontidae Family † Xiphodontidae Family Camelidae: camels and llamas Family † Oromerycidae Family † Protoceratidae Family † Amphimerycidae Family † Hypertragulidae Family Tragulidae: mouse deer Family † Leptomerycidae Family † Bachitheriidae Family † Lophiomerycidae Family † Gelocidae Family Moschidae: musk deer Family Antilocapridae: pronghorn Family † Palaeomerycidae Family † Hoplitomerycidae Family Cervidae: deer Family † Climacoceratidae Family Giraffidae: giraffe and okapi Family Bovidae: cattle, antelope, and relatives Mirorder † Meridiungulata Family † Perutheriidae Family † Amilnedwardsiidae Order † Litopterna Family † Protolipternidae Family † Macraucheniidae Family † Notonychopidae Family † Adianthidae Family † Proterotheriidae Order † Notoungulata: notoungulates Family † Henricosborniidae Family † Notostylopidae Family † Isotemnidae Family † Leontiniidae Family † Notohippidae Family † Toxodontidae Family † Homalodotheriidae Family † Archaeopithecidae Family † Oldfieldthomasiidae Family † Interatheriidae Family † Campanorcidae Family † Mesotheriidae Family † Archaeohyracidae Family † Hegetotheriidae Order † Astrapotheria Family † Eoastrapostylopidae Family † Trigonostylopidae Family † Astrapotheriidae Order † Xenungulata Family † Carodniidae Order † Pyrotheria Family † Pyrotheriidae Mirorder Altungulata Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates Family Equidae: horses Family † Palaeotheriidae Family † Brontotheriidae Family † Anchilophidae Family † Eomoropidae Family † Chalicotheriidae Family † Hyracodontidae Family Rhinocerotidae: rhinoceroses Family † Helaletidae Family † Isectolophidae Family † Lophiodontidae Family † Deperetellidae Family † Lophialetidae Family Tapiridae: tapirs Order Uranotheria: elephants, manatees, hyraxes, and relatives Family † Pliohyracidae Family Procaviidae: hyraxes Family † Phenacolophidae Family † Arsinoitheriidae Family † Prorastomidae Family Dugongidae: dugongs Family Trichechidae: manatees Family † Desmostylidae Family † Anthracobunidae Family † Moeritheriidae Family † Numidotheriidae Family † Barytheriidae Family † Deinotheriidae Family † Palaeomastodontidae Family † Phiomiidae Family † Hemimastodontidae Family † Mammutidae: mastodons and relatives Family † Gomphotheriidae: gomphotheres Family Elephantidae: modern elephants Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska, and Cifelli classification [ edit]Several important fossil mammal discoveries have been made that have led researchers to question many of the relationships proposed by Mc Kenna and Bell (1997). Additionally, researchers are subjecting taxonomic hypotheses to more rigorous cladistic analyses of early mammal fossils. Luo et al. (2002) summarized existing ideas and proposed new ideas of relationships among mammals at the most basal level. They argued that the term mammal should be defined based on characters (especially the dentary-squamosal jaw articulation) instead of a crown-based definition (the group that contains most recent common ancestor of monotremes and therians and all of its descendants). Their definition of Mammalia is roughly equal to the Mammaliaformes as defined by Mc Kenna and Bell (1997) and other authors. They also define their taxonomic levels as clades and do not apply Linnean hierarchies. Mammalia† Sinoconodon - earliest and most basal of mammals Unnamed clade 1 - a clade that contains all other mammals. These are characterized by determinant growth and occlusal features of the cheek teeth.† Morganucodontidae - morganucodontids, including † Morganucodon, † Megazostrodon, and others† Docodonta - docodonts, including † Haldanodon and † Castorocauda (Ji et al., 2006)Unnamed clade 2 - a clade containing all living mammals and some fossil relatives. It is characterized by the loss of a post dentary trough and a widened braincase.† Hadrocodium† Kuehneotherium Crown-group Mammalia - the group that contains most recent common ancestor of monotremes and therians and all of its descendants. This group is defined by additional characters relating the occlusion of molars and the presence of a well-developed masseteric fossa . Australosphenida - a clade that contains monotremes and their fossil relatives. These fossils include † Ambondro, † Asfaltomylos, † Ausktribosphenos, and † Bishops. If correct, this clade represents an independent evolution of the tribosphenic molar in southern continents. Trechnotheria - Therians, spalacotheriids and their relatives. They are characterized by features of the scapula, tibia, and humerus .† Spalacotheriidae - including Akidolestes, Zhangheotherium, and Maotherium. Cladotheria - Therians, dryolestids, and their relatives. They are characterized by features of the tribosphenic molar and the angular process of the dentary .† Dryolestidae† Amphitherium - incertae sedis (it may be a prototribosphenidan)Prototribosphenida - Therians and fossil relatives including † Vincelestes. Characterized by features of the cochlea including coiling.† Vincelestes Zatheria - Therians and fossil relatives including the "peramurids". Characterized by the presence of wear in the talonid of the lower molars.†" Peramuridae " - † Peramus and relatives. Known only from preserved mandibles and distinctly zatherian molars. Boreosphenida - Therians and fossil relatives including † Kielantherium. They are characterized by molar features.† Kielantherium† Deltatheroida including † Deltatheridium - incertae sedis (it may represent a metatherian)Crown-group Theria - the group that contains most recent common ancestor of marsupials and placentals and all of its descendants. Characterized by a host of molar features, aspects of the alispenoid, and aspects of the astragalus region.† Eutriconodonta - incertae sedis. Triconodonts appear to be a member of the crown-Mammalia clade, but their relationships within it are unknown. It is also not certain that they represent a monophyletic group. Examples include Repenomamus.† Multituberculata - incertae sedis. Luo e al. (2002) argue that multituberculates cannot be confidently placed in a particular clade of mammals. They suggest that they represent either basal mammals or are sister to the Trechnotheria. Simplified classification for non-specialists [ edit]This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The following classification is a simplified version based on current understanding suitable for non-specialists who want to understand how living genera are related to each other. The classification ignores differences in levels and thus cannot be used to estimate the respective distances between taxa. It also ignores taxa that became extinct in pre-historic times. Finally, English names are preferred whenever they exist. This makes it especially suited for non-specialists who wish to gain an easy overview. For the full picture, the non-simplified versions above should be consulted. Monotremes (prototheria): echidnas and platypus Platypus Echidnas (tachyglossids)Live-bearing mammals (theria)Marsupials Opossums (didelphids)Shrew opossums (caenolestids)Australodelphia: Australian marsupials and monito del Monte Monito del Monte Dasyuromorphs Dasyurids: antechinuses, quolls, dunnarts, Tasmanian devil, and allies Numbat Peramelemorphs: bilbies and bandicoots Bilbies (thylacomyids)Bandicoots (peramelids)Marsupial moles (notoryctids)Diprotodonts Koala Wombats (vombatids)Phalangerids: brushtail possums and cuscuses Pygmy possums (burramyids)Honey possum Petaurids: striped and Leadbeater's possums, and yellow-bellied, suger, mahogany and squirrel glider Ringtailed possums (pseudocheirids)Potorids: potoroos, rat kangaroos and bettongs Acrobatids: feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum Musky rat-kangaroo Macropodids: kangaroos, wallabies and allies Placentals Atlantic placentals (atlantogenatans)Afroplacentals (afrotherians)Afroinsectiphilians: elephant shrews, tenrecs, otter shrews, golden moles, and aardvark Elephant shrews (macroscelidids)Afrosoricids: tenrecs and golden moles Tenrecids: tenrecs and otter shrews Golden moles (chrysochlorids)Aardvark Paenungulates: hyraxes, elephants, dugongs and manatees Hyraxes or dassies (procaviids)Elephants (elephantids)Sirenians: dugong and manatees Dugong Manatees (trichechids)Xenarthrans Pilosans: sloths and anteaters Anteaters (vermilinguans)Silky anteater Myrmecophagids: giant anteater and tamanduas Sloths (folivorans)Three-toed sloths (bradypodids)Two-toed sloths (megalonychids)Armadillos (dasypodids)Northern placentals (boreoeutherians)Supraprimates (euarchontoglires)Euarchontans: treeshrews, colugos and primates Treeshrews (scandentians)Tupaiids: all treeshrews except pen-tailed Pen-tailed treeshrew Colugos or flying lemurs (cynocephalids)Primates Strepsirrhines: lemur- and loris-like primates Lemur-like primates (lemuriforms)Cheirogaleids: dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs Aye-aye True lemurs (lemurids)Sportive lemurs (lepilemurids)Indriids: woolly lemurs and allies Loris-like primates (lorisiforms)Lorisids: lorises, pottos and allies Galagos (galagids)Haplorhines: tarsiers, monkeys and apes Tarsiers (tarsiids)Anthropoid primates New World monkeys (platyrrhines)Callitrichids: marmosets and tamarins Cebids: capuchins and squirrel monkeys Aotids: night or owl monkeys Pitheciids: titis, sakis and uakaris Atelids: howler, spider, woolly spider, and woolly monkeys Catarrhines Old World monkeys (cercopithecids)Hominoid primates Gibbons (hylobatids)Great apes (hominids): incl. Humans Glires: pikas, rabbits, hares, and rodents Lagomorphs: pikas, rabits and hares Leporids: rabbits and hares Pikas (ochotonids)Rodents Anomalure-like rodents (anomaluromorphs): Scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares Scaly-tailed squirrels or anomalures (anomalurids)Springhares (pedetids)Beaver-like rodents (castorimorphs)Beavers (castorids)Gopher-like rodents (geomyoid rodents)Pocket or true gophers (geomyids)Heteromyids: kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice Porcupine-like rodents (hystricomorphs)Laotian rock rat Gundis (ctenodactylids)Hystricognaths African mole rats (bathyergids)Old World porcupines (hystricids)Dassie rat Cane rats (thryonomyids)Cavy-like rodents (caviomorphs)Chinchilla rats (abrocomids)Hutias (capromyids)Cavies (caviids): incl. Guinea pigs and capybara Chinchillids: chinchillas and viscachas Tuco-tucos (ctenomyids)Agoutis (dasyproctids)Pacas (cuniculids)Pacarana Spiny rats (echymyids)New World porcupines (erethizontids)Myocastorids: nutria and coypu Octodonts (octodontids): Andean rock-rats, degus and viscacha-rats Mouse-like rodents (myomorphs)Dipodids: jerboas and jumping mice Muroid rodents Mouse-like hamsters (calomyscids)Cricetids: hamsters, New World rats and mice, voles Murids: true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, crested rat Nesomyids: climbing mice, rock mice, white-tailed rat, Malagasy rats and mice Spiny dormice (platacanthomyids)Spalacids: mole rats, bamboo rats, and zokors Squirrel-like rodents (sciuromorphs)Mountain beaver Dormice (glirids)Squirrels (sciurids): incl. chipmunks, prairie dogs, and marmots Laurasian placentals (laurasiatherians)Hedgehogs (erinaceids)Soricomorphs: moles, shrews, solenodons Shrews (soricids)Moles (talpids)Solenodons (solenodontids)Ferungulates: ungulates, cetaceans, bats, pangolins and carnivorans Cetartiodactyls: camels, swine, cetaceans, hippos, and ruminants Camelids: camels and llamas Swine (suinans): pigs and peccaries Pigs (suids)Peccaries (tayassuids)Cetruminantians: cetaceans hippos and ruminants Cetancodonts: Cetaceans and hippos Cetaceans: Whales, dolphins and porpoises Baleen whales (mysticetes)Balaenids: right whales and bowhead whale Rorquals (balaenopterids)Gray whale Pygmy right whale Toothed whales (odontocetes)Dolphins (delphinids)Monodontids: beluga and narwhal Beluga Narwhal Porpoises (phocoenids)Sperm whale Kogiids: pygmy and dwarf sperm whale River dolphins (platanistoid whales)Iniids: Amazon and Bolivian river dolphin La Plata dolphin Platanistids: Ganges and Indus river dolphins Beaked whales (ziphids)Hippos (hippopotamids)Ruminantiamorphs: chevrotains, pronghorn, giraffes, musk deer, deer, and bovids Chevrotains (tragulids)Pecorans Pronghorn Giraffids: giraffe and okapi Musk deer (moschids)Deer (cervids)Bovids: cattle, goats, sheep and antelope Pegasoferans: bats, odd-toed ungulates, pangolins and carnivorans Bats (chiropterans)Megabats (pteropodids)Microbats (microchiropterans)Sac-winged or sheath-tailed bats (emballonurids)Rhinopomatoid bats Mouse-tailed bats (rhinopomatids)Bumblebee bat or Kitti's hog-nosed bat Rhinolophoid bats Horseshoe bats (rhinolophids)Hollow-faced or slit-faced bats (nycterids)False vampires (megadermatids)Vesper bats or evening bats (vespertilionids)Molossoid bats Free-tailed bats (molossids)Pallid bats (antrozoids)Nataloid bats Funnel-eared bats (natalids)Sucker-footed bats (myzopodids)Disc-winged bats (thyropterids)Smoky bats (furipterids)Noctilionoid bats Bulldog or fisherman bats (noctilionids)New Zealand short-tailed bats (mystacinids)Ghost-faced or moustached bats (mormoopids)Leaf-nosed bats (phyllostomids)Zooamatans: odd-toed ungulates, pangolins and carnivorans Odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls)Horses (equids)Ceratomorphs Tapirs (tapirids)Rhinoceroses (rhinocerotids)Ferans Pangolins or scaly anteaters (manids)Carnivorans Cat-like carnivorans (feliforms)African palm civet Feloid carnivorans Asiatic linsangs (prionodontids)Cats (felids)Viverroid carnivorans Viverrids: civets and allies Herpestoid carnivorans Hyaenids: hyenas and aardwolf Malagasy carnivorans (euplerids)Herpestids: mongooses and allies Dog-like carnivorans (caniforms)Canids: dogs and allies Arctoid carnivorans Bears (ursids)Musteloid carnivorans Red panda Mephitids: skunks and stink badgers Mustelids: weasels, martens, badgers, wolverines, minks, ferrets and otters Procyonids: raccoons and allies Pinnipeds Walrus Otariids: sea lions, eared seals, fur seals True seals (phocids)See also [ edit]Animal List of mammals List of prehistoric mammals Mammal References [ edit]^ Vaughan, Terry A.; Ryan, James M.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (2015), "Chapter 4: Classification of Mammals", Mammalogy (Sixth ed. ), ISBN 9781284032093^ Marks, Jonathan M. (1995). Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History. ISBN 9780202366562.^ a b Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2006). "Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals". PLo S Biology. 4 (4): e91. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091. PMC 1395351. PMID 16515367.^ Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009). "Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5235–5240. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809297106. PMC 2655268. PMID 19286970. The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of: Mammalia Ji, Q.; Luo, Z.-X. ; Yuan, C.-X. ; Tabrum, A. R. (2006). "A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals". Science. 311 (5764): 1123–1127. doi: 10.1126/science.1123026. PMID 16497926. Luo, Z.-X. ; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Cifelli, R. L. (2002). "In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47: 1–78. Mc Kenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 1–350. Springer, Mark S.; Stanhope, Michael J.; Madsen, Ole; Wilfried (2004). "Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree" (PDF). Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 19 (8): 430–438. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006. PMID 16701301. Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Capzaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-03-025034-X (Brooks Cole, 1999)Wilson, Don E., and Deeann M. Reeder (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1206 pp. ISBN 1-56098-217-9Categories: Mammal taxonomy Systems of animal taxonomy
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Cotton-Eyed Joe The origins of this song are unclear, although it pre-dates the 1861–1865 American Civil War.[1] American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough (1878–1935) noted in her 1925 book On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs, that several people remember hearing the song before the war. Scarborough's account of the song came from her sister, Mrs. George Scarborough, who learned the song from "the Negroes on a plantation in Texas, and other parts from a man in Louisiana." The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it on plantations.[2] Both the dance and the song had many variants.[3] The first printed one dates from 1882[4]. American publishing house Harper and Brothers published a version in 1882, heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle (born 1850) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child,[5] that was later republished in 1910:[6]
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Top 30 Doctor insights on: Tickle In My Throat Makes Me Cough Top 30 Doctor insights on: Tickle In My Throat Makes Me Cough Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Robert Sterling4 doctors agreed:1 I'm keep getting a tickle in my throat that makes me cough at any time in the day or night I haven't been sick or getting sick what could it b worried? Lotsa Possibilities:: Think about your environment: second-hand smoke? Local air pollution? working with any chemicals (at work, at home)? dry air (low humidity)? work in an office (ventilation; fans; new furniture; housekeeping)? dusty air? pollen in the air? Raining frogs?? Next might be your diet and/or nocturnal reflux ... Read more Dr. Sue Ferranti3,613 Doctors shared insights Cough (Definition)The cough reflex is a protective mechanism that uses muscles in your throat and chest to expel mucous and saliva that may contain pathogens that would otherwise possibly be inhaled via aerosol or to expel pathogens infecting the throat and respiratory system. Cough benefits the host by reducing load and benefits the pathogen which may then spread via aerosol. ... Read more Dr. Suzanne Galli ENT - Head & Neck Surgery17 years in practice Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Franklyn Gergits1 doctor agreed:2 How do you l get rid of the tickle in my throat that makes me cough nonstop until I almost puke? Please help Throat tickle: Hello, the stimulation causing your cough should be evaluated by an ENT doctor. An endoscopic examination would be very helpful to determine the cause. I have seen people have an elongated uvula that initiates a gag induced coughing spells. It also could be reflux or post nasal drainage. Good luck. ... Read more Dr. Oscar Novick3 I have this bad tickle in my throat that makes me cough until it's gone. Also gives me watery eyes. What can cause this and how to stop it? Allergies: The tickle in your throat may be caused by a pos nasal drip which is due to allergies. Likewise, the allergies may be affecting your eyes. Try over the counter antihistamines for your nose and eye drop specifically made for allergies, but in the meantime make an appointment with an allergist. Incidentally cold ... Read more Dr. Jack Rubin4 Phlegm in back of throat sometimes it feels like something tickling in my throat and sometimes it makes me cough and doesn't go away slight heaache? Throat problems: Your problems sound as if you need to see a ENT physician. You need to have your throat, lower esophagus, vocal cords and sinuses evaluated to see if a cause for your symptoms can be found and treated. Good luck. ... Read more Dr. Duane Gels5 I have a tickle in my lower throat that makes me cough, especially when I press it. Acid reflux? Or a scratch from a carrot I choked on 7 weeks ago? GERD 1 possibility: GERD is 1 possibility. Abrasion from carrot is unlikely after 7 weeks, and probably wishful thinking. Also consider sinusitis, asthma (or asthmatic-type reaction), and allergy, of course, given this time of year in Illinois. Very typical symptoms in patients seen by allergists. Might be time to see one! ... Read more Dr. Julian Henley ENT - Head & Neck Surgeryyears in practice Get help from a specialist now Continue Dr. William Galli6 I have dry itching throat cough for over 7 to 8 years today. Went to a lot of docs but nothing worked. I never smoke. Can you please help me. Hard Case: Sounds like chronic cough. Have your doctors review your medication. Top reason for chronic cough is post nasal drip / asthma / gerd /medications. That's with a normal cxr. If all ruled out see a specialist may need a bronchoscopy but yield is very low. ... Read more Dr. Oscar Novick1 doctor agreed:7 I have had an itching throat for slightly more than a week which causes me to cough a lot. The cough is getting worse daily. What do you think it is? Cough: You have a post nasal drip that may be causing your itching throat and cough. Use salt water nose drops to improve your condition. ... Read more Dr. Sue Ferranti8 Start with sore throat and then chest congestion, itching throat, cough with sputum, yellow thick. Is that bronchitis? Possibly...: Your symptoms may be indicative of bronchitis, either bacterial, viral or even allergic etiology. In order to be sure, you should see your doctor. If you have a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be needed. For viral or allergic etiologies, therapy depends on the precise signs and symptoms present! ... Read more Dr. Alon Seifan1 doctor agreed:9 I have a tickling throat that makes me cough. This happens every night so what I can do about it? Antacids: The most common causes of cough in adult include esophageal reflux and asthma /allergies. You can start by trying an antacid. If that works, then reflux is causing your cough. Also be sure you don't have obstructive sleep apnea, which would wake you up coughing. ... Read more Dr. Eric Powitzky1 doctor agreed:10 Is it possible for cough drops to irritate your throat and cause tickling if overused? Avoid menthol: Menthol which is in most drops, feels good and cool at first. But it is drying to the mucosa and will dry your irritated throat. So use glycerin instead. Or black currant. Or pectin containing drops. ... Read more Dr. William Harris11 There's this tickling feeling in the back of my throat and I constantly cough! How to cure this? Antihistamines: The most common reason for having a throat tickle is allergy. You may or may not have runny/itchy eyes & nose with sneezing; but it is worth a try. Daily, non-sedating claritin, ( loratadine) zyrtec, or Allegra should do the trick. This may be a seasonal thing, or may be year round. If it is more of a ... Read more Dr. Larry Marcus2 doctors agreed:12 Tickling throat that makes me cough happens every night. How do I get rid of this?? reflux: If this only happens every night when you lay down to go to bed - this sound like it is most likely being caused by gastroesophageal reflux. Would probably be helped most by seeing an ENT doc to look down your throat to see - and if the appearance of your vocal corsds confirms this possibility, then ... Read more Dr. Eric Weisman1 doctor agreed:13 My coughing is back something is tickling my throat in the back causing me to cough I am taking claritan but I don't thinwonders something else ASAP? Might be the BP med: Lisinopril sometimes causes a persistent non productive dough. Ask your doctor to look into this. ... Read more Dr. Dennis Clifford1 doctor agreed:14 My throat has been bothering me for a couple days. There is no pain, just tickling when I clear my throat, a cough and a scratchy voice. Any ideas? Inflammation: This could just be inflammation which is usually caused by post-nasal drip whether you can feel it or not. Try rinsing your nose with saline solution using a sinus rinse bottle. Neil-med makes one that works well and can be found in most drug stores and grocery stores. ... Read more Dr. Melissa Gowans1 doctor agreed:15 I have been coughing brown mucus as well as tingling sensation in my chest and throat when I breathe. My cough hurts as well. Is there anything wrong? See a doctor: Yes, it sounds like you have a respiratory infection. Given the brown mucus and effects on breathing, it is recommended you follow-up with your physician for further assessment. ... Read more Dr. Deborah Ungerleider1 doctor agreed:16 I got a 101 fever about 2 weeks ago. That went away after a day but now I have had a dry/slightly phlegmy cough and tingling in my throat ever since. Not sure what your: Question is, but it sounds like you should see your doctor to be examined and diagnosed, so that you can be treated properly and get better. ... Read more Dr. Tarek Hamid17 I've had a bad cough for about 2 weeks now the cough has improved but now I get a painful burning/tingling itch in my throat that causes me to gag/cry? Allergy / infection? : Is it dry cough? That could be as an allergic reaction to meds of foods, if there are mucus, then it could be a slight chest and throat infection that may need antibiotics and meds to loosen mucus. ... Read more Dr. Robert Stachler1 doctor agreed:18 Getting tingling sensation in throat more on left side causing cough and throw up after every meal. Constantly clearing throat. Please advice? Reflux: You are experiencing reflux. Eat smaller meals and do not drink so much water at one time. Avoid acidic foods. Try Zantac ( ranitidine) or Prilosec over the counter twice a day and you will be feeling better soon. Feel better! ... Read more Dr. Robert Kwok1 doctor agreed:19 It's been a week, I have a sore throat on off, and little dry and irritation. .. Sometime cough at night with sudden tingling. .. Kindly advice? Dr. Can check throat: Throat pain can be from a strep throat infection (antibiotics are needed), a cold or influenza (antibiotics usually not used), or from some other cause such as allergies or irritants. Usually, a person sees the doctor if the sore throat is bothersome, recurrent, or doesn't go away quickly ... Read more Dr. Edward Hellman20 Have a pain under my left shoulder blade that hurts when I cough or clear throat. The pain radiates down arm with little finger tingling? Pinched nerve: Because patients having cardiac problems can have these symptoms, you should have this ruled out. But the most common cause is an irritation of a nerve in the neck by a bone spur or herniation that can cause pain or numbness that runs down the arm into the hand. An MRI can usually show the cause ... Read more Dr. Qamar Khan1 doctor agreed:21 Why do I have chronic back pain in my spine neck shoulders tingling and twitching of my toe on my left side and it hurts when I cough? Back ; Neck? : Sounds like you have both neck problems that may be contributing to your shoulders and back problems causing your toes to tingle. Recommend seeing a spine specialist to evaluate these options further. ... Read more Dr. Bac Nguyen1 doctor agreed:22 I have milk layer in mouth, body pain, stiff neck, some times tingling feeling in body, no fever or cough for almost 1 month. Any suggestions? Does not sound good: The "milk layer" in your mouth suggests thrush ( fungus) and this is not a good sign in adult unless specific cause is known such as recent antibiotic and/or steroid/inhaler use etc. Immunosuppressive state such as HIV is a cause of concern. Since you have symptoms for about 1 month now, it is ... Read more Dr. Yash Khanna23 Started taking 25 mg of Luvox 5 days ago and have been experiencing tightness in chest, neck, shoulder and back ache, cough, numbness and tingling in arms. Woke up first night and had sudden neck pain and squeezing in chest. Has been more mild since? Unpleasant Side Effect: All these symptoms started after you started taking Luvox. That means you are not able to tolerate the drug. I will call the prescribing doctor/psychiatrist and discuss your symptoms and may be a change of medication ... Read more Dr. Thomas Costello2 doctors agreed:24 Does aciphex (rabeprazole) heartburn meds (or a generic equivalent) cause coughing and tickling in the throat? Probably not: Any medication could potentially cause any side effect. The ones you mentioned are not common for antacids. However, acid reflux can cause coughing and a tickle in the throat. So, it may be the underlying condition rather than the medication which is causing the symptoms. ... Read more Dr. Otto Placik1 doctor agreed:25 Tips for a tickle in my throat that is causing a cough? Try losenges: There are many losenges with minor anesthetics that will subdue the urge to cough and may help to ease the tickle. ... Read more Dr. Lonnie Smith1 doctor agreed:26 Tickle in my throat for the last week or so, not sick at all but it makes me cough. What is this? What should I do? Allergies: Post nasal drip due to allergies is a big possibility. Try one of the OTC antihistamines. The drainage down the back of your throat may cause the tickle. ... Read more Dr. Cynthia Archer27 I have had a tickle in my throat for a week or so now and don't know what is causing it. I don't cough or anything else just feel like there is fluid? I really wish: That I could help you figure out what it is without an exam. Sadly we just aren't there yet with technology. If you can spare the time, try and get seen in person. There are many possibilities from completely benign but annoying to more serious like asthma. If you are a singer you might have a polyp ... Read more Dr. Kenneth Cheng4 doctors agreed:28 I have a tickle in my throat at night and I cough a lot and keep my husband awake. Any suggestions? See your doctor: Any number of things could be occurring to cause a night time tickle in the throat and cough. This includes certain medications (a. C. E. Inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers), sinus infections, allergies, and gastro-esophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). Your doctor can help you figure this out. ... Read more Dr. Sheila Calderon2 doctors agreed:29 Had a cold a month ago now I'm left with a tickle in my throat that causes me to cough aggressively daily. It Stopped for a week and came back. Why? Ongoing drainage: If your sinuses are draining and you are swallowing or aspirating into the lungs you will cough. See your doctor to determine if your proper diagnosis and if you need prescription treatment. If you have already been treated for strep you may have a secondary viral infection or gotten ... Read more Dr. Kathy Robinson5 doctors agreed:30 I have a pretty bad cough that just started. No cold, feel fine, but it's a tickle in my throat that won't go away and keep coughing almost violently? Causes of cough: There are many causes of cough that are not associated with infection. ACE-inhibitors, a common medication for high blood pressure, are a cause of cough. Reflux can cause cough in some people. Allergies and undiagnosed asthma may cause coughing. If none of these causes seem likely then you ... Read more Dr. Shari Jackson Pharynx (Definition)It is the connection between the mouth and the throat. The 3 parts are the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and hypo-pharynx. The pharynx leads into the ... Read more
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Navy Federal Credit Union Navy Federal Credit Union Email Print Navy Federal Credit Union Phone Numbers Member and Account Services Toll-free in the USA: 1-888-842-6328Mortgage Services Toll-free: 1-888-842-6328Certificate & IRA Certificate Services Toll-free: 1-888-842-6328Check Reorders: Checking, Overdraft Line of Credit & MMSA Toll-free: 1-888-842-6328NFFG Registered Representatives: 1-877-221-8108Navy Federal Online Account Access and Bill Pay Password and Challenge Question Assistance: 1-888-868-8123 Enrollment and Technical Assistance: 1-888-868-8123 Bill Pay: 1-888-560-8031Personal Finance Management Toll-Free: 1-888-503-7106In metro Washington, DC: 703-255-8492Contact Business Services: 1-877-418-1462. TDD (for the hearing impaired) Toll-Free: 1-888-869-5863In metro Washington, DC: 703-255-8878Website: https://www.navyfederal.org Share this: Google Facebook Twitter Pinterest Filed Under: US
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Other examples of transverse waves include light waves and water waves. Both types of seismic wave can be detected near the earthquake centre but only P-waves can be detected on the other side of the Earth. This is because P-waves can travel through solids and liquids whereas S-waves can only travel through solids. This means the liquid part of the core blocks the passage of S-waves.
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Battles of Saratoga It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field, directing some of the action. However, John Luzader, a former park historian at the Saratoga National Historical Park, carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials, and that Arnold remained at Gates' headquarters, receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers.[45][46] Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin, however, disagrees with Luzader, arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates.[47]
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The Freeman (formerly published as The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty or Ideas on Liberty) is a defunct American libertarian magazine, formerly published by the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE). It was founded in 1950 by John Chamberlain, Henry Hazlitt, and Suzanne La Follette. The magazine was purchased by an FEE-owned company in 1954, and FEE took over direct control of the magazine in 1956.
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Lily Jane Collins -LRB- born 18 March 1989 -RRB- is a British-American actress and model . The daughter of English musician Phil Collins and an American mother , Jill Tavelman , she was born in Surrey and moved to Los Angeles as a child . Her first screen role was at the age of two in the BBC series Growing Pains . She went on to study broadcast journalism at the University of Southern California and as a teenager , wrote for Seventeen magazine , Teen Vogue , and The Los Angeles Times . She was named International Model of the Year by Spain 's Glamour magazine after being selected by Chanel to wear one of their gowns at the Hotel de Crillon in 2007 . In 2008 , she was named Newest Red Carpet Correspondent and One to Watch in 2008 . Collins appeared as a guest star on the teen drama television series 90210 in 2009 , followed by her feature film debut in the semi-biographical sports film The Blind Side . She had leading roles in the sci-fi action-horror film Priest -LRB- 2011 -RRB- and the psychological action-thriller film Abduction , and was nominated for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Sci-Fi/Fantasy for her role as Snow White in the fantasy film Mirror Mirror . She received wider recognition after taking on the role of Clary Fray in the fantasy film adaptation of Cassandra Clare 's The New York Times best-selling novel , The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones , for which she was nominated for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Action and an MTV Movie Award . Collins is also known for her roles in independent films , such as the romantic comedy-drama Stuck in Love -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , the romantic comedy The English Teacher -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , and the romantic comedy-drama Love , Rosie -LRB- 2014 -RRB- . She won the New Hollywood Film Award and received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical or Comedy her role as Marla Mabrey in Rules Do n't Apply -LRB- 2016 -RRB- . In 2017 , her debut novel , Unfiltered : No Shame , No Regrets , Just Me , was released to critical praise . In May 2017 , Lily Collins and Marti Noxon were honoured at Project Heal for their movie To the Bone .
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Difference Between Diffraction and Refraction. ⢠Diffraction is bending or spreading of waves around an obstacle, while refraction is bending of waves due to change of speed. ⢠Both diffraction and refraction are wavelength dependant.Hence, both can split white light in to its component wavelengths.ntensity of the fringes decreases as we move along either side of the central maxima. Refraction. When a wave passes from one medium to another at any angle except 90° and 0°, its line of travel changes at the interface due to the change in velocity of the wave. This is what we call refraction.
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A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or a bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap.The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream.he term bubbler is a genericized trademark used in some regional dialects of the United States and in Australia. A survey of US dialects undertaken between 2002 and 2004 found the word bubbler commonly used in southern and eastern Wisconsin and in Rhode Island and Massachusetts.
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The average cyclist racing on flat terrain can bike 1 mile in about 3.5 minutes, and it would take about twice as long to do so on mountainous terrain. In addition, the average commuter can bike 1 mile in about 6 minutes. The average professional cyclist is much faster. Continue Reading.
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The length of a gestation period varies from bird to bird. Oftentimes, larger birds require longer gestation periods than smaller birds.For example, muscovy ducks -- one of North America's largest ducks -- require approximately 35 days for gestation, while smaller ducks have gestation periods of less than 30 days.Smaller perching birds, such as northern mockingbirds, have a gestation period of only 13 to 15 days.A smaller bird of prey, the red-tailed hawk, has a gestation period of 28 to 32 days, while the California condor needs at least 56 days for the gestating period.he length of a gestation period varies from bird to bird. Oftentimes, larger birds require longer gestation periods than smaller birds.
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Which planet has moons called Triton and Proteus? | Reference.com Which planet has moons called Triton and Proteus? A: Quick Answer Triton and Proteus are moons of the planet Neptune. With a diameter of 1,700 miles, Triton is the largest moon. William Lassell discovered this moon in 1846. The Voyager 2 spacecraft discovered Proteus in 1989. Proteus is Neptune's second largest moon. Full Answer Neptune has other moons, such as Nereid, Galatea, Larissa and Naiad. Discovered in 1949, Nereid is Neptune's third largest moon. As of 2014, Neptune has 14 known moons. In the solar system, Neptune is the farthest planet from the sun. It also is a gas giant that has a surface temperature of -346 degrees Fahrenheit. Its atmosphere contains helium hydrogen and small quantities of methane. Neptune’s rotation about the sun takes approximately 164.8 Earth years.
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Map showing location of Connecticut on the US map. As shown in the given Connecticut location map that Connecticut is located in the north-eastern region of the country. Connecticut is the part of New England region. Connecticut map also shows that it shares its border with New York in the east, Massachusetts in the north, and Rhode Island in the east. Besides, Connecticut also shares its coastline with Atlantic Ocean. The climate type of state is temperate.
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The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county, In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'. These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the 'constitution' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town. In this regime, The Town and County of the Town of Southampton also became a county borough with shared responsibility for aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964 the status changed again by a Charter of Elizabeth II, creating the City and County of the City of Southampton.
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Why Do My Facebook Friends Disappear and Then Reappear? Facebook members can connect with friends in real-time using the social network's Chat feature. With the proper privacy settings, members appear in their friends' Chat boxes when they're signed in. Click on a name or picture from a list of available friends and use the pop-up box to send messages to each other. The "Friends On Chat" list is continuously updated as friends sign in and out. Video of the Day Your Facebook friends may be unavailable or hiding. Friends On Chat You can see a list of your available friends in two spots. The "Friends On Chat" list appears in the left column of your homepage, and the "Chat" box is in the lower-right corner of all pages. These lists, which are continuously updated in real-time, show status symbols next to the names indicating when friends are logged in and available, logged in and inactive or unavailable. Names and status icons disappear and reappear as activity levels and login statuses change. Hiding Chat Availability Hiding Chat availability can allow you to browse Facebook undetected, and stay logged in without receiving unwanted Chat messages. Hiding and revealing your Facebook presence is easy, requiring only a few clicks. Sign in to your Facebook account and click the "Chat" box in the lower-right corner of any page. Click "Options" and select "Go Offline" to hide your name from "Friends On Chat" lists. Slide the switch to the "On" or "Off" position to set your Chat availability for friend lists. Messaging Offline Friends When a friend's name disappears from one of your Chat availability lists, it's still possible to send a message. You won't be chatting in real-time, so you'll need to wait for them to receive the message and respond. Click the name of the friend on your list and click the "Message" button. Type your message in the space provided on the resulting page, send and await reply. As names reappear in your Chat lists, resume instant chat as desired. Facebook Chat Icons It may not be possible to send instant Chat messages to friends whose names appear in your "Friends On Chat" lists. The Chat icon that appears next to each name indicates your friend's actual availability. A green dot represents a friend who is available to send and receive Chat messages. A gray moon represents a friend who may be available to chat, but has been idle. If you send a message to a friend who's unable to chat, you'll receive a Chat box message that your friend is offline. All messages will go to your friend's Inbox until he or she is available again.
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On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.
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On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.
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English cricket team in Scotland in 2018 The England cricket team toured Scotland to play a One Day International (ODI) at The Grange Club, Edinburgh, on 10 June 2018.[1][2][3] The match was followed by two Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) against Pakistan on the same ground on 12 and 13 June. The last time the two teams played in an ODI against each other was in the 2015 Cricket World Cup, with England winning by 119 runs.[4] In May 2018, Cricket Scotland named a provisional 24-man squad for the matches against England and Pakistan.[5]
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Stockard Channing -LRB- born Susan Antonia Williams Stockard ; February 13 , 1944 -RRB- is an American stage , film and television actress . She is known for playing Betty Rizzo in the film Grease -LRB- 1978 -RRB- and First Lady Abbey Bartlet on the NBC television series The West Wing -LRB- 1999 -- 2006 -RRB- . She is also known for originating the role of Ouisa Kittredge in the stage and film versions of Six Degrees of Separation , for which she was nominated for a Tony Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . A 13-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee and seven-time Tony Award nominee , she won the 1985 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the Broadway revival of A Day in the Death of Joe Egg , and won Emmy Awards for The West Wing and The Matthew Shepard Story , both in 2002 . She won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2004 for her role in Jack . Her film appearances include The Fortune -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , The Big Bus -LRB- 1976 -RRB- , The Cheap Detective -LRB- 1978 -RRB- , Heartburn -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , Up Close & Personal -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Practical Magic -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , and Woody Allen 's Anything Else -LRB- 2003 -RRB- . She also played the recurring role of Veronica Loy on the CBS drama The Good Wife -LRB- 2012 -- 16 -RRB- .
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. TEMAN te'-man (teman, "on the right," i.e. "south"; Thaiman): The name of a district and town in the land of Edom, named after Teman the grandson of Esau, the son of his firstborn, Eliphaz (Gen 36:11; 1 Ch 1:36). A duke Teman is named among the chiefs or clans of Edom (Gen 36:42; 1 Ch 1:53). He does not however appear first, in the place of the firstborn. Husham of the land of the Temanites was one of the ancient kings of Edom (Gen 36:34; 1 Ch 1:45). From Obad 1:9 we gather that Teman was in the land of Esau (Edom). In Am 1:12 it is named along with Bozrah, the capital of Edom. In Ezek 25:13 desolation is denounced upon Edom: "From Teman even unto Dedan shall they fall by the sword." Dedan being in the South, Teman must be sought in the North Eusebius, Onomasticon knows a district in the Gebalene region called Theman, and also a town with the same name, occupied by a Roman garrison, 15 miles from Petra. Unfortunately no indication of direction is given. No trace of the name has yet been found. It may have been on the road from Elath to Bozrah. The inhabitants of Teman seem to have been famous for their wisdom (Jer 49:7; Obad 1:8 f). Eliphaz the Temanite was chief of the comforters of Job (2:11, etc.). The manner in which the city is mentioned by the prophets, now by itself, and again as standing for Edom, shows how important it must have been in their time. W. Ewing
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Ailurophobia – Causes and Symptoms of Ailurophobia – Treatment Share your stories and support others... Ailurophobia Tweet Ailurophobia is an extreme and irrational fear of cats. People with this disorder fear cats to a point that they cannot stand being in their presence or even think about them. While it is normal for anyone to have a fear of certain types of animals, this fear does not usually hinder the normal operation of their lives. For the ailurophobic, simply knowing that an encounter with a cat is imminent can lead the sufferer to change his or her plans in order to avoid being in the presence of a cat. Causes of Ailurophobia Like all phobias there is no universally specific explanation for ailurophobia. Rather, it is the various unique experiences of each individual that leads to the development of such a disorder. Some examples of experiences that could have resulted in the development of ailurophobia include early life traumatic events that involved cats, witnessing such events, or even upbringing by parents or caregivers that stressed a fear or aversion towards animals such as cats. Regardless, if left untreated, this phobia can only become worse and further hinder the social and emotional life of the sufferer. Symptoms of Ailurophobia If you believe that you or someone you know may have ailurophobia, here are some symptoms to look for: Feelings of dread or panic when exposed to or thinking about cats Automatic or uncontrollable reactions when exposed to or thinking about cats Rapid heartbeat Extreme avoidance of cats Treatment of Ailurophobia Like many phobias, treatment for the disorder is usually best left to a mental health practitioner. The goal of any such expert is to first target the initial inciting factor that caused the person’s irrational and extreme fear. The patient and therapist talk about why the fear is unfounded, how they can come to terms with any traumatic experiences that caused the phobia, as well as ways to deal with the symptoms of the condition. This type of therapy is usually very effective, with a vast majority of patients completely overcoming or successfully coping with ailurophobia symptom-free for years, if not for the remainder of their lives. Some therapists opt to use cognitive behavioral therapy . With this type of treatment the patient meets with the therapist and in a systematic and gradual progression confronts the source of fear while learning to control the physical and mental reactions to it. By facing the phobia of cats head on, the patient becomes accustomed to it and thus ultimately realizes that his or her initial fears were not grounded in real or imminent danger. If you are searching for help with ailurophobia, finding it is quite easy. There are plenty of therapists and peer groups willing to help not only with the disorder but also the psychological difficulties attendant with it. If self-help is not working, do not hesitate to reach out to these resources for support. View Resources
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First Bank of the United States According to the plan put before the first session of the First Congress in 1790, Hamilton proposed establishing the initial funding for the First Bank of the United States through the sale of $10 million in stock of which the United States government would purchase the first $2 million in shares. Hamilton, foreseeing the objection that this could not be done since the U.S. government did not have $2 million, proposed that the government make the stock purchase using money lent to it by the bank; the loan to be paid back in ten equal annual installments. The remaining $8 million of stock would be available to the public, both in the United States and overseas. The chief requirement of these non-government purchases was that one-quarter of the purchase price had to be paid in gold or silver; the remaining balance could be paid in bonds, acceptable scrip, etc.[6]
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Sean Cronin (born 6 May 1986) is an Irish rugby player for Leinster in the Pro14. Cronin was educated at Ardscoil Rís in Limerick and has previously played with Shannon and Munster Rugby where he had progressed through their academy to a development contract. After a dynamic Schools Rugby career where he went on to play for Irish Schools, Cronin's rugby career began to take off while playing in the All-Ireland League for Shannon.
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âTeisha Home > Teisha♀Teisha What does Teisha mean? T eisha as a girls' name is of Arabic derivation, and the name Teisha means "alive and well". Teisha is an alternate spelling of Aisha (Arabic): also possibly means "life" in Swahili. ASSOCIATED WITH Te-, arabic, alive (life)Variations VARIANTS Tyisha, Tyesha, Tiesha, Taisha RELATIONS VIA AISHA Aeesha, Aeeshah, Aeisha, Aesha, Aeshah, Aiesha, Aishah, Aishia, Aisia, Asha, Ayeesha, Ayeisa, Ayeisha, Ayeishah, Ayesha, Ayisa, Ayisha, Ayishah, Aysha, Ieasha, Ieashah, Ieashia, Ieesha, Ieeshah, Ieeshia, Iesha ▼, Ieshah, Ihisha, Isha, Maisha, Miesha, Myesha, Niesha, Takisha, Tinisha, Tynisha, Yiesha CREATIVE FORMS (female) (male)MIDDLE NAME PAIRINGS Teisha Jada (T. J. ), .. How popular is Teisha? Teisha is a somewhat popular first name for women (#3928 out of 4276, Top 92%) but a rare surname for both adults and children. (2000 U. S. CENSUS)Which version is better? Aisha (#491 THE PREVIOUS YEAR), Asha (#1313), Ayesha (#1497), Isha (#1683), Tiesha, Takisha, Tyesha, Tynisha, Taisha, Tyisha, Miesha, Iesha, Aysha, Maisha, Aiesha, Myesha and Niesha are the prominent variation forms of Teisha (NOT RANKED) ranked in the Top 2000. Other forms, like Ihisha, are uncommon. These relations of Teisha were popular as birth names 2 decades ago (MEDIAN #1322) and have become much less popular since (#1822, DOWN 72.4%), with the version Iesha falling out of fashion. Aisha is the most fashionable baby name here. (2015 BIRTH STATISTICS)Similar Names Teisha is alike in pronunciation to Tahsha, Tasha ▼, Tashi, Tashia, Techa, Tisha ▼, Tosha ▼ and Toshia. Other recommended sound-alike names are Aleisha, Amisha, Anisha, Brisha, Delisha, Denisha ▼, Eleisha, Elisha ▼, Felisha, Irisha, Keasha, Keesha, Keitha, Kenisha, Kesha ▼, Kisha ▼, Leesha, Leisa, Leisha, Leitha, Lekisha, Lisha, Misha, Myisha, Neesha, Nesha, Nisha, Renisha, Saisha, Tais, Taisa, Taisia, Taisie, Taisiya, Tanisha ▼, Tasa, Tash, Tasia, Taska, Tassa (see Tasha ), Tasya, Telisa, Telisha, Tenesha, Tenisha, Tersa, Tersha, Tersia, Teskia, Tessa ▲, Tessey, Tessi, Tessla, Tessy, Teza, Thaisa, Tish, Tonisha, Tosca, Tosia, Tossa, Tossia, Treasha, Trisa, Trisia, Trissa and Yeesha. These names tend to be less commonly used than Teisha. See names in meaning and etymology.< Prev Next > [ Top]
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Why Lehman Brothers was allowed to fail By using this website, you consent to our use of cookies. For more information on cookies see our Cookie Policy . X Why Lehman Brothers was allowed to fail In a departure from its strategy on other banks, the US Federal Reserve refused to assume any of the risk faced by potential buyers. That decision had massive repercussions Thu, Sep 12, 2013, 01:00 Updated: Wed, Sep 11, 2013, 17:44 Ciaran Hancock The headquarters of Lehman Brothers in New York on September 15th, 2008, the day the bank filed for bankruptcy. W hen Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy on September 15th, 2008, the financial sector shook across the world. The bank was forced to seek Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, the largest ever such filing in US history. Six months previously, Bear Stearns had faced a similar fate but survived when the US central bank, the Federal Reserve , intervened with the US treasury department’s support. Why did the US government not intervene in the Lehman case? In the case of Bear Stearns, the Fed engineered a sale to JPMorgan Chase by agreeing to assume $29 billion of the risk of losses from Bear Stearns. When potential purchasers of Lehman sought similar assurances from the Fed, the regulator demurred, and the bank was left with little choice but to file for bankruptcy. According to Lehman’s bankruptcy examiner, Lehman’s business model was not unique. All of the major investment banks of the time had some high-risk model that required the confidence of counterparties. While Lehman’s assets and liabilities of about $700 billion cancelled each other out, it had insufficient hard cash (about $25 billion) to meet its needs. Confidence in the institution was so low that clients were withdrawing funds at a rate the bank couldn’t keep up with. Lehman funded itself through the short-term money markets and had to borrow tens of hundreds of billions of dollars in those markets each day from counterparties to be able to open for business. Confidence was critical. Lehman’s problems began when it embarked on an acquisition spree of subprime mortgage lenders. These were lenders who provided loans to those with impaired credit ratings. Lots of Americans got loans that they couldn’t afford. In 2006, Lehman made the deliberate decision to embark on an aggressive growth strategy, to take on significantly greater risk. In 2007, as the subprime residential mortgage business progressed from problem to crisis, Lehman was slow to recognise the developing storm and its spillover effect on commercial real estate. ADVERTISEMENT Rather than pull back, Lehman made the conscious decision to double its bet, and significantly and repeatedly exceeded its own internal risk limits. With the implosion and near collapse of Bear Stearns in March 2008, it became clear that Lehman’s growth strategy had been flawed, so much so that its survival was now under threat. The markets were shaken by the Bear Stearns crisis. Lehman, an independent investment bank, was widely considered to be the next bank that might fail. To buy more time, Lehman painted a misleading picture of its financial condition. After Bear Stearns’s near-collapse, the US government sent in teams of monitors from the Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Federal Reserve Bank. As late as September 2008, Lehman told the markets that it had liquidity of $41 billion. In fact, the pool of assets it could readily monetise was just $2 billion. Over the weekend of September 12th to 14th, 2008, an intensive series of meetings was conducted, including then US treasury secretary Henry, or Hank, Paulson, senior regulators and the chief executives of 14 leading financial institutions. Insufficient assets Paulson began the meetings by stating the government would do all it could – but that it could not fund a solution. The US government’s analysis on Lehman was that it did not have the legal authority to make a direct capital investment, and Lehman’s assets were insufficient to support a loan large enough to avoid its collapse. Many commentators belie
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Internet in the United States The Internet in the United States grew out of the ARPANET, a network sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense during the 1960s. The Internet in the United States in turn provided the foundation for the worldwide Internet of today. Internet access in the United States is largely provided by the private sector and is available in a variety of forms, using a variety of technologies, at a wide range of speeds and costs. In 2015, 97.5% of Americans were using the Internet, which ranks the U.S. 4th out of 211 countries in the world.[1] The United States ranks #1 in the world with 7,000 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) according to the CIA.[2]
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Chubby Checker-The Twist - YouTube Chubby Checker-The Twist Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 28, 2011 Chubby Checker (born Ernest Evans; October 3, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter. He also popularized the dance style Twist, with his 1960 hit cover of Hank Ballard's R&B hit "The Twist". In September 2008, "The Twist" topped Billboard's list of the most popular singles to have appeared in the Hot 100 since its debut in 1958 Checker privately recorded a novelty single for Clark in which the singer portrayed a school teacher with an unruly classroom of musical performers. The premise allowed Checker to imitate such acts as Fats Domino, Frankie Avalon and The Chipmunks, each singing "Mary Had a Little Lamb". Clark sent the song out as his Christmas greeting, and it received such good response that Cameo-Parkway signed Checker to a recording contract. Titled "The Class", the single became Checker's first release, charting at #38 in the spring of 1959. Checker introduced his version of "The Twist" in July 1960 on The Clay Cole Show, a local New York City television program broadcast live from Palisades Amusement Park. "The Twist" went on to become the only single to top the Billboard Hot 100 twice, in two separate chart runs. (Bing Crosby's "White Christmas" had done so on Billboard's earlier chart.) "The Twist" had previously peaked at #16 on the Billboard rhythm and blues chart, in the 1959 version recorded by its author, Hank Ballard, whose band The Midnighters first performed the dance on stage. Checker's "Twist", however, was a nationwide smash. The song was so ubiquitous that Checker felt that his critics thought that he could only succeed with dance records typecasting him as a dance artist. Checker later lamented: "...in a way, "The Twist" really ruined my life. I was on my way to becoming a big nightclub performer, and "The Twist" just wiped it out.. It got so out of proportion. No one ever believes I have talent." —Chubby Checker
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Aspirin is a safe drug that may be used in dogs with fever, but in some dogs it may cause a few side effects such as: If the aspirin is administered for a long period of time, this may cause stomach ulcers and may also affect the normal function of the kidneys and the liver.
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What Is the Best Diet? What Is the Best Diet? Consumer Reports: Volumetrics Is the Best Diet Plan; Best Life Diet Is Top Book By Daniel J. De Noon From the Web MD Archives May 7, 2007 -- Volumetrics is the best carefully researched diet plan, and The Best Life Diet is the best diet book, Consumer Reports says. Volumetrics is based on the research of Penn State nutritional science professor Barbara Rolls, Ph D. The Volumetrics diet stresses eating foods with low "energy density" -- that is, foods with relatively few calories per portion. Such foods include fruits, salads, and soups. The Best Life Diet, by personal trainer and exercise physiologist Bob Greene, stresses exercise and gives personalized advice, including recipes and a recommended eating schedule. To rate the diet plans, Consumer Reports Senior Project Editor Nancy Metcalf and colleagues reviewed diet studies published in major medical journals. After Volumetrics, Metcalf's team ranked Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, and Slim-Fast "very close together. "The report gave middling ratings to e Diets and to Barry Sear's The Zone Diet. Bringing up the rear were Dean Ornish's Ornish Diet and, in last place, the Atkin's Diet. Continue Reading Belowyou might like WEBMDRheumatoid Arthritis Foods to Ease Inflammation WEBMDAssessment: What to Know For Healthy Eyes Answer a few questions to find out the best ways to protect your eyes. To rate the diet books -- newer diets that, according to Consumer Reports, "have not been put to the acid test of a large clinical trial " -- the CR staff applied their own criteria and also got input from a panel of nutritional experts. After The Best Life Diet, CR ranked three books as "very close to one another:" Eat, Drink, & Weigh Less by Mollie Katzen and Walter Willett, MD; You On a Diet, by Michael F. Roizen, MD, and Mehmet C. Oz, MD; and The Abs Diet by David Zinczenko with Ted Spiker. Ranked last among the diet books -- behind The South Beach Diet by Arthur Agatston, MD; and The Sonoma Diet by Connie Guttersen, Ph D, RD -- was Ultra- Metabolism by Mark Hyman, MD. The ratings appear in the June issue of Consumer Reports. Diet Authors Respond"We set up criteria that make sense to us, and let the chips fall where they may -- hopefully not chocolate chips," Metcalf tells Web MD. "The things that go into the rating are the nutritional analysis -- we analyze a week's worth of menus straight off the book or web site -- and we also rate them according to how well they conform to the 2005 U. S. dietary guidelines, which we think is a good consensus on a healthy diet. "1 2 3 4 View All
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. South Padre Island Weather, Beach, Fishing and Surf Report Beach and Surf Report South Padre Island Beach and Surf Report by Gene Gore Date: Thursday, April 12, 2018 Island Weather: Cloudy, windy and cool with morning showers weather page Wind: SSE @ 15-30 Water Temp: 75 Water Clarity: Sandy Rip Current Risk: Low Seaweed: None Jellyfish: None Sunrise: 7:06am Sunset: 7:52pm Tides: Low 7:15am 0.5' / High 2:38pm 1.3' / Low 8:22pm 1.0' tide chart Wave Size: 1-3' Wave Direction: SSE Mansfield Buoy 42020: 5' @ 5 seconds from SE / Wind: SSE @ 19-23kts link200 Mile Buoy 42002: 3' @ 6 seconds from E / Wind: SSE @ 11-13kts link Dolphin Cove Buoy: Wind: SSE @ 12-14kts link Beach Driving Conditions: Fair Surf Conditions: Small choppy surf building slightly through the day with strong southerly wind Surf Forecast: Strong gusty south wind Friday with choppy surf building to around 3-4'. Another strong cold front Saturday with building rough surf. Light offshores Sunday morning with slowly dropping surf. Boating and Marine Forecast: The combination of high pressure across the northeastern Gulf coast and a deepening low pressure system in the High Plains will increasing the pressure gradient across the western Gulf waters and bring adverse marine conditions from strong winds and building seas later Thursday through Friday. After a brief lull late Friday night, a cold front will sweep the Lower Texas Gulf waters early Saturday, followed by gusty north winds and continued hazardous seas. Winds and seas will gradually diminish Sunday with light winds and slight to moderate seas Sunday night and Monday as high pressure settles over the waters. Weather Forecast: Sunny windy and warm Friday, then another strong cold front due this weekend Fishing Report: Click here for the latest South Padre Island fishing reports and pictures from local fishing guides. National Weather Service SKYWARN Certified Weather Spotter Weather Forecast for South Padre Island by NWS Brownsville
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The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Trías took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government.
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Transcript of John Dalton, The father of modern atomic theory... John Dalton, The father of modern atomic theory...By: Luciana Villarreal 8A #23Due date: May 12,2014. Modern Ages. Years ago, from 1750 to 1850 there were thousands of changes in the world, such as improvements, discoveries, and technological advances. This period of 100 years is known as the Modern Ages.
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Market Kitchen is a cookery programme, made by Optomen, that premiered on Good Food in 2007. Presented by Rachel Allen, Amanda Lamb, Matt Tebbutt, Tom Parker Bowles and Matthew Fort, the programme concentrates on seasonal cooking and features visits to a local market to obtain seasonal produce. The first series was presented from a customised kitchen in Borough Market and featured Tana Ramsay as one of its presenters.
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One limitation with Instagram videos is that they can be no longer than 15 seconds. With Hyperlapse, you can shoot a long video (10 minutes on iPhone 4, 45 minutes on iPhone 5/5c/5s), and then speed it up to fit in those 15 seconds. Just like that, your 15 second-limitation is lifted.
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The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, she was inspired by the name of the river, in preference to terms such as "Central Sudan". The origin of the name ''Nigeria'' came from the name of the Niger River. The word ( Niger ) is an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. Egerew n-igerewen means River of the Rivers.
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Baby names that sound like Belo include Bailea, Bailee (English), Baileigh (English), Bailey (English and German), Baili, Bailie (English), Baillee, Bailley, Bailli, Baillie (English), Bailly, Bailou, Baily (English), Bailye, Bala (Indian), Bale (French), Baley, Bali (Indian), Ballou (English), and Bally. 2 syll. be-lo, bel-o ] The baby boy name Belo is pronounced B EH Low â . Belo has its origins in the African-Fultani language.
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Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago.
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Tupac Amaru Shakur -LRB- -LSB- ˈtuːpɑːk_ʃəˈkʊər -RSB- ; born Lesane Parish Crooks ; June 16 , 1971September 13 , 1996 -RRB- , also known by his stage names 2Pac , Makaveli , and Pac , was an American rapper , record producer , actor , and poet . As of 2007 , Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide . His double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best-selling albums in the United States . He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by many publications , including Rolling Stone , which ranked him 86th on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time . On April 7 , 2017 , Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Shakur began his career as a roadie , backup dancer , and MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground , eventually branching off as a solo artist . Most of the themes in Shakur 's songs revolved around the violence and hardship in inner cities , racism , and other social problems . Both of his parents and several other people in his family were members of the Black Panther Party , whose ideals were reflected in his songs . During the latter part of his career , Shakur was a vocal participant during the East Coast -- West Coast hip hop rivalry , becoming involved in conflicts with other rappers , producers , and record-label staff members , most notably The Notorious B.I.G. and the label Bad Boy Records . On September 7 , 1996 , Shakur was fatally shot in a drive-by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas , Nevada . He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , where he died six days later .
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Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene. Another bid for worldwide attention—hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999—garnered visibility, but not in the way its sponsors desired, as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself. The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001, and then literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually earthquake.
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Sovetskaya Litva (literally: "Soviet Lithuania"; Russian: Советская Литва ) was a Russian-language daily newspaper published in the Lithuanian SSR. In tandem with the Lithuanian-language "Tiesa", it was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Lithuania, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR, and the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR. After the restoration of Lithuania's independence in 1990, the newspaper became an independent daily under the name Echo Litvy (literally: "Echo of Lithuania"; Russian: Эхо Литвы ). Its circulation was 79,000 copies in 1981, 26,000 copies in 1993, and 12,000 copies in 1997. It discontinued publication in 2001 due to financial difficulties.
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Hypertension From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about arterial hypertension. For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). Hypertension Synonyms Arterial hypertension, high blood pressure Automated arm blood pressure meter showing arterial hypertension (shown a systolic blood pressure 158 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 99 mm Hg and heart rate of 80 beats per minute)Specialty Cardiology Symptoms None [1]Complications Coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, dementia [2] [3] [4]Causes Usually lifestyle and genetic factors [5] [6]Risk factors Excess salt, excess body weight, smoking, alcohol [1] [5]Diagnostic method Resting blood pressure 130/90 or 140/90 mm Hg [5] [7]Treatment Lifestyle changes, medications [8]Frequency 16–37% globally [5]Deaths 9.4 million / 18% (2010) [9]Hypertension ( HTN or HT ), also known as high blood pressure ( HBP ), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. [10] High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. [1] Long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia. [2] [3] [4] [11]High blood pressure is classified as either primary (essential) high blood pressure or secondary high blood pressure. [5] About 90–95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. [5] [6] Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, and alcohol use. [1] [5] The remaining 5–10% of cases are categorized as secondary high blood pressure, defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills. [5]Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements, the systolic and diastolic pressures, which are the maximum and minimum pressures, respectively. [1] For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100–130 millimeters mercury (mm Hg) systolic and 60–80 mm Hg diastolic. [7] [12] For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/90 or 140/90 mm Hg. [5] [7] Different numbers apply to children. [13]Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 24-hour period appears more accurate than office-based blood pressure measurement. [5] [10]Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications. [8] Lifestyle changes include weight loss, decreased salt intake, physical exercise, and a healthy diet. [5] If lifestyle changes are not sufficient then blood pressure medications are used. [8] Up to three medications can control blood pressure in 90% of people. [5] The treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure (defined as >160/100 mm Hg) with medications is associated with an improved life expectancy. [14] The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 130/80 mm Hg and 160/100 mm Hg is less clear, with some reviews finding benefit [7] [15] [16] and others finding unclear benefit. [17] [18] [19] High blood pressure affects between 16 and 37% of the population globally. [5] In 2010 hypertension was believed to have been a factor in 18% of all deaths (9.4 million globally). [9]Contents1 Signs and symptoms1.1 Secondary hypertension1.2 Hypertensive crisis1.3 Pregnancy1.4 Children2 Causes2.1 Primary hypertension2.2 Secondary hypertension3 Pathophysiology4 Diagnosis4.1 Adults4.2 Children5 Prevention6 Management6.1 Target blood pressure6.2 Lifestyle modifications6.3 Medications6.4 Resistant hypertension7 Epidemiology7.1 Adults7.2 Children8 Outcomes9 History9.1 Measurement9.2 Identification9.3 Treatment10 Society and culture10.1 Awareness10.2 Economics11 Research12 References13 Further reading14 External links Signs and symptoms [ edit]Hypertension is rarely accompanied by symptoms, and its identification is usually through screening, or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem. Some with high blood pressure report headaches (particularly at the back of the head and in the morning), as well as lightheadedness, vertigo, tinnitus (buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered vision or fainting episodes. [20] These symptoms, however, might be related to associated anxiety rather than the high blood pressure itself. [21]On physical examination, hypertension may be associated with the presence of changes in the optic fundus seen by ophthalmoscopy. [22] The severity of the changes typical of hypertensive retinopathy is graded from I–IV; grades I and II may be difficult to differentiate. [22] The severity of the retinopathy correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension. [20]Secondary hypertension [ edit]Main article: Secondary hypertension Hypertension with certain specific additional signs and symptoms may suggest secondary hypertension, i.e. hypertension due to an identifiable cause. For example, Cushing's syndrome frequently causes truncal obesity, glucose intolerance, moon face, a hump of fat behind the neck/shoulder (referred to as a buffalo hump), and purple abdominal stretch marks. [23]Hyperthyroidism frequently causes weight loss with increased appetite, fast heart rate, bulging eyes, and tremor. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) may be associated with a localized abdominal bruit to the left or right of the midline (unilateral RAS), or in both locations (bilateral RAS). Coarctation of the aorta frequently causes a decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities relative to the arms, or delayed or absent femoral arterial pulses. Pheochromocytoma may cause abrupt ("paroxysmal") episodes of hypertension accompanied by headache, palpitations, pale appearance, and excessive sweating. [23]Hypertensive crisis [ edit]Main article: Hypertensive crisis Severely elevated blood pressure (equal to or greater than a systolic 180 or diastolic of 110) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis. Hypertensive crisis is categorized as either hypertensive urgency or hypertensive emergency, according to the absence or presence of end organ damage, respectively. [24] [25]In hypertensive urgency, there is no evidence of end organ damage resulting from the elevated blood pressure. In these cases, oral medications are used to lower the BP gradually over 24 to 48 hours. [26]In hypertensive emergency, there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs. [27] [28] The most affected organs include the brain, kidney, heart and lungs, producing symptoms which may include confusion, drowsiness, chest pain and breathlessness. [26] In hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ongoing organ damage, [26] however, there is a lack of randomized controlled trial evidence for this approach. [28]Pregnancy [ edit]Main articles: Gestational hypertension and Pre-eclampsia Hypertension occurs in approximately 8–10% of pregnancies. [23] Two blood pressure measurements six hours apart of greater than 140/90 mm Hg is diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy. [29] High blood pressure in pregnancy can be classified as pre-existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, or pre-eclampsia. [30]Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition of the second half of pregnancy and following delivery characterised by increased blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine. [23] It occurs in about 5% of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 16% of all maternal deaths globally. [23] Pre-eclampsia also doubles the risk of death of the baby around the time of birth. [23] Usually there are no symptoms in pre-eclampsia and it is detected by routine screening. When symptoms of pre-eclampsia occur the most common are headache, visual disturbance (often "flashing lights"), vomiting, pain over the stomach, and swelling. Pre-eclampsia can occasionally progress to a life-threatening condition called eclampsia, which is a hypertensive emergency and has several serious complications including vision loss, brain swelling, seizures, kidney failure, pulmonary edema, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (a blood clotting disorder). [23] [31]In contrast, gestational hypertension is defined as new-onset hypertension during pregnancy without protein in the urine. [30]Children [ edit]Failure to thrive, seizures, irritability, lack of energy, and difficulty in breathing [32] can be associated with hypertension in newborns and young infants. In older infants and children, hypertension can cause headache, unexplained irritability, fatigue, failure to thrive, blurred vision, nosebleeds, and facial paralysis. [32] [33]Causes [ edit]Primary hypertension [ edit]Main article: Essential hypertension Hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. Numerous common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified [34] as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure. [35] Also, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 35 genetic loci related to blood pressure; 12 of these genetic loci influencing blood pressure were newly found. [36] Sentinel SNP for each new genetic loci identified has shown an association with DNA methylation at multiple nearby Cpg sites. These sentinel SNP are located within genes related to vascular smooth muscle and renal function. DNA methylation might affect in some way linking common genetic variation to multiple phenotypes even though mechanisms underlying these associations are not understood. Single variant test performed in this study for the 35 sentinel SNP (known and new) showed that genetic variants singly or in aggregate contribute to risk of clinical phenotypes related to high blood pressure. [36]Blood pressure rises with aging and the risk of becoming hypertensive in later life is considerable. [37] Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. High salt intake raises the blood pressure in salt sensitive individuals; lack of exercise, obesity, and depression [38] can play a role in individual cases. The possible role of other factors such as caffeine consumption, [39] and vitamin D deficiency [40] are less clear. Insulin resistance, which is common in obesity and is a component of syndrome X (or the metabolic syndrome ), is also thought to contribute to hypertension. [41] One review suggests that sugar may play an important role in hypertension and salt is just an innocent bystander. [42]Events in early life, such as low birth weight, maternal smoking, and lack of breastfeeding may be risk factors for adult essential hypertension, although the mechanisms linking these exposures to adult hypertension remain unclear. [43] An increased rate of high blood urea has been found in untreated people with hypertensive in comparison with people with normal blood pressure, although it is uncertain whether the former plays a causal role or is subsidiary to poor kidney function. [44] Average blood pressure may be higher in the winter than in the summer. [45]Secondary hypertension [ edit]Main article: Secondary hypertension Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. [23] Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions, such as Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Conn's syndrome or hyperaldosteronism, renal artery stenosis (from atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia ), hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytoma. [23] [46] Other causes of secondary hypertension include obesity, sleep apnea, pregnancy, coarctation of the aorta, excessive eating of liquorice, excessive drinking of alcohol, and certain prescription medicines, herbal remedies, and illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine. [23] [47] Arsenic exposure through drinking water has been shown to correlate with elevated blood pressure. [48] [49]Pathophysiology [ edit]Main article: Pathophysiology of hypertension Determinants of mean arterial pressure Illustration depicting the effects of high blood pressure In most people with established essential hypertension, increased resistance to blood flow ( total peripheral resistance) accounts for the high pressure while cardiac output remains normal. [50] There is evidence that some younger people with prehypertension or 'borderline hypertension' have high cardiac output, an elevated heart rate and normal peripheral resistance, termed hyperkinetic borderline hypertension. [51] These individuals develop the typical features of established essential hypertension in later life as their cardiac output falls and peripheral resistance rises with age. [51] Whether this pattern is typical of all people who ultimately develop hypertension is disputed. [52] The increased peripheral resistance in established hypertension is mainly attributable to structural narrowing of small arteries and arterioles, [53] although a reduction in the number or density of capillaries may also contribute. [54]It is not clear whether or not vasoconstriction of arteriolar blood vessels plays a role in hypertension. [55] Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral venous compliance [56] which may increase venous return, increase cardiac preload and, ultimately, cause diastolic dysfunction. Pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) is frequently increased in older people with hypertension. This can mean that systolic pressure is abnormally high, but diastolic pressure may be normal or low a condition termed isolated systolic hypertension. [57] The high pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is explained by increased arterial stiffness, which typically accompanies aging and may be exacerbated by high blood pressure. [58]Many mechanisms have been proposed to account for the rise in peripheral resistance in hypertension. Most evidence implicates either disturbances in the kidneys' salt and water handling (particularly abnormalities in the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system) [59] or abnormalities of the sympathetic nervous system. [60] These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and it is likely that both contribute to some extent in most cases of essential hypertension. It has also been suggested that endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation may also contribute to increased peripheral resistance and vascular damage in hypertension. [61] [62] Interleukin 17 has garnered interest for its role in increasing the production of several other immune system chemical signals thought to be involved in hypertension such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8. [63]Consumption of excessive sodium and/or insufficient potassium leads to excessive intracellular sodium, which contracts vascular smooth muscle, restricting blood flow and so increases blood pressure. [64] [65]Diagnosis [ edit]Typical tests performed System Tests Kidney Microscopic urinalysis, protein in the urine, BUN and/or creatinine Endocrine Serum sodium, potassium, calcium, TSHMetabolic Fasting blood glucose, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol, triglycerides Other Hematocrit, electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph Sources: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine [66] and others [67] [68] [69] [70] [71]Hypertension is diagnosed on the basis of a persistently high resting blood pressure. Traditionally, the National Institute of Clinical Excellence recommends three separate resting sphygmomanometer measurements at monthly intervals. [72] [73] The American Heart Association recommends at least three resting measurements on at least two separate health care visits. [74]For an accurate diagnosis of hypertension to be made, it is essential for proper blood pressure measurement technique to be used. [75] Improper measurement of blood pressure is common and can change the blood pressure reading by up to 10 mm Hg, which can lead to misdiagnosis and misclassification of hypertension. [75] Correct blood pressure measurement technique involves several steps. Proper blood pressure measurement requires the person whose blood pressure is being measured to sit quietly for at least five minutes which is then followed by application of a properly fitted blood pressure cuff to a bare upper arm. [75] The person should be seated with their back supported, feet flat on the floor, and with their legs uncrossed. [75] The person whose blood pressure is being measured should avoid talking or moving during this process. [75] The arm being measured should be supported on a flat surface at the level of the heart. [75] Blood pressure measurement should be done in a quiet room so the medical professional checking the blood pressure can hear the Korotkoff sounds while listening to the brachial artery with a stethoscope for accurate blood pressure measurements. [75] [76] The blood pressure cuff should be deflated slowly (2-3 mm Hg per second) while listening for the Korotkoff sounds. [76] The bladder should be emptied before a person's blood pressure is measured since this can increase blood pressure by up to 15/10 mm Hg. [75] Multiple blood pressure readings (at least two) spaced 1–2 minutes apart should be obtained to ensure accuracy. [76] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 12 to 24 hours is the most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis. [77]An exception to this is those with very high blood pressure readings especially when there is poor organ function. [73] Initial assessment of the hypertensive people should include a complete history and physical examination. With the availability of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitors and home blood pressure machines, the importance of not wrongly diagnosing those who have white coat hypertension has led to a change in protocols. In the United Kingdom, current best practice is to follow up a single raised clinic reading with ambulatory measurement, or less ideally with home blood pressure monitoring over the course of 7 days. [73] The United States Preventive Services Task Force also recommends getting measurements outside of the healthcare environment. [78] Pseudohypertension in the elderly or noncompressibility artery syndrome may also require consideration. This condition is believed to be due to calcification of the arteries resulting in abnormally high blood pressure readings with a blood pressure cuff while intra arterial measurements of blood pressure are normal. [79]Orthostatic hypertension is when blood pressure increases upon standing. [80]Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made, healthcare providers should attempt to identify the underlying cause based on risk factors and other symptoms, if present. Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by kidney disease. Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension. [81] Laboratory tests can also be performed to identify possible causes of secondary hypertension, and to determine whether hypertension has caused damage to the heart, eyes, and kidneys. Additional tests for diabetes and high cholesterol levels are usually performed because these conditions are additional risk factors for the development of heart disease and may require treatment. [6]Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. Serum creatinine alone may overestimate glomerular filtration rate and recent guidelines advocate the use of predictive equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate (e GFR). [27] e GFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain anti-hypertensive drugs on kidney function. Additionally, testing of urine samples for protein is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure. It may also show whether there is thickening of the heart muscle ( left ventricular hypertrophy) or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack. A chest X-ray or an echocardiogram may also be performed to look for signs of heart enlargement or damage to the heart. [23]Adults [ edit]Classification in adults Category Systolic, mm Hg Diastolic, mm Hg Hypotension < 90 < 60Normal90–119 [7]90–129 [82]60–79 [7]60–84 [82]Prehypertension (high normal, elevated [7])120–129 [7]130–139 [82] [83]60–79 [7]85–89 [82] [83]Stage 1 hypertension130-139 [7]140–159 [82]80-89 [7]90–99 [82]Stage 2 hypertension>140 [7]160–179 [82]>90 [7]100–109 [82]Hypertensive crises ≥ 180 [7] ≥ 120 [7]Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 160 [7] < 90 to 110 [7]In people aged 18 years or older hypertension is defined as a systolic or a diastolic blood pressure measurement consistently higher than an accepted normal value (this is above 129 or 139 mm Hg systolic, 89 mm Hg diastolic depending on the guideline). [5] [7] Other thresholds are used (135 mm Hg systolic or 85 mm Hg diastolic) if measurements are derived from 24-hour ambulatory or home monitoring. [73] Recent international hypertension guidelines have also created categories below the hypertensive range to indicate a continuum of risk with higher blood pressures in the normal range. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) published in 2003 [27] uses the term prehypertension for blood pressure in the range 120–139 mm Hg systolic or 80–89 mm Hg diastolic, while European Society of Hypertension Guidelines (2007) [84] and British Hypertension Society (BHS) IV (2004) [85] use optimal, normal and high normal categories to subdivide pressures below 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic. Hypertension is also sub-classified: JNC7 distinguishes hypertension stage I, hypertension stage II, and isolated systolic hypertension. Isolated systolic hypertension refers to elevated systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure and is common in the elderly. [27] The ESH-ESC Guidelines (2007) [84] and BHS IV (2004) [85] additionally define a third stage (stage III hypertension) for people with systolic blood pressure exceeding 179 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure over 109 mm Hg. Hypertension is classified as "resistant" if medications do not reduce blood pressure to normal levels. [27] In November 2017, the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology published a joint guideline which updates the recommendations of the JNC7 report. [86]Children [ edit]Hypertension occurs in around 0.2 to 3% of newborns; however, blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns. [33] Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns. A variety of factors, such as gestational age, postconceptional age and birth weight needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn. [33]Hypertension defined as elevated blood pressure over several visits affects 1% to 5% of children and adolescents and is associated with long term risks of ill-health. [87] Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and, in children, hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child. High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension. [87] Prehypertension in children has been defined as average systolic or diastolic blood pressure that is greater than or equal to the 90th percentile, but less than the 95th percentile. [87] In adolescents, it has been proposed that hypertension and pre-hypertension are diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults. [87]The value of routine screening for hypertension in children over the age of 3 years is debated. [88] [89] In 2004 the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at least once at every health care visit [87] and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and American Academy of Pediatrics made a similar recommendation. [90] However, the American Academy of Family Physicians [91] supports the view of the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force that the available evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for hypertension in children and adolescents who do not have symptoms. [92]Prevention [ edit]Much of the disease burden of high blood pressure is experienced by people who are not labeled as hypertensive. [85] Consequently, population strategies are required to reduce the consequences of high blood pressure and reduce the need for antihypertensive medications. Lifestyle changes are recommended to lower blood pressure, before starting medications. The 2004 British Hypertension Society guidelines [85] proposed lifestyle changes consistent with those outlined by the US National High BP Education Program in 2002 [93] for the primary prevention of hypertension:maintain normal body weight for adults (e.g. body mass index 20–25 kg/m 2)reduce dietary sodium intake to <100 mmol/ day (<6 g of sodium chloride or <2.4 g of sodium per day)engage in regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk walking (≥30 min per day, most days of the week)limit alcohol consumption to no more than 3 units/day in men and no more than 2 units/day in womenconsume a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (e.g. at least five portions per day);Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as an individual antihypertensive medication. Combinations of two or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results. [85] There is considerable evidence that reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood pressure, but whether this translates into a reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease remains uncertain. [94] Estimated sodium intake ≥6g/day and <3g/day are both associated with high risk of death or major cardiovascular disease, but the association between high sodium intake and adverse outcomes is only observed in people with hypertension. [95] Consequently, in the absence of results from randomized controlled trials, the wisdom of reducing levels of dietary salt intake below 3g/day has been questioned. [94]Management [ edit]Main article: Management of hypertension According to one review published in 2003, reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mm Hg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. [96]Target blood pressure [ edit]See also: Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines Various expert groups have produced guidelines regarding how low the blood pressure target should be when a person is treated for hypertension. These groups recommend a target below the range 140–160 / 90–100 mm Hg for the general population. [13] [97] [98] [99] [100] Controversy exists regarding the appropriate targets for certain subgroups, including the elderly, people with diabetes, and people with kidney disease. [101]Many expert groups recommend a slightly higher target of 150/90 mm Hg for those over somewhere between 60 and 80 years of age. [97] [98] [99] [102] The JNC-8 and American College of Physicians recommend the target of 150/90 mm Hg for those over 60 years of age, [13] [103] but some experts within these groups disagree with this recommendation. [104] Some expert groups have also recommended slightly lower targets in those with diabetes [97] or chronic kidney disease with protein loss in the urine, [105] but others recommend the same target as for the general population. [13] [101] The issue of what is the best target and whether targets should differ for high risk individuals is unresolved, [106] but current best evidence supports more intensive blood pressure lowering than advocated in some guidelines. [107]Lifestyle modifications [ edit]The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, physical exercise, and weight loss. Though these have all been recommended in scientific advisories, [108] a Cochrane systematic review found no evidence for effects of weight loss diets on death, long-term complications or adverse events in persons with hypertension. [109] The review did find a decrease in blood pressure. [109] Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times exceeds a single medication. [12] If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction with medication. Dietary changes shown to reduce blood pressure include diets with low sodium, [110] [111] [112] the DASH diet, [113]vegetarian diets, [114] and green tea consumption. [115] [116] [117] [118]Increasing dietary potassium has a potential benefit for lowering the risk of hypertension. [119] [120] The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) stated that potassium is one of the shortfall nutrients which is under-consumed in the United States. [121]Physical exercise regimens which are shown to reduce blood pressure include isometric resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and device-guided breathing. [122]Stress reduction techniques such as biofeedback or transcendental meditation may be considered as an add-on to other treatments to reduce hypertension, but do not have evidence for preventing cardiovascular disease on their own. [122] [123] [124] Self-monitoring and appointment reminders might support the use of other strategies to improve blood pressure control, but need further evaluation. [125]Medications [ edit]Several classes of medications, collectively referred to as antihypertensive medications, are available for treating hypertension. First-line medications for hypertension include thiazide-diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. [13] These medications may be used alone or in combination (ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not recommended for use in combination); the latter option may serve to minimize counter-regulatory mechanisms that act to revert blood pressure values to pre-treatment levels. [13] [126] Previously beta-blockers were thought to have similar beneficial effects when used as first-line therapy for hypertension. However, a Cochrane review that included 13 trials found that the effects of beta-blockers are inferior to that of other antihypertensive medications. [127] Most people require more than one medication to control their hypertension. [108] Medications for blood pressure control should implemented by a stepped care approach when target levels are not reached. [125]Resistant hypertension [ edit]Resistant hypertension is defined as hypertension that remains above goal blood pressure in spite of using, at once, three antihypertensive medications belonging to different medication classes. Low adherence to treatment is an important cause of resistant hypertension. [128] Resistant hypertension may also represent the result of chronic high activity of the autonomic nervous system; this concept is known as "neurogenic hypertension". [129]Epidemiology [ edit]Map of the prevalence of hypertension in adult men in 2014. [130]Disability-adjusted life year for hypertensive heart disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. [131]no data<110110-220220-330330-440440-550550-660660-770770-880880-990990-11001100–1600>1600Adults [ edit]As of 2014, approximately one billion adults or ~22% of the population of the world have hypertension. [132] It is slightly more frequent in men, [132] in those of low socioeconomic status, [6] and it becomes more common with age. [6] It is common in high, medium, and low income countries. [132] [133] The rates of raised blood pressure are highest in Africa, (30% for both sexes) and lowest in the WHO Region of the Americas (18% for both sexes). Rates also vary markedly within WHO regions with rates as low as 3.4% (men) and 6.8% (women) in rural India and as high as 68.9% (men) and 72.5% (women) in Poland. [134]In Europe hypertension occurs in about 30-45% of people as of 2013. [12] In 1995 it was estimated that 43 million people (24% of the population) in the United States had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication. [135] By 2004 this had increased to 29% [136] [137] and further to 32% (76 million US adults) by 2017. [7] In 2017, with the change in definitions for hypertension, 46% of people in the United States are affected. [7] African-American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%. [138] It is also more common in Filipino Americans and less common in US whites and Mexican Americans. [6] [139]Children [ edit]Rates of high blood pressure in children and adolescents have increased in the last 20 years in the United States. [140] Childhood hypertension, particularly in pre-adolescents, is more often secondary to an underlying disorder than in adults. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, primary or essential hypertension accounts for most cases. [141]Outcomes [ edit]Main article: Complications of hypertension Diagram illustrating the main complications of persistent high blood pressure Hypertension is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide. [142] It increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, [143] strokes, [23] peripheral vascular disease, [144] and other cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, aortic aneurysms, diffuse atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary embolism. [11] [23] Hypertension is also a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. [23] Other complications include hypertensive retinopathy and hypertensive nephropathy. [27]History [ edit]Main article: History of hypertension Image of veins from Harvey's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus Measurement [ edit]Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician William Harvey (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book " De motu cordis ". The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733. [145] [146] However, hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own with the invention of the cuff-based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1896. [147] This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic. In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is ausculated with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. [146] This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured. Identification [ edit]The symptoms similar to symptoms of patients with hypertensive crisis are discussed in medieval Persian medical texts in the chapter of "fullness disease". [148] The symptoms include headache, heaviness in the head, sluggish movements, general redness and warm to touch feel of the body, prominent, distended and tense vessels, fullness of the pulse, distension of the skin, coloured and dense urine, loss of appetite, weak eyesight, impairment of thinking, yawning, drowsiness, vascular rupture, and hemorrhagic stroke. [149] Fullness disease was presumed to be due to an excessive amount of blood within the blood vessels. Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came among others from Thomas Young in 1808 and especially Richard Bright in 1836. [145] The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by Frederick Akbar Mahomed (1849–1884). [150]Treatment [ edit]Historically the treatment for what was called the "hard pulse disease" consisted in reducing the quantity of blood by bloodletting or the application of leeches. [145] This was advocated by The Yellow Emperor of China, Cornelius Celsus, Galen, and Hippocrates. [145] The therapeutic approach for the treatment of hard pulse disease included changes in lifestyle (staying away from anger and sexual intercourse) and dietary program for patients (avoiding the consumption of wine, meat, and pastries, reducing the volume of food in a meal, maintaining a low-energy diet and the dietary usage of spinach and vinegar ). In the 19th and 20th centuries, before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension became possible, three treatment modalities were used, all with numerous side-effects: strict sodium restriction (for example the rice diet [145] ), sympathectomy (surgical ablation of parts of the sympathetic nervous system ), and pyrogen therapy (injection of substances that caused a fever, indirectly reducing blood pressure). [145] [151]The first chemical for hypertension, sodium thiocyanate, was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular. [145] Several other agents were developed after the Second World War, the most popular and reasonably effective of which were tetramethylammonium chloride, hexamethonium, hydralazine, and reserpine (derived from the medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina ). None of these were well tolerated. [152] [153] A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well-tolerated orally available agents. The first was chlorothiazide, the first thiazide diuretic and developed from the antibiotic sulfanilamide, which became available in 1958. [145] [154] Subsequently, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and renin inhibitors were developed as antihypertensive agents. [151]Society and culture [ edit]Awareness [ edit]Graph showing, prevalence of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension compared between the four studies of NHANES [136]The World Health Organization has identified hypertension, or high blood pressure, as the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. [155]The World Hypertension League ( WHL ), an umbrella organization of 85 national hypertension societies and leagues, recognized that more than 50% of the hypertensive population worldwide are unaware of their condition. [155] To address this problem, the WHL initiated a global awareness campaign on hypertension in 2005 and dedicated May 17 of each year as World Hypertension Day ( WHD ). Over the past three years, more national societies have been engaging in WHD and have been innovative in their activities to get the message to the public. In 2007, there was record participation from 47 member countries of the WHL. During the week of WHD, all these countries – in partnership with their local governments, professional societies, nongovernmental organizations and private industries – promoted hypertension awareness among the public through several media and public rallies. Using mass media such as Internet and television, the message reached more than 250 million people. As the momentum picks up year after year, the WHL is confident that almost all the estimated 1.5 billion people affected by elevated blood pressure can be reached. [156]Economics [ edit]High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in USA. The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion. [138] In the US 80% of people with hypertension are aware of their condition, 71% take some antihypertensive medication, but only 48% of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it. [138] Adequate management of hypertension can be hampered by inadequacies in the diagnosis, treatment, or control of high blood pressure. [157] Health care providers face many obstacles to achieving blood pressure control, including resistance to taking multiple medications to reach blood pressure goals. People also face the challenges of adhering to medicine schedules and making lifestyle changes. Nonetheless, the achievement of blood pressure goals is possible, and most importantly, lowering blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke, the development of other debilitating conditions, and the cost associated with advanced medical care. [158] [159]Research [ edit]A 2015 review of several studies found that restoring blood vitamin D levels by using supplements (more than 1,000 IU per day) reduced blood pressure in hypertensive individuals when they had existing vitamin D deficiency. [160] The results also demonstrated a correlation of chronically low vitamin D levels with a higher chance of becoming hypertensive. Supplementation with vitamin D over 18 months in normotensive individuals with vitamin D deficiency did not significantly affect blood pressure. [160]There is tentative evidence that an increased calcium intake may help in preventing hypertension. 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PMID 18345711.^ a b Chen, S; Sun, Y; Agrawal, DK (2015). "Vitamin D deficiency and essential hypertension". Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 9 (11): 885–901. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.08.009. PMC 4641765. PMID 26419755.^ Cormick, G; Ciapponi, A; Cafferata, ML; Belizán, JM (30 June 2015). "Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD010037. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD010037.pub2. PMID 26126003. Further reading [ edit]James, Paul A.; Oparil, Suzanne; Carter, Barry L.; Cushman, William C.; Dennison-Himmelfarb, Cheryl; Handler, Joel; Lackland, Daniel T.; Lefevre, Michael L.; Mac Kenzie, Thomas D.; Ogedegbe, Olugbenga; Smith, Sidney C.; Svetkey, Laura P.; Taler, Sandra J.; Townsend, Raymond R.; Wright, Jackson T.; Narva, Andrew S.; Ortiz, Eduardo (18 December 2013). "2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults". JAMA. 311 (5): 507–20. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.284427. PMID 24352797. External links [ edit]Classification V · T · DICD - 10: I10, I11, I12, I13, I15 ICD - 9-CM: 401 OMIM: 145500 Me SH: D006973 Diseases DB: 6330External resources Medline Plus: 000468 e Medicine: med/1106 ped/1097 emerg/267 Patient UK: Hypertension Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hypertension. Wikivoyage has information for traveling with high blood pressure. Hypertension at Curlie (based on DMOZ)v t e Cardiovascular disease (vessels) ( I70–I99, 440–456)Biology portal Medicine portal Health portal Authority control LCCN: sh85063723 NDL: 00566266Categories: Hypertension Blood pressure Medical conditions related to obesity Aging-associated diseases
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Tunisia -LRB- تونس ; ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ Tunisie -RRB- , officially the Tunisian Republic is a country in North Africa , covering 165,000 km2 . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is the northernmost point on the African continent . It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis , which is located on Tunisia 's northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 km of coastline includes the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , features the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States . In addition , Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation , privatisation and industrial modernization . In ancient times , Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers . Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC ; these immigrants founded Carthage . A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic , Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC . The Romans , who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years , introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater . After several attempts starting in 647 , the Arabs conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697 , followed by the Ottomans between 1534 and 1574 . The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years . The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881 . Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957 . In 2011 , the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali , followed by parliamentary elections . The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014 , and for President on 23 November 2014 .
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Manchester City Football Club is a football club in Manchester , England . Founded in 1880 as St. Mark 's -LRB- West Gorton -RRB- , they became Ardwick Association Football Club in 1887 and Manchester City in 1894 . The club moved to the City of Manchester Stadium in 2003 , having played at Maine Road since 1923 . The club 's most successful period was in the late 1960s and early 1970s when they won the League Championship , FA Cup , League Cup and European Cup Winners ' Cup under the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison . After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final , the club went through a period of decline , culminating in relegation to the third tier of English football for the only time in their history in 1998 . Having regained their Premier League status in the early 2000s , the club was purchased in 2008 by Abu Dhabi United Group and has become one of the wealthiest in the world . Since 2011 the club have won five major honours , including the Premier League in 2012 and 2014 . By 2015 -- 16 , Manchester City had the fifth-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual revenue of $ 463.5 million . In 2016 , Forbes magazine estimated they were the world 's sixth most valuable football club , worth $ 1.92 billion .
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Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2–1 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985.
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Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta -LRB- -LSB- ˈstɛfəniː_dʒɜrməˈnɒtə -RSB- ; born March 28 , 1986 -RRB- , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . At the beginning of her career , Gaga became known for her unconventionality and provocative work . A popular contemporary recording artist , she is noted for constantly experimenting with new musical ideas and images . Gaga initially played roles in high school plays , and studied at CAP21 through NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career . After leaving a rock band , participating in a performance art circuit , and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings , Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing . From there , Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution in 2007 . Gaga rose to prominence with the release of her successful debut album The Fame -LRB- 2008 -RRB- and its international chart-topping singles `` Just Dance '' and `` Poker Face '' . A follow-up EP , The Fame Monster -LRB- 2009 -RRB- , was met with a similar reception and the singles `` Bad Romance '' , `` Telephone '' , and `` Alejandro '' were also successful . Gaga 's second full-length album Born This Way -LRB- 2011 -RRB- topped the charts in more than 20 countries , including the US , where it sold over one million copies in its first week . The album produced the number-one single `` Born This Way '' . Gaga 's third album Artpop , released in 2013 , topped the US charts and included the successful single `` Applause '' . In 2014 , Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek , her third consecutive number one in the US . For her work in the television series American Horror Story : Hotel , Gaga won a Golden Globe Award in 2016 . With her fifth studio album Joanne -LRB- 2016 -RRB- , she became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s . In February 2017 , Gaga headlined the Super Bowl LI halftime show , which had over 150 million audience across various platforms worldwide , making it the most viewed musical event in history . With global album and single sales of 27 million and 146 million respectively , as of January 2016 , she is one of the best-selling musicians of all time . Her achievements include twelve Guinness World Records , three Brit Awards , and six Grammy Awards . She has also received awards from the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Council of Fashion Designers of America . Gaga regularly appears on Billboards Artists of the Year lists and Forbess power and earnings rankings . She was ranked at number four on VH1 's Greatest Women in Music , finished second on Times 2011 readers ' poll of the most influential people of the past ten years , and was named Billboards Woman of the Year -LRB- 2015 -RRB- . She is known for her philanthropic work and social activism , including LGBT rights and her own non-profit organization , the Born This Way Foundation , which focuses on promoting youth empowerment and combating bullying .
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At first, it was just an idea, but this bill is now very real â urban transportation services like Uber and LeCab will now have to wait 15 minutes in France before letting a customer in the car.⦠At first, it was just an idea, but this bill is now very real -- urban transportation services like Uber and LeCab will now have to wait 15 minutes in France..
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. Hand tools Pliers Pliers and cutters come in various sizes and are classified by:functiontype of nose or head. The following are examples of pliers and cutter types that are used for electrical work. Combination pliers Combine the function of a number of types of pliers and therefore have a wide variety of uses in the electrical trade. Available in sizes from 150 to 230mm. Application: Flat jaw tips are serrated for general gripping, bending, and twisting, etc. Pipe grip is serrated for gripping cylindrical objects. Joint cutters are used for shearing off steel wires. Side cutting jaws are for cutting softer wires, eg copper, etc or stripping cables. ( Not damaging the copper conductors when stripping cables requires a deal of practice. )Combination pliers Diagonal cutting pliers (side cutters)Made with the jaws set at an angle and available in sizes from 100mm to 200mm. Application: Cutting conductors in confined spaces or close to electrical terminals. Stripping the outer sheath of flexible cable ready for terminating. Side cutters Note : Offcuts are liable to fly when cut. Make sure you cut with the free end of wire pointing away from you. Wear goggles. Long taper nose (or long nose) pliers Jaws are tapered and wedge shaped. In general, the jaws are serrated for gripping purposes. Application: Holding small parts without obstructing your view. Reaching into confined spaces. Shaping control wiring in electrical equipment. Long nose pliers Round nose pliers Provided with tapered, rounded (conical-shaped) jaws. Application: Shape loops in conductors. Shaping eyes in conductors to fit terminal screws. Round nose pliers Heavy duty cable cutter Large cutter with a scissor action. Application: Cutting large cable, eg consumer mains/cable. Cable cutters Vice grip pliers Basically an adjustable portable clamp with serrated jaws. Application: Clamp, wrench, or portable vice to hold items for drilling, grinding and welding, etc. Vice grips Wire strippers There's a variety of wire strippers available. They usually have a means of adjusting, or provide access to different cutter positions to cater for varying wire sizes. The jaws of the strippers remove the insulation from the conductor. Application: Stripping small size conductors. Flexible conductors. Wire strippers Crimping tools Come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Application: Provide a compressed conductive connection between the ends of cables to be joined or more commonly between terminal lugs and cables. They also have a cutting edge. Crimping pliers PVC conduit cutters Applying pressure to the handles of these cutters forces a blade through the PVC conduit in a shearing action. The most common size of these cutters will cut PVC conduit up to 25mm. Application: Cutting PVC pipe/conduit. Conduit cutters Tin snips Come with straight or curved blades to cut left-handed or right-handed. Application: Cutting sheet metal. Cutting cable tray. Cutting duct. Tin snips© Commonwealth of Australia 2009 | Licensed under AEShare Net - S Licence Disclaimer and copyright
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Jennifer Joanna Aniston -LRB- born February 11 , 1969 -RRB- is an American actress , producer , and businesswoman . She is the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and American actress Nancy Dow . Aniston gained worldwide recognition for portraying Rachel Green on the popular television sitcom Friends -LRB- 1994 -- 2004 -RRB- , a role which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award . The character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the 100 greatest female characters in United States television . Aniston has played the female protagonist in a number of comedies and romantic comedies . Her box office hits include Bruce Almighty -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , The Break-Up -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , Marley & Me -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , Just Go with It -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Horrible Bosses -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , and We 're the Millers -LRB- 2013 -RRB- , each of which have grossed over 200 million in worldwide receipts . Her most critically acclaimed roles included the role of Olivia in Friends with Money -LRB- 2006 -RRB- , The Good Girl -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , for which she was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead , and the drama Cake -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , for which she received nominations for the Golden Globe Award and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress . Her other films include Along Came Polly -LRB- 2004 -RRB- and He 's Just Not That Into You -LRB- 2009 -RRB- . In 2008 , she co-founded the production company Echo Films . In 2012 , Aniston received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She is one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood , and as of 2014 , her net worth is estimated to be 150 million . She has also been included in magazines ' lists of the world 's most beautiful women . People magazine named Aniston `` The Most Beautiful Woman '' in 2004 and 2016 , and Men 's Health magazine voted her the `` Sexiest Woman of All Time '' in 2011 . Divorced from actor Brad Pitt , to whom she was married for five years , she has been married to actor Justin Theroux since 2015 .
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A monosaccharide is a monomer of carbohydrates. Five monosaccharides are important in the body. Three of these are the hexose sugars, so called because they each contain six atoms of carbon. These are glucose, fructose, and galactose, shown in [link]a. The remaining monosaccharides are the two pentose sugars, each of which contains five atoms of carbon.
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John Clayton Mayer -LRB- -LSB- ˈmeɪ.ɚ -RSB- born October 16 , 1977 -RRB- is an American singer-songwriter , guitarist , and producer . He was born in Bridgeport , Connecticut , and raised in nearby Fairfield . He attended Berklee College of Music in Boston , but disenrolled and moved to Atlanta in 1997 with Clay Cook . Together , they formed a short-lived two-man band called Lo-Fi Masters . After their split , Mayer continued to play local clubs -- refining his skills and gaining a following . After his appearance at the 2001 South by Southwest Festival , he was signed to Aware Records , and then Columbia Records , which released his first EP , Inside Wants Out . His following two full-length albums -- Room for Squares -LRB- 2001 -RRB- and Heavier Things -LRB- 2003 -RRB- -- did well commercially , achieving multi-platinum status . In 2003 , he won the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for the single `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' . Though Mayer started his career mainly performing acoustic rock , he began moving towards the blues genre that had originally influenced him as a musician . By 2005 , he was collaborating with blues artists such as B. B. King , Buddy Guy , and Eric Clapton . Forming the John Mayer Trio , he released a live album in 2005 called Try ! , and his third studio album Continuum in 2006 . Both albums received wide critical acclaim , and Continuum earned Mayer a 2007 Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album . He also won Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for `` Waiting on the World to Change '' . That album was followed by Battle Studies in 2009 , a return to pop , with a number-one grossing tour . After having several controversial incidents with the media , Mayer withdrew from public life in 2010 and began work on a follow-up album , called Born and Raised , that would draw inspiration from the 1970s pop music of Laurel Canyon . However , the discovery of a granuloma on his vocal cords delayed the release of the album until May 2012 , and ultimately forced him to cancel the planned tour . Even so , the album enjoyed a generally favorable reception , though was less commercially successful than his previous work . After extensive treatments for his vocal problems -- and a two-year hiatus -- Mayer began performing as a singer again in January 2013 , and that year released the album , Paradise Valley . The album is named for where he lives in Montana and features country music influences . By 2014 , he had sold a total of over 20 million albums worldwide . After developing an interest in the Grateful Dead and connecting with Bob Weir , Mayer formed Dead & Company with three former Grateful Dead musicians . After two well-received tours in the fall of 2015 and summer of 2016 , the band has already committed to another tour for the summer of 2017 . Mayer 's secondary career pursuits extend to television hosting , comedy , and writing ; he has authored columns for magazines such as Esquire . He supports various causes and has performed at charity benefits . He is a watch aficionado -LRB- with a collection he values in the `` tens of millions '' of dollars -RRB- , and has been on the jury at the Grand Prix d'Horlogerie de Genève . He currently lives in Montana . His latest song is `` Love on the Weekend '' .
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Report Abuse. A money order is only valid for 120 days. You might be able to contact western union and tell them your situation and see what they can do to help you.I mean the money was paid to them and never paid out so they don't just get to keep your money, no matter how long it has been. Jackie · 6 months ago.Thumbs up. just now. Report Abuse. A money order is only valid for 120 days. You might be able to contact western union and tell them your situation and see what they can do to help you. I mean the money was paid to them and never paid out so they don't just get to keep your money, no matter how long it has been.
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Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world,[citation needed] Takshashila University. One of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history.
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Starting in 2002, Apple moved to eliminate CRT displays from its product line as part of aesthetic design and space-saving measures with the iMac G4. However, the new iMac with its flexible LCD flat-panel monitor was considerably more expensive on its debut than the preceding iMac G3, largely due to the higher cost of the LCD technology at the time. In order to keep the Macintosh affordable for the education market and due to obsolescence of the iMac G3, Apple created the eMac in April 2002 as the intended successor; however the eMac's CRT made it relatively bulky and somewhat outdated, while its all-in-one construction meant it could not be expanded to meet consumer demand for larger monitors. The iMac G4's relatively high prices were approaching that of laptops which were portable and had higher resolution LCD screens. Meanwhile, Windows PC manufacturers could offer desktop configurations with LCD flat panel monitors at prices comparable to the eMac and at much lower cost than the iMac G4. The flop of the Power Mac G4 Cube, along with the more expensive iMac G4 and heavy eMac, meant that Macintosh desktop sales never reached the market share attained by the previous iMac G3. For the next half-decade while Macintosh sales held steady, it would instead be the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service that would drive Apple's sales growth.
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The Lowest Places Below Sea Level on Each Continent The Lowest Places Below Sea Level on Each Continent Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters Thanks, You're in! What I Learned About Today You might also enjoy: Health Tip of the Day Recipe of the Day There was an error. Please try again. Please select a newsletter. Please enter a valid email address. Did you mean ? Lowest Point in the World (and Asia) Dead Sea shore, Israel-Jordan: 1369 feet / 417.5 meters below sea level Lowest Point in Africa Lake Assal, Djibouti: 512 feet / 156 meters below sea level Lowest Point in Australia Lake Eyre: 52 feet / 12 meters below sea level Lowest Point in Europe Caspian Sea shore, Russia-Iran-Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan: 92 feet / 28 meters below sea level Lowest Point in Western Europe Tie: Lemmefjord, Denmark and Prins Alexander Polder, Netherlands: 23 feet / 7 meters below sea level Lowest Point in North America Death Valley , California: 282 feet / 86 meters below sea level Lowest Point in South America Laguna del Carbon (located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa Cruz): 344 feet / 105 meters below sea level Lowest Point in Antarctica The Bentley Subglacial Trench is approximately 2540 meters (8,333 feet) below sea level but is covered with ice; if Antarctica's ice were to melt, exposing the trench, it would be covered by sea so it is a quasi-lowest point and if one ignores the reality of the ice, it is the lowest point "on land" on the earth.
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The Minton-Capehart Federal Building is a United States federal building in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is named for former US Senator and US Supreme Court Justice Sherman Minton and former US Senator Homer E. Capehart. It is most famous for the "Color Fuses" mural by architect Milton Glaser that wraps around the entire ground floor.
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My boyfriends Facebook page has been hacked and he no longer has access to his email as it was set up by his ex girlfriend and Hotmail will not reset it as we don't have enough info. It has been reported numerous times but nothing has happened. Just wondering is there anything I can do?
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In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s–lower 50s °F (8–12 °C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3–5 in (8–13 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year.
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Economy of Mexico The economy of Mexico is the 13th largest in the world in nominal terms and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity, according to the International Monetary Fund.[16] Since the 1994 crisis, administrations have improved the country's macroeconomic fundamentals. Mexico was not significantly influenced by the 2002 South American crisis, and maintained positive, although low, rates of growth after a brief period of stagnation in 2001. However, Mexico was one of the Latin American nations most affected by the 2008 recession with its Gross Domestic Product contracting by more than 6% in that year.
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The Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser was an American colonial newspaper founded in 1767 that was published in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , prior to the American Revolution and was founded by William Goddard and his business partners Joseph Galloway and Thomas Wharton . Benjamin Franklin , an associate of Galloway , was also a partner with the Chronicle . The newspaper was established to challenge the power of the Penn family and ultimately the Crown authorities who at that time were placing laws and taxes on the colonists without fair representation in the British Parliament . The Chronicle was published once a week on a Monday , the first issue being released on January 6 , 1767 , and was printed from a new Bourgeois type set by Goddard 's printing company in Philadelphia , The New Printing Office , on Market-Street , near the Post-Office . The annual subscription rate was ten shillings . The publication maintained operations from January 6 , 1767 , until February 8 , 1774 . In 1768 William 's sister , Mary Katherine Goddard who later became famous for being the first woman to be a postmaster in Maryland , later joined and managed her brother 's printing office in Philadelphia . By 1770 the Pennsylvania Chronicle had a circulation of about twenty-five hundred , making it one of the most successful colonial newspapers . In the middle of the 18th century most of the printing presses that were in use in the American colonies were imported from England . Isaac Doolittle , a New-Haven watch and clock-maker , built the mahogany printing press for Goddard 's Pennsylvania Chronicle in Philadelphia . It was the first printing press built in the American colonies . Goddard 's newspaper was not without its competition . A rival Philadelphia printer , William Bradford III , founder of The Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser in 1742 conducted a newspaper war against Goddard that digressed into personal attacks . During this time Galloway and Wharton had sold their shares of the Chronicle to a Robert Towne , who in turn made many attempts to persuade Goddard to sell his newspaper to him . After Goddard publicly criticized Galloway and Wharton he subsequently found himself jailed for debt in September 1771 , no doubt at the prompting of the influential Galloway .
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Why do dolphins beach themselves? Answer by Deafwhale Confidence votes 41My answer to the centuries-old mystery of why whales and dolphins beach themselves can be stated in only one word: BAROSINUSITIS Barosinusitis in diving mammals is a pressure related injury in the sinuses and air sacs of their head. The physical trauma is induced by rapid and excessive changes in ambient water pressure. Such pressure oscillations occur above the epicenter of certain shallow-focused undersea earthquakes. But not all quakes generate whale-dangerous seismic waves; only those events that happen in specific places and in a specific manner are dangerous to diving whales. The sinuses and air sacs of toothed whales serve as acoustic mirrors reflecting sound inside their heads in such a fashion to enable their echo-navigation system to function properly. An injury in this critical part of their biosonar system disrupts echo-navigation, causing the animals to lose their normally excellent sense of direction. It also prevents them from diving and feeding themselves. Some injured pods recover with a week or so while others are washed into a beach before recovery occurs. Sharks sense the whales are in trouble, move in close, and wait for the opportunity to snatch any weakened pod member that falls behind. Injured, trailed by hungry sharks, and unable to navigate or dive, the wounded whales and dolphins huddle together in a tight group and swim downstream with the flow of the surface currents. The reason non-navigating whales always swim downstream is because there is increased resistance to swimming in any direction except downstream. This increased resistance turns their streamlined bodies and keeps them pointed in the same direction as the flow of the surface currents. Land masses that extend out to sea opposing the flow serve to trap sand, flotsam, and whales swimming with the flow. Besides undersea earthquakes, naval sonar, oil industry airgun arrays, and underwater explosives can also induce barosinusitis.3 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No
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One of Our Dinosaurs is Missing is a 1975 comedy film, which is set in the early 1920s, about the theft of a dinosaur skeleton from the Natural History Museum. The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution Company. The title is a parody of the film title "One of Our Aircraft Is Missing", in which both Peter Ustinov and Hugh Burden also appeared. The film was based on the 1970 novel "The Great Dinosaur Robbery" by David Forrest (pseudonym of David Eliades and Robert Forrest Webb).
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Arcade Fire is a Canadian indie rock band based in Montreal , Quebec , consisting of husband and wife Win Butler and Régine Chassagne , along with Win 's younger brother William Butler , Richard Reed Parry , Tim Kingsbury and Jeremy Gara . The band 's current touring line-up also includes former core member Sarah Neufeld , frequent collaborator Owen Pallett , two additional percussionists , Diol Edmond and Tiwill Duprate , and saxophonists Matt Bauder and Stuart Bogie . Founded in 2001 by friends and classmates Win Butler and Josh Deu , the band came to prominence in 2004 with the release of their critically acclaimed debut album Funeral . Their second studio album , Neon Bible , won them the 2008 Meteor Music Award for Best International Album and the 2008 Juno Award for Alternative Album of the Year . Their third studio album , The Suburbs , was released in 2010 to critical acclaim and commercial success . It received many accolades , including the 2011 Grammy for Album of the Year , the 2011 Juno Award for Album of the Year , and the 2011 Brit Award for Best International Album . In 2013 , Arcade Fire released their fourth album , Reflektor , and scored the feature film Her , for which band members William Butler and Owen Pallett were nominated in the Best Original Score category at the 86th Academy Awards . All four of their studio albums have received nominations for the Best Alternative Music Album Grammy ; the band 's work has also been named three times as a shortlist nominee for the Polaris Music Prize : in 2007 for Neon Bible , in 2011 for The Suburbs and in 2014 for Reflektor , winning the award for The Suburbs . The band plays guitar , drums , bass guitar , piano , violin , viola , cello , double bass , xylophone , glockenspiel , keyboard , synthesizer , French horn , accordion , harp , mandolin , and hurdy-gurdy , and takes most of these instruments on tour ; the multi-instrumentalist band members switch duties throughout shows .
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Ziggurat According to Herodotus, at the top of each ziggurat was a shrine, although none of these shrines have survived.[1] One practical function of the ziggurats was a high place on which the priests could escape rising water that annually inundated lowlands and occasionally flooded for hundreds of kilometres, for example the 1967 flood.[6] Another practical function of the ziggurat was for security. Since the shrine was accessible only by way of three stairways,[7] a small number of guards could prevent non-priests from spying on the rituals at the shrine on top of the ziggurat, such as initiation rituals such as the Eleusinian mysteries, cooking of sacrificial food and burning of carcasses of sacrificial animals. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex that included a courtyard, storage rooms, bathrooms, and living quarters, around which a city was built.[8]
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Bonanza is an NBC television western series that ran from 1959 to 1973. Lasting 14 seasons and 431 episodes, "Bonanza" is NBC's longest-running western, and ranks overall as the second-longest-running western series on U.S. network television (behind CBS's "Gunsmoke"), and within the top 10 longest-running, live-action American series. The show continues to air in syndication. The show is set around the 1860s and it centers on the wealthy Cartwright family, who live in the area of Virginia City, Nevada, bordering Lake Tahoe. The series stars Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker, Michael Landon, Pernell Roberts (who left after six seasons), and later David Canary and Mitch Vogel. The show is known for presenting moral dilemmas.
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The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, also known as the Maas-Argonne Offensive and the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front. It was fought from 26 September 1918 until the Armistice of 11 November 1918, a total of 47 days. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was the largest in United States military history, involving 1.2 million American soldiers. It was one of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which brought the war to an end. The battle cost 28,000 German lives and 26,277 American lives. It was the largest and bloodiest operation of World War I for the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), which was commanded by General John J. Pershing, and one of the deadliest battles in American history. American losses were exacerbated by the inexperience of many of the troops, and tactics used during the early phases of the operation.
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Walmart will be offering a flat rate fee of either $3 and $6 check cashing. They will also be offering lower costs on filing and tax preparation including free in-store federal Form 1040EZ filing. Walmart cashes most types of pre-printed checks, as well as payroll cards and eligible government benefit cards. Walmart cashes tax refund checks and cards up to $1,000 for $3 and tax refund checks up to $7,500 for $6, offering significant savings over many other check cashers. Walmart cashes checks in 47 states, excluding New York, New Jersey. The average tax refund is $2,902 which means Americans could spend up to $90 just to receive their tax refund according to the FDIC.
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Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 °C (45 °F). Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below −5 °C (23 °F) for only a few days a year. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.
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It is tornado that is formed over a water body, usually an ocean or sea.They are similar to the mesocyclonic thunderstorm tornadoes but are formed over a water body. A waterspout is not a destructive tornado as it spans itself over less than 2 km. Tornadoes of these type cause damage that tends to be EF2 or less.
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Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling although the spelling error was not corrected.
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The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898. The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender currently coached by Bill Self. The team has won five national titles, including three NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, and 2008. The basketball program is currently the second winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,070–806 through the 2011–12 season. The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse. Perhaps its best recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s. Kansas has counted among its coaches Dr. James Naismith (the inventor of basketball and only coach in Kansas history to have a losing record), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen ("the Father of basketball coaching"), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown. In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team. Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen. Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller. Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament. The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA.
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Bradford is in the Metropolitan Borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, in the foothills of the Pennines 8.6 mi west of Leeds, and 16 mi northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897. Following local government reform in 1974, city status was bestowed upon the wider metropolitan borough.
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Your own article from TIME explains it: it's much less about *what* you eat and much more about *how much* you eat. A diet, any diet, is going to force you to focus on your eating habits and, most likely, eat less. Eating fewer calories is the first and primary step in losing weight.
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Robert Arum -LRB- born December 8 , 1931 -RRB- is an American lawyer , boxing promoter and businessman . He is the founder and CEO of Top Rank , a professional boxing promotion company based in Las Vegas . He also worked for the US Attorney 's Office for the southern district of New York in the tax division during his legal career before moving into boxing promotion .
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In the reign of William and Mary, the Whigs split in two. Two separate groups were formed: the Court Whigs and the Country Whigs. Their titles give away their allegiance and it was to the Country Whigs that the more radical elements of the party drifted. The Country Whigs aligned with the Country Tories to form the New Country Party led by Robert Harley. The Court Whigs took office under William III and between 1694 and 1698 they developed a series of traits that stayed with them for over a century. The Whigs were seen to be the party of privilege where money counted.
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