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Consistency Gödel's second incompleteness theorem says that a recursively axiomatizable system that can interpret Robinson arithmetic can prove its own consistency only if it is inconsistent. Moreover, Robinson arithmetic can be interpreted in general set theory, a small fragment of ZFC. Hence the consistency of ZFC ca...	Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory	Wikipedia	416	152214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel%20set%20theory	Mathematics	Axiomatic systems	null	vital_articles
Independence Many important statements are independent of ZFC. The independence is usually proved by forcing, whereby it is shown that every countable transitive model of ZFC (sometimes augmented with large cardinal axioms) can be expanded to satisfy the statement in question. A different expansion is then shown to sa...	Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory	Wikipedia	465	152214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel%20set%20theory	Mathematics	Axiomatic systems	null	vital_articles
Another method of proving independence results, one owing nothing to forcing, is based on Gödel's second incompleteness theorem. This approach employs the statement whose independence is being examined, to prove the existence of a set model of ZFC, in which case Con(ZFC) is true. Since ZFC satisfies the conditions of G...	Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory	Wikipedia	506	152214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel%20set%20theory	Mathematics	Axiomatic systems	null	vital_articles
On the other hand, among axiomatic set theories, ZFC is comparatively weak. Unlike New Foundations, ZFC does not admit the existence of a universal set. Hence the universe of sets under ZFC is not closed under the elementary operations of the algebra of sets. Unlike von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG) and Morse–...	Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory	Wikipedia	300	152214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel%20set%20theory	Mathematics	Axiomatic systems	null	vital_articles
The persimmon () is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros. The most widely cultivated of these is the kaki persimmon, Diospyros kaki Diospyros is in the family Ebenaceae, and a number of non-persimmon species of the genus are grown for ebony timber. In 2022, China produced 77% of the ...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	392	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
Persimmon fruit matures late in the fall and can stay on the tree until winter. In color, the ripe fruit of the cultivated strains range from glossy light yellow-orange to dark red-orange depending on the species and variety. They similarly vary in size from in diameter, and in shape the varieties may be spherical, ac...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	486	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
Numerous cultivars have been selected. Some varieties are edible in the crisp, firm state but it has its best flavor when allowed to rest and soften slightly after harvest. The Japanese cultivar 'Hachiya' is widely grown. The fruit has a high tannin content, which makes the unripe fruit astringent and bitter. The tanni...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	151	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
The heart-shaped Hachiya is the most common variety of astringent persimmon. Astringent persimmons contain very high levels of soluble tannins and are unpalatable if eaten before completely softened. The astringency of tannins is removed in various ways. Examples include ripening by exposure to light for several days a...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	482	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
There is a third type, less commonly available, the pollination-variant non-astringent persimmons. When fully pollinated, the flesh of these fruit is brown inside—known as goma in Japan—and the fruit can be eaten when firm. These varieties are highly sought after. Tsurunoko, sold as "chocolate persimmon" for its dark b...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	491	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
The word persimmon is derived from putchamin, pasiminan, pechimin or pessamin, from Powhatan, an Algonquian language of the southern and eastern United States, meaning "a dry fruit". Other sources have suggested that the word "persimmon" comes from a Persian word meaning date-plum. It was first used in English in the e...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	457	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
In the Valencia region of Spain, there is a production area of kaki called the "Ribera del Xùquer" which has a protected label and where only persimmons of the variety "Rojo Brillante" or derived mutations are cultivated. The largest part of these astringent type persimmons are CO2 treated to remove astringency and mar...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	491	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
In Korea, dried persimmon fruits are used to make the traditional Korean spicy punch sujeonggwa, while the matured, fermented fruit is used to make a persimmon vinegar called gamsikcho. In Taiwan, fruits of astringent varieties are sealed in jars filled with limewater to get rid of bitterness. Slightly hardened in the...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	416	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
In China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, persimmons after harvesting are prepared using traditional hand-drying techniques outdoors for two to three weeks. The fruit is then further dried by exposure to heat over several days before being shipped to market, to be sold as dried fruit. In Japan, the dried persimmon fruit is c...	Persimmon	Wikipedia	356	152288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon	Biology and health sciences	Tropical and tropical-like fruit	Plants	vital_articles
The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. A few insular species occur on t...	Bulbul	Wikipedia	481	152393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul	Biology and health sciences	Passerida	null	vital_articles
Genus Andropadus – sombre greenbul (formerly contained many species) Genus Stelgidillas – slender-billed greenbul (formerly in Andropadus) Genus Calyptocichla – golden greenbul Genus Neolestes – black-collared bulbul Genus Bleda – bristlebills (5 species) Genus Atimastillas – greenbuls (2 species) Genus Ixonotus ...	Bulbul	Wikipedia	483	152393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul	Biology and health sciences	Passerida	null	vital_articles
Description Bulbuls are short-necked slender passerines. The tails are long and the wings short and rounded. In almost all species the bill is slightly elongated and slightly hooked at the end. They vary in length from 13 cm and for the tiny greenbul to 29 cm and in the straw-headed bulbul. Overall the sexes are alik...	Bulbul	Wikipedia	495	152393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul	Biology and health sciences	Passerida	null	vital_articles
In general, bulbuls and greenbuls are resistant to human pressures on the environment and are tolerant of disturbed habitat. Around 13 species are considered threatened by human activities, mostly specialised forest species that are threatened by habitat loss.	Bulbul	Wikipedia	45	152393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul	Biology and health sciences	Passerida	null	vital_articles
In astrophysics, stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis has occurred since the original creation of hydrogen, helium and lithium during the Big Bang. As a predictive theory, it yields accurate estimates of the observed abundances of...	Stellar nucleosynthesis	Wikipedia	444	152440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy	vital_articles
A stimulus to the development of the theory of nucleosynthesis was the discovery of variations in the abundances of elements found in the universe. The need for a physical description was already inspired by the relative abundances of the chemical elements in the solar system. Those abundances, when plotted on a graph ...	Stellar nucleosynthesis	Wikipedia	344	152440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy	vital_articles
In 1939, in a Nobel lecture entitled "Energy Production in Stars", Hans Bethe analyzed the different possibilities for reactions by which hydrogen is fused into helium. He defined two processes that he believed to be the sources of energy in stars. The first one, the proton–proton chain reaction, is the dominant energy...	Stellar nucleosynthesis	Wikipedia	476	152440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy	vital_articles
The most important reactions in stellar nucleosynthesis: Hydrogen fusion: Deuterium fusion The proton–proton chain The carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle Helium fusion: The triple-alpha process The alpha process Fusion of heavier elements: Lithium burning: a process found most commonly in brown dwarfs Carbon-burnin...	Stellar nucleosynthesis	Wikipedia	450	152440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy	vital_articles
In higher-mass stars, the dominant energy production process is the CNO cycle, which is a catalytic cycle that uses nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries and in the end produces a helium nucleus as with the proton–proton chain. During a complete CNO cycle, 25.0 MeV of energy is released. The differenc...	Stellar nucleosynthesis	Wikipedia	456	152440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy	vital_articles
Main sequence stars accumulate helium in their cores as a result of hydrogen fusion, but the core does not become hot enough to initiate helium fusion. Helium fusion first begins when a star leaves the red giant branch after accumulating sufficient helium in its core to ignite it. In stars around the mass of the Sun, ...	Stellar nucleosynthesis	Wikipedia	478	152440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy	vital_articles
However, since the reaction involves quantum tunneling, there is an exponential damping at low energies that depends on Gamow factor EG, giving an Arrhenius equation: where S(E) depends on the details of the nuclear interaction, and has the dimension of an energy multiplied for a cross section. One then integrates ov...	Stellar nucleosynthesis	Wikipedia	383	152440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis	Physical sciences	Stellar astronomy	Astronomy	vital_articles
Nuclides (or nucleides, from nucleus, also known as nuclear species) are a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, Z, their number of neutrons, N, and their nuclear energy state. The word nuclide was coined by the American nuclear physicist Truman P. Kohman in 1947. Kohman defined nuclide as a "specie...	Nuclide	Wikipedia	382	152464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide	Physical sciences	Chemistry: General	null	vital_articles
A set of nuclides with equal proton number (atomic number), i.e., of the same chemical element but different neutron numbers, are called isotopes of the element. Particular nuclides are still often loosely called "isotopes", but the term "nuclide" is the correct one in general (i.e., when Z is not fixed). In similar ma...	Nuclide	Wikipedia	449	152464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide	Physical sciences	Chemistry: General	null	vital_articles
There are 251 nuclides in nature that have never been observed to decay. They occur among the 80 different elements that have one or more stable isotopes. See stable nuclide and primordial nuclide. Unstable nuclides are radioactive and are called radionuclides. Their decay products ('daughter' products) are called radi...	Nuclide	Wikipedia	480	152464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide	Physical sciences	Chemistry: General	null	vital_articles
An example of nuclides made by nuclear reactions, are cosmogenic (radiocarbon) that is made by cosmic ray bombardment of other elements, and nucleogenic which is still being created by neutron bombardment of natural as a result of natural fission in uranium ores. Cosmogenic nuclides may be either stable or radioacti...	Nuclide	Wikipedia	284	152464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide	Physical sciences	Chemistry: General	null	vital_articles
Atomic nuclei other than hydrogen have protons and neutrons bound together by the residual strong force. Because protons are positively charged, they repel each other. Neutrons, which are electrically neutral, stabilize the nucleus in two ways. Their copresence pushes protons slightly apart, reducing the electrostatic...	Nuclide	Wikipedia	456	152464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide	Physical sciences	Chemistry: General	null	vital_articles
In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal...	Optic nerve	Wikipedia	502	152465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%20nerve	Biology and health sciences	Visual system	Biology	vital_articles
The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correl...	Optic nerve	Wikipedia	494	152465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%20nerve	Biology and health sciences	Visual system	Biology	vital_articles
Function The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the const...	Optic nerve	Wikipedia	487	152465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%20nerve	Biology and health sciences	Visual system	Biology	vital_articles
Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is frequently associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. The trabecular meshwork...	Optic nerve	Wikipedia	440	152465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%20nerve	Biology and health sciences	Visual system	Biology	vital_articles
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spreading from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor. The newly pathological sites, then, are metastases (mets). It is generally distinguished from cancer invasi...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	503	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
Initially, nearby lymph nodes are struck early. The lungs, liver, brain, and bones are the most common metastasis locations from solid tumors. In lymph node metastasis, a common symptom is lymphadenopathy Lung metastasis: cough, hemoptysis and dyspnea (shortness of breath) Liver metastasis: hepatomegaly (enlarged li...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	482	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
Factors involved Metastasis involves a complex series of steps in which cancer cells leave the original tumor site and migrate to other parts of the body via the bloodstream, via the lymphatic system, or by direct extension. To do so, malignant cells break away from the primary tumor and attach to and degrade proteins...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	369	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
The metastatic steps are critically regulated by various cell types, including the blood vessel cells (endothelial cells), immune cells or stromal cells. The growth of a new network of blood vessels, called tumor angiogenesis, is a crucial hallmark of cancer. It has therefore been suggested that angiogenesis inhibitors...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	485	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
Recently, a series of high-profile experiments suggests that the co-option of intercellular cross-talk mediated by exosome vesicles is a critical factor involved in all steps of the invasion-metastasis cascade. Routes Metastasis occurs by the following four routes: Transcoelomic The spread of a malignancy into bod...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	508	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
Some tumors, especially carcinomas may metastasize along anatomical canalicular spaces. These spaces include for example the bile ducts, the urinary system, the airways and the subarachnoid space. The process is similar to that of transcoelomic spread. However, often it remains unclear whether simultaneously diagnosed ...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	499	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
Metastasis and primary cancer It is theorized that metastasis always coincides with a primary cancer, and, as such, is a tumor that started from a cancer cell or cells in another part of the body. However, over 10% of patients presenting to oncology units will have metastases without a primary tumor found. In these ca...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	467	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
Metastatic cancers may be found at the same time as the primary tumor, or months or years later. When a second tumor is found in a patient that has been treated for cancer in the past, it is more often a metastasis than another primary tumor. It was previously thought that most cancer cells have a low metastatic poten...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	495	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
The identification of this metastasis-associated signature provides promise for identifying cells with metastatic potential within the primary tumor and hope for improving the prognosis of these metastatic-associated cancers. Additionally, identifying the genes whose expression is changed in metastasis offers potentia...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	430	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
The research done by Sarna's team proved that heavily pigmented melanoma cells have Young's modulus about 4.93, when in non-pigmented ones it was only 0.98. In another experiment they found that elasticity of melanoma cells is important for its metastasis and growth: non-pigmented tumors were bigger than pigmented and ...	Metastasis	Wikipedia	285	152509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis	Biology and health sciences	Cancer	Health	vital_articles
In geometry, bisection is the division of something into two equal or congruent parts (having the same shape and size). Usually it involves a bisecting line, also called a bisector. The most often considered types of bisectors are the segment bisector, a line that passes through the midpoint of a given segment, and the...	Bisection	Wikipedia	470	152547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection	Mathematics	Other	null	vital_articles
Applications Perpendicular line segment bisectors were used solving various geometric problems: Construction of the center of a Thales' circle, Construction of the center of the Excircle of a triangle, Voronoi diagram boundaries consist of segments of such lines or planes. Perpendicular line segment bisectors in spac...	Bisection	Wikipedia	485	152547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection	Mathematics	Other	null	vital_articles
Three intersection points, each of an external angle bisector with the opposite extended side, are collinear (fall on the same line as each other). Three intersection points, two of them between an interior angle bisector and the opposite side, and the third between the other exterior angle bisector and the opposite s...	Bisection	Wikipedia	511	152547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection	Mathematics	Other	null	vital_articles
Medians Each of the three medians of a triangle is a line segment going through one vertex and the midpoint of the opposite side, so it bisects that side (though not in general perpendicularly). The three medians intersect each other at a point which is called the centroid of the triangle, which is its center of mass ...	Bisection	Wikipedia	461	152547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection	Mathematics	Other	null	vital_articles
Brahmagupta's theorem states that if a cyclic quadrilateral is orthodiagonal (that is, has perpendicular diagonals), then the perpendicular to a side from the point of intersection of the diagonals always bisects the opposite side. The perpendicular bisector construction forms a quadrilateral from the perpendicular bi...	Bisection	Wikipedia	486	152547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection	Mathematics	Other	null	vital_articles
A splitter of a triangle is a line segment having one endpoint at one of the three vertices of the triangle and bisecting the perimeter. The three splitters concur at the Nagel point of the triangle. Any line through a triangle that splits both the triangle's area and its perimeter in half goes through the triangle's ...	Bisection	Wikipedia	337	152547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection	Mathematics	Other	null	vital_articles
Rutabaga (; North American English) or swede (English and some Commonwealth English) is a root vegetable, a form of Brassica napus (which also includes rapeseed). Other names include Swedish turnip, neep (Scots), and turnip (Scottish and Canadian English, Irish English and Manx English, as well as some dialects of Eng...	Rutabaga	Wikipedia	474	152561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutabaga	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null	vital_articles
Some will also refer to both swede and (white) turnip as just turnip (this word is also derived from ). In north-east England, turnips and swedes are colloquially called snannies snadgers, snaggers (archaic) or narkies. Rutabaga is also known as moot in the Isle of Man and the Manx language word for turnip is . Histor...	Rutabaga	Wikipedia	440	152561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutabaga	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null	vital_articles
Botanical history Rutabaga has a complex taxonomic history. The earliest account comes from the Swiss botanist Gaspard Bauhin, who wrote about it in his 1620 Prodromus. Brassica napobrassica was first validly published by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum as a variety of B. oleracea: B. oleracea var. nap...	Rutabaga	Wikipedia	487	152561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutabaga	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null	vital_articles
Uncooked and thinly julienned rutabaga is often served as a side dish salad in school and workplace lunches. Raisins or canned pineapple in light syrup are often added to the rutabaga salad. Sometimes, thinly sliced raw carrots are mixed with rutabaga. Finns use rutabaga in most dishes that call for a root vegetable. ...	Rutabaga	Wikipedia	490	152561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutabaga	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null	vital_articles
Australia In Australia, swedes are used as a flavour enhancer in casseroles, stews, and soups. Canada In Canada, they are considered winter vegetables, as, along with similar vegetables, they can be kept in a cold area or cellar for several months. They are primarily used as a side dish. They are also used as filler...	Rutabaga	Wikipedia	401	152561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutabaga	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null	vital_articles
As with watercress, mustard greens, turnip, broccoli, and horseradish, human perception of bitterness in rutabaga is governed by a gene affecting the TAS2R bitter receptor, which detects the glucosinolates in rutabaga. Sensitive individuals with the genotype PAV/PAV (supertasters) find rutabaga twice as bitter as insen...	Rutabaga	Wikipedia	413	152561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutabaga	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null	vital_articles
Since pumpkins became readily available in Europe in the 1980s, they have taken over this role to a large extent. In the Isle of Man, turnip lanterns are still carved at Hop-tu-Naa (Manx equivalent of Halloween), lit with a candle or electric torch, and carried from house to house by some children, with the accompanyin...	Rutabaga	Wikipedia	162	152561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutabaga	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null	vital_articles
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation happens multiple times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues an...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	318	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Among dividing cells, there are multiple levels of cell potency, which is the cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A greater potency indicates a larger number of cell types that can be derived. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. I...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	430	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Germ line cells are any line of cells that give rise to gametes—eggs and sperm—and thus are continuous through the generations. Stem cells, on the other hand, have the ability to divide for indefinite periods and to give rise to specialized cells. They are best described in the context of normal human development. ...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	232	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent progenitor cells that then give rise to functional cells. Examples of stem and progenitor cells include: Radial glial cells (embryonic neural stem cells) that give rise to excitatory neurons in the fetal brain through the process of neurogenesis. ...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	451	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
A newly discovered molecule dubbed reversine, a purine analog, has proven to induce dedifferentiation in myotubes. These manifestly dedifferentiated cellsnow performing essentially as stem cellscould then redifferentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Mechanisms Each specialized cell type in an organism expresses a...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	504	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Signal induction refers to cascades of signaling events, during which a cell or tissue signals to another cell or tissue to influence its developmental fate. Yamamoto and Jeffery investigated the role of the lens in eye formation in cave- and surface-dwelling fish, a striking example of induction. Through reciprocal ...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	465	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
In systems biology and mathematical modeling of gene regulatory networks, cell-fate determination is predicted to exhibit certain dynamics, such as attractor-convergence (the attractor can be an equilibrium point, limit cycle or strange attractor) or oscillatory. Importance of epigenetic control The first question th...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	422	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
However, upon examining methylation patterns more closely, the authors discovered 1175 regions of differential CG dinucleotide methylation between at least one ES or iPS cell line. By comparing these regions of differential methylation with regions of cytosine methylation in the original somatic cells, 44-49% of differ...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	277	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Pioneer factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog) Three transcription factors, OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG – the first two of which are used in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming, along with Klf4 and c-Myc – are highly expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells and are necessary for the maintenance of their pluripo...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	499	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Trithorax group proteins (TrxG) Alternately, upon receiving differentiation signals, PcG proteins are recruited to promoters of pluripotency transcription factors. PcG-deficient ES cells can begin differentiation but cannot maintain the differentiated phenotype. Simultaneously, differentiation and development-promoting...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	430	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Histone acetylation and methylation DNA-nucleosome interactions are characterized by two states: either tightly bound by nucleosomes and transcriptionally inactive, called heterochromatin, or loosely bound and usually, but not always, transcriptionally active, called euchromatin. The epigenetic processes of histone met...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	425	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
A final question to ask concerns the role of cell signaling in influencing the epigenetic processes governing differentiation. Such a role should exist, as it would be reasonable to think that extrinsic signaling can lead to epigenetic remodeling, just as it can lead to changes in gene expression through the activation...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	510	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
The problem, of course, is that the candidacy of these signaling pathways was inferred primarily on the basis of their role in development and cellular differentiation. While epigenetic regulation is necessary for driving cellular differentiation, they are certainly not sufficient for this process. Direct modulation of...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	407	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Effect of matrix elasticity In order to fulfill the purpose of regenerating a variety of tissues, adult stems are known to migrate from their niches, adhere to new extracellular matrices (ECM) and differentiate. The ductility of these microenvironments are unique to different tissue types. The ECM surrounding brain, m...	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	456	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
A billion-years-old, likely holozoan, protist, Bicellum brasieri with two types of cells, shows that the evolution of differentiated multicellularity, possibly but not necessarily of animal lineages, occurred at least 1 billion years ago and possibly mainly in freshwater lakes rather than the ocean.	Cellular differentiation	Wikipedia	65	152611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation	Biology and health sciences	Cell processes	Biology	vital_articles
Radiology ( ) is the medical specialty that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide treatment within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities. This includes technologies that use ...	Radiology	Wikipedia	444	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
In film-screen radiography, an X-ray tube generates a beam of X-rays, which is aimed at the patient. The X-rays that pass through the patient are filtered through a device called a grid or X-ray filter, to reduce scatter, and strike an undeveloped film, which is held tightly to a screen of light-emitting phosphors in a...	Radiology	Wikipedia	356	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Fluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging, in which a fluorescent screen and image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system. This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a radiocontrast agent. Radiocontrast agents are usually administered...	Radiology	Wikipedia	457	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Spiral multidetector CT uses 16, 64, 254 or more detectors during continuous motion of the patient through the radiation beam to obtain fine detail images in a short exam time. With rapid administration of intravenous contrast during the CT scan, these fine detail images can be reconstructed into three-dimensional (3D)...	Radiology	Wikipedia	467	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Because ultrasound imaging techniques do not employ ionizing radiation to generate images (unlike radiography, and CT scans), they are generally considered safer and are therefore more common in obstetrical imaging. The progression of pregnancies can be thoroughly evaluated with less concern about damage from the techn...	Radiology	Wikipedia	438	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
One disadvantage is the patient has to hold still for long periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging is performed. Claustrophobia (fear of closed spaces) severe enough to terminate the MRI exam is reported in up to 5% of patients. Recent improvements in magnet design including stronger magnetic fields...	Radiology	Wikipedia	226	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Nuclear medicine imaging involves the administration into the patient of radiopharmaceuticals consisting of substances with affinity for certain body tissues labeled with radioactive tracer. The most commonly used tracers are technetium-99m, iodine-123, iodine-131, gallium-67, indium-111, thallium-201 and fludeoxygluco...	Radiology	Wikipedia	433	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
The fusion technology has gone further to combine PET and MRI similar to PET and CT. PET/MRI fusion, largely practiced in academic and research settings, could potentially play a crucial role in fine detail of brain imaging, breast cancer screening, and small joint imaging of the foot. The technology recently blossomed...	Radiology	Wikipedia	414	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
The basic technique is optical density evaluation (i.e. histogram analysis). It is then described that a region has a different optical density, e.g. a cancer metastasis to bone can cause radiolucency. The development of this is the digital radiological subtraction. It consists in overlapping two radiographs of the sam...	Radiology	Wikipedia	446	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Teleradiology is the transmission of radiographic images from one location to another for interpretation by an appropriately trained professional, usually a radiologist or reporting radiographer. It is most often used to allow rapid interpretation of emergency room, ICU and other emergent examinations after hours of us...	Radiology	Wikipedia	449	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Patient interaction Some radiologists, like teleradiologists, have no interaction with patients. Other radiologists, like interventional radiologists, primarily interact with patients and spend less time analyzing images. Diagnostic radiologists tend to spend the majority of their time analyzing images and a minority...	Radiology	Wikipedia	323	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
The American Board of Radiology (ABR) administers professional certification in Diagnostic Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics as well as subspecialty certification in neuroradiology, nuclear radiology, pediatric radiology and vascular and interventional radiology. "Board Certification" in diagnostic radi...	Radiology	Wikipedia	492	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Veterinary radiologists are veterinarians who specialize in the use of X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging or treatment of disease in animals. They are certified in either diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology by the American College of Veterinary Radiology. United Kingdom Radiolo...	Radiology	Wikipedia	490	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Currently, a shortage of radiologists in the UK has created opportunities in all specialities, and with the increased reliance on imaging, demand is expected to increase in the future. Radiographers, and less frequently Nurses, are often trained to undertake many of these opportunities in order to help meet demand. Rad...	Radiology	Wikipedia	483	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
To become a radiologist, after having validated the common core of medical studies, one must obtain a DES (Specialized Studies Diploma) in radiology and medical imaging (specialized studies in 5 years), or a DES in advanced interventional radiology (specialized studies in 6 years). At the end of his DES, once validated...	Radiology	Wikipedia	399	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
In Europe the field followed its own pathway; for example in Germany the parallel interventional society began to break free of the DR society in 2008. In the UK, interventional radiology was approved as a sub-specialty of clinical radiology in 2010. While many countries have an interventional radiology society, there ...	Radiology	Wikipedia	151	152623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology	Biology and health sciences	Fields of medicine	null	vital_articles
Speleology () is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, as well as their composition, structure, physical properties, history, ecology, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term speleology is also sometimes applied to the recreational activit...	Speleology	Wikipedia	439	152630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleology	Physical sciences	Caves	Earth science	vital_articles
Cave geology, hydrogeology and biology Karst is a landscape that has limestone underneath which has been eroded. Caves are usually formed through chemical corrosion via a process of dissolution. Corrosion has several ways of doing this, it can be on carbonate rocks through chemical reactions, in gypsum and rock salt i...	Speleology	Wikipedia	381	152630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleology	Physical sciences	Caves	Earth science	vital_articles
Cave environments fall into three general categories: Endogean the parts of caves that are in communication with surface soils through cracks and rock seams, groundwater seepage, and root protrusion. Parahypogean the threshold regions near cave mouths that extend to the last penetration of sunlight. Hypogean or "tru...	Speleology	Wikipedia	419	152630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleology	Physical sciences	Caves	Earth science	vital_articles
Components of an electrical circuit are electrically connected if an electric current can run between them through an electrical conductor. An electrical connector is an electromechanical device used to create an electrical connection between parts of an electrical circuit, or between different electrical circuits, the...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	511	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
Electrodes in connectors are usually made of copper alloys, due to their good conductivity and malleability. Alternatives include brass, phosphor bronze, and beryllium copper. The base electrode metal is often coated with another inert metal such as gold, nickel, or tin. The use of a coating material with good conducti...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	391	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
Fretting (so-called dynamic corrosion) is a common failure mode in electrical connectors that have not been specifically designed to prevent it, especially in those that are frequently mated and de-mated. Surface corrosion is a risk for many metal parts in connectors, and can cause contacts to form a thin surface layer...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	439	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
Hybrid connectors Hybrid connectors allow the intermixing of many connector types, usually by way of a housing with inserts. These housings may also allow intermixing of electrical and non-electrical interfaces, examples of the latter being pneumatic line connectors, and optical fiber connectors. Because hybrid connect...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	507	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
Backshells Backshells are a common accessory for industrial and high-reliability connectors, especially circular connectors. Backshells typically protect the connector and/or cable from environmental or mechanical stress, or shield it from electromagnetic interference. Many types of backshells are available for differe...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	451	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
Pogo pin or spring loaded connectors are commonly used in consumer and industrial products, where mechanical resilience and ease of use are priorities. The connector consists of a barrel, a spring, and a plunger. They are in applications such as the MagSafe connector where a quick disconnect is desired for safety. Beca...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	432	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
Plugs generally have one or more pins or prongs that are inserted into openings in the mating socket. The connection between the mating metal parts must be sufficiently tight to make a good electrical connection and complete the circuit. An alternative type of plug and socket connection uses hyperboloid contacts, which...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	469	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
The term jack occurs in several related terms: The registered jack or modular jack in RJ11, RJ45 and other similar connectors used for telecommunications and computer networking The telephone jack of manual telephone switchboards, which is the socket fitting the original telephone plug The phone jack common to man...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	427	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
Many plug and socket connectors are attached to a wire or cable by soldering conductors to electrodes on the back of the connector. Soldered joints in connectors are robust and reliable if executed correctly, but are usually slower to make than crimped connections. When wires are to be soldered to the back of a connect...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	497	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles
Screw connections are frequently used for semi-permanent wiring and connections inside devices, due to their simple but reliable construction. The basic principle of all screw terminals involves the tip of a bolt clamping onto a stripped conductor. They can be used to join multiple conductors, to connect wires to a pri...	Electrical connector	Wikipedia	473	152654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20connector	Technology	Components	null	vital_articles

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