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Lophocytes are amoeba-like cells that move slowly through the mesohyl and secrete collagen fibres. Collencytes are another type of collagen-producing cell. Rhabdiferous cells secrete polysaccharides that also form part of the mesohyl. Oocytes and spermatocytes are reproductive cells. Sclerocytes secrete the mineral...	Sponge	Wikipedia	485	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Although the layers of pinacocytes and choanocytes resemble the epithelia of more complex animals, they are not bound tightly by cell-to-cell connections or a basal lamina (thin fibrous sheet underneath). The flexibility of these layers and re-modeling of the mesohyl by lophocytes allow the animals to adjust their shap...	Sponge	Wikipedia	450	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
In all three types of structure, the cross-section area of the choanocyte-lined regions is much greater than that of the intake and outlet channels. This makes the flow slower near the choanocytes and thus makes it easier for them to trap food particles. For example, in Leuconia, a small leuconoid sponge about tall an...	Sponge	Wikipedia	512	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Sponges do not have distinct circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems – instead, the water flow system supports all these functions. They filter food particles out of the water flowing through them. Particles larger than 50 micrometers cannot enter the ostia and pinacocytes consume them by phagocytosi...	Sponge	Wikipedia	423	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
In waters where the supply of food particles is very poor, some species prey on crustaceans and other small animals. So far only 137 species have been discovered. Most belong to the family Cladorhizidae, but a few members of the Guitarridae and Esperiopsidae are also carnivores. In most cases, little is known about how...	Sponge	Wikipedia	466	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Sponges do not have the complex immune systems of most other animals. However, they reject grafts from other species but accept them from other members of their own species. In a few marine species, gray cells play the leading role in rejection of foreign material. When invaded, they produce a chemical that stops movem...	Sponge	Wikipedia	275	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Gemmules are "survival pods" which a few marine sponges and many freshwater species produce by the thousands when dying and which some, mainly freshwater species, regularly produce in autumn. Spongocytes make gemmules by wrapping shells of spongin, often reinforced with spicules, round clusters of archeocytes that are ...	Sponge	Wikipedia	447	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
A few species release fertilized eggs into the water, but most retain the eggs until they hatch. By retaining the eggs, the parents can transfer symbiotic microorganisms directly to their offspring through vertical transmission, while the species who release their eggs into the water has to acquire symbionts horizontal...	Sponge	Wikipedia	500	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Adult sponges lack neurons or any other kind of nervous tissue. However, most species have the ability to perform movements that are coordinated all over their bodies, mainly contractions of the pinacocytes, squeezing the water channels and thus expelling excess sediment and other substances that may cause blockages. S...	Sponge	Wikipedia	423	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Sponges are more abundant but less diverse in temperate waters than in tropical waters, possibly because organisms that prey on sponges are more abundant in tropical waters. Glass sponges are the most common in polar waters and in the depths of temperate and tropical seas, as their very porous construction enables them...	Sponge	Wikipedia	512	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Spongeflies, also known as spongillaflies (Neuroptera, Sisyridae), are specialist predators of freshwater sponges. The female lays her eggs on vegetation overhanging water. The larvae hatch and drop into the water where they seek out sponges to feed on. They use their elongated mouthparts to pierce the sponge and suck ...	Sponge	Wikipedia	446	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Shrimps of the genus Synalpheus form colonies in sponges, and each shrimp species inhabits a different sponge species, making Synalpheus one of the most diverse crustacean genera. Specifically, Synalpheus regalis utilizes the sponge not only as a food source, but also as a defense against other shrimp and predators. As...	Sponge	Wikipedia	441	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Besides a one to one symbiotic relationship, it is possible for a host to become symbiotic with a microbial consortium, resulting in a diverse sponge microbiome. Sponges are able to host a wide range of microbial communities that can also be very specific. The microbial communities that form a symbiotic relationship wi...	Sponge	Wikipedia	365	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
The phylum Porifera is further divided into classes mainly according to the composition of their skeletons: Hexactinellida (glass sponges) have silicate spicules, the largest of which have six rays and may be individual or fused. The main components of their bodies are syncytia in which large numbers of cell share a s...	Sponge	Wikipedia	412	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Sponges are divided into classes mainly according to the composition of their skeletons: These are arranged in evolutionary order as shown below in ascending order of their evolution from top to bottom: {\|class="wikitable" ! Class !! Type of cells !! Spicules !! Spongin fibers !! Massive exoskeleton !! Body form \|- ! H...	Sponge	Wikipedia	466	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Although molecular clocks and biomarkers suggest sponges existed well before the Cambrian explosion of life, silica spicules like those of demosponges are absent from the fossil record until the Cambrian. An unsubstantiated 2002 report exists of spicules in rocks dated around . Well-preserved fossil sponges from about ...	Sponge	Wikipedia	428	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
A chemical tracer is 24-isopropyl cholestane, which is a stable derivative of 24-isopropyl cholesterol, which is said to be produced by demosponges but not by eumetazoans ("true animals", i.e. cnidarians and bilaterians). Since choanoflagellates are thought to be animals' closest single-celled relatives, a team of scie...	Sponge	Wikipedia	456	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
It is difficult to fit chancelloriids into classifications of sponges or more complex animals. An analysis in 1996 concluded that they were closely related to sponges on the grounds that the detailed structure of chancellorid sclerites ("armor plates") is similar to that of fibers of spongin, a collagen protein, in mod...	Sponge	Wikipedia	404	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Analyses since 2001 have concluded that Eumetazoa (more complex than sponges) are more closely related to particular groups of sponges than to other sponge groups. Such conclusions imply that sponges are not monophyletic, because the last common ancestor of all sponges would also be a direct ancestor of the Eumetazoa, ...	Sponge	Wikipedia	419	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
The analyses described above concluded that sponges are closest to the ancestors of all Metazoa, of all multi-celled animals including both sponges and more complex groups. However, another comparison in 2008 of 150 genes in each of 21 genera, ranging from fungi to humans but including only two species of sponge, sugge...	Sponge	Wikipedia	460	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Céline Allewaert Patricia Bergquist James Scott Bowerbank Maurice Burton Henry John Carter Max Walker de Laubenfels Arthur Dendy Édouard Placide Duchassaing de Fontbressin Randolph Kirkpatrick Robert J. Lendlmayer von Lendenfeld Edward Alfred Minchin Giovanni Domenico Nardo Eduard Oscar Schmidt Émile Topse...	Sponge	Wikipedia	481	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Lacking any protective shell or means of escape, sponges have evolved to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds. One such class is the oxidized fatty acid derivatives called oxylipins. Members of this family have been found to have anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. One example isolated from the...	Sponge	Wikipedia	100	47271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge	Biology and health sciences	Porifera	null
Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks) usually on the medium of paper. Overview The world's first movable ...	Movable type	Wikipedia	476	47300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable%20type	Technology	Printing	null
Letter punch and coins The technique of imprinting multiple copies of symbols or glyphs with a master type punch made of hard metal first developed around 3000 BC in ancient Sumer. These metal punch types can be seen as precursors of the letter punches adapted in later millennia to printing with movable metal type. Cy...	Movable type	Wikipedia	338	47300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable%20type	Technology	Printing	null
By about the 8th century during the Tang dynasty, woodblock printing was invented and worked as follows. First, the neat hand-copied script was stuck on a relatively thick and smooth board, with the front of the paper sticking to the board, the paper being so thin it was transparent, the characters showing in reverse d...	Movable type	Wikipedia	335	47300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable%20type	Technology	Printing	null
Isostatic depression is the sinking of large parts of the Earth's crust into the asthenosphere caused by a heavy weight placed on the Earth's surface, often glacial ice during continental glaciation. Isostatic depression and isostatic rebound occur at rates of centimeters per year. Greenland is an example of an isostat...	Isostatic depression	Wikipedia	401	11782509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostatic%20depression	Physical sciences	Landforms: General	Earth science
A hydraulic motor is a mechanical actuator that converts hydraulic pressure and flow into torque and angular displacement (rotation). The hydraulic motor is the rotary counterpart of the hydraulic cylinder as a linear actuator. Most broadly, the category of devices called hydraulic motors has sometimes included those t...	Hydraulic motor	Wikipedia	451	6995526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20motor	Technology	Hydraulics and pneumatics	null
A vane motor consists of a housing with an eccentric bore, in which runs a rotor with vanes in it that slide in and out. The force differential created by the unbalanced force of the pressurized fluid on the vanes causes the rotor to spin in one direction. A critical element in vane motor design is how the vane tips a...	Hydraulic motor	Wikipedia	457	6995526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20motor	Technology	Hydraulics and pneumatics	null
The gerotor motor is in essence a rotor with n − 1 teeth, rotating off center in a rotor/stator with n teeth. Pressurized fluid is guided into the assembly using a (usually) axially placed plate-type distributor valve. Several different designs exist, such as the Geroller (internal or external rollers) and Nichols moto...	Hydraulic motor	Wikipedia	419	6995526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20motor	Technology	Hydraulics and pneumatics	null
The single-cam-type radial piston motor exists in many different designs itself. Usually the difference lies in the way the fluid is distributed to the different pistons or cylinders, and also the design of the cylinders themselves. Some motors have pistons attached to the cam using rods (much like in an internal combu...	Hydraulic motor	Wikipedia	449	6995526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20motor	Technology	Hydraulics and pneumatics	null
Varicella vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox. One dose of vaccine prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses of vaccine are more effective than one. If given to those who are not immune within five days of exposure to chickenpox it preven...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	508	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
Medical uses Varicella vaccine is 70% to 90% effective for preventing varicella and more than 95% effective for preventing severe varicella. Follow-up evaluations have taken place in the United States of children immunized that revealed protection for at least 11 years. Studies were conducted in Japan which indicated p...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	325	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
Some vaccinated children have been found to lose their protective antibodies in as little as five to eight years. However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO): "After observation of study populations for periods of up to 20 years in Japan and 10 years in the United States, more than 90% of immunocompetent ...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	502	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
Herpes zoster Herpes zoster (shingles) most often occurs in the elderly and is only rarely seen in children. The incidence of herpes zoster in vaccinated adults is 0.9/1000 person-years, and is 0.33/1000 person-years in vaccinated children; this is lower than the overall incidence of 3.2–4.2/1000 person-years. The ri...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	385	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
In the United States, two doses are recommended by the CDC. For a routine vaccination, the first dose is administered at 12 to 15 months of age and the second dose at age 4–6 years. However, the second dose can be given as early as 3 months after the first dose. If an individual misses the timing for the routine vaccin...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	300	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
Contraindications The varicella vaccine is not recommended for seriously ill people, pregnant women, people who have tuberculosis, people who have experienced a serious allergic reaction to the varicella vaccine in the past, people who are allergic to gelatin, people allergic to neomycin, people receiving high doses of...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	490	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
The literature contains several reports of adverse reactions following varicella vaccination, including vaccine-strain zoster in children and adults. History The varicella-zoster vaccine is made from the Oka/Merck strain of live attenuated varicella virus. The Oka virus was initially obtained from a child with natural...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	486	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
Varicella vaccination is recommended in Canada for all healthy children aged 1 to 12, as well as susceptible adolescents and adults 50 years of age and younger; "may be considered for people with select immunodeficiency disorders; and "should be prioritized" for susceptible individuals, including "non-pregnant women of...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	365	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
The Roman Catholic Church is opposed to abortion. Nevertheless, the Pontifical Academy for Life stated in 2017 that "clinically recommended vaccinations can be used with a clear conscience and that the use of such vaccines does not signify some sort of cooperation with voluntary abortion". On 21 December 2020, the Vati...	Varicella vaccine	Wikipedia	172	8649736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella%20vaccine	Biology and health sciences	Vaccines	Health
Artillery are ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and led to heavy, fairly immobile siege engines. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artil...	Artillery	Wikipedia	512	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Although not called by that name, siege engines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first known catapult was developed in Syracuse in 399 BC. Until the introduction of gunpowder into western warfare, artillery was dependent upon mechanical energy, which not o...	Artillery	Wikipedia	466	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either "crews" or "detachments". Several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a battery, although sometimes called a company. In gun detachments, each role is numbered, starting with "1" the Detachm...	Artillery	Wikipedia	445	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The gunners' increasing proximity to and participation in direct combat against other combat arms and attacks by aircraft made the introduction of a gun shield necessary. The problems of how to employ a fixed or horse-towed gun in mobile warfare necessitated the development of new methods of transporting the artillery ...	Artillery	Wikipedia	492	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Early Chinese artillery had vase-like shapes. This includes the "long range awe inspiring" cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century Ming dynasty treatise Huolongjing. With the development of better metallurgy techniques, later cannons abandoned the vase shape of early Chinese artillery. This change can be s...	Artillery	Wikipedia	411	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The artillery revolution in Europe caught on during the Hundred Years' War and changed the way that battles were fought. In the preceding decades, the English had even used a gunpowder-like weapon in military campaigns against the Scottish. However, at this time, the cannons used in battle were very small and not parti...	Artillery	Wikipedia	436	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The army of Mehmet the Conqueror, which conquered Constantinople in 1453, included both artillery and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons. The Ottomans brought to the siege sixty-nine guns in fifteen separate batteries and trained them at the walls of the city. The barrage of Ottoman cannon fire lasted forty day...	Artillery	Wikipedia	507	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
A tactical innovation the Portuguese introduced in fort defense was the use of combinations of projectiles against massed assaults. Although canister shot had been developed in the early 15th century, the Portuguese were the first to employ it extensively, and Portuguese engineers invented a canister round which consis...	Artillery	Wikipedia	475	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Between 1593 and 1597, about 200,000 Korean and Chinese troops which fought against Japan in Korea actively used heavy artillery in both siege and field combat. Korean forces mounted artillery in ships as naval guns, providing an advantage against Japanese navy which used Kunikuzushi (国崩し – Japanese breech-loading swiv...	Artillery	Wikipedia	417	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The first land-based mobile weapon is usually credited to Jan Žižka, who deployed his oxen-hauled cannon during the Hussite Wars of Bohemia (1418–1424). However, cannons were still large and cumbersome. With the rise of musketry in the 16th century, cannon were largely (though not entirely) displaced from the battlefie...	Artillery	Wikipedia	473	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Modern rocket artillery can trace its heritage back to the Mysorean rockets of Mysore. Their first recorded use was in 1780 during the battles of the Second, Third and Fourth Mysore Wars. The wars fought between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore in India made use of the rockets as a weapon. In th...	Artillery	Wikipedia	389	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval, a French artillery engineer, introduced the standardization of cannon design in the mid-18th century. He developed a 6-inch (150 mm) field howitzer whose gun barrel, carriage assembly and ammunition specifications were made uniform for all French cannons. The standardized interchangeable pa...	Artillery	Wikipedia	381	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
First, the piece was rifled, which allowed for a much more accurate and powerful action. Although rifling had been tried on small arms since the 15th century, the necessary machinery to accurately rifle artillery was not available until the mid-19th century. Martin von Wahrendorff, and Joseph Whitworth independently pr...	Artillery	Wikipedia	492	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he produced only smaller artillery pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for horse artillery, and 12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns. The first cannon to contain ...	Artillery	Wikipedia	402	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
A few years later, the Richtfläche (lining-plane) sight was invented in Germany and provided a means of indirect laying in azimuth, complementing the clinometers for indirect laying in elevation which already existed. Despite conservative opposition within the German army, indirect fire was adopted as doctrine by the 1...	Artillery	Wikipedia	421	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
In 1914, the methods of correcting firing data for the actual conditions were often convoluted, and the availability of data about actual conditions was rudimentary or non-existent, the assumption was that fire would always be ranged (adjusted). British heavy artillery worked energetically to progressively solve all th...	Artillery	Wikipedia	319	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Modern artillery is most obviously distinguished by its long range, firing an explosive shell or rocket and a mobile carriage for firing and transport. However, its most important characteristic is the use of indirect fire, whereby the firing equipment is aimed without seeing the target through its sights. Indirect fir...	Artillery	Wikipedia	496	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Fuzes are the devices that initiate an artillery projectile, either to detonate its High Explosive (HE) filling or eject its cargo (illuminating flare or smoke canisters being examples). The official military spelling is "fuze". Broadly there are four main types: impact (including graze and delay) mechanical time inc...	Artillery	Wikipedia	408	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the early part of the century. These required a means of powering them. The Thiel mechanism used a spring and escapement (i.e. 'clockwork'), Junghans used centrifugal force and gears, and...	Artillery	Wikipedia	511	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Electronic multi-function fuzes started to appear around 1980. Using solid-state electronics they were relatively cheap and reliable, and became the standard fitted fuze in operational ammunition stocks in some western armies. The early versions were often limited to proximity airburst, albeit with height of burst opti...	Artillery	Wikipedia	459	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Stabilization Rifled: Artillery projectiles have traditionally been spin-stabilised, meaning that they spin in flight so that gyroscopic forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having rifling, which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a "driving band" (UK) or "rotating ban...	Artillery	Wikipedia	356	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Until the late 19th century, the only available propellant was black powder. It had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles, and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets, betray the positions of guns, and make aimin...	Artillery	Wikipedia	456	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Propelling charges for barrel artillery can be provided either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally, anti-aircraft artillery and smaller-caliber (up to 3" or 76.2 mm) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge. This simplifies loading an...	Artillery	Wikipedia	401	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The main functions in the field artillery system are: Communications Command: authority to allocate resources; Target acquisition: detect, identify and deduce the location of targets; Control: authority to decide which targets to attack and allot fire units to the attack; Computation of firing data – to deliver fi...	Artillery	Wikipedia	512	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Cannon: The oldest type of artillery with direct firing trajectory. Bombard: A type of a large calibre, muzzle-loading artillery piece, a cannon or mortar used during sieges to shoot round stone projectiles at the walls of enemy fortifications. Falconet was a type of light cannon developed in the late 15th century th...	Artillery	Wikipedia	492	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Naval artillery: Guns mounted on warships to be used either against other naval vessels or to bombard coastal targets in support of ground forces. The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the battleship, but the advent of air power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete. They are typi...	Artillery	Wikipedia	237	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Modern field artillery can also be split into two other subcategories: towed and self-propelled. As the name suggests, towed artillery has a prime mover, usually an artillery tractor or truck, to move the piece, crew, and ammunition around. Towed artillery is in some cases equipped with an APU for small displacements. ...	Artillery	Wikipedia	486	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
After World War I many nations merged these different artillery branches, in some cases keeping some as sub-branches. Naval artillery disappeared apart from that belonging to marines. However, two new branches of artillery emerged during that war and its aftermath, both used specialised guns (and a few rockets) and use...	Artillery	Wikipedia	505	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The traditional definitions differentiated between guns and howitzers in terms of maximum elevation (well less than 45° as opposed to close to or greater than 45°), number of charges (one or more than one charge), and having higher or lower muzzle velocity, sometimes indicated by barrel length. These three criteria giv...	Artillery	Wikipedia	404	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Mortars are simpler. The modern mortar originated in World War I and there were several patterns. After that war, most mortars settled on the Stokes pattern, characterized by a short barrel, smooth bore, low muzzle velocity, elevation angle of firing generally greater than 45°, and a very simple and light mounting usin...	Artillery	Wikipedia	425	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
In SP equipment, the gun is an integral part of the vehicle that carries it. SPs first appeared during World War I, but did not really develop until World War II. They are mostly tracked vehicles, but wheeled SPs started to appear in the 1970s. Some SPs have no armor and carry few or no other weapons and ammunition. Ar...	Artillery	Wikipedia	498	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Unlike rockets, guns (or howitzers as some armies still call them) and mortars are suitable for delivering close supporting fire. However, they are all suitable for providing deep supporting fire although the limited range of many mortars tends to exclude them from the role. Their control arrangements and limited range...	Artillery	Wikipedia	510	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
NATO also recognises several different types of fire support for tactical purposes: Counterbattery fire: delivered for the purpose of destroying or neutralizing the enemy's fire support system. Counterpreparation fire: intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered. Coverin...	Artillery	Wikipedia	418	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Targeting is the process of selecting target and matching the appropriate response to them taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It requires consideration of the type of fire support required and the extent of coordination with the supported arm. It involves decisions about: what effects are req...	Artillery	Wikipedia	441	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
There are several ways of making best use of this brief window of maximum vulnerability: ordering the guns to fire together, either by executive order or by a "fire at" time. The disadvantage is that if the fire is concentrated from many dispersed fire units then there will be different times of flight and the first r...	Artillery	Wikipedia	413	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
Enemy artillery can be detected in two ways, either by direct observation of the guns from the air or by ground observers (including specialist reconnaissance), or from their firing signatures. This includes radars tracking the shells in flight to determine their place of origin, sound ranging detecting guns firing and...	Artillery	Wikipedia	503	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The FO can communicate directly with the battery FDC, of which there is one per each battery of 4–8 guns. Otherwise the several FOs communicate with a higher FDC such as at a Battalion level, and the higher FDC prioritizes the targets and allocates fires to individual batteries as needed to engage the targets that are ...	Artillery	Wikipedia	323	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
A technique called time on target (TOT) was developed by the British Army in North Africa at the end of 1941 and early 1942 particularly for counter-battery fire and other concentrations, it proved very popular. It relied on BBC time signals to enable officers to synchronize their watches to the second because this avo...	Artillery	Wikipedia	502	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
MRSI has a few prerequisites. The first is guns with a high rate of fire. The second is the ability to use different sized propellant charges. Third is a fire control computer that has the ability to compute MRSI volleys and the capability to produce firing data, sent to each gun, and then presented to the gun command...	Artillery	Wikipedia	352	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The destructiveness of artillery bombardments can be enhanced when some or all of the shells are set for airburst, meaning that they explode in the air above the target instead of upon impact. This can be accomplished either through time fuzes or proximity fuzes. Time fuzes use a precise timer to detonate the shell aft...	Artillery	Wikipedia	343	2508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery	Technology	Artillery and siege	null
The Airbus A300 is Airbus' first production aircraft and the world's first twin-engine, double-aisle (wide-body) airliner. It was developed by Airbus Industrie GIE, now merged into Airbus SE, and manufactured from 1971 to 2007. In September 1967, aircraft manufacturers in France, West Germany and the United Kingdom si...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	480	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
During the 1960s, European aircraft manufacturers such as Hawker Siddeley and the British Aircraft Corporation, based in the UK, and Sud Aviation of France, had ambitions to build a new 200-seat airliner for the growing civil aviation market. While studies were performed and considered, such as a stretched twin-engine ...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	412	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
Shortly after the July 1967 meeting, French engineer Roger Béteille was appointed as the technical director of what would become the A300 programme, while Henri Ziegler, chief operating office of Sud Aviation, was appointed as the general manager of the organisation and German politician Franz Josef Strauss became the ...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	338	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
On 26 September 1967, the French, West German and British governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding to start the development of the 300-seat Airbus A300. At this point, the A300 was only the second major joint aircraft programme in Europe, the first being the Anglo-French Concorde. Under the terms of the memoran...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	432	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
Perhaps the most significant change of the A300B was that it would not require new engines to be developed, being of a suitable size to be powered by Rolls-Royce's RB211, or alternatively the American Pratt & Whitney JT9D and General Electric CF6 powerplants; this switch was recognized as considerably reducing the proj...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	353	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
On 29 May 1969, during the Paris Air Show, French transport minister Jean Chamant and German economics minister Karl Schiller signed an agreement officially launching the Airbus A300, the world's first twin-engine widebody airliner. The intention of the project was to produce an aircraft that was smaller, lighter, and ...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	401	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
Airbus Industrie was initially headquartered in Paris, which is where design, development, flight testing, sales, marketing, and customer support activities were centred; the headquarters was relocated to Toulouse in January 1974. The final assembly line for the A300 was located adjacent to Toulouse Blagnac Internation...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	461	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
Entry into service On 15 March 1974, type certificates were granted for the A300 from both German and French authorities, clearing the way for its entry into revenue service. On 23 May 1974, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification was received. The first production model, the A300B2, entered service in 197...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	433	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
Airbus partners had employed the latest technology, some of which having been derived from Concorde, on the A300. According to Airbus, new technologies adopted for the airliner were selected principally for increased safety, operational capability, and profitability. Upon entry into service in 1974, the A300 was a very...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	413	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
In addition to passenger duties, the A300 became widely used by air freight operators; according to Airbus, it is the best-selling freight aircraft of all time. Various variants of the A300 were built to meet customer demands, often for diverse roles such as aerial refueling tankers, freighter models (new-build and con...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	470	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
Airlines operating the A300 on short-haul routes were forced to reduce frequencies to try and fill the aircraft. As a result, they lost passengers to airlines operating more frequent narrow-body flights. Eventually, Airbus had to build its own narrowbody aircraft (the A320) to compete with the Boeing 737 and McDonnell ...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	437	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
During the late 1970s, Airbus adopted a so-called 'Silk Road' strategy, targeting airlines in the Far East. As a result, The aircraft found particular favor with Asian airlines, being bought by Japan Air System, Korean Air, China Eastern Airlines, Thai Airways International, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Phili...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	477	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
The final version was the A300-600R and is rated for 180-minute ETOPS. The A300 has enjoyed renewed interest in the secondhand market for conversion to freighters; large numbers were being converted during the late 1990s. The freighter versions – either new-build A300-600s or converted ex-passenger A300-600s, A300B2s a...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	440	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
The A300B1 was the first variant to take flight. It had a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of , was long and was powered by two General Electric CF6-50A engines. Only two prototypes of the variant were built before it was adapted into the A300B2, the first production variant of the airliner. The second prototype was leas...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	462	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
A300B4-100 The initial A300B4 variant, later named the A300B4-100, included a centre fuel tank for an increased fuel capacity of , and had an increased MTOW of . It also featured Krueger flaps and had a similar high-lift system to what was later fitted to the A300B2-200. The variant made its maiden flight on 26 Decemb...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	202	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
The A300-600, officially designated as the A300B4-600, was slightly longer than the A300B2 and A300B4 variants and had an increased interior space from using a similar rear fuselage to the Airbus A310, this allowed it to have two additional rows of seats. It was initially powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4H1 engines, ...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	502	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
A300-600RF: (Official designation: A300F4-600R) The freighter version of the −600R. All A300s delivered between November 2002 and 12 July 2007 (last ever A300 delivery) were A300-600RFs.	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	59	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
A300B10 (A310) Airbus had demand for an aircraft smaller than the A300. On 7 July 1978, the A310 (initially the A300B10) was launched with orders from Swissair and Lufthansa. On 3 April 1982, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight and it received its type certification on 11 March 1983. Keeping the same eig...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	474	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
21 September 1987: An Egyptair Airbus A300B4-203 touched down past the runway threshold during a training flight. The right main gear hit the runway lights and the aircraft collided with an antenna and fences. No passengers were on board the plane, but 5 crew members were killed. The aircraft was written off. This was...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	506	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
Non-fatal hull losses 18 December 1983: Malaysian Airline System Flight 684, an Airbus A300B4 leased from Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS), registration OY-KAA, crashed short of the runway at Kuala Lumpur in bad weather while attempting to land on a flight from Singapore. All 247 people aboard escaped unharmed but ...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	479	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null
16 November 2012: an Air Contractors Airbus A300B4-203(F) EI-EAC, operating flight QY6321 on behalf of EAT Leipzig from Leipzig (Germany) to Bratislava (Slovakia), suffered a nose wheel collapse during roll out after landing at Bratislava's M. R. Štefánik Airport. All three crew members survived unharmed, the aircraft ...	Airbus A300	Wikipedia	192	2524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus%20A300	Technology	Specific aircraft_2	null

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