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The debate is complicated because sea otters have sometimes been held responsible for declines of shellfish stocks that were more likely caused by overfishing, disease, pollution, and seismic activity. Shellfish declines have also occurred in many parts of the North American Pacific coast that do not have sea otters, a... | Sea otter | Wikipedia | 403 | 567471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20otter | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
For many maritime indigenous cultures throughout the North Pacific, especially the Ainu in the Kuril Islands, the Koryaks and Itelmen of Kamchatka, the Aleut in the Aleutian Islands, the Haida of Haida Gwaii and a host of tribes on the Pacific coast of North America, the sea otter has played an important role as a cul... | Sea otter | Wikipedia | 474 | 567471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20otter | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Aquariums and zoos
Sea otters can do well in captivity, and are featured in over 40 public aquariums and zoos. The Seattle Aquarium became the first institution to raise sea otters from conception to adulthood with the birth of Tichuk in 1979, followed by three more pups in the early 1980s. In 2007, a YouTube video of... | Sea otter | Wikipedia | 476 | 567471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20otter | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Sea Otter Awareness Week is held every year during the last full week of September. Zoos, aquariums, and other educational institutions hold events highlighting sea otters, their ecological importance, and the challenges facing their conservation. It is organized and sponsored by Defenders of Wildlife, the Monterey Bay... | Sea otter | Wikipedia | 80 | 567471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20otter | Biology and health sciences | Carnivora | null |
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used to handle hot metal in Bronze Age Europe. They are also useful for bending and physically compressing a wide range of materials. Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to... | Pliers | Wikipedia | 480 | 567489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliers | Technology | Hand tools | null |
Design
The basic design of pliers has changed little since their origins, with the pair of handles, the pivot (often formed by a rivet), and the head section with the gripping jaws or cutting edges forming the three elements.
The materials used to make pliers consist mainly of steel alloys with additives such as vanad... | Pliers | Wikipedia | 351 | 567489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliers | Technology | Hand tools | null |
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, s... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 466 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the Bristol Channel in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire. By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. Tobacconists in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards.
Canning
With the discovery of the ... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 473 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included Bakelite closures on bottles, transparent cellophane overwraps and panels on cartons. These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved food safety. As additional materials such as aluminum and several types of plastic were developed, they were inc... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 397 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
Packaging and package labeling have several objectives
Physical protection – The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, mechanical shock, vibration, electrostatic discharge, abrasion, compression, temperature, etc.
Barrier protection – A barrier to oxygen, water vapor, sunlig... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 437 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
Security – Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter manipulation and they can also have tamper-evident features indicating that tampering has taken place. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of package ... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 473 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: primary, secondary, tertiary,etc.
Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.
Secondary ... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 466 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
Consumer package contents
Several aspects of consumer package labeling are subject to regulation. One of the most important is to accurately state the quantity (weight, volume, count) of the package contents. Consumers expect that the label accurately reflects the actual contents. Manufacturers and packagers must ha... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 428 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
Shipments of hazardous materials or dangerous goods have special information and symbols (labels, placards, etc.) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements. On transport packages, standardized symbols are also used to communicate handling needs. Some are defined in the ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice ... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 444 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
Sometimes the objectives of package development seem contradictory. For example, regulations for an over-the-counter drug might require the package to be tamper-evident and child resistant: These intentionally make the package difficult to open. The intended consumer, however, might be disabled or elderly and unable t... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 233 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
The traditional "three R's" of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a waste hierarchy which may be considered in product and package development.
Prevention – Waste prevention is a primary goal. Packaging should be used only where needed. Proper packaging can also help prevent waste. Packaging plays an important pa... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 504 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability, serviceability, reliability, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, multiple products, etc.), energy requirements, qual... | Packaging | Wikipedia | 384 | 568715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging | Technology | Containers | null |
A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature. They lie above the main sequence (luminosity class V in the Yerkes spectral classification) on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III. The terms gi... | Giant star | Wikipedia | 242 | 568726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Intermediate-mass stars
For a star with a mass above about 0.25 solar masses (), once the core is depleted of hydrogen it contracts and heats up so that hydrogen starts to fuse in a shell around the core. The portion of the star outside the shell expands and cools, but with only a small increase in luminosity, and the ... | Giant star | Wikipedia | 385 | 568726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
In stars above about the core temperature eventually reaches 108 K and helium will begin to fuse to carbon and oxygen in the core by the triple-alpha process.,§ 5.9, chapter 6. When the core is degenerate helium fusion begins explosively, but most of the energy goes into lifting the degeneracy and the core becomes co... | Giant star | Wikipedia | 491 | 568726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
O class main sequence stars are already highly luminous. The giant phase for such stars is a brief phase of slightly increased size and luminosity before developing a supergiant spectral luminosity class. Type O giants may be more than a hundred thousand times as luminous as the sun, brighter than many supergiants. Cl... | Giant star | Wikipedia | 507 | 568726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Well known stars which are classified as bright giants include:
Canopus
Albireo
Epsilon Canis Majoris
Theta Scorpii
Beta Draconis
Alpha Herculis
Gamma Canis Majoris
Red giants
Within any giant luminosity class, the cooler stars of spectral class K, M, S, and C, (and sometimes some G-type stars) are called red ... | Giant star | Wikipedia | 292 | 568726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Yellow giants
Giant stars with intermediate temperatures (spectral class G, F, and at least some A) are called yellow giants. They are far less numerous than red giants, partly because they only form from stars with somewhat higher masses, and partly because they spend less time in that phase of their lives. However, t... | Giant star | Wikipedia | 425 | 568726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
The blue giants are a very heterogeneous grouping, ranging from high-mass, high-luminosity stars just leaving the main sequence to low-mass, horizontal-branch stars. Higher-mass stars leave the main sequence to become blue giants, then bright blue giants, and then blue supergiants, before expanding into red supergiants... | Giant star | Wikipedia | 221 | 568726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20star | Physical sciences | Stellar astronomy | null |
Gmail is the email service provided by Google. it had 1.5 billion active users worldwide, making it the largest email service in the world. It also provides a webmail interface, accessible through a web browser, and is also accessible through the official mobile application. Google also supports the use of third-party... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 448 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
On April 1, 2004, Gmail was launched with one gigabyte (GB) of storage space, a significantly higher amount than competitors offered at the time.
The limit was doubled to two gigabytes of storage on April 1, 2005, the first anniversary of Gmail. Georges Harik, the product management director for Gmail, stated that Goog... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 481 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
In November 2011, Google began rolling out a redesign of its interface that "simplified" the look of Gmail into a more minimalist design to provide a more consistent look throughout its products and services as part of an overall Google design change. Majorly redesigned elements included a streamlined conversation view... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 448 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
The Gmail Labs feature, introduced on June 5, 2008, allows users to test new or experimental features of Gmail. Users can enable or disable Labs features selectively and provide feedback about each of them. This allows Gmail engineers to obtain user input about new features to improve them and also to assess their popu... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 496 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
Gmail's "basic HTML" version works on almost all browsers. This version of Gmail has been discontinued from January 2024.
In August 2011, Google introduced Gmail Offline, an HTML5-powered app for providing access to the service while offline. Gmail Offline runs on the Google Chrome browser and can be downloaded from t... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 455 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
In October 2014, Google introduced Inbox by Gmail on an invitation-only basis. Developed by the Gmail team, but serving as a "completely different type of inbox", the service is made to help users deal with the challenges of an active email. Citing issues such as distractions, difficulty in finding important informatio... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 418 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
In May 2013, Google announced the integration between Google Wallet and Gmail, which would allow Gmail users to send money as email attachments. Although the sender must use a Gmail account, the recipient does not need to be using a Gmail address. The feature has no transaction fees, but there are limits to the amount ... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 471 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
Whenever possible, Gmail uses transport layer security (TLS) to automatically encrypt emails sent and received. On the web and on Android devices, users can check if a message is encrypted by checking if the message has a closed or open red padlock.
Gmail automatically scans all incoming and outgoing e-mails for virus... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 483 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
Anti-child pornography policy
Google combats child pornography through Gmail's servers in conjunction with the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) to find children suffering abuse around the world. In collaboration with the NCMEC, Google creates a database of child pornography pictures. Each one of... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 488 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
In June 2012, Google announced that Gmail had 425 million active users globally. In May 2015, Google announced that Gmail had 900 million active users, 75% of whom were using the service on mobile devices. In February 2016, Google announced that Gmail had passed 1 billion active users. In July 2017, Google announced th... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 481 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
Gmail was ranked second in PC World'''s "100 Best Products of 2005", behind Firefox. Gmail also won 'Honorable Mention' in the Bottom Line Design Awards 2005. In September 2006, Forbes declared Gmail to be the best webmail application for small businesses. In November 2006, Gmail received PC World's 4-star rating.
Cri... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 469 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
On June 23, 2017, Google announced that, later in 2017, it would phase out the scanning of email content to generate contextual advertising, relying on personal data collected through other Google services instead. The company stated that this change was meant to clarify its practices and quell concerns among enterpris... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 493 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
In response to the update, Jim Killock, executive director of the Open Rights Group, stated: "The really dangerous things that Google is doing are things like the information held in Analytics, cookies in advertising and the profiling that it is able to do on individual accounts".
Microsoft ad campaign against Google
... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 444 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
Social network integration
The February 2010 launch of Google Buzz, a now defunct social network linked to Gmail, immediately drew criticism for publicly sharing details of users' contacts unless the default settings were changed. A new Gmail feature was launched in January 2014, whereby users could email people with G... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 354 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
"On behalf of" tag
In May 2009, Farhad Manjoo wrote on The New York Times blog about Gmail's "on behalf of" tag. Manjoo explained: "The problems [sic]'' is, when you try to send outbound mail from your Gmail universal inbox, Gmail adds a tag telling your recipients that you're actually using Gmail and not your office e... | Gmail | Wikipedia | 227 | 569005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail | Technology | Communication | null |
Plant propagation is the process by which new plants grow from various sources, including seeds, cuttings, and other plant parts. Plant propagation can refer to both man-made and natural processes.
Propagation typically occurs as a step in the overall cycle of plant growth. For seeds, it happens after ripening and dis... | Plant propagation | Wikipedia | 479 | 569180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20propagation | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Techniques for vegetative propagation include:
Air or ground layering
Division
Grafting and bud grafting, widely used in fruit tree propagation
Micropropagation
Offsets
Stolons (runners)
Storage organs such as bulbs, corms, tubers, and rhizomes
Striking or cuttings
Twin-scaling
Heated propagator
A heated propagator i... | Plant propagation | Wikipedia | 446 | 569180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20propagation | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2. This colorless liquid is the sulfoxide most widely used commercially. It is an important polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. It has a ... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 426 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
Deprotonation of DMSO requires strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide and sodium hydride. Stabilization of the resultant carbanion is provided by the S(O)R group. The sodium derivative of DMSO formed in this way is referred to as dimsyl sodium. It is a base, e.g., for the deprotonation of ketones to form sodium ... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 421 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
DMSO is a polar aprotic solvent and is less toxic than other members of this class, such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). DMSO is frequently used as a solvent for chemical reactions involving salts, most notably Finkelstein reactions and other nucleoph... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 485 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
DMSO is used to dissolve test compounds in in vitro drug discovery and drug design screening programs, including high-throughput screening programs. This is because it is able to dissolve both polar and nonpolar compounds, can be used to maintain stock solutions of test compounds (important when working with a large c... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 442 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
DMSO in a PCR is applicable for supercoiled plasmids (to relax before amplification) or DNA templates with high GC-content (to decrease thermostability). For example, 10% final concentration of DMSO in the PCR mixture with Phusion decreases primer annealing temperature (i.e. primer melting temperature) by .
It is well... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 469 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
In interventional radiology, DMSO is used as a solvent for ethylene vinyl alcohol in the Onyx liquid embolic agent, which is used in embolization, the therapeutic occlusion of blood vessels.
In cryobiology DMSO has been used as a cryoprotectant and is still an important constituent of cryoprotectant vitrification mixt... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 371 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
The use of DMSO as an alternative treatment for cancer is of particular concern, as it has been shown to interfere with a variety of chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. There is insufficient evidence to support the hypothesis that DMSO has any effect, and most sources agree that its h... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 470 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
Because DMSO easily penetrates the skin, substances dissolved in DMSO may quickly be absorbed. Glove selection is important when working with DMSO. Butyl rubber, fluoroelastomer, neoprene, or thick (15mil / 0.4mm) latex gloves are recommended. Nitrile gloves, which are very commonly used in chemical laboratories, may p... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 404 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
Odor problem
DMSO disposed into sewers can cause odor problems in municipal effluents: waste water bacteria transform DMSO under hypoxic (anoxic) conditions into dimethyl sulfide (DMS) that has a strong disagreeable odor, similar to rotten cabbage. However, chemically pure DMSO is odorless because of the lack of C-S-C ... | Dimethyl sulfoxide | Wikipedia | 240 | 569213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20sulfoxide | Physical sciences | Concepts: General | Chemistry |
Dimethyl ether (DME; also known as methoxymethane) is the organic compound with the formula CH3OCH3,
(sometimes ambiguously simplified to C2H6O as it is an isomer of ethanol). The simplest ether, it is a colorless gas that is a useful precursor to other organic compounds and an aerosol propellant that is currently bei... | Dimethyl ether | Wikipedia | 507 | 569315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20ether | Physical sciences | Esters and ethers | Chemistry |
Niche applications
A mixture of dimethyl ether and propane is used in some over-the-counter "freeze spray" products to treat warts by freezing them. In this role, it has supplanted halocarbon compounds (Freon).
Dimethyl ether is also a component of certain high temperature "Map-Pro" blowtorch gas blends, supplanting t... | Dimethyl ether | Wikipedia | 419 | 569315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20ether | Physical sciences | Esters and ethers | Chemistry |
Refrigerant
Dimethyl ether is a refrigerant with ASHRAE refrigerant designation R-E170. It is also used in refrigerant blends with e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, butane and propene.
Dimethyl ether was the first refrigerant. In 1876, the French engineer Charles Tellier bought the ex-Elder-Dempster a 690 tons cargo ship ... | Dimethyl ether | Wikipedia | 269 | 569315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20ether | Physical sciences | Esters and ethers | Chemistry |
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known commonly as the whitetail and the Virginia deer, is a medium-sized species of deer native to North America, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia, where it predominately inhabits high mountain terrains of the Andes. It has also bee... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 504 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Some taxonomists have attempted to separate white-tailed deer into a host of subspecies, based largely on morphological differences. Genetic studies, however, suggest fewer subspecies within the animal's range, as compared to the 30 to 40 subspecies that some scientists have described in the last century. The Florida K... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 358 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
North and Central America
O. v. acapulcensis (1)– (Southern coastal Mexico)
O. v. borealis (2)– northern white-tailed deer (the largest and darkest of the white-tailed deer)
O. v. carminis (4)– Carmen Mountains white-tailed deer (Texas-Mexico border)
O. v. chiriquensis (5)– (Panama)
O. v. clavium (6)– Key deer or ... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 510 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
O. v. toltecu (32)– (southern Mexico to El Salvador)
O. v. venatorius (35)– Hunting Island white-tailed deer (Hunting Island, South Carolina)
O. v. veraecrucis (36)– (eastern coastal Mexico)
O. v. virginianus (37)– Virginia white-tailed deer or southern white-tailed deer
O. v. yucatanesis (38)– (northern Yucatán, Me... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 97 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
South America
O. v. cariacou (3)– (French Guiana and northern Brazil)
O. v. curassavicus (8)– (Curaçao)
O. v. goudotii (10)– (Colombia (Andes) and western Venezuela)
O. v. gymnotis (11)– South American white-tailed deer (northern half of Venezuela, including Venezuela's Llanos region)
O. v. margaritae (16)– (Marga... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 426 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
The white-tailed deer is highly variable in size, generally following both Allen's rule and Bergmann's rule that the average size is larger farther away from the equator. North American male deer (also known as a buck) usually weigh , but mature bucks over have been recorded in the northernmost reaches of their native... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 325 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Males regrow their antlers every year. About one in 10,000 females also has antlers, although this is usually associated with freemartinism. Bucks without branching antlers are often termed "spikehorn", "spiked bucks", "spike bucks", or simply "spikes/spikers". The spikes can be quite long or very short. Length and bra... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 488 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Ecology
White-tailed deer are generalists and can adapt to a wide variety of habitats. The largest deer occur in the temperate regions of North America. The northern white-tailed deer (O. v. borealis), Dakota white-tailed deer (O. v. dacotensis), and northwest white-tailed deer (O. v. ochrourus) are some of the largest... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 353 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
In some western regions of North America, the white-tailed deer range overlaps with those of the mule deer. White-tail incursions in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas have resulted in some hybrids. In the extreme north of the range, their habitat is also used by moose in some areas. White-tailed deer may occur in areas t... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 435 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Diet
White-tailed deer eat large amounts of food, commonly eating legumes and foraging on other plants, including shoots, leaves, cacti (in deserts), prairie forbs, and grasses. They also eat acorns, fruit, and corn. Their multi-chambered stomachs allow them to eat some foods humans cannot, such as mushrooms (even thos... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 369 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
The white-tailed deer is a ruminant, which means it has a four-chambered stomach. Each chamber has a different and specific function that allows the deer to eat a variety of different foods, digesting it at a later time in a safe area of cover. The stomach hosts a complex set of microbes that change as the deer's diet ... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 467 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
White-tailed deer typically respond to the presence of potential predators by breathing very heavily (also called blowing) and fleeing. When they blow, the sound alerts other deer in the area. As they run, the flash of their white tails warns other deer. This especially serves to warn fawns when their mother is alarmed... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 243 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Most primary natural predators of white-tailed deer have been essentially extirpated in eastern North America, with a very small number of reintroduced critically endangered red wolves, around North Carolina and a small remnant population of Florida panthers, a subspecies of the cougar. Gray wolves, the leading cause o... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 469 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Forest alteration
In certain parts of eastern North America, high deer densities have caused large reductions in plant biomass, including the density and heights of certain forest wildflowers, tree seedlings, and shrubs. Although they can be seen as a nuisance species, white-tailed deer also play an important role in b... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 498 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Population and controls
The white-tailed deer population in North America has declined by several million since 2000, but as of 2017 is considered healthy and is approximately equal to the historical pre-colonization white-tailed population on the continent. The species has rebounded considerably after being overhunted... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 469 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Nonlethal methods include contraceptive injections, sterilization, and translocation of deer. While lethal methods have municipal support as being the most effective in the short term, some opponents of this view suggest that extermination has no significant impact on deer populations. Opponents of contraceptive method... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 512 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Females give birth to one to three spotted young, known as fawns, in mid-to-late spring, generally in May or June. Fawns lose their spots during the first summer and weigh from by the first winter. Male fawns tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females. For the first four weeks, fawns are hidden in vegetation ... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 473 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Marking
White-tailed deer possess many glands that allow them to produce scents, some of which are so potent they can be detected by the human nose. Four major glands are the preorbital, forehead, tarsal, and metatarsal glands. Secretions from the preorbital glands (in front of the eye) were thought to be rubbed on tre... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 472 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Sign-post marking (scrapes and rubs) is a very obvious way white-tailed deer communicate. Although bucks do most of the marking, does visit these locations often. To make a rub, a buck uses his antlers to strip the bark off small-diameter trees, helping to mark his territory and polish his antlers. To mark areas they r... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 428 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Since whitetail deer are very adaptable, inhabiting diverse regions ranging from tropical rain forests to high-altitude mountain chains of the Andes Mountains at more than 13,000 feet, different hunting methods as well as types of guns and ammo may be used. Most common cartridges used include the .243 Winchester, .308 ... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 324 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
At high population densities, farmers can suffer economic damage from deer feeding on cash crops, especially in corn and orchards. It has become nearly impossible to grow some crops in some areas unless very burdensome deer-deterring measures are taken. Deer can easily jump fences, and their fear of motion and sounds m... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 444 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Motor vehicle collisions with deer are a significant issue in many parts of their range, especially at night and during rutting season, causing injuries and fatalities among both deer and humans. Vehicular damage can be substantial in some cases. In the United States, such collisions increased from 200,000 in 1980 to 5... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 488 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Blood samples gathered by USDA researchers in 2021 also showed that 40% of sampled white-tailed deer demonstrated evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, with the highest percentages in Michigan, at 67%, and Pennsylvania, at 44%. A later study by Penn State University and wildlife officials in Iowa showed that up to 80 perc... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 488 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
Migration patterns
Climate change is affecting the white-tailed deer by changing their migration patterns and increasing their population size. This species of deer is restricted from moving northward due to cold harsh winters. Consequently, as climate change warms up Earth, these deer are allowed to migrate further n... | White-tailed deer | Wikipedia | 460 | 569459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed%20deer | Biology and health sciences | Deer | Animals |
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems. These signals are typically chemical messengers which bind to a receptor and produce physiological responses such as change in the electrical activ... | Receptor (biochemistry) | Wikipedia | 475 | 569480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20%28biochemistry%29 | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology |
The structures of receptors are very diverse and include the following major categories, among others:
Type 1: Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) – These receptors are typically the targets of fast neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (nicotinic) and GABA; activation of these receptors results in cha... | Receptor (biochemistry) | Wikipedia | 471 | 569480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20%28biochemistry%29 | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology |
Type 4: Nuclear receptors – While they are called nuclear receptors, they are actually located in the cytoplasm and migrate to the nucleus after binding with their ligands. They are composed of a C-terminal ligand-binding region, a core DNA-binding domain (DBD) and an N-terminal domain that contains the AF1(activation ... | Receptor (biochemistry) | Wikipedia | 144 | 569480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20%28biochemistry%29 | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology |
Membrane receptors may be isolated from cell membranes by complex extraction procedures using solvents, detergents, and/or affinity purification.
The structures and actions of receptors may be studied by using biophysical methods such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, circular dichroism, and dual polarisation interferome... | Receptor (biochemistry) | Wikipedia | 267 | 569480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20%28biochemistry%29 | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology |
(Full) agonists are able to activate the receptor and result in a strong biological response. The natural endogenous ligand with the greatest efficacy for a given receptor is by definition a full agonist (100% efficacy).
Partial agonists do not activate receptors with maximal efficacy, even with maximal binding, causi... | Receptor (biochemistry) | Wikipedia | 511 | 569480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20%28biochemistry%29 | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology |
Mutations in receptors that result in increased constitutive activity underlie some inherited diseases, such as precocious puberty (due to mutations in luteinizing hormone receptors) and hyperthyroidism (due to mutations in thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors).
Theories of drug-receptor interaction
Occupation
Ear... | Receptor (biochemistry) | Wikipedia | 510 | 569480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20%28biochemistry%29 | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology |
The ligands for receptors are as diverse as their receptors. GPCRs (7TMs) are a particularly vast family, with at least 810 members. There are also LGICs for at least a dozen endogenous ligands, and many more receptors possible through different subunit compositions. Some common examples of ligands and receptors includ... | Receptor (biochemistry) | Wikipedia | 407 | 569480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20%28biochemistry%29 | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology |
The Cassegrain reflector is a combination of a primary concave mirror and a secondary convex mirror, often used in optical telescopes and radio antennas, the main characteristic being that the optical path folds back onto itself, relative to the optical system's primary mirror entrance aperture. This design puts the fo... | Cassegrain reflector | Wikipedia | 512 | 2151693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassegrain%20reflector | Technology | Telescope | null |
It makes use of the special properties of parabolic and hyperbolic reflectors. A concave parabolic reflector will reflect all incoming light rays parallel to its axis of symmetry to a single point, the focus. A convex hyperbolic reflector has two foci and will reflect all light rays directed at one of its two foci towa... | Cassegrain reflector | Wikipedia | 466 | 2151693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassegrain%20reflector | Technology | Telescope | null |
The Ritchey-Chrétien is a specialized Cassegrain reflector which has two hyperbolic mirrors (instead of a parabolic primary). It is free of coma and spherical aberration at a flat focal plane, making it well suited for wide field and photographic observations. It was invented by George Willis Ritchey and Henri Chrétien... | Cassegrain reflector | Wikipedia | 500 | 2151693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassegrain%20reflector | Technology | Telescope | null |
Catadioptric Cassegrains use two mirrors, often with a spherical primary mirror to reduce cost, combined with refractive corrector element(s) to correct the resulting aberrations.
Schmidt-Cassegrain
The Schmidt-Cassegrain was developed from the wide-field Schmidt camera, although the Cassegrain configuration gives i... | Cassegrain reflector | Wikipedia | 474 | 2151693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassegrain%20reflector | Technology | Telescope | null |
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique that separates components in non-volatile mixtures.
It is performed on a TLC plate made up of a non-reactive solid coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. This is called the stationary phase. The sample is deposited on the plate, which is eluted wit... | Thin-layer chromatography | Wikipedia | 418 | 2152225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-layer%20chromatography | Physical sciences | Chromatography | Chemistry |
Development chamber preparation: The development solvent or solvent mixture is placed into a transparent container (separation/development chamber) to a depth of less than 1 centimetre. A strip of filter paper (aka "wick") is also placed along the container wall. This filter paper should touch the solvent and almost re... | Thin-layer chromatography | Wikipedia | 370 | 2152225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-layer%20chromatography | Physical sciences | Chromatography | Chemistry |
In normal-phase TLC, the stationary phase is polar. Silica gel is very common in normal-phase TLC. More polar compounds in a sample mixture interact more strongly with the polar stationary phase. As a result, more-polar compounds move less (resulting in smaller Rf) while less-polar compounds move higher up the plate (h... | Thin-layer chromatography | Wikipedia | 434 | 2152225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-layer%20chromatography | Physical sciences | Chromatography | Chemistry |
Placing the plate under blacklight (366 nm light) makes fluorescent compounds glow
TLC plates containing a small amount of fluorescent compound (usually manganese-activated zinc silicate) in the adsorbent layer allow for visualisation of some compounds under UV-C light (254 nm). The adsorbent layer will fluoresce ligh... | Thin-layer chromatography | Wikipedia | 432 | 2152225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-layer%20chromatography | Physical sciences | Chromatography | Chemistry |
Reaction monitoring and characterization
TLC is a useful tool for reaction monitoring. For this, the plate normally contains a spot of starting material, a spot from the reaction mixture, and a co-spot (or cross-spot) containing both. The analysis will show if the starting material disappeared and if any new products a... | Thin-layer chromatography | Wikipedia | 460 | 2152225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-layer%20chromatography | Physical sciences | Chromatography | Chemistry |
Furthermore, two-dimensional TLC can help check if a compound is stable on a particular stationary phase. This test requires two runs on a square-shaped TLC plate. The plate is rotated by 90º before the second run. If the target compound appears on the diagonal of the square, it is stable on the chosen stationary phase... | Thin-layer chromatography | Wikipedia | 136 | 2152225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-layer%20chromatography | Physical sciences | Chromatography | Chemistry |
The Archaeognatha are an order of apterygotes, known by various common names such as jumping bristletails. Among extant insect taxa they are some of the most evolutionarily primitive; they appeared in the Middle Devonian period at about the same time as the arachnids. Specimens that closely resemble extant species have... | Archaeognatha | Wikipedia | 476 | 2152928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeognatha | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Archaeognatha differ from Zygentoma in various ways, such as their relatively small head, their bodies being compressed laterally (from side to side) instead of flattened dorsiventrally, and in their being able to use their tails to spring up to into the air if disturbed. They have eight pairs of short appendages call... | Archaeognatha | Wikipedia | 497 | 2152928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeognatha | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Biology
Archaeognatha occur in a wide range of habitats. While most species live in moist soil, others have adapted to chaparral, and even sandy deserts. They feed primarily on algae, but also lichens, mosses, or decaying organic detritus.
Three types of mating behavior are known. In some species the male spins a silk... | Archaeognatha | Wikipedia | 353 | 2152928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeognatha | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Psocoptera () are a paraphyletic group of insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. The name Psocoptera has been replaced with Psocodea in recent literature, with the inclusion of the former order Phthiraptera into Psocodea (as part of the suborder Troctomorpha).
These insects first appeared ... | Psocoptera | Wikipedia | 489 | 2154225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocoptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
There is often considerable variation in the appearance of individuals within the same species. Many have no wings or ovipositors, and may have a different shape to the thorax. Other, more subtle, variations are also known, such as changes to the development of the setae. The significance of such changes is uncertain, ... | Psocoptera | Wikipedia | 431 | 2154225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocoptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
Interaction with humans
Some species of psocids, such as Liposcelis bostrychophila, are common pests of stored products. Psocids, among other arthropods, have been studied to develop new pest control techniques in food manufacturing. One study found that modified atmospheres during packing (MAP) helped to control the ... | Psocoptera | Wikipedia | 209 | 2154225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocoptera | Biology and health sciences | Insects: General | Animals |
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