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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
7,214,368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20%26%20Environment	Energy & Environment is an academic journal "covering the direct and indirect environmental impacts of energy acquisition, transport, production and use". Under its editor-in-chief from 1998 to 2017, Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, it was known for easygoing peer-review and publishing climate change denial papers. Yiu Fai ...	Energy & Environment	[ "Environmental_science" ]	703	[ "Environmental science journals", "Energy and fuel journals", "Environmental social science journals", "Environmental social science" ]
7,214,369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20distance%20test	The global distance test (GDT), also written as GDT_TS to represent "total score", is a measure of similarity between two protein structures with known amino acid correspondences (e.g. identical amino acid sequences) but different tertiary structures. It is most commonly used to compare the results of protein structur...	Global distance test	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	984	[ "Bioinformatics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry", "Biological engineering" ]
7,214,571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Criteria%20Testing%20Laboratory	The Common Criteria model provides for the separation of the roles of evaluator and certifier. Product certificates are awarded by national schemes on the basis of evaluations carried by independent testing laboratories. A Common Criteria testing laboratory is a third-party commercial security testing facility that is...	Common Criteria Testing Laboratory	[ "Engineering" ]	989	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer security procedures" ]
7,215,216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched%20Xenon%20Observatory	The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) is a particle physics experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta decay of xenon-136 at WIPP near Carlsbad, New Mexico, U.S. Neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) detection would prove the Majorana nature of neutrinos and impact the neutrino mass values and ordering. These a...	Enriched Xenon Observatory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,230	[ "Radioactivity", "Nuclear physics" ]
7,215,439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20sill	A windowsill (also written window sill or window-sill, and less frequently in British English, cill) is the horizontal structure or surface at the bottom of a window. Window sills serve to structurally support and hold the window in place. The exterior portion of a window sill provides a mechanism for shedding rainwat...	Window sill	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	500	[ "Building engineering", "Architectural elements", "Components", "Architecture" ]
7,216,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidirectional%20network	A unidirectional network (also referred to as a unidirectional gateway or data diode) is a network appliance or device that allows data to travel in only one direction. Data diodes can be found most commonly in high security environments, such as defense, where they serve as connections between two or more networks of ...	Unidirectional network	[ "Engineering" ]	2,545	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer networks engineering", "Computer network security", "Networking hardware" ]
7,216,032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20High%20Energy%20Physics	The Journal of High Energy Physics is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering the field of high energy physics. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the International School for Advanced Studies. The journal is part of the SCOAP3 initiative. According to the Journal Ci...	Journal of High Energy Physics	[ "Physics" ]	120	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics", "Particle physics journals" ]
7,216,822	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20order	The contact order of a protein is a measure of the locality of the inter-amino acid contacts in the protein's native state tertiary structure. It is calculated as the average sequence distance between residues that form native contacts in the folded protein divided by the total length of the protein. Higher contact ord...	Contact order	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	463	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological engineering", "Protein structure", "Structural biology" ]
7,217,055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20workforce%20management	Project workforce management is the practice of combining the coordination of all logistic elements of a project through a single software application (or workflow engine). This includes planning and tracking of schedules and mileposts, cost and revenue, resource allocation, as well as overall management of these proje...	Project workforce management	[ "Technology" ]	1,908	[ "Data management", "Data" ]
7,217,844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haas%20House	The Haas House is a building in Vienna, Austria, at the Stock-im-Eisen-Platz. Designed by the Austrian architect Hans Hollein, it is a building in the postmodernist style and was completed in 1990. The building is located at the site of the former flagship department store dating to 1867, destroyed during World War I...	Haas House	[ "Engineering" ]	190	[ "Postmodern architecture", "Architecture" ]
7,218,650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal%E2%80%93Karst%20Statistical%20Region	The Coastal–Karst Statistical Region (, ) is a statistical region in southwest Slovenia. It covers the traditional and historical regions of Slovenian Istria and most of the Karst Plateau, which traditionally belonged to the County of Gorizia and Gradisca. The region has a sub-Mediterranean climate and is Slovenia's on...	Coastal–Karst Statistical Region	[ "Mathematics" ]	570	[ "Statistical regions of Slovenia", "Statistical concepts", "Statistical regions" ]
7,218,707	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitle%20%28titling%29	In books and other works, the subtitle is an explanatory title added by the author to the title proper of a work. Another kind of subtitle, often used in the past, is the alternative title, also called alternate title, traditionally denoted and added to the title with the alternative conjunction "or", hence its appella...	Subtitle (titling)	[ "Engineering" ]	572	[ "Book design", "Design" ]
7,218,910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan%20chronology	Minoan chronology is a framework of dates used to divide the history of the Minoan civilization. Two systems of relative chronology are used for the Minoans. One is based on sequences of pottery styles, while the other is based on the architectural phases of the Minoan palaces. These systems are often used alongside on...	Minoan chronology	[ "Physics" ]	2,137	[ "Spacetime", "Chronology", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
7,218,913	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20704%20Radar	The Type 704 is a counter-battery radar designed to accurately locate the hostile artillery, rocket and ground-to-ground missile launcher immediately after the firing of enemy, and support friendly artillery by providing guidance of counter fire. Built by NORINCO, it was first displayed publicly in 1988's ASIADEX defen...	Type 704 Radar	[ "Technology" ]	1,122	[ "Warning systems", "Weapon locating radar" ]
7,219,097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus	Synechococcus (from the Greek synechos, in succession, and the Greek kokkos, granule) is a unicellular cyanobacterium that is very widespread in the marine environment. Its size varies from 0.8 to 1.5 μm. The photosynthetic coccoid cells are preferentially found in well–lit surface waters where it can be very abundant ...	Synechococcus	[ "Biology" ]	3,082	[ "Marine microorganisms", "Microorganisms" ]
7,219,407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Architecture-System	Open-Architecture-System (OAS) is the main User interface and synthesizer software of the Wersi keyboard line. OAS improves on prior organ interfaces by allowing the user to add sounds, rhythms, third party programs and future software enhancements without changing hardware. Compared to previous organs which relied on ...	Open-Architecture-System	[ "Technology" ]	258	[ "Computing stubs" ]
7,219,559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurophilicity	In chemistry, aurophilicity refers to the tendency of gold complexes to aggregate via formation of weak metallophilic interactions. The main evidence for aurophilicity is from the crystallographic analysis of Au(I) complexes. The aurophilic bond has a length of about 3.0 Å and a strength of about 7–12 kcal/mol, which...	Aurophilicity	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	373	[ "Chemical bonding", "Condensed matter physics", "nan" ]
7,219,667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20binding%20factor	The Core binding factor (CBF) is a group of heterodimeric transcription factors. Core binding factors are composed of: a non-DNA-binding CBFβ chain (CBFB) a DNA-binding CBFα chain (RUNX1, RUNX2, RUNX3) References See also AI-10-49, an anti-leukemic drug under development. External links Transcription factors	Core binding factor	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	86	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
7,220,441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20%28Chinese%20constellation%29	The Heart mansion (; also called ) is one of the Twenty-eight mansions of the Chinese constellations. It is one of the eastern mansions of the Azure Dragon. Its prominent figure is the star Alpha Scorpii. Asterisms References Chinese constellations	Heart (Chinese constellation)	[ "Astronomy" ]	55	[ "Chinese constellations", "Constellations" ]
7,220,589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle%20map	In mathematics, a bundle map (or bundle morphism) is a morphism in the category of fiber bundles. There are two distinct, but closely related, notions of bundle map, depending on whether the fiber bundles in question have a common base space. There are also several variations on the basic theme, depending on precisely ...	Bundle map	[ "Mathematics" ]	664	[ "Theory of continuous functions", "Topology" ]
7,221,088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20conditioning	Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK), is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or by other me...	Air conditioning	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	7,328	[ "Machines", "Building engineering", "Automation", "Physical systems", "Home appliances", "Building automation" ]
7,221,195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page%20Up%20and%20Page%20Down%20keys	The Page Up and Page Down keys (sometimes abbreviated as PgUp and PgDn) are two keys commonly found on computer keyboards. The two keys are primarily used to scroll up or down in documents, but the scrolling distance varies between different applications. In word processors, for instance, they may jump by an emulated ...	Page Up and Page Down keys	[ "Technology" ]	390	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
7,221,237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannakian%20formalism	In mathematics, a Tannakian category is a particular kind of monoidal category C, equipped with some extra structure relative to a given field K. The role of such categories C is to generalise the category of linear representations of an algebraic group G defined over K. A number of major applications of the theory hav...	Tannakian formalism	[ "Mathematics" ]	907	[ "Mathematical structures", "Monoidal categories", "Category theory", "Duality theories", "Geometry" ]
7,221,435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind%20direction	Wind direction is generally reported by the direction from which the wind originates. For example, a north or northerly wind blows from the north to the south; the exceptions are onshore winds (blowing onto the shore from the water) and offshore winds (blowing off the shore to the water). Wind direction is usually repo...	Wind direction	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	635	[ "Physical phenomena", "Earth phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Meteorological quantities", "Meteorological phenomena" ]
7,221,759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist%20%28electronic%20seminar%29	Humanist is an international electronic seminar on humanities computing and the digital humanities, in the form of a long-running electronic mailing list and its associated archive. The primary aim of Humanist is to provide a forum for discussion of intellectual, scholarly, pedagogical, and social issues and for exchan...	Humanist (electronic seminar)	[ "Technology" ]	393	[ "Digital humanities", "Computing and society" ]
7,222,298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthpark	Earthpark is a proposed best-in-class educational facility with indoor rain forest and aquarium elements, and a mission of "inspiring generations to learn from the natural world." It was previously called the Environmental Project. Inspired by The Eden Project in Cornwall, England, Earthpark was aimed to be an educati...	Earthpark	[ "Engineering" ]	398	[ "Environmental design", "Design" ]
7,222,821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast%20stone	Cast stone or reconstructed stone is a highly refined building material, a form of precast concrete used as masonry intended to simulate natural-cut stone. It is used for architectural features: trim, or ornament; facing buildings or other structures; statuary; and for garden ornaments. Cast stone can be made from wh...	Cast stone	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	857	[ "Structural engineering", "Matter", "Building engineering", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Concrete", "Masonry", "Building materials" ]
16,065,959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visco%20Corporation	is a software company located in Japan. It was founded in 1982 by and later became corporate on August 8, 1983, while revealing itself as "Visco" in Japan. They originally developed video games for several platforms from the arcades and NES, to the Nintendo 64 and Neo Geo in the past. When Visco was one of the compani...	Visco Corporation	[ "Technology" ]	230	[ "Computer hardware companies", "Computers" ]
16,066,056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20modeling%20and%20fabrication	Digital modeling and fabrication is a design and production process that combines 3D modeling or computing-aided design (CAD) with additive and subtractive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is also known as 3D printing, while subtractive manufacturing may also be referred to as machining, and many other technologie...	Digital modeling and fabrication	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,042	[ "Computer-aided design", "Design engineering", "Industrial computing", "Digital manufacturing" ]
16,066,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Yates	John R. Yates III is an American chemist and Ernest W. Hahn Professor in the Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. He is currently editor-in-chief of the Journal of Proteome Research. He appeared on list of 2022, 2023 and 2024 Highly Cited Research...	John R. Yates	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	290	[ "Biochemists", "Mass spectrometry", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Mass spectrometrists" ]
16,066,580	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%27s%20plank%20problem	In mathematics, Tarski's plank problem is a question about coverings of convex regions in n-dimensional Euclidean space by "planks": regions between two hyperplanes. Alfred Tarski asked if the sum of the widths of the planks must be at least the minimum width of the convex region. The question was answered affirmativel...	Tarski's plank problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	393	[ "Geometry" ]
16,067,587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friant-Kern%20Canal	The Friant-Kern Canal is a aqueduct managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation in Central California to convey water to augment irrigation capacity in Fresno, Tulare, and Kern counties. A part of the Central Valley Project, canal construction began in 1949 and was completed in 1951 at a cost of $60.8 million. ...	Friant-Kern Canal	[ "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,413	[ "Hydrology", "Irrigation projects", "Central Valley Project", "Interbasin transfer" ]
16,067,595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madera%20Canal	The Madera Canal is a -long aqueduct in the U.S. state of California. It is part of the Central Valley Project managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to convey water north to augment irrigation capacity in Madera County. It was also the subject of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Central Green ...	Madera Canal	[ "Engineering" ]	220	[ "Irrigation projects", "Central Valley Project" ]
16,067,683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery%20Bell%20Tunnel	The Montgomery Bell Tunnel, also known as the Pattison Forge Tunnel, which Bell called "Pattison Forge" (often spelled, incorrectly, "Patterson") after his mother's maiden name, is a historic water diversion tunnel in Harpeth River State Park in Cheatham County, Tennessee. Built in 1819, the long tunnel is believed ...	Montgomery Bell Tunnel	[ "Engineering" ]	666	[ "Civil engineering", "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks" ]
16,068,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Alexandre%20de%20Cessart	Louis-Alexandre de Cessart (25 August 1719, Paris – 12 April 1806, Rouen) was a French road and bridge engineer. He served in the "gendarmerie de la Maison du Roi", fighting at the battles of Fontenoy and Raucoux in 1745 and 1746. In 1747 he entered the school of Jean-Rodolphe Perronet, which later became the École na...	Louis-Alexandre de Cessart	[ "Engineering" ]	258	[ "Structural engineering", "Structural engineers" ]
16,068,922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidance%2C%20navigation%2C%20and%20control	Guidance, navigation and control (abbreviated GNC, GN&C, or G&C) is a branch of engineering dealing with the design of systems to control the movement of vehicles, especially, automobiles, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. In many cases these functions can be performed by trained humans. However, because of the speed ...	Guidance, navigation, and control	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,815	[ "Robotics engineering", "Avionics", "Robot control", "Control engineering", "Aircraft instruments", "Applications of control engineering" ]
16,070,103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-beam%20processing	Electron-beam processing or electron irradiation (EBI) is a process that involves using electrons, usually of high energy, to treat an object for a variety of purposes. This may take place under elevated temperatures and nitrogen atmosphere. Possible uses for electron irradiation include sterilization, alteration of ge...	Electron-beam processing	[ "Physics" ]	1,792	[ "Electromagnetism", "Physical phenomena", "Fundamental interactions" ]
16,070,185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struve%20function	In mathematics, the Struve functions , are solutions of the non-homogeneous Bessel's differential equation: introduced by . The complex number α is the order of the Struve function, and is often an integer. And further defined its second-kind version as . The modified Struve functions are equal to and are so...	Struve function	[ "Mathematics" ]	416	[ "Special functions", "Combinatorics" ]
16,070,200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent%20decision%20support%20system	An intelligent decision support system (IDSS) is a decision support system that makes extensive use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Use of AI techniques in management information systems has a long history – indeed terms such as "Knowledge-based systems" (KBS) and "intelligent systems" have been used since ...	Intelligent decision support system	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	591	[ "Systems engineering", "Knowledge engineering", "Decision support systems", "Information systems", "Information technology" ]
16,070,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pignistic%20probability	In decision theory, a pignistic probability is a probability that a rational person will assign to an option when required to make a decision. A person may have, at one level certain beliefs or a lack of knowledge, or uncertainty, about the options and their actual likelihoods. However, when it is necessary to make a...	Pignistic probability	[ "Mathematics" ]	341	[ "Probability interpretations" ]
16,071,200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husimi%20Q%20representation	The Husimi Q representation, introduced by Kôdi Husimi in 1940, is a quasiprobability distribution commonly used in quantum mechanics to represent the phase space distribution of a quantum state such as light in the phase space formulation. It is used in the field of quantum optics and particularly for tomographic purp...	Husimi Q representation	[ "Physics" ]	489	[ "Particle statistics", "Statistical mechanics", "Quantum optics", "Quantum mechanics" ]
16,071,220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticordia%20halophila	Verticordia halophila, commonly known as salt-loving featherflower, or salt-loving verticordia, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, bushy shrub with small, crowded, thick leaves and spikes of red and pink flowers in spring. Descrip...	Verticordia halophila	[ "Chemistry" ]	776	[ "Halophytes", "Salts" ]
16,071,696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquastat	An aquastat is a device used in hydronic heating systems for controlling water temperature. To prevent the boiler from firing too frequently, aquastats have a high limit temperature and a low limit. If the thermostat is calling for heat, the boiler will fire until the high limit is reached, then shut off (even if the ...	Aquastat	[ "Engineering" ]	220	[ "Construction", "Plumbing" ]
16,071,836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Giant%20Lance	Operation Giant Lance was a secret U.S. nuclear alert operation by the United States that the Strategic Air Command carried out in late October 1969. Giant Lance was one component of a multi-pronged military exercise, the Joint Chiefs of Staff Readiness Test that the Joint Chiefs developed and carried out during Octobe...	Operation Giant Lance	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,398	[ "Radioactivity", "Nuclear warfare" ]
16,072,343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus%27s%20flower%20clock	Linnaeus's flower clock was a garden plan hypothesized by Carl Linnaeus that would take advantage of several plants that open or close their flowers at particular times of the day to accurately indicate the time. According to Linnaeus's autobiographical notes, he discovered and developed the floral clock in 1748. It b...	Linnaeus's flower clock	[ "Biology" ]	545	[ "Plants", "Botany" ]
16,073,214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%27s%20exponential%20function%20problem	In model theory, Tarski's exponential function problem asks whether the theory of the real numbers together with the exponential function is decidable. Alfred Tarski had previously shown that the theory of the real numbers (without the exponential function) is decidable. The problem The ordered real field is a struc...	Tarski's exponential function problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	381	[ "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical logic", "Model theory" ]
16,073,360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support%20of%20a%20module	In commutative algebra, the support of a module M over a commutative ring R is the set of all prime ideals of R such that (that is, the localization of M at is not equal to zero). It is denoted by . The support is, by definition, a subset of the spectrum of R. Properties if and only if its support is empty. Le...	Support of a module	[ "Mathematics" ]	641	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Module theory" ]
16,073,576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20Netherlands%20Satellite	The Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS; also known as Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet) was a space-based X-ray and ultraviolet telescope. It was launched into Earth orbit on 30 August 1974 at 14:07:39 UTC in a Scout rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base, United States. The mission ran for 20 months until June ...	Astronomical Netherlands Satellite	[ "Astronomy" ]	495	[ "Space telescopes" ]
16,074,940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABRIXAS	A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey, or ABRIXAS, was a space-based German X-ray telescope. It was launched on 28 April 1999 in a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle from Kapustin Yar, Russia, into Earth orbit. The orbit had a periapsis of , an apoapsis of , an inclination of 48.0° and an eccentricity of 0.00352, giving it a ...	ABRIXAS	[ "Astronomy" ]	245	[ "Space telescopes" ]
16,075,100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuran	Pleuran is an insoluble polysaccharide (β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan), isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus. Pleuran belongs to a group of glucose polymers commonly called beta-glucans demonstrating biological response modifier properties. These immunomodulating properties render the host more resistant to infections and neoplas...	Pleuran	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	179	[ "Carbohydrates", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Biochemistry", "Polysaccharides" ]
16,075,933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20number	In mathematics, the Lagrange numbers are a sequence of numbers that appear in bounds relating to the approximation of irrational numbers by rational numbers. They are linked to Hurwitz's theorem. Definition Hurwitz improved Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet's criterion on irrationality to the statement that a real numb...	Lagrange number	[ "Mathematics" ]	398	[ "Diophantine approximation", "Mathematical relations", "Approximations", "Number theory" ]
16,076,506	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20Astrophysics%20Magnet%20Facility	The Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility (commonly known as ASTROMAG) is a NASA project that was designed to investigate anti-matter. It consisted of a series of experiments which would culminate in an experiment launched in 1995 to be externally attached to the Freedom Space Station History Experiments and postulati...	Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility	[ "Astronomy" ]	767	[ "Space telescopes" ]
16,076,786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr-R	Spektr-R (part of RadioAstron program) (Russian: Спектр-Р) was a Russian scientific satellite with a radio telescope on board. It was launched on 18 July 2011 on a Zenit-3F launcher from Baikonur Cosmodrome, and was designed to perform research on the structure and dynamics of radio sources within and beyond the Milky...	Spektr-R	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,970	[ "Space telescopes" ]
16,076,816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MET%20Matrix	A MET (Materials, Energy, and Toxicity) Matrix is an analysis tool used to evaluate various environmental impacts of a product over its life cycle. The tool takes the form of a 3x3 matrix with descriptive text in each of its cells. One dimension of the matrix is composed of a qualitative input-output model that exami...	MET Matrix	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	166	[ "Industrial ecology", "Industrial engineering", "Environmental engineering" ]
16,077,444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20source%20foods	Animal source foods (ASF) include many food items that come from an animal source such as fish, meat, dairy, eggs and honey. Many individuals consume little ASF or even none for long periods of time by either personal choice or necessity, as ASF may not be accessible or available to these people. Nutrients in animal s...	Animal source foods	[ "Chemistry" ]	851	[ "Animal products", "Natural products" ]
16,077,733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STSat-1	The STSat-1 (Science and Technology Satellite-1), formerly known as KAISTSat-4 (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite-4), is an ultraviolet telescope in a satellite. It is funded by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), and was launched on 27 September 2003, from Plesetsk Cosmodrome by a...	STSat-1	[ "Astronomy" ]	270	[ "Space telescopes" ]
16,078,168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Universe%20Observatory	The Dark Universe Observatory (DUO) is a planned NASA space-based telescope. It will conduct observations of galaxy clusters on the X-ray range with the intent of finding data related to both dark matter and energy. References Space telescopes Satellites of the United States Proposed satellites	Dark Universe Observatory	[ "Astronomy" ]	55	[ "Space telescopes" ]
16,079,015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Astronomy%20Satellite%203	The Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS 3, also known as SAS-C before launch) (Explorer 53) was a NASA X-ray astronomy space telescope. It functioned from 7 May 1975 to 9 April 1979. It covered the X-ray range with four experiments on board. The satellite, built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (...	Small Astronomy Satellite 3	[ "Astronomy" ]	2,035	[ "Space telescopes" ]
16,079,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20559	NGC 559 (also known as Caldwell 8) is an open cluster and Caldwell object in the constellation Cassiopeia. It shines at magnitude +9.5. Its celestial coordinates are RA , dec . It is located near the open cluster NGC 637, and the bright magnitude +2.2 irregular variable star Gamma Cassiopeiae. The cluster is 7 arcmins ...	NGC 559	[ "Astronomy" ]	210	[ "Cassiopeia (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
16,079,402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXOU%20J164710.2%E2%88%92455216	CXOU J164710.2−455216 is an anomalous X-ray pulsar and magnetar in the massive galactic open cluster Westerlund 1. It is the brightest X-ray source in the cluster, and was discovered in 2005 in observations made by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The Westerlund 1 cluster is believed to have formed in a single burst of s...	CXOU J164710.2−455216	[ "Astronomy" ]	257	[ "Magnetars", "Magnetism in astronomy", "Constellations", "Ara (constellation)" ]
49,611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause	Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently stop, marking the end of reproduction. It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although the exact timing can vary. Menopause is usually a natural change related to a decrease in circulating blood estrogen levels. It can ...	Menopause	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	8,177	[ "Senescence", "Metabolism", "Cellular processes" ]
49,627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Disk%20Format	Universal Disk Format (UDF) is an open, vendor-neutral file system for computer data storage for a broad range of media. In practice, it has been most widely used for DVDs and newer optical disc formats, supplanting ISO 9660. Due to its design, it is very well suited to incremental updates on both write-once and re-wri...	Universal Disk Format	[ "Technology" ]	3,068	[ "Computer standards", "Ecma standards", "IEC standards" ]
49,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEX%20%28computing%29	In computing, the SEX assembly language mnemonic has often been used for the "Sign EXtend" machine instruction found in the Motorola 6809. A computer's or CPU's "sex" can also mean the endianness of the computer architecture used. x86 computers do not have the same "byte sex" as HC11 computers, for example. Functions a...	SEX (computing)	[ "Technology" ]	244	[ "Natural language and computing", "Computer jargon", "Computing terminology" ]
49,658	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora	An aurora ( aurorae or auroras), also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of brilliant lights that appear ...	Aurora	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	10,461	[ "Space plasmas", "Physical phenomena", "Earth phenomena", "Astrophysics", "Optical phenomena", "Electrical phenomena", "Planetary science", "Atmospheric optical phenomena", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
49,681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology%20%28information%20science%29	In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and ...	Ontology (information science)	[ "Engineering" ]	4,951	[ "Systems engineering", "Knowledge engineering" ]
49,685	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral	A numeral is a figure (symbol), word, or group of figures (symbols) or words denoting a number. It may refer to: Numeral system used in mathematics Numeral (linguistics), a part of speech denoting numbers (e.g. one and first in English) Numerical digit, the glyphs used to represent numerals See also Numerology, b...	Numeral	[ "Mathematics" ]	94	[ "Numeral systems", "Numerals" ]
49,693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain%20%28antenna%29	In electromagnetics, an antenna's gain is a key performance parameter which combines the antenna's directivity and radiation efficiency. The term power gain has been deprecated by IEEE. In a transmitting antenna, the gain describes how well the antenna converts input power into radio waves headed in a specified directi...	Gain (antenna)	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,827	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Metrics", "Engineering ratios", "Quantity", "Electrical engineering" ]
49,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynting%20vector	In physics, the Poynting vector (or Umov–Poynting vector) represents the directional energy flux (the energy transfer per unit area, per unit time) or power flow of an electromagnetic field. The SI unit of the Poynting vector is the watt per square metre (W/m2); kg/s3 in base SI units. It is named after its discoverer ...	Poynting vector	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	3,921	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Quantity", "Radiation", "Optical quantities" ]
49,721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20dump	In computing, a core dump, memory dump, crash dump, storage dump, system dump, or ABEND dump consists of the recorded state of the working memory of a computer program at a specific time, generally when the program has crashed or otherwise terminated abnormally. In practice, other key pieces of program state are usual...	Core dump	[ "Technology" ]	2,484	[ "Computer errors" ]
49,723	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved%20word	In a programming language, a reserved word (sometimes known as a reserved identifier) is a word that cannot be used by a programmer as an identifier, such as the name of a variable, function, or label – it is "reserved from use". In brief, an identifier starts with a letter, which is followed by any sequence of letters...	Reserved word	[ "Engineering" ]	2,056	[ "Software engineering", "Programming language topics" ]
49,726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating%20group	In mathematics, an alternating group is the group of even permutations of a finite set. The alternating group on a set of elements is called the alternating group of degree , or the alternating group on letters and denoted by or Basic properties For , the group An is the commutator subgroup of the symmetric group ...	Alternating group	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,909	[ "Mathematical structures", "Algebraic structures", "Finite groups" ]
49,727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity%20of%20a%20permutation	In mathematics, when X is a finite set with at least two elements, the permutations of X (i.e. the bijective functions from X to X) fall into two classes of equal size: the even permutations and the odd permutations. If any total ordering of X is fixed, the parity (oddness or evenness) of a permutation of X can be def...	Parity of a permutation	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,617	[ "Functions and mappings", "Permutations", "Sign (mathematics)", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Mathematical relations", "Articles containing proofs", "Numbers" ]
49,761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched%20tape	Punched tape or perforated paper tape is a form of data storage device that consists of a long strip of paper through which small holes are punched. It was developed from and was subsequently used alongside punched cards, the difference being that the tape is continuous. Punched cards, and chains of punched cards, wer...	Punched tape	[ "Technology" ]	3,573	[ "Computers", "History of computing" ]
49,827	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade%20video%20game	An arcade video game is an arcade game that takes player input from its controls, processes it through electrical or computerized components, and displays output to an electronic monitor or similar display. All arcade video games are coin-operated or accept other means of payment, housed in an arcade cabinet, and locat...	Arcade video game	[ "Technology" ]	3,392	[ "Computing terminology", "Computing platforms", "Video game terminology", "Video game platforms" ]
49,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20pen	A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer's cathode-ray tube (CRT) display. It allows the user to point to displayed objects or draw on the screen in a similar way to a touchscreen but with greater positional accuracy. A light pen can work with an...	Light pen	[ "Technology" ]	622	[ "History of human–computer interaction", "History of computing" ]
49,887	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20enthalpy%20of%20formation	In chemistry and thermodynamics, the standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its constituent elements in their reference state, with all substances in their standard states. The standard pressure value is...	Standard enthalpy of formation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,688	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Thermochemistry", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Enthalpy" ]
49,895	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piety	Piety is a virtue which may include religious devotion or spirituality. A common element in most conceptions of piety is a duty of respect. In a religious context, piety may be expressed through pious activities or devotions, which may vary among countries and cultures. Etymology The word piety comes from the Latin ...	Piety	[ "Biology" ]	1,252	[ "Behavior", "Religious practices", "Human behavior", "Spirituality" ]
50,047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest	Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforests can be generally classified as tropical rainforests or temperate rainforests, but other types have been described. Estimates vary fr...	Rainforest	[ "Biology" ]	3,067	[ "Biodiversity" ]
50,049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic%20climate	The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a continental climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at latitudes from 50°N to 70°N, poleward of the humi...	Subarctic climate	[ "Biology" ]	2,535	[ "Ecology" ]
50,063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beefalo	Beefalo constitutes a hybrid offspring of domestic cattle (Bos taurus), usually a male in managed breeding programs, and the American bison (Bison bison), usually a female in managed breeding programs. The breed was created to combine the characteristics of both animals for beef production. Beefalo are primarily cattl...	Beefalo	[ "Biology" ]	1,314	[ "Intergeneric hybrids", "Hybrid organisms" ]
50,073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20warfare	Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all...	Chemical warfare	[ "Chemistry" ]	9,245	[ "nan" ]
50,089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Neurath	Otto Karl Wilhelm Neurath (; 10 December 1882 – 22 December 1945) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. He was also the inventor of the ISOTYPE method of pictorial statistics and an innovator in museum practice. Before he fled his native country in 1934, Neurath was one of t...	Otto Neurath	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,840	[ "Mathematical logic", "Logical positivism" ]
50,149	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude%20rewards	The longitude rewards were the system of inducement prizes offered by the British government for a simple and practical method for the precise determination of a ship's longitude at sea. The prizes, established through an act of Parliament, the Longitude Act 1714 (13 Ann. c. 14), in 1714, were administered by the Boar...	Longitude rewards	[ "Physics" ]	2,213	[ "Spacetime", "Horology", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
50,165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20de%20Broglie	Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (, also ; or ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French physicist and aristocrat who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concep...	Louis de Broglie	[ "Physics" ]	4,203	[ "Quantum physicists", "Quantum mechanics" ]
50,225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20meridian	A prime meridian is an arbitrarily chosen meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. On a spheroid, a prime meridian and its anti-meridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great ellipse. This divides the body (e.g. Earth) into two hemispheres: th...	Prime meridian	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,263	[ "Applied mathematics", "Geodesy" ]
50,237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Boyle	Robert Boyle (; 25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. H...	Robert Boyle	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,394	[ "Fluid dynamicists", "Fluid dynamics" ]
50,245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20beet	A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and that is grown commercially for sugar production. In plant breeding, it is known as the Altissima cultivar group of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). Together with other beet cultivars, such as beetroot and chard, it belongs to the subspecies...	Sugar beet	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	5,107	[ "Carbohydrates", "Phytoremediation plants", "Sugar", "Bioremediation" ]
50,263	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain%20of%20a%20function	In mathematics, the domain of a function is the set of inputs accepted by the function. It is sometimes denoted by or , where is the function. In layman's terms, the domain of a function can generally be thought of as "what x can be". More precisely, given a function , the domain of is . In modern mathematical lang...	Domain of a function	[ "Mathematics" ]	694	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical objects", "Basic concepts in set theory", "Mathematical relations" ]
50,264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codomain	In mathematics, a codomain or set of destination of a function is a set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set in the notation . The term range is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to either the codomain or the image of a function. A codomain is part of a function if ...	Codomain	[ "Mathematics" ]	770	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical objects", "Basic concepts in set theory", "Mathematical relations" ]
50,318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20multiprocessing	Symmetric multiprocessing or shared-memory multiprocessing (SMP) involves a multiprocessor computer hardware and software architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single, shared main memory, have full access to all input and output devices, and are controlled by a single operating system i...	Symmetric multiprocessing	[ "Technology" ]	2,733	[ "Classes of computers", "Computers", "Computer systems" ]
50,329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20complexity	In theoretical computer science, communication complexity studies the amount of communication required to solve a problem when the input to the problem is distributed among two or more parties. The study of communication complexity was first introduced by Andrew Yao in 1979, while studying the problem of computation di...	Communication complexity	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	5,079	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Computer science", "Information theory" ]
50,335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Polkinghorne	John Charlton Polkinghorne (16 October 1930 – 9 March 2021) was an English theoretical physicist, theologian, and Anglican priest. A prominent and leading voice explaining the relationship between science and religion, he was professor of mathematical physics at the University of Cambridge from 1968 to 1979, when he r...	John Polkinghorne	[ "Physics" ]	4,512	[ "Particle physicists", "Particle physics" ]
50,345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20design	Urban design is an approach to the design of buildings and the spaces between them that focuses on specific design processes and outcomes. In addition to designing and shaping the physical features of towns, cities, and regional spaces, urban design considers 'bigger picture' issues of economic, social and environmenta...	Urban design	[ "Engineering" ]	6,767	[ "Landscape architecture", "Architecture" ]
50,363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo%20dye	Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color. Indigo is a natural dye extracted from the leaves of some plants of the Indigofera genus, in particular Indigofera tinctoria. Dye-bearing Indigofera plants were commonly grown and used throughout the world, particularly in Asia, with the production of ind...	Indigo dye	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,836	[ "Semiconductor materials", "Molecular electronics", "Organic semiconductors" ]
50,375	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20relationship	An internet relationship is a relationship between people who have met online, and in many cases know each other only via the Internet. Online relationships are similar in many ways to pen pal relationships. This relationship can be romantic, platonic, or even based on business affairs. An internet relationship (or onl...	Internet relationship	[ "Biology" ]	5,933	[ "Behavior", "Interpersonal relationships", "Human behavior" ]
50,399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss	A kiss is the touching or pressing of one's lips against another person, animal or object. Cultural connotations of kissing vary widely; depending on the culture and context, a kiss can express sentiments of love, passion, romance, sexual attraction, sexual activity, sexual intercourse, sexual arousal, affection, respe...	Kiss	[ "Biology" ]	8,125	[ "Behavior", "Sexual acts", "Sexuality", "Gestures", "Interpersonal relationships", "Human behavior", "Mating" ]
50,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream%20interpretation	Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams. In many ancient societies, such as those of Egypt and Greece, dreaming was considered a supernatural communication or a means of divine intervention, whose message could be interpreted by people with these associated spiritual powers. In the modern er...	Dream interpretation	[ "Biology" ]	5,168	[ "Dream", "Behavior", "Sleep" ]
50,408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20engineering	Computer engineering (CoE or CpE) is a branch of electrical engineering that integrates several fields of electrical engineering, electronics engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software. Computer engineering is referred to as Electrical and Computer engineering OR Computer Scienc...	Computer engineering	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,856	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electrical and computer engineering", "Computer engineering", "nan" ]
50,416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20calculus	In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus—the study of the area beneath a curve. The primary objects of study in differential calculus are the derivative of...	Differential calculus	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,730	[ "Differential calculus", "Calculus" ]
50,425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20Hall%20effect	The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantized version of the Hall effect which is observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall resistance exhibits steps that take on the quantized values where is the Hall voltage, ...	Quantum Hall effect	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	3,646	[ "Quantum phases", "Physical phenomena", "Quantum electronics", "Hall effect", "Spintronics", "Phases of matter", "Quantum mechanics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Electrical phenomena", "Condensed matter physics", "Nanotechnology", "Mesoscopic physics", "...

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