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In contrast to primary plastids derived from primary endosymbiosis of a prokaryoctyic cyanobacteria, complex plastids originated by secondary endosymbiosis in which a eukaryotic organism engulfed another eukaryotic organism that contained a primary plastid. When a eukaryote engulfs a red or a green alga and retains the... | Plastid | Wikipedia | 498 | 153522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid | Biology and health sciences | Plant cells | null | vital_articles |
Cytokines () are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target cell surface. Cyt... | Cytokine | Wikipedia | 489 | 153663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology | vital_articles |
In 1969, Dudley Dumonde proposed the term "lymphokine" to describe proteins secreted from lymphocytes and later, proteins derived from macrophages and monocytes in culture were called "monokines". In 1974, pathologist Stanley Cohen, M.D. (not to be confused with the Nobel laureate named Stanley Cohen, who was a PhD bio... | Cytokine | Wikipedia | 445 | 153663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology | vital_articles |
Nomenclature
Cytokines have been classed as lymphokines, interleukins, and chemokines, based on their presumed cell of secretion, function, or target of action. Because cytokines are characterised by considerable redundancy and pleiotropism, such distinctions, allowing for exceptions, are obsolete.
The term interleu... | Cytokine | Wikipedia | 471 | 153663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology | vital_articles |
Functional
A classification that proves more useful in clinical and experimental practice outside of structural biology divides immunological cytokines into those that enhance cellular immune responses, type 1 (TNFα, IFN-γ, etc.), and those that enhance antibody responses, type 2 (TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, etc.). A k... | Cytokine | Wikipedia | 419 | 153663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology | vital_articles |
Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, which are ubiquitously present throughout several cells and tissues of the vertebrate body, and share structural homology with immunoglobulins (antibodies), cell adhesion molecules, and even some cytokines. Examples: IL-1 receptor types.
Hemopoietic Growth Factor (type 1) family, whose... | Cytokine | Wikipedia | 391 | 153663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology | vital_articles |
Cellular effects
Each cytokine has a matching cell-surface receptor. Subsequent cascades of intracellular signaling then alter cell functions. This may include the upregulation and/or downregulation of several genes and their transcription factors, resulting in the production of other cytokines, an increase in the num... | Cytokine | Wikipedia | 487 | 153663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology | vital_articles |
Adverse effects of cytokines have been linked to many disease states and conditions ranging from schizophrenia, major depression and Alzheimer's disease to cancer. T regulatory cells (Tregs) and related-cytokines are effectively engaged in the process of tumor immune escape and functionally inhibit immune response agai... | Cytokine | Wikipedia | 389 | 153663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology | vital_articles |
Some cytokines have been developed into protein therapeutics using recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant cytokines being used as drugs as of 2014 include:
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), used to treat bone-related conditions
Erythropoietin (EPO), used to treat anemia
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)... | Cytokine | Wikipedia | 213 | 153663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine | Biology and health sciences | Cell processes | Biology | vital_articles |
The celestial equator is the great circle of the imaginary celestial sphere on the same plane as the equator of Earth. By extension, it is also a plane of reference in the equatorial coordinate system. In other words, the celestial equator is an abstract projection of the terrestrial equator into outer space. Due to Ea... | Celestial equator | Wikipedia | 366 | 153681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial%20equator | Physical sciences | Celestial sphere: General | Astronomy | vital_articles |
The Humber Bridge is a single-span road suspension bridge near Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. When it opened to traffic on 24 June 1981, it was the longest of its type in the world; the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge surpassed it in 1998, and it became the thirteenth-longest by 2024.
The bridge spans th... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 424 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
The journey was along straight single-carriageway roads across foggy moors interrupted by bottlenecks for most of the journey to Blyth, Nottinghamshire, where it met the A1, and the accident rate was high. Debates in Parliament were held on the low standard of the route across the windswept plains around Goole. It was ... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 439 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
The consulting engineers for the project were Freeman Fox & Partners (now Arcadis NV). Sir Ralph Freeman had produced the first ideas in 1927 and in the early 1930s the cost of the project was estimated at £1.725 million and that the bridge would be unlikely to recoup the construction or maintenance costs. In 1935 he h... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 421 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
Work began on the southern approach road in July 1972 by Clugston Construction of Scunthorpe. The approach road to the A1077 junction, by Costain Civil Engineering, began in September 1976. It included a span from the southern anchorage of seven pre-stressed concrete box sections and the A1077 junction, costing £4.25... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 502 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
A-frames
At road level the deck was fastened to the towers through four rocking A-frames, to allow for movement caused by the catenary supporting the deck from above deflecting with the weight of passing traffic, from thermal expansion, and from changes in wind loading. The devices catered for a maximum deflection of 2... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 420 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
The bridge held the record for the world's longest single-span suspension bridge for 17 years, from its opening in July 1981 until the opening of the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in April 1998. In June 2024, it became the thirteenth-longest, single-span suspension bridge. The central span, at , is the longest in Britain and in... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 512 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
In May 2017, a YouTuber with the username 'Night Scape', along with a small group, illegally scaled the bridge without safety equipment. The group of young men climbed up the structure to the top of the bridge using the suspension wires as handholds. Humberside Police and the Humber Bridge Board are reviewing the secur... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 361 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
In 2006, Shona McIsaac, Labour MP for Cleethorpes, tabled a Private Member's Bill, the Humber Bridge Bill. The bill would have made amendments to the Humber Bridge Act 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2. c. xlvi) "requiring the Secretary of State to give directions to members of the Humber Bridge Board regarding healthcare and to rev... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 479 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
The board applied again to the Department of Transport in September 2010, to raise the tolls from April 2011 but the government ordered a public inquiry into the application. A three-day public inquiry was held in Hull in early March 2011. Following the recommendation by the planning inspector, the government gave appr... | Humber Bridge | Wikipedia | 208 | 153761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null | vital_articles |
Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is propagating. The index of refraction depends on both composition and crystal structure and can be calculated u... | Crystal optics | Wikipedia | 451 | 153783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20optics | Physical sciences | Crystallography | Physics | vital_articles |
In nonmagnetic and transparent materials, χij = χji, i.e. the χ tensor is real and symmetric. In accordance with the spectral theorem, it is thus possible to diagonalise the tensor by choosing the appropriate set of coordinate axes, zeroing all components of the tensor except χxx, χyy and χzz. This gives the set of rel... | Crystal optics | Wikipedia | 448 | 153783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20optics | Physical sciences | Crystallography | Physics | vital_articles |
Certain nonlinear optical phenomena such as the electro-optic effect cause a variation of a medium's permittivity tensor when an external electric field is applied, proportional (to lowest order) to the strength of the field. This causes a rotation of the principal axes of the medium and alters the behaviour of light t... | Crystal optics | Wikipedia | 194 | 153783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20optics | Physical sciences | Crystallography | Physics | vital_articles |
The naginata (, ) is a polearm and one of several varieties of traditionally made Japanese blades (nihontō). Naginata were originally used by the samurai class of feudal Japan, as well as by ashigaru (foot soldiers) and sōhei (warrior monks). The naginata is the iconic weapon of the onna-musha, a type of female warrior... | Naginata | Wikipedia | 473 | 153784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naginata | Technology | Polearms | null | vital_articles |
It is generally believed that naginata first appeared in the Heian period (794–1185). The term naginata first appeared in historical documents in the Heian period. The earliest clear references to naginata date from 1146. In Honchō Seiki compiled from 1150 to 1159 in the late Heian period, it is recorded that Minamoto ... | Naginata | Wikipedia | 357 | 153784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naginata | Technology | Polearms | null | vital_articles |
However, according to Karl Friday, there were various notations for naginata in the Heian period and the earliest physical evidence for naginata was in the middle of the Kamakura period, so there is a theory that says when they first appeared is unclear. Earlier 10th through 12th century sources refer to "long swords" ... | Naginata | Wikipedia | 494 | 153784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naginata | Technology | Polearms | null | vital_articles |
In the peaceful Edo period, weapons' value as battlefield weapons became diminished and their value for martial arts and self-defense rose. The naginata was accepted as a status symbol and self-defense weapon for women of nobility, resulting in the image that "the Naginata is the main weapon used by women".
In the Me... | Naginata | Wikipedia | 440 | 153784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naginata | Technology | Polearms | null | vital_articles |
Historically, the naginata was often used by foot soldiers to create space on the battlefield. They have several situational advantages over a sword. Their reach is longer, allowing the wielder to keep out of the reach of opponents. The weight of the weapon gave power to strikes and cuts, even though the weight of the ... | Naginata | Wikipedia | 290 | 153784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naginata | Technology | Polearms | null | vital_articles |
Orion is a prominent set of stars visible during winter in the northern celestial hemisphere. It is one of the 88 modern constellations; it was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy. It is named after a hunter in Greek mythology.
Orion is most prominent during winter evenings in the ... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 376 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
In the period May–July (summer in the Northern Hemisphere, winter in the Southern Hemisphere), Orion is in the daytime sky and thus invisible at most latitudes. However, for much of Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere's winter months, the Sun is below the horizon even at midday. Stars (and thus Orion, but only the br... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 507 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
Many of the stars are luminous hot blue supergiants, with the stars of the belt and sword forming the Orion OB1 association. Standing out by its red hue, Betelgeuse may nevertheless be a runaway member of the same group. | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 49 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
Bright stars
Betelgeuse, also designated Alpha Orionis, is a massive M-type red supergiant star nearing the end of its life. It is the second brightest star in Orion, and is a semiregular variable star. It serves as the "right shoulder" of the hunter (assuming that he is facing the observer). It is generally the eleve... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 475 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
Alnilam is designated Epsilon Orionis and is named for the Arabic phrase meaning "string of pearls". It is the middle and brightest of the three stars of Orion's Belt. Alnilam is a B-type blue supergiant; despite being nearly twice as far from the Sun as the other two belt stars, its luminosity makes it nearly equal in... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 252 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
Belt
Orion's Belt or The Belt of Orion is an asterism within the constellation. It consists of the three bright stars Zeta (Alnitak), Epsilon (Alnilam), and Delta (Mintaka). Alnitak is around 800 light years away from earth and is 100,000 times more luminous than the Sun and shines with magnitude 1.8; much of its rad... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 498 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
Meteor showers
Around 20 October each year the Orionid meteor shower (Orionids) reaches its peak. Coming from the border with the constellation Gemini as many as 20 meteors per hour can be seen. The shower's parent body is Halley's Comet.
Deep-sky objects
Hanging from Orion's belt is his sword, consisting of the mult... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 433 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
Besides these nebulae, surveying Orion with a small telescope will reveal a wealth of interesting deep-sky objects, including M43, M78, as well as multiple stars including Iota Orionis and Sigma Orionis. A larger telescope may reveal objects such as the Flame Nebula (NGC 2024), as well as fainter and tighter multiple s... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 480 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
The Bible mentions Orion three times, naming it "Kesil" (כסיל, literally – fool). Though, this name perhaps is etymologically connected with "Kislev", the name for the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar (i.e. November–December), which, in turn, may derive from the Hebrew root K-S-L as in the words "kesel, kisla" (כֵּסֶ... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 500 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
The Chinese character 參 (pinyin shēn) originally meant the constellation Orion (); its Shang dynasty version, over three millennia old, contains at the top a representation of the three stars of Orion's belt atop a man's head (the bottom portion representing the sound of the word was added later).
India
The Rigveda re... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 459 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
There are claims in popular media that the Adorant from the Geißenklösterle cave, an ivory carving estimated to be 35,000 to 40,000 years old, is the first known depiction of the constellation. Scholars dismiss such interpretations, saying that perceived details such as a belt and sword derive from preexisting features... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 468 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
The seven primary stars of Orion make up the Polynesian constellation Heiheionakeiki which represents a child's string figure similar to a cat's cradle. Several precolonial Filipinos referred to the belt region in particular as "balatik" (ballista) as it resembles a trap of the same name which fires arrows by itself an... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 348 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
There are alternative ways to visualise Orion. From the Southern Hemisphere, Orion is oriented south-upward, and the belt and sword are sometimes called the saucepan or pot in Australia and New Zealand. Orion's Belt is called Drie Konings (Three Kings) or the Drie Susters (Three Sisters) by Afrikaans speakers in South ... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 427 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
Orion is located on the celestial equator, but it will not always be so located due to the effects of precession of the Earth's axis. Orion lies well south of the ecliptic, and it only happens to lie on the celestial equator because the point on the ecliptic that corresponds to the June solstice is close to the border ... | Orion (constellation) | Wikipedia | 232 | 153797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29 | Physical sciences | Constellations | null | vital_articles |
Spandex, Lycra, or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. It is a polyether-polyurea copolymer that was invented in 1958 by chemist Joseph Shivers at DuPont.
Name
The name spandex, which is an anagram of the word "expands", is the preferred name in North America. In continental Europe, it ... | Spandex | Wikipedia | 475 | 153882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null | vital_articles |
Function
The exceptional elasticity of spandex fibers increases the clothing's pressure comfort, enhancing the ease of body movements. Pressure comfort is the response towards clothing by the human body's pressure receptors (mechanoreceptors present in skin sensory cells). The sensation response is affected mainly by ... | Spandex | Wikipedia | 500 | 153882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null | vital_articles |
By the mid-1970s, with the emergence of the women's liberation movement, girdle sales began to drop as they came to be associated with anti-independence and emblematic of an era that was quickly passing away. In response, DuPont marketed Lycra as the aerobic fitness movement emerged in the 1970s. The association of Lyc... | Spandex | Wikipedia | 296 | 153882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex | Technology | Fabrics and fibers | null | vital_articles |
Invisibility is the state of an object that cannot be seen. An object in this state is said to be invisible (literally, "not visible"). The phenomenon is studied by physics and perceptual psychology.
Since objects can be seen by light from a source reflecting off their surfaces and hitting the viewer's eyes, the most... | Invisibility | Wikipedia | 483 | 153911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisibility | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics | vital_articles |
Engineers and scientists have performed various kinds of research to investigate the possibility of finding ways to create real optical invisibility (cloaks) for objects. Methods are typically based on implementing the theoretical techniques of transformation optics, which have given rise to several theories of cloakin... | Invisibility | Wikipedia | 396 | 153911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisibility | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics | vital_articles |
UC Berkeley researcher Jason Valentine's team made a material that affects light near the visible spectrum, in a region used in fibre optics: 'Instead of the fish appearing to be slightly ahead of where it is in the water, it would actually appear to be above the water's surface. For a metamaterial to produce negative ... | Invisibility | Wikipedia | 457 | 153911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisibility | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics | vital_articles |
In 2019, Hyperstealth Biotechnology has patented the technology behind a material that bends light to make people and objects near invisible to the naked eye. The material, called Quantum Stealth, is currently still in the prototyping stage, but was developed by the company's CEO Guy Cramer primarily for military purpo... | Invisibility | Wikipedia | 468 | 153911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisibility | Physical sciences | Optics | Physics | vital_articles |
Chlamydia is a genus of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. Chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in humans and are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide.
Species include Chlamydia trachomatis (a human pathogen), Ch. suis... | Chlamydia (genus) | Wikipedia | 463 | 11688148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia%20%28genus%29 | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants | vital_articles |
Genomes
Chlamydia species have genomes around 1.0 to 1.3 megabases in length. Most encode ~900 to 1050 proteins. Some species also contain a DNA plasmids or phage genomes (see Table). The elementary body contains an RNA polymerase responsible for the transcription of the DNA genome after entry into the host cell cytop... | Chlamydia (genus) | Wikipedia | 307 | 11688148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia%20%28genus%29 | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants | vital_articles |
Chlamydia may also take the form of a reticulate body, which is in fact an intracytoplasmic form, highly involved in the process of replication and growth of these bacteria. The reticulate body is slightly larger than the elementary body and may reach up to 0.6 μm in diameter with a minimum of 0.5 μm. It does not have ... | Chlamydia (genus) | Wikipedia | 416 | 11688148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia%20%28genus%29 | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants | vital_articles |
Pathology
Most chlamydial infections do not cause symptoms. Symptomatic infections often include a burning sensation when urinating and abdominal or genital pain and discomfort. All people who have engaged in sexual activity with potentially infected individuals may be offered one of several tests to diagnose the condi... | Chlamydia (genus) | Wikipedia | 278 | 11688148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia%20%28genus%29 | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera is a large genus of over 750 species of flowering plants belonging to the pea family Fabaceae. They are widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
Description
Indigofera is a varied genus that has shown unique characteristics making it an interesting candidate as a pot... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 429 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Another way to categorize Indigofera is by its pericarp thickness. The pericarp (the tissue from the ovary that surrounds the seeds) can be categorized as type I, type II, and type III with type I having the thinnest pericarp and fewest layers of schlerenchymatous (stiff) tissue and type III having the thickest pericar... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 450 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
subsp. atriceps Hook.f.
subsp. glandulosissima (R.E.Fr.) J.B.Gillett
subsp. kaessneri (Baker f.) J.B.Gillett
subsp. ramosa (Cronquist) J.B.Gillett
subsp. rhodesiaca J.B.Gillett
subsp. setosissima (Harms) J.B.Gillett
subsp. ufipaensis J.B.Gillett
Indigofera bainesii Baker
Indigofera basiflora J.B.Gillett
Indigo... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 500 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera pulchra Willd.
Indigofera quarrei Cronquist
Indigofera rothii Baker
Indigofera rubroglandulosa Germish.
Indigofera simplicifolia Lam.
Indigofera strobilifera (Hochst.) Baker
subsp. lanuginosa (Baker f.) J.B.Gillett
subsp. strobilifera (Hochst.) Baker
Indigofera suaveolens Jaub. & Spach
Indigofera ... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 325 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera cavallii Chiov.
Indigofera coerulea Roxb.
var. coerulea Roxb.
var. monosperma (Santapau) Santapau
var. occidentalis J.B.Gillett & Ali
Indigofera conzattii Rose
Indigofera cuernavacana Rose
Indigofera cylindracea Baker
Indigofera decora Lindl.—Chinese indigo
var. chalara (Craib) Y.Y.Fang & C.Z.Zheng
... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 489 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera longiracemosa Baill.
Indigofera lyallii Baker
subsp. lyallii Baker
subsp. nyassica J.B.Gillett
Indigofera longibarbata Engl.
Indigofera longimucronata Baker f.
Indigofera macrophylla Schum. & Thonn.
Indigofera mangokyensis "R.Vig., p.p.A"
Indigofera melanadenia Harv.
Indigofera natalensis Bolus
I... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 370 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera thibaudiana DC.
Indigofera tinctoria L.—indigo, true indigo, dye indigo
subsp. arcuata (J.B.Gillett) Schrire
subsp. tinctoria L.
Indigofera tristis E.Mey.
Indigofera truxillensis Kunth
Indigofera varia E.Mey.
Indigofera venulosa Benth.
Indigofera verrucosa Eckl. & Zeyh.
Indigofera verruculosa Peter ... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 287 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera concava Harv.
Indigofera cuneifolia Eckl. & Zeyh.
Indigofera cytisoides Thunb.
Indigofera declinata E.Mey.
Indigofera denudata Thunb.
Indigofera digitata Thunb.
Indigofera dimidiata Walp.
Indigofera filicaulis Eckl. & Zeyh.
Indigofera filifolia Thunb.
Indigofera flabellata Harv.
Indigofera gifberge... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 433 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera bemarahaensis Du Puy & Labat
Indigofera bongardiana (Kuntze) Burkart
Indigofera bongensis Kotschy & Peyr.
Indigofera cerighellii M.Pelt.
Indigofera cloiselii Drake
Indigofera conjugata Baker
var. conjugata Baker
var. schweinfurthii (Taub.) J.B. Gillett
var. trimorphophylla (Taub.) J.B. Gillett
Indig... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 194 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera ewartiana Domin
Indigofera exellii Torre
Indigofera fanshawei J.B.Gillett
Indigofera glandulosa Wendl.
var. glandulosa Wendl.
var. sykesii Baker
Indigofera glaucescens Eckl. & Zeyh.
Indigofera guaranitica Hassl.
Indigofera gypsacea Thulin
Indigofera hartwegii Rydb.
Indigofera hiranensis Thulin
Ind... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 434 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera schimperi Jaub. & Spach
Indigofera semitrijuga Forssk.
Indigofera sessiliflora DC.
Indigofera spicata Forssk.
Indigofera spiniflora Boiss.
Indigofera spinosa Forssk.
Indigofera squalida Prain
Indigofera subulata Vahl ex Poir.
Indigofera tephrosioides Kunth
Indigofera thomsonii Baker f.
Indigofera ... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 459 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera aristata Spreng.
Indigofera arnottii (Kuntze) Peter G. Wilson
Indigofera aspalathoides DC.
Indigofera asterocalycina Gilli
Indigofera atrata N.E.Br.
Indigofera atricephala J.B.Gillett
Indigofera baileyi F.Muell.
Indigofera balfouriana Craib
Indigofera bancroftii Peter G.Wilson
Indigofera bangweolens... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 339 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera burttii Baker f.
Indigofera bussei J.B.Gillett
Indigofera calcicola Craib
Indigofera campestris Benth.
var. angustifolia M.Micheli
var. campestris Benth.
var. intermedia Hassler
Indigofera candicans Aiton
Indigofera capitata Kotschy
Indigofera carlesi Craib
Indigofera caudata Dunn
Indigofera cecil... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 410 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera crebra N.E.Br.
Indigofera crotalarioides (Klotzsch) Baker
Indigofera cryptantha Harv.
subsp. cryptantha Harv.
subsp. desmodioides (Baker) Du Puy & Labat
Indigofera cuitoensis Baker f.
Indigofera cuneata Oliv.
Indigofera cunenensis Torre
Indigofera curvata J.B.Gillett
Indigofera curvirostrata Thulin
... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 357 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera efoliata F.Muell.
Indigofera egens N.E.Br.
Indigofera elandsbergensis Phillipson
Indigofera elliotii (Baker f.) J.B.Gillett
Indigofera elwakensis J.B.Gillett
Indigofera emarginata Y.Y.Fang & C.Z.Zheng
Indigofera emarginelloides J.B.Gillett
Indigofera emmae De Kort & G.Thijsse
Indigofera enormis N.E.B... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 366 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera gracilis Spreng.
Indigofera graniticola J.B.Gillett
Indigofera griseoides Harms
Indigofera grisophylla Fourc.
Indigofera guatemalensis Moc., Sessé & Cerv. ex Backer
Indigofera guthriei Bolus
Indigofera hamiltonii Duthie & Prain
Indigofera hamulosa Schltr.
Indigofera hancockii Craib
Indigofera hantam... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 316 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera ingrata N.E.Br.
Indigofera insularis Chiov.
Indigofera intermedia Harv.
Indigofera intricata Boiss.
Indigofera inyangana N.E.Br.
Indigofera irodoensis Du Puy & Labat
Indigofera ischnoclada Harms
Indigofera itremoensis Du Puy & Labat
Indigofera jaliscensis Rose
Indigofera jikongensis Y.Y.Fang & C.Z.Z... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 448 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera macrantha Harms
Indigofera madagascariensis Vatke
Indigofera malacostachys Harv.
Indigofera malindiensis J.B.Gillett
Indigofera malongensis Cronquist
Indigofera manyoniensis Baker f.
Indigofera maritima Baker
Indigofera masaiensis J.B.Gillett
Indigofera masonae N.E.Br.
Indigofera matudae Lundell
In... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 369 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera neoglabra Wang & T.Tang
Indigofera neosericopetala P.C. Li
Indigofera nesophila Lievens & Urbatsch
Indigofera nigricans Pers.
Indigofera nivea R.Vig.
Indigofera nugalensis Thulin
Indigofera nummulariifolia (L.) Alston
Indigofera obscura N.E.Br.
Indigofera ogadensis J.B.Gillett
Indigofera oligophylla... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 320 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera pearsonii Baker f.
Indigofera pechuelii Kuntze
Indigofera pedicellata Wight & Arn.
Indigofera pedunculata Baker
Indigofera pellucida J.B.Gillett & Thulin
Indigofera peltata J.B.Gillett
Indigofera peltieri Du Puy & Labat
Indigofera penduloides Y.Y.Fang & C.Z.Zheng
Indigofera perriniana Spreng.
Indigo... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 482 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera rigioclada Craib
Indigofera ripae N.E.Br.
Indigofera rojasii Hassl.
Indigofera rostrata Bolus
Indigofera ruspolii Baker f.
Indigofera sabulosa Thulin
Indigofera salmoniflora Rose
Indigofera salteri Baker f.
Indigofera santapaui Sanjappa
Indigofera santosii Torre
Indigofera saxicola Benth.
Indigofe... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 494 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera tengyuehensis H.T.Tsai & T.F.Yu
Indigofera tenuifolia Lam.
Indigofera tenuipes Polhill
Indigofera tenuis Milne-Redh.
subsp. major J.B.Gillett
subsp. tenuis Milne-Redh.
Indigofera tenuissima E.Mey.
Indigofera terminalis Baker
Indigofera tetraptera Taub.
Indigofera texana Buckley
Indigofera thesioide... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 105 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera thikaensis J.B.Gillett
Indigofera thothathri Sanjappa
Indigofera thymoides Baker
Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa
Indigofera tomentosa Eckl. & Zeyh.
Indigofera torrei J.B.Gillett
Indigofera transvaalensis Baker f.
Indigofera trialata A.Chev.
Indigofera trichopoda Guill. & Perr.
Indigofera trifolioi... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 465 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera arghawan Royle
Indigofera argyrea Chiov.
Indigofera armata Wall.
Indigofera ascendens Walp.
Indigofera astragaloides Welw. ex Romariz
Indigofera athrophylla Eckl. & Zeyh.
Indigofera axillaris E.Mey.
Indigofera bagshawei Baker f.
Indigofera baoulensis A.Chev.
Indigofera barbata Desv.
Indigofera barc... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 266 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera celebica Miq.
Indigofera centrota Eckl. & Zeyh.
Indigofera chitralensis Sanjappa
Indigofera cinericolor F.Muell.
Indigofera clitorioides G.Don
Indigofera colorata Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
Indigofera coluteifolia Jaub. & Spach
Indigofera condensata De Wild.
Indigofera conradsii Baker f.
Indigofera const... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 505 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera fruticulosa Walp.
Indigofera fuzi Sieb. ex Miq.
Indigofera gilletii De Wild. & T.Durand
Indigofera glauca Lam.
Indigofera glauca Perr. ex DC.
Indigofera grahamiana Steud.
Indigofera grandifoliola Carrière
Indigofera graveolens Schrad.
Indigofera griquana Schltr. ex Zahlbr.
Indigofera guineensis Schu... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 507 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera mckinlayi F.Muell.
Indigofera mearnsi Standl.
Indigofera megaphylla X.F.Gao
Indigofera melanotricha Steud. ex A.Rich.
Indigofera melolobioides Benth. ex Harv.
Indigofera microphylla Lam.
Indigofera microstachya C.Presl
Indigofera minutiflora Hochst. ex Chiov.
Indigofera minutiflora Walp.
Indigofera ... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 505 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera roylii Hort. ex Dippel
Indigofera rubromarginata Thulin
Indigofera rumphiensis Schrire
Indigofera rupestris Eckl. & Zeyh.
Indigofera rupicola Peter G.Wilson & Rowe
Indigofera sabulicola Benth.
Indigofera saltiana Steud.
Indigofera sangana Harms, in Schltr.
Indigofera scabrella Kazandj. & Peter G.Wils... | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 508 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Indigofera ultima (Kuntze) Peter G.Wilson
Indigofera unifoliata Merr.
Indigofera urostachya Fenzl ex Baker
Indigofera viguieri Callm. & Labat
Indigofera villosa Berg. ex Walp.
Indigofera wannanii Peter G.Wilson
Indigofera wentzeliana Harms
Indigofera wynbergensis S.Moore
Indigofera zig-zag De Wild. | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 89 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Ecology
Indigofera species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum). | Indigofera | Wikipedia | 33 | 2142673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants | vital_articles |
Rhinorrhea (American English), also spelled rhinorrhoea or rhinorrhœa (British English), or informally runny nose is the free discharge of a thin mucus fluid from the nose; it is a common condition. It is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain viral infections, such as the common cold or COVID-19. It can ... | Rhinorrhea | Wikipedia | 397 | 2143933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health | vital_articles |
Causes
A runny nose can be caused by anything that irritates or inflames the nasal tissues, including infections such as the common cold and influenza, and allergies and various irritants. Some people have a chronically runny nose for no apparent reason (non-allergic rhinitis or vasomotor rhinitis). Less common causes ... | Rhinorrhea | Wikipedia | 439 | 2143933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health | vital_articles |
Infection
Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases, such as the common cold or influenza. During these infections, the nasal mucous membranes produce excess mucus, filling the nasal cavities. This is to prevent infection from spreading to the lungs and respiratory tract, where it could cause far worse damage. It h... | Rhinorrhea | Wikipedia | 477 | 2143933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health | vital_articles |
Rhinorrhea can be caused by a head injury, a serious condition. A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or the middle cranial fossae. This can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea, CS... | Rhinorrhea | Wikipedia | 385 | 2143933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health | vital_articles |
Toxaphene was an insecticide used primarily for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and the 1970s. Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene. It can be most commonly found as a yellow to amber waxy solid.
Toxaphene was banned in... | Toxaphene | Wikipedia | 487 | 2144540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene | Technology | Pest and disease control | null | vital_articles |
Applications
Advertisements for Toxaphene were seen in agricultural periodicals such as Farm Journal as early as 1950.
Toxaphene was primarily used as a pesticide for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and 1970s. It was also used on small grains, maize, vegetables, and soybeans. Outside of the ... | Toxaphene | Wikipedia | 436 | 2144540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene | Technology | Pest and disease control | null | vital_articles |
Environmental effects
When released into the environment, toxaphene can be quite persistent and exists in the air, soil, and water. In water, it can evaporate easily and is fairly insoluble. Its solubility is 3 mg/L of water at 22 degrees Celsius. Toxaphene breaks down very slowly and has a half-life of up to 12 year... | Toxaphene | Wikipedia | 502 | 2144540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene | Technology | Pest and disease control | null | vital_articles |
In humans
When inhaled or ingested, sufficient quantities of toxaphene can damage the lungs, nervous system, and kidneys, and may cause death. The major health effects of toxaphene involve central nervous system stimulation leading to convulsive seizures. The dose necessary to induce nonfatal convulsions in humans is... | Toxaphene | Wikipedia | 433 | 2144540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene | Technology | Pest and disease control | null | vital_articles |
Regulations
Toxaphene has been found on at least 68 of the 1,699 National Priorities List sites identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Toxaphene has been forbidden in Germany since 1980. Most uses of toxaphene were cancelled in the U.S. in 1982 with the exception of use on livestock in emer... | Toxaphene | Wikipedia | 508 | 2144540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene | Technology | Pest and disease control | null | vital_articles |
Trade names
Trade names and synonyms include Chlorinated camphene, Octachlorocamphene, Camphochlor, Agricide Maggot Killer, Alltex, Allotox, Crestoxo, Compound 3956, Estonox, Fasco-Terpene, Geniphene, Hercules 3956, M5055, Melipax, Motox, Penphene, Phenacide, Phenatox, Strobane-T, Toxadust, Toxakil, Vertac 90%, Toxon 6... | Toxaphene | Wikipedia | 188 | 2144540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene | Technology | Pest and disease control | null | vital_articles |
Waru Waru is an Aymara term for the agricultural technique developed by pre-Hispanic people in the Andes region of South America from Ecuador to Bolivia; this regional agricultural technique is also referred to as camellones in Spanish. Functionally similar agricultural techniques have been developed in other parts of ... | Waru Waru | Wikipedia | 480 | 15865266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waru%20Waru | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null | vital_articles |
Modern Uses
In the 1960s, geographers William Denevan, George Plafker, and Kenneth Lee found evidence of raised-field agriculture that had been utilized in the Llanos de Moxos region of Bolivia's Amazon basin, a region that was previously thought to have been unable to sustain large-scale agriculture because of what w... | Waru Waru | Wikipedia | 433 | 15865266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waru%20Waru | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null | vital_articles |
Experiments
Research was done at two raised-field sites by Diego Sanchez de Lozada et al. in the northern altiplano of Bolivia near Lake Titicaca in an effort to better understand the effects of frost on potato crops. At an altitude of , these crops were subject to temperature and moisture variation. Temperatures of t... | Waru Waru | Wikipedia | 454 | 15865266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waru%20Waru | Technology | Buildings and infrastructure | null | vital_articles |
In magnetostatics, the force of attraction or repulsion between two current-carrying wires (see first figure below) is often called Ampère's force law. The physical origin of this force is that each wire generates a magnetic field, following the Biot–Savart law, and the other wire experiences a magnetic force as a cons... | Ampère's force law | Wikipedia | 352 | 15868921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s%20force%20law | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics | vital_articles |
where
is the total magnetic force felt by wire 1 due to wire 2 (usually measured in newtons),
and are the currents running through wires 1 and 2, respectively (usually measured in amperes),
The double line integration sums the force upon each element of wire 1 due to the magnetic field of each element of wire 2,
an... | Ampère's force law | Wikipedia | 495 | 15868921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s%20force%20law | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics | vital_articles |
Q is a function of r, according to Maxwell, which "cannot be determined, without assumptions of some kind, from experiments in which the active current forms a closed circuit." Taking the function Q(r) to be of the form:
We obtain the general expression for the force exerted on ds by ds''' :
Integrating around s' eli... | Ampère's force law | Wikipedia | 512 | 15868921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s%20force%20law | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics | vital_articles |
Maxwell's 1873 derivation:
Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism vol. 2, part 4, ch. 2 (§§502–527)
Pierre Duhem's 1892 derivation:
(EPUB)
translation of: Leçons sur l'électricité et le magnétisme vol. 3, appendix to book 14, pp. 309-332
Alfred O'Rahilly's 1938 derivation:
Electromagnetic Theory: A Critical Examinati... | Ampère's force law | Wikipedia | 111 | 15868921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s%20force%20law | Physical sciences | Magnetostatics | Physics | vital_articles |
The Pelagornithidae, commonly called pelagornithids, pseudodontorns, bony-toothed birds, false-toothed birds or pseudotooth birds, are a prehistoric family of large seabirds. Their fossil remains have been found all over the world in rocks dating between the Early Paleocene and the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary.
Most ... | Pelagornithidae | Wikipedia | 370 | 9205088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagornithidae | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric birds | Animals | vital_articles |
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