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The Microsoft Store, which serves as a unified storefront for apps and other content, is also redesigned in Windows 11. Microsoft now allows developers to distribute Win32, progressive web applications, and other packaging technologies in the Microsoft Store, alongside Universal Windows Platform apps. Microsoft also an... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 485 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The taskbar's buttons are center-aligned by default, and it is permanently pinned to the bottom edge of the screen; it cannot be moved to the top, left, or right edges of the screen as in previous versions of Windows without manual changes to the registry. The notifications sidebar is now accessed by clicking the date ... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 416 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
On October 21, 2021, Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA) became available to Beta channel builds of Windows 11 for users in the United States, which allows users to install and run Android apps on their devices. Users can install Android apps through any source using the APK file format. An Amazon Appstore client for M... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 423 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Artificial intelligence
In subsequent updates, Microsoft added several features based on artificial intelligence (AI), like live captions, background noise removal in videoconferencing, webcam auto-framing that follows the user's movements, and AI-powered Bing Chat in the taskbar's search field. Following the integrat... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 347 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Windows 11 SE was announced on November 9, 2021, as an edition exclusively for low-end devices sold in the education market; it is intended as a successor to Windows 10 S, and also competes primarily with ChromeOS. It is designed to be managed via Microsoft Intune. Based on feedback from educators, Windows 11 SE has mu... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 454 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The remaining 67 LIP languages that are LXP-based will move to a self-service model, and can only be added by Windows users themselves via the Microsoft Store and Windows Settings apps, not during the Windows imaging process. Any user, not just admins, can now add both the display language and its features, which can h... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 436 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
As of August 2021, the officially supported list of processors includes eighth generation Intel Core CPUs (Coffee Lake) and later, AMD Zen+ CPUs/APUs and later (which include the "AF" revisions of Ryzen 1000 CPUs, which are underclocked Zen+ CPUs that supplant Ryzen 1000 parts that could no longer be manufactured due t... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 430 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
In April 2024, Windows Insider version 24H2 builds began to have a dependency of the SSE4.2 and POPCNT CPU instructions (corresponding to the x86-64 v2 microarchitecture level), increasing the unofficial minimum compatibility to Bulldozer microarchitecture-based processors like the AMD FX (2011) processors and first-ge... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 478 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
While IoT Enterprise editions have always had slightly reduced official requirements compared to other Windows 11 editions, notably starting with version 24H2, minimum requirements were further reduced and now differ significantly. These updated 24H2 requirements were announced on May 22, 2024, for both LTSC and non-LT... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 380 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Launch
Andrew Cunningham of Ars Technica gave a mixed but overall cautiously positive review of Windows 11 upon its release. He praised the improvements to its visual design (describing the new "Mica" appearance as reminiscent of the visual appearance of iOS and macOS, and arguing that Microsoft had "[made] a serious ... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 350 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Tom Warren of The Verge described Windows 11 as being akin to a house in the middle of renovations, but that "actually using Windows 11 for the past few months hasn't felt as controversial as I had expected"—praising its updated user interface as being more modern and reminiscent of iOS and ChromeOS, the new start menu... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 333 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
Mark Hatchman of PC World was more critical of Windows 11, arguing that it "sacrifices productivity for personality, but without cohesion", commenting upon changes such as the inability to use local "offline" accounts on Windows 11 Home, regressions to the taskbar, a "functionally worse" start menu, Microsoft Teams int... | Windows 11 | Wikipedia | 194 | 67953981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2011 | Technology | Operating Systems | null |
The New Zealand Romney is a New Zealand breed of sheep. It derives from British Romney Marsh stock imported to New Zealand in the nineteenth century, and was established as a separate breed in 1904. It is the most numerous sheep breed in New Zealand.
History
The New Zealand Romney derives from British Romney Marsh s... | New Zealand Romney | Wikipedia | 322 | 67955916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Romney | Biology and health sciences | Sheep | Animals |
Means of communication are used by people to communicate and exchange information with each other as an information sender and an information recipient.
General information
We use many different materials in communication. Maps, for example, save you tedious explanations on how to get to your destination. A means of ... | Means of communication | Wikipedia | 485 | 72381976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means%20of%20communication | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Not until the 20th century was the term medium also a synonym for these technical means of communication. In the 1920s the term mass media started to become more popular.
Different types
A distinction can be made between oral, written, screen-oriented transfer of information and document transport:
In this table mea... | Means of communication | Wikipedia | 508 | 72381976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means%20of%20communication | Technology | Media and communication | null |
Mass media refers to reaching many recipients from one – or less than one – sender simultaneously or nearly simultaneously.
Transmission of information via printing products in diverse forms (book, pamphlet, xerography, poster, mail merge, newspaper)
Transmission of language, music or other sounds radio waven (radio... | Means of communication | Wikipedia | 115 | 72381976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means%20of%20communication | Technology | Media and communication | null |
ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched in 2022. It is currently based on the GPT-4o large language model (LLM). ChatGPT can generate human-like conversational responses and enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level o... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 443 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
ChatGPT is based on particular GPT foundation models, namely GPT-4, GPT-4o and GPT-4o mini, that were fine-tuned to target conversational usage. The fine-tuning process leveraged supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model performan... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 469 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Although a chatbot's core function is to mimic a human conversationalist, ChatGPT is versatile. It can write and debug computer programs; compose music, teleplays, fairy tales, and student essays; answer test questions (sometimes, depending on the test, at a level above the average human test-taker); generate business ... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 486 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
As of May 2024, GPT-4 has knowledge of events that occurred up to December 2023 and GPT-4o's knowledge cut-off is October 2023. Paid subscriptions enable ChatGPT to search the web for real-time data.
Training data also suffers from algorithmic bias, which may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including desc... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 507 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
GPT-4, which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via API and for premium ChatGPT users. But premium users were limited to a cap of 100 messages every four hours, with the limit tightening to 25 messages every three hours in response to increased demand. In November 2023 the limit changed to 50 messages e... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 511 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
In March 2023, a bug allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation history. Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than ini... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 464 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
In January 2024, OpenAI launched the GPT Store, a marketplace for custom ChatGPT chatbots labeled GPTs. The company initially planned to launch the store in November 2023, but it was delayed. At launch, the GPT Store offered more than 3 million custom chatbots. Chatbots available through the store are developed using O... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 446 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o.
o1
In September 2024, OpenAI introduced o1-preview and a faster... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 353 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
ChatGPT was widely assessed in December 2022 as having some unprecedented and powerful capabilities. Kevin Roose of The New York Times called it "the best artificial intelligence chatbot ever released to the general public". Samantha Lock of The Guardian noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "h... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 462 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Journalists and scholars have commented on ChatGPT's tendency to hallucinate. Mike Pearl of the online technology blog Mashable tested ChatGPT with multiple questions. In one example, he asked ChatGPT for "the largest country in Central America that isn't Mexico" (Mexico is in North America), to which ChatGPT responded... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 468 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Chinese state media have characterized ChatGPT as a way for the United States to spread misinformation. ChatGPT was blocked by the Great Firewall in China on 2 March 2023. In May 2023, Chinese police arrested a man who allegedly used ChatGPT to generate a bogus report about a train crash, which was then posted online f... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 424 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
In July 2023, the FTC launched an investigation into OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, over allegations that the company scraped public data and published false and defamatory information. The FTC sent OpenAI a 20-page letter asking for comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well as any... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 474 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Scientific journals have had different reactions to ChatGPT. Some, including Nature and JAMA Network, "require that authors disclose the use of text-generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-author". Science "completely banned" usage of LLM-generated text in all its journals.... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 501 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
In July 2024, Futurism reported that GPT-4o in ChatGPT would sometimes link "scam news sites that deluge the user with fake software updates and virus warnings"; these pop-ups can be used to coerce users into downloading malware or potentially unwanted programs.
Economics
There has been concern that ChatGPT could sup... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 455 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Some scholars have expressed concern that ChatGPT's availability could reduce the originality of writing, cause people to write more like the AI as they are exposed to the model, and encourage an Anglocentric perspective centered on a few dialects of English globally. A senior editor at The Atlantic wrote that ChatGPT ... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 368 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Financial markets
The AI technology company c3.ai saw a 28% increase in its share price after announcing the integration of ChatGPT into its toolkit. The share price of BuzzFeed, a digital media company unrelated to AI, increased 120% after announcing OpenAI technology adoption for content creation. Reuters found that... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 360 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
In November 2023, research conducted by Patronus AI, an artificial intelligence startup company, compared performance of GPT-4, GPT-4-Turbo, Claude 2, and LLaMA-2 on two versions of a 150-question test about information in financial statements (e.g., Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, Form 8-K, earnings reports, earnings call trans... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 297 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Published in February 2023 were two separate papers that again evaluated ChatGPT's proficiency in medicine using the USMLE. Findings were published in JMIR Medical Education and PLOS Digital Health. The authors of the PLOS Digital Health paper stated that the results "suggest that large language models may have the pot... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 387 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
An April 2023 study in Radiology tested the AI's ability to answer queries about breast cancer screening. The authors found that it answered appropriately "about 88 percent of the time", however, in one case (for example), it gave advice that had become outdated about a year earlier. The comprehensiveness of its answer... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 438 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Contrary to previous findings, ChatGPT responses to anesthesia-related questions were more accurate, succinct, and descriptive compared to Bard's. Bard exhibited 30.3% error in response as compared to ChatGPT (0% error). At a conference of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists in December 2023, researchers ... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 441 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
In Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 22-cv-1461 (PKC), a personal injury lawsuit against Avianca Airlines filed in the Southern New York U.S. District Court in May 2023 (with Senior Judge P. Kevin Castel presiding), the plaintiff's attorneys reportedly used ChatGPT to generate a legal motion. ChatGPT generated numerous fictitious... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 485 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department reported that the perpetrator of the 2025 Las Vegas truck explosion used ChatGPT to help plan the incident.
Concerns
Bias and offensiveness
While bias in LLMs has been observed and documented in research papers much prior to the release of ChatGPT, social media users freq... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 425 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Copyright issues
There has been concern about copyright infringement involving ChatGPT. In June 2023, two writers sued OpenAI, saying the company's training data came from illegal websites that show copyrighted books. Comedian and author Sarah Silverman, Christopher Golden, and Richard Kadrey sued OpenAI and Meta for ... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 507 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Over 20,000 signatories including leading computer scientist and tech founders Yoshua Bengio, Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, signed a March 2023 open letter calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing "profound risks to society and humanity". Geoffrey Hinton, one of the "... | ChatGPT | Wikipedia | 291 | 72417803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Homo longi is an extinct species of archaic human identified from a nearly complete skull, nicknamed 'Dragon Man', from Harbin on the Northeast China Plain, dating to at minimum 146,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene. The skull was discovered in 1933 along the Songhua River while the was under construction fo... | Homo longi | Wikipedia | 488 | 68045349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20longi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Age
Owing to the skull's history, its exact provenance, and thus its stratigraphic context and age, has been difficult to determine.
In 2021, Chinese geologist Shao Qingfeng and colleagues performed non-destructive x-ray fluorescence, rare-earth element, and strontium isotope analyses on the skull and various other m... | Homo longi | Wikipedia | 234 | 68045349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20longi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
In two simultaneously published papers, Ji and colleagues declared the Harbin skull to represent a new species they dubbed Homo longi. The Harbin skull is quite similar to the Dali skull, and when the Dali skull was discovered in 1978, it was given a new nomen H. sapiens daliensis by its discoverer Wu Xinzhi who soon t... | Homo longi | Wikipedia | 473 | 68045349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20longi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Anatomy
H. longi is characterized by a low and long skull, receding forehead, extremely wide upper face, a large nasal opening equating to an enlarged nose (possibly an adaptation to the cold air), large and square eye sockets, inflated and thick brow ridges (supraorbital torus), flat cheekbones (zygomatic bone), a wi... | Homo longi | Wikipedia | 363 | 68045349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20longi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
Despite the face being so wide, it was rather flat (reduced mid-facial prognathism), and resembles the anatomy found in modern humans, the far more ancient H. antecessor, and other Middle Pleistocene Chinese specimens. Nonetheless, the tooth sockets for the incisors were angled outward (alveolar prognathism). The H. lo... | Homo longi | Wikipedia | 480 | 68045349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo%20longi | Biology and health sciences | Homo | Biology |
An alpine lake is a high-altitude lake in a mountainous area, usually near or above the tree line, with extended periods of ice cover. These lakes are commonly glacial lakes formed from glacial activity (either current or in the past) but can also be formed from geological processes such as volcanic activity (volcanoge... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 392 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Commonly, alpine lakes are formed from current or previous glacial activity (called glacial lakes) but could also be formed from other geological processes such as damming of water due to volcanic lava flows or debris, volcanic crater collapse, or landslides. Glacial lakes form when a glacier scours and depresses the b... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 452 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
The annual cycle of stratification and mixing in lakes plays a significant role in determining vertical distribution of heat, dissolved chemicals, and biological communities. Most alpine lakes exist in temperate or cold climates characteristic of their high elevation, leading to a dimictic mixing regime. Dimictic lakes... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 409 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Hydrology
The hydrology of an alpine lake's watershed plays a large role in determining chemical characteristics and nutrient availability. Sources of water inflow into alpine lakes include precipitation, melting snow and glaciers, and groundwater. Alpine lake inflow often has a large seasonal cycle due to precipitati... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 259 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Circulation
Circulation in alpine lakes can be caused by wind, river inflows, density currents, convection, and basin-scale waves. Steep topography characteristic of alpine lakes can partially shield them from wind generated by regional weather patterns. Therefore, smaller scale wind patterns generated by local topogr... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 331 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Microbial community structure
Alpine lakes are home to a unique diversity of invertebrates that are highly adapted to the colder and generally harsher conditions of these environments compared to lakes at lower altitudes. A few dominating species have adapted to the oligotrophic conditions and intense UV radiation, wi... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 475 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Vertebrate community structure
The vertebrate community of alpine lakes is much more limited than invertebrate communities as harsh conditions have an increased impact on the organisms, but can include fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Despite this, many alpine lakes can still host diverse species at these high e... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 359 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Crater Lake did not hold any vertebrate species before a stocking event between 1884 and 1941 of 1.8 million salmonids, mainly Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and kokanee salmon (O. nerka). Other species introduced included brown trout (Salmo trutta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), cutthroat trout (O. clarkii), and stee... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 465 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Climate change impacts
Alpine lake invertebrates are arguably one of the most vulnerable communities of invertebrates to increasing temperatures associated with human-induced climate change, due to the expected increase in ice-free periods and to the relatively small impact of human-changed land cover that other simil... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 254 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
One such monitoring technique employs macroinvertebrates as bioindicators primarily to analyze the accumulation of trace elements associated with pollution and to, more generally, track changes in biological communities due to climate change. Trace elements can occur naturally, but industrialization, including the cons... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 437 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Alpine lakes have been well studied in regard to acidification since the 1980s largely because of the seasonal patterns of alkalinity and pH changes that they naturally exhibit from precipitation and snowmelt. These lakes experience seasonally low alkalinity (and thus low pH), making them highly susceptible to acid pre... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 405 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
A similar analysis was done on 207 lakes, resulting in an alkalinity range from -23 to 1372 μeq L−1 and an average of 145 μeq L−1. The pH was also determined for these lakes, ranging from 4.6 to 9.2. Alpine lakes with a pH less than 6.0 had shown acidic effects on micro-organisms and a pH less than 5.3 was characterize... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 510 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
The fraction of mineral phosphorus (P) to organic P within lake sediments can be used to determine if the sediment deposits are sourced from glaciers (higher mineral to organic P ratio) or debris slopes (lower mineral to organic P ratio). Therefore, the sediment P content can inform glacial activity and thus climate at... | Alpine lake | Wikipedia | 335 | 72482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20lake | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Organisms that live freely at the ocean surface, termed neuston, include keystone organisms like the golden seaweed Sargassum that makes up the Sargasso Sea, floating barnacles, marine snails, nudibranchs, and cnidarians. Many ecologically and economically important fish species live as or rely upon neuston. Species at... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 368 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Overview
Neuston are key ecological links connecting ecosystems as far ranging as coral reefs, islands, the deep sea, and even freshwater habitats. In the North Pacific, 80% of the loggerhead turtle diet consists of neuston prey, and nearly 30% of the Laysan albatross's diet is neuston. Diverse pelagic and reef fish sp... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 443 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Invoking images of the open ocean's surface, the imagination can conjure up an endless empty space. A flat line parting the blue below from the blue above. But in reality a diverse array of species occupy this unique boundary layer. A tangle of terms exist for different organisms occupying different niches of the ocean... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 474 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
In 1983, Sieburth hypothesised that the SML was a hydrated gel-like layer formed by a complex mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. In recent years, his hypothesis has been confirmed, and scientific evidence indicates that the SML is an aggregate-enriched biofilm environment with distinct microbial communitie... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 489 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Hunter's definition includes all interlinked layers from the laminar layer to the nursery without explicit reference to defined depths. In 2017, Wurl er al. proposed Hunter's definition be validated with a redeveloped SML paradigm that includes its global presence, biofilm-like properties and role as a nursery. The new... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 413 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Slicks are meandering lines of smooth water on the ocean surface that are ubiquitous coastal features around the world. A variety of mechanisms can cause slick formation, including tidal and headland fronts, and as a consequence of subsurface waves called internal waves. Internal wave slicks are generated when internal... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 298 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The diagram shows: (1) Larval and juvenile stages of fishes from many ocean habitats aggregate in slicks in order to capitalize on dense concentrations of prey (2, phytoplankton, 3, zooplankton, 4, larval invertebrates, 5, eggs, and 6, insects). The increased predator–prey overlap in slicks increases energy flow that p... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 432 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
The distribution of prey and predators in the ocean is patchy. Larval survival depends on prey availability, predation, and transport to suitable habitat, all of which are influenced by ocean conditions. Ocean processes that drive convergent flow such as fronts, internal waves, and eddies, can structure plankton, enhan... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 471 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Connectivity of ocean surface ecosystems may be facilitated by the life history of species living there. One hypothesis is that species have pelagic stages to "escape" surface sink regions and repopulate surface source regions, where one life cycle stage drifts on surface currents in one direction, and a pelagic stage ... | Ocean surface ecosystem | Wikipedia | 469 | 69445009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20surface%20ecosystem | Physical sciences | Oceanography | Earth science |
Bassets are a sub-type of scenthound deliberately bred with short legs, that are used for hunting where the hunters accompany the hunting hounds on foot.
History
Bassets were originally developed in France from where they spread throughout Europe and the world. The name basset is derived from the French word bas which... | Basset | Wikipedia | 461 | 69453546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basset | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Breeds
Recognised breeds of basset include the French Basset Artésien Normand, Basset Bleu de Gascogne, Basset Fauve de Bretagne, Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen and Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen and the Basset Hound from Great Britain.
Other non-French origin breeds often considered basset-adjacent include the Alpine Dac... | Basset | Wikipedia | 148 | 69453546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basset | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Neogale (colloquially referred to as the New World weasels) is a genus of carnivorous, highly active small mammals belonging to the Mustelidae family (which also contains badgers, weasels, martens, otters, and wolverines, among others). Native to the Americas, members of the genus can be found as far north as Alaska an... | Neogale | Wikipedia | 309 | 68106647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogale | Biology and health sciences | Mustelidae | Animals |
In mathematics, a system of differential equations is a finite set of differential equations. Such a system can be either linear or non-linear. Also, such a system can be either a system of ordinary differential equations or a system of partial differential equations.
Linear systems of differential equations
A first... | System of differential equations | Wikipedia | 475 | 63871781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20of%20differential%20equations | Mathematics | Differential equations | null |
Land change science refers to the interdisciplinary study of changes in climate, land use, and land cover. Land change science specifically seeks to evaluate patterns, processes, and consequences in changes in land use and cover over time. The purpose of land change science is to contribute to existing knowledge of cli... | Land change science | Wikipedia | 512 | 66693032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20change%20science | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Methods
Land change science mainly operates within the international scientific research frameworks from which its fundamental questions were developed. Although the field has ties to social and cultural studies in its understanding of land and land change as a human-environment system, land change science also focuse... | Land change science | Wikipedia | 325 | 66693032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20change%20science | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
A primary vein, also known as the midrib, is the main vascular structure running through the center of a leaf. The primary vein is crucial for the leaf’s efficiency in photosynthesis and overall health, as it ensures the proper flow of materials and structural integrity.
It serves several critical functions, including... | Primary vein | Wikipedia | 216 | 78370587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20vein | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | Biology |
Body image disturbance (BID) is a common symptom in patients with eating disorders and is characterized by an altered perception of one's own body.
The onset is mainly attributed to patients with anorexia nervosa who persistently tend to subjectively discern themselves as average or overweight despite adequate, clinic... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 414 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Bonnier also described three different partial body pattern alterations, (French; 'an overestimation of body size'), ('an underestimation of body size'), and ('a displacement of body parts including internal organs'). Head and Holmes in 1911 expanded the concept of a body schema, introducing the concepts of postural... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 411 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Body image disturbance is a multifaceted construct including both perceptual and attitudinal issues. Some of the more common signs are:
altered body size estimation and altered perception of the body and its shapes;
mental images of one's body appearing distorted or overweight;
frequently third-person mental view of... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 497 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Epidemiology
There are no reliable epidemiological data in the literature for body image disturbance.
There are numerous challenges with diagnosis, the most relevant of which is the unclear definition of body image disturbance within official diagnostic manuals such as the DSM and the ICD, which prevents its identifi... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 397 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Multidimensional
Despite the terminological problems, during the early 2000s numerous scholars agree that body image disturbance is a multidimensional symptom of various components associated with body image. Body image is a concept formed by the interaction of four body-related components: cognitive, affective, behav... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 434 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Patients with anorexia nervosa have negative thoughts about their body, such as "I'm too fat," "I'm ugly," and other negative body-related thoughts. In some cases, however, the ideal internalized body is indicative of unhealthy thinness (e.g., a body without female shapes or one that communicates suffering). An unhealt... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 498 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Onset
The age of onset for body image disturbance is often early adolescence, the age in which one's comparison to their peers becomes more significant and leads to a greater sensitivity towards criticism of, or teasing about, one's physical appearance. Furthermore, puberty leads to rapid changes in body size and shap... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 374 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Dissatisfaction with one's body involves only three of the four components of the body image. Those with bodily dissatisfaction can have negative thoughts about one's body (e.g., "I'm ugly" or "I'm too short"). In addition, they may have behaviors related to bodily dissatisfaction (e.g., going on a diet or resorting to... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 490 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Similarities
Previous studies found that both BDD and eating disorder groups were similar in body dissatisfaction, body checking, body concerns, and levels of perfectionism. Furthermore, both BDD and AN patients report higher intensities of negative emotions, lower intensities of positive emotions, lower self-esteem, ... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 391 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Diagnosis
Body image disturbance is not yet clearly defined by official disease classifications. However, it appears in the DSM-5 under criterion C for anorexia nervosa and is vaguely described as "a disturbance in the way weight and body shapes are experienced". As a result, diagnosis is usually based on reported sig... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 488 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Perceptual assessment tools
BID-CA (Test for Body Image Distortion in Children and Adolescents): Patients with a 180 cm rope simulate the circumference of the different parts of the body, including the hips, thighs, shoulder width and other parts of the body considered phobic. This estimate is compared to the actual ... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 398 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
The somatosensory areas are also involved, in particular the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). An important area is the extrastriate body area located rostrocaudally in the occipital lobe and is specific to human bodies perception. Two other areas of considerable importance in the perception of the body are the insula... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 384 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Of cognition, affect, and behavior
Historically, research and clinicians have mainly focused on body image disturbance's cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Consequently, treatments generally target symptoms such as body checking, dysfunctional beliefs, feelings, and emotions relating to the body. One of ... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 506 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Another treatment for body image disturbance is Virtual Reality (VR) Body Swapping. VR-Body Swapping is a technique that allows generating a body illusion during a virtual reality experience. Specifically, after building a virtual avatar using 3D modeling software, it is possible to generate the illusion that the avata... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 500 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Both Hoop Training and Body Perception Treatment showed effective results in pilot studies and were designed to work within a multisensory integration framework. However, they complement, not replace, current standard therapies for eating disorders. However, both are also novelty treatments, and the results have not be... | Body image disturbance | Wikipedia | 96 | 68371541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20image%20disturbance | Biology and health sciences | Mental disorders | Health |
Natural hydrogen (known as white hydrogen, geologic hydrogen, geogenic hydrogen, or gold hydrogen) is molecular hydrogen present on Earth that is formed by natural processes (as opposed to hydrogen produced in a laboratory or in industry). A closely related artificially produced form of hydrogen is green hydrogen whic... | Natural hydrogen | Wikipedia | 432 | 69898377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20hydrogen | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
degassing of deep hydrogen from Earth's crust and mantle;
reaction of water with ultrabasic rocks (serpentinisation);
water in contact with reducing agents in Earth's mantle;
weathering – water in contact with freshly exposed rock surfaces;
decomposition of hydroxyl ions in the structure of minerals;
natural water... | Natural hydrogen | Wikipedia | 498 | 69898377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20hydrogen | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
Mantle hydrogen and hydrogen from radiolysis (natural electrolysis) or from bacterial activity are under investigation. In France, the Alps and Pyrenees are suitable for exploitation. New Caledonia has hyperalkaline sources that show hydrogen emissions.
Hydrogen is soluble in fresh water, especially at moderate depths... | Natural hydrogen | Wikipedia | 175 | 69898377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20hydrogen | Physical sciences | Geochemistry | Earth science |
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