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St. Anger is the eighth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on June 5, 2003, by Elektra Records. It was the band's last album released through Elektra, and the second-longest timespan between studio albums from Metallica, with nearly six years between the release of "Reload" and this album. It is also the final collaboration between Metallica and producer Bob Rock, whose relationship began with the band's fifth studio album, 1991's "Metallica". "St. Anger" was originally intended for release on June 10, 2003, but was released five days earlier due to concerns over unlicensed distribution through peer-to-peer file sharing networks. The "St. Anger" sessions also mark the only time Rock played when the music was being recorded, filling in for the departed bassist Jason Newsted.
The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.
Nazi gold -LRB- Raubgold , `` stolen gold '' -RRB- is the rumored gold allegedly transferred by Nazi Germany to overseas banks during World War II . The regime is believed to have executed a policy of looting the assets of its victims to finance the war , collecting the looted assets in central depositories . The occasional transfer of gold in return for currency took place in collusion with many individual collaborative institutions . The precise identities of those institutions , as well as the exact extent of the transactions , remain unclear . The present whereabouts of Nazi gold that disappeared into European banking institutions in 1945 has been the subject of several books , conspiracy theories , and a failed civil suit brought in January 2000 against the Vatican Bank , the Franciscan Order , and other defendants .
. Print Music Paired dance Page:1 2 3 4 5Next Paired dances such as the waltz and tango involve two people dancing together. Waltz The waltz evolved from folk dances in Austria and Germany in the mid-18th century. Alesha Dixon and Matthew Cutler dancing the waltz Waltzes:were very popular in Vienna in the early 19th century then spread to the rest of Europeare in triple time, usually 3/4, sometimes 3/8 or 3/2usually have one chord per bar with the bass note being heard on the first beathave lyrical melodiessometimes use several different melodies in one piece Waltz Some waltzes were written to dance to, others were composed as concert pieces. Many waltzes were written for piano and many for orchestra. A lot of classical composers have written waltzes. The most famous waltzes are by the father and son Johann Strauss. The younger Johann Strauss wrote The Blue Danube waltz. Chopin and Brahms both wrote many waltzes for piano. Waltzes for orchestra include Waltz of the Flowers by Tchaikovsky and La Valse by Ravel. Some pop songs use waltz-style rhythms eg First Love by Adele and Blackout by Muse. Waltz dance steps The waltz uses a closed position – the partners hold each other with both arms. It is graceful and elegant, the dancers glide effortlessly around the ballroom. Waltzes are characterised by long flowing movements and rise and fall. In a waltz there are three steps to each bar. Page:1 2 3 4 5Next Back to Music for dance index
Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955. A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins
Encoding: Purpose: The purpose of encoding is to transform data so that it can be properly (and safely) consumed by a different type of system. Used for: For maintaining data usability i.e.,to ensure that it is able to be properly consumed.ncryption transforms data into another format in such a way that only specific individual(s) can reverse the transformation. For Summary -. Encoding is for maintaining data usability and uses schemes that are publicly available.
This mechanism allows killer T-cells to hunt down and destroy cells that are infected with germs or that have become cancerous. The other main type of T-cells are called helper T-cells. Helper T-cells orchestrate an immune response and play important roles in all arms of immunity. You can find out more about these cells using the links to the right.
The Cabinet of Ecuador , officially : Cabinet of the Citizens Revolution -LRB- Gabinete de la Revolución Ciudadana -RRB- , is part of the executive branch of the Ecuadorian government , consisting of the heads of the variable number of government ministries . The cabinet is appointed by the President .
Battle of Bunker Hill The famous order "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes" was popularized in stories about the battle of Bunker Hill. It is uncertain as to who said it there, since various histories, including eyewitness accounts,[101] attribute it to Putnam, Stark, Prescott, or Gridley, and it may have been said first by one, and repeated by the others.[102] It was also not an original statement. The idea dates originally to the general-king Gustavus Adolphus (1594â€“1632) who gave standing orders to his musketeers: "never to give fire, till they could see their own image in the pupil of their enemy's eye".[103] Gustavus Adolphus's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated. It was used by General James Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham, when his troops defeated Montcalm's army on September 13, 1759.[104] The earliest similar quote came from the Battle of Dettingen on June 27, 1743, where Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw warned his Regiment, the Royal Scots Fusiliers, not to fire until they could "see the white of their e'en."[105] The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745, and repeated in 1755 by Frederick the Great, and may have been mentioned in histories the colonial military leaders were familiar with.[106] Whether or not it was actually said in this battle, it was clear that the colonial military leadership were regularly reminding their troops to hold their fire until the moment when it would have the greatest effect, especially in situations where their ammunition would be limited.[107]
John Winchester (Supernatural) John Eric Winchester[1] is a fictional character on The CW's series Supernatural, and the protagonist of the comic book spin-off series Supernatural: Origins.[2] Developed by series creator Eric Kripke, the character is mainly portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan. John is the father of Sam and Dean Winchester, the show's protagonists.
The South east Dorset conurbation -LRB- also known as the South Dorset conurbation , Poole-Bournemouth urban area and Bournemouth urban area -RRB- is a multi-centred conurbation on the south coast of Dorset in England . The area is rapidly becoming an amalgamation with the area of South West Hampshire immediately on the fringe of the newly formed New Forest National Park . The main population centres are Bournemouth , Poole and Christchurch ; however , the urbanised area spreads as far east as Barton on Sea in Hampshire . There are a number of satellite towns peripheral to these main urban centres . In clockwise rotation these include : Wareham , Upton , Wimborne , Ferndown , Verwood and Ringwood -LRB- Hampshire -RRB- . The urban area is generally surrounded by a green belt . The 2011 census gave a population of 466,626 for the conurbation defined by the Office for National Statistics as the Bournemouth/Poole Built-up Area , and divided it into six main parts : Bournemouth , Ferndown , Wimborne Minster , Christchurch , New Milton , and Poole . The population of the conurbation increased significantly between the 2001 and 2011 censuses mainly because Ferndown and Wimborne Minster became part of it . The population for the conurbation according for the 2001 and 1991 censuses was 383,713 and 358,321 , respectively . The South West England Regional Development Agency and the Highways Agency , which maintain 's England 's trunk roads , defined a South East Dorset Conurbation , with over 400,000 people . The term has also been applied to the Poole , Bournemouth and Christchurch boroughs , excluding the surrounding towns , for example , in their recent Joint Local Transport Plan . The conurbation is the largest urban area in Britain with no part having city status .
Aquarius Sun Sign - Zodiac Signs Aquarius Sun Sign - Zodiac Signs September 25, 2017/Astrology.com Aquarius is the eleventh sign of the zodiac, and Aquarians are the perfect representatives for the Age of Aquarius. Those born under this sign have the social conscience needed to carry us into the new millennium. These folks are humanitarian, philanthropic and keenly interested in making the world a better place. Along those lines, they'd like to make the world work better, which is why they focus much of their energy on our social institutions and how they work (or don't work). Aquarians are visionaries, progressive souls who love to spend time thinking about how things can be better. They are also quick to engage others in this process, which is why they have so many friends and acquaintances. Making the world a better place is a collaborative effort for Aquarians. Aquarius is symbolized by the Water Bearer. In much the same way that the Water Bearer brings that precious liquid as a gift, Aquarians shower the world with their thoughts and new ideas. Luckily for Aquarians (and the rest of us), they are at a near-genius level, so their minds churn out some amazing things. Their thought process is also inventive and original. While Aquarians are happy to bestow these ideas as a gift with no strings attached, they are much happier when the rest of the world agrees with them. Naysayers will quickly find out that Aquarians can be impatient, even temperamental, with those who disagree. Yes, these folks can be quite fixed in their opinions, in keeping with the Fixed Quality assigned to this sign. Even though Aquarians are happy to give, and they do, it's often on their terms and within their comfort level. Generally, that means ample space, since these folks are freedom-loving and individualistic and need to roam (and yes, they do enjoy travel). While Aquarians are generally sympathetic and compassionate, they like it when things go their own quirky way. Some might call their behavior eccentric (and they would be right), but when you consider that the Aquarian's heart is truly in the right place, a few oddities should be overlooked. In their own way, Aquarians treasure their many friends and acquaintances and want to give back as much as they can. Aquarius is ruled by Saturn and Uranus. Powerful Saturn was considered the father of many gods in ancient Roman times, and was the original ruler of Aquarius. Uranus is the oldest of the gods in Roman mythology; this planet was discovered much later than Saturn and was only more recently assigned to this sign. The combination of these planetary energies is strong and vibrant. Saturn's force field is that of the stern taskmaster, which is one reason why Aquarians love to think and put their ideas out to the world. They also love to think they're right! It's Uranus which instills Aquarians with their visionary spirit. If it's new, radical and rebellious, Aquarians are all over it. The fact that these folks can think so creatively and inventively is one of their greatest assets. Water Bearers are all about progress and technology -- they love the latest gadgets, gewgaws, computers and next-generation technologies. Thanks to a genius that borders on insanity (! ), those born under this sign have the unique ability to present ideas that will revolutionize the world. Their approach in doing so may be unpredictable, impersonal and at times cold. The element associated with Aquarius is Air, and that means the rarefied air of the intellectual. Aquarians will accomplish much with their broad and logical minds, entertaining complex and scientific ideas for the betterment of all. That said, they are also artistic and inventive. It's all in the spirit of creating a better world, hopefully one in keeping with their broad-minded beliefs. Aquarians believe that their offbeat, original approach will win the day, and that new thought is what is needed to change the world. Those born under this sign are altruistic, humane people who are determined to make a difference. At play, Aquarians like to surround themselves with lots of people, preferably family and friends. That said, if they don't know the 'players,' they soon will! Baseball and tennis are fun for these folks (though they should watch for weak ankles), and a daily swim would also be nice. Aquarians favor watery colors, like shiny silver or aqua blue. When it comes to love, Aquarians will also be playful, even flirtatious. While they play for keeps, it won't necessarily feel that way, since these folks are the opposite of jealous. The great strengths of the Aquarius-born are their vision, intellect and humanity. They are determined to make the world a better place and to help everyone they can along the way. They are truly the trailblazers of the zodiac. Copyright: vapi / 123RF Stock Photo
Four Powers may refer to : Allied Control Council , also referred to as the Four Powers , usually refers to the four countries that occupied the defeated Germany and Austria after the end of the Second World War in 1945 - France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Soviet Union . Four Policemen , also called the Four Powers during the war , was the four major Allies powers of World War II : China , Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and the United States .
Anna Mani (23 August 1918 – 16 August 2001) was an Indian physicist and meteorologist. She was the Deputy Director General of the Indian Meteorological Department. She made significant contributions in the field of meteorological instrumentation. She conducted research and published numerous papers on solar radiation, ozone and wind energy measurements.
How Many Days of Bleeding Are Typical During Menstruation? Menstrual Disorders Normal Menstruation How Many Days of Bleeding Are Typical During Menstruation? By Tracee Cornforth \| Reviewed by Meredith Shur, MDUpdated March 08, 2018Share Pin Email Printiiievgeniy / Getty Images Your period occurs when the lining of your uterus sheds. In order for your normal period to come each month, your body has to ovulate, which means an egg must be released from an ovary. Typically, your period will come about 12 to 16 days after you ovulate, assuming you did not get pregnant. Normal Menstruation Normal menstruation can last from one to seven days, although for most women with regular menstrual cycles, their period lasts an average of three to five days. It's important to note that nothing is wrong if your period is a couple days longer or shorter than the average three to five days. In other words, your period is unique to you, and the amount you bleed and the number of days will not be the same as everyone else. In addition, your period can vary a bit from cycle to cycle and this is normal. Factors Affecting the Length of Your Period Sometimes, though, lifestyle changes, birth control methods, and certain medical problems can affect your period more significantly. This is why it's important to see your doctor if your bleeding is lasting more than seven days. Heavy bleeding, too, is an indication to see your doctor. Signs of heavy bleeding include: Soaking through one or more tampons or pads every hour for several hours in a row Wearing more than one pad at a time to control bleeding Changing pads or tampons at night Periods with blood clots that are the size of a quarter or larger Let's take a closer look at the factors that may affect the duration of your menstrual flow. Medical Conditions There are a number of medical issues that may affect your period duration. For example, heavy and/or long periods could be a sign of endometrial polyps or uterine fibroids. This is because your menstrual flow is made up of the shed uterine lining (called the endometrium), as well as blood from the little vessels that are exposed after the lining sheds. Thus, factors that change the thickness of the endometrium or the number of blood vessels plays a role in how many days your bleeding lasts. Other examples of health conditions that may cause persistent or heavy bleeding include: Bleeding disorders or medications that thin the blood (for example, aspirin)Polycystic ovarian syndrome or hypothyroidism Uterine cancer Endometriosis Ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage Pelvic inflammatory disease Overall, understanding the average range of a normal period is helpful. Certainly bleeding for more than seven days every month or not bleeding at all once you have passed menarche is not normal, and you should discuss this with your healthcare provider. Age During the first few years after the onset of menstruation, you may experience unpredictable bleeding. This is because you are not ovulating regularly. Since ovulation requires a complex interaction between hormones produced by structures in your brain and your ovaries, it can take some time for your body to get it right. This is why it's normal after a first period for some to bleed for more than the average number of days and/or skip a few periods in a row. The good news is that menstruation usually normalizes within about two years. But, if you continue to have very irregular periods, it could be a sign of an underlying hormonal or medical condition, so be sure to get it checked out by your doctor. Finally, as you approach the end of your reproductive years, usually sometime in your 40s, you will begin to experience irregular periods again. This period of time is called perimenopause or the menopausal transition, and it's a time of hormonal imbalances, most notably when estrogen production by the ovaries begins to decline. With these lower levels of estrogen, there is less buildup of the uterine lining, so you also experience lighter and shorter periods, in addition to irregular periods. Birth Control Using hormonal birth control can also affect the number of days your period lasts. If you are using a combined hormonal contraceptive including an oral contraceptive pill, contraceptive patch, or contraceptive ring, it is likely that you will experience shorter periods, as well as lighter flow. This is because the hormones in the birth control pill override the hormones produced by your ovaries. For example, the oral contraceptive pill contains estrogen, so the lining of the uterus builds up but much less than it would naturally. The progesterone component of the pill counteracts the estrogen build up, so the lining to be shed is overall thinner than normal. This is also why using any of the combined hormonal contraceptives continuously , meaning that you skip the placebo or hormone-free week, may cause you to stop your period altogether or at least decrease the number of times a year that you have a period. If you are using a progesterone-only contraception you will have lighter and shorter periods. These include: A progesterone containing IUD (for example, Mirena)A contraceptive implant (for example, Nexplanon)An injectable contraceptive (for example, Depo-Provera)Often, using these methods can lead to no period at all. This is because progesterone has an effect that thins the endometrium. Since all hormonal contraceptives change your menstrual flow, if your periods are heavy or you bleed for too many days, your doctor may suggest using a hormonal contraceptive like the levonorgestrel-release intrauterine device (Mirena) to help control your bleeding. A Word From Verywell Because your period is the result of a complex hormonal process in your body, there is a wide range of what is considered normal. Once you have started menstruating, if you miss your period, or if your period lasts longer than seven days, be sure to discuss these changes with your doctor. Sources: American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. (2016). Frequently Asked Questions: Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). Committee Opinion No. 651. Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Obstet Gynecol 126 (6):1328. Bitzer J, Heikinheimo O, Nelson AL, Calaf-Alsina J, Fraser IS. Medical Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2015 Feb;70 (2):115-30.
Asteroids are made of rock and metal and broken away pieces of planets. They are grouped into three categories: Stony, Iron-Nickel, and a mixture of the two.Most asteroids that we know about fall into the first category, and are made of Silicates. A small percentage are Iron-Nickel.The rest form the third type. I believe that they are made of rocky bits left over from the formation of the inner planets. The run-of-the-mill asteroid is just one kilometer long.hey are grouped into three categories: Stony, Iron-Nickel, and a mixture of the two. Most asteroids that we know about fall into the first category, and are made of Silicates. A small percentage are Iron-Nickel.
Sarabjit Ladda (born 10 July 1986) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Punjab in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed batsman and an legbreak bowler. He is currently a member of the Gujarat Lions squad in the Indian Premier League. He married Nidhi Pandey on 25 Januaury 2016 in Patiala.
Exam 3- Southeast Asia - Geography 101 with Connor at University of Tennessee - Knoxville - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. Exam 3- Southeast Asia What are the two geographic sub-regions of Southeast Asia? Mainland and Maritime In 1962, General Ne Win led a coup d'etat against the elected government of Burma (Myanmar) and established a _____. military junta Who was the elected leader of the National League for Democracy? Aung San Suu Kyi What happened to Aung San Suu Kyi? Placed under house arrest In 2008, what was the name of the worst natural disaster in the history of the country which created a massive humanitarian crisis? Tropical Cyclone Nargis What is Laos's capital and largest city? Vientiane What is the longest and most important river in Southeast Asia? Makong River Which European nation-state controlled Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia until 1954? France Who was the Communist leader in North Vietnam? Ho Chi Minh What is the capital city of Vietnam? Hanoi What is the largest city in Vietnam? Ho Chi Minh City What is Cambodia's capital and largest city? Phnom Penh **What is the name of the large Hindu/Buddhist temple complex IN CAMBODIA (symbol on their flag)? Angkor Wat Who was the communist leader of the Khmer rouge which ruled Cambodia from 1975-79? Pol Pot What was the name given to the Genocide committed by Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge? The Killing Fields When did the Khmer Rouge Tribunal officially begin? 2006 Thailand was the only Southeastern Asian nation to not be colonized by the Europeans - what was its historic name? Siam What is Thailand's capital and largest city? Bangkok What is the name of the Buddhist temple attached to the Thai Royal Palace located in Bangkok? Wat Po In Thailand (and the rest of SE Asia), what is the most common type of market where most people go to buy and sell their goods? Floating markets What natural disaster destroyed the Thai resort community of Phuket as well as many other areas in SE Asia on December 26, 2004 (6th deadliest natural disaster in recorded human history)? Tsunami Two distinct landmasses that Malaysia is divided into by the South China Sea? 1. Peninsular Malaysia (Western) What is the capital and largest city in Malaysia? Kuala Lumpur What are the landmark 'twin' towers called, located in Kuala Lumpur? Petronas Towers What is Singapore's capital and largest city? Singapore What is the name of the body of water that separates Indonesia from the Malay Peninsula? Strait of Malacca Indonesia is the ____ largest nation-state in the world based on population (after China, India, & USA) (238 million). 4th ***Indonesia has the largest _ population in the world? Muslim What are the 3 most important of these islands? Sumatra
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500–1400) and the Renaissance (1400–1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1820), and Romantic eras (1804–1910); and the 20th century (1901–2000) which includes the modern (1890–1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975–2015) eras.[citation needed]
The Contender Challenge : UK vs. USA was a series of boxing matches on 30 March 2007 , held at Metro Radio Arena , Newcastle , England , featuring 6 boxers from the US reality television shows The Contender and The Contender 2 . The Contenders , in a team coached by Sugar Ray Leonard , took on 6 boxers from the UK , all promoted by Frank Warren , and coached by Barry McGuigan . The winning team was awarded the `` Sugar Ray Leonard Cup , '' not unlike the Ryder Cup in Golf The bouts was the basis of a TV show broadcast in the US by ESPN , and by ITV4 in the UK , featuring 6 episodes , beginning on 10 April 2007 , with commentary by the well-known ESPN team of Joe Tessitore and Teddy Atlas , with British boxing commentator John Rawling joining . Sugar Ray and Barry provided some analysis through the fight as well .
A deferred judgment is the only way to expunge a criminal charge in Iowa (aside from PAULA and Public Intoxication charges, for which the legislature has made a special exception). Therefore, it is very important that you receive a deferred judgment at the time of sentencing. We have negotiated hundreds of deferred judgments for my clientsâ cases. Mr. Thompson will work to keep the terms of the probation as simple as possible, as short as possible, and with as few restrictions as possible.
Loop of Henle. The U-shaped nephron loop is divided into two portions: a descending limb that passes from cortex into the medulla; an ascending limb that passes from the medulla back to the cortex.Besides, loop of Henle is also divided into thick and thin segments.he DCT is the end of the nephron, and is made up of cuboidal epithelium. It is shorter and less convoluted than PCT. Collecting Duct. The collecting duct passes down into the renal medulla and it receives fluid from many nephrons.
Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.
List of The Walking Dead episodes In October 2016, the series was renewed for a 16-episode eighth season, which premiered on October 22, 2017.[3][4] As of April 15, 2018,[update] 115 episodes of The Walking Dead have aired, concluding the eighth season. In January 2018, the series was renewed for a ninth season.[5]
Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the mid-19th century; the trading companies engaged palagi traders who lived on the islands. John (also known as Jack) O'Brien was the first European to settle in Tuvalu, he became a trader on Funafuti in the 1850s. He married Salai, the daughter of the paramount chief of Funafuti. Louis Becke, who later found success as a writer, was a trader on Nanumanga from April 1880 until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone. He then became a trader on Nukufetau.
Seattle Municipal Tower is a 62-story, 220.07 m skyscraper at 700 5th Avenue at the corner of 5th Avenue and Columbia Street in downtown Seattle, Washington. It is the fourth tallest building in Seattle. At its completion in 1990, the building was named AT&T Gateway Tower and later changed to KeyBank Tower reflecting the names of former anchor tenants AT&T and KeyBank.
Nineteeth Century Timeline Sir William Herschel Napoleon becomes President of Italian Republic and annexes Piedmont, Parma and Piacenza, Peace of Amiens, French suppress L'Ouverture's rebellion in Santo Domingo and reintroduce slavery, Alexander Humboldt almost succeeds in climbing Mount Chimborao in EcuadorBabylonian cuneiform deciphered by Grotefund, Beethoven's Symphony No. 2 Charlotte Dundas is the first Steamship , William Herschel discovers binary stars and coins term 'Asteroid', Treviranus coins term 'biology', John Dalton introduces atomic theory into chemistry, Thomas Wedgwood produces the world's first photography but has no means of fixing the image 1803Suppression of rebellion in Ireland, Irish rebel Robert Emmet is captured and executed, Wellesley defeats Indians in Second Maratha War and occupies Orissa after defeat of Marathas, First Passenger Act to regulate transportation of emigrants by shipping companiesDespart Plot to kill King George III , Resume war with Napoleon over French refusal to withdraw from NetherlandsLousiana Purchase, French occupation of Hanover, Napoleon formulates plans to invade Britain, Haitian army led by Dessalines defeats French, Kamehameha of Hawaii unites eight of the islands employing British and Americans to act as governorsBeethoven's Eroica Symphony , Elgin Marbles removed from Parthenon, Turner's Calais Pier exhibited, Joseph Lancaster's Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes Henry Shrapnel develops exploding shell, Dalton's Atomic theory 1804Hobart in Tasmania is founded, Matthew Flinders recommends that New Holland be renamed Australia, British occupy Surinam Pitt the Younger PM, First Corn Law, Gas lighting used for the first time in London at the Lyceum Theatre, Spain declares war on Britain thanks to NapoleonCode Napoleon introduced into France and occupied territories, Napoleon is proclaimed as Emperor by French Senate, Napoleon is crowned by Pope Pius VII Haiti gains Independence from French, Lewis and Clark begin exploration of Missouri River systemWilliam Blake's Jerusalem , Wordsworth's Intimations of Immortality Trevithick's first steam rail locomotive , Nicolas Appert opens world's first vacuum bottling factory in France, Wollaston finds palladium in platinum, John Wedgwood founds the Royal Horticultural Society 1805Nelson wins Battle of Trafalgar giving the Royal Navy control of the seas, Arthur Wellesley resigns in India, Britain and US break diplomatic relations due to issues of trade in the West Indies, Mungo Park starts his second expedition along the Niger RiverNapoleon gathers forces at Boulogne for invasion of Britain, Third coalition formed by Austria, Russia, Sweden and Britain against FranceNapoleon defeats combined Austrian-Russian army at Austerlitz, Napoleon crowned as King of Italy in Milan, Treaty of Pressburg sees Austria and France end conflict, Mehemet Ali becomes Pasha of Egypt Battle of Trafalgar Sir William Congreve develops rockets for use by the British army, Francis Beaufort develops his Beaufort scale for wind velocity, Sarturner isolates morphine 1806British occupy Cape of Good Hope , British impose continent wide blockade, Commodore Popham seizes Buenos Aires William Wyndam Grenville PM, Dartmoor Prison construction beginsNapoleon's continental system, Napoleon installs one brother as King of Naples and another as King of Holland, Confederation of Rhine created by Napoleon - officially ending Holy Roman Empire, Prussians defeated by Napoleon at Jena, Napoleon occupies Berlin, Peace of Posen forms Saxony as a kingdomBeethoven's Symphony No. 4 , Rossini's first opera Demetrio e Polibio Patrick Clark develops cotton thread as strong as linen thread, Humphrey Davy discovers electrolytic method for preparation of potassium and soda 1807Prohibition of shipment of slaves in British ships or to British colonies, British ban neutral nations from trading with France, British occupy Alexandria but are driven out by Turks, British ship Leopard fires on US ship Chesapeake and takes British deserters from American ship, US
Gabrielle Christian -LRB- born Gabrielle Christine Horchler ; July 30 , 1984 -RRB- is an American actress and singer best known for her portrayal of Spencer Carlin in The N original series South of Nowhere , and her portrayal of Colby Robson in the web series Girltrash ! and its musical prequel film Girltrash ! : All Night Long . In addition , she has also guest starred on Drake & Josh , Windfall , Without a Trace , and What Should You Do ? along with several minor roles in a variety of other shows .
The Pawnee County Courthouse is a three story art deco brick building that is still functioning as a courthouse. Four bas-relief panels on either side of the entrance on the south side depict scenes of Native Americans (numbers 5,6 below) and pioneers (numbers 1,2 below), while the lintel depicts an eagle, a cow's skull, an owl, an open book and two rattlesnakes (numbers 3 and 4 below). The west end has a lintel like the one on the south side. The north side of the courthouse as another four panels, two of Native Americans (numbers 8,9 below) and two of pioneers (number 10,11 below). Across the top of the building are heads of Native Americans (number 7 below).
Sammy Stanford , Jr. , commonly known by his stage name New Born , is an American rapper who was active in the mid-1990s . His only known single , `` Falling in Love '' , peaked at # 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1993 . A full-length album never materialized .
FreeStyle is a show on HGTV -LRB- Home and Garden Television -RRB- where interior decorators and designers de-clutter , reorganize and move furniture and accessories around in a room , to give homeowners a dramatic new look without spending a dime . The series was originally hosted by Aaron Foster , but new episodes now feature Evan Farmer as the host . Designers featured regularly on the show include : Evette Rios , Kelley Hundahl , Kahi Lee , Taniya Nayak and Amanda Miller .
Harrisburg, Illinois From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Harrisburg (disambiguation). Harrisburg City City of Harrisburg From top left: northern side of square, Garden of the Gods, Saline County Courthouse and Clearwave Building, O'Gara mine tipple, southern side of square, Poplar Street homes, Harrisburg Township High School. City logo Nickname (s): The Burg, H-burg, City on the Hill, Crusoe's Island Motto (s): Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest Location of Harrisburg in Saline County, Illinois. Coordinates: 37°44′02″N 88°32′45″WCoordinates: 37°44′02″N 88°32′45″WCountry United States State Illinois County Saline Settled 1847Founded 1853Incorporated 1889Government• Mayor John Mc Peek (Acting, 2017)Area [1]• Total 6.78 sq mi (17.55 km 2)• Land 6.57 sq mi (17.03 km 2)• Water 0.20 sq mi (0.53 km 2) 3.11%Elevation 397 ft (121 m)Population ( 2010)• Total 9,017• Estimate (2016) [2] 8,811• Density 1,340.28/sq mi (517.51/km 2)Time zone CST ( UTC−6)• Summer ( DST) CDT ( UTC−5)ZIP code 62946Area code (s) 618FIPS code 17-33136Website www.thecityofharrisburgil.com Harrisburg ( / ˈ h ær ɪ s b ɜːr ɡ / or / ˈ h ɛər z b ɜːr ɡ /) is a city in and the county seat of Saline County, Illinois, United States. [3] It is located about 57 miles (92 km) southwest of Evansville, Indiana and 111 miles (179 km) southeast of St. Louis, Missouri. The 2010 population was 9,017, and the surrounding Harrisburg Township had a population of 10,790, including the city residents. Harrisburg is included in the Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky Tri-State Area and is the principal city in the Harrisburg Micropolitan Statistical Area with a combined population of 24,913. [4]Located at the concurrency of U. S. Route 45, Illinois Route 13, Illinois Route 145, and Illinois Route 34, Harrisburg is known as the "Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest ", [5] and is also known for the Ohio River flood of 1937, the old Crenshaw House (also known as the Old Slave House), the Tuttle Bottoms Monster, prohibition-era gangster Charlie Birger, and the 2012 EF4 tornado. A Cairo and Vincennes Railroad boomtown, the city was one of the leading bituminous coal mining distribution hubs of the American Midwest between 1900 and 1937. At its peak, Harrisburg had a population that reached 16,000 by the early 1930s. The city had one of the largest downtown districts in Southern Illinois. [6] The city was the 20th-most populated city in Illinois outside the Chicago Metropolitan Area and the most-populous city in Southern Illinois outside the Metro East in 1930. [7] However, the city has seen an economic decline due to the decreased demand for high-sulfur coal, the removal of the New York Central railroad, and tributary lowlands leaving much area around the city unfit for growth due to flood risks. Contents [ hide ]1 Historical perspective1.1 Pioneer and native coexistence1.2 Controversial founding1.3 Industrial origins1.4 Coal and rail era1.5 Slow economic decline1.6 Post-coal economy2 Demographics3 Geography and cityscape3.1 Cottage Grove Fault System3.2 Cityscape3.3 Harrisburg neighborhoods4 Climate5 Natural disasters5.1 Flood risks5.2 Flood of 20085.3 Tornado of 20126 Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest7 Media8 Government, healthcare, and education8.1 Higher education9 Notable people10 See also11 References12 External links Historical perspective [ edit]Pioneer and native coexistence [ edit]At the beginning of recorded American history, the Harrisburg area was inhabited by several Algonquian tribes, including the Shawnee and Piankashaw, who lived in the dense inland forests. Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the Piankashaw tribe was driven out by the more aggressive Shawnee. European settlement in Illinois began with the French from 1690 and reached its peak about 1750, mainly along the Mississippi River. American settlers arrived in 1790. The French came as merchants and missionaries, with farming supplementing the need for trade. The result had benefited both the settlers and the Native Americans. The American migration, however, followed treaties which resulted in land being distributed through American Law, ignoring previous indigenous rights. Encroachment ensued and caused hard feelings between the Indians and the settlers who moved into the interior and along migration routes. Many of the Indians allied themselves with the British to resist, though trade with the Americans was an important reason why the Native Americans remained largely peaceful. [8]The town of Harrisburg was platted a few miles south of the junction of the Goshen and Shawneetown–Kaskaskia Trail, two of the first pioneer trade routes in the state. Prior to the War of 1812, most of the population of today's Saline County lived in cabins clustered around blockhouses to protect against Indian attack and dangerous wildlife such as wild cats and bears. Permanent settlements in the forested area were inevitable with the influx of more settlers, and the first land entry was made in 1814 by John Wren and Hankerson Rude. By 1840 the settlers outnumbered the Native Americans, and most of the black bear population of the county had been killed off by 1845. [8]Controversial founding [ edit]Founded at the start of the Second Industrial Revolution, Harrisburg was plotted shortly after Saline County was established in 1847 from part of Gallatin County. The city was named for James Alexander Harris, who had built a farmhouse and planted a corn field in a clearing in the area of the current city square around 1820. [9]Harris along with John Pankey, James P. Yandell, and John X. Cain, donated land for the first additions of the town to a special committee at Liberty Baptist Church in 1852, after complaints that the county seat should be centralized in the county. The county seat then was in Raleigh. The county's two main population centers were divided by the Saline River and 14 miles (23 km) of thicket. There were no roads in the county and many residents from the areas of Carrier Mills and Stonefort became lost when traveling to the northern settlements of Raleigh, Galatia, and Eldorado. The designated town plat was considered due to its aesthetic properties, a 60-foot (18 m) sandstone bluff overlooking the Saline River valley called "Crusoe's Island". Although it was heavily timbered with oak and hickory with an impenetrable hazel underbrush, the site was at the geographical center of the county. A major legal battle took place within the county government because of voter fraud accusations by the people of Raleigh. [9] Nevertheless, Harrisburg was plotted as a village on 20 acres (80,940 m 2) in 1853 and became the county seat in 1859. Industrial origins [ edit]Left: First Greek Revival Saline County Courthouse, Right: Garrison House, later Hotel Sterling on Poplar Street. Between 1860 and 1865 southern cotton became unavailable during the Civil War, Harrisburg was one of the few cities in the Upland South during this time to have woolen mills, making the town an industrial asset early on to Southern Illinois. Several planing mills and flour mills also dotted the city. [10] The Cairo and Vincennes Railroad was completed in 1872 by Ambrose Burnside, and American Civil War, Union Army, brigadier general Green Berry Raum, who was living in Harrisburg at that time. [5]Robert King, an early proprietor, opened a brick and tile factory at the southern terminus of Main Street in 1896 with the capacity of carrying out 15,000 bricks every 10 hours. Harrisburg also saw the opening of several saw mills. The Snellbaker and Company Saw Mill and Lumber Yard opened in 1895, as well did J. B Ford Harrisburg Planing Mill the same year. The mill had the capacity of producing 10,000 board feet (23.6 m 3) of lumber every 10 hours. The Barnes Lumber Company in Harrisburg started as a sawmill operation in 1899. Since 1904 it has retailed a complete line of lumber and building materials and is the oldest, currently active mill in the city. [11]Locust St. crossing at Main St. West side of square in 1910. The Woolcott Milling Company, operated by J. H Woolcott and J. C Wilson built a flour mill in 1874, on the now defunct south Woolcott Street, with rail spur, behind the current Parker Plaza, that had 23 grain elevators and the capacity of carrying out 200 barrels of flour in a 24-hour period and up to 400 by 1907, with a new 75,000-US-bushel (2,600,000 L) tower. The exchange market was located in Carrier Mills. [11] Located on Commercial Street across the tracks from the train depot, The Southern Illinois Milling & Elevator Company was incorporated on July 29, 1891 by Philip H. Eisenmayer, with a capital stock of $50,000. The company had two elevators, erected at a cost of $125,000, one of which had a capacity of 25,000 US bushels (881,000 L) and the other a capacity of 100,000 bushels. Their milling capacity was six hundred barrels per day. Twenty-five men were employed in the operations of the mill and elevators, in addition to a force of from six to eight men regularly employed in the cooperage department. [12]Woolcott Milling Company, 1898. During the Reconstruction Era, when economic conditions made impractical the growing of cotton, lumbering and tobacco growing (which pioneers found profitable commercially), grain farming by crop rotation, dairying, reforestation, merchandising and manufacturing, and Coal mining especially, began to occupy the city. [13] In 1889, with a population of 1,500, Harrisburg became a city, with an aldermanic form of government. It adopted the commission form in 1915. [5] Despite these early industrial advantages over other cities in the region, the Sanborn Map company still referred to the water facilities and road conditions within the city limits, "Not good, and not paved" up to 1900. [11]Coal and rail era [ edit]Harrisburg rail, road, and coal map, 1920. CCC&STL Railroad in blue. SIR&P Co. Interurban in red. First slope mine operations began in 1854 southeast of Harrisburg. During the early years, the coal was transported by wagon to local homes and businesses for heating. Coal Mining became an important industry for the post- Antebellum, now Gilded Age city. [5] The Cairo and Vincennes Railroad was completed in 1872 and provided transportation for coal and the miners who tired away underground. [5] After a series of corporate transactions brought the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad into the hands of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway around 1890, with Illinois state representative Charles P Skaggs as mayor, [14] Harrisburg evolved into one of the leading coal-mining centers of the Midwest. [6] Harrisburg was a strategic spot on the railroad route with a large hump yard, making it the focal point for the most productive coal field operations. Some of the most profitable coal companies that operated around Harrisburg were Big Creek Coal, Harrisburg Coal and O'Gara Coal. Each one with their own sizable rail yards. [6] O'gara was a Progressive Era coal company owned by Thomas J. O'gara of Chicago. He purchased and annexed 23 privately owned mines in the Harrisburg coal field which equaled 50,000 acres (200 km 2) of land. [15] The Company based its headquarters in Harrisburg in 1905. O'gara only owned 12 operating mines, all in Saline County, but they had an annual output of 7,000,000 tons. 6,000 men were employed in a field capacity and the pay roll disbursement was $150,000 per month. The company paid $10,000 monthly royalty. H. Thomas was the company's general manager of mines, Ed Ghent its chief engineer and D. B. Mc Gehee the assistant general manager. [16]SIR&P Power Station. Powered the trolley line. Inset: Streetcar ticket from Eldorado to Harrisburg. By 1905, several small slope mines and 15 shaft mines operated in the county. Most were along the railroad line. Large numbers of immigrants from England, Wales, and eastern Europe, looking for work, detrained at the Harrisburg Train Depot; crowding around quickly expanding mining villages directly outside the city, such as Muddy, Wasson, Harco and Ledford. The city's population quickly expanded from 5,000 to 10,000 in a few years. [6] By 1906, the Big four/CCC&STL Railroad became the New York Central, [6] and Saline County was producing more than 500,000 tons of coal annually with more than 5000 miners at work. [5] In 1915 the Ringling Brothers Circus made an appearance in Harrisburg. [17] In 1913, the Southern Illinois Railway and Power Company operated an interurban trolley line, that ran from downtown Eldorado, into Muddy, Wasson, Beulah Heights, through downtown Harrisburg, Dorrisville, Ledford and into downtown Carrier Mills, all of which had larger residential areas than present. [18] In 1917 there were plans to extend the line westward to Marion and Carbondale to connect to the Coal Belt Co. line, and then run it towards St. Louis. [19] The trolley wire through the county was 16 feet (5 m) high. [9] It was an off branch of the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad. The corporation erected the first electrical generating plant in Muddy, Illinois. [18]The Central Illinois Public Service Company purchased the Muddy Power Station in 1916. It had a generating capacity of 7,500 kilowatts. After removing an original 2,500-kilowatt unit, the company added two 5,000-kilowatt turbine-generators and one 10,000 kilowatt unit, bringing the stations total capacity to 25,000 kilowatts in 1922. Electricity generated at the station was distributed over 66-kv, double circuit steel tower transmission lines extending to West Frankfort to the west, the Ohio River to the east, and Olney to the north. The plant had two impounding reservoirs which covered 80 acres (320,000 m 2) and held 320 million gallons of water. [9]The Renaissance Revival First Trust and Savings Bank Building was the largest of the downtown building projects during the 1920s. It was the second tallest building in Southern Illinois with the first being the Spivey Building in East St. Louis. The community benefited from the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties, flaunting the most extravagant displays of wealth in the city's history. The 230-foot (70 m) neon red tower belonging to the WEBQ-A. M. radio station was the tallest structure in the city and could be seen for miles. [10] Harrisburg had just finished the new three-story Horning Hotel around 1920, and two new theaters with a combined total of 1,600 seats: the Orpheum and the Grand the same year. The eight-story Harrisburg National Bank building, the O'Gara Coal Headquarters, the Cummins Office building, and the four-story Harrisburg Hospital were all built in 1923. The new four-story Harrisburg City Hall building was constructed in 1927, and a complex highway system was constructed through the city, with Illinois Route 13 and Illinois Route 34 constructed in 1918; U. S. Route 45 and Illinois Route 145 constructed in 1925–1926. During this time the city expanded to 15,000 people. The annexation of Dorrisville and Dorris Heights created blue collar, multiple, and single family homes filling in between. [20] On Vine Street south of the town square was "Wiskey Chute", a saloon vice district for local miners. [14] It was also during this time that the town was home to prohibition -era bootlegger Charles Birger, whose gang was said to have protected local business owners better than the law enforcement. For a time, the gangster's prized Tommy gun was displayed in a glass case in the City Hall. [17] The geography around Harrisburg changed indefinitely, with coal areas producing a surface mining landscape the size of San Jose, California, roughly 172 sq mi (450 km 2 ), [21] aptly named The Harrisburg Coal Field. The field completely encased the towns of Carrier Mills and Harrisburg, while creating partial borders to Stonefort, Galatia, and Raleigh. Near the mines were gob piles that spontaneously combusted. The horizon around the city for many years flickered with burning coal refuse. [10]Slow economic decline [ edit]Harrisburg reached its peak population of 15,659 in 1930, making it the 20th most populated city outside the Chicago Metropolitan Area, in Illinois, and the most populous city in Southern Illinois outside the metro-east. If the city combined the service communities bordering Harrisburg such as Ledford and Muddy, the population would have been even greater at 26,000, and Saline county as a whole reached nearly 40,000 people. [22] Even with the economic downturn during the Great depression, with business owners and industrial firms closing shop, the city continued to thrive due to its enormous coal industry. On June 17, 1936, Eleanor Roosevelt visited Harrisburg to observe work of the WPA and delivered a speech in the packed High School gymnasium. [23] The heyday ended quickly when the Ohio River flood of 1937 left 4,000 within the city homeless and 80% of the city inundated. [24] Many flooded mines were deemed condemned which left the local economy crippled. In 1938, the state of Illinois had completed one of the largest operations of its kind ever attempted in the United States, the removal of more than two and a half billion gallons of flood water from Sahara mine No. 3. [25]Saline County Court House 1917. Soon the Southern Illinois Railway and Power company was bought by the Central Illinois Public Service Company. The inter-urban line was abandoned in 1933 after 20 years of service. [18] After the decommission of the Interurban line, Harrisburg opened the Harrisburg-Dorrisville Bus Co., which was a private predecessor bus company to the current Rides Mass Transit District which was opened in 1980. [20] Between 1930 and 1940 the city lost 27% of its overall population. [26]Immediately after World War II new coal companies, Peabody, Bluebird, and Sahara starting mining within the city. The war created a great demand for energy, which was satisfied by expanded strip mining operations throughout the Harrisburg Coal Fields. Shortly after World War II, it became clear that coal was losing favor to other energy sources such as oil and natural gas. In contrast to other cities in the United States that prospered in the post-war boom, the fortunes of Saline County began to quickly diminish. [6] Harry Truman stopped briefly in Harrisburg during his whistlestop tour in September 30, 1948, giving some hope for economic recovery for the region. Without hesitating, the long parade of police, buses, and accompanying cars sped through town. Poplar street, at that time the main drag through town, was crowded with multitudes of persons for its entire length. It was reported by the Daily Register Newspaper that cars were lined along Route 13 all the way from Marion and on to Eldorado on Route 45. [20] In 1950 Assistant State Attorney General of Illinois, George N. Leighton, Represented parents in a proceeding which desegregated the public schools of Harrisburg. [27] On December 1, 1953, WSIL-TV 3 was founded and based out of the city. The station built the 503 ft (153.4m), WSIL tower in downtown which was one of the tallest television towers in the state at the time and is still the tallest structure in the city. Sahara Coal and Bucyrus-Erie's " GEM of Egypt " strip mine shovel, one of the largest in the world at 8 stories high and weighing 1,000 tons at Harco. [14]By 1957, the Egyptian was the last passenger train to travel through the city. [20] Between 1940 and 1960 Harrisburg lost another 20% of its population due to economic standstill. [26] With only 9100 people left in the city that once had 16,000, then Senator John F. Kennedy made a campaign stop on October 3, 1960. Speaking at the Saline County Court House he said"This district, which is built on the land and which has been nourished by the land, personifies the kind of problems which I think the United States is going to face in the 1960s. This district has depended in the main for its resources, its growth, its wealth, upon the minerals underground and upon the food that is grown on the ground. And those are those industries that have faced serious problems in the 1960s." [28]Later during the same speech after addressing agriculture Senator Kennedy stated"Farmers could farm and work in the cities and towns, but this year we have the highest unemployment that we have had in any months of August and September, the three Augusts and Septembers preceding the recession of 1949, 1954, and 1958, and this district knows this problem well, because this district has lost 60,000 people in the last 10 years." [28]By 1968 with hopes of bringing a new influx of coal mining into the city, Sahara Coal Company ordered the Bucyrus-Erie " GEM of Egypt " strip mine shovel, one of the largest in the world at 8 stories high and weighing 1,000 tons. [14] It took three men to operate it, and its bucket capacity was 30 cubic yards. Even with such great efforts coal mining continued to dwindle within the community. The train depot was razed in 1972 and all coal freight was ordered out of the Harrisburg Hump Yard by 1973. During the 1970s and 1980s, many of the city-square storefronts and mini-plazas became vacant and were slowly abandoned as large Chain stores and Strip malls on Commercial Street became the dominant venues for shopping and entertainment, hoping to bring an influx of travelers from the main highway. [6]The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 legislation forced many utility companies in the United States to switch to low-sulfur coal. In response Harrisburg's already waning economy took a severe downturn. The freight yard closed in 1982, Sahara Coal company shut down operations in 1993, 865 jobs were lost in the county that year. [29] This ended the reign of big coal in Harrisburg, a way of life for residents for over 100 years. [6] The Cairo and Vincennes Railroad / Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway system tracks were taken up in the late 1980s and replaced by the Tunnel Hill State Trail in 1996. [6]Post-coal economy [ edit]In 1984, a respected local physician, John Dale Cavaness, was charged with the murder of his two sons for insurance money. The case was chronicled in the book by Darcy O'Brien, Murder in Little Egypt. [30] Soon Pioneer history was showcased at the Saline County Area Historical Museum on the city's southern edge. The 3-acre (12,000 m 2) site includes the three-story high Old Pauper Home, which was once part of the county's 170-acre (0.69 km 2) poor farm, built in 1877. The site also features a variety of cabins, a one-room school house, a small church and other historic buildings that have been acquired, moved to the site and restored. [5]The Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport is located approximately four miles north of Harrisburg on Highway 34. The Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport Authority operates the airport. The Airport has two runways–32/14 and 6/24. Runway 24 includes a 1,000-foot (300 m) extension, bringing the runway to 5,000 feet (1,500 m) with a GPS-RNAV approach. [31]New Harrisburg Wal-Mart supercenter built 2008. Two industrial zones were set up within the township in 1974 by the Saline County Industrial Development Co., one located in Dorrisville, and the other located near the Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport. The one in Dorrisville had the advantage of rail spur prior to the removal of the New York Central tracks. A Tax Increment Finance district was built on the property of the old rail yard north of the city where the Harrisburg Professional Park was built. [32]The 2000s saw a slight economic boom to the city. The industrial base within the city, while most were not coal related, gave opportunity to a number of city residents. American Coal and Arclar, the only two coal mines in the county were producing low sulfur coal as an energy resource. Kerr-Mc Gee Coal Corporation's Galatia Complex was purchased by the American Coal Company in 1998. [33] American Coal employed about 580 workers, while Arclar employed 175 persons. Nationwide Glove Factory employed 225 persons, and American Needle was the second-largest non coal company with 125 workers. Southern Truss and Harrisburg Truss companies employed together 100 employees manufacturing building components. [32] In 2008 construction on the Harrisburg Wal-Mart Supercenter was completed. Wal-Mart will give $21,950 in grants to the Anna Bixby Women's Center, Bridge Medical Clinic, CASA of Saline County, Harrisburg District Library, Harrisburg Police Department, Harvest Deliverance Center Food Pantry, Regional Superintendent of Schools, Saline County Senior Citizens Council and Saline County Sheriff's Department. The building is 184,000 square feet (17,100 m 2) and added 150 new jobs to the county. The Supercenter became the second-largest employer in the city, with 340 employees on its payroll. [34] A new strip mall was completed on the south side of town, and Parker Plaza, the oldest shopping center in town was renovated with a new facade to promote commercial growth in the city. [35]Things slowly took a turn for the worse when former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich 's decision to move a division of I-DOT to Southern Illinois was overturned by his successor Pat Quinn. The decision outraged lawmakers in Springfield. A lawsuit was filed to stop the move to Harrisburg. [36] Matters were exacerbated when videos of the new home for the IDOT traffic safety division being surrounded by water surfaced on You Tube in late 2007. [37]The early 2010s saw a series of unfortunate economic events for the city. In December 2010, Harrisburg's AMC, formerly Kerasotes' Cinema 4 theater, closed. This was the first time Harrisburg had been without a cinema since 1920. [38] After release of the 2010 census, in February 2011, the city learned that its population had dropped to a low of 9,017 people, an 8.5 percent decrease. [39] It was the lowest population since the pre-coal boom of 1900. Harrisburg also suffered from numerous scandals involving the school district and police department. In 2011, the Chief Deputy of the Saline County Sheriffs Department was sentenced to prison for sexually abusing a high school student who was working as an intern. [40] The biggest hit was in late February 2012, an EF4 tornado hit Harrisburg during the 2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak. The southern part of the city was heavily damaged, with houses and businesses destroyed, many of which were completely leveled. Eight people were killed and 110 were injured by that tornado. [41] [42] In November 2012 a decision was made to close Willow Lake Mine, one of the last remaining mines in Saline County, putting 400 employees out of work. [43]In 2016, after the 2015 election of Mayor Dale Fowler, Harrisburg opened a brand new theater on the north side of town, and unveiled park plaza, gateway for southeastern Illinois entertainment and culture downtown. The initiative was to bring more people downtown. Mayor Fowler wanted to start promoting Harrisburg as the destination capital of southeastern Illinois. A new movie theater and a family entertainment outlet, Z-Factor, also opened, Fowler said he was preparing new announcements including the opening of new restaurants on top of other established draws including a state-of-art gun range. [44] In 2018, Mason Ramsey, a boy from Golconda went viral after yodeling his rendition of Hank Williams ' " Lovesick Blues " in Harrisbug Walmart. Within a few days videos of his performance collectively garnered over 25 million views and he became a viral sensation and Internet meme. [45]Harrisburg continues to be the retail hub of Saline County. It holds the nearest shopping centers, restaurants, churches, gas stations, banks, and other commerce within miles. [5] However, industrial jobs are scarce. Demographics [ edit]Historical population Census Pop. %±1860 453 —1870 590 30.2%1880 934 58.3%1890 1,723 84.5%1900 2,202 27.8%1910 10,749 388.1%1920 15,054 40.1%1930 15,659 4.0%1940 11,453 −26.9%1950 10,999 −4.0%1960 9,171 −16.6%1970 9,535 4.0%1980 10,410 9.2%1990 9,289 −10.8%2000 9,860 6.1%2010 9,017 −8.5%Est. 2016 8,811 [2] −2.3%U. S. Decennial Census According to the 2010 census, [46] there were 9,017 people living within the city limits. Of the 8,765 persons who identified with one race, 7,983 (88.5%) were white, 589 (6.5%) were black or African-American, 45 American Indian, 74 Asian, 8 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders, and 66 who claimed some other race. The Hispanic population was 209 (2.3%). There were 4,193 total housing units; 3,753 (89.5%) were occupied and 440 (10.5%) vacant. Geography and cityscape [ edit]Harrisburg is located at 37°44′2″N 88°32′45″W (37.733765, -88.545873). [47] According to the 2010 census, Harrisburg has a total area of 6.759 square miles (17.51 km 2 ), of which 6.55 square miles (16.96 km 2) (or 96.91%) is land and 0.209 square miles (0.54 km 2) (or 3.09%) is water. [48] The square in the center of town, as well as Dorrisville and Gaskins City, stand on top of a series of sandstone bluffs that were once islands rising above natural lowlands, 338 feet (103 m) above sea level, dredged by the middle fork of the Saline River. [49] The Saline River was a navigable river used by early settlers for transportation to and from Salt Works just east of Harrisburg. The Saline flowed towards the Ohio and flooded every spring in events called Freshets. The locals called the island "Crusoe's Island". When the area was drained, homes and businesses were built in the floodplain, and it became prone to serious flooding for years to come. [50] The town square in the center of town is a sandstone bluff 410 feet (125 m) above sea level, one of the first that start the Shawnee Hills to the south. Topographic maps show the bluffs that rise from the Saline River that wraps the northeast part of the city. [51] Harrisburg is located at the ending point of the Laurentide ice sheet, which covered about 85 percent of Illinois. The edge of Illinoian ice sheet (s) lay further south than the southernmost extent, i.e. Douglas County, Kansas, of any of the Pre-Illinoian ice sheets. [52]Cottage Grove Fault System [ edit]Map showing the Cottage Grove Fault in green After the 5.5 Richter Scale magnitude 1968 Illinois earthquake, scientists realized that there was a previously unknown fault under Saline County, just north of Eldorado, Illinois near Harrisburg. This fault is called the Cottage Grove Fault, a small tear in the Earth's rock running west–east, in the Southern Illinois Basin. The fault is connected to the north–south trending Wabash Valley Fault System at its eastern end. [53] Seismographic mapping completed by geologists reveal that monoclines, anticlines, and synclines are present within the region; these signs suggest deformation during the Paleozoic era coincident to strike-slip faulting nearby. [54]A focal mechanism solution of the earthquake confirmed two nodal planes both striking north-south and dipping approximately 45 degrees to the east and to the west. This faulting suggests dip slip reverse motion, and to a horizontal east-west axis of confining stress. [55] The rupture also occurred partially on the New Madrid Fault, responsible for the great New Madrid earthquakes in 1812, consisting of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States. [56]Cityscape [ edit]Old Harrisburg Post Office on the corner of Main and Church Street. Harrisburg square 1950. At the beginning of the 20th century, Harrisburg prospered with one of the largest downtown districts in downstate Illinois. During the early 20th century, urbanization of the city due to the geographical feature of "Cruesoe's Island" and surrounding coal mining property created a density not seen in many cities of its size. The city at the time with a population nearing 10,000 was forced to tightly cram homes and businesses upon the sandstone outcropping less than a square mile in diameter leading many to build their buildings with multiple stories around the town square. The Saline County courthouse and square have gone through many transformations within the past 100 years. In the 19th century, the town had dirt streets with a large Greek Revival courthouse with Doric columns built by Swiss-born, Evansville, Indiana Architect J. K. Frick & Co in 1861. The courthouse was then replaced in 1906 with a larger building designed by then well-known architect John W. Gaddis of Vincennes, Indiana. The structure was an identical model to the Perry County Courthouse at Perryville, Missouri, both built the same year. A smaller version of the central clock tower of the courthouse, including the original clock, manufactured by the Howard Clock Company, of Boston Massachusetts in 1904 was recreated in 1996, and placed in a small lot behind the Clearwave Building's parking lot. The Howard clock company was notable for manufacturing large clocks in such buildings as the Wrigley Building in Chicago, and the Ferry Building in San Francisco, California. The town square was completely surrounded by brick streets in 1906. [20] Harrisburg had 25 miles (40 km) of brick streets, [11] but now only a few blocks are left. [5]Harrisburg has not yet begun a National Trust for Historic Preservation, Main Street historical preservation program. Saline County is within a recognized historical district, the "Ohio River Route Where Illinois Began". Two buildings in Harrisburg are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places, those being the City Hall and the Saline County Poor Farm. [57]19th century residential neighborhood in Harrisburg. The square itself held an array of coal mining offices, privately owned business, grocery and department stores, pharmacies and bars. During the closing of the coal mining era, most of the businesses left the square and moved to the main drag of Rt. 45, constructed in 1926. The courthouse built by John W. Gaddis was replaced with a modern, more efficient building in 1967 after the older building was condemned. [20] Over the years, the architecture that graced Harrisburg square has slowly turned to rotting older structures mixed in with a hodge-podge of newer updated buildings. Currently there are a few privately owned downtown renovation projects in progress on and around the square. [20]The Harrisburg Mitchell-Carnegie Library, located on Church Street south of the square and built with a grant from Andrew Carnegie, was built in 1908 and opened to the public in 1909. The building served the community until 2000 when the library was moved to a new building on north Main Street. During the 1937 flood, the library was used as a makeshift hospital until the water boiler burst. The building now serves as a church. Harrisburg has three city parks. Memorial Park, Gaskins City Park, and Dorris Heights Park. Memorial Park, on the west end of town, is the largest [5] with the city park pool and a large lagoon snaking through the center, [58] founded in 1935. [59]The Sunset Lawn Cemetery is the largest in the county, founded in 1880, connected to the west edge of the city. The cemetery contains ornate tombstones and crypts, within which are the remains of most of the city's original founders and prominent residents. Sunset Lawn contained the 90-year-old Sunset Mausoleum. The crypt had marble floors, with 75 persons buried inside. The structure was condemned in 2008 and there were plans of removal of the bodies and reburial within the cemetery, but due to problems finding many of the family members, has not came to fruition. [60]In May 2010, on 301 N. Granger Street, the 1895 home of city bricklayer and early proprietor Robert King was set to be demolished. The homeowners donated it to Saline County Habitat for Humanity last year hoping that the organization might be able to restore it. The home was considered "unrestorable". [61] In 2012, Harrisburg High School was placed on the Landmark Illinois endangered buildings list. Two seniors at Harrisburg High School were preparing a nomination of the building for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, and they helped to distribute a petition through social media in order to help save the school. [62]Harrisburg neighborhoods [ edit]Harrisburg industrial zone in Dorrisville. Harrisburg is split up into several small neighborhoods that were annexed into the city limits over time, from north to south. [9]Dorris Heights – A subdivision established in 1923 on land owned by W. S. and Bertha Dorris. Annexed in 1979. Sits to the direct north of Harrisburg with the Dorris Heights Street being the main road through the area. The Saline County Fair Grounds sits to between Dorris Heights St. and the Levee to the north. Small Street heads east from Dorris Heights towards the Arrow Head Point shopping center. [63]Buena Vista – Situated to the south and north of Route 13 (Poplar Street), and west of the main village. It holds the newer town water tower and several homes. It is bordered by Liberty to the south. [9]Wilmoth Addition – Is an area of prominently African American residents north of Old Harrisburg, and just south of Dorris Heights. A good portion of the Wilmoth Addition was slowly abandoned and torn down when the Rt. 13 bypass was built in 2008. [9]Old Harrisburg Village – The streets that surround the town square. It includes everything on Main street north and south, and Poplar street from the levee to the east and the town park to the west. It also includes the High School, the old Junior High, West and East Side schools, the Courthouse, the town park and cemetery to the west, and the main shopping strip on Route 45. This part of the city is the oldest, and is recognized mainly by the densely packed gilded age houses and structures lined on narrow brick streets. Most of this area is located on "Crusoe's Island", and was built during a pre-automobile-centric Harrisburg. [9]Gaskins City – Includes a small village annexed in 1905, named for the Gaskins family of Harrisburg, prominent business owners and coal entrepreneurs of the Egyptian Coal Company, later sold to O'Gara. [64] Gaskins City is a series of several blocks that exists to the east of the Harrisburg Levee and Route 45. Sloan Street crosses Route 45, runs straight into the center of Gaskins City and terminates at the Harrisburg Medical Center. It contains Gaskins City Baptist Church, Shawnee Hills Country Club, and is an upper-class neighborhood. It used to have its own school at one time. [9] A large part of Gaskins City was obliterated by the 2012 EF4 Tornado. Part of Harrisburg Medical Center was also heavily damaged. The Thomas Osment home on Walnut Street. A Classic Colonial Revival Gilded Age Harrisburg house. Garden Heights – Slightly south of Gaskins City. Connects it with Route 34 and Pankyville. [63]Dorrisville – Straight south of Harrisburg, and established in 1905 with a post office, and annexed by the city in 1923. Dorrisville holds the Dorrisville Baptist Church, the Saline County Area Historical Museum, and "Pauper Farm Crossing", which is on the crossroads of Feazel Street and Route 45. Most people recognize Dorrisville as the first 5-6 blocks north, west, and east of the Feazel Street and Barnett Street 4-way stop. [9] A large part of Dorrisville along the Barnett Street corridor and south of Main Street was destroyed in the tornado. Many houses were destroyed or had lost their roofs. Liberty – Was a smaller rural community to the far southwest of Harrisburg along Liberty Road. It included Liberty Church and cemetery. In 1873, designer of the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad, Green Berry Raum of Harrisburg, opened a slope mine on the south side of the rails near Liberty. It became the first in the county to ship coal by rail-car. The mine was called Ledford Slope, and the spot was called Liberty Crossing. Liberty is bordered by the old mining community of Ledford 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Harrisburg, Dorrisville to the west, and Buena Vista to the north. Liberty holds the new Junior High building. [9]Ledford – Ledford had been a complete town unto itself. It was the home ground of Charles Birger, and had several stores, its own school system, and a post office. Ledford was a coal mining community set up by mostly Hungarians during the 19th century. It holds a large cemetery, an historic Hungarian cemetery, and the Ledford Baptist Church. Ledford is spread across a 4-mile (6.4 km) span of land along Route 45 between Carrier Mills and Harrisburg, with several roads branching off to the left and right of the highway. It is all considered "Ledford". [9]A view towards the city as seen from far east Sloan Street near Gaskins City. At 503 feet (153.4m), [65] the WSIL tower, built downtown in 1953, was then one of the tallest television towers in Illinois, and is still the tallest structure in the city. [14]Harrisburg downtown (Crusoe's Island) as seen from far east Poplar Street ( Route 13). Climate [ edit]Harrisburg has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ), bordering on a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa) with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. Both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico affect the region. The city has four distinct seasons. The highest average temperature is in July at 89 °F (32 °C), while the lowest average temperature is 22 °F (−6 °C) in January. However, summer temperatures can rise over 100 °F (38 °C), and winter temperatures can drop below 0 °F (−18 °C). Average monthly precipitation ranges from 3 to 5 inches (130 mm), with the heaviest occurring during late fall. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April, ranges from 1 to 7 inches (180 mm) per month. The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C) on July 13, 1936, and the lowest recorded temperature was on February 2, 1951 at −23 °F (−31 °C) [66] [ hide] Climate data for Harrisburg, Illinois Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °F (°C) 43 (6) 47 (8) 58 (14) 70 (21) 79 (26) 87 (31) 91 (33) 90 (32) 84 (29) 72 (22) 58 (14) 46 (8) 68.8 (20.3)Daily mean °F (°C) 34 (1) 37 (3) 47 (8) 58 (14) 67 (19) 76 (24) 79 (26) 78 (26) 71 (22) 59 (15) 47 (8) 37 (3) 57.5 (14.1)Average low °F (°C) 25 (−4) 27 (−3) 36 (2) 46 (8) 55 (13) 64 (18) 67 (19) 66 (19) 58 (14) 46 (8) 37 (3) 28 (−2) 46.3 (7.9)Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.8 (71) 3.2 (81) 4.9 (124) 4.3 (109) 5.1 (130) 3.9 (99) 4.0 (102) 3.3 (84) 3.0 (76) 2.9 (74) 4.0 (102) 4.1 (104) 45.5 (1,156)Source: Weatherbase [67]Natural disasters [ edit]Flood risks [ edit]Flooding along the Ohio River, causing back flow of the middle fork of the Saline River has plagued Harrisburg over the years. [68] The city was flooded in 1883–1884 and again in 1913. [20] The most severe came during the Ohio River flood of 1937 when much of the city, except "Crusoes' Island", a downtown orbit that encircled the town square, was underwater. High water had reached 30 miles (48 km) from the river, and the city was flooded in its position among tributary lowlands. [69] 10,000 out of the 16,000 residents were left stranded on the crowded "island" for weeks, while the other 80% of Harrisburg was completely inundated. By the time the flood waters had receded, 4000 were left homeless. [24] Between Gallatin County and Harrisburg, about 25 miles (40 km) of Illinois Route 13 was covered by 8.0 to 14.0 feet (2.4 to 4.3 m) of water; motorboats navigated the entire distance to rescue marooned families. [70] National guard boats were the means of transportation in the city, and several thousand people were transported daily from temporary island to island. [71] According to the Sanborn Map Company, Harrisburg in October 1925 had a population of 15,000, and in a revised version by January 1937 the population had fallen to 13,000. [11] After that, a levee was erected north and east of the city for protection from future floods. The levee became the unofficial northern and eastern border of the town. No businesses or residences exist in the Saline River Middle Fork floodplains. [72] Flooding reoccurred in January 1982 due to drainage problems from the frozen ground, and in 1983, due to 8 inches (200 mm) of rain. The Pankey Branch pumping system, on the east side of town, was built to handle flooding from the Saline River only, and has serious complex watershed technical problems, causing continual water backup within the levee during large rain events. The city rebuilt a new pumping system and requested the Army Corps of Engineers to certify the levee. [68]Flood of 2008 [ edit]Main article: Spring 2008 Midwest floods In Saline County, a preliminary estimate indicated $16.8 million in damage caused by 11.5 inches (290 mm) of rain on March 18–19, 2008. At least 30 homes and 44 businesses had water over the first floor. [68] Many business owners faced quite a task as they assessed the damage and began cleaning up. Others were able to reopen fairly quickly after suffering only minimal damage or waiting for flood waters to recede so that customers could reach their businesses. Harrisburg officials reported 74 businesses affected by flooding, Businesses along Commercial Street ( U. S. Route 45 ), were hardest hit. Kroger, which had just undergone a major renovation, reportedly had 2 feet (0.6 m) or more of water inside. [73] The Federal Emergency Management Agency denied flood recovery grants and loans to Illinois. [74] Flooding in the city was being called the worst in 71 years. [75]Tornado of 2012 [ edit]Main article: 2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak Destroyed shopping center in Harrisburg in the wake of the Tornadoes Spawned by a weather system that had originated in Kansas, an EF-4 tornado slammed into Harrisburg early on the morning of February 29, 2012. The tornado touched down just north of Carrier Mills at 4:51 a.m., destroyed a church and damaged houses along Town Park Road, and then traveled ENE through the Harrisburg Coal Field just north of Ledford, and then went through Liberty, where it damaged Harrisburg Middle School. [76] The tornado then reached the south-western edge of the city at 4:56 a.m., specifically Dorrisville, which suffered significant property damage, and then churned eastward to Gaskins City which was nearly leveled; 7 people were confirmed dead in that area, most killed in an apartment complex that was crushed by another residence, and 110 were injured overall. [42] [77] [78] On June 3, another victim died in the hospital from their injuries, raising the death toll to 8. [79] Harrisburg Medical Center was also significantly damaged in Gaskins City. [80] Peak winds were estimated to have been about 180 mph, and the width of the tornado path was 275 yards, traveling 26.5 miles. In Harrisburg, more than 200 houses, and about 25 businesses were destroyed or damaged heavily. At least 10 houses and other buildings were leveled completely, and several structures were displaced from their foundations. [81] Early estimates indicated nearly 40% of the city was damaged or destroyed. The following night, a mandatory curfew was enforced in the effected areas, from 6 p.m. through 6 a.m. [82] Counting the damage and death toll, it was reported to be the worst storm since the Joplin, Missouri tornado. [83] Harrisburg Unit 3 schools were closed until March 5, 2012, and later they offered trauma counseling to students after reopening. [84]The Federal Emergency Management Agency and IEMA [ clarification needed] began doing preliminary damage assessments on March 5, 2012 in order to determine the need for public assistance. [85] The storm damage in Harrisburg dominated national airwaves for several days, with both Anderson Cooper and Diane Sawyer doing special reports. [86] [87] Both the New York Times and Chicago Tribune published articles about the resilient history and nature of Harrisburg to rebound from the tornado and floods that have hit the city since its founding in 1889. [88] [89]Gateway to the Shawnee National Forest [ edit]Shawnee National Forest More than 270,000 acres (1,100 km 2) of Shawnee National Forest lie to the south of Harrisburg, drawing visitors annually to the Saline County area and the gateway community. The Shawnee National Forest offers much to see and do. The national forest has 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of roadways, some 150 miles (240 km) of streams and frequent waterfalls, numerous ponds and lakes as large as 2,700 acres (11 km 2) (some with swimming beaches), 13 campgrounds, many picnicking sites, and seven wilderness areas where trails are designed for hiking and horseback riding. [90]Plant life is extremely diverse and ranges from sun-loving species to those that grow in dense shade. Tree cover dominates the publicly owned acreage, and is a significant component on privately owned lands. Oak-hickory is the predominant timber type, however, many other commercially important timber species also occupy significant acreages. More than 500 wildlife species can be found in the Forest, including 48 mammals, 237 birds, 52 reptiles, 57 amphibians, and 109 species of fish. There are seven federally listed threatened and endangered species that inhabit the Forest, as well as 33 species which are considered regionally sensitive, and 114 Forest-listed species. [91]When the Shawnee Purchase Units were first established, temporary headquarters were set up in Room 303, First Trust and Savings Bank Building, Harrisburg, Illinois. This was the only modern office building in the town of Harrisburg suitable for headquarters, and the forest has continued to occupy this building as Supervisor's offices. Expansion of the offices has continued since 1933, until today (June 1938), ten rooms on the third floor, and four rooms on the fourth floor, are leased by the Forest Service. Employees who were here during the early days of the forest tell of the chaos and confusion caused by the small space under lease, the incoming shipments of equipment and supplies, and the constant inflow of new personnel. [92]Media [ edit]The Daily Register, based in Harrisburg, has been providing coverage of news for southeastern Illinois since 1869, and is owned by Gate House Media. [93] It is the major daily newspaper serving Harrisburg, Saline County, and distributes to Paducah, Kentucky, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Mount Vernon, Illinois. The second major newspaper is The Eldorado Daily Journal, based in Eldorado [94] and operated by Gate House as a sister newspaper to the Register. Newspapers are also delivered into the city from as far away as Evansville, Chicago, and St. Louis. It is often included in the Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky Tri-State Area. Harrisburg has one television station licensed directly to the city; WSIL-TV. Broadcasting on channel 3, it is the ABC affiliate for a wide area of southern Illinois, western Kentucky and southeastern Missouri. The station's studios reside in nearby Carterville. [95] There is one major AM broadcasting station in Harrisburg, WEBQ 1240, a now country music station that has broadcast news and music to the region since the 1930s. WOOZ 99.9 FM Z100 has the trademark Today's Best Country is also based in the city. [96]Government, healthcare, and education [ edit]Harrisburg is the county seat of Saline County with a mayor and council form of government. The city has four main council members. The city has a Police Department that shares a building with the Sheriff's department with 13 sworn officers and a civilian secretary. There are 7 full-time firefighters and 15 on-call members and a trained Emergency Medical Technician working for the Harrisburg Fire Department, working out of a central station. It has three fire trucks, a 65-foot (20 m) snorkel, a rescue truck, a 4×4 brush truck, and a 2,000 US gallons (7,570 L) tanker truck. [32]The City of Harrisburg operates its own water distribution system. It has a storage capacity of 6,000,000 US gallons (23 million litres) in elevated tanks. The water processing plant has a capacity of 4,000,000 per day, while average daily consumption is about 2,500,000 gallons. The city's water treatment plant has a design capacity of 3,125,000 gallons per day. Its average load is 1,200,000 US gallons (4.5 million litres) per day. [32]Harrisburg Hospital was at one time located in a four-story complex one block from the town square, [20] but in the 1990s moved to Harrisburg Medical Center where 78 beds and 34 physicians are on staff. It also has an 18-bed psychiatric area. In 1995, the hospital completed a multimillion-dollar expansion and renovation program. There are 25 nursing homes in the Harrisburg and southeastern Illinois area. Three are located within the city. Harrisburg also has several clinics and specialized physicians have offices within the city. [32]Harrisburg Community Unit School District 3 serves the city's student population with two K-6 elementary schools, a junior high school, and a senior high school. More than 2,300 students are enrolled in the district's schools. More than 1,300 students attend East Side and West Side Elementary schools. Malan Junior High was the main middle school for the city until 2005 when the new middle school was built in Liberty, which has 300 students enrolled. Harrisburg High School has more than 600 students enrolled. The city also has seven preschools and daycare centers. [32] Harrisburg once had several schools within the township before the different neighborhoods were annexed, all are now closed down, a few are, Horace Mann, Mc Kinley School, Bayliss School, Phillips School, and Ledford school. [20]Higher education [ edit]Southeastern Illinois College is a two-year junior college that sits on a 148-acre (60 ha) campus east of the city limits. SIC enrolls more than 2,000 students each semester in college transfer and career education programs. SIC was founded in 1960. Other nearby local colleges and universities are Southern Illinois University campus at Carbondale Rend Lake College, at Ina; Eastern Illinois University, at Charleston, Shawnee Community College at Vienna, and the University of Evansville, at Evansville, Indiana. [32]Notable people [ edit]Charlie Birger, notorious gangster [97]John E. Bradley, state representative [98]Danny Fife, MLB pitcher for the Minnesota Twins James D. Fowler. state representative [99]Virginia Gregg, actress, born in Harrisburg (1916), known as the voice of Norman Bates' mother in Psycho [100]Chuck Hunsinger, running back for the Chicago Bears and the Montreal Alouettes; known for fumbling a ball in the 42nd Grey Cup [101]John H. Pickering, founding partner of the law firm Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering [102]General Green Berry Raum, Civil War general, and president of the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad [103]John Romonosky, 1950s baseball player, St. Louis Cardinals and Washington Senators [104]Dale Swann, character actor born in the Harrisburg [105]Henry Turner, physician who first described Turner Syndrome [106]Stanley B. Weaver. Illinois state legislator and funeral director, was born in Harrisburg. [107]See also [ edit]Coal-mining region History of coal mining in the United States List of coalfields Mill town Rust Belt References [ edit]^ "2016 U. S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jun 29, 2017.^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. 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Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ "National Weather Service updates tornado statistics – News – The Daily Register – Harrisburg, Illinois". The Daily Register. Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ Scott Fitzgerald (2012-03-01). " ' We will rebuild': Harrisburg mayor vows town will become stronger". Harrisburg, Illinois. The Southern Illinoisan. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-04-25.^ "Harrisburg, Illinois tornado one of the worst tornadoes since Joplin disaster". 29 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ "Unit No. 3 schools provide trauma counseling to students – News – The Daily Register – Harrisburg, Illinois". The Daily Register. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ "FEMA, IEMA officials begin conducting damage assessments – News – The Daily Register – Harrisburg, Illinois – Harrisburg, Illinois". The Daily Register. Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ TV.com. "ABC World News with Diane Sawyer - Season 201202, Episode 02.29.12: Harrisburg, Illinois, Devastated by Tornadoes - TV.com". TV.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ "Tonight, tragic stories of losing loved ones and also incredible tales of..." Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ Davey, Monica (2012-03-01). "Southern Illinois Town Is All Too Versed in Taking a Hit". The New York Times.^ "Topic Galleries". Chicago Tribune.^ Selbert, Pamela (January 1, 1993). "Balancing act on the Shawnee". American Forests. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.^ "Shawnee National Forest". US Forest Service. Retrieved April 8, 2009.^ "The Creation of the Shawnee National Forest 1930–1938". US Forest Service. March 12, 2004. Retrieved April 8, 2009.^ "Daily Register". Gate House Media, Inc. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-20.^ "Echo Media Harrisburg Register & Eldorado Journal". ECHO MEDIA. 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-20.^ "WSIL-TV". WSIL. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-03-21. Retrieved 2009-04-20.^ "Radio Stations – Harrisburg, Illinois". Ontheradio. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-20.^ The Legend of Charlie Birger – WSIU-TV documentary (2003)^ Illinois General Assembly-John E. Bradley^ 'Illinois Blue Book 2001-2002,' Biographical Sketch of Jim Fowler, pg. 130^ "Virginia Gregg Biography". Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ Toronto Star, Wednesday 27 November 1968, page 14, Jim Kernaghan column.^ New York Times, March 22, 2005, "John H. Pickering, 89, a Founder of a Leading U. S. Law Firm, Is Dead"^ "Arlington Cemetery biography of Raum". Retrieved 13 September 2014.^ "John Romonosky Statistics and History". Retrieved 2009-04-06.^ Bassett, Kathie (2009-04-14). "Charactor actor Dale Swann dies". The Telegraph (Alton). Archived from the original on 2009-04-18. Retrieved 2009-04-18.^ A Tribute to Henry H. Turner, M. D. (1892–1970): A Pioneer Endocrinologist. The Endocrinologist 14 (4) 179-184, July–August 2004 G Bradley Schaefer, MD and Harris D. Riley, Jr., MD^ 'Former Urbana mayor and longtime legislator dies,' The News-Gazette, J. Philip Bloomer, November 12, 2003External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harrisburg, Illinois. Wikisource has the text of a 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article about Harrisburg, Illinois. Saline County Chamber of Commerce Southeastern Illinois Regional Planning and Development Council Harrisburg Official Website" Harrisburg. A city and the county seat of Saline County, Ill. ". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. [ show]v t e Municipalities and communities of Saline County, Illinois, United States [ show]v t e Southern Illinois Categories: Cities in Saline County, Illinois County seats in Illinois Harrisburg, Illinois Mining communities in Illinois Populated places established in 1847 1847 establishments in Illinois
Pogba did not travel to East Lancashire with the rest of the squad at the weekend, after making substitute appearances against Watford and Newcastle United. Those two cameos off the bench added up to around 70 minutes of action after almost three months out injured for the 26-year-old. Solskjaer has indicated the midfielder simply required additional rest.
Bart Simpson - Wikisimpsons, the Simpsons Wiki Bart Simpson "Don't have a cow man!" ―Bart's catchphrase Artwork of Bart by Matt Groening Character Information Blond (yellow), naturally pale red [1] Occupation: v • d • e • h Bartholomew JoJo [3] "Bart" Simpson (born April 1 [3] or February 23 [4] ), also known as El Barto and Bartman , is the mischievous, rebellious, misunderstood, and "potentially dangerous" eldest child of Homer and Marge Simpson , and the brother of Lisa and Maggie Simpson . Contents Biography Bart's character folder in the Hall of Records on The Simpsons website. Bart is a self-proclaimed underachiever who is constantly in detention. He is easily distracted (even, strangely enough, by algebraic equations). His penchant for shocking people began before he was born: Bart "mooned" Dr. Hibbert while he performed a sonogram on Marge, and moments after being born he set fire to Homer's tie. His blood type is the very rare Double O Negative (OO-); [5] only he and Mr. Burns are known to have it. Bart's interests include Krusty the Clown (he is "Krusty Buddy" number 16302), skateboarding, reading comic books (especially Radioactive Man ), watching television (especially the Krusty the Clown Show and The Itchy & Scratchy Show ), terrorizing Lisa , playing video games, helping Lisa solve various problems (e.g. reuniting Krusty with his estranged Father ), and pulling off various pranks (such as mooning unsuspecting people and prank calling Moe at his tavern ). Bart with his mother and sisters Bart also sprays graffiti under the alias 'El Barto', and regularly frequents the Kwik-E-Mart (for bubblegum and Squishees ) and The Android's Dungeon . Bart hinted that his favorite movies are Jaws and the Star Wars trilogy. [6] His best friend is Milhouse Van Houten . Bart is a polyglot and can speak several languages with varying degrees of fluency. Though he has not demonstrated the ability since his trip to France as an exchange student, he speaks near-perfect French. [7] He also learned Spanish in a matter of hours in preparation for the family's trip to Brazil . [8] Upon learning that Brazilians speak Portuguese and not Spanish, Homer orders his son to forget what he learned, prompting Bart to strike himself over the head until he forgot the language. Bart also speaks Japanese (which he also learned in a couple of hours in prison along with Homer, and is also shown speaking Japanese, [9] Cantonese and Latin. His advanced linguistic skills may be inherited from Homer, who also speaks advanced languages, including penguin. He was also shown to be a skilled drummer. [10] He was a player in the Mighty Pigs Peewee Hockey League Team. He is also quite capable of firing advanced firearms with a frighteningly immense amount of accuracy, as evidenced when, while at Military School as a result of a prank involving bullhorns, he was given a RGB6 Grenade Launcher by the firing range instructor due to his belief that Bart would have most likely known how to operate handguns, and managed to destroy four out of five targets before one of his shots missed and ended up hitting Principal Skinner's car just as he was about to unlock it, to which Bart implied that he deliberately missed the fifth target and was actually aiming for Skinner's car that time. [11] He later displayed a similar proficiency towards weapons when he managed to hijack a tank by stealing the keys, drive it over to the park, and managed to shoot down a MLB satellite with surprising accuracy all by himself, although at that point, he was also under the effects of an experimental drug that was supposed to suppress his Attention Deficit Disorder. [12] Homer strangling Bart Bart can also drive vehicles with surprising skill for his age. He has his own driving license, given to him after saving Springfield from a fire, [13] although he has been seen driving before with a fake license at times. [14] He still possesses it, using it to steal Principal Skinner 's car to get to Jimbo 's house. [15] He is the most misunderstood of the family, constantly frustrated by th
Wallis & Edward -LRB- in Canada also known as Her Royal Affair -RRB- is a 2005 British made-for-TV movie , scripted by Sarah Williams , dramatising the events of the Edward VIII abdication crisis . It was billed as the first scripted account of the romance between Wallis Simpson and Edward VIII of the United Kingdom to view events from Wallis Simpson 's point of view . Joely Richardson played Wallis , and Steven Campbell Moore , Edward . It is comparable to the 2002 Bertie and Elizabeth , covering some of the same subject matter in a similar style , but from the point of view of Edward 's brother Albert -LRB- George VI -RRB- and sister-in-law Elizabeth .
A superhero film , superhero movie or superhero motion picture is a film that is focused on the actions of one or more superheroes : individuals who usually possess superhuman abilities relative to a normal person and are dedicated to protecting the public . These films typically feature action , adventure , fantasy and/or science fiction elements , with the first film of a particular character often including a focus on the origin of his or her special powers and his or her first confrontation with his or her most famous supervillain or archenemy . Most superhero movies are based on superhero comics . By contrast , several films such as the RoboCop series , The Meteor Man , Unbreakable , The Incredibles , Hancock and They Call Me Jeeg are original for the screen , while The Green Hornet is based primarily on the original radio series and its 1960s television adaptation , and both Underdog and The Powerpuff Girls are based on animated television series . The most notable and successful superhero films of the present day are films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe starting with Iron Man -LRB- 2008 -RRB- and Christopher Nolan 's Dark Knight Trilogy .
Tannishtha Chatterjee (born 23 November 1980) is an Indian film actress. She is best known in the West for her performance in the British film "Brick Lane" (2007), the film adaptation of Monica Ali's best selling novel of the same name. She was nominated for the British Independent Film Awards as the best actress for "Brick Lane". Her other notable roles have been in Academy Award-winning German director Florian Gallenberger's film "Shadows of Time", "Road, Movie" with Abhay Deol, "Dekh Indian Circus", for which she won the National Film award and Marathi film "Doctor Rakhmabai" amongst many others.
In 1 April 2012 by-elections the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had never won a Burmese election until this time. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. Following announcement of the by-elections, the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about "reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections, including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization." However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.
Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon is a 2014 animated fantasy comedy direct-to-video film starring Tom and Jerry, produced by Warner Bros. Animation. Directed and produced by Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone, it premiered on July 27, 2014, at San Diego Comic-Con International. It is the first Tom and Jerry direct-to-video film to be marketed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment in Japan. It was originally released digitally on August 19, 2014, to be followed by a DVD release on September 2, 2014.
A menstrual cycle is counted from the first day of bleeding in one month to the first day of bleeding in the next month. The average menstrual cycle is about 28 days, but cycles that are 21â45 days also are normal. It may take 6 years or more after your period starts for your cycle to get regular. Why is it a good idea to track my period? If you do this every month, you may notice a pattern. It may become easier to tell when you will get your next period. Check online or on your smart phone for apps that can help you track your period. How can I track my period on a calendar? To track your period on a calendar, mark the first day your bleeding starts on a calendar with an X. Put an X on each of the following days that you have bleeding. Count the first X as day 1. Keep counting the days until you have your next period.
London Docklands is the name for the riverfront and former docks in London, capital of the United Kingdom, based around east and south east London respectively. It forms part of the boroughs of Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Newham and Greenwich. The docks were formerly part of the Port of London, at one time the world's largest port. They have now been redeveloped principally for commercial and residential use. The name London Docklands was used for the first time in a government report on redevelopment plans in 1971 and has since become virtually universally adopted. It also created conflict between the new and old communities of the London Docklands.
National Human Rights Commission of India The Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993.[1] It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (TPHRA).[2] The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India,[3] responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as "rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants".
Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person. The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practised separation of church and state. In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom. Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance. Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including Jews. The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework. The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition.
Interesting Reading. 1 How much does a solar panel cost on its own. 2 How much does it cost to install DIY solar panels. 3 How much do solar panels cost if you get a solar company to install them. 4 What is the cost breakdown for an installed solar power system. 5 Average cost of installing solar panels in each state.
Conor Byrne: 21 September 1327: The Death of Edward II? 21 September 1327: The Death of Edward II? Above: Edward II's tomb effigy at Gloucester Cathedral. Edward II, king of England from 1307, allegedly died at Berkeley Castle twenty years later, on 21 September 1327. As biographer Harold F. Hutchinson explains in his 1971 study of the king: 'The true story of the manner of Edward's death can never be known for certain'. The former king had been deposed in January 1327 and succeeded by his fourteen-year old son Edward, known as Edward III. His father's reign had, in the words of Natalie Fryde, been 'disastrous'. Edward's wife, Isabella of France, had invaded the country in September 1326 having initially departed to be involved in peace negotiations with the French king. Outraged by the power wielded by her husband's favourites, the Despensers, who had sequestrated her estates and virtually imprisoned herself and her servants, Isabella returned to England alongside her ally - and possibly lover - Roger Mortimer, later earl of March, and a host of supporters. City after city in England supported her, including London, which became her most imposing stronghold. Edward II was taken to Kenilworth Castle, where the bishop of Hereford demanded that he abdicate, charging the king with, amongst other things, being personally incapable of governing; of allowing himself to be led and governed by others; of devoting himself to unsuitable occupations while neglecting the government of his kingdom; of forfeiting the king of France's friendship, and losing the kingdom of Scotland and lands and lordships in Ireland and Gascony; and of exhibiting pride, cruelty, and covetousness. Edward remained virtually imprisoned at Kenilworth until 2 April 1327, when he was transferred to the custody of Thomas Berkeley and John Maltravers, following a plot led by the Dominican John Stoke to free him. In July, a further conspiracy to release him occurred, and on 14 September, Sir Rhys ap Gruffudd's plot to liberate him was uncovered. A week later, at the parliament at Lincoln, it was announced that the former king had died 'a natural death' at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. His corpse was moved to Gloucester for public display a month later, and on 20 December he was buried in St Peter's Abbey, Gloucester, in the presence of his son and his widow. A splendid tomb was erected by Edward III in his father's memory. Above: Berkeley Castle, where Edward II allegedly died in 1327. Historians traditionally accepted that Edward II died at Berkeley Castle on 21 September 1327. Hutchinson, for instance, noted that although a mystery surrounded his end, 'the only fact which seems well established is that Edward of Caernarvon was murdered, if not to the instructions of, at least with the connivance of Mortimer, and probably also of Isabella [Edward's wife]'. But as Natalie Fryde correctly noted in her 1979 study of the last years of his reign, 'if we separate contemporary evidence about his [Edward's] fate from the legend which has accrued around it, we are certainly left with more mystery than certainty'. It is essential to bear in mind this point - legend has replaced concrete historical fact regarding Edward II's end. An obvious example of this is the lingering popularity of the notion that Edward died by having a red hot poker thrust into his anus, allegedly a gruesome parody of his enjoyment of homosexual sex. The chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker (died c. 1360), reported this, as did the Brut chronicle, composed in the 1340s. But both Ian Mortimer and Kathryn Warner have disputed the 'anal rape' narrative of the king's death, arguing instead that it reflected beliefs that he was the passive partner in male-male sexual relations. There is, in short, no compelling evidence for the red hot poker story. As Hutchinson incredulously noted, Baker 'asks his readers to believe that Edward's murderers were so inept, and the castle walls so thin, that townsfolk outside the castle were able to hear the king's dying shrieks'. He dismisses Baker's claims as being 'lur
Cindy Dandois is a Belgian mixed martial artist who competes in the Bantamweight and Featherweight divisions in Invicta and the Ultimate Fighting Championship. She began her judoka training at the age of 5 under the training of Johan Laats, and freestyle wrestling at age 8 under Joseph Mewis. Dandois later transitioned into mixed martial arts, and trains at a gym in Belgium owned by her brother Ben Dandois. She trains at Xtreme Couture Mixed Martial Arts while she is in the United States.
Odd-Willy Martinsen (born 20 December 1942) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier who competed during the 1960s and 1970s. He won three medals at the Winter Olympics, a gold in the 4×10 km relay (1968) and silvers in the 30 km (1968) and the 4×10 km relay (1976). Martinsen won five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, a gold in the 4×10 km relay (1966), a silver in the 15 km (1970), and bronzes in the 15 km (1966), 30 km (1970), and 4×10 km relay (1974). At the 1969 Holmenkollen ski festival, he won the 15 km race. For his cross-country skiing successes in Norway and abroad, Martinsen received the Holmenkollen medal in 1969. Thirty-two years later, his daughter, Bente Skari, received the Holmenkollen medal, making them the only father-daughter combination to ever win the prestigious honor.
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Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.
Remove the actuator end link from the wastegate lever. If there is a turnbuckle with an adjusting link, do NOT adjust the piston guided actuator by turning the rod of the actuator. This will damage the rubber diaphragm inside the actuator.The knurled turnbuckle on the new end adjusting link must be used.eave the setting pressure air supply connected to the wastegate capsule. Loosen the actuator end-link locknut. To reduce the possibility of breaking the wastegate pivot pin, use a wrench on the end link to support it while loosening and/or tightening the actuator end-link locknut.
Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 Prior to this event, no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8, 1918; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States.[6] The path of totality touched 14 states, and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse.[6] The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States,[7] with most of this area over the ocean, not land. The event's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4:05 p.m. UTC (9:05 a.m. PDT), with the total eclipse beginning there at 5:16 p.m. UTC (10:16 a.m. PDT); the total eclipse's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6:44 p.m. UTC (2:44 p.m. EDT).[6] Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu, Hawaii began with sunrise at 4:20 p.m. UTC (6:20 a.m. HST) and ended by 5:25 p.m. UTC (7:25 a.m. HST).[8]
Allies of World War II At the start of the war on 1 September 1939, the Allies consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, as well as their dependent states, such as British India. Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth: Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.[1] After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, and Yugoslavia joined the Allies. After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. The United States provided war materiel and money all along, and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, but officially joined the Allies in 1941.
The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi. Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where "the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, "a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect".
Several more Quebalix systems are in the planning stage for the mine. The Buenavista del Cobre Mine is owned by Grupo Mexico, mÃ©xico which operates a number of mining activities In, Mexico peru and THE. Usa Grupo mexico mÃ©xico is one of the largest copper producers worldwide and owns some of the largest copper. reserves globally
Guam (i/ˈɡwɑːm/ or /ˈɡwɒm/; Chamorro: Guåhån;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hagåtña, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km² (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km² (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km² (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level.
Kurt Geiger is a British footwear and accessories retailer . Creative Director Rebecca Farrar-Hockley and her team of specialist shoe and accessory designers make up the creative staff of the brand at the Kurt Geiger headquarters on Britton Street , London . Kurt Geiger has over 70 stores , a `` digital global flagship '' , and over 170 concessions within department stores , including Harrods and Selfridges . In 1995 Kurt Geiger introduced a men 's collection designed in London with distinctly British edge worn by actors from Benedict Cumberbatch to Daniel Radcliffe , Channing Tatum and John Boyega . In 2011 Kurt Geiger founded Everything but the Dress and introduced accessories and a bag collection . Kurt Geiger is worn by actresses , artists and models including Kendall Jenner , Jennifer Lawrence , Cate Blanchett , Emily Blunt , Beyonce , Sienna Miller , Rihanna , Cindy Crawford and Gigi Hadid . The company is named after its Austrian founder , who opened its first shop in London 's fashion capital on Bond Street in 1963 , and it has been based in London ever since . In December 2015 , London-based private equity firm Cinven acquired Kurt Geiger from its previous owner , New York-based private equity firm Sycamore Partners , for # 245 million .
Curvature From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about mathematics and related concepts in geometry. For other uses, see Curvature (disambiguation). A migrating wild-type Dictyostelium discoideum cell whose boundary is colored by curvature. Scale bar: 5 µm. In mathematics, curvature is any of a number of loosely related concepts in different areas of geometry. Intuitively, curvature is the amount by which a geometric object such as a surface deviates from being a flat plane, or a curve from being straight as in the case of a line, but this is defined in different ways depending on the context. There is a key distinction between extrinsic curvature, which is defined for objects embedded in another space (usually a Euclidean space) – in a way that relates to the radius of curvature of circles that touch the object – and intrinsic curvature, which is defined in terms of the lengths of curves within a Riemannian manifold. This article deals primarily with extrinsic curvature. Its canonical example is that of a circle, which has a curvature equal to the reciprocal of its radius everywhere. Smaller circles bend more sharply, and hence have higher curvature. The curvature of a smooth curve is defined as the curvature of its osculating circle at each point. Curvature is normally a scalar quantity, but one may also define a curvature vector that takes into account the direction of the bend in addition to its magnitude. The curvature of more complex objects (such as surfaces or even curved n -dimensional spaces) is described by more complex objects from linear algebra, such as the general Riemann curvature tensor. This article sketches the mathematical framework which describes the curvature of a curve embedded in a plane and the curvature of a surface in Euclidean space. Contents [ hide ]1 Curvature of plane curves1.1 Precise definition1.2 Signed curvature1.3 Local expressions1.4 Curvature of a graph1.5 Implicit curve1.6 Examples2 Curvature of space curves2.1 Local expressions2.2 Curvature from arc and chord length3 Curvature of curves on surfaces3.1 Principal curvature4 Curvature of surfaces4.1 Normal sections4.2 Gaussian curvature4.3 Mean curvature4.4 Second fundamental form4.5 Shape operator5 Curvature of space6 Generalizations7 See also8 Notes9 References10 External links Curvature of plane curves [ edit]Augustin-Louis Cauchy defined the center of curvature C as the intersection point of two infinitely close normals to the curve, the radius of curvature as the distance from the point to C, and the curvature itself as the inverse of the radius of curvature. [1]Let C be a plane curve (the precise technical assumptions are given below). The curvature of C at a point is a measure of how sensitive its tangent line is to moving the point to other nearby points. There are a number of equivalent ways that this idea can be made precise. One way is geometrical. It is natural to define the curvature of a straight line to be constantly zero. The curvature of a circle of radius R should be large if R is small and small if R is large. Thus the curvature of a circle is defined to be the reciprocal of the radius: [2]Given any curve C and a point P on it, there is a unique circle or line which most closely approximates the curve near P, the osculating circle at P. The curvature of C at P is then defined to be the curvature of that circle or line. The radius of curvature is defined as the reciprocal of the curvature. Another way to understand the curvature is physical. Suppose that a particle moves along the curve with unit speed. Taking the time s as the parameter for C, this provides a natural parametrization for the curve. The unit tangent vector T (which is also the velocity vector, since the particle is moving with unit speed) also depends on time. The curvature is then the magnitude of the rate of change of T. Symbolically,The vectors T and N at two points on a plane curve, a translated version of the second frame (dotted), and the change in T: δ T. δs is the distance between the points. In the limit d Tds will be in the direction N and the curvature describes the speed of rotation of the frame. This is the magnitude of the acceleration of the particle and the vector d Tds is the acceleration vector. Geometrically, the curvature κ measures how fast the unit tangent vector to the curve rotates. [3] If a curve keeps close to the same direction, the unit tangent vector changes very little and the curvature is small; where the curve undergoes a tight turn, the curvature is large. These two approaches to the curvature are related geometrically by the following observation. In the first definition, the curvature of a circle is equal to the ratio of the angle of an arc to its length. Likewise, the curvature of a plane curve at any point is the limiting ratio of dθ, an infinitesimal angle (in radians) between tangents to that curve at the ends of an infinitesimal segment of the curve, to the length of that segment ds, i.e., dθds. [4] If the tangents at the ends of the segment are represented by unit vectors, it is easy to show that in this limit, the magnitude of the difference vector is equal to dθ, which leads to the given expression in the second definition of curvature. Precise definition [ edit]Suppose that C is a twice continuously differentiable immersed plane curve, which here means that there exists a parametric representation of C by a pair of functions γ ( t) = ( x ( t ), y ( t )) such that the first and second derivatives of x and y both exist and are continuous, andthroughout the domain. For such a plane curve, there exists a reparametrization with respect to arc length s. This is a parametrization of C such that [5]The velocity vector T ( s) is the unit tangent vector. The unit normal vector N ( s), the curvature κ ( s), the oriented or signed curvature k ( s), and the radius of curvature R ( s) are given bys ss ks sκ s ss R s Expressions for calculating the curvature in arbitrary coordinate systems are given below. Animations of the signed curvature and the acceleration vector T ′ ( s)Signed curvature [ edit]The sign of the signed curvature k indicates the direction in which the unit tangent vector rotates as a function of the parameter along the curve. If the unit tangent rotates counterclockwise, then k > 0. If it rotates clockwise, then k < 0. So, for example, the sign of the curvature of the graph of a function is the same as the sign of the second derivative (see below ). The signed curvature depends on the particular parametrization chosen for a curve. For example, the unit circle can be parametrised by (cos θ, sin θ) (counterclockwise, with k > 0 ), or by (cos (− θ ), sin (− θ )) (clockwise, with k < 0 ). More precisely, the signed curvature depends only on the choice of orientation of an immersed curve. Every immersed curve in the plane admits two possible orientations. Local expressions [ edit]See also: Centripetal force § Alternative approach For a plane curve given parametrically in Cartesian coordinates as γ ( t) = ( x ( t ), y ( t )), the curvature iswhere primes refer to derivatives d ⁄ dt with respect to the parameter t. The signed curvature k is The expression reflects the geometric meaning discussed above, that the curvature is influenced by the change amount of the tangent vector in the direction of the normal vector, askm These can be expressed in a coordinate-independent manner via Curvature of a graph [ edit]For the less general case of a plane curve given explicitly as y = f ( x), and now using primes for derivatives d ⁄ dx with respect to coordinate x, the curvature isand the signed curvature is This quantity is common in physics and engineering; for example, in the equations of bending in beams, the one-dimensional vibration of a tense string, approximations to the fluid flow around surfaces (in aeronautics), and the free surface boundary conditions in ocean waves. In such applications, the assumption is almost always made that the slope is small compared with unity, so that the approximation:\| \|may be used. This approximation yields a straightforward linear equation describing the phenomenon. If a curve is defined in polar coordinates as r ( θ), then its curvature iswhere here the prime refers to differentiation with respect to θ. Implicit curve [ edit]For implicit curves defined by a function with partial derivatives,,,, the curvature is given by [6]Examples [ edit]Consider the parabola y = x 2. We can parametrize the curve simply as γ ( t) = ( t, t 2) = ( x, y). If we use primes for derivatives with respect to the parameter t, then Substituting and dropping unnecessary absolute values, get\| \|And the same result may be obtained immediately from the above formula of the curvature of a graph, without parametrizing. A Lissajous curve with a 3:2 ratio of frequencies can be parametrized in this way: (cos 3tsin 2t)Applying the formula it turns out to have signed curvature: (For more details on this example see osculating circle . )Curvature of space curves [ edit]Animation of the curvature and the acceleration vector T ′ ( s)As in the case of curves in two dimensions, the curvature of a regular space curve C in three dimensions (and higher) is the magnitude of the acceleration of a particle moving with unit speed along a curve. Thus if γ ( s) is the arc-length parametrization of C then the unit tangent vector T ( s) is given byand the curvature is the magnitude of the acceleration: The direction of the acceleration is the unit normal vector N ( s), which is defined by The plane containing the two vectors T ( s) and N ( s) is called the osculating plane to the curve at γ ( s). The curvature has the following geometrical interpretation. There exists a circle in the osculating plane tangent to γ ( s) whose Taylor series to second order at the point of contact agrees with that of γ ( s). This is the osculating circle to the curve. The radius of the circle R ( s) is called the radius of curvature, and the curvature is the reciprocal of the radius of curvature: The tangent, curvature, and normal vector together describe the second-order behavior of a curve near a point. In three-dimensions, the third order behavior of a curve is described by a related notion of torsion, which measures the extent to which a curve tends to move in a helical path in space. The torsion and curvature are related by the Frenet–Serret formulas (in three dimensions) and their generalization (in higher dimensions). Local expressions [ edit]For a parametrically-defined space curve in three dimensions given in Cartesian coordinates by γ ( t) = ( x ( t ), y ( t ), z ( t )), the curvature iswhere the prime denotes differentiation with respect to the parameter t. This can be expressed independently of the coordinate system by means of the formulawhere × is the vector cross product. Equivalently, ()Here the T denotes the matrix transpose. This last formula is also valid for the curvature of curves in a Euclidean space of any dimension. Curvature from arc and chord length [ edit]Given two points P and Q on C, let s ( P, Q) be the arc length of the portion of the curve between P and Q and let d ( P, Q) denote the length of the line segment from P to Q. The curvature of C at P is given by the limit [ citation needed] ()where the limit is taken as the point Q approaches P on C. The denominator can equally well be taken to be d ( P, Q) 3. The formula is valid in any dimension. Furthermore, by considering the limit independently on either side of P, this definition of the curvature can sometimes accommodate a singularity at P. The formula follows by verifying it for the osculating circle. Curvature of curves on surfaces [ edit]When a one-dimensional curve lies on a two dimensional surface embedded in three dimensions ℝ 3, further measures of curvature are available, which take the surface's unit normal vector, u into account. These are the normal curvature, geodesic curvature and geodesic torsion. Any non-singular curve on a smooth surface will have its tangent vector T lying in the tangent plane of the surface orthogonal to the normal vector. The normal curvature, k n, is the curvature of the curve projected onto the plane containing the curve's tangent T and the surface normal u; the geodesic curvature, k g, is the curvature of the curve projected onto the surface's tangent plane; and the geodesic torsion (or relative torsion ), τ r, measures the rate of change of the surface normal around the curve's tangent. Let the curve be a unit speed curve and let t = u × T so that T, u, t form an orthonormal basis: the Darboux frame. The above quantities are related by: () ( 000) ()Principal curvature [ edit]Saddle surface with normal planes in directions of principal curvatures Main article: Principal curvature All curves with the same tangent vector will have the same normal curvature, which is the same as the curvature of the curve obtained by intersecting the surface with the plane containing T and u. Taking all possible tangent vectors, the maximum and minimum values of the normal curvature at a point are called the principal curvatures, k 1 and k 2, and the directions of the corresponding tangent vectors are called principal normal directions. Curvature of surfaces [ edit]For a broader coverage related to this topic, see Differential geometry of surfaces. Normal sections [ edit]Curvature can be evaluated along surface normal sections, similar to § Curves on surfaces above (see, e.g., Earth radius of curvature ). Gaussian curvature [ edit]Main article: Gaussian curvature In contrast to curves, which do not have intrinsic curvature, but do have extrinsic curvature (they only have a curvature given an embedding), surfaces can have intrinsic curvature, independent of an embedding. The Gaussian curvature, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is equal to the product of the principal curvatures, k 1 k 2. It has a dimension of length −2 and is positive for spheres, negative for one-sheet hyperboloids and zero for planes. It determines whether a surface is locallyconvex (when it is positive) or locally saddle-shaped (when it is negative). Gaussian curvature is an intrinsic property of the surface, meaning it does not depend on the particular embedding of the surface; intuitively, this means that ants living on the surface could determine the Gaussian curvature. For example, an ant living on a sphere could measure the sum of the interior angles of a triangle and determine that it was greater than 180 degrees, implying that the space it inhabited had positive curvature. On the other hand, an ant living on a cylinder would not detect any such departure from Euclidean geometry; in particular the ant could not detect that the two surfaces have different mean curvatures (see below), which is a purely extrinsic type of curvature. Formally, Gaussian curvature only depends on the Riemannian metric of the surface. This is Gauss 's celebrated Theorema Egregium, which he found while concerned with geographic surveys and mapmaking. An intrinsic definition of the Gaussian curvature at a point P is the following: imagine an ant which is tied to P with a short thread of length r. It runs around P while the thread is completely stretched and measures the length C ( r) of one complete trip around P. If the surface were flat, she would find C ( r) = 2π r. On curved surfaces, the formula for C ( r) will be different, and the Gaussian curvature K at the point P can be computed by the Bertrand–Diquet–Puiseux theorem as The integral of the Gaussian curvature over the whole surface is closely related to the surface's Euler characteristic; see the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. The discrete analog of curvature, corresponding to curvature being concentrated at a point and particularly useful for polyhedra, is the (angular) defect; the analog for the Gauss–Bonnet theorem is Descartes' theorem on total angular defect. Because (Gaussian) curvature can be defined without reference to an embedding space, it is not necessary that a surface be embedded in a higher-dimensional space in order to be curved. Such an intrinsically curved two-dimensional surface is a simple example of a Riemannian manifold. Mean curvature [ edit]Main article: Mean curvature The mean curvature is an extrinsic measure of curvature equal to half the sum of the principal curvatures, k 1 + k 22. It has a dimension of length −1. Mean curvature is closely related to the first variation of surface area. In particular, a minimal surface such as a soap film has mean curvature zero and a soap bubble has constant mean curvature. Unlike Gauss curvature, the mean curvature is extrinsic and depends on the embedding, for instance, a cylinder and a plane are locally isometric but the mean curvature of a plane is zero while that of a cylinder is nonzero. Second fundamental form [ edit]Main article: Second fundamental form The intrinsic and extrinsic curvature of a surface can be combined in the second fundamental form. This is a quadratic form in the tangent plane to the surface at a point whose value at a particular tangent vector X to the surface is the normal component of the acceleration of a curve along the surface tangent to X; that is, it is the normal curvature to a curve tangent to X (see above ). Symbolically,where N is the unit normal to the surface. For unit tangent vectors X, the second fundamental form assumes the maximum value k 1 and minimum value k 2, which occur in the principal directions u 1 and u 2, respectively. Thus, by the principal axis theorem, the second fundamental form is Thus the second fundamental form encodes both the intrinsic and extrinsic curvatures. Shape operator [ edit]Further information: Shape operator A related notion of curvature is the shape operator, which is a linear operator from the tangent plane to itself. When applied to a tangent vector X to the surface, the shape operator is the tangential component of the rate of change of the normal vector when moved along a curve on the surface tangent to X. The principal curvatures are the eigenvalues of the shape operator, and in fact the shape operator and second fundamental form have the same matrix representation with respect to a pair of orthonormal vectors of the tangent plane. The Gauss curvature is thus the determinant of the shape tensor and the mean curvature is half its trace. Curvature of space [ edit]Further information: Curvature of Riemannian manifolds"Curvature of space" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Curvature of space-time. By extension of the former argument, a space of three or more dimensions can be intrinsically curved. The curvature is intrinsic in the sense that it is a property defined at every point in the space, rather than a property defined with respect to a larger space that contains it. In general, a curved space may or may not be conceived as being embedded in a higher-dimensional ambient space; if not then its curvature can only be defined intrinsically. After the discovery of the intrinsic definition of curvature, which is closely connected with non-Euclidean geometry, many mathematicians and scientists questioned whether ordinary physical space might be curved, although the success of Euclidean geometry up to that time meant that the radius of curvature must be astronomically large. In the theory of general relativity, which describes gravity and cosmology, the idea is slightly generalised to the "curvature of spacetime "; in relativity theory spacetime is a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. Once a time coordinate is defined, the three-dimensional space corresponding to a particular time is generally a curved Riemannian manifold; but since the time coordinate choice is largely arbitrary, it is the underlying spacetime curvature that is physically significant. Although an arbitrarily curved space is very complex to describe, the curvature of a space which is locally isotropic and homogeneous is described by a single Gaussian curvature, as for a surface; mathematically these are strong conditions, but they correspond to reasonable physical assumptions (all points and all directions are indistinguishable). A positive curvature corresponds to the inverse square radius of curvature; an example is a sphere or hypersphere. An example of negatively curved space is hyperbolic geometry. A space or space-time with zero curvature is called flat. For example, Euclidean space is an example of a flat space, and Minkowski space is an example of a flat spacetime. There are other examples of flat geometries in both settings, though. A torus or a cylinder can both be given flat metrics, but differ in their topology. Other topologies are also possible for curved space. See also shape of the universe. Generalizations [ edit]Parallel transporting a vector from A → N → B → A yields a different vector. This failure to return to the initial vector is measured by the holonomy of the surface. The mathematical notion of curvature is also defined in much more general contexts. [7] Many of these generalizations emphasize different aspects of the curvature as it is understood in lower dimensions. One such generalization is kinematic. The curvature of a curve can naturally be considered as a kinematic quantity, representing the force felt by a certain observer moving along the curve; analogously, curvature in higher dimensions can be regarded as a kind of tidal force (this is one way of thinking of the sectional curvature ). This generalization of curvature depends on how nearby test particles diverge or converge when they are allowed to move freely in the space; see Jacobi field. Another broad generalization of curvature comes from the study of parallel transport on a surface. For instance, if a vector is moved around a loop on the surface of a sphere keeping parallel throughout the motion, then the final position of the vector may not be the same as the initial position of the vector. This phenomenon is known as holonomy. [8] Various generalizations capture in an abstract form this idea of curvature as a measure of holonomy; see curvature form. A closely related notion of curvature comes from gauge theory in physics, where the curvature represents a field and a vector potential for the field is a quantity that is in general path-dependent: it may change if an observer moves around a loop. Two more generalizations of curvature are the scalar curvature and Ricci curvature. In a curved surface such as the sphere, the area of a disc on the surface differs from the area of a disc of the same radius in flat space. This difference (in a suitable limit) is measured by the scalar curvature. The difference in area of a sector of the disc is measured by the Ricci curvature. Each of the scalar curvature and Ricci curvature are defined in analogous ways in three and higher dimensions. They are particularly important in relativity theory, where they both appear on the side of Einstein's field equations that represents the geometry of spacetime (the other side of which represents the presence of matter and energy). These generalizations of curvature underlie, for instance, the notion that curvature can be a property of a measure; see curvature of a measure. Another generalization of curvature relies on the ability to compare a curved space with another space that has constant curvature. Often this is done with triangles in the spaces. The notion of a triangle makes senses in metric spaces, and this gives rise to CAT ( k) spaces. See also [ edit]Curvature form for the appropriate notion of curvature for vector bundles and principal bundles with connection Curvature of a measure for a notion of curvature in measure theory Curvature of parametric surfaces Curvature of Riemannian manifolds for generalizations of Gauss curvature to higher-dimensional Riemannian manifolds Curvature vector and geodesic curvature for appropriate notions of curvature of curves in Riemannian manifolds, of any dimension Curve Degree of curvature Differential geometry of curves for a full treatment of curves embedded in a Euclidean space of arbitrary dimension Dioptre, a measurement of curvature used in optics Gauss–Bonnet theorem for an elementary application of curvature Gauss map for more geometric properties of Gauss curvature Gauss's principle of least constraint, an expression of the Principle of Least Action Mean curvature at one point on a surface Minimum railway curve radius Radius of curvature Second fundamental form for the extrinsic curvature of hypersurfaces in general Sinuosity Torsion of a curve Notes [ edit]This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it. Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the { { Cite book }} or { { citation }} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (August 2017)^ * Borovik, Alexandre; Katz, Mikhail G. (2011), "Who gave you the Cauchy–Weierstrass tale? The dual history of rigorous calculus", Foundations of Science, 17 (3): 245–276, ar Xiv: 1108.2885, doi: 10.1007/s10699-011-9235-x^ Kline, Morris. Calculus: An Intuitive and Physical Approach (2nd ed.). p. 458.^ Pressley, Andrew. Elementary Differential Geometry (1st ed.). p. 29.^ Pogorelov, A. V. Differential Geometry (1st ed.). p. 49.^ Kennedy, John (2011). "The Arc Length Parametrization of a Curve".^ Goldman, R. (2005). "Curvature formulas for implicit curves and surfaces". Computer Aided Geometric Design. 22 (7): 632. Cite Seer X 10.1.1.413.3008. doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2005.06.005.^ Kobayashi, S.; Nomizu, K. Foundations of Differential Geometry. Wiley Interscience. vol. 1 ch. 2–3.^ Henderson; Taimina. Experiencing Geometry (3rd ed.). pp. 98–99. References [ edit]Coolidge, J. L. (June 1952). "The Unsatisfactory Story of Curvature". American Mathematical Monthly. 59 (6): 375–379. doi: 10.2307/2306807. JSTOR 2306807. Sokolov, D. D. (2001) [1994], "Curvature", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B. V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4Kline, Morris (1998). Calculus: An Intuitive and Physical Approach. Dover. pp. 457–461. ISBN 978-0-486-40453-0. ( restricted online copy, p. 457, at Google Books)Klaf, A. Albert (1956). Calculus Refresher. Dover. pp. 151–168. ISBN 978-0-486-20370-6. ( restricted online copy, p. 151, at Google Books)Casey, James (1996). Exploring Curvature. Vieweg+Teubner. ISBN 978-3-528-06475-4. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphical illustrations of the curvature of curves. Look up curvature in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Create your own animated illustrations of moving Frenet–Serret frames and curvature ( Maple worksheet)The History of Curvature Curvature, Intrinsic and Extrinsic at Math Pages [ show]v t e Various notions of curvature defined in differential geometry [ show]v t e Spirals, curves and helices Authority control GND: 4128765-4 NDL: 00567236Categories: Curvature (mathematics) Multivariable calculus
Roasted Broccoli and Cauliflower Recipes Roasted Broccoli and Cauliflower4 Reviews ADD YOUR REVIEWYield4 servings June 2001RECIPE BY Southern Living Roasted broccoli and cauliflower make a great side dish or alternative for vegetarians when entertaining. Ingredients2 cups broccoli flowerets2 cups cauliflower flowerets5 garlic cloves, peeled and halved1 tablespoon olive oil1 teaspoon salt1/2 teaspoon freshly ground pepper1 tablespoon grated Parmesan cheese Nutritional Information How to Make It Step 1Place first 3 ingredients in a baking pan. Drizzle with oil, and toss. Step 2Bake at 450°, stirring occasionally, 20 to 25 minutes or until lightly browned. Sprinkle with salt, pepper, and cheese, tossing to coat. Step 3Prep: 10 min., Bake: 25 min. You May Like Dinner Tonight recipes Our Most Popular Side Dish Recipe... Ever Side Dishes recipes45 Easy Potato Recipes How To What to Do with Your Vegetables Once They Start to go Soft How To5 Foolproof Methods for Making Perfect Hard-Boiled Eggs How To How Does an Air Fryer Work? Extra Crispy How to Care for Your Hardworking Instant Pot Build-a-Meal Find recipes with ingredients that you have on hand. Eggs Milk Flour Read More Extra Crispy Trump’s Aluminum Tariff Could Be Bad News for Beer Drinkers Extra Crispy Video: Breakfast Funnel Cake News Taco Bell Is Bringing Back the Naked Egg Taco Shell News Applebee's March Drink Special Is an Absolut Vodka Lemonade (But... Sign Up for our Newsletter Join our newsletter for free recipes, healthy living inspiration, and special offers. Sign up Ratings & Reviews
Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג"ץ), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order "trial de novo" (a retrial).
Neuroanatomical distribution of receptors for three potential inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brainstem auditory nuclei of the cat. Glendenning KK, Baker BN. Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306.he results show that glycine may be the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the auditory system as it ascends to the midbrain in that relatively high levels of strychnine binding are present in every major nucleus of the system.
Rye House is a historic summer estate property at 122-132 Old Mount Tom Rd. in Litchfield, Connecticut. Developed in 1910 for a wealthy New York City widow, it is a prominent local example of Tudor Revival architecture, and a major example of the trend of country estate development in the region.
In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".
House of Hanover \| British royal house \| Britannica.com British royal house Germany House of Hanover, British royal house of German origin, descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover , who succeeded to the British crown, as George I , in 1714. The dynasty provided six monarchs: George I (reigned 1714–27), George II (reigned 1727–60), George III (reigned 1760–1820), George IV (reigned 1820–30), William IV (reigned 1830–37), and Victoria (reigned 1837–1901). It was succeeded by the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, which was renamed in 1917 the house of Windsor . After the English Revolution of 1688–89, the Act of Settlement of 1701 secured the English crown to Protestants. It made Anne (of the house of Stuart) the heir presumptive; and, if she lacked issue, the crown was to go to Sophia , electress of Hanover (granddaughter of James I), and her descendants, passing over many Roman Catholics in the normal line of succession. The electress predeceased Anne by two months, and the crown went to Sophia’s son, George I. The first two Georges were considered foreigners, especially by many Scots, and in 1715 and 1745 the Stuart claimants—James Edward, the Old Pretender, and Charles Edward, the Young Pretender—vainly attempted to regain the throne. George III, born in England, achieved wider British recognition. Hanover (an electorate, which became a kingdom in 1814) was joined to the British crown until 1837. In that year Victoria inherited the British crown but, by continental Salic Law , was barred as a woman from succession to Hanover, which went to William IV’s brother, Ernest Augustus , duke of Cumberland. Overview of Queen Victoria’s reign. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz Learn More in these related articles: in United Kingdom
The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they resided. The Hamidian Massacres aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world. In the United States the now aging Julia Ward Howe, author of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, leaped into the war of words and joined the Red Cross. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the "Eastern Question," as the Ottomans were on the east of Europe.
Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]
The Call of the Wild The Call of the Wild is a long adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the veneer of civilization, and relies on primordial instinct and learned experience to emerge as a leader in the wild.
Castell Coch (] ; Welsh for Red Castle ) is a 19th-century Gothic Revival castle built above the village of Tongwynlais in South Wales. The first castle on the site was built by the Normans after 1081, to protect the newly conquered town of Cardiff and control the route along the Taff Gorge. Abandoned shortly afterwards, the castle's earth motte was reused by Gilbert de Clare as the basis for a new stone fortification, which he built between 1267 and 1277 to control his freshly annexed Welsh lands. This castle was likely destroyed in the native Welsh rebellion of 1314. In 1760, the castle ruins were acquired by John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, as part of a marriage settlement that brought the family vast estates in South Wales.
Dependent personality disorder (DPD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed personality disorders. It occurs equally in men and women, usually becoming apparent in young adulthood or later as important adult relationships form.eople with DPD become emotionally dependent on other people and spend great effort trying to please others. People with DPD tend to display needy, passive, and clinging behavior, and have a fear of separation. Other common characteristics of this personality disorder include:
Fifteen years ago, the old bus station of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain was demolished. Then some years later, Artium Museum was built in the place where the old bus station had been built. After demolishing the old bus station, a new one was built in Los Herran street. However, the current bus station in Vitoria, the one in Los Herran street, is just working temporarily, because in May 2011 the construction of the new bus station was going to begin. Some months prior, the town hall organized a competition in which the participants, taking in account some requirements, were asked to design an intermodal bus station in Vitoria. Eight companies presented their jobs, and the town hall decided that the project designed by Fernando Ruiz de Ocenda, Iñaki Usandizaga and Francisco Javier Garcia de Acilu (in contribution with trakteplan engineries) was the most appropriate.
Christine Anne Perfect (born 12 July 1943), known professionally as Christine McVie after her marriage to John McVie, is a British singer, keyboardist, and songwriter. She is best known as the keyboardist and co-lead vocalist of the band Fleetwood Mac, which she joined in 1970 while married to bassist McVie. She has also released three solo albums. McVie is known for her smoky, alto vocals and her direct but poignant lyrics, which are mostly concerned with relationships. AllMusic describes her as an "Unabashedly easy-on-the-ears singer/songwriter, and the prime mover behind some of Fleetwood Mac's biggest hits." Eight of her songs appeared on Fleetwood Mac's 1988 "Greatest Hits" album.
The German Emperor (German: Deutscher Kaiser) was the official title of the head of state and hereditary ruler of the German Empire. A specifically chosen term, it was used between the 18 January 1871 proclamation of King of Prussia and President of the North German Confederation Wilhelm I as ""Deutscher Kaiser"" and the official abdication of Wilhelm II on 28 November 1918. The Holy Roman Emperor is sometimes also called "German Emperor" when the historical context is clear, as derived from the Holy Roman Empire's official post-1512 title of "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation."
For Trent Alexander-Arnold, assisting a goal is just as satisfying as the act of putting the ball in the back of the net. It's a special feeling the 21-year-old full-back has experienced frequently over the past 16 months. Since the start of last season, no player in the Premier League has racked up more assists than the England international's 20 in the competition. A Man of the Match performance away to Leicester City on Boxing Day saw Alexander-Arnold add to that tally, with the Academy graduate also on the scoresheet in the 4-0 victory. Read on below as Liverpoolfc.com sat down with the No.66 to review his spectacular display against the Foxes and look ahead to the upcoming encounter with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Anfield on Sunday. Trent, have you ever had a game like the Leicester one before where everything you've tried has come off to such devastating effect? I think Watford at home last season when I got three assists, that's probably the one that has come closest to that. But to get a goal as well was special and always makes it better. I'd say yesterday was probably the best output attacking-wise that I've had in my career so far. By recording those two assists, it seems like you can just put the ball exactly where you want it to go. Just how do you do that? Obviously it's the movement of the attackers really. We've been playing together for a while now, so you know where players want it and you know in different areas where you should be putting the ball. Obviously the second assist was a bit further down, so it was a bit more of a cut-back. Whereas the first one was a bit deeper, so it was more whipped into the back post. Just to use the ball, switching it up and gauging where the defence is. If the defence drops a lot then there'll be space around the penalty spot. If they keep a high line then there's space in between their 'keeper and the defensive line. It's about picking the area and seeing where they are. Obviously then it's about the lads to finish them. Luckily we've got the front three that are devastating. The perfect away day 👌🔴 #YNWA https://t.co/b1QI8waBtW — trentaa98 (Trent Alexander-Arnold) 26th Dec 23:15 And your different types of delivery – whipped, curled and drilled – is that just natural ability or from studying others and hard work on the training ground? I think it's just about replicating the players that I wanted to be when I was younger – the likes of Gerrard, Alonso, who were unbelievable passers of the ball. I always wanted to be able to pass a ball like that. Obviously I still look up to them massively and sometimes I still find myself watching clips of them – especially Gerrard, I always watch his old clips, his old games. He's someone that I still look up to now and still an idol for me. It's just growing up wanting to be them. I was practising a lot on my passing and for me it's paid off and I'm reaping the rewards now. You do score goals, but what are your emotions when you’ve grabbed an assist? For you, is it just as satisfying as scoring? It is. It's different because it feels as though you've had a part to play in the team and you feel like you've done something that's contributed massively for the team. It's an amazing feeling, it's almost like scoring a goal, to be fair. I've had quite a few assists over the last few months and in the last year or so, so I've been able to have that feeling quite a bit and hopefully there'll be a lot more of them sort of feelings. You and Andy Robertson are lauded for your work in the final third. But that's three clean sheets in a row in the Premier League now. Is that something you take just as much pride in? That's massive. Because if you keep a clean sheet, that's the foundation that you need to build on to get a result. We know the attacking strengths that we've got. By keeping a clean sheet, more than likely we'll create chances at the other end to score goals and win the game. That's what matters to us. Three @premierleague clean sheets in a row 👊🔴 https://t.co/sZwPYrIkGq — LFC (Liverpool FC) 27th Dec 10:54 Praise was coming in for you from every direction last night. But I think you particularly enjoyed your chant being aired from the away end during your post-match TV interview… I was there with Millie doing the interview and then obviously heard the song. It was special for me and I love every time I hear it. I'm always thankful and grateful for it. The fans have always been special to me and it was amazing to hear that. And to feel as though I've been recognised by the fans is amazing and I hope that the song carries on. On Wolves, it's the final game of 2019 and you return to Anfield as world champions. That must be quite exciting for you all… It'll be good to obviously see the badge on the wall. I think we're wearing the badge as well on the kit, so it'll be a good day and good for the fans to see that. We're really proud of what we've done. But we're here to make sure that we're focussed on the game and make sure that we don't get caught up in our own hype and keep our momentum going by winning the game. We'll try and replicate the game yesterday if possible and go out in style like that. A clean sheet, a couple of goals and a good performance is what everyone is wishing for. You don't always get what you want but we can work as hard as we can to try and get that. That's what we'll do. The games are coming in thick and fast. But with the momentum the team currently has, is it more a case of excitement rather than fatigue? Obviously you want to play as much as possible, especially when you're in good form like this. You feel as though everything is going right and going into every game you feel confident. You feel as though you've got the ability to do anything you want to. For us, it's massive to have that confidence and we're happy to know that we're doing so well. But we can't take it easy, we know that if we're not at 100 per cent then things will start to go wrong. So, every game we need to be bang at it. It's the final match of the decade, one I'm sure you could have never envisaged panning out the way it has... Most definitely not! I think at the start of the decade I was probably in Year 6 or 7. To think where I'm at now is something that I'm so proud of. It's been an amazing journey and I'm thankful for everyone that's helped me along the way, always been there for me, pushed me to work so hard and always been in my corner. I can only say thank you to the people that have helped and here's to hopefully another good decade.
"Masterminds" - Manchester Evening News, December 26, 2015 \| Online Research Library: Questia Read preview Article excerpt 1. What has been the highest selling album of 2015? 2. Who won this year's Strictly Come Dancing? 3. Ford claimed to launch the first 'e-(What?)' at the 2015 Mobile World Congress Show: Pram; bike; dishwasher; or trousers? 4. A 2015 intensive listening study discovered that giraffes actually: Hum; whistle; laugh; or scream? 5. Name the last US president to meet the leader of Cuba before Barack Obama did this year: Clinton; Reagan; Eisenhower; or Washington? 6. Jay Z and Beyonce launched a music streaming service called: Bridal; Tidal; Widal; or Piddle? 7. At auction, $1.2m was paid for Don McLean's original handrwitten lyrics for which 1971 big hit song? 8. The Save the Children charity said it mistakenly awarded which controversial politician a Global Legacy award? 9. An official investigation as to proof of the US moon landings was demanded in 2015 by: Russia; China; NASA; or Donald Trump? 10. The 2015 Epsom Derby was won by Golden: Eye; Horn; Egg; or Handshake? 11. Who became Labour leader in September? 12. Philae, the spaceprobe thought lost until it recommunicated with controllers in 2015 is on: Mars; The Moon; or Comet 67P? 13. Which vast tech corporation opened its first 'Nest' branded intelligent home store in Palo Alto California in 2015? 14. In 2015 Japan lowered its voting age from what to what: 21-19; 20-18; 18-16; 23-20; or 17-15? 15. The abbreviation MERS, significantly impacting South Korea 2015, is otherwise known as: The Asian financial crash; Typhoon Mandy; Seoul Earthquake; or Camel Flu? 16. Christian is the lead character in the film 2015 adaptation of what extraordinarily successful book? 17. Who stepped down as chief of 21st Century Fox: Rupert Murdoch; Clint Eastwood; Donald Trump; or Warren Buffett? 18. An internet picture of a dress baffled people in early 2015, being which two of these colour combinations: Red/pink; green/orange; white/gold; yellow/copper; or blue/black? … Subscribe to Questia and enjoy: Full access to this article and over 10 million more from academic journals, magazines, and newspapers Over 83,000 books Access to powerful writing and research tools Article details
Mīrzā Muhammad Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh (Chagatai: میرزا محمد طارق بن شاہ رخ , Persian: میرزا محمد تراغای بن شاہ رخ‎ ‎ ), better known as Ulugh Beg () (March 22, 1394 in Sultaniyeh, Persia – October 27, 1449, Samarkand), was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan. His commonly known name is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as "Great Ruler" or "Patriarch Ruler" and was the Turkic equivalent of Timur's Perso-Arabic title "Amīr-e Kabīr". His real name was "Mīrzā Mohammad Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh". Ulugh Beg was also notable for his work in astronomy-related mathematics, such as trigonometry and spherical geometry. He built the great Ulugh Beg Observatory in Samarkand between 1424 and 1429. It was considered by scholars to have been one of the finest observatories in the Islamic world at the time and the largest in Central Asia. He built the Ulugh Beg Madrasah (1417–1420) in Samarkand and Bukhara, transforming the cities into cultural centers of learning in Central Asia. He was also a mathematician of the 15th century — albeit his mental aptitude was perseverance rather than any unusual endowment of intellect. His observatory is situated in Samarkand which is in Uzbekistan. He ruled Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, southern Kazakhstan and most of Afghanistan from 1411 to 1449.
Kayvan Najarian is an Iranian-American scientist, who is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He is also currently the director of the M-CIRCC's (Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care) Bioinformatics Signal and Image Analysis Core. Previously, he was the Associate Professor of Computer Science at School of Engineering of Virginia Commonwealth University, Affiliated faculty of Emergency Medicine at School of Medicine of Virginia Commonwealth University, and Associate Director of Virginia Commonwealth University Rehabilitation Engineering Shock (VCURES) center. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, is a reviewer, referee or member of dozens more committees, journals and councils. He received his B.SC. in Electrical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, his M.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology, and his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of British Columbia.
Petersen is a 1974 Australian drama film directed by Tim Burstall . Petersen was a box office success and received wide distribution in the UK and US under the title Jock Petersen . Petersen is first and foremost a sobering critique of Australian life in the early 1970s . Petersen is one of the better social dramas from the early years of the Australian film revival . Stanley Kubrick praised the film on its release , particularly Burstall 's direction and Jack Thompson 's lead performance . Jack Thompson won the Hoyts Prize for Best Performance at the 1975 AFI Awards for his performance in Petersen .
The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical sales , and airplay . In 2001 , there were 14 singles that topped the chart , in 52 issue dates . Although 15 singles claimed the top position throughout the year , group Destiny 's Child 's `` Independent Women Part I '' is credited in 2000 , and is thus excluded . During the year , 12 acts had achieved a first U.S. number-one single , namely : Alicia Keys , Crazy Town , Mary J. Blige , Nickelback , OutKast , and Shaggy all of whom were lead artists , and Ja Rule , Rayvon , and Ricardo `` RikRok '' Ducent as featured guests . R&B singer Mýa , pop singer Pink , and rapper Lil ' Kim earned their first number one with a collaborative cover version of the former number one `` Lady Marmalade '' , which also features singer Christina Aguilera . R&B singer Usher and reggae singer Shaggy had two number-one singles in 2001 . Janet Jackson 's `` All for You '' is the longest-running single of the year , staying at number one for seven consecutive weeks . 2001 is the first year since 1993 that there has not been at least one number-one hit with a double-digit run . `` All for You '' is also responsible to give to Jackson the tenth Hot 100 number one of her career ; making her the fourth female artist with most number ones in the rock era . Other singles that had a multiple chart run includes Alicia Keys ' `` Fallin ' '' and Mary J. Blige 's `` Family Affair '' ; both stayed atop for six weeks .
Free Flashcards about GK 5 Question Answer Tinian Island, from which Enola Gay took off en route to bomb Hiroshima, is part of which US territory? Northern Mariana Islands What is 'The Sky At Night''s theme tune? At The Castle Gate by Sibelius Who played the title character in 'Veronica Mars'? Kristen Bell What are the start and end points of the Severn Valley Railway? Kidderminster, Bridgnorth Which national trail runs between Ivinghoe Beacon and Overton Hill? The Ridgeway Former PM Gordon Brown and Kenny Dalglish were both born in which city? Glasgow Which London museum was founded by a tea magnate in 1901 in Forest Hill, and was designed in the Arts and Crafts style by Charles Harrison Townsend? Horniman Museum On which horse did Lester Piggott first win the Derby, in 1954? Never Say Die Which suffragette famously died at the 1913 Derby by running in the path of the horses? Emily Davison In McManus's cartoon "Bringing Up Father", what was "father's" name? Jiggs In McManus's cartoon "Bringing Up Father", to whom was father married? Maggie Who painted "The Roses of Heliogabalus (1888)"? Alma-Tadema Who wrote the novel "Angel Pavement"? JB Priestley Which pig was the leader in "Animal Farm"? Napoleon Who wrote "Anna Of The Five Towns"? Arnold Bennett In criminology, what is an "inchoate offence"? An offence (such as incitement or conspiracy) anticipating or preparatory to a further criminal act What is the alternative name for a wolverine? Glutton Which disease causes the roots of brassicas (eg cabbage) to swell? Club Root Which Indian-made car was unveiled in January 2008 as "the least expensive car in the world"? Tata Nano Which white frothy liquid is produced on plants by the frog hopper insect? Cuckoo spit How did Barnes Wallis assist the 'Dambusters' raid? Designed the 'bouncing bomb' Which constellation bears the popular name 'Charioteer'? Auriga Which is the biggest 'centaur' in the Solar System? Chiron How is hydroxybenzene better known? Phenol, or carbolic acid Who died on Loch Ness in 1952, trying to set a water speed record? John Cobb What type of stamps first went on sale in the UK in 1966, and have been sold every year since? Christmas stamps Which Mars canyon is over 4000km long? Valles Marineris The TATA OneCAT is a car that runs on what? Compressed air What is the legal term for someone authorised to stand in another's place? Proxy What type of hat is traditionally worn by a town crier? Tricorn What was the name of the dog sent into space in 1957? Laika Which company used the slogan "more experienced than our name suggests"? Virgin Atlantic Which spectacular comet was the brightest of the 20th century, best seen and passing perihelion in 1997? Hale-Bopp What make of washers were used by Britain's first launderette, that opened in 1949? Bendix Which shipyard built the QE2? John Brown's Which fine-grained metamorphic rock can be split into thin layers and used for roofing etc? Slate What do Americans call a flick knife? Switchblade Which disease is also called lockjaw? Tetanus Who set the record for the longest time continuously spent in space by an individual in human history by spending 437 days on 'Mir'? Valeri Polyakov The spectacled bear is native to which continent? South America Which is the last period of the Paleozoic Era? Permian A member of CARD (1964-67) campaigned against what? Racial Discrimination What is the inverse Tan of 1 in degrees? 45 degrees What is the log base 10 of 100? Two Which common metallic element has the atomic number 12? Magnesium Who manufactured the 'Lincoln' aircraft? Avro What is a 'wildcat well'? Exploratory well for oil or gas In 2014, the Kurdish minority Yazidi group were surrounded by ISIS on which mountain in Iraq? Sinjar Religious group the Yazidis generally refuse to wear which colour? Blue Dabiq is the online magazine of who? ISIL/ISIS (Islamic state of Iraq and the Levant) Of what are PANAS and SWANE measuring devices? Well-being/happiness Almedalen Week is an important political forum in which country? Sweden What is the capital of the Faroe Islands? Torshavn
Posted on. (Answer #1). The Samanas, at first, teach Siddhartha to reject other things in life for the temperance of his body. He is able to sit back and learn that he has the ability to mentally endure starvation to gain control of his mental intellect.hile Siddhartha was among the samanas, he learnt the ascetic way of life, whereby he was able to achieve a higher level of self discipline and abstinence from worldly pleasures.
Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom is a drop tower operating at the Six Flags Great Adventure amusement park in Jackson Township, New Jersey. At 415 feet (126Â m) tall, the ride is attached to the existing Kingda Ka roller coaster and stands as the world's tallest drop tower.[1]
The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.
Battle of Marengo \| European history \| Britannica.com Battle of Marengo Battle of Mylae Battle of Marengo, (June 14, 1800), narrow victory for Napoleon Bonaparte in the War of the Second Coalition, fought on the Marengo Plain about 3 miles (5 km) southeast of Alessandria , in northern Italy , between Napoleon’s approximately 28,000 troops and some 31,000 Austrian troops under General Michael Friedrich von Melas; it resulted in the French occupation of Lombardy up to the Mincio River and secured Napoleon’s military and civilian authority in Paris . Napoleon led his army across several Alpine passes in May and cut Melas off from communication with Austria . Melas concentrated his troops at Alessandria to meet the French. Napoleon mistakenly thought Melas was at Turin , more than 50 miles (80 km) to the west, and his troops were widely separated when Melas attacked. The initial French force of about 18,000 men was at first overpowered by the Austrians and was pushed back 4 miles (6.4 km) by 3 pm. Melas, believing victory was secured, gave the command to a subordinate and retired to Alessandria. The slow Austrian pursuit enabled Napoleon to hold his forces together until the arrival of some 10,000 reinforcements, mainly General Louis Desaix’s corps. The furious French counterattack at 5 pm, in which Desaix was killed almost immediately, forced the Austrians into headlong retreat. Austrian losses included about 7,500 killed and wounded and some 4,000 captured, while French losses totaled about 6,000. The next day Melas signed an armistice. Learn More in these related articles:
Colors and Color Healing Everything is made up of electromagnetic energy vibrating at different frequencies that correspond to sound, light and color. We are drawn to the colors needed to create balance in our lives, the goal in all healing. Our consciousness and emotions align with the colors we wear, home design, and often our diet. Some people dream in color, others in black and white. ROYGBIV is an acronym for the sequence of hues commonly described as making up a rainbow . Colors and Frequenices Blue Blue is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 440-490 nm. It is considered one of the additive primary colors. On the HSV Color Wheel, the complement of blue is yellow; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and green light. On a color wheel based on traditional color theory (RYB), the complementary color to blue is considered to be orange (based on the Munsell color wheel). The English language commonly uses "blue" to refer to any color from navy blue to cyan. The word itself is derived from the Old French word bleu. A Scots and Scottish English word for "blue-grey" is blae, from the Middle English bla ("dark blue," from the Old English blood). Ancient Greek lacked a word for color blue and Homer called the color of the sea "wine dark", except that the word kyanos (cyan) was used for dark blue enamel. In the English language, blue may refer to the feeling of sadness. This is because blue was related to rain, or storms, and in Greek mythology, the god Zeus would make rain when he was sad (crying), and a storm when he was angry. Kyanos was a name used in Ancient Greek to refer to dark blue tile (in English it means blue-green or cyan). The phrase "feeling blue" is linked also to a custom among many old deepwater sailing ships. If the ship lost the captain or any of the officers during its voyage, she would fly blue flags and have a blue band painted along her entire hull when returning to home port. Many languages do not have separate terms for blue and or green, instead using a cover term for both (when the issue is discussed in linguistics, this cover term is sometimes called grue in English). Blue is commonly used on internet browsers to color a link that has not been clicked; when a link has been clicked it changes yellow or orange or purple. Metaphysics Blue is the color of truth, serenity and harmony, by helping to soothe the mind. It is good for cooling, calming, reconstructing and protecting. good for fevers, calming the body and mind, raising frequency, etc. Blue is the color of electricity. We experience in a program created by electromagnetic energy that had a beginning and is evolving out of physical consciousness. Blue Crystals Blue relates to the future in linear time as it is a faster moving frequency than we experience in the physical. Consciousness is moving into the blue. (Midnight) Blue takes us to 12:00, 12 around 1 creational geometry, 2012 Mayan Calendar Prophecy, Hopi Blue Kachina Prophecies, Isis/Sirius , and more. Indigo Children Blue In the News ... Experts discover traces of rare artificial pigment on Egyptian mummy portraits and panel paintings Ancient Origins - August 29, 2015 Egyptian Blue is one of the first artificial pigments known to have been used by man. First created around 5,000 years ago by heating a mixture of a calcium compound, a copper-containing compound, silica sand and soda or potash to around 850-950 C, the precious pigment was reserved for the most exquisite of artworks. In Egyptian belief, blue was considered the color of the heavens, and hence the universe. It was also associated with water and the Nile. However, scientists have now found traces of the rare pigment behind drab-colored mummy portraits, leading to a new understanding of how this particular pigment was used by artists in the second century A.D. Egyptian Blue Hides in These Mummy Portraits Epoch Times - August 29, 2015 Dusting off 15 Roman-era Egyptian mummy portraits - mostly untouched for 100 years -
Angel Funes (born in San Pedro Sula, Honduras) is a screenwriter, director and actor. He is known for his versatile performances in film and theater. He started to study filmmaking on 2009 through personal coaching from a Full Sail University Film Production graduate, David Yacaman. In 2008, together with his brother Juan Funes, won 1st place on " The Shortest Fear" Short Film Festival.
What is 'Electronic Commerce - ecommerce' Rewind 10 Seconds00:0000:00 Share Video Settings Fullscreen What is 'Electronic Commerce - ecommerce'Electronic commerce (ecommerce) is a type of business model, or segment of a larger business model, that enables a firm or individual to conduct business over an electronic network, typically the internet. Electronic commerce operates in all four of the major market segments: business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to business. It can be thought of as a more advanced form of mail-order purchasing through a catalog. Almost any product or service can be offered via ecommerce, from books and music to financial services and plane tickets. Also sometimes written as "e-commerce" or "e Commerce". Next Up Commerce Online-to-Offline Commerce Electronic Money Secure Electronic Transaction - ... BREAKING DOWN 'Electronic Commerce - ecommerce'Ecommerce has allowed firms to establish a market presence, or to enhance an existing market position, by providing a cheaper and more efficient distribution chain for their products or services. One example of a firm that has successfully used ecommerce is Target. This mass retailer not only has physical stores, but also has an online store where the customer can buy everything from clothes to coffee makers to action figures. Amazon, by contrast, is a primarily an ecommerce-based business that built up its operations around online purchases and shipments to consumers. Individual sellers can also engage in ecommerce, establishing shops on their own websites or through marketplaces such as e Bay or Etsy. Such marketplaces, which gather multitudes of sellers, serve as platforms for these exchanges. The purchases are typically fulfilled by the private sellers, though some online marketplaces take on such responsibilities as well. Ecommerce transactions are typically be done through a computer, a tablet, or a smartphone. Aspects of Electronic Commerce When you purchase a good or service online, you are participating in ecommerce. Some advantages of ecommerce for consumers are: - Convenience. Ecommerce can take place 24 hours a day, seven days a week. - Selection. Many stores offer a wider array of products online than they do in their brick-and-mortar counterparts. And stores that exist only online may offer consumers a selection of goods that they otherwise could not access. But ecommerce also has its disadvantages for consumers: - Limited customer service. If you want to buy a computer and you’re shopping online, there may or may not be an employee you can talk to about which computer would best meet your needs. Some websites do include chat features to connect with their staff, but this is not a uniform practice across the industry. - No instant gratification. When you buy something online, you have to wait for it to be shipped to your home or office, however services such as Amazon increasingly offer same-day delivery as a premium option for select products. - No ability to touch and see a product. Online images don’t always tell the whole story about an item. Ecommerce transactions can be dissatisfying when the product the consumer receives is different than expected.
No. C++ is a superset of C; (almost) anything you can do in C, you can do in C++. If you already know C, you will easily adapt to the object-oriented features of C++. If you don't know C, you will have to learn the syntax of C-style languages while learning C++, but you shouldn't have any conceptual difficulties.
Rob Roy MacGregor and History of Clan MacGregor Rob Roy MacGregor and History of Clan MacGregor A Short History of Clan MacGregor The MacGregors ("Children of the Mist") are one of the most ancient Scottish clans, tracing their ancestry back to the time of Malcolm Canmore, though Roy Roy is their most famous son. They fought for Bruce at Bannockburn and have remained staunch warriors for Scotland and the Highlands ever since. Indeed, their proud spirits and boundless courage have caused the clan much grief over the centuries, not least due to the enmity and greed of Clan Campbell . King David II, Bruce's son, gave Glenorchy, ancient seat of the MacGregors, to the Campbells. The MacGregors were loathe to leave, but by 1400 the Gregor chiefship had moved to Glenstrae. However, their troubles were only beginning. The Campbells were great ones for using the law against those whose lands they coveted (their great feud with Clan Donald is well-attested). Their method was to provoke the MacGregors to acts of violence (not especially difficult, given the MacGregor temper) and then invoke the law to put them down and take their lands. By this method, the Campbells stripped Clan Gregor of their Glenlyon holdings in 1502. In 1589, the MacGregors killed a royal forester - an offence against the crown, which promptly issued letters of "fire and sword" against the clan, making it illegal to shelter or have any dealings with clan members. Various "fire and sword" orders were continually proclaimed against the MacGregors for the better part of 200 years - they simply couldn't keep out of trouble. In 1603, after Clan Gregor trapped and murdered the Colquhouns, an Act was passed proscribing the very name MacGregor. This meant any member of Clan Gregor (if caught) could be beaten, robbed or killed without fear of punishment. Anyone with the name MacGregor was banned from the church (no marriages, burials, communion, etc.). It was complete ostracism for the entire clan. During this time, the Earl of Argyll, chief of Clan Campbell, promised safe conduct out of the country to MacGregor of Glenstrae and his men, then turned them over to be hanged. This treachery united the entire highlands in their loathing of the Campbells. Though reduced to the status of outlaws, the MacGregors never forgot or relinquished their identity. They fought for the king (who had renewed the Acts against them) with Montrose in 1644-45 (the Campbells fought on the other side). In 1661, the Acts were finally repealed, but only for about 30 years, until William of Orange and his successors renewed them and kept them in force. No wonder that Clan Gregor fully supported the Jacobite risings in 1715 and 1745. The Acts were finally repealed permanently in 1774 - Clan Gregor surviving almost 200 years as outlaws. Biography of Rob Roy MacGregor The most famous MacGregor of all is, of course, Rob Roy, of the Glengyle branch (1671-1734). Rob Roy was a multi-talented man - a great swordsman and soldier (fighting alongside his father by the age of 18 against William of Orange), an astute businessman, and master of the highland "protection racket". That is, rather than just rustling cattle - the age-old highland way - Rob Roy discovered there was more money in "protecting" cattle for pay. Between 1689 and 1711, Rob Roy stayed at home (he was a lo
Is sodium in Spinach unhealthy? Food & Drink Cooking & Recipes Is sodium in Spinach unhealthy? I heard there is so much sodium in spinach and wondering if eating too much Spinach can be unhealthy and may damage your heart. Follow 6 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: You need to have some sodium... but too much of anything can be bad... I think too much spinage will give you diareah before it starts to damage your heart. Sammy · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Spinach Sodium Content Source (s):https://shrinkurl.im/a0na Weiler · 1 year ago0 0 Comment About 11 percent of the sodium in the average U. S. diet comes from adding salt or other sodium-containing condiments to foods while cooking or eating. But the majority of the sodium — 77 percent — comes from eating prepared or processed foods that contain the mineral. So even though you may limit the amount of salt you add to food, the food itself may already be high in sodium. A member of the brassica family, spinach is an exceptionally nutritious food. Packed with large amounts of the antioxidant beta-carotene as well as the even more powerful carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, spinach has strong and proven anti-cancer benefits. Spinach is also an excellent source of folate - 1oz contains nearly 25% of our daily requirement. Spinach also protects against age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an eye disease affecting elderly people. Spinach is best eaten raw or lightly cooked having washed it and shaken it dry without adding any water. Source (s):http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/NU/002... Cister · 1 decade ago0 1 Comment Spinach is one of the most healtiest things on theplanet. I had E-coli and went right back to it. If is not fresh and processed yes it has a lot of sodium. All things have traces of sodium its what YOU ADD THAT IS UNHEALTHY OR A MANUFACTOR. a FTER i GOT BETTER i WENT RIGHT BACK TO IT.ellen d · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentnnnnnaaaa not with all the chemical we eat that preservatives we consure. If it preserves food ; what is it doing to our body organs?.............tennessee · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentyes Source (s):fatima j Anonymous · 1 decade ago0 1 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Look For an Accident Attorney Discover Food Vacuum Sealers Find the best luxury cars Need a Home Security Safe?
Can't Buy Me Love (film) Can't Buy Me Love is a 1987 American teen romantic comedy feature film starring Patrick Dempsey and Amanda Peterson in a story about a nerd at a high school in Tucson, Arizona who gives a cheerleader $1,000 to pretend to be his girlfriend for a month. The film was directed by Steve Rash[1] and takes its title from a Beatles song with the same title.
What Does Name Estefani Mean You are fine when in harmony but changeable when in discord, because many of your best qualities are then reversed. You are entertaining but may be impulsive. Freedom is a necessity, and you find it difficult to settle down. Your versatility results in many changes, and often brings travel.
Last of the Summer Wine (series 3) Although none of the episodes from series 3 made it into the top ten programmes of the week on their initial screening, a repeat showing of the final episode, "Isometrics and After," attracted 15 million viewers during a repeat screening in spring 1977.[3] Also notable was the inclusion for the first time of a two-part episode consisting of "The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper" and "Cheering Up Gordon,"[4] both featuring guest appearances by Philip Jackson as Compo's nephew, Gordon.[5]
A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 – making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States – with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape, in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (about $1000 in 2006); a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.
Cutty Sark · National Historic Ships UK 963.00 History Built in 1869 by Scott & Linton at Dumbarton, for the original owner John Willis, CUTTY SARK is the sole surviving extreme clipper, designed to be very fast. She was one of the last tea clippers built, but as this trade was taken over by the steamers using the Suez Canal, she turned to general trading including transporting wool from Australia. It was during this time that she made her legendary fast voyages. In 1895 she was sold to a Portuguese company and renamed FERRIERA. She was re-rigged as a barquentine following a dismasting in 1916. Captain Dowman of Falmouth decided she should be preserved and in 1922 bought the ship and made her part of a floating nautical school he was operating. In 1938, his widow presented the ship to the Thames Nautical Training School at Greenhithe. They maintained the ship until 1952 when the Cutty Sark Preservation Society was formed under the leadership of Frank Carr, Director of the National Maritime Museum, and the patronage of HRH the Duke of Edinburgh. The ship was permanently installed in a stone dry-dock at Greenwich on the Thames, and fully restored to her appearance as an active sailing vessel. In the 1990s, structural problems were first identified in her hull and plans were put in motion for a full restoration. She was awarded a grant of £13 million by the Heritage Lottery Fund and, in November 2006, her rig was dismantled prior to work commencing. On 21 May 2007, a fire broke out onboard CUTTY SARK in the early hours of the morning and was later put out by the London Fire Brigade. The Cutty Sark Conservation Project is a £25 million scheme, not only to preserve the fabric of the ship, but also to ensure that she has a sustainable future. The vessel will be lifted and suspended three metres above her current position, allowing her visitors to walk, dine or dance under her and, for the first time, be able to properly appreciate her beautiful lines. A sophisticated glass 'bubble' meeting the ship at the waterline will give year-round protection to visitors in the dry berth and to the lower hull itself. These new works will be clearly distinguishable so that each visitor knows what is historic and what is not. A new interpretation scheme will be installed to give a more atmospheric, more dramatic sense of life and times of the ship. This vessel is a survivor from the First World War. You can read more about her wartime history by visiting our First World War: Britain's Surviving Vessels website www.ww1britainssurvivingvessels.org.uk . Significance 1. What is the vessel’s ability to demonstrate history in her physical fabric? Evidence for designs, functions, techniques, processes, styles, customs and habits or uses and associations in relation to events and people. How early, intact or rare these features are may impact on significance. CUTTY SARK has undergone numerous repairs during her lifetime, including conservation work in 1954-1957, and then, following a 1998 survey, a six-year project commencing in 2006. However, she retains the majority of her original wrought iron structure, which comprises 139 iron hull frames, deck beams, stringers, keel plate, box keelson, bilge keelson, side keelson, stanchions and the fore and aft collision bulkhead (openings have been made in the hull for access reasons) making her one of only two surviving composite vessels in the world. The iron hull frames have survived intact with only a small area of loss behind the aft bulkhead. Significantly the original markers stamp of ‘monkland’ and rating of the quality of the wrought iron as ‘Glasgow best’ (the poorest quality iron) are evident. These frames have been preserved, using modern methods, in their current condition. With 70% of fixing holes wasted below the bilge strake, and 90% of fixing above the bilge strake still usable, the hull planks under the bilge strake have been re-attached to ‘sister frames’ which consisted of new steels inserted in-between the original frames, attached from the bilge strake down to the keel plate.
The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", under Colonel Younis Bilgasim's leadership, the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating various dissidents. Although nearby nations like Syria also used hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them; in June 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be "liquidated wherever you are."
Dag Palovič (* 4 January 1975, Bratislava) is a Slovak professional poker player, businessman and a former TV host. Since 1 January 2011, he is a member of PokerStars Team Pro, first and as of October 2011 only sponsored poker player from Slovakia. He is best known for making two European Poker Tour (EPT) final tables as well as being the only player from Slovakia who has cashed in the World Series of Poker (WSOP) Main Event, finishing 120th in 2009 and 37th in 2010. As of March 2013, he is second leading Slovak all time money list with career earnings of $909,405 and is also an author of first Slovak poker book on poker titled "Ako sa stať poker pro" (How to become a poker pro), co-authored by 1983 World Series Of Poker champion Tom McEvoy. From 2000 until 2004 he was CEO and Chairman Of The Board of Directors of "ad pepper media Slovakia, a.s.", the daughter company of one of the world´s leading e-Adverising german-dutch agency "ad pepper media International N.V." for Slovak and Czech Republic.
Igor Stravinsky, horoscope for birth date 17 June 1882, born in Oranienbaum, with Astrodatabank biography - Astro-Databank Igor Stravinsky Biography Russian composer and conductor, considered by many to be one of the greatest and most versatile composers of the twentieth century. He helped revolutionize modern music with his vast imagination and impeccable craftsmanship. Stravinsky was to music what Picasso was to art; he departed radically from musical tradition by using irregular, primitive rhythms and harsh dissonances. His greatest works include "The Firebird," 1910, "The Rites of Spring," 1913 "Petrouchka," 1923, "The Rake's Progress,"1951, "Symphony of Wind Instruments," 1920 and "The Dumbarton Oaks Concerts," 1938. Author of "Chronicles of My Life," 1936, "The Poetics of Music," 1947. His later literary works "Memoirs and Commentaries," 1960, "Expositions and Developments," 1962 and "Dialogues and a Diary," 1963, were all co-written with American composer Robert Craft. Stravinsky led a privileged childhood, spending much of his youth on the vast estates of his aristocratic relatives. His father was a Russian opera singer who raised his son to be educated for the law. Music was young Igor's avocation until he met Rimsy-Korsakov in 1902, and began to study music formally with him in 1907. One year later his first symphony was performed. His prodigious ability was brought to the attention of Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev of the Ballet Russe, who commissioned the young composer to write ballet scores. Dropping his law books forever, Stravinsky became an overnight sensation when his famous ballet "Firebird," was performed in 1910. When the avant-garde ballet "The Rite of Spring," choreographed by Nijinsky, was first performed in Paris three years later, riotous protests broke out in what Stravinsky later called "the battle of May 29, 1913." The following year the work was performed by a symphony orchestra and was recognized as a landmark and masterpiece of modern music. Only seven years prior he had decided on a career in music. After 1914 and the beginning of WW I, he left Russia for Switzerland where he composed ballets based on Russian themes, most notably, "The Wedding" in 1923. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Stravinsky considered himself an exile. Moving to Paris in the late '20s, he became a French citizen in 1934 and joined the Russian Orthodox Church in 1926; his devout Christianity inspired many of his later works. He toured Europe and the US as a pianist and as a conductor of his own works. Stravinsky married a cousin, Katrina Nossenico, on 1/11/1906. They had four children, son Theodore Fyodor, born 1907, daughter Ludmilla, born 1908, son Sviatoslav and daughter Milene born in 1914. In 1939, his wife, daughter and mother all died. He was invited to do the Harvard lecture series and he moved to the U.S. the following year, having lost so much of what his life meant in Europe. He became an American citizen in 1945. Acknowledging the American environment, he composed his famous "Circus Polka" in 1942 for the elephants of Barnum and Bailey Circus and his "Ebony Concerto" in 1945 for Woody Herman. The young American conductor Robert Craft became Stravinsky's inseparable assistant from 1948. On 3/9/1940 he married Vera Day Bosset Suderkine, a woman whom he had first met in 1921; they spent the happiest years of his life after that time. On his 80th birthday in 1962 Stravinsky made a triumphant return to Russia. In 1969 he and his wife moved to New York City. Stravinsky died holding his wife's hand on 4/06/1971, 5:20 AM, New York, NY. Following the death of his widow Vera in 1983, The Morgan library, The New York Public Library, his children and biographer and protégé Robert Craft fought bitterly over the possession of Stravinsky's archives. Swiss conductor and valium millionaire Paul Sacher finally won them for 5.25 million.
Johnny Chase is based on Mark's cousin who Donnie Wahlberg(Brother) hired to help keep Mark out of trouble. and E or Eric Murphy is known as Mark's Executive producer and Good friend Eric Weinstein.ohnny Chase is based on Mark's cousin who Donnie Wahlberg(Brother) hired to help keep Mark out of trouble. and E or Eric Murphy is known as Mark's Executive producer and Good friend Eric Weinstein.
The scent of the secretive bluebell has been captured in a bottle The scent of the secretive bluebell has been captured in a bottle Jo Malone has created a Wild Bluebell Cologne to try to save the endangered wild flower. Master Perfumer Christine Nagel (right), creator of Wild Bluebell Cologne with Celine Roux, Global Product Developer for Jo Malone London Photo: HEATHCLIFF O'MALLEYBy Kate Colquhoun7:30AM BST 06 Oct 2011There is something about the shimmering haze of a carpet of wild bluebells that smacks quintessentially of England. Nothing quite matches that contrast of intense blue-violet in profusion with bright green leaf, those up-rolled tips, the dewy fleshiness of the plant and the ephemeral wateriness of their scent. Regularly voted among the nation’s favourite flowers, around half of the world’s population of English (or Wild) bluebells are found in the UK, making our bluebell woods internationally important. But they are threatened by habitat destruction, illegal collection, and the rise of the Spanish bluebell, an invasive species that hybridises easily with our native variety. Spanish bluebells are paler, do not droop or nod, and have little or no scent. English bluebell hardly figures on the perfumer’s shelves, partly because it’s distinct, minerally coolness is so elusive: even if the plants could legally be harvested, their scent cannot (like lily of the valley or lilac) be distilled naturally. Which means that the Wild Bluebell cologne to be launched this autumn by Jo Malone London is synthesised. But that doesn’t mean that it’s plastic. In fact, this clever scent – which combines sweet spiciness with cool air and rich earth – has plenty of natural elements including jasmine, briar rose (eglantine) and clove. Wild Bluebell is the brainchild of Christine Nagel, an award-winning master perfumer who, for the last 30 years, has created fragrances for the likes of Dior, Armani, Lalique and Narcisso Rodrigues. When we meet in the Jo Malone Paris flagship store on Rue Saint-Honoré, Nagel – who has created several scents for the company, including English Pear & Fresia and the hugely successful Cologne Intense collection – exudes a passion for fragrances. Characterising perfumers as painters whose job is to “interpret the natural”, she explains that some might use machines to deconstruct the essential elements of a scent (a process she describes as akin to photography). “But I work only with my nose and my mind”. Related Articles It’s not just the countryside that’s now at risk04 Oct 2011Managing woodland: Answering the call of the wild03 Oct 2011British Tree Week: Best woodland walks04 Oct 2011The Ramblers Association's top walks this week04 Oct 2011Bill Bryson: 'don't make England suburban'01 Oct 2011Rare birds and bugs boom after unusual summer02 Oct 2011Nagel was introduced to her first sight of a carpet of wild bluebells in a Sussex wood: “It was early morning, and a light mist still hovered over the plants while shafts of sunlight streaked through the branches, like a Renaissance religious painting.” Down on her knees, she breathed in the cold floral dew, noticing – as the day warmed – that the scent developed spicy, more voluptuous notes. Armed with a notebook full of adjectives – a mind-map of her sensual reaction to the flower – she returned to her office to face the challenge of reconstructing the unfamiliar. Working “like a cook”, she considered “which raw materials could give me these sensations”. This is no white lab-coat, theatrical process, but an intellectual one. A formula is written down – “a gram of this or that” – and passed to her assistant, Richard, to make up. “He,” says Nagel, “is my hands.”Nagel began her interpretation with dewy floral and a touch of clove in the top notes, “exaggerating certain facts – the wet ground against the spiciness, something a bit piquant and characteristic”. Orange flower was used to blend these into the more obviously wild-floral heart of the cologne – jasmine and eglantine with a corresponding dash of tartly fruity persimmon. At the base rests white musk – “the petticoat that holds up the scent, like in Dior’s New Look” – and a tiny amount of amber, “because it melts sensuously on the skin”. All of which results in something clear, discrete and deceptively naïve without being so fragile that it disappears, leaving a trail that is softly lasting without being aggressive. If scents had weight, this is a satin, not a velvet – a wildflower rather than a heady hothouse bloom. In recessions we reach, traditionally, for cocooning scents reliant on warm, woody base notes. Flying in the face of this, and without requiring a single bloom, Wild Bluebell Cologne is overwhelmingly floral. Reminiscent of a walk through ancient woods in spring or being coddled in a cashmere blanket, it brings back memories of childhood. Aware of the native bluebell’s dependence on ancient woodland, Jo Malone London has made a large donation to the Woodland Trust. Nagel hopes her cologne’s success will raise the profile of the plant’s ecological value and its fragile future.“We need to do all we can to preserve the bluebell,” she says. 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R.I.P.D. is a 2013 American supernatural action comedy film starring Jeff Bridges and Ryan Reynolds . Robert Schwentke directed the film based on a screenplay adapted from the comic book Rest in Peace Department by Peter M. Lenkov . The film also stars Kevin Bacon , Mary-Louise Parker , Stephanie Szostak , and Marisa Miller . Filming was completed on January 28 , 2012 , and the film was originally set to be released on June 28 , 2013 in the United States by Universal Pictures , but was pushed back to July 19 , 2013 . The film received negative reviews and was a box office flop .

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