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54,301,620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20IT%20in%20Business | The Master of IT in Business (MITB) is a master's degree emphasizing on the application of information technology to create business impact and value. The MITB degree originated in the early 21st century as the digital transformation of businesses took place leaving industries to compete with each other on their technological capacity and advancement. The MITB is typically a sandwich course of two distinct horizontals targeted at providing a holistic view and understanding of both technology and management alike. The MITB offers a more specialized and niche course selection for technology and business education aspirants alike. Students on completion of such degrees typically pursue careers in various verticals leveraging information technology.
Programs
The degree is offered under various names by:
Singapore Management University as Master of IT in Business (MITB)
Rutgers University as Master of Business & Science (MBS)
James Cook University as Master of IT in Business Informatics (MITBI)
RMIT as Master of Business Information Technology (MBIT)
UNSW as Masters of Business & Technology (MBT)
and by many other universities worldwide.
Admissions
Many programs base their admission decisions in a very similar fashion to the MBA programs, on a combination of undergraduate grade point average, academic transcripts, entrance exam scores, a résumé containing significant work experience, essays, letters of recommendation, and personal interviews. Some schools are also interested in extracurricular activities, community service activities or volunteer work, and how the student can improve the school's diversity and contribute to the student body as a whole. The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is the most prominently used entrance exam for admissions into MITB programs. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is also accepted by almost all MITB programs to fulfill any entrance exam requirement they may have. Some schools do not weigh entrance exam scores as heavily as other criteria, and some programs do not require entrance exam scores for admission.
References
Information Technology in Business, Master
Business qualifications
Management education
Computer science education
Information technology qualifications | Master of IT in Business | [
"Technology"
] | 397 | [
"Computer science education",
"Computer science",
"Computer occupations",
"Information technology qualifications"
] |
54,301,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaria%20fumosorosea | Isaria fumosorosea is an entomopathogenic fungus, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. It shows promise as a biological pesticide with an extensive host range.
Life cycle
When a conidium or blastospore of Isaria fumosorosea lands on a suitable host, it produces enzymes to penetrate the insect's cuticle. A germ tube then grows into the haemocoel and the fungus proliferates inside the insect’s body. The fungus can also enter through the spiracles, the mouth or the anal opening. The mycelia spread in the haemolymph and tissues, eventually emerging from the insect and producing conidia. Mortality of the insect has been ascribed to the drainage of its nutrients, the destruction of its tissues and the release of toxins.
Host range
This fungus has a wide host range that includes insects in over twenty five different families and many species of mite. Agricultural pest insects which are susceptible to infection include the diamondback moth (Plutella xyllostella), the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) and the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii). Among mites, susceptible species include the spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), the brown mite (Byrobia rubrioculus) and the apple rust mite (Aculus schlectendali).
Use in biological control
Isaria fumosorosea has been used to control insect pests of plants grown for the production of cut flowers, ornamentals growing in greenhouses and nurseries, vegetable and cole crops, cotton, maize, rice and plantation crops.
It has also been found to reduce the development and spread of powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, on cucumbers.
A comparison made between several entomopathogenic hyphomycetes showed that Isaria fumosorosea (as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) provided more effective control of the cabbage-heart caterpillar, Crocidolomia binotalis, than did either Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae.
Research at the USDA-ARS Bioactive Agents Research Unit in Peoria showed that blastospores start germinating at a faster rate on the cuticle of silverleaf whiteflies than do conidia. This suggests that the use of blastospores rather than conidia for the development of formulations would be advantageous.
The fungus neither grows nor develops at temperatures above 32 °C and is not thought to be pathogenic to humans. It has not been found to be toxic to rats in laboratory experiments and is not considered to be harmful to birds, honey bees, bumblebees or a wide range of non-target arthropods.
References
External links
Light-regulated asexual reproduction in Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
Germination of conidia and blastospores of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on the cuticle of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii
Clavicipitaceae
Biological pest control
Insect diseases
Fungi described in 1904
Biopesticides
Parasitic fungi
Fungus species | Isaria fumosorosea | [
"Biology"
] | 691 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,304,889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Coatings%20Symposium | Held every two years, the Western Coatings Symposium and Show serves the people and businesses that formulate and manufacture coatings in Western USA and Canada. Attendees learn the newest technical trends and advancements in coatings formulating, as well as develop an expanded network of key technical contacts in the industry.
The Western Coatings Symposium and Show is organized by the Los Angeles Society for Coatings Technology (LASCT), the Pacific Northwest Society for Coatings Technology (PNWSCT), the Golden Gate Society for Coatings Technology (GGSCT) and the Arizona Society for Coatings Technology (ASCT). The primary mandate of these four organizations is to:
Provide educational and networking opportunities for the members
Award scholarships/grants to students and academic institutions predominantly focused on coatings research or related fields of study.
Mission statement
The primary mission of the Western Coating Societies (WCS) is to promote education activities and the interchange of ideas among its members and the public and to arrange for the collection and dissemination of information pertinent to the industries served by WCS, .including but not limited to paints, coatings, inks, adhesives, varnishes, and other related fields.
History
In the early 1950s, three groups known as the Golden Gate Paint and Varnish Production Club, the Los Angeles Paint and Varnish Production Club, and the Pacific Northwest Paint and Varnish Production Club collaborated to bring a national coatings symposium to the west coast, for the purpose of providing technical education and network opportunities to individuals associated with west coast paint companies that were not able to attend the coating's conferences being held in the Midwest or on the east coast. At that time it was decided that the west coast symposium would be held on a biennial basis, rotating between the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco with the Los Angeles Club and Golden Gate Club as hosts, respectively, and that a trade show would be included, running concurrent with the symposium.
The first symposium
The first symposium and show was held in the spring of 1952 at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. The event was titled the "Pacific Coast Production Clubs Symposium with Paint Materials and Equipment Show". The second symposium and show was held in the spring of 1954 at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco.
After the 1954 symposium and show, the Golden Gate, Los Angeles, and Pacific Northwest Clubs began meeting annually during the summer, in what was termed the "Joint Executive Meeting", to exchange ideas relative to the Clubs and discuss past and future symposiums. In the 1960s the Clubs changed their names to Golden Gate, Los Angeles, and Pacific Northwest Society for Coatings Technology, the annual summer meeting became the West Coast Societies Annual Meeting, and the Western Coatings Society for Coatings Technology (WCS) was born. The Rocky Mountain Society for Coatings Technology joined the WCS group in 1961, but unfortunately had to withdraw in 2006 due to low membership and participation within their society. The Arizona Society for Coatings Technology expressed interest in joining the WCS in 2004 and they were welcomed into the WCS in 2005.
The WCS Symposium and Show continued to be held in even years on a biennial basis, rotating between Southern California and Northern California, until 1976 when the symposium was moved to the spring of 1977 due to the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT) (currently the American Coatings Association, ACA) annual International Coatings Exposition (ICE) convention and paint show that was held in the fall of 1975 in Los Angeles. The WCS Symposium and Show has been held on a biennial basis on odd years ever since.
During the winter of 1999, the Golden Gate Society moved the WCS Symposium from Northern California to Sparks, Nevada due to the exorbitant expense of holding the symposium in San Francisco. An additional change to the symposium and show was the implementation of table top exhibits instead of full booth exhibit space. The symposium and show was held in Los Angeles in 2001 and this was the last WCS symposium to take place in Los Angeles and in California. The WCS Symposium and show returned to Reno during the winter of 2003.
A bright future
At the 2002 West Coast Societies Annual Meeting it was decided to change the rotating venue format of the symposium to the permanent neutral location of Las Vegas. In the fall of 2005, the WCS Symposium and Show moved to its new home city of Las Vegas, Nevada. The WCS incorporated in 2006 and currently consists of the Arizona, Golden Gate, Los Angeles, and Pacific Northwest Societies for Coatings Technology.
References
External links
Western Coatings Symposium Home Page
Technology conferences
Paint and coatings industry | Western Coatings Symposium | [
"Chemistry"
] | 934 | [
"Coatings",
"Paint and coatings industry"
] |
54,305,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20in%20distributed%20software%20development | Communication in Distributed Software Development is an area of study that considers communication processes and their effects when applied to software development in a globally distributed development process. The importance of communication and coordination in software development is widely studied and organizational communication studies these implications at an organizational level. This also applies to a setting where teams and team members work in separate physical locations. The imposed distance introduces new challenges in communication, which is no longer a face to face process, and may also be subjected to other constraints such as teams in opposing time zones with a small overlap in working hours.
There are several reasons that force elements from the same project to work in geographically separated areas, ranging from different teams in the same company to outsourcing and offshoring, to which different constraints and necessities in communication apply. The added communication challenges result in the adoption of a wide range of different communication methods usually used in combination. They can either be in real time as in the case of a video conference, or in an asynchronous way such as email. While a video conference might allow the developers to be more efficient with regards to their time spent communicating, it is more difficult to accomplish when teams work in different time zones, in which case using an email or a messaging service might be more useful.
History
The history of communication in distributed software development is tied to the historical setting of distributed development itself. Communication tools helped in advancing the distributed development process, since communication was the principal missing component in early attempts for distributed software development . One of the main factors in the creation of new tools and making distributed development a viable methodology is the introduction of the Internet as an accessible platform for developers and researchers, facilitating the exchange of both code and information in a team.
One of the first manifestations of distributed development is the open-source community, where developers are joined together not by an enterprise and its resources but by voluntarily participating in the same project, resulting in diverse teams from different geographical locations. In these projects there is a surging need for communication and collaboration tools. The history of free and open-source software shows that as time progressed, the complexity of the projects and the number of involved people increased. Better communication and collaboration tools had an important role on this increase. Initially the available methods were mostly asynchronous forms of communication such as the email and mailing lists or even relying on periodical written publications to spread information. Synchronous communication would be mostly limited to telephone calls .
In this early stage there aren't many accounts of this kind of distributed development on an enterprise setting . However, the developments and tools of previous years pioneered the necessary means for companies to start investigating and adopting these practices when advantages could be obtained. More tools such as Audio conferencing and Instant messaging appeared mostly for other purposes but were quickly adopted, and continued to push forward the idea of distributed development. This new movement created an interest in the area of study that is Communication in Distributed Software Development to further improve the effectiveness and quality of the development process.
Importance
Software development, in general, requires a great deal of information exchange and studies show that a great percentage of a developer's time is spent on collaborative/communication activities. While formal communication is used for essential tasks such as updating a project status or determining who has responsibility for any particular work, informal communication is also crucial for the development process. Informal communication, or "corridor talk", helps developers stay aware of what is going on around them, what other employees are working on, who has expertise in what area, and many other essential pieces of background information that enables them to work together efficiently and create the "spirit of a team". Studies also show that the more uncertain a project is, the more important is this kind of communication.
In a Global Software engineering (GSE) environment, informal communication is hard to recreate. The lack of this type of communication can lead to surprises, resulting in misalignment and rework. For this reason, Communication in Distributed Software Development is important for any company that is applying GSE. This area of study, among other things, tries to recreate informal communication in a GSE environment, in order to develop software without the loss of development speed that is characteristic to this environment.
Challenges
Communication can be hindered by several barriers, such as socio-cultural, linguistic, knowledge, geographical and temporal barriers.
Socio-cultural barriers can manifest themselves as the means of communication. In fact, a study shows that U.S. and Japanese clients have distinct preferences with regards to them. U.S. clients prefer to communicate frequently via informal telephone and email contacts, while Japanese clients prefer verbal communication and less frequent but formal use of electronic media.
Linguistic barriers typically manifest themselves when at least one of the actors in a conversation is not speaking its native language. Aside from the fact that one should be able to express himself better in his native language, there are other obstacles. Idiomatic expressions and slang are an examples of such obstacles that difficult informal communication.
According to Allen's Curve, the frequency of communication between engineers drops at an exponential rate as the distance between them increases. In case of coworkers in a company, communication is often triggered by random encounters between coworkers. When there is a significant distance between the latter, their communication decreases. In fact, an empirical study was conducted that compared the frequency of communication between coworkers from local and remote sites. Most of the inquired answered that they speak to the majority of their local colleagues at least once a day, while speaking less than once a week with their remote ones.
Temporal barriers are closely related to geographical barriers. Temporal barriers are typically present on a scenario where two or more coworkers are in different time zones and oftentimes in different geographic locations. Developers mostly communicate during work hours, and while they can use asynchronous communication which doesn't require overlapping work hours, it inherently delays the communication process. As an alternative they can use synchronous communication if they need to communicate in real time, however it introduces the complication of finding overlapping work hours. Follow-the-sun is a common approach taken by software companies to mitigate the latter issue.
Research
Research on Communication in Distributed Software Development is conducted in order to improve the understanding of the implications of different communication methods on the success of the development process and the final product.
Communication is an essential process in coordinating a software development project and sharing knowledge between the team members. Previous studies claim that sharing knowledge is important to building trust and even improving the performance of the whole team, which also applies in a distributed software development process.
It can also bring challenges, as referred in the section above, that when improperly dealt with can delay a team project or even cost money to the company. A great deal of studies tries to find ways to mitigate these problems and avoid miscommunication.
The tools used for communication are within the scope of some studies. They show the advantages and disadvantages of some different types of tools, and also which kind of tools the developers like to use for certain situations.
The interest of researchers in how a globally distributed development influences the success of the project is noted in publications such as where the author mentions the need for more empirical studies on the subject. Another study tried to find more direct relations between time zones and language barriers without significant results, which as suggested by the author, might be due to low sample size. However it was shown that there is indeed a relationship between distributed development and longer response times between collaborators. There are also studies that correlate the frequency of communication and the geographical distance, such as Allen curve.
The research done so far points to the need of improving the methodologies and tools used by companies and that communication is a big factor in the success of a company.
Forms of communication
Communication in a collaboration setting can be achieved either synchronously or asynchronously, differing in how agents interact with each other. The different communication forms create analogous communication systems and tools depending on the type of communication supported, which serve different purposes in a distributed development setting. Even inside a company, the tasks and responsibilities of different members reflect in their usage in the tools used in the work environment.
Synchronous systems
In synchronous systems, the participants simultaneously receive and send information in "real time", and a message is usually followed by a response in a short time span. This type of communication is used for communication that requires an immediate response when the other participant is promptly available or for more informal communication in a direct setting. It can be used in an enterprise to answer questions quickly, discuss ideas, convey important developments that need attention or any other important message.
Asynchronous systems
Asynchronous systems provide a mechanism for submission and retrieval of messages, where the sender can send information whenever he likes and the recipient will only retrieve it and reply when he is available. This form of communication can be used to have a discussion or convey information about less urgent matters since no answer is guaranteed promptly. It is useful in a distributed development process especially because most of the time the different teams working on a project don't do so simultaneously, and matters that are not urgent can be discussed asynchronously.
Hybrid systems
There is also another possible approach in which a system provides both forms of communication in the same environment to allow more flexibility in communication. These systems can be referred to as Hybrid systems where messages exchanged usually have the characteristics of asynchronous messages, but the systems are also conceived in order to use these messages as a form of synchronous communication. They present a middle ground between asynchronous and synchronous communication.
Tools
Communication tools for Globally Distributed Software Engineering can be of various types that vary with the communication form used, the interface provided to the user, among others. Also, different categories can use different sensory information to improve the communication. The tools available include instant messaging, email, audio and video conference, virtual office and virtual reality. This section provides an overview of different types of tools and some popular examples that are in use currently, however it is not a thorough collection and listing of available tools. More complete listings can be found in other resources.
Asynchronous tools
Email
Email is a method of exchanging digital messages between people using digital devices such as computers, mobile phones and other electronics. Unlike the most instant messaging tools, on email neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously. The cost of using email in company varies, since, for example, the company might have its own email server.
Empirical studies demonstrated that all team members on a software development team used this tool effectively. Unlike instant messaging, email messages are intended to be more stand-alone and less sensitive to the context of communication, and thus producing email messages requires more time than traditional IM messages.
Some email providers are Gmail, Outlook.com and ProtonMail.
Synchronous tools
Audio and video conference
Audio and video conference are the technologies for the reception and transmission of audio-video signals by users at different locations, for communication between people in real-time. These type of tools attempts to replicate the rich interaction present in face-to-face meetings. Rich synchronous communication technology such as video-conferencing is appropriate for highly interactive discussions where body language and intonation can convey the degree of understanding or agreement among participants.
Video conference is also a good way to develop trust among global software developers, since it allows team members to form personal relationships.
Investigators found out that team members who are not confident with their English language skills prefer to use email or instant messaging over audio and video conferencing, as text-based media provide more time to comprehend and compose a response. This becomes a problem, since text-based media doesn't use neither auditory nor visual features, which can hinder the process of understanding important information and lead to misunderstandings.
Zoom, GoToMeeting and Highfive are examples of these type of tools.
Virtual Offices
Virtual Offices recreate the personal proximity and functionality of a physical office needed by teams in a global distributed software engineering environment. Instead of having "channels" or "messages threads", virtual offices have rooms on a virtual office space.
Professor Thomas J. Allen in the late 1970s discovered that the increase of distance between engineers reduces exponentially the frequency of communication between them. Virtual offices are a way to virtually reduce that distance, in order to increase the communication among them.
Furthermore, other studies show that virtual offices make work coordination easier and improve the performance in a team.
Some tools that belong to this subset are Sococo, 8x8 and Skype for Business.
Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality has gained increased interest over the years. It has grown from an industry of 129 million USD in 2015 to over 1 billion USD by the end of 2016. It is estimated that the industry will reach 4.6 billion USD by the end of 2018.
The content exchanged during the act of communication is merely the interpretations of the situations in which the actors are involved. The latter, in turn, depend on the context. The motivation for using virtual reality as a communication tool is based on the premise that one's perception of context is proportional to the sensorial information available.
In a virtual reality communication setup, each of its participants is under sensorial immersion. This improves the perception of the context in which the actor is in, which in turn improves the communication experience itself.
Even though the concept is not recent, the technology only started to be significantly developed as of 2010.
AltspaceVR is an example of a virtual reality platform which was recently used as a communication tool.
Hybrid tools
Instant Messaging
Instant messaging (IM) allows the transmission of messages between two parties or more in case of a "chat room". It can be synchronous or asynchronous and it's considered to be the less intrusive communication type. Researches show that developers like to use this type of tools to ask quick questions to their peers or superiors.
WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and HipChat are examples for this type of tool.
Applications in software processes
Agile
Mixing Agile software development and Distributed Software Development brings a lot of challenges to the team communication. On one hand, Agile software development demands an increase for informal communication and lacks formal communication, like documentation. On the other hand, Distributed Software Development makes it difficult to initiate communication, can lead to misunderstandings and increases the communication cost (time, money, etc.) as explained previously #Challenges, which can lead to a decrease on the frequency of communication. This makes the area of study presented of utter importance in Distributed Agile Software Development. One of its core principles emphasizes the relationships between individuals and their interactions, entailing constant communication.
Extreme Programming
Extreme programming (XP) was designed for an environment where all developers were co-located, which is not the case for Distributed Software Development. Furthermore, XP is heavily reliant on continuous communication between stakeholders and developers, which makes communication one of the five core values of XP. Consequently, communication on distributed environment is of utter importance for a XP development environment and should be taken into account when applying this methodology on a distributed environment.
References
External links
Mind the Gap, list of tools for Global Software Engineering
Software development | Communication in distributed software development | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,103 | [
"Software engineering",
"Computer occupations",
"Software development"
] |
54,305,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207030 | NGC 7030 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 380 million light-years away in the constellation Capricornus. NGC 7030 has an estimated diameter of 133,510 light-years. NGC 7030 was discovered by astronomer Francis Preserved Leavenworth on September 3, 1885.
See also
NGC 487
NGC 53
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
References
External links
Barred spiral galaxies
Capricornus
7030
66283
Astronomical objects discovered in 1885 | NGC 7030 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 97 | [
"Capricornus",
"Constellations"
] |
54,305,940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamethylarsenic | Pentamethylarsenic (or pentamethylarsorane) is an organometalllic compound containing five methyl groups bound to an arsenic atom with formula As(CH3)5. It is an example of a hypervalent compound. The molecular shape is trigonal bipyramid.
History
The first claim to make pentamethylarsenic was in 1862 in a reaction of tetramethylarsonium iodide with dimethylzinc by A. Cahours. For many years all the reproductions of this proved fruitless, so the production proved not to be genuine. It was actually discovered by Karl-Heinz Mitschke and Hubert Schmidbaur in 1973.
Production
Trimethylarsine is chlorinated to trimethylarsine dichloride, which then reacts with methyl lithium to yield pentamethylarsenic.
As(CH3)3 + Cl2 → As(CH3)3Cl2
As(CH3)3Cl2 + 2LiCH3 → As(CH3)5 + 2LiCl
Side products include As(CH3)4Cl and As(CH3)3=CH2.
Pentamethylarsenic is not produced by biological organisms.
Properties
Pentamethylarsenic smells the same as pentamethylantimony, but is otherwise unique.
The bond lengths in the molecule are for the three equatorial As−C bonds 1.975 Å and the two axial As−C bonds 2.073 Å.
The infrared spectrum of pentamethylarsenic shows strong bands at 582 and 358 cm−1 due to axial C-As vibration, and weaker bands at 265 and 297 cm−1 due to equatorial C-As vibration. Raman spectrum shows a strong feature at 519, 388, and 113 cm−1, and weak lines at 570 and 300 cm−1.
Reactions
Pentamethylarsenic reacts slowly with weak acids. With water it forms tetramethylarsonium hydroxide As(CH3)4OH and trimethylarsenic oxide As(CH3)3O. With methanol, tetramethylmethoxyarsorane As(CH3)4OCH3 is produced. Hydrogen halides react resulting in the formation of tetramethylarsonium halide salts.
When pentamethylarsenic is heated to 100° it decomposes forming trimethylarsine, methane, and ethylene.
When trimethylindium reacts with pentamethylarsenic in benzene solution, a salt precipitates: tetramethylarsenic(V)tetramethylindate(III).
References
Organoarsenic compounds
Hypervalent molecules
Arsenic(V) compounds
Substances discovered in the 1970s | Pentamethylarsenic | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 580 | [
"Molecules",
"Hypervalent molecules",
"Matter"
] |
54,305,952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamethylantimony | Pentamethylantimony or pentamethylstiborane is an organometalllic compound containing five methyl groups bound to an antimony atom with formula Sb(CH3)5. It is an example of a hypervalent compound. The molecular shape is trigonal bipyramid. Some other antimony(V) organometallic compounds include pentapropynylantimony (Sb(CCCH3)5) and pentaphenyl antimony (Sb(C6H5)5). Other known pentamethyl-pnictides include pentamethylbismuth and pentamethylarsenic.
Production
Pentamethylantimony can be made by reacting Sb(CH3)3Br2 with two equivalents of methyl lithium. Another production route is to convert trimethylstibine to the trimethyl antimony dichloride, and then replace the chlorine with methyl groups with methyl lithium.
Sb(CH3)3 + Cl2 → Sb(CH3)3Cl2
Sb(CH3)3Cl2 + 2LiCH3 → Sb(CH3)5 + 2LiCl
Properties
Pentamethylantimony is colourless. At -143 °C it crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Ccmm. Unit cell dimensions are a=6.630 Å b=11.004 Å c=11.090 Å. There are four formula per unit cell. Unit cell volume is 809.1 Å3. The trigonal bipyramid shape has three equatorial positions for carbon, and two axial positions at the peaks of the pyramids. The length of the antimony-carbon bond is around 214 pm for equatorial methyl groups and 222 pm for the axial positions. The bond angles are 120° for ∠C-Sb-C across the equator, and 90° for ∠C-Sb-C between equator and axis. The molecules rapidly change carbon atom position, so that in NMR spectrum as low as −100 °C, there is only one kind of hydrogen position.
Pentamethylantimony is more stable than pentamethylbismuth, because in lower energy trimethylbismuth, the non-bonding pair of electrons is more shielded due to the f-electrons and the lanthanoid contraction. Trimethylantimony is higher in energy, and thus less is released in a decomposition of pentamethylantimony. Pentamethylantimony can be stored as a liquid in clean glass at room temperature.
Pentamethylantimony melts at -19 °C. Although it decomposes when boiling is attempted and can explode, it has a high vapour pressure at 8 mmHg at 25 °C.
There are two absorption bands in the ultraviolet at 2380 and 2500 Å.
Reactions
Pentamethylantimony reacts with methyl lithium to yield a colourless lithium hexamethylantimonate in tetrahydrofuran.
Sb(CH3)5 + LiCH3 → Li(thf)Sb(CH3)6
Pentamethylantimony reacts with silsesquioxanes to yield tetramethylstibonium silsesquioxanes. eg (cyclo-C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3 yields (cyclo-C6H11)7Si7O9(OSb(CH3)4)3. The reaction happens quickly when there are more than two OH groups.
Phosphonic acids and phosphinic acids combine with pentamethylantimony to yield compounds like (CH3)4SbOP(O)Ph2, (CH3)4SbOP(O)(OH)Ph and (CH3)4SbOP(O)(OH)3, eliminating methane.
Stannocene Sn(C5H5)2 combines with pentamethylantimony to produce bis(tetramethylstibonium)tetracyclopentadienylstannate ([(CH3)4Sb]2Sn(C5H5)4).
Pentamethylantimony reacts with many very weak acids to form a tetramethylstibonium salt or tetramethylstibonium derivative with the acid. Such acids include water (H2O), alcohols, thiols, phenol, carboxylic acids, hydrogen fluoride, thiocyanic acid, hydrazoic acid, difluorophosphoric acid, thiophosphinic acids, and alkylsilols.
With halogens, pentamethylantimony has one or two methyl groups replaced by the halogen atoms. Lewis acids also react to form tetramethyl stibonium salts, including [(CH3)4Sb]TlBr4, [(CH3)4Sb][CH3SbCl5],
Pentamethylantimony reacts with the surface of silica to coat it with Si-O-Sb(CH3)4 groups. Over 250 °C this decomposes to Sb(CH3) and leaves methyl groups attached to the silica surface.
References
Organoantimony compounds
Hypervalent molecules
Methyl complexes | Pentamethylantimony | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,102 | [
"Molecules",
"Hypervalent molecules",
"Matter"
] |
54,305,958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamethylbismuth | Pentamethylbismuth (or pentamethylbismuthorane) is an organometalllic compound containing five methyl groups bound to a bismuth atom with formula Bi(CH3)5. It is an example of a hypervalent compound. The molecular shape is trigonal bipyramid.
Production
Pentamethylbismuth is produced in a two step process. First, trimethylbismuth is reacted with sulfuryl chloride to yield dichloro trimethylbismuth, which is then reacted with two equivalents of methyllithium dissolved in ether. The blue solution is cooled to −110 °C to precipitate the solid product.
Bi(CH3)3 + SO2Cl2 → Bi(CH3)3Cl2 + SO2
Bi(CH3)3Cl2 + 2LiCH3 → Bi(CH3)5 + 2LiCl
Properties
At -110 °C, Bi(CH3)5 is a blue-violet solid. The methyl groups are arranged in a trigonal bipyramid, and the bond-lengths of methyl with bismuth are all the same. However, the molecule is not rigid, as can be determined from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum that shows all methyl groups are equivalent. It is stable as a solid, but in the gas phase, when heated or in solution decomposes to trimethylbismuth.
The colour is unusual for bismuth or other hypervalent pnictide compounds, which are colourless. Calculations show that the colour is due to HOMO-LUMO transition. The HOMO is ligand based, whereas the LUMO is modified by relativistically stabilised bismuth 6s orbitals.
Reactions
If excess methyllithium is used in production, an orange hexamethylbismuth salt, LiBi(CH3)6, is formed.
References
Extra reading
Organobismuth compounds
Hypervalent molecules
Methyl complexes | Pentamethylbismuth | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 409 | [
"Molecules",
"Hypervalent molecules",
"Matter"
] |
54,306,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasevarion | In bacteria, phasevarions (also known as phase variable regulons) mediate a coordinated change in the expression of multiple genes or proteins. This occurs via phase variation of a single DNA methyltransferase. Phase variation of methyltransferase expression results in differential methylation throughout the bacterial genome, leading to variable expression of multiple genes through epigenetic mechanisms.
Phasevarions have been identified in several mucosal-associated human-adapted pathogens, which include; Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Helicobacter pylori, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. All described phasevarions regulate expression of proteins that are involved in host colonization, survival, and pathogenesis, and many regulate putative vaccine targets. The presence of phasevarions complicates identification of stably expressed proteins, as the regulated genes do not contain any identifiable features. The only way to identify genes in a phasevarion is by detailed study of the organisms containing such systems. Study of the phasevarions, and identification of proteins they regulate, is therefore critical to generate effective and stable vaccines.
Phase variable DNA methyltransferases
Many of the phasevarions described to date are controlled by Type III methyltransferases. Mod genes are the methyltransferase component of type III restriction modification (R-M) systems in bacteria, and serve to protect host DNA from the action of the associated restriction enzyme. However, in many bacterial pathogens, mod genes contain simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and the associated restriction enzyme encoding gene (res) is inactive. In these organisms the DNA methyltransferase phase varies between two states (ON or OFF) by variation in the number of SSRs in the mod gene. Multiple different mod genes have been identified. Each Mod methylates a different DNA sequence in the genome. Methylation of unique DNA sequences results in different Mod enzymes that regulate the expression of different sets of genes; i.e., they control different phasevarions. For example, twenty-one unique modA alleles have been identified in Haemophilus influenzae; Neisseria species contain seven modB alleles; and Helicobacter pylori contains seventeen modH alleles. Individual strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis can contain multiple, independently switching mod genes; for example, N. gonorrhoae can contain both modA and modB genes002C and individual N. meningitidis strains that contain modA, modB and modD have been identified.
A phasevarion controlled by a methyltransferase associated with a Type I R-M system has been identified and studied in Streptococcus pneumoniae. This phase-variable methyltransferase switches between six different methyltransferase specificities by shuffling between multiple, variable copies of the specificity subunit, hsdS, that dictates the sequence to be methylated. By shuffling DNA sequences, six different HsdS specificity proteins are produced in a pneumococcal population. This means six different DNA sequences are methylated by the functional methyltransferase. This genetic shuffling, or recombination, occurs between inverted repeat sequences located in the multiple, variable hsd genes present in the locus. Recombination is catalyzed by a recombinase that is associated with the type I locus. These six methyltransferase specificities (SpnD39IIIA-F) result in six differentiated cell types in a pneumococcal population.
A potential phasevarion controlled by a Type IIG R-M system has been recently described in the human gastric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni.
Role in pathogenesis
Switching of mod genes is selected for under certain disease states or within specific host niches: for example, the non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) modA2 ON state is selected for within the middle ear during manifestation of experimental otitis media. A switch from modA2 OFF to modA2 ON results in more severe middle ear disease in a model of otitis media than in a situation where switching from modA2 OFF to modA2 ON does not occur. Phase-variation of the modA2 allele also results in NTHi populations with distinct advantages under oxidative stress and increased resistance to neutrophil killing. In M. catarrhalis, the modM3 allele is associated with strains isolated from the middle ear of children. In S. pneumoniae, selection of particular SpnD39III alleles (allele A) occurs when S. pneumoniae is present in blood, which implies that SpnD39III-A regulates genes that give a selective advantage in this in vivo niche. No selection for any SpnD39III allele was seen when S. pneumoniae was present in the nasopharynx.
References
Bacteria | Phasevarion | [
"Biology"
] | 1,057 | [
"Microorganisms",
"Prokaryotes",
"Bacteria"
] |
54,306,725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metuloidea%20murashkinskyi | Metuloidea murashkinskyi is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae. It is found in Europe and Asia, where it causes a white rot on the wood of deciduous trees.
Taxonomy
The fungus was first described in 1931 by American mycologist Edward Angus Burt as Hydnum murashkinskyi. He named it after professor K.E. Murashkinsky of the Siberian Agricultural Academy, who collected the type specimens in 1928 and sent them to Burt for identification. The species was later transferred to the genera Mycoleptodon by Albert Pilát in 1934, Steccherinum by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus in 1962, and Irpex by Heikki Kotiranda & Reima Saarenoksa in 2002. Miettinen & Spirin transferred it to the newly-circumscribed genus Metuloidea in 2016.
Description
The fruit bodies of Metuloidea murashkinskyi are somewhat cap-like but adhere firmly to the substrate without a stipe, and measure by by 1–5 mm thick. They have a leathery texture when fresh, but become fragile when dry. The cap surface is initially tomentose, later becoming smooth and zonate with an uneven surface and a cinnamon-brown colour. The spore-bearing surface, or hymenium, is hydnoid—that is, bearing structures resembling small conical spines measuring 0.5–5 mm long. These spines are packed together quite densely, about 4 to 6 per millimetre, and have a smoke-brown colour. In some instances, the spines fuse together to form irregular pores numbering 4–5 per millimetre. Fruit bodies have a distinctive spicy odour that lingers even in dried herbarium specimens. This odour is characteristic of the genus Metuloidea.
Metuloidea murashkinskyi has a dimitic hyphal structure with thick-walled sclerified generative hyphae that are 5–7 μm. The spores are shaped like short cylinders, and typically measure 3.6–4.5 by 2.8–2.3 μm. The pseudocystidia are thick-walled and are 4.5–7.5 μm wide at the apex. The basidia measure 9–12 x 2.4–3.6 μm.
Habitat and distribution
Metuloidea murashkinskyi is a white rot fungus that feeds on the dead wood of deciduous trees. It is known to occur in the Russian Far East, Slovakia, China, and Korea. It is found on birch, aspen and oak trees.
Research
A 2016 study reported that Metuloidea murashkinskyi has a strong ability to grow on oil-contaminated substrates, particularly oil-aliphatic hydrocarbons, and may have potential as a bioremediant of oil-contaminated peat soil.
Similar Species
Metuloidea murashkinskyi can be confused with old specimens of Irpex lacteus, as it can occasionally be poroid instead of hydnoid. Irpex lacteus however does not have clamp connections, and has smaller pores.
References
Fungi described in 1931
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Europe
Steccherinaceae
Fungus species | Metuloidea murashkinskyi | [
"Biology"
] | 694 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,309,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl%20rhodium%20dichloride%20dimer | Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dichloride dimer is an organometallic compound with the formula [(C5(CH3)5RhCl2)]2, commonly abbreviated [Cp*RhCl2]2 This dark red air-stable diamagnetic solid is a reagent in organometallic chemistry.
Structure and preparation
The compound has idealized C2h symmetry. Each metal centre is pseudo-octahedral.
The compound is prepared by the reaction of rhodium trichloride trihydrate and pentamethylcyclopentadiene in hot methanol, from which the product precipitates:
It was first prepared by the reaction of hydrated rhodium trichloride with hexamethyl Dewar benzene
This complex was first prepared from hexamethyl Dewar benzene and RhCl3(H2O)3. The hydrohalic acid necessary for the ring-contraction rearrangement is generated in situ in methanolic solutions of the rhodium salt, and the second step has been carried out separately, confirming this mechanistic description. The reaction occurs with the formation of 1,1-dimethoxyethane, CH3CH(OCH3)2, and hexamethylbenzene is produced by a side reaction.
This rhodium(III) dimer can be reduced with zinc in the presence of CO to produce the rhodium(I) complex [Cp*Rh(CO)2].
Reactions
Reductive carbonylation gives [Cp*Rh(CO)2].
The Rh-μ-Cl bonds are labile and cleave en route to a variety of adducts of the general formula Cp*RhCl2L. Treatment with silver ions in polar coordinating solvents causes precipitation of silver(I) chloride, leaving a solution containing dications of the form [Cp*RhL3]2+ (L = H2O, MeCN).
The chemistry is similar to that of the analog pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dichloride dimer.
Further reading (early literature)
References
Organorhodium compounds
Dimers (chemistry)
Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl complexes
Chloro complexes
Rhodium(III) compounds | Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dichloride dimer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 501 | [
"Dimers (chemistry)",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
54,309,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Goddard%E2%80%93Malrieu%E2%80%93Trinquier%20model | The Carter–Goddard–Malrieu–Trinquier model (better known as CGMT model) is a model in inorganic chemistry, used for the description and prediction of distortions in multiple bonding systems of main group elements.
Theory
The model predicts that if the double bond is homolytically cleaved in a system R1 R2 M = MR3 R4, the two carbene analog fragments resulting therefrom can subsequently be present in both a singlet and a triplet state. Independently, however, the basic state of the fragments may be a triplet or a singlet state. EA Carter and WA Goddard III showed that the binding energy EG results from the bond dissociation energy E int minus the sum of the singlet-triplet excitation energies ΣΔE S → T of the resulting fragments. E GBE = E int - ΣΔE S → T.
This model was extended by G. Trinquier and J. P. Malrieu by the possibility to make statements about the geometry (characterized by the distance between the metal centers r, and the tilt angle θ) of a double bond system due to ΣΔE S → T. As can be seen in the illustration, a coplanar structure (θ = 0 °) is optimal for triplet fragments. For singlet fragments, however, there is a double donor-acceptor bond with an angle of θ close to 45 °.
References
Inorganic chemistry | Carter–Goddard–Malrieu–Trinquier model | [
"Chemistry"
] | 304 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"nan",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
54,309,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20safety%20classification | Software installed in medical devices is assessed for health and safety issues according to international standards.
Safety classes
Software classification is based on the potential for hazard(s) that could cause injury to the user or patient.
Per [[IEC 62304|IEC 62304:2006] + A1:2015], the software can be divided into three separate classes:
The SOFTWARE SYSTEM is software safety class A if:
the SOFTWARE SYSTEM cannot contribute to a HAZARDOUS SITUATION; or
the SOFTWARE SYSTEM can contribute to a HAZARDOUS SITUATION which does not result in unacceptable RISK after consideration of RISK CONTROL measures external to the SOFTWARE SYSTEM.
The SOFTWARE SYSTEM is software safety class B if:
the SOFTWARE SYSTEM can contribute to a HAZARDOUS SITUATION which results in unacceptable RISK after consideration of RISK CONTROL measures external to the SOFTWARE SYSTEM and the resulting possible HARM is non-SERIOUS INJURY.
The SOFTWARE SYSTEM is software safety class C if:
the SOFTWARE SYSTEM can contribute to a HAZARDOUS SITUATION which results in unacceptable RISK after consideration of RISK CONTROL measures external to the SOFTWARE SYSTEM and the resulting possible HARM is death or SERIOUS INJURY“
Serious injury
For the purpose of this classification, serious injury is defined as injury or illness that directly or indirectly is life-threatening; results in permanent impairment of a body function or permanent damage to a body structure; or necessitates medical or surgical intervention to prevent permanent impairment of a body function or permanent damage to a body structure.
References
Software
Occupational safety and health | Software safety classification | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 288 | [
"Software engineering",
"Computer science",
"Software",
"nan"
] |
54,310,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLUPF90 | The BLUPF90 family of programs is a statistical software package used in quantitative genetics for animal and plant breeding. It can fit mixed models using restricted maximum likelihood as well as Gibbs sampling to estimate variance components, and predict breeding values via best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP).
Coded in Fortran, it can perform genomic selection on hundreds of thousands of genotyped individuals.
Compiled versions of BLUPF90 are freely available for research, and can be used on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. There also exists an add-on to R (programming language).
References
External links
BLUPF90 home page
Statistical software | BLUPF90 | [
"Mathematics"
] | 130 | [
"Statistical software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
54,310,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated%20Received%20Chain | Authenticated Received Chain (ARC) is an email authentication system designed to allow an intermediate mail server like a mailing list or forwarding service to sign an email's original authentication results. This allows a receiving service to validate an email when the email's SPF and DKIM records are rendered invalid by an intermediate server's processing.
ARC is defined in RFC 8617, published in July 2019, as "Experimental".
Overview
DMARC allows a sender's domain to indicate that their emails are protected by SPF and/or DKIM, and tells a receiving service what to do if neither of those authentication methods passes - such as to reject the message. However, a strict DMARC policy may block legitimate emails sent through a mailing list or forwarder, as the DKIM signature will be invalidated if the message is modified, such as by adding a subject tag or footer, and the SPF check will either fail (if the forwarder didn't change the bounce address) or be aligned with the mailing list domain and not with the message author's domain (unless the mailing list rewrites the From: header field.)
ARC was devised to solve this problem by giving intermediate servers a way to sign the original message's validation results. Even if the SPF and DKIM validation fail, the receiving service can choose to validate the ARC chain. If it indicates that the original message passed the SPF and DKIM checks, and the only modifications were made by intermediaries trusted by the receiving service, the receiving service may choose to accept the email. Validating an ARC chain only makes sense if the receiver trusts the ARC signers. In fact, an ARC chain can be counterfeited, so ARC processing applies when receivers trust the good faith of ARC signers, but not so much their filtering practices.
Implementation
ARC defines three new mail headers:
ARC-Authentication-Results (abbreviated AAR) - A combination of an instance number (i) and the results of the SPF, DKIM, and DMARC validation
ARC-Seal (abbreviated AS) - A combination of an instance number (i), a DKIM-like signature of the previous ARC-Seal headers, and the validity of the prior ARC entries.
ARC-Message-Signature (abbreviated AMS) - A combination of an instance number (i) and a DKIM-like signature of the entire message except for the ARC-Seal headers
To sign a modification, an intermediate server performs the following steps:
Copies the Authentication-Results field into a new AAR field (starting with i=1) and prepends it to the message.
Calculates the AMS for the message (with the AAR) and prepends it to the message.
Calculates the AS for the previous Arc-Seal headers and prepends it to the message.
To validate an ARC, the recipient performs the following steps:
Validates the chain of ARC-Seal headers (no missing entries, all ARC-Seal messages state that the prior ARC entries are valid, etc.)
Validates the newest ARC-Message-Signature (based on the instance number)
References
External links
Email authentication
Internet architecture
Internet governance
Network addressing
Anti-spam | Authenticated Received Chain | [
"Technology"
] | 670 | [
"Internet architecture",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
54,310,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGRMC2 | Progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (abbreviated PGRMC2) is a protein which is encoded by the PGRMC2 gene. It has been detected in the placenta, liver, and spermatozoa, among other areas.
See also
PGRMC
PGRMC1
Membrane progesterone receptor
References
Receptors | PGRMC2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 69 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Receptors",
"Protein stubs",
"Signal transduction"
] |
54,310,956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGRMC | The progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMCs) refer to the following two receptors:
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1)
Progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (PGRMC2)
See also
Membrane progesterone receptor
References
Receptors | PGRMC | [
"Chemistry"
] | 60 | [
"Receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
54,311,087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium%20phosphide | Yttrium phosphide is an inorganic compound of yttrium and phosphorus with the chemical formula YP. The compound may be also classified as yttrium(III) phosphide.
Synthesis
Heating (500–1000 °C) of pure substances in a vacuum:
Properties
Yttrium phosphide forms cubic crystals.
Uses
Ytttium phosphide is a semiconductor used in laser diodes, and in high power and frequency applications.
References
Phosphides
Yttrium compounds
Rock salt crystal structure | Yttrium phosphide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 109 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
54,311,175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20transporter%20ZIP9 | Zinc transporter ZIP9, also known as Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) and solute carrier family 39 member 9, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A9 gene. This protein is the 9th member out of 14 ZIP family proteins, which is a membrane androgen receptor (mAR) coupled to G proteins, and also classified as a zinc transporter protein. ZIP family proteins transport zinc metal from the extracellular environment into cells through cell membrane.
Classification and nomenclature
Mammalian cells have two major groups of zinc transporter proteins; the ones that export zinc from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space (efflux), which are called ZnT (SLC30 family), and ZIP (SLC39 family) proteins whose functions are in the opposite direction (influx). ZIP family proteins are named as Zrt- and Irt-like proteins because of their similarities to Zrt and Irt proteins which are respectively zinc and iron -regulated transporter proteins in yeast and Arabidopsis that were discovered earlier than ZIP and ZnT proteins. ZIP family consists of four subfamilies (I, II, LIV-1, and gufA), and ZIP9 is the only member of subfamily I.
Isoforms
ZIP9 can be present as 3 different isoforms in human cells. The canonical isoform of this protein has a length of 307 amino acids, with a molecular mass of . In the second isoform, amino acids 135-157 are missing, so its length and molecular weight are respectively reduced to 284 amino acids and . In the third isoform the amino acids 233-307 are missing, so the isoform only has 232 amino acids and its molecular mass is . Additionally, the last amino acid of isoform 3, which is usually serine, is replaced with aspartic acid.
Discovery
ZIP9 membrane androgen receptor was first discovered in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) brain, ovary and testicular tissues and named "AR2" in 1999, together with another androgen receptor which was found only in brain tissue, and it was named "AR1" in that time. AR1 and AR2 were first thought to be nuclear androgen receptors (nAR), however, further studies on their biochemical and functional features in 2003 illustrated that they were involved in non-genomic mechanisms in the plasma membrane of the cells and were membrane androgen receptors. In 2005, the similarities between the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of AR2 and ZIP family proteins were discovered in other vertebrates, suggesting that AR2 is from this family of proteins. A study in 2014 utilised the latest research technologies to clone and express a particular cDNA of the female Atlantic croaker ovaries, which encoded a protein showing the characteristics of the canonical isoform of ZIP9, as a novel membrane androgen receptor(mAR).
Structure
Unlike other ZIP subfamilies that are consisted of 8 transmembrane (TM) domains with an extracellular C-terminal, ZIP9 consists of a 7 TM structure with an intracellular C-terminus. ZIP9 is shorter than other ZIP proteins, and only has about 307 amino acids within its structure, however, like other ZIP proteins, between its domains III and IV, within the intracellular loop, it contains histidine-rich clusters. ZIP9 and other ZIP proteins have polar or charged amino acids in their TM domains which probably play important roles in making ion transfer channels and therefore in importing zinc ions into cytoplasm.
Location, expression and function
ZIP9 influxes zinc ions into the cytosol and its gene is expressed almost in every tissue of human body. The sub-cellular location of ZIP9 is in plasma, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membrane. One of the responsibilities of ZIP9 is the homeostasis of zinc in the secretory pathway, during which this protein stays within the Trans Golgi Network regardless of the change in the concentrations of zinc.
ZIP9 is the only ZIP protein that signals through G protein binding, and pharmaceutical agents decrease its ligand binding once ZIP9 is uncoupled from G proteins. ZIP9 is also the only member of ZIP family with mAR characteristics.
Ligands
Testosterone has high affinity for ZIP9 with a Kd of 14 nM and acts as an agonist of the receptor. In contrast, the other endogenous androgens dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione show low affinity for the receptor with less than 1% of that of testosterone, although DHT is still effective in activating the receptor at sufficiently high concentrations. Moreover, the synthetic androgens mibolerone and metribolone (R-1881), the endogenous androgen 11-ketotestoterone, and the other steroid hormones estradiol and cortisol are all ineffective competitors for the receptor. Since mibolerone and metribolone bind to and activate the nuclear androgen receptor (AR) but not ZIP9, they could potentially be employed to differentiate between AR- and ZIP9-mediated responses of testosterone. The nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide has been identified as an antagonist of ZIP9.
Clinical significance
Zinc homeostasis is very important in human health, because zinc is present in the structure of some proteins like zinc-dependent metalloenzymes and zinc-finger-containing transcriptional factors. In addition, zinc is involved in signalling for cell growth, proliferation, division and apoptosis. As a result, any dysfunction of zinc transporter proteins can be harmful for the cells, and some of them are associated with different cancers, diabetes and inflammation. For instance, through activation of ZIP9, testosterone has been found to increase intracellular zinc levels in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and ovarian follicle cells and to induce apoptosis in these cells, an action which may be mediated partially or fully by increased zinc concentrations.
Gene mutations
Mutations in the SLC39A9 gene can occur due to genetic deletion of the q24.1-24.3 band of base pairs within the human chromosome 14. This interstitial deletion mutation deletes the SLC39A9 gene along with 18 other genes found close to the SLC39A9 gene on chromosome 14 Although specific gene associated diseases have not been determined, the deletion of this band causes diseases such as congenital heart defects, mild intellectual disability, brachydactyly, and all patients with band deletion had hypertelorism and a broad nasal bridge. Patient specific clinical issues included ectopic organs, undescended testes, also called cryptorchidism, and malrotation of the small intestine.
Deletion mutation involving the SLC39A9 gene has also been reported in 23 cases of patients with circulation related cancers such as B-cell lymphoma and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).
Chimeric genes are a result of faulty DNA replication, and arise when two or more coding sequences of the same or different chromosome combine in order to produce a single new gene. SLC39A9 forms a chimeric gene product with a gene called PLEKHD1, that codes for an intracellular protein found within the cerebellum. A study done in Seattle, USA, established the presence of the fusion protein product of the SLC39A9-PLEKHD1 gene to be present in 124 cases of schizophrenia and was closely related to the pathophysiology of disease. The fusion protein had features from both the parent genes and also possessed the ability to interact with cellular signalling pathways involving kinases such as Akt and Erk, leading to their increased phosphorylation within the brain and a consequent onset of schizophrenia.
SLC39A9 gene also forms a fusion transcript with another gene called MAP3K9, that encodes for MAP3 kinase enzyme. This SLC39A9-MAP3K9 fusion gene has a repetitive occurrence in breast cancers, demonstrated by a study done on 120 primary breast cancer samples from Korean women in 2015.
Cancer
Breast and prostate
A study in 2014, elucidated the intermediary role of ZIP9 in causing human breast and prostate cancer, as it induced the apoptosis in the presence of testosterone in breast and prostate cancerous cells. unlike ZIP1, 2 and 3, ZIP9 mRNA expression was increased in human prostate and breast malignant biopsy cancer cells, which probably was because cells that divide rapidly require more zinc.
Brain
Treatment of glioblastoma cells with TPEN showed that upregulation of ZIP9 in glioblastoma cells enhances cell migration in brain cancer by influencing P53 and GSK-3ß, and also ERK and AKT signalling pathways in phosphorylation after activation of B-cell receptors.
Diabetes
Zinc must be constantly supplied to Pancreatic β-cells to function normally and maintain glycaemic control. The insulin secretory pathway in humans is highly dependent on zinc activities. The cells lose many zinc ions during the secretion of insulin, and need to receive more zinc, and expression of ZIP9 mRNA during this process increases. As a result, ZIP9, which is involved in importing zinc into the cells, is potentially a target for therapeutic studies in the future regarding diabetes type2.
See also
GPRC6A
Ion transporter
Membrane androgen receptor
Zinc transporter protein
Atlantic croaker
GPCR
References
G protein-coupled receptors
Solute carrier family | Zinc transporter ZIP9 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,997 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
54,311,407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility%20portfolio | A mobility portfolio is a suite of transportation options accessible with a smartphone. It interfaces with ride-sharing services such as Uber and Lyft, public transportation such as trains and buses, ride sharing and carpooling, bike sharing, and other neighborhood-based networking, focusing on "smarter travel" and "smarter places".
References
Intermodal passenger transport | Mobility portfolio | [
"Physics"
] | 74 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport stubs"
] |
57,617,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucht%20v.%20King | Zucht v. King, 260 U.S. 174 (1922), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court unanimously held that public schools could constitutionally exclude unvaccinated students from attending, even if there was not an ongoing outbreak. In the case, the school district of San Antonio, Texas enacted an ordinance that prohibited any child from attending a school within the district unless they had been vaccinated against smallpox. One parent of a student who had been excluded, Rosalyn Zucht, sued on the basis that there was not a public health emergency. Justice Louis Brandeis wrote for the unanimous court that requiring students to be vaccinated was a justified use of "police power" to maintain public health and safety.
Brandeis invoked a previous decision, Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), in which the Court upheld the authority of the states to enforce compulsory vaccination laws.
Opinion
The city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance prohibiting any child from attending a public school or other places of education without having first presented a certificate of vaccination for smallpox. Consequently, Rosalyn Zucht was excluded from both public and private schools due to her refusal to receive a vaccination. Zucht sued, asserting that there was no emergency requiring vaccination and that she was deprived of liberty without due process of law by effectively making vaccination compulsory. The Texas state courts denied her claims, and she appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
In a brief opinion, the Court noted that in the previous case of Jacobson v. Massachusetts, the Court "had settled that it is within the police power of a state to provide for compulsory vaccination". The Court found no reason to question the fairness with which the city ordinance was applied in this case, and found that the ordinance reflected the broad discretion needed by authorities to protect the public health. The Court also noted that although the plaintiff asserted an equal protection violation, she had not articulated any impermissible discrimination that would invoke that doctrine, leaving nothing for the Court to examine with respect to such a claim.
See also
1905 in the United States
1922 in the United States
List of United States Supreme Court cases
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 260
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court
Compagnie Francaise de Navigation a Vapeur v. Louisiana Board of Health, 1902 case in which the Court had upheld quarantine laws as a reasonable exercise of police power
Prince v. Massachusetts
References
Further reading
External links
Vaccination case law in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Taft Court
Vaccine controversies
1922 in United States case law | Zucht v. King | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 550 | [
"Vaccination",
"Drug safety",
"Vaccine controversies"
] |
57,617,473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20of%20Earth | The value of Earth, i.e. the net worth of our planet, is a debated concept both in terms of the definition of value, as well as the scope of "Earth". Since most of the planet's substance is not available as a resource, "earth" has been equated with the sum of all ecosystem services as evaluated in ecosystem valuation or full-cost accounting.
The price on the services that the world's ecosystems provide to humans has been estimated in 1997 to be $33 trillion per annum, with a confidence interval of from $16 trillion to $54 trillion. Compared with the combined gross national product (GNP) of all the countries at about the same time ($18 trillion) ecosystems would appear to be providing 1.8 times as much economic value as people are creating. The result details have been questioned, in particular the GNP, which is believed to be closer to $28 trillion (which makes ecosystem services only 1.2 times as precious), while the basic approach was readily acknowledged. The World Bank gives the total gross domestic product (GDP) in 1997 as $31.435, which would about equal the biosystem value.
Criticisms were addressed in a later publication, which gave an estimate of $125 trillion/yr for ecosystem services in 2011, which would make them twice as valuable as the GDP, with a yearly loss of 4.3–20.2 trillion/yr.
The BBC has published a website that lists various types of resources on various scales together with their current estimated values from different sources, among them BBC Earth, and Tony Juniper in collaboration with The United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC).
See also
Gross world product
Willingness to pay
Earth Economics
Ecological values of mangroves
Natural capital
Total economic value
References
Ecosystems
Economic indicators | Value of Earth | [
"Biology"
] | 373 | [
"Symbiosis",
"Ecosystems"
] |
57,617,730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-11-choline | Carbon-11 choline is the basis of medical imaging technologies. Because of its involvement in biologic processes, choline is related to diseases, leading to the development of medical imaging techniques to monitor its concentration. When radiolabeled with 11CH3, choline is a useful a tracer in PET imaging. Carbon-11 is radioactive with a half-life of 20.38 minutes. By monitoring the gamma radiation resulting from the decay of carbon-11, the uptake, distribution, and retention of carbon-11 choline can be monitored.
Specific applications
One of the first uses of carbon-11 choline in PET imaging examined Alzheimer's disease patients. Choline is the precursor to neurotransmitter acetylcholine whose cholinergic activity is impaired in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s. While there was uptake of the tracer in the brain, no pharmacokinetic pattern was found.
Carbon-11 choline has found more success in cancer systems imaging. Choline is a precursor for the synthesis of phospholipids. When a cell is about to divide, it synthesizes these phospholipids to generate enough material to build the cell membranes of the two daughter cells. Thus it was hypothesized that highly proliferative tumors would uptake more choline than the surrounding healthy tissue. This was first tested in brain tumors after successful demonstration of choline uptake in the brain. It was found that these brain tumors had over 10x the uptake of carbon-11 choline than the surrounding brain tissue. Furthermore, because of the low choline uptake in healthy brain tissue, carbon-11 choline was found to be a superior PET tracer than fluorine-18 Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) when delineating brain tumors. Carbon-11 choline has also been used to detect tumors in the colon and esophagus and lung metastases.
Prostate cancer is another disease where carbon-11 choline PET imaging has found success. As with the brain, there is too much signal from the surrounding tissue, especially the bladder, to accurately measure tumor uptake with fluorine-18 FDG. While it was shown carbon-11 choline could be used to detect the initiation of prostate cancer, its value was found in detecting prostate cancer recurrence when it is the most deadly. In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved carbon-11 choline as an imaging agent to be used during a PET scan to detect recurrent prostate cancer.
References
Quaternary ammonium compounds
3D nuclear medical imaging
Medical physics | Carbon-11-choline | [
"Physics"
] | 551 | [
"Antimatter",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Positron emission tomography",
"Medical physics",
"Matter"
] |
57,617,861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20P.%20Eugster | Hans Peter Eugster (November 19, 1925, in Igis, Switzerland – December 17, 1987, in Baltimore, US) was a Swiss-American geochemist, mineralogist, and petrologist.
Education
Eugster studied at ETH Zurich with Diplom in 1948 and D.Sc. in 1951 under Paul Niggli with a dissertation on metamorphic recrystallization in the eastern part of the Aar massif. As a postdoctoral fellow, Eugster studied optical spectroscopy from 1951 to 1952 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was also influenced by research on petrology done by James Burleigh Thompson's team at Harvard University.
Career
Eugster then went to the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, DC. There, from 1952 to 1958, he studied experimental mineralogy under Hatten Yoder, specializing in high temperatures and aqueous fluid pressures.
He investigated the Green River Formation, later followed by worldwide investigations of other salt deposits. He became in 1958 Associate Professor of Experimental Petrology at Johns Hopkins University and in 1960 Professor. From 1983 to 1987 he was the director of the faculty of geosciences. He was also an adjunct professor at the University of Wyoming from 1970 onwards. He died unexpectedly from an aortic rupture.
Awards and honors
He was elected in 1972 a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and, in the same year, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received in 1983 the Roebling Medal, in 1976 the V. M. Goldschmidt Award, and in 1971 the Arthur L. Day Medal. In 1985 he was president of the Mineralogical Society of America.
The salt mineral eugsterite from Lake Victoria in Kenya was named after him in 1981.
Personal life
His brother was a chemist and professor at the University of Zurich. He was married to Elaine Koppelman.
Selected works
Heterogeneous reactions involving oxidation and reduction at high pressures and temperatures, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 26, 1957, pp. 1760–1761
with Charles Milton: Mineral assemblages in the Green River Formation, in P.H. Abelson, Researches in Geochemistry, Wiley 1959, pp. 18–150
Reduction and Oxidation in Metamorphism, in P.H. Abelson, Researches in Geochemistry, Wiley 1959, pp. 397–426
with B.M. French. Experimental control of oxygen fugacities by graphite-gas equilibriums, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 70, 1965, pp. 1529–1539.
with D.R. Wones: Stability of Biotite: Experiment, Theory, and Application., American Mineralogist, Vol. 50, 1965, pp. 1228–1272.
with J. L. Munoz: Experimental control of fluorine reactions in hydrothermal systems. American Mineralogist, Vol. 54, 1969, pp. 943–959.
with L.A. Hardie: The Evolution of Closed Basin Brines, Mineralogical Society of America Special Publ., 3, 1970, pp. 273–290
The Beginnings of Experimental Petrology, Science, Vol. 173, 1971, pp. 481–489
with C.E. Harvie, J.H. Weare, L. A. Hardie. Evaporation of sea water: Calculated mineral sequences, Science, Vol. 208, 1980, pp. 498–500.
Oil shales, evaporites and ore deposits. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 49, 1985, pp. 619–635.
with R.J. Spencer, B.F. Jones, S.L. Rettig: Geochemistry of Great Salt Lake, Utah, Part 1, 2, Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, Vol. 49, 1985, pp. 727–737, 739–774
References
External links
American mineralogists
American geochemists
Swiss mineralogists
Petrologists
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1925 births
1987 deaths
Recipients of the V. M. Goldschmidt Award
20th-century American chemists
ETH Zurich alumni | Hans P. Eugster | [
"Chemistry"
] | 893 | [
"Geochemists",
"Recipients of the V. M. Goldschmidt Award",
"American geochemists"
] |
57,618,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20DJ-70 | The Roland DJ-70 is a 16-bit linear A/D Conversion & 20-bit linear D/A Conversion sampling workstation and was released in 1992 by Roland Italy.
Roland DJ-70MKII
The Roland DJ-70MKII was released in 1996 by Roland Italy. It had 37 keys, 8 Play Pads (Pitchbender Joystick and featured the first ever for DJ's a Special Scratch Dial/Scratch Pad), 24 Voice Note Polyphony, 8 Track music sequencer, with RPS/BPM Function and featured a 3.5"in. floppy disk drive (2DD/2HD), "Load-While-Play" feature, SCSI port only on Roland DJ-70MKII. It also had a large backlit LCD screen. The Roland DJ-70MKII with its more powerful features then the Roland DJ-70, was essentially a Roland S-760 rack mount sampler with a keyboard.
Sample Rate
Up to 32 samples can be recorded. The Sampling Frequency Rates can be used are 16-bit 22.05 kHz or 44.1 kHz. Roland DJ-70 & Roland DJ-70MKII both can read on 3.5" floppy disk drive (2DD/2HD) file from Roland S-50 Sampling Keyboard, Roland W-30 Sampling Keyboard, Roland S330/S550/SP-700/S770/S750/S760 rack mount sampler (Using CONVERT LOAD feature). AKAI S1000/1100 sounds via 'SCSI port (Roland DJ-70MKII only)'.
Roland DJ-70:
• Memory 2MB [Sample Time: 22.5 sec.(44.1 kHz) Stereo. 45 sec.(22.05 kHz) Mono.]
• Memory 4MB [Sample Time: 45.3 sec.(44.1 kHz) Stereo. 90 sec.(22.05 kHz) Mono.]
Roland DJ-70MKII:
• Memory 2MB [Sample Time: 22.5 sec.(44.1 kHz) Stereo. 45 sec.(22.05 kHz) Mono.]
• Memory 32MB [Sample Time: 6 min.(44.1 kHz) Stereo. 12 min.(22.05 kHz) Mono.]
Both Roland DJ-70 & Roland DJ-70MKII use RAM Memory type, there are two slot available. Type used are (30-pin for MKI) 72-pin SIMMs Memories.
Display
Main panel features a 64 x 240 pixels backlit display LCD screen.
Notable users
Jean-Michel Jarre
References
Further reading
Polyphonic synthesizers
Digital synthesizers
Roland synthesizers
Samplers (musical instrument)
Electronic musical instruments
Music sequencers
Sound modules
Music workstations
Hip-hop production
Japanese inventions | Roland DJ-70 | [
"Engineering"
] | 578 | [
"Music sequencers",
"Automation"
] |
57,619,067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed%20electronic%20circuit | A printed electronic circuit (PEC) was an ancestor of the hybrid integrated circuit (IC). PECs were common in tube (valve) equipment from the 1940s through the 1970s.
Brands
Couplate was the Centralab trademark, whilst Sprague called them BulPlates. Aerovox used the generic PEC.
Difference from hybrid integrated circuits
PECs contained only resistors and capacitors arranged in circuits to simplify construction of tube equipment. Also, their voltage ratings were suitable for tubes. Later, hybrid ICs contained transistors, and often monolithic integrated circuits. Their voltage ratings were suitable for the transistors they contained.
References
Electronic circuits | Printed electronic circuit | [
"Engineering"
] | 136 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Electronic circuits"
] |
57,619,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn%20Griffiths | Carolyn Jane Griffiths is a railway engineer. She founded and lead the UK's Rail Accident Investigation Branch, where she had the position of Chief Inspector, reporting directly to the Secretary of State for Transport. She was president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers for 2017/18.
Griffiths joined the rail industry in 1979. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 2013.
For her services to the rail industry she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Cranfield University in the same year.
References
Living people
Rail accident investigators
Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
21st-century British women engineers
British railway mechanical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
21st-century women engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Officers of the Order of the British Empire | Carolyn Griffiths | [
"Technology"
] | 164 | [
"Railway accidents and incidents",
"Rail accident investigators"
] |
57,619,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GreenScreen%20for%20Safer%20Chemicals | The GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals is a transparent, open standard for assessing chemical hazard that supports alternatives assessment for toxics use reduction through identifying chemicals of concern and safer alternatives. It is used by researchers, product formulators and certifiers in a variety of industries, including building products, textiles, apparel, and consumer products.
The GreenScreen prioritizes the avoidance of substances with a high hazard as a carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive toxicant or developmental toxicant or endocrine disruptor or that are a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substance (PBT).
Types of analysis
The GreenScreen protocol is published in a Guidance document that is reviewed and updated regularly. The description here is based upon the Hazard Assessment Guidance Version 1.4
An assessment using the GreenScreen has two major outputs:
Hazard levels for endpoints: It characterizes the hazard level of substances from very low to very high across twenty human and environmental health endpoints addressing:
Human health - such as cancer and reproductive toxicity
Environmental protection - primarily aquatic toxicity
Physical hazards - flammability and reactivity
Environmental fate - persistence and bioaccumulation
Benchmarks: It rates substances from highest concern (Benchmark 1) to lowest concern (Benchmark 4)
The GreenScreen process has two levels of analysis:
GreenScreen List Translator - a screening method for quickly identifying known high hazard substances using hazard listings from governmental and professional scientific bodies. The screening is available through free online automated tools.
GreenScreen Assessments - a full toxicological review to fill hazard data gaps and identify safer substances using scientific literature and modeling tools. This assessment is typically done by a trained practitioner.
A full GreenScreen Assessment provides a more complete hazard profile of a substance than a List Translator screening. It involves a detailed review of the scientific literature to attempt to determine hazard levels for all endpoints and calculate a GreenScreen benchmark. It may also use models and studies of analogs where direct data are scarce. Each endpoint hazard level is also assigned a confidence level based on the quality of the data.
Benchmark scores
The GreenScreen List Translator only can flag chemicals known to be of highest concern. A full GreenScreen Assessment can benchmark chemicals as being of lower concern. The Benchmark scale is:
BM-1 - Benchmark 1: Avoid - Chemical of High Concern
BM-2 - Benchmark 2: Use but Search for Safer Substitutes
BM-3 - Benchmark 3: Use but Still Opportunity for Improvement
BM-4 - Benchmark 4: Prefer - Safer Chemical
BM-U - Benchmark U: Unspecified Due to Insufficient Data
The assessment requires data for most endpoints in order to give a substance a benchmark of lower concern than BM-1
Benchmark 1 is reserved for substances with a high hazard of any of the following:
Carcinogenicity (Cancer)
Mutagenicity
Reproductive toxicity
Developmental toxicity
Endocrine disruption or that are
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBT), very persistent toxicants (vPT), very bioaccumulative toxicants (vBT) or very persistent, very bioaccumulative substances (vPvB)
High hazards for other human health endpoints, such as neurotoxicity and respiratory sensitization, receive a Benchmark 2
This parallels the prioritization schemes underlying various international governmental regulatory programs such as the Substance of very high concern definition within the REACH Regulation of the European Union.
Special cases
DG - Data gaps: Strict guidelines limit the amount of data gaps. Where there are data gaps, the assessment includes a worst case scenario to determine the lowest possible Benchmark score if the data gap were filled with the highest possible hazard. These Benchmarks include a subscript of DG. A chemical that has too many data gaps receives a Benchmark U.
TP - Transformation Products: The assessment also must identify feasible and relevant environmental transformation products and benchmark them. If the Benchmark score is determined by the transformation products, the Benchmark score will include a subscript of TP.
CoHC - Chemicals of High Concern (polymer residuals & catalysts): Version 1.4 of the GreenScreen added special rules for benchmarking polymers which include analysis of residual monomers and/or catalysts present at or above 100 ppm. If the Benchmark score is determined by one of these chemicals, the Benchmark score will include a subscript of CHoC.
Applications
GreenScreen Assessments are internally used for research and product improvement by product manufacturers in many industry sectors, including electronics, building products, textiles, apparel, and consumer products. For example Apple is using GreenScreen framework and similar approaches to find safer materials in its products and processes. The GreenScreen is also referenced publicly by sustainability standards in several of these industries, including the Health Product Declaration Standard (HPD), Portico, Building product disclosure and optimization - material ingredients credits in the US Green Building Council's LEED program, the International Living Future Institute's Living Product Challenge (related to the Living Building Challenge, and by various governmental bodies.
The GreenScreen standard is developed, maintained and published by Clean Production Action (CPA), a non profit organization, based in the United States. CPA publishes the GreenScreen as an open standard which anyone can utilize. To make a public claim using a GreenScreen Benchmark, however, the GreenScreen assessment must be completed by a Profiler licensed by CPA.
Related standards
The GreenScreen has substantial overlaps with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and the criteria of the US EPA’s Design for the Environment. It differs from GHS, however, in some significant ways. GreenScreen has a lower threshold of analysis. GreenScreen includes endocrine activity, addresses PBTs more comprehensively and considers environmental transformation products. GreenScreen also requires and provides guidance for addressing data gaps. GHS, on the other hand, covers more physical workplace hazards then the GreenScreen and provides guidelines for identifying hazards across languages with icons. This reflects the GHS focus on workplace safety and communications.
The Cradle to Cradle (C2C) Product Certification program includes a hazard screening protocol that is similar to the GreenScreen and GHS in many ways. The C2C analysis divides endpoints differently and is integrated into a product certification. There is not a standalone public assessment of individual substances.
These programs have been the subject of analysis evaluating the relationships, differences and opportunities for harmonization.
References
External links
GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals
Clean Production Action publisher of the GreenScreen
Licensed GreenScreen® Public Access Providers provide access to public GreenScreen assessment reports as part of their databases(s)
GreenScreen Professionals GreenScreen Profilers and other individuals and organizations trained to provide GreenScreen services, including consulting and assessments
Building materials
Toxicology | GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,383 | [
"Toxicology",
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
57,620,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Consumer%20Behaviour | The Journal of Consumer Behaviour is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to the study of consumer behaviour. It was established in 2001 and is published by John Wiley & Sons.
Aims and Scope
The Journal of Consumer Behaviour aims to promote the understanding of consumer behaviour, consumer research and consumption through the publication of double-blind peer-reviewed, top quality theoretical and empirical research. An international academic journal with a foundation in the social sciences, the JCB has a diverse and multidisciplinary outlook which seeks to showcase innovative, alternative and contested representations of consumer behaviour alongside the latest developments in established traditions of consumer research.
Keywords
consumer behaviour, marketing, consumer attitudes, relationship marketing
Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief
The Editors-in-Chief are Professor Steven D'Alessandro (Edith Cowen University) and Professor Jacqueline Eastman (Florida Gulf Coast University).
Associate Editors
In 2022, Professor Varsha Jain of MICA, India, was awarded the Associate Editor Award.
Rankings
According to the Australian Business Deans Council, the journal in 2022 is an A-Level.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.28, ranking it 100 out of 153 journals in the category "Business".
According to Research.com, the journal has a 2021-2022 Cite Score of 4.3
JCB Reviewer of the Year Awards
Associate Editors
Editorial Review Board
Ad Hoc Reviewers
JCB Best Paper Awards
The co-editors for Journal of Consumer Behaviour are pleased to announce the winners of the 2021 Best Paper Award, as voted for by the Editorial and Advisory Boards.
References
External links
Business and management journals
Academic journals established in 2001
Bimonthly journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
English-language journals
Consumer behaviour | Journal of Consumer Behaviour | [
"Biology"
] | 352 | [
"Behavior",
"Consumer behaviour",
"Human behavior"
] |
57,621,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimpoteuthis%20pacifica | Grimpoteuthis pacifica is an octopus known from one badly damaged specimen. It is not completely described, and it is not easily separated from some other species of octopus. Nothing clearly differentiates G. pacifica from Grimpoteuthis hippocrepium except for its type locality.
Description and habitat
The specimen was captured off Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean in 1885, more specifically in the Coral Sea, where it was below sea level. Grimpoteuthis pacifica is probably demersal.
Its fins are long. Each arm has 52 suckers, the largest of which are across. Its arms range in length from long, and its eyes are very large.
The octopus is a deep purple color, though some parts are paler.
References
Octopuses
Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
Cephalopods described in 1885
Species known from a single specimen | Grimpoteuthis pacifica | [
"Biology"
] | 180 | [
"Individual organisms",
"Species known from a single specimen"
] |
57,621,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20efficiency | In antenna theory, radiation efficiency is a measure of how well a radio antenna converts the radio-frequency power accepted at its terminals into radiated power. Likewise, in a receiving antenna it describes the proportion of the radio wave's power intercepted by the antenna which is actually delivered as an electrical signal. It is not to be confused with antenna efficiency, which applies to aperture antennas such as a parabolic reflector or phased array, or antenna/aperture illumination efficiency, which relates the maximum directivity of an antenna/aperture to its standard directivity.
Definition
Radiation efficiency is defined as "The ratio of the total power radiated by an antenna to the net power accepted by the antenna from the connected transmitter." It is sometimes expressed as a percentage (less than 100), and is frequency dependent. It can also be described in decibels. The gain of an antenna is the directivity multiplied by the radiation efficiency. Thus, we have
where is the gain of the antenna in a specified direction, is the radiation efficiency, and is the directivity of the antenna in the specified direction.
For wire antennas which have a defined radiation resistance the radiation efficiency is the ratio of the radiation resistance to the total resistance of the antenna including ground loss (see below) and conductor resistance. In practical cases the resistive loss in any tuning and/or matching network is often included, although network loss is strictly not a property of the antenna.
For other types of antenna the radiation efficiency is less easy to calculate and is usually determined by measurements.
Radiation efficiency of an antenna or antenna array having several ports
In the case of an antenna or antenna array having multiple ports, the radiation efficiency depends on the excitation. More precisely, the radiation efficiency depends on the relative phases and the relative amplitudes of the signals applied to the different ports. This dependence is always present, but it is easier to interpret in the case where the interactions between the ports are sufficiently small. These interactions may be large in many actual configurations, for instance in an antenna array built in a mobile phone to provide spatial diversity and/or spatial multiplexing. In this context, it is possible to define an efficiency metric as the minimum radiation efficiency for all possible excitations, denoted by , which is related to the radiation efficiency figure given by .
Another interesting efficiency metric is the maximum radiation efficiency for all possible excitations, denoted by . It is possible to consider that using as design parameter is particularly relevant to a multiport antenna array intended for MIMO transmission with spatial multiplexing, and that using as design parameter is particularly relevant to a multiport antenna array intended for beamforming in a single direction or over a small solid angle.
Measurement of the radiation efficiency
Measurements of the radiation efficiency are difficult. Classical techniques include the ″Wheeler method″ (also referred to as ″Wheeler cap method″) and the ″Q factor method″. The Wheeler method uses two impedance measurements, one of which with the antenna located in a metallic box (the cap). Unfortunately, the presence of the cap is likely to significantly modify the current distribution on the antenna, so that the resulting accuracy is difficult to determine. The Q factor method does not use a metallic enclosure, but the method is based on the assumption that the Q factor of an ideal antenna is known, the ideal antenna being identical to the actual antenna except that the conductors have perfect conductivity and any dielectrics have zero loss. Thus, the Q factor method is only semi-experimental, because it relies on a theoretical computation using an assumed geometry of the actual antenna. Its accuracy is also difficult to determine. Other radiation efficiency measurement techniques include: the pattern integration method, which requires gain measurements over many directions and two polarizations; and reverberation chamber techniques, which utilize a mode-stirred reverberation chamber.
Ohmic and ground loss
The loss of radio-frequency power to heat can be subdivided many different ways, depending on the number of significantly lossy objects electrically coupled to the antenna, and on the level of detail desired. Typically the simplest is to consider two types of loss: ohmic loss and ground loss.
When discussed as distinct from ground loss, the term ohmic loss refers to the heat-producing resistance to the flow of radio current in the conductors of the antenna, their electrical connections, and possibly loss in the antenna's feed cable. Because of the skin effect, resistance to radio-frequency current is generally much higher than direct current resistance.
For vertical monopoles and other antennas placed near the ground, ground loss occurs due to the electrical resistance encountered by radio-frequency fields and currents passing through the soil in the vicinity of the antenna, as well as ohmic resistance in metal objects in the antenna's surroundings (such as its mast or stalk), and ohmic resistance in its ground plane / counterpoise, and in electrical and mechanical bonding connections. When considering antennas that are mounted a few wavelengths above the earth on a non-conducting, radio-transparent mast, ground losses are small enough compared to conductor losses that they can be ignored.
Footnotes
References
Engineering ratios
Antennas (radio)
Radio electronics | Radiation efficiency | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,036 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Quantity",
"Metrics",
"Engineering ratios"
] |
57,621,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.%20Frank%20Tuttle | Orville Frank Tuttle (June 25, 1916, Olean, New York – December 13, 1983, Tucson, Arizona) was an American mineralogist, geochemist, and petrologist, known for his research on granites and feldspars, with pioneering development of apparatus in experimental petrography.
After completing high school in Smethport, Pennsylvania, he worked in the Bradford oilfields and studied geology at Pennsylvania State College (renamed in 1953 Pennsylvania State University), where he received a bachelor's degree in 1939 and a master's degree in 1940. He then matriculated at Massachusetts Institute of Technology for his doctoral work, which was interrupted by the Second World War, in which he was engaged in wartime research on crystal growth and characterization. In 1948 he received his doctorate at MIT. In 1947, he started his collaboration in experimental petrography with Norman L. Bowen at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution in Washington. There he invented the "Tuttle Press" and the "Tuttle Bomb" (a high-pressure chamber), which were widely used in experimental petrography. Together with Bowen he explored in particular the formation of granite. In 1953 he became professor of geochemistry at Pennsylvania State University. In 1959 he became dean of the college of mineral industries. In 1960, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in the early stages. In 1965, he moved to Stanford University, where he was granted sick leave in 1967 and formally resigned in 1971. He moved to Tucson with his wife. In 1977 he received a tentative diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and moved to a nursing home.
He was awarded in 1952 the Mineralogical Society of America Award, in 1975 the Roebling Medal, and in 1967 the Arthur L. Day Medal. He was elected a foreign member of the Geological Society of London and in 1968 a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
He married Dawn Hardes in 1941 and the couple had two daughters.
References
American mineralogists
American geochemists
Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Stanford University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Olean, New York
People from Smethport, Pennsylvania
1916 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American chemists | O. Frank Tuttle | [
"Chemistry"
] | 463 | [
"Geochemists",
"American geochemists"
] |
57,622,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2A%20Continental%20Architectural%20Awards | The 2A Continental Architectural Awards is an architecture award, organized by 2A Magazine to recognize and honor an individual or a group’s contribution to the world of architecture.
Award categories
The award is presented under eight categories
Residential
Commercial (Office & Business, Retail, and wholesale, Production)
Public (Sport & Leisure, Education, Hospitality, Culture, Mixed Use, Health,
Religion, Civic, Transportation), and community-based projects
Urban Projects, Rural Projects, Landscape & Public Spaces (including squares and streets)
Old and New (Reuse and adaptation, Renovation, Restoration, Regeneration)
Interior Architecture
Future Projects / Innovative Designs
History
2015
The first Award event was held in Istanbul, Turkey, with the Istanbul Technical University being the main Academic partner. The other technical partners were The UNESCO, Istanbul Bilgi University and Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism of Iran. Its theme was “The Emergence of Contemporary Architecture in Asia.” The Jury members consisted of Sinan Mert Sener, Seung H-Sang, Romi Khosla, and Yavuz Selim Sepin.
2016
The second 2A Continental Architectural Award event was held at Vienna, Austria in association with Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. This year’s theme was “Innovative Architecture in Asia.” The Jury consisted of some fine architects including Volkwin Marg, Nasrine Seraji, Wolfgang Tschapeller, Murat Tabanlıoğlu, Françoise Fromonot and Hiromi Hosoya.
Iranian Winners: Moein Jalali, Hooman Balazadeh, Sara kalantari, Ehsan Hosseini & Elham Geramizadeh, Wael Al Awar, DCA,Cui kai + Wang Ke Yao, Hamid Mirmiran, Kazuhiro Kojima, Wolf D. Prix
2017
The 2017 2A Awards event took place in Berlin, Germany and was themed “Innovative Architecture in Various Continents.” Seated on the Jury were renowned architects Ulrike Lauber, Hubert Neinhoff, and Sergei Tchoban.
2018
The awards ceremony was held at Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia with the theme "Innovative Contextual Architecture in Asia and Europe". Jury composed of Carme Pinós, Yoko Okuyama, Abbas Gharib, Willy Müller and Ali Basbous.
Iranian Winners: Moein Jalali, Reza Mafakher, uillermo Vazquez Consuegra, Wolf D.Prix, Yawar Jilani & Mahboob Khan, Paloma Baquero Masats & Juan Serrano Garcia, Bruno Rechner
2019
The awards for Asia-Oceania, Europe, Africa, South Central, and North America was held at Polytechnic University of Madrid under the theme "Innovative Contextual Architecture in the Continents".
2020
The award was organised online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Jury members included Bahram Shirdel, Silja Tillner, Donald Bates, Antoine Guiraud and Asako Yamamoto.
Administration
Ahmad Zohadi is the founder, organizer and director of 2A Continental Architectural Awards organised since 2015. He is the CEO and editor-in-chief of 2A Magazine, also the founder and chief editor of ‘Architecture & Construction’, a persian quarterly magazine, published since 2003, and distributed in Iran.
References
Awards established in 2015
Architecture awards
Design awards | 2A Continental Architectural Awards | [
"Engineering"
] | 676 | [
"Design",
"Design awards"
] |
57,622,987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamptisomer | An akamptisomer is a type of conformational isomer characterized by a hindered inversion of a bond angle. It was first discovered in 2018 in a series of bridged porphyrin molecules.
References
Stereochemistry
Isomerism | Akamptisomer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 51 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Space",
"Stereochemistry stubs",
"Isomerism",
"nan",
"Spacetime"
] |
57,623,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercolor%20%28physics%29 | In particle physics, hypercolor is a hypothetical attractive force that binds prequarks together by the exchange of hypergluons, analogous to the exchange of gluons by the color force, which binds quarks together.
See also
Technicolor (physics)
References
Quantum chromodynamics | Hypercolor (physics) | [
"Physics"
] | 64 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Particle physics"
] |
57,625,144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamic%E2%80%93Adar%20index | The Adamic–Adar index is a measure introduced in 2003 by Lada Adamic and Eytan Adar to predict links in a social network, according to the amount of shared links between two nodes. It is defined as the sum of the inverse logarithmic degree centrality of the neighbours shared by the two nodes
where is the set of nodes adjacent to . The definition is based on the concept that common elements with very large neighbourhoods are less significant when predicting a connection between two nodes compared with elements shared between a small number of nodes.
References
Further reading
Data mining
Index numbers
Similarity measures | Adamic–Adar index | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 122 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Distance",
"Mathematical objects",
"Similarity measures",
"Index numbers",
"Numbers"
] |
57,625,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAmAnas | #IAmAnas (I Am Anas) is a Twitter hashtag and social media campaign that started in 2015. Users tweeted to express support for the undercover investigative works of Ghanaian journalist Anas Aremeyaw Anas.
The campaign restarted in 2018 when the Ghanaian MP and financier of the New Patriotic Party, Kennedy Agyapong, announced his intention to reveal the identity of Anas following the journalist's exposé of corruption at the Ghana Football Association. Anas maintains that "being anonymous has always been his secret weapon." Pictures purported to be of Anas were first released by a TV station owned by Agyapong, and were quickly picked up by other media houses. At least one person, a Dutch-Brazilian model, has claimed ownership of one picture that was released, and has threatened legal action against Agyapong for possibly putting his life in danger.
In response to Agyapong, social media users retweeted photos of themselves, random people, or even comic images of entities that resemble the trademark covered face of Anas.
When the hashtag first began in 2015, along with other popular uses of the journalist's name, Elizabeth Ohene wrote an article about Ghanaians use of humour in response to dealing with the expose of government corruption. "I do not know when these words will make it into Wikipedia or the Oxford English Dictionary but for the moment you can take it from me that: To go undercover is to anas, to make secret recordings is to anas-anas, to wear disguises is to do an anas, to be caught in the act is to be anased. To have someone exposed taking bribes is to have that person being given the full Anas Aremeyaw Anas."
See also
Investigative works of Anas Aremeyaw Anas
Corruption in Ghana
References
Hashtags
Corruption in Ghana
Social media
Social media campaigns | IAmAnas | [
"Technology"
] | 392 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
57,625,727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface%20Age | Interface Age, "published for the home computerist", was a computer magazine aimed at the early microcomputer and home computer market. Its first issue was published in August 1976 and the last one in September 1984. It had a technical focus for most of its print run.
The magazine started as the newsletter of the Southern California Computer Society, SCCS Interface, which was first published in December 1975. Its publisher, Robert S. Jones, offered to turn it into a professionally produced magazine and established an agreement with the SCCS in which the SCCS would provide a substantial part of the content of the magazine, while Jones would bear the costs of publishing and marketing, with the SCCS sharing in the profits. However, SCCS failed to produce a necessary flow of content, with Jones eventually providing all of the content through his own writers and columnists. Jones ended all connection with the SCCS, and the magazine became simply Interface Age. Its first issue under that name was released as Volume 1, issue 9, continuing its numbering from the original publication.
Like many early personal computer magazines, Interface Age often contained type-in programs written in BASIC that could be used on most platforms of the era. It was perhaps best known for its use of "Floppy ROM"s, very thin vinyl record, known as "sound sheets" containing programs encoded in the Kansas City standard format. One of these included an implementation of a Tiny BASIC interpreter.
References
1976 establishments in California
1984 disestablishments in California
Defunct computer magazines published in the United States
Home computer magazines
Magazines established in 1976
Magazines disestablished in 1984
Magazines published in California | Interface Age | [
"Technology"
] | 331 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer magazine stubs"
] |
57,626,156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITOS-B | ITOS-B was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS.
ITOS-B was launched on October 21, 1971 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, on a Delta N6 (sn. 572/D-86) rocket. It failed to achieve a successful Earth orbit. A malfunction in the second stage launch vehicle caused the spacecraft to reenter the Earth's atmosphere about 1 hour after lift-off.
Description
ITOS-B was designed to provide improved operational infrared and visual observations of earth cloud cover for use in weather analysis and forecasting. Secondary objectives included obtaining both solar proton and global heat balance data on a daily basis. To accomplish these tasks, the Sun-synchronous spacecraft carried four cameras - 2 television cameras for automatic picture transmissions (APT) and two advanced vidicon camera system (AVCS) cameras. It also carried a low-resolution flat plate radiometer, a solar proton monitor, and two scanning radiometers that not only could measure emitted IR radiation but could also serve as a backup system for the APT and AVCS cameras.
The nearly cubical spacecraft measured . The TV cameras and infrared sensors were mounted on the satellite baseplate with their optical axes directed vertically earthward. The satellite was equipped with three curved solar panels that were folded during launch and were to be deployed after orbit was achieved. Each panel measured over in length when unfolded and was covered with 3420 solar cells, each by . A dynamics and attitude control system was designed to maintain desired spacecraft orientation through gyroscopic principles incorporated into the satellite design. Earth orientation was to be maintained by taking advantage of the precession induced from a momentum flywheel so that the satellite body precession rate of one revolution per orbit would provide the desired 'Earth looking' attitude. Minor adjustments in attitude and orientation could be made by means of magnetic coils and by varying the speed of the momentum flywheel.
References
1971 in spaceflight
Weather satellites of the United States
Spacecraft launched in 1971
Television Infrared Observation Satellites | ITOS-B | [
"Astronomy"
] | 437 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
57,626,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang%20Seng%20Indexes%20Company | Hang Seng Indexes Company Limited (HSI; ) is a private company in Hong Kong and wholly owned by Hang Seng Bank. HSI was founded in 1984 and is the major provider of stock market indexes on Hong Kong and China stock markets such as in Shanghai and Shenzhen.
Products
HSI produces stock market indexes under 5 categories:
Market Cap-weighted Indexes
Factor & Strategy Indexes
Sector Indexes
Sustainability Indexes
Fixed Income Indexes
Currently, the HSI produced indexes comprises over 400 real-time and daily indexes. The most famous and popular referenced is the Hang Seng Index.
New Index Launch
2011
In February, HSI launched the HSI Volatility index or "VHSI". This index models on the lines of the Chicago Board Options Exchange VIX index. VHSI measures the 30-calendar-day expected volatility of the Hang Seng index using prices of options traded on the index.
2017
In November, HSI has launched three Stock Connect Hong Kong Indexes.
2018
In January, HSI has launched Hang Seng SCHK New Economy Index.
2020
HSI launched the Hang Seng Tech Index, which tracks companies like Tencent, Meituan Dianping and Xiaomi, on 27 July 2020.
See also
Hang Seng Bank
Hang Seng Index
References
External links
Official website
Hang Seng Bank
Hang Seng Index
Financial services companies of Hong Kong
Market data
Financial data vendors | Hang Seng Indexes Company | [
"Technology"
] | 293 | [
"Market data",
"Data"
] |
57,626,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Fourier%20Award%20for%20Signal%20Processing | The IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing is a Technical Field Award that is given by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. This award is presented for contributions in the field of signal processing.
The award is named after Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician and physicist who is noted for the representation of periodic signals as linear superpositions of sine-wave basis functions known as the Fourier series, and applications of the Fourier Series to the analysis of vibration and heat transfer. The Fourier transform, which is widely used throughout electrical engineering and in particular signal processing, image processing, and communication theory, is also named in his honor.
The IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing may be presented to an individual or team of up to three people.
Recipients of the IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing receive a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium. The Fourier Award is presented annually at the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP) in the Spring.
Recipients
Source:
2015: Georgios B. Giannakis
2016: Bede Liu
2017: Russell Mersereau
2018: Peter Stoica
2019: Alan Conrad Bovik
2020: Alfred O. Hero III
2021: K. J. Ray Liu
2022: Ali H. Sayed
2023: Rabab Ward
2024: Stéphane Mallat
2025: Björn Ottersten
See also
List of engineering awards
References
External links
IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing web page
List of Recipients of IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing
IEEE awards
Awards established in 2015 | IEEE Fourier Award for Signal Processing | [
"Technology"
] | 305 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science award stubs"
] |
57,626,857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachykytospora%20tuberculosa | Pachykytospora tuberculosa is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae, and the type species of genus Pachykytospora.
Taxonomy
The genus Pachykytospora was circumscribed by Czech mycologists František Kotlaba and Zdenek Pouzar in 1963 with P. tuberculosa as the type species. This fungus was originally described as Boletus tuberculosus by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1815. Elias Fries later (1821) sanctioned the name as Polyporus tuberculosus.
Habitat and distribution
P. tuberculosa, is known from Europe, Asia, and North America. In Europe it fruits almost exclusively on oak.
References
Polyporaceae
Fungi described in 1821
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
Fungus species | Pachykytospora tuberculosa | [
"Biology"
] | 188 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
57,628,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITOS-E | ITOS-E was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS. ITOS-E was released on July 16, 1973, from the Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, with a Delta rocket, but failed to achieve orbit.
References
1973 in spaceflight
Spacecraft launched by Delta rockets
Weather satellites of the United States
Television Infrared Observation Satellites | ITOS-E | [
"Astronomy"
] | 94 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
57,628,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Driscoll | Judith Louise MacManus-Driscoll is a Professor of Materials Science at the University of Cambridge. Driscoll is known for her interdisciplinary work on thin film engineering. She has a particular focus on functional oxide systems, demonstrating new ways to engineer thin films to meet the required applications performance. She has worked extensively in the fields of high temperature superconductors, ferroics and multiferroics, ionics, and semiconductors. She holds several licensed patents.
Research and career
Driscoll (also known as MacManus-Driscoll in her publications) earned her PhD in 1991 at the University of Cambridge under Profs. Jan Evetts and Derek Fray FRS.
From 1991 to 1995, she trained as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University and IBM Almaden Research Center where she worked under Ted Geballe, Robby Beyers and John Bravman. In 1995, she joined Imperial College London as a lecturer in the Department of Materials, and was promoted to Reader in 1999. She then did a sabbatical at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2003 where she has remained a visiting staff member/visiting faculty ever since. She joined the University of Cambridge in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy in 2003, and was promoted to Full Professor in 2008. She is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and Royal Academy of Engineering Chair in Emerging Technologies in advanced memory materials.
Driscoll was founding editor-in-chief of the American Institute of Physics's journal APL Materials and held the position for 10 years from 2013.
Honours and awards
2011 Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society
2015 Elected Materials Research Society Fellow
2015 Institute of Physics Joule Medal and Prize
2015 Royal Academy of Engineering Armourers and Brasiers' Company Prize
2017 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers James Wong Award
2017 Elected Fellow of Women's Engineering Society
2017 Elected Chartered Engineer
2018 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Kroll Prize
2021 Elected American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow
2022. Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Griffith Medal
2022 MRSI Silver Jubilee International Medal
2024 Royal Society of Chemistry Interdisciplinary Award
2024 Women's Engineering Society Top 50 Women Engineers
References
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Imperial College London
British materials scientists
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Women materials scientists and engineers
British women scientists
20th-century British scientists
21st-century British scientists
21st-century women engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
20th-century women engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining | Judith Driscoll | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 537 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
57,629,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203313 | NGC 3313 is a large barred spiral galaxy located about 55 megaparsecs (180 million light-years) away in the constellation Hydra. It was discovered by astronomer Ormond Stone in 1886 and is an outlying member of the Hydra Cluster.
Physical characteristics
NGC 3313 has a complete inner ring feature that is elongated along the bar axis of the galaxy. Inside the inner ring, there are two weak dust lanes in the bar, and surrounding the nucleus there is a very circular nuclear ring. Spiral structure breaking off from the ring region has a complex structure and is tightly wrapped around the ring. The arms trail out into the outer disk where they form a well-defined two-armed pattern. The two-armed pattern also appears to take the form of an R1' outer pseudoring. Beyond this two-armed pattern, there are numerous spiral segments which extend to much larger distances.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 3313: SN 2002jp (type Ic, mag. 16.9).
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
NGC 1433
NGC 1097
References
External links
Hydra Cluster
Hydra (constellation)
Barred spiral galaxies
3313
31551
Astronomical objects discovered in 1886
Discoveries by Ormond Stone
UGCA objects | NGC 3313 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 254 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,629,198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20Gottfried%20Wilhelm%20Leibniz | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716); German polymath, philosopher logician, mathematician. Developed differential and integral calculus at about the same time and independently of Isaac Newton. Leibniz earned his keep as a lawyer, diplomat, librarian, and genealogist for the House of Hanover, and contributed to diverse areas. His impact continues to reverberate, especially his original contributions in logic and binary representations.
Achievements and contributions
Devices
Leibniz calculator
Logic
Alphabet of human thought
Calculus ratiocinator
Mathematics
Calculus
General Leibniz rule
Leibniz formula for
Leibniz integral rule
Philosophy
Best of all possible worlds
Characteristica universalis
Identity of indiscernibles
Pre-established harmony
Principle of sufficient reason
Physics
Personal life
Leibniz's political views
Leibniz's religious views
Family
Major works by Leibniz
De Arte Combinatoria
Discourse on Metaphysics, (text at wikisource)
Monadology, (text at wikisource)
New Essays on Human Understanding
Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis
Protogaea
Théodicée
Manuscript archives and translations of Leibniz's works
Leibniz Archive (Hannover) at the Leibniz Research Center - Hannover
Leibniz Archive (Potsdam) at the Brandenburg Academy of Humanities and Sciences
Leibniz Archive (Munster), Leibniz-Forschungsstelle Münster digital edition
Leibniz Archive (Berlin), digital edition
Donald Rutherford's translations at UCSD
Lloyd Strickland's translations at leibniz-translations.com
Journals focused on Leibniz studies
The Leibniz Review
Studia Leibnitiana
Organizations named after Leibniz
Leibniz Association
, affiliated with the University of Tübingen
Leibniz Institute of European History
Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research
Leibniz Society of North America
Leibniz Supercomputing Center
Leibniz University Hannover
ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics
Prizes named after Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize. It is regarded as the highest German award.
awarded by the Hannover Press Club.
originally awarded by the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences; currently awarded by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
awarded by the Mainz Academy of Sciences and Literature.
Publications about Leibniz
Maria Rosa Antognazza's 2009 Leibniz biography is a major recent resource.
See also
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bibliography
German Wikipedia Leibniz page; it contains additional information.
References
External links
Webpage at the Leibniz Association
Webpage at the Mainz Research Alliance
Leibniz Association
Leibniz on Wikisource
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Leibniz, G
Leibniz, G
Leibniz, G | Outline of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | [
"Mathematics"
] | 591 | [
"nan"
] |
68,557,116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiphaine%20Raguenel | Tiphaine Raguenel ( 13351373) was a Breton noblewoman and astrologer. She was the first wife of Bertrand du Guesclin.
Life
She was the oldest daughter of Robin Raguenel, seigneur de Chatel-Ogier and a veteran of the Combat of the Thirty. Her mother was Jeanne de Dinan, vicomtesse de La Bellière.
In 1363, she married Bertrand du Guesclin in a grand ceremony at the cathedral in Vitré. The marriage was later depicted in a sketch by Paul de Sémant.
Raguenel had a reputation as a learned woman, and as an accomplished astrologer. In 1359, before marrying her husband, she had predicted his victory against Thomas of Canterbury. She is said to have also predicted other results of his battles. While initially treating Raguenel's predictions with contempt, he gave them credit following the French loss in the Battle of Auray, which occurred on a date Raguenel claimed was unfavorable. She and her husband lived in Mont-Saint-Michel. Her former home has been restored and converted into a monument, .
In 2012, a skull attributed to her was found in a reliquary box in an old house in Dinan, and given to the library in Dinan by an anonymous donor.
References
Sources
14th-century Breton women
14th-century Breton people
Astrologers
1373 deaths
1330s births
14th-century astrologers | Tiphaine Raguenel | [
"Astronomy"
] | 306 | [
"People associated with astronomy",
"Astrologers"
] |
68,557,261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20anti-vaccination%20groups | A list of groups who are anti-vaccine, vaccine-critical, or vaccine hesitant.
Global
White Rose (disinformation group)
World Chiropractic Alliance
Europe
Austria
Democratic – Neutral – Authentic
MFG Austria – People Freedom Fundamental Rights
Denmark
Freedom List
Finland
Crystal Party
Power Belongs to the People
Freedom Alliance (Finland)
France
National League for Liberty in Vaccination
Germany
Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany
WiR2020
Greece
Free People
Hungary
Normális Élet Pártja
Iceland
Responsible Future
Italy
3V Movement
Vita
ENZIAN-Südtirol
Netherlands
List30
Slovenia
Resni.ca
Turkey
New Welfare Party
Party of Life without Imposition
United Kingdom
Humanitarian League (historical)
JABS
Let London Live
National Anti-Vaccination League (historical)
Pioneer Club (historical)
North America
Canada
Vaccine Choice Canada
Free Party Canada
United States
Anti-Vaccination League of America
Anti-Vaccination Society of America
Association of American Physicians and Surgeons
The Autism Community in Action (TACA; formerly Talk About Curing Autism)
Children's Health Defense
Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
Freedom Angels Foundation
Health Freedom Idaho
Informed Consent Action Network
Learn The Risk
National Vaccine Information Center
New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
Ohio Advocates for Medical Freedom
Palmetto Family Council
Put Children First
Stop Mandatory Vaccination
Texans for Vaccine Choice
Oceania
Australia
Australian Vaccination-risks Network
Church of Conscious Living
Health Australia Party
Homeopathy Plus!
Informed Medical Options Party
New Zealand
Advance New Zealand
NZ Outdoors & Freedom Party
New Zealand Public Party
The Freedoms & Rights Coalition
Voices for Freedom
Warnings About Vaccination Expectations NZ
References
Vaccine hesitancy
anti-vaccination groups
anti-vaccination groups | List of anti-vaccination groups | [
"Chemistry"
] | 335 | [
"Drug-related lists"
] |
68,558,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekti%20Pro%20Bono | Architekti Pro Bono (English: Architects Pro Bono) is an initiative of Czech architects run by the Czech Chamber of Architects (Česká komora architektů - CKA), providing pro bono architectural advice and services to disaster victims and disadvantaged people, communities and organizations.
Clients contact member architects directly, either by phone or via their website. According to their circumstances, clients will receive adequate assistance, from simple advice to complete architectural services.
Purpose
To provide free or discounted architectural advice and services to disaster victims and disadvantaged people, communities and organizations.
History
The initiative was founded by the Czech-Australian architect Jiří Lev on June 27, 2021 on the model of Architects Assist he had established in Australia, with the aim of providing assistance to tornado victims in Hodonín and Břeclav on June 24, 2021 and the vision that pro bono services will become a regular part of architects' professional activities.
On July 12, 2021, the initiative had over 50 member studios offering the affected municipalities and their inhabitants assistance with the elaboration of projects for the reconstruction of damaged houses or the construction of new houses.
On August 3, 2021, architect Lukáš Janáč and several other architects created a follow-up initiative Obnova 21, offering free family house plans and documentation to the disaster victims.
On September 17, 2024, the CKA activated the initiative to assist with recovery from widespread floods and coordinate the work of architects in the following weeks and months, with projects well under way in early 2025 and 90 firms involved.
External links
Architekti Pro Bono
Obnova 21
References
Advice organizations
Volunteer organizations
Architecture organizations | Architekti Pro Bono | [
"Engineering"
] | 326 | [
"Architecture organizations",
"Architecture"
] |
68,560,364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobal | In fibers, trilobal is a cross-section shape with three distinct sides. The shape is advantageous for optical reflective properties and is used in textile fibers. Silk fibers' rounded edges and triangular cross section contribute to their luster; in some cases, synthetic fibers are manufactured to mimic this trilobal shape to give them a silk-like appearance. Filaments with a round cross section have less brilliance than trilobal filaments.
Etymology
is a combination of the words "Tri" for three and "lobal" for sides.
Objective
Trilobal shape helps in altering hand and increasing the luster. Many synthetic fibres, such as polyester and nylon, are manufactured in Trilobal cross sectional shape for the purpose of enhancing the brilliance and changing the handle. Luster adds aesthetic values in fabrics, contributes to their attractiveness. Occasionally, this adds value to their quality assessment.
Use
Synthetic fibers are particularly suitable for specific effects such as crimping and texturizing due to their adaptability during production. Trilobal cross section helps alter texture and several physical attributes such as strength and static properties, in addition to providing brightness to the fibres. The trilobal cross sectional shape helps to reduce manufacturing defects in filaments.
See also
Fiber
References
Textiles
Physical phenomena | Trilobal | [
"Physics"
] | 264 | [
"Physical phenomena"
] |
68,560,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anila%20Paparisto | Anila Paparisto is an entomologist and taxonomist from Albania, who was appointed in 2021 as Vice Rector for Teaching at the University of Tirana. She is also Professor in Invertebrate Zoology and Teaching Didactics there. Her career began at the university in 1994 and in 2011 was promoted to professor. Her research has focussed on invasive species in Albania, in particular in riverine environments. She is a member of the Academy of Sciences of Albania. She is a board member of the Quality Assurance Agency in Higher Education Board in Albania.
Awards
In 2002 Paparisto was awarded a fellowship from the L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards for her work in molecular biology.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Albanian scientists
Women entomologists
Women biologists
Molecular biologists
Academic staff of the University of Tirana
L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science fellows | Anila Paparisto | [
"Chemistry"
] | 187 | [
"Biochemists",
"Molecular biology",
"Molecular biologists"
] |
68,560,666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOXSAT | LOXSAT is a NASA funded cryogenic fluid management demonstration satellite mission. Eta Space is building the payload.
It is scheduled to launch no earlier than late 2025 on a Rocket Lab Electron launch vehicle.
Mission objectives
LOXSAT aims to demonstrate on-orbit docking and cryogenic refueling operations using a cryogenic fluid transfer disconnect and latching mechanism developed for depot applications. It will also demonstrate repeated mating/de-mating and the transfer of liquid oxygen.
A LOXSAT2 mission is being defined.
LOXSAT1 will test technology for Eta's orbital depot "CryoDock".
See also
Robotic Refueling Mission
Propellant depot
References
Technology demonstration satellites
Proposed satellites
2025 in spaceflight
NASA
Cryogenics | LOXSAT | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 147 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Cryogenics",
"Outer space stubs"
] |
68,561,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocked%20isocyanates | Blocked isocyanates are organic compounds that have their isocyanate functionality chemically blocked to control reactivity. They are the product of an isocyanate moiety (nearly always a di-isocyanate) and a suitable blocking agent. It may also be a polyurethane prepolymer that is NCO terminated but this functionality has also been chemically reacted with a blocking agent.
They are usually used in polyurethane applications but not always. They are extensively used in industrial applications such as coatings, sealants and adhesives.
Overview
A blocked isocyanate can be added to materials that would normally react with the isocyanate such as polyols. They do not react at normal ambient room temperature. A formulation containing a blocked isocyanate is a single component material (and thus usually considered more convenient) but reacts like a two-component product but will not react until heated to the temperature required for activation which varies depending on the blocking agent. The shelf lives when stored at ambient temperature have been reported as good. On heating up to the activation temperature, cure can be as short as 20 minutes depending on the blocking agent and other formulation parameters.
Blocked isocyanates are particularly useful in products with a dual cure mechanisms. As an example, Ultraviolet light initiates the polymerization of an acrylate based polymer that contains hydroxy groups on the polymer backbone. The system would also contain an isocyanate blocked with a malonate. This is now a one-component system. When heat is applied, the polymerization is initiated. Higher temperatures then unblock the isocyanate, allowing the cure and crosslinking of the urethane.
Blocking agents
A number of blocking agents maybe employed but a common one is Methylethyl ketone oxime (MEKO). Caprolactam is also used.
When blocked, there is no isocyanate (NCO) functionality, so it is much easier to disperse the species in water if the desire is to produce waterborne resins. One of the key reasons different blocking agents are used apart from chemical properties is that they unblock at different temperatures. MEKO has a fairly low unblocking temperature and is thus in fairly common usage. A mixture of blocking agents maybe used to optimize properties.
Unblocking temperatures
Different blocking agents for isocyanates have different unblocking temperatures.
Sodium bisulfite
Diethyl malonate =
3,5-Dimethylpyrazole =
MEKO =
Phenol =
Caprolactam =
Catalysts
Catalysts also have a role in the unblocking of blocked isocyanates. As with regular isocyanates organometallic compounds and tertiary amines may lower the unblocking temperature. Tin compounds, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate and other metal compounds are effective deblocking catalysts.
Uses
Apart from uses in coatings and adhesives they are also used to enhance the performance of polyester tire cord. Other uses include Powder coatings, Coil Coatings, Cationic Electrocoating and primers. Blocked isocyanates have also been used in tertiary oilfield recovery techniques. A blocked isocyanate is pumped into the rock/geological formation and then an organic compound with an active hydrogen is also pumped down. The result is a polymeric gel assisting with oil recovery. The use of sodium bisulfite as a blocking agent has also allowed them to be used in waterborne resins such as PUDs. Similarly, vanillin maybe used as an isocyanate blocker and is actively being researched. It is then used in single component waterborne coatings.
See also
Isocyanate
Polyurethane
Polyurethane dispersion
References
Further reading
Organic chemistry
Isocyanates | Blocked isocyanates | [
"Chemistry"
] | 795 | [
"Isocyanates",
"Functional groups",
"nan"
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68,562,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-cruncher | y-cruncher is a computer program for the calculation of some mathematical constant with theoretical accuracy (limited only by computing time and available storage space). It was originally developed to calculate the Euler-Mascheroni constant ; the y is derived from it in the name.
Since 2010, y-cruncher has been used for all record calculations of the number pi and other constants.
The software is downloadable from the website of the developers for Microsoft Windows and Linux. It does not have a graphical interface, but works on the command line. Calculation options are selected or entered via the text menu, the results are saved as a file.
Some popular uses of y-cruncher are running hardware benchmarks to measure performance of computer system. An example of such benchmark is HWBOT. Also y-cruncher can be used for stress-tests, as performed computations are sensitive to RAM errors and the program can automatically detect such errors.
Development
Alexander J. Yee started developing in high school a Java library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic called "BigNumber". With this he was able together with his roommate Raymond Chan on 8 December 2006 set the world record for the most number of calculated decimal places for the Euler-Mascheroni constant with 116 580 041 decimal places. In January 2009, they broke their own record and calculated 14 922 244 782 decimal places. At this point, the program was renamed to "y-cruncher" and ported to C and C++.
In the aftermath, Shigeru Kondo with the help of y-cruncher calculated to 5 trillion digits on 2 August 2010.
Next year, Yee and Kondo calculated 10 trillion decimal places and broke the then-valid world record for decimal places of . After that, Yee decided to completely overhaul the program and rewrite it from scratch in version v0.6.1. This enabled determining with 12.1 trillion digits in just 94 days compared to 371 days that were spent for the previous record.
Properties
y-cruncher has the following characteristic properties:
Multithreading
Vector instruction sets (see SIMD)
Swapping
Using multiple hard drives (in RAID)
Automatic detection and correction of smaller arithmetic errors
Processor-specific optimization
Calculations
Since 2009, most of the world record-level calculations of mathematical constants have been performed with y-cruncher. The technical challenge does not (any longer) lie in the calculation itself, but in providing an environment that enables a comparatively efficient execution.
Purpose
The tool can serve several purposes. On the one hand, it allows the capabilities of CPUs and RAM to be determined and compared with other models. On the other hand, these hardware components can also be tested for stability and error susceptibility through stress testing. An alternative program for this would be Prime95. The advantage of the program lies in the fact that (partial) calculations can be carried out on an old Pentium PC, an up-to-date workstation, and theoretically even supercomputers, without measured performance falling off a measurement scale (or complex benchmarks becoming incompatible due to new hardware and interfaces). Setting new computing records also represents a contemporary feasibility study and can serve as an indicator of computer performance improvement over time when regularly performed and with similar parameters.
See also
Super PI – a program that is designed solely to computation of digits of
Prime95 – a program for searching of prime numbers
References
Mathematical software
Benchmarks (computing)
Pi-related software | Y-cruncher | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 708 | [
"Pi-related software",
"Computing comparisons",
"Computer performance",
"Benchmarks (computing)",
"Pi",
"Mathematical software"
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68,563,040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Herrmann | Victoria Herrmann is an American polar geographer and climate change communicator. She is the managing director of The Arctic Institute, a National Geographic Explorer, and Assistant Research Professor at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service, where her research focuses on Arctic cooperation and politics and climate change adaptation in the US and US Territories.
Herrmann is also an American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) IF/THEN Ambassador and works to empower girls and women in STEM. She has been named on Forbes 30 Under 30 list, the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s 40 under 40 list, a North American Young Leader by Friends of Europe, one of 100 Most Influential People in Climate Policy worldwide by Apolitical, and as part of the inaugural "CAFE 100 – extraordinary change-makers who are taking action to address some of the most pressing problems in America and around the world" by former US Attorney Preet Bharara.
Life and education
Born in Paramus, New Jersey, Herrmann took an early interest in environmental issues. She was raised Jewish and has cited her grandparents’ experience as Holocaust survivors as the inspiration of her research and advocacy on the impacts of climate change on disenfranchised communities. She attended Paramus High School.
In 2012 she completed a B.A. in International Relations and Art History at Lehigh University and was subsequently awarded a one-year Junior Fellowship at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, DC, where she worked on sustainable transport and climate policy in cities. Herrmann moved to Canada in 2013 as a Fulbrightgrantee, completing an M.A. in International Affairs at Carleton University’s Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. In 2014 she was awarded a Gates Cambridge Scholarship for doctoral studies at the Scott Polar Research Institute. In 2017 Herrmann was awarded the Bill Gates Sr. Award for a commitment to improving the lives of others, and in 2019 received her PhD from the University of Cambridge. In the last year of her PhD, Herrmann spent three months at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine as a fellow in The Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellowship program.
Arctic policy and migration research
Herrmann joined The Arctic Institute in 2015, and in 2016 became the organization's President and managing director. She directs strategic planning to achieve its mission to inform policy for a just, sustainable, and secure Arctic. Herrmann oversees the implementation of global research partnerships and manages a team across North America and Europe. Under Herrmann's tenure, The Arctic Institute has consistently ranked as a top-75 think tank by the University of Pennsylvania’s Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program and was shortlisted by Prospect Magazine as the best US Energy and Environment Think Tank.
She is a recognized expert in Arctic policy, and has testified before the U.S. House of Representatives Homeland Security Committee and has briefed the U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee and the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on Arctic security and climate change. In 2017-2018 she served as the Alaska Review Editor for the fourth National Climate Assessment and currently serves as one of two US Delegates to the Social and Human Working Group of the International Arctic Science Committee. Herrmann has sat on the Board of Directors of the Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S. since 2019 and currently serves as a co-chair of the Arctic Youth Network Board of Directors.
Herrmann's research focuses on climate-induced migration, displacement, and relocation in the Arctic, South Pacific, and United States. In 2016–2017, she served as the lead researcher for America's Eroding Edges project, a National Geographic-funded research project. She traveled across the country interviewing 350 local leaders to identify what's needed most to safeguard coastal communities against the unavoidable impacts of climate change. In partnership with the National Trust for Historic Preservation and with support from a JMK Innovation Prize, a follow-up project to Eroding Edges is bringing technical assistance directly to small and medium-sized towns that are geographically remote and socioeconomically vulnerable. Her current National Geographic-funded research project, Culture On The Move: Climate Change, Displacement, and Relocation in Fiji, investigates the consequences of climate-induced relation on cultural heritage.
She was the inaugural Principal Investigator of the Research Coordination Network Arctic Migration in Harmony: An Interdisciplinary Network on Littoral Species, Settlements, and Cultures on the Move funded by a National Science Foundation. Herrmann developed the 700+ member international network to facilitate open communication, foster cross-disciplinary exchange, and build new collaboration teams of scientists, stakeholders, and practitioners to investigate the ways in which the drivers and consequences of Arctic coastal migrations intersect and interact with one another and identify the implications for society.
Climate change communication
Herrmann works both as a science communicator for public audiences and as an academic researcher studying climate change communications. She has published more than 20 peer review journal articles and academic book chapters. Her research focuses on how images used in mass media construct values, identities, and ideas of power about climate change displacement, vulnerable communities, and Arctic policy. Herrmann has argued that climate change scholarship can and should inform concrete action, and how action can enrich scholarship. In discussing her research at universities, she has encouraged other researchers to find their public voice and weigh the importance of storytelling for encouraging climate change action.
Herrmann has given over 50 public talks, including keynote addresses at the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s PastForward, the Smithsonian Institution’s Stemming the Tide: Global Strategies for Sustaining Culture Through Climate Change, and the Hugh O’Brian Youth Leadership Foundation World Leadership Congress. Herrmann advocates that “climate change is a story about losing the things that make us who we are”, and that "everyone has a part to play in climate solutions."
As a National Geographic Explorer, Herrmann has given several public talks about climate change policy, storytelling, and community action. Her talks from National Geographic Society's stage include a Choose Your Own Adventure inspired presentation for CreativeMornings and a keynote panel at the Explorers Festival, where she was featured in conversation with Andrew Revkin, Emma Marris, Leland Melvin, and Ian Stewart to discuss a planet in peril. She has also presented for traveling National Geographic events like National Geographic On Campus. Herrmann is passionate about youth empowerment, and has worked closely with National Geographic Education to increase climate awareness and opportunities for local action. She helped produce and was featured in the online course Teaching Global Climate Change in Your Classroom, presented climate stories across America for the Explorer Classroom program, and facilitated and mentor young storytellers at National Geographic Photo Camp for youth in Louisiana. In 2021, Herrmann was a featured Explorer in ABC Owned Television Stations Our America: Climate of Hope in partnership with National Geographic Partners.
She frequently writes opinion pieces on climate change and Arctic policy for The Guardian, Scientific American, and CNN. Herrmann also appears often as an expert in the news, including NPR's Science Friday, On Point, All Things Considered, and Weekend Edition; ABC News; and the BBC, among others. In 2019 Herrmann was named an American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) IF/THEN Ambassador, and is an advocate for women's visibility in climate change research and girls engaging in STEM. Herrmann has been featured as a role model for girls in STEM by the National Children's Museum the Ad Council’s She Can STEM campaign.
Selected bibliography
Journal articles
2020 Herrmann, V. “Strategic Communications of the Arctic Council: 20 Years of Circumpolar Imaging.” Journal of Strategic Communications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09384-2
2020 Marchman, P., Siders, A.R., Leilani Main, Kelly, Herrmann, V., Butler, Debra. “Planning Relocation in Response to Climate Change: Multi-Faceted Adaptations.” Planning Theory and Practice.
2020 Raspotnik, A, Groenning, R., and Herrmann, V. “A Tale of Three Cities: The Concept of Smart Cities for the Arctic.” Polar Geography. Accepted.
2019 Herrmann, V. “The Birth of Petroleum Path Dependence: Oil Narratives and Development in the North.” American Review of Canadian Studies, 49:2, 301–331,
2019 Herrmann, V. “Rural Ruins in America’s Climate Change Story: Photojournalism, Perception, and Agency in Shishmaref, Alaska.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 109:3, 857–874,
2017 Herrmann, V. “Arctic Indigenous Societal Security at COP21: The Divergence of Security Discourse and Instruments in Climate Negotiations.” POLITIK, 20:3, 65–82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i3.97174.
2017 Herrmann, V. “Culture on the Move: Towards an Inclusive Framework for Cultural Heritage Considerations in Climate-Related Migration, Displacement and Relocation Policies.” Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 32 (2), 182–196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.23647.
2017 Herrmann, V. “America’s First Climate Change Refugees: Victimization and Empowerment in Journalistic Storytelling.” Energy Research and Social Science Journal, 31, 205–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.033.
2016 Herrmann, V. “Investing in Community: Conceptualizing Inclusive School Design for America’s Arctic.” Polar Geography, 39:4, 239–257,
2016 McCorristine, S. and Herrmann, V. “The ‘Old Arctics’: Notices of Franklin Search Expedition Veterans in British Press: 1876–1934.” Polar Record, 39:4, 215-229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247415000728.
2016 Herrmann, V. “The Cold War of Global Warming: Recycled Visual Narratives from the Top of the World.” Polar Geography, 38:4, 289–305,
2015 Herrmann, V. “Climate Change, Arctic Aesthetics, and Indigenous Agency in the Age of the Anthropocene.” The Yearbook of Polar Law, 7:1, 375–409, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_015.
References
Paramus High School alumni
People from Paramus, New Jersey
Lehigh University alumni
Carleton University alumni
21st-century American women scientists
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
American science communicators
Year of birth missing (living people)
American geographers
Climate change | Victoria Herrmann | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,221 | [
"Environmental scientists"
] |
68,563,126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoria | Laboratoria is an organization empowering women who dream of a better future to start and grow careers in technology. It seeks this through totally remote bootcamps, focused on technical and life skills, aimed at women who haven´t been able to start their careers. After the bootcamp, they guide their graduates to find quality jobs in the tech sector. Laboratoria also has a very powerful community of more than 3,500 women who are each playing a key role in a more diverse and competitive digital economy.
History
Laboratoria was created to revert the disadvantages women face in accessing quality jobs in the growing digital economy. It began with a pilot training program for 15 women and rapidly expanded, with 3,500 graduates.
Since its foundation in Lima, Peru, in 2014, Laboratoria has expanded to Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Panamá, Paraguay and Uruguay. Today, due to it being a remote first company, it has been able to reach more countries in Latin America and beyond. Women from different cities and regions have been able to go through the bootcamp, thanks to the absence of geographic boundaries. It also has over 120 team members working daily to have a more profound social impact in the region.
Over 3,500 women have graduated as web developers and UX designers, with an average job placement rate of 79%. Laboratoria is also a source of female tech talent for leading companies in a wide variety of industries. More than 1,100 companies have hired Laboratoria talent.
Awards and recognitions
Mariana Costa was recognized in the Merco 2023 ranking, for her leadership work in Laboratoria, in the Technology category.
Mariana Costa was selected by Bloomberg for its Catalysts program, which highlights founders, activists, entrepreneurs, policymakers, scientists, visionaries, and even elected officials whose remarkable work in business, philanthropy, and government, especially in emerging markets, demands recognition.
Laboratoria was highlighted as one of the companies that leaves its mark on the digital ecosystem in the eWomen category of eCommerce Day Peru 2023, organized by the Lima Chamber of Commerce.
Gabriela Rocha received the Latin American Leaders Award from The Global School for New Leadership in 2022.
Mariana Costa was selected by Fortune magazine in its 40 Under 40 ranking in the Tech and Innovation section in 2022.
Laboratoria was recognized as one of the 100 most promising edtech startups in Latin America and the Caribbean by HolonIQ in 2022.
Laboratoria was selected to be part of the National Inclusive Employment Report (INEI) 2022 in Colombia, as part of the call for success stories.
Forbes Peru places Mariana Costa among the 50 most powerful women in the country in 2022. The special issue of the magazine highlights the contribution of Peruvian women in different areas, such as business, economy, academia, art, science and technology, among other sectors. In order to choose the 50 women, the resources they manage in their organizations and the impact they generate in their communities were evaluated.
Mariana Costa was chosen as one of the most influential, innovative and pioneering people in fintech, e-commerce, politics and digital infrastructure in the RoW100: Global Tech's Changemakers ranking (2022).
McKinsey & Company recognizes Mariana Costa on its The Committed Innovator list, which highlights women in corporate, academic and entrepreneurial fields around the world who are creating groundbreaking breakthroughs in some of the most challenging issues on the planet. These women leaders are pioneering, expanding frontiers and building legacies in agriculture, banking, beauty, education, fashion, health and technology, 2021.
Mariana Costa is recognized by Google.org as a "Leader to watch" in 2022. Google's philanthropic arm selected seven leaders in the world, including the Peruvian entrepreneur, the only representative from Latin America.
Laboratoria was recognized as one of the 100 edtechs in Latin America in 2021 by HolonIQ, an intelligence platform that provides data and analysis of developments in the global market and annually publishes a ranking of the most promising startups in the region. The evaluation was made after a review of more than 2,000 edtechs.
Mariana Costa was chosen by the Project Management Institute (PMI), an American organization with nearly 500,000 members in almost 100 countries, as one of the winners of the Future 50 in 2021, which features emerging leaders who are creating, building and transforming the world through remarkable projects, 2021.
Bloomberg online presented a list of the 100 Innovators of 2021, in which they selected the Latinos who, during the pandemic, not only invented models, but also corrected their steps and even reinvented themselves to adapt to this new economic and social scenario.
Mariana Costa Checa is part of the Wonderful Women of the World 2021 anthology, which – in comic format – shows the work of outstanding women around the world.
Holon IQ 2020 Latam EdTech 100
Transforming Lives Award A lquity, 2019
Women Leading in Technology and Impact, Engineering for Change, 2018
TEDxPlaceDeNations Speaker, 2018
Equals in Tech Award – ITU, UN, Internet Society, 2018
Change Agent Abie Award - AnitaB.org – Grace Hopper Celebration, 2018
Ashoka Fellow – Mariana Costa, as Cofounder and CEO, since 2017 to the present day
World Summit Awards, 2017.
MIT Inclusive Innovation Challenge – Winner Matching Category, 2016
BBC – 100 Most Influential Women, 2016
DAI Innovation Into Action Challenge, 2016
Google Rise Awards, 2015.
References
External links
2014 establishments in Peru
Non-profit organisations based in Peru
Organizations for women in science and technology
Computer science education
Women in computing
Social entrepreneurs | Laboratoria | [
"Technology"
] | 1,156 | [
"Computer science education",
"Computer science",
"Organizations for women in science and technology",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
68,565,548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepidisphaeraceae | Tepidisphaeraceae is a family of bacteria.
References
Planctomycetota
Bacteria families | Tepidisphaeraceae | [
"Biology"
] | 23 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
68,565,554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentisphaerales | Sedimentisphaerales is an order of aquatic bacteria.
References
Planctomycetota
Bacteria orders | Sedimentisphaerales | [
"Biology"
] | 23 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
68,565,566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%20kill%20chain | The cyber kill chain is the process by which perpetrators carry out cyberattacks. Lockheed Martin adapted the concept of the kill chain from a military setting to information security, using it as a method for modeling intrusions on a computer network. The cyber kill chain model has seen some adoption in the information security community. However, acceptance is not universal, with critics pointing to what they believe are fundamental flaws in the model.
Attack phases and countermeasures
Computer scientists at Lockheed-Martin corporation described a new "intrusion kill chain" framework or model to defend computer networks in 2011. They wrote that attacks may occur in phases and can be disrupted through controls established at each phase. Since then, the "cyber kill chain" has been adopted by data security organizations to define phases of cyberattacks.
A cyber kill chain reveals the phases of a cyberattack: from early reconnaissance to the goal of data exfiltration. The kill chain can also be used as a management tool to help continuously improve network defense. According to Lockheed Martin, threats must progress through several phases in the model, including:
Reconnaissance: Intruder selects target, researches it, and attempts to identify vulnerabilities in the target network.
Weaponization: Intruder creates remote access malware weapon, such as a virus or worm, tailored to one or more vulnerabilities.
Delivery: Intruder transmits weapon to target (e.g., via e-mail attachments, websites or USB drives)
Exploitation: Malware weapon's program code triggers, which takes action on target network to exploit vulnerability.
Installation: Malware weapon installs an access point (e.g., "backdoor") usable by the intruder.
Command and Control: Malware enables intruder to have "hands on the keyboard" persistent access to the target network.
Actions on Objective: Intruder takes action to achieve their goals, such as data exfiltration, data destruction, or encryption for ransom.
Defensive courses of action can be taken against these phases:
Detect: Determine whether an intruder is present.
Deny: Prevent information disclosure and unauthorized access.
Disrupt: Stop or change outbound traffic (to attacker).
Degrade: Counter-attack command and control.
Deceive: Interfere with command and control.
Contain: Network segmentation changes
A U.S. Senate investigation of the 2013 Target Corporation data breach included analysis based on the Lockheed-Martin kill chain framework. It identified several stages where controls did not prevent or detect progression of the attack.
Alternatives
Different organizations have constructed their own kill chains to try to model different threats. FireEye proposes a linear model similar to Lockheed-Martin's. In FireEye's kill chain the persistence of threats is emphasized. This model stresses that a threat does not end after one cycle.
Reconnaissance: This is the initial phase where the attacker gathers information about the target system or network. This could involve scanning for vulnerabilities, researching potential entry points, and identifying potential targets within the organization.
Initial Intrusion: Once the attacker has gathered enough information, they attempt to breach the target system or network. This could involve exploiting vulnerabilities in software or systems, utilizing social engineering techniques to trick users, or using other methods to gain initial access.
Establish a Backdoor: After gaining initial access, the attacker often creates a backdoor or a persistent entry point into the compromised system. This ensures that even if the initial breach is discovered and mitigated, the attacker can still regain access.
Obtain User Credentials: With a foothold in the system, the attacker may attempt to steal user credentials. This can involve techniques like keylogging, phishing, or exploiting weak authentication mechanisms.
Install Various Utilities: Attackers may install various tools, utilities, or malware on the compromised system to facilitate further movement, data collection, or control. These tools could include remote access Trojans (RATs), keyloggers, and other types of malicious software.
Privilege Escalation / Lateral Movement / Data Exfiltration: Once inside the system, the attacker seeks to elevate their privileges to gain more control over the network. They might move laterally within the network, trying to access more valuable systems or sensitive data. Data exfiltration involves stealing and transmitting valuable information out of the network.
Maintain Persistence: This stage emphasizes the attacker's goal to maintain a long-term presence within the compromised environment. They do this by continuously evading detection, updating their tools, and adapting to any security measures put in place.
Critiques
Among the critiques of Lockheed Martin's cyber kill chain model as threat assessment and prevention tool is that the first phases happen outside the defended network, making it difficult to identify or defend against actions in these phases. Similarly, this methodology is said to reinforce traditional perimeter-based and malware prevention-based defensive strategies. Others have noted that the traditional cyber kill chain isn't suitable to model the insider threat. This is particularly troublesome given the likelihood of successful attacks that breach the internal network perimeter, which is why organizations "need to develop a strategy for dealing with attackers inside the firewall. They need to think of every attacker as [a] potential insider".
Unified kill chain
The Unified Kill Chain was developed in 2017 by Paul Pols in collaboration with Fox-IT and Leiden University to overcome common critiques against the traditional cyber kill chain, by uniting and extending Lockheed Martin's kill chain and MITRE's ATT&CK framework (both of which are based on the "Get In, Stay In, and Act" model constructed by James Tubberville and Joe Vest). The unified version of the kill chain is an ordered arrangement of 18 unique attack phases that may occur in an end-to-end cyberattack, which covers activities that occur outside and within the defended network. As such, the unified kill chain improves over the scope limitations of the traditional kill chain and the time-agnostic nature of tactics in MITRE's ATT&CK. The unified model can be used to analyze, compare, and defend against end-to-end cyberattacks by advanced persistent threats (APTs). A subsequent whitepaper on the unified kill chain was published in 2021.
References
Further reading
Crime prevention
Data security
National security
Security | Cyber kill chain | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,267 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Data security"
] |
68,565,583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentisphaeraceae | Sedimentisphaeraceae is a family of aquatic bacteria.
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera
References
Planctomycetota
Bacteria families | Sedimentisphaeraceae | [
"Biology"
] | 33 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
68,565,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerohalosphaera | Anaerohalosphaera is a genus of bacteria.
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera
References
Planctomycetota | Anaerohalosphaera | [
"Biology"
] | 31 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
68,565,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetia | Planctomycetia is a class of aquatic bacteria.
Phylogeny
References
Planctomycetota
Bacteria classes | Planctomycetia | [
"Biology"
] | 27 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria"
] |
68,567,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylozoic%20Ground | Hylozoic Ground is an interactive model of architecture which was presented in the Venice Biennale of 2010 and the 18th Biennale of Sydney in 2012. Hylozoic Ground is an exemplar of live architecture: it is an installation by Philip Beesley, who is a professor at the University of Waterloo.
Hylozoism
Hylozoism is the word from which "Hylozoic" is derived. The philosophical viewpoint of hylozoism holds that matter is alive in some way.
Features
It is a kind of architextiles. Hylozoic is a textile matrix that supports responsive activities, ''dynamic material exchanges, and living technologies in an immersive, interactive sculpture environment.''
Hylozoic Ground is a work of experimental architecture that explores the aspects of contemporary wilderness. The Canada Pavilion was transformed into an artificial forest through the use of an intricate lattice of tiny transparent acrylic meshwork links, which were covered in a network of interactive mechanical fronds, filters, and filaments.
References
Architectural design
Venice Architecture Biennale exhibitions
Textile arts | Hylozoic Ground | [
"Engineering"
] | 227 | [
"Architecture stubs",
"Design",
"Architectural design",
"Architecture"
] |
68,567,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja%20Krause | Sonja Krause Goodwin (1933–2021) was a Swiss-American physical chemist specializing in the thermodynamics and effects of electric fields on polymer solutions, and also interested in climate history.
Education and career
Krause was born in 1933 in St. Gallen, Switzerland. When she was a child, she left Europe with her parents to escape Nazi Germany, emigrating to New York City, where her parents sold German-language books. She went to the Bronx High School of Science, as one of the first women to attend that school, and graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1954. She completed a Ph.D. in 1958 at the University of California, Berkeley, with the dissertation Electric Birefringence Studies of Some Macromolecular Solutions Using Microsecond Transients.
After working in industry at the Rohm & Haas Company, she spent several years in the mid-1960s in the Peace Corps heading the physics department at the University of Lagos in Nigeria, and later in Ethiopia. She returned to Rensselaer as a faculty member in physical chemistry in 1967, and was named full professor in 1978. She retired in 2004.
Books
Krause was a coauthor of the textbook Chemistry of the Environment (1978; 2nd ed., 2002, Harcourt/Academic Press, with R. A. Bailey, H. M. Clark, J. P. Ferris, and R. L. Strong). She also published her experiences in the Peace Corps as the two-book series My Years in the Early Peace Corps: Nigeria, 1964–1965 and My Years in the Early Peace Corps: Ethiopia, 1965–1966 (Hamilton Books, 2021).
Recognition
Krause was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Polymer Physics, in 1976. She was also a Fellow of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
References
External links
Home page
1933 births
2021 deaths
American physical chemists
American women chemists
Polymer scientists and engineers
Women physical chemists
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Academic staff of the University of Lagos
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
21st-century American women
Swiss emigrants to the United States
People from St. Gallen (city) | Sonja Krause | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 466 | [
"Polymer scientists and engineers",
"Women physical chemists",
"Physical chemists",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
65,688,727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality%20and%20the%20Holocaust | Human sexuality and the Holocaust is a topic explored in witness testimony, fiction, and academic research.
References
The Holocaust
Holocaust | Sexuality and the Holocaust | [
"Biology"
] | 25 | [
"Human sexuality",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Sexuality"
] |
65,689,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Kurtz | Sarah R. Kurtz is an American materials scientist known for her research on solar energy and photovoltaics, including the application of multi-junction solar cells in robotic spacecraft. Formerly a research fellow at the National Center for Photovoltaics and principal scientist at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, she is a professor of materials science and engineering at the University of California, Merced.
Education and career
Kurtz attended public schools in her hometown of Defiance, Ohio, and graduated in 1979 from Manchester College, majoring in chemistry and physics. She earned a Ph.D. in chemical physics in 1985 from Harvard University; her dissertation was Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, titanium nitride, and titanium dioxide thin films.
She joined the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in 1985 as a post-doctoral researcher. She moved to the University of California, Merced in 2017.
Recognition
Kurtz and fellow NREL scientist Jerry Olson won one of the 2007 Dan David Prizes "for their exceptional and profound contributions to the field of photovoltaic energy". In 2012 the IEEE Electron Devices Society gave her their William R. Cherry Award for her work on multi-junction cells. The US Clean Energy Education & Empowerment (C3E) Initiative gave her their 2016 Lifetime Achievement Award.
She was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2020, "for contributions to the development of GaInP/GaAs photovoltaic cells and leadership in solar cell reliability and quality". She became the first faculty member at UC Merced to be elected to the academy.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American materials scientists
American women engineers
Women materials scientists and engineers
Manchester University (Indiana) alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Merced faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
21st-century American women | Sarah Kurtz | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 379 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
65,691,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin%20Polytechnic%20University%20in%20Tashkent | Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent (Uzbek: Toshkent shahridagi Turin politexnika universiteti (TTPU)) is a non-profit public higher education institution in Uzbekistan. Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent was established in 2009 in a partnership with Politecnico di Torino, Italy. TTPU's main objective is to prepare specialists for the automotive, mechanical engineering, electrical industries and companies in the field of civil engineering and construction, and the power industry, in accordance with the educational programs adopted in collaboration with Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
TTPU has five departments: Department of Natural-Mathematical Sciences, Department of Humanitarian-Economy Sciences, Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. TTPU is a teaching and research university.
History
The official foundation date of the university is April 27, 2009, when the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-1106 “On the organization of Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent” was issued and from that date the university began its activity as a higher educational institution in accordance with the Educational Standards of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
In summer of 2009, the first 200 students were admitted for bachelor's degree program and the new university building with academic and administrative buildings and a modern campus was commissioned.
TTPU was established from the collaboration among Polytechnic University of Turin, UZAVTOSANOAT (the leading car manufacturer in Uzbekistan), and the Uzbek Ministry of Higher Education.
The Cooperation Agreement and Double Degree Agreement was signed 2009 with the Politecnico di Torino (Italy) that developed three HE curricula in Engineering BS and MS in Uzbekistan in accordance with the Italian HE system and acknowledged from both, the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education of Republic of Uzbekistan and the Italian legislation.
Expansion and growth
In May 2010, an academic lyceum was established under the university to prepare students hard sciences and the building of the academic lyceum with the capacity of 450 students was constructed and commissioned by September 2011. In the same year, a Metrology Center in cooperation with the Italian company Hexagon Metrology S.P.A., Mechatronics Center with the support of General Motors Powertrain JSC and the German company Festo and CAD / CAM / CAE Center were established at the university.
In 2014, the MAN training center was organized in cooperation with MAN Truck & Bus and JV MAN Auto-UZBEKISTAN LLC JV.
In 2015, admission for the master's degree program in the specialty direction of “Mechatronics” was organized in the university. In 2016, the university became one of the first higher education institutions in the field of technology to receive a certificate of ISO 9001: 2008 International Quality Standard for services in the field of education.
In 2019, the undergraduate program for obtaining a double degree diploma “2+2” was organized in cooperation with the Andijan Machine building Institute.
In November 2020, the undergraduate program with a double degree diploma “2+2” was developed in cooperation with Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent and Pittsburg State University, Kansas, the United States of America.
Campus
The campus is located in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, with modern educational and administrative buildings, conference halls, library, sport complex, research centers, residence hall, dormitories for professors and the large soccer stadium. The campus is under 24/7 security watch, has the Information Resource Center and the cafeteria.
Moreover, the university territory includes Academic and Administrative buildings, Specialized laboratory, Technopark and Metrology center. There are also Academic Lyceum, Mechatronics Center, MAN Academy, CAD / CAM / CAE Center and CLAAS Center under the authority of the university
Education
The period of study for students to obtain an educational qualification degree is 4 years for Bachelor's and 2 years for master's degree. Students are taught in English language with the involvement of professors and teachers of Turin Polytechnic University (Politecnico di Torino, Italy).
Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent offers the following courses:
Bachelor's degree program in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Bachelor's degree program in Information Technology and Automation Systems in Industry (ICT)
Bachelor's degree program in Industrial and Civil Engineering and Architecture
Master's degree program in Mechatronic Engineering
PhD
Preparatory Programs
Short-term internships
The core engineering courses are mainly taught by Italian professors and local professors who were educated in Italy, Japan, South Korea and the United States.
TTPU's Bachelor's and master's degree programs are based on POLITO academic program and are offered at Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent with a “mixed” approach. That is, some courses are delivered by POLITO faculty members; others, by TTPU faculty members previously trained by teachers from Polytechnic University of Turin.
In accordance with the signed Agreement between the Universities for the awarding of diplomas, graduates receive an Italian diploma of Turin Polytechnic University (Politecnico di Torino).
Activities
TTPU organizes many activities and closely cooperate with major, local and foreign companies across Uzbekistan. Moreover, it runs several international projects on education and development.
Scientific activity
TTPU runs many fundamental, innovative and practical projects and conducts educational, methodological and researches under foreign grants. Students actively participate in international science competitions. The number and the quality of scientific articles have increased; great attention is paid to the publication of scientific collections and monographs, as well as, the patenting and implementation of scientific developments. In particular, the publication of articles by doctoral students engaged in doctoral dissertations, including in prestigious foreign journals, in the web journals of Science and Scopus that is gaining momentum.
Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent was awarded the Scopus Award-2018 in nomination “The best scientists of the year”(DilshodTulaganov) and The Scopus Award-2019 in nomination “The impact of the year.”
Sport activities
Regularly, TTPU's sport teams participate in sport activities in soccer, basketball, volleyball, table tennis, wrestling, chess, athletics and swimming competitions. Moreover, TTPU competes in collaboration with the participants from other universities. Some sport competitions take place in Sport Complex and Stadium of the university.
Juventus Academy in Tashkent
A football academy "Juventus Academy in Tashkent," which is the official branch of Juventus football Academy of Italy, was established at TTPU's campus in 2019.
Partners
TTPU closely cooperates with European, American and Asian higher education institutions and companies and with more than 40 universities from more than 19 countries. Moreover, the university has developed many international projects funded by the European Union's Erasmus + capacity building program.
See also
TEAM University Tashkent
Tashkent State Technical University
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration
Tashkent Financial Institute
Moscow State University in Tashkent named M.V Lomonosov
Tashkent Automobile and Road Construction Institute
Tashkent State University of Economics
Tashkent State Agrarian University
Tashkent State University of Law
Tashkent University of Information Technologies
University of World Economy and Diplomacy
Universities in the United Kingdom
Education in England
Education in Uzbekistan
Tashkent
References
Universities in Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Science and technology in Uzbekistan
Education in Tashkent
Buildings and structures in Tashkent
Tashkent
Educational institutions established in 2009
Uzbekistan | Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,524 | [
"Engineering universities and colleges"
] |
65,692,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin%20Fenix | The Garmin Fenix (styled fēnix; pronounced as phoenix) is a series of multisport GPS watches produced by Garmin. First introduced in 2012, the Garmin Fenix caters to outdoor enthusiasts, adventurers, and athletes seeking advanced performance metrics.
Offering a wide range of outdoor and indoor activities, the Fenix watches allow users to track their performance and progress across various pursuits. With Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation and, starting from the Fenix 5 Plus model, routable topographical maps, users can monitor their routes, waypoints, and geographical data along with their time, distance, speed, pace, elevation, heart rate, and more, allowing them to have detailed insights into their performance.
The Fenix watches are acknowledged for their extended battery life, and ruggedness and durability, designed to endure the rigors of outdoor activities.
Models
See also
Garmin Forerunner
Notes
a. The Garmin Fenix 7 and the second-generation Garmin Epix, while essentially sharing the same core features, diverge notably in their display technology and battery performance. While the Fenix series retains its energy-efficient transflective memory-in-pixel (MiP) display, the Epix Gen 2 features an AMOLED color display, at the expense of higher battery consumption.
References
External links
Sport of athletics equipment
Garmin
Global Positioning System | Garmin Fenix | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 279 | [
"Global Positioning System",
"Wireless locating",
"Aircraft instruments",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
65,694,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntide%20Technologies | Turntide Technologies (Turntide) is an American startup manufacturing electric motors, power electronics, energy storage, and thermal equipment.
History
Turntide was founded in 2013 as Software Motor Corporation (shortened to "SMC"), then changed its name to Software Motor Company in 2018. In July 2020, SMC rebranded to Turntide Technologies.
Turntide entered the agriculture space in 2018 by partnering with VES, a dairy technology supplier, to launch DairyBOS, the Dairy Barn Operating System. Turntide acquired VES fully in October 2020. The company acquired and merged VES with Canadian agricultural tech company Artex Barn Solutions to expand its offering into intelligent barn systems.
Turntide won a 2020 Gold Edison Award and 2020 Product of the Year from Environmental and Energy Leader. In 2021, Fast Company named Turntide one the World's Most Innovative Companies in the Energy category.
CEO Ryan Morris told CNN in April 2021 that the company would "soon announce a push into electric vehicles (EVs)." In June 2021, Turntide announced that it had entered the EV space, with the acquisition of the Gateshead drivetrain division of BorgWarner and the battery company Hyperdrive, as well as the EV controls company AVID Technology.
Southern California Edison utility certified in 2018 that the V01 Smart Motor System reduced energy consumption by 23%-57% compared with a standard AC induction motor, and 11% compared with an induction motor controlled by a variable frequency drive. In 2019, National Renewable Energy Laboratory certified that Turntide's motor reduced energy consumption in refrigerator condenser fans by 29%-71%.
Turntide promotes its solution as a key ingredient for an eventual fossil fuel phase-out, since motors use about half the world's energy. CleanTechnica wrote: "Conventional analog motors are the energy efficient equivalent of the incandescent light bulb, only instead of shedding loads of energy has heat they are constantly drawing electricity whether they need it or not. Turntide’s approach is based around the principles that govern switched reluctance motor technology, where the simplicity of the architecture translates into durability, efficiency, and power density advantages."
Fundraising
In 2016, SMC received a seed investment from National Science Foundation Small Business Innovation Research program, and a second investment in 2017. Also in 2017, Turntide received investment from Wells Fargo's Innovation Incubator.
In September 2020, Amazon awarded Turntide an investment as part of its first round of five Climate Pledge Fund investments. At that time, Turntide also announced investment from Future Shape, the fund led by Nest founder Tony Fadell. Then in March 2021, Turntide announced it had raised funds from Bill Gates' Breakthrough Energy Ventures, Robert Downey Jr.'s climate fund FootPrint Coalition, Fifth Wall Capital, and Keyframe Capital. It also announced that it had acquired building automation company Riptide.
In June 2021, Turntide announced it had raised another $225 million, including from Canada Pension Plan Investment Board.
References
American companies established in 2013
Electric motors
Energy conservation
Power electronics
Cooling technology | Turntide Technologies | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 634 | [
"Engines",
"Electric motors",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Power electronics"
] |
65,697,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhTx-2 | PhTx-2 is a toxic fraction of the venom of the Brazilian wandering spider Phoneutria nigriventer.
Target
This fraction is responsible for most of the venom's effects, acts on voltage-gated ion channels, this fraction is composed of nine different peptides, of which PhTx-2-5 and PhTx-2-6 activate voltage-gated ion channels. PhTx-2 has been shown to be related to the activation and delay of inactivation of neuronal sodium channels, leading to an increase in the concentration of neuronal Ca++ and the release of glutamate, resulting in the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and catecholamines. Primates are more sensitive to the PhTx-1 & 2 components than in the case of mice, about 4 to 5 times more sensitive. The LD50 for a 70kg adult human is 6.3 mg, but the spider has only 1-2 mg and usually delivers 0.4 mg.
References
Toxicology | PhTx-2 | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 227 | [
"Toxicology"
] |
65,699,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemokjang | Daemokjang (; alternatively Daimokjang) is a style of traditional Korean wooden architecture and a term for the woodworking artisans who create it. The word literally means carpenter. Mokjang means woodworker, and are divided into Somokjang (lit. lesser woodworker) and Daemokjang (lit. greater woodworker). Somokjang who make small wooden objects are joiners; Daemokjang who builds wooden buildings are carpenters. Daemokjang covers the entire field of woodworking and the entire construction process.
History
Daemokjang builders acquire skills through education and practice. At times, the Daemokjang were treated with prestige, and were offered governmental positions. The "Daemokjang Architectural Method and Theorem" originated in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. However, towards the end of that dynasty (in the 18th century), the term declined in usage. Instead, their surnames changed to 'Fiansu', and other artisans became known as 'Dofiansu'. Their job was to teach and oversee the construction of government buildings and temples.
Architecture
One of Daemokjang's many domains is home construction. This begins with shaving bark off the wood, followed by drawing lines on the timber and other elements to be cut and carved. Pillars of multiple types are then fitted on top of the foundation stones, all of which are laid with a plan for the building's curved roof. These traditional construction techniques require design skills and aesthetic sense (to select construction materials). Their skill and aesthetic sense allow the Daemokjang to create the so-called "joints that withstand a millennium".
According to Choi Gi-Yeong, winter was the most useful time for Daemokjang to construct Hanok. The builders' job was first to finish all the required work on the floor before winter came, as ice damages the wood through cutting and drying. Roof tiles were then laid sometime before late June, when precipitation became heavy, and plastering was preferably completed in August, before the start of Chuseok. During this time, dew forms on the walls every morning and dries throughout the day. This reduces the chance of cracks inside the walls.
Recognition
The UNESCO World Heritage List included 'Changdeokgung Palace and Bulguksa Temple as examples of traditional Korean architecture constructed by the Daemokjang.
Daemokjang and their historical significance to Korea have been safeguarded as national cultural heritage since the official 74th Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea designation in 1982. Master carpenter Bae Hee-Han was designated as the holder of the role in 1982.
Present day
These craftsmen reside and work across Korea. Sin-Eung-Su works in Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do. Jeon Heung-Su lives and works in Deoksan-myeon, Yesan-gun, and Chumgcheongnam-do. Choi-Gi-Yeong works in Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do.
Choi-Gi-Yeong is one of the three prominent Daemokjang architects still alive in Korea. His contribution to the project of restoring the historical Buddhist monasteries is notable. The South Korean government awarded him the title of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Geungnakjeon Hall at Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do province (built in the 1200th century) is nationally preserved. Choi demolished the wooden building and rebuilt it.
Hanok wooden architectural structures are naturally built, and they are created by artists who adhere to principles and fundamentals. All of the elements utilized in construction come from natural sources: Korean pine, clay, stones, tiles, and window paper–all cultivated from nature. Pinewood tends to breathe, and its resin flows into the Hanok. Thus, the house "breathes." The whole process was done based on traditional and scientific principles, and it is said that this contributes to the longevity of their constructions.
References
Architecture in Korea
Architectural terminology
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
National Intangible Cultural Heritage of South Korea
Carpentry | Daemokjang | [
"Engineering"
] | 873 | [
"Architectural terminology",
"Architecture"
] |
65,699,897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miren%20Guti%C3%A9rrez%20Almazor | Miren Gutiérrez Almazor (born in Pamplona in 1966) is a Spanish journalist, activist, scholar, and university lecturer. Her research focus has to do with data activism or how people and organizations use data infrastructure, in combination with other technologies, for social change, environmental conservation, and equality.
Biography
Graduated in Hispanic Philology, specialized in Linguistics, from the University of Navarra, Ph.D. in Communication from the University of Deusto. She began her career in 1990, in Hong Kong, as a correspondent for the EFE, leading a network of contributors covering Southeast Asia, the Korea peninsula, and the Pacific for the leading Spanish-speaking international news agency. At the end of 1996, she was appointed Editor of the Business section of the Panama newspaper La Prensa, where she wrote and coordinated numerous investigative stories into corruption and irregularities, some with significant environmental and legal consequences.
Due to these investigations and the attacks she suffered in her profession’s exercise, in 2000, the Committee for the Protection of Journalists included her in its report "Attacks against the press". Former Attorney General José Antonio Sossa filed a criminal complaint for libel against four Prensa journalists in 2000, including business editor Miren Gutierrez, and journalists Monica Palm and Rolando Rodriguez. The complaint cited a series of stories the paper published in 1999 reporting that a drug trafficker had donated to one of Sossa’s political campaigns. In 2004, Sossa also filed a complaint against Eisenmann, who had questioned his work as a public servant. Set in the investigation on the demise of celebrity money-launderer Marc Harris, she wrote a novel titled “La ciudad de las cigarras.”
In 1997, her report "From Uncle Sam to Uncle Chang", in collaboration with Gustavo Gorriti, won the Journalists Forum Award for Freedom of Expression and Information
In 2003, she was appointed Editorial Director of Inter Press Service (IPS), an international news agency specializing in the environment, human rights, civil society, and development, where she coordinated 420 collaborators in 330 locations around the world.
She has also written for El Mundo, El País, The Nation, Wall Street Journal Americas, UPI, Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), and Transparency International, among other organizations. She currently writes a column focused on data activism, the environment, and human rights for eldiario.es.
In 2010, she was elected executive director of Green Peace Spain, a position she holds until 2011. She then became the Editorial Director of Index on Censorship. And in 2012, she started working for the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) of the United Kingdom to become a Research Associate working on big data projects focused on illegal fishing, including one on China’s distant water fishing fleet.
She is a lecturer in the Communication Studies and International Relations programs at the University of Deusto, the Ph.D. in Leisure, Culture and Communication for Human Development Program, and Director of the Postgraduate Program “Data Analysis, Research and Communication” at said university. She has been a guest professor at the University of Tilburg, University of Navarra, University of Amsterdam, University of Rome (Sapienza), and the University of Maastricht. She is also a research associate at DATACTVIVE, University of Amsterdam, from 2016, and at MediaData, Polytechnic University of Valencia.
In 2018 she published Data Activism and Social Change, a book recognized by Book Authority as one of the 10 best books published in the field of social activism. In 2020, she published Activismo de datos y cambio social. Alianzas, mapas, plataformas y acción para un mundo mejor, expanding the exploration of data activism and focusing on cases from the Spanish-speaking world. She is among the first scholars to start examining data activism as a new theory and practice centered in the data infrastructure.
She has been interviewed and featured in numerous articles, including at The Guardian, El País, Reuters, EFE, Seafood Source, SciDevNet, Voice of America, Mondiaal Nieuws, Xataka, Big Data & Society, China Dialogue.
Publications
References
External links
Ponencia de Miren Gutiérrez "Open Data y Activismo"
Miren Gutiérrez: COP25: agujeros en la capa del financiamiento climático. El diario.es
Miren Gutiérrez. Biografía.
Miren Gutiérrez. Entrevista. Big Data y Activismo. Deverdad TV.
Miren Gutiérrez. #Atakak - Diálogos para abrir gobiernos
1966 births
Living people
21st-century Spanish journalists
21st-century Spanish women journalists
Data activism
Spanish activists
Spanish women activists
21st-century Spanish women writers
Academic staff of the University of Deusto
University of Navarra alumni
University of Deusto alumni
20th-century Spanish journalists
20th-century Spanish novelists
Spanish women academics
20th-century Spanish women journalists
20th-century Spanish women writers
Spanish women novelists | Miren Gutiérrez Almazor | [
"Technology"
] | 1,024 | [
"Data",
"Data activism"
] |
52,984,006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Water%20Index | The World Water Index (WOWAX) is a global stock market index established in February 2002 by Société Générale in cooperation with SAM Group and Dow Jones Index/STOXX.
It contains the globally largest 20 corporations of the water supply, water infrastructure and water utilities/treatment sector.
The index' assortment of shares is rebalanced every quarter of a year, and revised every six months.
The ISIN of the WOWAX is XY0100291446 and US98151V3006, respectively.
Companies
See also
Palisades Water Index
References
Global stock market indices
Water industry | World Water Index | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 124 | [
"Hydrology",
"Water industry"
] |
52,984,538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz%20Daint%20%28supercomputer%29 | Piz Daint is a supercomputer in the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, named after the mountain Piz Daint in the Swiss Alps.
It was ranked 8th on the TOP500 ranking of supercomputers until the end of 2015, higher than any other supercomputer in Europe.
At the end of 2016, the computing performance of Piz Daint was tripled to reach 25 petaflops; it thus became the third most powerful supercomputer in the world. As of November 2021, Piz Daint is ranked 20th on the TOP500.
History
The original Piz Daint Cray XC30 system was installed in December 2012. This system was extended with Piz Dora, a Cray XC40 with 1,256 compute nodes, in 2013. In October 2016, Piz Daint and Piz Dora were upgraded and combined into the current Cray XC50/XC40 system featuring Nvidia Tesla P100 GPUs.
References
GPGPU supercomputers
Petascale computers
Science and technology in Switzerland
Supercomputing in Europe
X86 supercomputers | Piz Daint (supercomputer) | [
"Technology"
] | 236 | [
"Supercomputing in Europe",
"Supercomputing"
] |
52,986,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN%20FD | CAN FD (Controller Area Network Flexible Data-Rate) is a data-communication protocol used for broadcasting sensor data and control information on 2 wire interconnections between different parts of electronic instrumentation and control system. This protocol is used in modern high performance vehicles.
CAN FD is an extension to the original CAN bus protocol that was specified in ISO 11898-1. CAN FD is the second generation of CAN protocol developed by Bosch. The basic idea to overclock part of the frame and to oversize the payload dates back to 1999. Developed in 2011 and released in 2012 by Bosch, CAN FD was developed to meet the need to increase the data transfer rate up to 5 times faster and with larger frame/message sizes for use in modern automotive Electronic Control Units.
As in the classical CAN, CAN FD protocol is designed to reliably transmit and receive sensor data, control commands and to detect data errors between electronic sensor devices, controllers and microcontrollers. Although CAN FD was primarily designed for use in high performance vehicle ECUs, the pervasiveness of classical CAN in the different industries will lead into inclusion of this improved data-communication protocol in a variety of other applications as well, such as in electronic systems used in robotics, defense, industrial automation, underwater vehicles, medical equipment, avionics, down-hole drilling sensors, etc.
CAN FD versus classical CAN
The primary difference between the classical CAN (Controller Area Network) and CAN FD is the Flexible Data (FD). Using CAN FD, Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are enabled to dynamically switch between different data rates and longer or shorter messages. Faster data speed and more data capacity enhancements results in several system operational advantages compared to classical CAN. Commands issued by the executing ECU software reach the output controller much faster. CAN FD is typically used in high performance ECUs of modern vehicles. A modern vehicle can have more than 70 ECUs that use CAN FD to exchange information over the CAN bus when the engine is running or when the vehicle is moving.
On a CAN bus, a frame is the basic unit of messaging. For a classic CAN bus, a frame consists of an 11-bit identifier along with an 8-byte message payload. For CAN FD, a frame is labeled with a 29-bit identifier and carries a 64-byte message payload. Frames with 11-bit identifiers are said to be in FD Base Frame Format (FDBF) and frames with 29-bit identifiers are referred to as FD Extended Frame Format (FEFF). While payload data rates of 5-8 Mbit/s are possible in CAN FD, overall data transfer rates depend on the total length of the bus network and the transceivers used to generate and detect bus signals. Additionally, arbitration data rates are limited to 1 Mbit/s to maintain compatibility with classical CAN devices. The CAN FD protocol specification provides improved error detection in received CAN messages and enhanced flexibility of data transfer speeds to account for differences in sensor polling rates. The CAN bus consists of a shared pair of wires onto which electronic sensors, controller units, and ECUs are connected and is used to exchange information between units operating periodically or on demand. The total number of units connected, the length of the CAN bus wires, and additional electromagnetic factors determine the fastest data transfer rate possible for a given CAN bus. All versions of the CAN protocol are designed with robust collision resolution that depends on signal propagation time, network topology, and the number of units on the bus. To minimize message collision and reduce costly error correction, many CAN bus configurations may limit their data transfer rate well below the bus's theoretical maximum speed.
CAN-FD bus load that was developed by "De Andrade's" equation based on Tindel's equation.
β = τ/ω (1) (β = Busload), (τ = time of slow bits plus faster bits), ω (time in seconds of measurement).
τ = Ts + Tf (2)
CAN-FD protocol defines five different error detection mechanisms: Two of them work at the bit level, and the other three at the message level.
They are:
- (1) Bit Monitoring,
- (2) Bit Stuffing,
- (3) Frame Check,
- (4) Acknowledgement Check and
- (5) Cyclic Redundancy Check. There are two options of CRC which should be denoted as for CRC length of 17 (Data Length 0-16 bytes) or CRC length of 21 bits (Data Length 17–64) bytes.
Ts = ([(SOF+ID+r1+IDE+EDL+r0+BRS/2+CRCdel/2)* 1,2]+ACK+DEL+EOF+IFS)/t_x (3)
Tf = ([(D〗_f+BRS/2+ESI+DLC+CRCdel/2)*1,2]+〖CRC〗_17+5)/t_y (4)
where SOF (Start of Frame) + ID (Identifier) + r1 (reserved bit 1) + IDE + EDL(Extended Data Length) + r0(reserved bit 0) + BRS/2 (Bit Rate Switch) + CRCdel/2 (CRC delimiter)= 17 bits; 1.25 is the factor of the worst case bit stuffing, which means the computation shall be increased by 25%. It is considered BRS and CRCdel divided by 2, because they are exactly in the shift of bit rate transition. The ACK (Acknowledge) + DEL (Delimiter) + EOF (End-of-Frame) + IFS (Interframe Spacing) = 12 bits without bit stuffing. The CAN-FD payload size may be 0 to 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48, 64 Bytes. t_X is the transmission bandwidth for the message header (up to 1 Mbit/s).
For data < 16 Bytes
β = ( (SOF+ID+r1+IDE+EDL+r0+BRS/2+CRCdel/2 * 1,25)+ACK+DEL+EOF+IFS)/t_x + (〖[(D〗_f+BRS/2+ESI+DLC+CRCdel/2)*1,25]+〖CRC〗_17+5)/t_y)/ω (5)
For data >= 16 Bytes
β = ( (SOF+ID+r1+IDE+EDL+r0+BRS/2+CRCdel/2 * 1,25)+ACK+DEL+EOF+IFS)/t_x + (〖[(D〗_f+BRS/2+ESI+DLC+CRCdel/2 )*1,25]+〖CRC〗_21+6)/t_y )/ω (6)
CAN FD also has decreased the number of undetected errors through increases in the performance of the CRC-algorithm. In addition, CAN FD is compatible with existing CAN 2.0 networks, allowing the new protocol to function on the same network as classical CAN. CAN FD bit rate can be up to 8 Mbit/s with the right CAN SIC (Signal Improvement Capability) Transceiver and so up to 8 times faster than classical CAN with 1 Mbit/s data phase.
Due to higher communication speed, CAN FD constraints are tougher in terms of line parasitic capacitance. Therefore, all components on the line have seen their "capacitance" budget reduced compared to regular CAN bus. That is the reason why semiconductor suppliers have released new components approved by car makers. This approval reflects the need for interoperability between all CAN FD systems. Indeed, selected ESD protection components are compatible with all transceivers (CAN or CAN FD) and withstand ISO7637-3.
Despite a higher stand-off voltage (37 V), devices for truck applications must also comply with the low capacitance requirement (3.5 pF).
Data frame
The data frame used for actual data transmission have two message formats:
Base frame format: with 11 identifier bits
Extended frame format: with 29 identifier bits
The frame format is as follows: The bit values are described for CAN-LO signal.
CAN & CAN FD TP Headers
The above table explains the transfer protocol defined for CAN + CANFD, based on ISO 15765-2 (ISO-TP), used for sending packets of data longer than what fits in a CAN frame.
if the first byte is 0x00, then it's a CAN-FD SF, and the second byte specifies the size of the data.
if the first byte is 0x01-0x07, then it's a normal CAN SF with this byte indicating the size of 1-7 bytes data.
if the first 2 bytes are 0x1000, then it's a CAN-FD FF, and the following 4 bytes specifies the size of data in high byte first order. This virtually enables to send ~4 GB (approx.) data in CAN FD.
if the first 2 bytes are 0x1008-0x1FFF, then it's a normal CAN FF with a size of 0x008-0xFFF.
CAN Transceiver
CAN FD can use Transceiver for classical CAN and CAN FD. Additionally there are new CAN SiC (Signal improvement Capability) Transceiver with 5 to 8 Mbit/s data rate.
CAN FD in action
In 2017, CAN FD was predicted to be used in most vehicles by 2019–2020.
CAN FD supporters
Some of the companies behind the new standard include STMicroelectronics, Infineon, NXP, Texas Instruments, Kvaser, Daimler and GM.
CAN FD forms a basic data link layer in some higher Layer protocols like CANopen as CANopen FD and J1939 and supported by different companies with protocol stacks.
CAN XL
CAN XL is the 3rd version of the CAN data link layer after classical CAN and CAN FD. CAN FD is compatible to CAN XL.
References
External links
Comparing CAN FD with Classical CAN
CAN FD: From Theory to Practice
CAN Bus Protection : Protect What Protects You
Linux and ISO 15765-2 with CAN FD - Details of how (payload) data length differs between CAN and CANFD
Linux and ISO 15765-2 with CAN FD 15th international CAN Conference 2015
CAN FD Explained
Automation software
Serial buses
Bosch (company)
CAN bus | CAN FD | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,253 | [
"CAN bus",
"Industrial computing",
"Automation software",
"Automation"
] |
52,987,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraplanar%20gas | Extraplanar gas is cold atomic hydrogen which has been discovered slowly rotating around some spiral galaxies and located well outside their thin disk regions. It was discovered by using radio telescopes to observe the distribution of atomic hydrogen around galaxy disks. Galaxies which have shown evidence of extraplanar gas include NGC 891, NGC 2403, UGC 7321, NGC 4559 and NGC 3198.
Possible explanations for the presence of this gas include ionised gas being swept up by stellar winds and supernova explosions and, upon cooling, falling back into the galactic plane and the accretion of intergalactic primordial gas.
References
Intergalactic media
Radio astronomy | Extraplanar gas | [
"Astronomy"
] | 135 | [
"Radio astronomy",
"Intergalactic media",
"Outer space",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
52,991,019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPT-100 | SPT-100 is a Hall-effect ion thruster, part of the SPT-family of thrusters. SPT stands for Stationary Plasma Thruster. It creates a stream of electrically charged xenon ions accelerated by an electric field and confined by a magnetic field.
The thruster is manufactured by Russian OKB Fakel, and was first launched onboard the Gals-1 satellite in 1994. In 2003, Fakel debuted a second generation of the thruster, called SPT-100B, and in 2011, it presented further upgrades in SPT-100M prototypes. As of 2011, SPT-100 thrusters were used in 18 Russian and 14 foreign spacecraft, including IPSTAR-II, Telstar-8, and Ekspress A and AM constellations.
Specifications
See also
PPS-1350
SPT-140
References
External links
Stationary plasma thrusters(PDF)
Ion engines
Spacecraft propulsion
Spacecraft components | SPT-100 | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 190 | [
"Ions",
"Ion engines",
"Matter"
] |
52,991,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appticles | Appticles is a multi-channel mobile publishing platform that assists content creators to package their existing content into cross-platform web applications. Appticles was developed by London based company, Webcrumbz Ltd, which was founded in 2010 by Alexandra Anghel and Ciprian Borodescu. The company is incorporated in UK with its engineering team located in Bucharest, Romania.
History
Webcrumbz Ltd, the company running Appticles was founded in London, in 2010 by Alexandra Anghel and Ciprian Borodescu. During September - November 2010 the company went through Startupbootcamp located in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 2012, the company won the second round of Appsfuel HTML5 App Challenge and Mobile Web App of the Day Award from TheFWA.com. In February, 2013 Webcrumbz LTD was a finalist at the Mobile Premier Awards held in Barcelona with Journalism.co.uk mobile web application.
Recognition
In 2013, Webcrumbz won Silver for the Best Mobisite at the Mobilio Awards gala, on 16 April with the First Aid Lesson app for MaiMultVerde, Romania. The same year, in October, Appticles was selected as one of the finalists for How To Web Startup Spotlight Pitch Competition. In 2014, the Bulgarian seed fund, Launchub announced it invested in Appticles. In 2016, Appticles was selected for Prosper Women Entrepreneurs Accelerator in Saint Louis, Missouri.
WPMobilePack
Since 2014, Appticles became the main contributor for WPMobilePack, releasing the 2.0 in June 2014. The WordPress Mobile Pack was initially developed in 2009, by James Pearce, who is now running open source at Facebook, with the contribution of Terence Eden, a Mobile Product Manager at O2 (UK), and Andrea Trasatti part of Developer Relations, at the Samsung Strategy and Innovation Center. By December 2016, WordPress Mobile Pack accumulated over one million downloads.
References
External links
Official Website
App Resources
Trader AI App
Mobile software distribution platforms | Appticles | [
"Technology"
] | 415 | [
"Mobile content",
"Mobile software distribution platforms"
] |
52,991,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro%20Zeus | Nitro Zeus is the project name for a well funded comprehensive cyber attack plan created as a mitigation strategy after the Stuxnet malware campaign and its aftermath. Unlike Stuxnet, that was loaded onto a system after the design phase to affect its proper operation, Nitro Zeus's objectives are built into a system during the design phase unbeknownst to the system users. This built-in feature allows a more assured and effective cyber attack against the system's users.
The information about its existence was raised during research and interviews carried out by Alex Gibney for his Zero Days documentary film. The proposed long term widespread infiltration of major Iranian systems would disrupt and degrade communications, power grid, and other vital systems as desired by the cyber attackers. This was to be achieved by electronic implants in Iranian computer networks. The project was seen as one pathway in alternatives to full-scale war.
See also
Kill Switch
Backdoor (computing)
Operation Olympic Games
References
Malware
Cyberwarfare
Computer hardware | Nitro Zeus | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 207 | [
"Malware",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer hardware",
"Computer systems",
"Computer science",
"Computer security exploits",
"Computers"
] |
52,991,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlke%27s%20theorem | Pohlke's theorem is the fundamental theorem of axonometry. It was established 1853 by the German painter and teacher of descriptive geometry Karl Wilhelm Pohlke. The first proof of the theorem was published 1864 by the German mathematician Hermann Amandus Schwarz, who was a student of Pohlke. Therefore the theorem is sometimes called theorem of Pohlke and Schwarz, too.
The theorem
Three arbitrary line sections in a plane originating at point , which are not contained in a line, can be considered as the parallel projection of three edges of a cube.
For a mapping of a unit cube, one has to apply an additional scaling either in the space or in the plane. Because a parallel projection and a scaling preserves ratios one can map an arbitrary point by the axonometric procedure below.
Pohlke's theorem can be stated in terms of linear algebra as:
Any affine mapping of the 3-dimensional space onto a plane can be considered as the composition of a similarity and a parallel projection.
Application to axonometry
Pohlke's theorem is the justification for the following easy procedure to construct a scaled parallel projection of a 3-dimensional object using coordinates,:
Choose the images of the coordinate axes, not contained in a line.
Choose for any coordinate axis forshortenings
The image of a point is determined by the three steps, starting at point :
go in -direction, then
go in -direction, then
go in -direction and
4. mark the point as .
In order to get undistorted pictures, one has to choose the images of the axes and the forshortenings carefully (see Axonometry). In order to get an orthographic projection only the images of the axes are free and the forshortenings are determined. (see :de:orthogonale Axonometrie).
Remarks on Schwarz's proof
Schwarz formulated and proved the more general statement:
The vertices of any quadrilateral can be considered as an oblique parallel projection of the vertices of a tetrahedron that is similar to a given tetrahedron.
and used a theorem of L’Huilier:
Every triangle can be considered as the orthographic projection of a triangle of a given shape.
Notes
References
K. Pohlke: Zehn Tafeln zur darstellenden Geometrie. Gaertner-Verlag, Berlin 1876 (Google Books.)
Schwarz, H. A.:Elementarer Beweis des Pohlkeschen Fundamentalsatzes der Axonometrie, J. reine angew. Math. 63, 309–314, 1864.
Arnold Emch: Proof of Pohlke's Theorem and Its Generalizations by Affinity, American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct., 1918), pp. 366–374
External links
F. Klein: The fundamental Theorem of Pohlke, in Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint: Volume II: Geometry, p. 97,
Christoph J. Scriba, Peter Schreiber: 5000 Years of Geometry: Mathematics in History and Culture, p. 398.
Pohlke–Schwarz theorem, Encyclopedia of Mathematics.
Graphical projections
Linear algebra | Pohlke's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 655 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Graphical projections",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
52,992,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20manual%20image%20annotation%20tools | Manual image annotation is the process of manually defining regions in an image and creating a textual description of those regions. Such annotations can for instance be used to train machine learning algorithms for computer vision applications.
This is a list of computer software which can be used for manual annotation of images.
References
Lists of software | List of manual image annotation tools | [
"Technology"
] | 68 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Lists of software"
] |
52,992,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20snake | The carbon snake is a demonstration of the dehydration reaction of sugar by concentrated sulfuric acid. With concentrated sulfuric acid, granulated table sugar (sucrose) performs a degradation reaction which changes its form to a black solid-liquid mixture. The carbon snake experiment can sometimes be misidentified as the black snake, "sugar snake", or "burning sugar" reaction, all of which involve baking soda rather than sulfuric acid.
Explanation
Concentrated sulfuric acid can perform a dehydration reaction with table sugar. After mixing, the color changes from white to brownish and eventually to black. The expansion of the mixture is the result of vaporization of water and CO2 inside the container. The gases inflate the mixture to form a snake-like shape, and give off a burned sugar smell. The granularity of the sugar can greatly affect the reaction: powdered sugar reacts very quickly but sugar cubes take longer to react.
When sucrose is dehydrated, heat is given out to the surroundings in an exothermic reaction, while graphite and liquid water are produced by the decomposition of the sugar:
C12H22O11 + H2SO4 + 1/2 O2 → 11 C + CO2 + 12 H2O + SO2
As the acid dehydrates the sucrose, the water produced will dilute the sulfuric acid, giving out energy in the form of heat.
C12H22O11 → 12 C + 11 H2O
Alternative experiment
Paranitroaniline can be used instead of sugar, if the experiment is allowed to proceed under an obligatory fumehood. With this method the reaction phase prior to the black snake's appearance is longer, but once complete, the black snake itself rises from the container very rapidly. This reaction may cause an explosion if too much sulfuric acid is used.
See also
Elephant's toothpaste
Black snake (firework)
Chemical volcano
Diet Coke and Mentos eruption
References
External links
Dehydration of sucrose with sulfuric acid ChemEd X
Sugar snake (Sugar and Baking soda) MEL science
Sugar Snake: Sulfuric Acid and Sugar youtube.com
Chemistry classroom experiments
Articles containing video clips | Carbon snake | [
"Chemistry"
] | 457 | [
"Chemistry classroom experiments"
] |
52,993,129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act%20Global | Act Global is an artificial turf manufacturer based in Austin, Texas. Its primary production facilities are located in Calhoun, Georgia. The company is best known for its brands in sports, Xtreme Turf and UBU. FIFA has certified the company as a "FIFA Quality Licensee" for football turf.
History
John Baize and Chris Clapham co-founded Act Global in 2004 to be a socially and environmentally responsible turf manufacturer. Since its inception, Act Global has spread worldwide with multiple manufacturing centers across the globe. Baize has served on the industry Synthetic Turf Council board of directors for nine years including as Chair. Baize also is the initial Chair of the global Synthetic Turf Council International.
In 2009, FIFA certified Act Global as a "preferred producer" for football turf.
In 2015, the company moved to its current U.S. production facility in Georgia.
In 2016, Act Global acquired the UBU and Turfscape brands.
In 2018, Act Global won the inaugural Synthetic Turf Council Philanthropy Award to recognize its charitable contributions and social outreach to communities. The company repeated this distinction in 2020 when it was again issued the STC Philanthropy Award.
In 2020 and 2021, Act Global won the Synthetic Turf Council Sustainability Award to recognize the STC member organization that consistently, and through innovation, utilizes sustainable materials and processes.
Products
The company offers various kinds of artificial turfs, depending upon the use.
Sports turf: The Xtreme Turf and UBU lines are intended for sports use, with different offerings for various sports and uses including football, soccer, baseball, field hockey, rugby, lacrosse, marching bands, cheer and multi-purpose events.
Aviation turf: AvTurf is a patented system used for airport ground cover to minimize foreign debris, replace the natural habitat for birds and wildlife near runway safety areas and provide visual recognition and operational benefits. AvTurf is listed in the United States Federal Aviation Administration circular for Airside applications.
Landfill closure: LiteEarth is a patented system used in the closure of landfills and land reclamation.
Landscape turf: Turfscape is available for both residential and commercial spaces. This market sector focuses on maximizing land space and improving aesthetics and property values while saving water and lower maintenance burdens.
References
External links
Artificial turf
Companies based in Austin, Texas | Act Global | [
"Chemistry"
] | 460 | [
"Synthetic materials",
"Artificial turf"
] |
52,993,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Hydrae | The Bayer designations a Hydrae and A Hydrae are distinct. Due to technical limitations, both designations link here. For the star
a Hydrae, see 6 Hydrae (HR 3431)
A Hydrae, see 33 Hydrae (HR 3814)
See also
α Hydrae (Alphard)
Hydra (constellation)
Hydrae, a | A Hydrae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 71 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
52,994,301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvophoresis | Solvophoresis is a spontaneous motion of dispersed particles in a mixed solvent induced by a gradient of solvent concentration. Solvophoresis was experimentally established by Marek Kosmulski and Egon Matijevic. Solvophoresis is similar to diffusiophoresis.
References
Colloidal chemistry | Solvophoresis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 69 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Surface science",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Colloids"
] |
52,994,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creolin | Creolin (which is also called Creolina) is a generic name for disinfectants whose composition varies according to origin. It is extracted from the dry distillation of wood. The residue remaining in the autoclave vessel is a dark, syrupy mass called creosote, which is composed mainly of phenolic acid and cresylic acid. The original composition of creolin is a creosote tar oil, caustic soda, soaps, and very little water. It is of low technology and a very powerful disinfectant.
History
The article on Newland, Kingston upon Hull, mentions that Pearsons was established by William Edward Pearson in 1880. In Italy the company that owns the brand Creolin, Guglielmo Pearson S.r.l. of Genoa Italy, is the only manufacturer of the disinfectant. Internationally, creolin also corresponds to the trade name of other disinfectant products for example by Mark Cansick Co, in addition to the same William Pearson (chemicals).
From 1888 to date Creolin has undergone several changes. The original composition was creosote, caustic soda, soaps, and very little water. Its use was multiple: in the field of medicine (specifically as a hospital grade disinfectant) in the animal husbandry and veterinary sector. In the field of motor restoration works, creolin (and the vapors of the same) is used to return to the original condition of the casting of oil-stained aluminum parts.
By 1888, creolin 1 percent strength was used for the wound dressing of burns.
In 1889, Professor Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz of Paris France published in The Therapeutic Gazette an essay entitled "Prophylactic Hygiene Lecture V.- On Disinfectants":
In 1897, an import agent in Rio de Janeiro was advertising "Creolin-Pearson" as "The best desinfectant for vessels.
Recommended for daily use especially during epidemics."
Such was its power as a hospital disinfectant that by 1901, American nurses were urged it use in Methods of Disinfection Recommended by the Department of Health of the City of New York.
In 1915, Parcher's Drug Store was advertising creolin alongside such staples as Pyrox, Lime and Sulphur, Hellebore, Paris Green, Kerso, Blue Vitriol, Arsenate of Lead, Carbonal, Pine Tar, Sheep Dip, Chloride Lime, Rosin, Bi-Sulphide Carbon, Copperas, Washing Fluid, Sulpho Napthol, Sprayers, Cow Ease, Roach Powder, Moth Balls, and Nyals Family Remedies.
In the early 1930s creolin production from peat tar began in Gus-Khrustalny, Vladimir Oblast. From 1942, "due to urgent necessity of disinfectants for the needs of the Eastern Front of WW2", creolin production was expanded to hundreds of tons per annum.
The Plough company acquired the US Creolin Company from Merck & Co. in September 1958.
In 2015, Iranian academics at Mazandaran University performed a Nosocomial infections study on the "Efficiency of some disinfectants (Cidex, Deconex, and Creolin) against E.coli".
Composition
Creolin is a natural disinfectant that is extracted from the dry distillation of wood. This procedure consists of distilling the wood in large autoclaves. From the vapors that emanate from distillation vegetable aguarrás also known as essence of turpentine is extracted. The residue remaining in the autoclave vessel is a dark, syrupy mass called creosote. It is composed mainly of phenol (phenolic acid) and cresol (cresylic acid). It is a very powerful disinfectant, of natural origin, and is used to make different compounds intended for cleaning and disinfection.
The main active ingredient are phenols (26%), coal tar neutral oils (51%), soaps (13%) and water (10%) . The main toxicity of this product is that of phenols, which are non-specific cellular toxins causing damage to the gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal and neurological systems.
Cresylic Acid is a composition of a number of mixtures of several acids that are derived from petroleum and coal tar, boiled above 204 °C, contain varying amounts of cresols and other phenols, and are used in resins, disinfectants, solvents, preservatives, wood preservatives and electrical insulation.
o-Cresol is used as a solvent, disinfectant, and chemical intermediate.
m-Cresol is used to produce certain herbicides, as a precursor to the pyrethroid insecticides, to produce antioxidants, and to manufacture the explosive, 2,4,6-nitro-m-cresol.
p-Cresol is used largely in the formulation of antioxidants and in the fragrance and dye industries.
The EPA has classified o-cresol, m-cresol, and p-cresol as Group C: possible human carcinogens.
Exposure
Exposure to 26% Creolin disinfectant (26% phenol) produces vomiting, coughing, stridor, tissue sloughing and first degree burns in patients with oral exposure and with dermal exposure. Central nervous system toxicity from exposure to a high concentration phenol containing cleaning product appears to be rapid in onset.
Mechanism of action
For cresol bactericides or disinfectants the mechanism of action is due to the destruction of bacterial cell membranes.
Uses
The ideal concentration for the manufacture of disinfectants is a phenol content of 15% on the product. In this way, when the disinfectant is prepared for use, it will always have a final concentration of phenols higher than 1%, which is used for cleaning and disinfection.
For the preparation of phenol disinfectants, liquid soaps of different types are used which aid in cleaning and, mainly, the solubility of the active substance (phenols or cresols). It has been standard practice to use soaps which, upon dissolving the finished product in water, give a white, milk-like emulsion. This emulsion contains, dissolved in small particles, the active material, whether phenols or cresols.
Bactericidal agent
Austin Flint II remarked in 1888 that for cases in which Bacillus pyocyanus (Synonym Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was found in patients' wound dressings, and cultivations of it obtained, if gauze impregnated with a creolin lotion containing less than 2 percent could be used for moistening the dressings and the dressings were no longer found to contain the pathogen. Concentrations of creolin higher than 2 percent produced unbearable pain.
Creolin has been shown to be effective in inactivating African swine fever virus.
Larvicidal agent: Oral myiasis
Treatment of Oral myiasis caused by screwworm larvae consisted of subcutaneous ivermectin therapy and the application of a phenol preparation (10% creolin) as a local measure for the control of larvae. Healing was uneventful in the six cases presented, and no undesirable reactions were observed throughout the period of treatment.
Creolin Soap
Creolin Soap is not to be confused with Creolin the raw disinfectant which may contain a concentration of "20-26%" toxic phenols. See Exposure.
The active ingredient in Creolin soap is cresylic acid. Creolin Soap is "advertised" as an anti-dandruff, lice treatment, hair root strengthener, hair loss treatment, scalp acne treatment and antibacterial. Unlike the undiluted disinfectant, Creolin soap is formulated for human use.
Hair
Creolin is also used as a home remedy for lice treatment. Recipes using drops of the concentrated disinfect with "20-26%" toxic phenols mixed with shampoo or mixed with the lather of bar soap can be found online.
There is no scientific evidence that Creolin promotes hair growth.
Voodoo
Creolin is commonly used as tar water in spiritual cleansing rituals performed by Voodoo, Hoodoo, Santeria and some Afro-American religion practitioners.
Inappropriate uses
These vary greatly by jurisdiction. The 21st century American study of Vearrier et al. listed a number of undesirable uses of creolin, such as: bathing pets, deodorant, or for delousing hair. These can cause harm due to the toxicity of phenol.
References
Disinfectants
Medical dressings
Bactericides
Acaricides
Antiseptics
Soaps
Antifungals
Cresols | Creolin | [
"Biology"
] | 1,898 | [
"Bactericides",
"Biocides"
] |
52,996,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dat%20%28software%29 | Dat () is a data distribution tool with a version control feature for tracking changes and publishing data sets. It is primarily used for data-driven science, but it can be used to keep track of changes in any data set. As a distributed revision control system it is aimed at speed, simplicity, security, and support for distributed, non-linear workflows.
Dat was created by Max Ogden in 2013 to standardize the way data analysts collaborate on the changes they make to data sets. It is developed through funding support from Code for Science, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Dat is free software distributed under the terms of the BSD-3-Clause license.
One of the main implementations is Beaker, a web browser that seamlessly handles dat:// URLs and allows building and seeding Dat websites. Homebase is a server-side permanent seeding tool for Dat.
See also
Freenet
InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)
Git
Beaker (web browser)
Comparison of version control software
List of revision control software
References
Version control
Distributed data storage
Peer-to-peer file sharing
Distributed file systems
2013 introductions | Dat (software) | [
"Engineering"
] | 242 | [
"Software engineering",
"Version control"
] |
52,996,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Woodger | Michael Woodger (born 28 March 1923) is a pioneering English computer scientist. He was influential in the development of the early Pilot ACE computer, working with Alan Turing, and later the design and documentation of programming languages such as ALGOL 60 and Ada. He was based at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) located in Teddington, London, for most of his career.
Mike Woodger was the eldest of four children. His father was Joseph Henry Woodger (1894–1981), a professor of biology at the University of London. He graduated from University College London in 1943 and worked at the Ministry of Supply on military applications for the rest of World War II. In May 1946, he then joined the new Mathematics Division at the National Physical Laboratory located in west London. At NPL, he worked with Alan Turing on the ACE computer design, leading eventually to the Pilot ACE computer after Turing had left NPL, first operational in 1950. He later worked on programming language design, especially ALGOL 60 and Ada.
References
1923 births
Living people
Alumni of University College London
British people of World War II
Computer designers
English computer scientists
History of computing in the United Kingdom
People from Epsom
Programming language designers
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) | Mike Woodger | [
"Technology"
] | 252 | [
"History of computing",
"History of computing in the United Kingdom"
] |
51,444,658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20e-commerce | This page is a timeline of e-commerce. Major launches, milestones and other major events are included.
Overview
Timeline
See also
Timeline of online video
Timeline of social media
Timeline of online advertising
References
E-commerce | Timeline of e-commerce | [
"Technology"
] | 44 | [
"Information technology",
"E-commerce"
] |
51,445,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic%20triple | A semantic triple, or RDF triple or simply triple, is the atomic data entity in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data model. As its name indicates, a triple is a sequence of three entities that codifies a statement about semantic data in the form of subject–predicate–object expressions (e.g., "Bob is 35", or "Bob knows John").
Subject, predicate and object
This format enables knowledge to be represented in a machine-readable way. Particularly, every part of an RDF triple is individually addressable via unique URIs—for example, the statement "Bob knows John" might be represented in RDF as:
http://example.name#BobSmith12 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows http://example.name#JohnDoe34.
Given this precise representation, semantic data can be unambiguously queried and reasoned about.
The components of a triple, such as the statement "The sky has the color blue", consist of a subject ("the sky"), a predicate ("has the color"), and an object ("blue"). This is similar to the classical notation of an entity–attribute–value model within object-oriented design, where this example would be expressed as an entity (sky), an attribute (color) and a value (blue).
From this basic structure, triples can be composed into more complex models, by using triples as objects or subjects of other triples—for example, Mike → said → (triples → can be → objects).
Given their particular, consistent structure, a collection of triples is often stored in purpose-built databases called triplestores.
Difference to relational databases
A relational database is the classical form for information storage, working with different tables, which consist of rows. The query language SQL is able to retrieve information from such a database. In contrast, RDF triple storage works with logical predicates. No tables nor rows are needed, but the information is stored in a text file. A RDF-triple storage can be converted into an SQL database and the other way around. If the knowledge is highly unstructured and dedicated tables aren't flexible enough, semantic triples are used over classic relational storage.
In contrast to a traditional SQL database, an RDF triple storage isn't created with a table editor. The preferred tool is a knowledge editor, for example Protégé. Protégé looks similar to an object-oriented modeling application used for software engineering, but it's focused on natural language information. The RDF triples are aggregated into a knowledge base, which allows external parsers to run requests. Possible applications include the creation of non-player characters within video games.
Limitations
One concern about triple storage is its lack of database scalability. This problem is especially pertinent if millions of triples are stored and retrieved in a database. The seek time is larger than for classical SQL-based databases.
A more complex issue is a knowledge model's inability to predict future states. Even if all the domain knowledge is available as logical predicates, the model fails in answering what-if questions. For example, suppose in the RDF format a room with a robot and table is described. The robot knows what the location of the table is, is aware of the distance to the table and knows also that a table is a type of furniture. Before the robot can plan its next action, it needs temporal reasoning capabilities. Thus, the knowledge model should answer hypothetical questions in advance before an action is taken.
See also
Named graphs and quads, an extension to semantic triples to also include a context node as a fourth element.
Graph database
Link relation
References
External links
Semantic Web
Data modeling
Resource Description Framework
Knowledge representation | Semantic triple | [
"Engineering"
] | 789 | [
"Data modeling",
"Data engineering"
] |
51,446,357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20photon | Produced in hadronic collisions, a direct photon is any real photon which originates directly from an electromagnetic vertex in a quark-quark, quark-gluon or gluon-gluon scattering subprocess (as opposed to "indirect" photons which arise from the decays of fragmentation products).
Because the QCD calculations for direct photon production are considerably easier to perform than for other processes studies of direct photons have been used to test predictions made by perturbative QCD.
Direct photons were predicted to exist by C.O. Escobar in 1975 and were first observed by the R412 group at the Intersecting Storage Rings at CERN in 1976, and were subsequently studied by various experiments, including E705 and E706 at Fermilab, NA3, NA24, WA70 and UA6 at the CERN SPS as well as UA1 and UA2 at the CERN SPPS collider.
References
Photons | Direct photon | [
"Physics"
] | 205 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Particle physics"
] |
51,446,502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cities%20by%20average%20temperature | This is a list of cities by average temperature (monthly and yearly). The temperatures listed are averages of the daily highs and lows. Thus, the actual daytime temperature in a given month may be considerably higher than the temperature listed here, depending on how large the difference between daily highs and lows is.
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
See also
List of cities by sunshine duration
List of cities by average precipitation
List of weather records
References
Weather-related lists
Lists of cities
List of cities by average temperature | List of cities by average temperature | [
"Physics"
] | 104 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather-related lists",
"Climate and weather statistics"
] |
51,446,746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Hemmer%20%28entrepreneur%29 | Pierre Hemmer, born on in Fribourg and died on in Mons (Var), was a business leader and executive of the Swiss Confederation, active in particular in the field of the Internet. In 1995, he was, with his firm M&Cnet, the only public service provider in the Canton of Fribourg and many other parts of Switzerland.
He spoke widely at conferences and in the media on the projected impact on society, health, education, economics, management, transport, and communication from the advent of new information and communications technology.
Biography
Pierre Hemmer was an electronics and computer ETS engineer. In 1975, he worked for Brown, Boveri & Cie. From 1976 to 1979, he was employed by Landis+Gyr (Zug, Switzerland and California, US) then from 1979 to 1988 by Falma-Control Buser AG, as technical director and project manager.
From 1988 to 1990, going independent, he participated in the creation of the CIM Centre of Western Switzerland (CCSO). He became technical director.
On 3 January 1995 Pierre Hemmer founded MC Management et Communications SA (M&Cnet)., a company resulting from the privatization of the telecommunications and information management activities of the Swiss CIM Action Program This company provides internet access to the general public, mainly in the Canton of Fribourg and in neighboring regions.
After joining the American group Via Net.Works (today Interoute) in October 1999, in 2001, MC Management and Communications SA became Via Net.Works Switzerland SA and extended its coverage.
In 2001, Pierre Hemmer founded the firm hemmer.ch SA in Fribourg; he managed it until 2005.
Engaged in May 2006 by the Federal Chancellery as Head of Development, and then from April 2008 by the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs as Head of eGovernment Services Development, Pierre Hemmer was responsible for initiating a first harmonization of Internet-based government services to all cantons and communes of Switzerland.
Projects and initiatives
In December 1991, Hemmer organized with the CIM Center of Western Switzerland a meeting of international scientific experts regarding cooperation on new production technologies, as part of an Intelligent Manufacturing Systems research program, aiming to "combine resources from Western countries to jointly develop the most advanced production techniques".
In May 1995, he launched three initiatives: to create a regional communications network in the canton of Fribourg, with new lines in the field; to create a regional platform for the exchange of marketing information and interactive advertising on the Internet; and to create a training program and didactic support.
On 27 June 1995 Hemmer and his company M&Cnet brought on-line the first cyber cafe in French-speaking Switzerland.
On 24 January 1997 he and Didier Bordon created Formation-Conseil SA, a company dedicated to training unemployed people.
In October 1997, Hemmer and his company M&Cnet connected the Services industriels bullois cable network to the Internet, offering the public on-line services via their televisions, including live radio reception on the web and Internet-based home automation applications.
In September 2000, as director of M&Cnet, Hemmer signed a partnership agreement with three other companies - the Entreprises électriques fribourgeoises (EEF), Business Computer Dimension (BCD) in Givisiez, and the Centre informatique des sociétés électriques romandes (CISEL) - aimed at offering their customers a global solution in the fields of telecommunications, Internet and business networks.
In October 2000, Hemmer handed over to the State of Fribourg the domain names fribourg.ch, sarine.ch, gruyere.ch, singine.ch, glane.ch, broye.ch and veveyse.ch (names of the canton and of six districts).
Family
Pierre Hemmer's family was from Rodemack, Lorraine (France), but acquired Swiss nationality, and citizenship of Romont, in the canton of Fribourg, in 1923. He is the tenth child of François Marie Pierre Hemmer, regent in Orsonnens and Fribourg and teacher at the boys' secondary school in Fribourg, and Madeleine Marie Jambé (1910-1990), born in Châtel-St-Denis (Fribourg), housewife.
On 24 July 1976 Pierre Hemmer married Rose-Marie Hemmer, née Sallin, a secretary and housewife, with whom he had four children. She is the sister of the theater director .
References
People from Fribourg
Swiss people of French descent
Electronics engineers
Swiss engineers
Road incident deaths in France
1950 births
2013 deaths | Pierre Hemmer (entrepreneur) | [
"Engineering"
] | 968 | [
"Electronics engineers",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
51,447,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Solar%20Decathlon | Illinois Solar Decathlon (ISD) is an interdisciplinary organization based in the Champaign-Urbana, IL and is the official Solar Decathlon team for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It is also closely affiliated with the Illinois School of Architecture.
History and mission
Illinois Solar Decathlon was formed in 2007 after the university's involvement in three past Solar Decathlon competitions. Starting in 2002, the US Department of Energy sponsors a biannual competition where twenty universities from around the world design and construct an innovative and efficient net-zero home. They are transported to a central location and over the course of a week the homes are judged in ten different criteria including energy balance, architecture, communications, and market appeal to name a few. With ISD's increasing involvement in the Solar Decathlon's competition, Europe began having their own Solar Decathlon competitions in 2007, with China joining in a few years later in 2013.
The RSO works to recruit future team members, maintain sponsor relations, and help maintain the three past homes that are near campus. ISD also aims to educate the campus and community about the importance of sustainable energy efficient homes and hope to provide a strong foundation for future Illinois Decathlon teams. ISD has focused on interdisciplinary teamwork and collaboration, with students in architecture, engineering and like disciplines working together on various projects. ISD is constantly searching for new members and there are many opportunities for involvement including working on past homes, marketing efforts, or even being part of the next design team.
Projects - Solar Decathlon competitions
The Solar Decathlon competitions are intended to be a “research goal of reducing the cost of solar-powered homes and advancing solar technology,” according to the Solar Decathlon 2007 (SD07). Illinois Solar Decathlon began its involvement with the Solar Decathlon competitions in the 2007 competition.
2007 Illinois Solar Decathlon Project - ElementHouse
The 2007 Solar Decathlon Competition is the third competition held and the first time the University of Illinois competed in.
The concept for the University of Illinois' Solar Decathlon Team's 2007 house is a flexible modular system that can provide utility-independent housing for temporary or seasonal use. Beyond the goal of winning the competition, Illinois hopes that its final product can serve as a model for emergency housing situations such as those experienced by citizens of the Gulf Coast as a result of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
2009 Illinois Solar Decathlon Project - Gable Home
Immediately following success in the 2007 competition, ISD began work on the 2009 competition entry. The primary concept of ISD's 2009 entry, named Gable Home, is to create a synthesis between innovative technology and vernacular Midwestern architecture. This synthesis results in a synergetic relationship between the two, creating an environmentally sustainable home of the future. The design exhibits a strong preference for reused/reclaimed materials over the production of new material. The siding of the house was reclaimed from a barn being deconstructed in Rockford, Illinois. The decking material was salvaged from a demolished grain silo in Champaign, Illinois. Restoring and repurposing material from farm structures strengthened the overall design emphasis on local vernacular architecture.
2011 Illinois Solar Decathlon Project - Re_home
For the 2011 Solar Decathlon competition, Team Illinois has designed the Re_home. For rapid assembly after a natural disaster, the solar powered home will demonstrate how environmentally aware living can be brought to the forefront of a community-led recovery effort. Through a carefully thought out process the Re_home can be pre-constructed and quickly deployed immediately following a natural disaster.
When called upon, the house mobilizes quickly from its constructed location towards new communities. Upon arrival the house is assembled within several hours. Once sealed, the home becomes a livable space the day it arrives, providing new shelter for disaster victims. During the days following delivery the rest of the house can be assembled by members of the community. Pre-installed adjustable solar panels provide renewable energy quickly, and prefabricated modular decks, planters, and canopies ease installation of all exterior elements of the home.
The 2011 competition team was led by Dr. Xinlei Wang, Ph.D. and Mark Taylor, AIA. To complement the leadership, members from the College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences (ACES) joined the team, including David Weightman, James Anderson, Joe Harper, Sarah Taylor Lovell.
2013 Illinois Solar Decathlon Project - Etho
The 2013 Solar Decathlon Competition featured the first ever Solar Decathlon competition held in China. For the 2013 competition, Illinois Solar Decathlon from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign designed their project in collaboration with Peking University in Beijing. The international team hopes that their house will increase public awareness for solar technology and promote low-carbon development.
Etho is centered around a feeling of solace; an urban oasis. It meets the Chinese market’s need for a refuge from overcrowded cities and inspires the Chinese public to see the potential in a high-quality sustainability. Ethos’s design philosophy is centered on creating a better future, creating a link to China’s rich past, and sculpting a home perfectly suited to meet the needs of its inhabitants. Designed for the next generation of young families as a sustainable getaway, this solar-powered home will demonstrate how educating one influential demographic can help to spread awareness of environmental sustainability and energy. Its design emphasizes natural daylighting and maximizing solar gains on the PV arrays.
Similar to the 2011 competition, the 2013 competition team was also led by Dr. Xinlei Wang, Ph.D. and Mark Taylor, AIA. Mike McCully, a professor at the Illinois School of Architecture, joined the leadership and assisted in the architectural aspects of the project.
Projects - U.S. Department of Energy Race to Zero Competition
Starting in fall of 2014, Illinois Solar Decathlon began its involvement in the U.S. Department of Energy's Race to Zero Competition.
2015 Illinois Solar Decathlon Race to Zero Project - Sun Catcher Cottage
In the fall of 2014, ISD commenced work on the 2015 Race to Zero Competition. Previous 2013 Solar Decathlon member, Matthew McClone, LEED AP BD+C, who worked on the 2013 SD project, Etho, was selected to lead the 2015 Race to Zero Competition. The architectural aspects of the project were headed by Ryan Christiansen. Other notable team members include Priscilla Zhang, LEED GA, Robert Moy, Assoc. AIA, Sean Killarney, LEED GA, and Kasey Colombani. The concept of ISD's 2015 Project was a theoretical deep energy retrofit based on a cottage located in Allerton Park, located in Monticello, Illinois. The name of the project is called Sun Catcher Cottage. The project was then presented in Golden, CO on April 18–20, 2015. Illinois Solar Decathlon was awarded the Grand Winner Finalist during the competition.
2016 Illinois Solar Decathlon Race to Zero Project - Linkoln Locale
In the fall of 2015, ISD returned to enter the 2016 Race to Zero competition. For the 2016 competition, several key members of previous years' 2015 competition team transferred to focus their work on the 2017 Solar Decathlon competition. Amir Amizadeh, Assoc. AIA, LEED GA and Vasco Chan were selected as the Lead Project Manager and Assistant Project Manager, respectively. Previous 2015 R20 architecture team member Robert Moy, Assoc. AIA was promoted to Competition Lead and one of the Project Managers for the 2016 competition, while previous 2015 R20 member Priscilla Puchun Zhang was promoted to Architecture Team Lead.
The team’s 2016 contest entry proposed a deep retrofit of an existing 3-story ~4,000 sq. ft. student apartment building located in Urbana, IL near the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The new proposal for the 1920s 3 story building has eight rental units, featuring two, three or four bedrooms each. The team aimed for an overall integrated design, seamlessly unifying certain building systems, such as lighthing, HVAC, architectural details, materials and finishes. The ISD team won 2nd place overall in the 2016 competition, which was held on April 16–17, 2016.
Judges during the 2016 Race to Zero Competition commended ISD for their use of an existing maintenance shaft that was converted to allow natural ventilation.
2017 Illinois Solar Decathlon Race to Zero Project - TBA
Following success in the 2015 and 2016 Race to Zero competitions, members of ISD reconvened to enter the 2017 Competition. In the 2017 competition, the team will be led by Lead Project Manager Robert Moy, Assoc. AIA and Michael Najder, Assoc. AIA, LEED GA.
References
http://solardecathlon.illinois.edu/
http://www.solardecathlon.gov/about.html
http://www.arch.illinois.edu/students/student-organizations
Architecture organizations based in the United States
Engineering organizations
Sustainability at academic institutions
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign student organizations | Illinois Solar Decathlon | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,852 | [
"nan"
] |
51,447,977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Hydroxy%20%CE%B2-methylbutyryl-CoA | β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A (HMB-CoA), also known as 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA, is a metabolite of -leucine that is produced in the human body. Its immediate precursors are β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) and β-methylcrotonoyl-CoA (MC-CoA). It can be metabolized into HMB, MC-CoA, and HMG-CoA in humans.
Metabolic pathway
Notes
References
Biomolecules
Metabolism
Thioesters of coenzyme A | Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 132 | [
"Natural products",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Cellular processes",
"Structural biology",
"Biomolecules",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Molecular biology"
] |
51,449,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezham%20Arivu%3A%20Search%20for%20Tamil%20Nadu%27s%20Young%20Scientist | Ezham Arivu: Search for Tamil Nadu's Young Scientist () is a 2016–2017 Indian science reality show which aired on DD Podhigai from 18 August 2016 to 11 August 2017 on Monday to Friday at 7:30PM (IST) for 172 Episodes. The show is hosted by Antony Raj. The motto of the show is a search for Tamilagathin Sirantha Illam Vigyanikana Thedal (Tamil Nadu’s Young Scientist).
The show concept was designed and created by Agnishwar Jayaprakash to pay tribute to the late Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, Hon. Former President of India whose dream was to enlighten students’ mind through innovation.
About Ezham Arivu
The show is a tailor-made to showcase the different and diverse scientific innovations of the students at the same time the program is value added with inspiring background stories and preparatory clips of students creating the inventions.
This show is aimed at bringing out the young scientist who thinks out of the box, by serving as an ideal platform to exhibit their talent. The show is a tribute to the late Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, Hon. Former President of India whose dream was to enlighten students’ mind through innovation.
Format of the show
The top 30 contestants of the program were previewed and shortlisted by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam incidentally this was his last interaction with school children before his death.
Unique theme based rounds. Viz. Inventions based on Agriculture, Consumer products, Waste Management, Energy etc...
Rapid fire rounds (Agni Paritchai) – In 60 seconds the contestant has to answer questions posed by the judges.
Daily 6 contestants will be participated, among them least scorers will be eliminated based on their science projects and rapid fire score marks evaluated by judges.
After daily eliminations, top 6 finalists will be selected.
Among the top 6 finalists the best will be chosen as a show winner and award them as a Tamilagathin Sirantha Illam Vigyani (Tamil Nadu’s Young Scientist)
References
External links
Ezham Arivu Episode
Doordarshan Official Internet site
Podhigai TV television series
Tamil-language reality television series
Tamil-language game shows
2010s Tamil-language television series
2016 Tamil-language television series debuts
Tamil-language television shows
2017 Tamil-language television series endings
Science competitions | Ezham Arivu: Search for Tamil Nadu's Young Scientist | [
"Technology"
] | 481 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science competitions"
] |
51,449,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20drought%20manipulation%20conspiracy%20theory | The California drought manipulation conspiracy theory is a conspiracy theory that proposes that the 2011–2017 drought was a deliberate, man-made phenomenon, created by weather modification. It is largely promoted by a number of self-proclaimed "independent researchers" and "scientists", and by alternative news outlets. The theory has been dismissed by the scientific community and mainstream media as fringe science or pseudoscience.
Key claims and components
The 2011–2017 drought inspired alarm among many, leading to the emergence of conspiracy theories purporting to explain the cause of a complex problem using oversimplified and non-evidence-based explanations.
Many of the proponents claim that chemtrails are used to affect storm clouds, in such a manner as to suppress the development of precipitation. This would occur because of the presence of too many cloud condensation nuclei, or "cloud seeds", in a single area. Others say that technologies similar to HAARP (a federal ionospheric research program, which was decommissioned in 2015), are being used to create a large and stubborn high-pressure area over the West Coast of the United States. They claim that this, also, discourages storms and rainfall.
Dane Wigington and his group GeoEngineering Watch were the most visible proponents of this theory. Wigington said that government agencies and other entities have economic and geopolitical motivations to manipulate the weather on the West Coast and elsewhere.
Proponents have claimed credibility for the theory, in part, as a result of a Los Angeles County cloud seeding program, begun in early 2016. This reinforced their view that government continues to engage in weather modification and/or climate engineering.
See also
References
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Droughts in the United States
Earth science conspiracy theories
Environmental issues in California
Fringe science
Pseudoscience | California drought manipulation conspiracy theory | [
"Technology"
] | 366 | [
"Earth science conspiracy theories",
"Science and technology-related conspiracy theories"
] |
51,451,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposed%20order | Superposed order (also superimposed) is one where successive storeys of a building have different orders. The most famous ancient example of such an order is the Colosseum at Rome, which had no less than four storeys of superposed orders. The superposition rules were developed in ancient Greece and were also actively used in the architecture of ancient Rome. Later, the order was used in the architecture of the Renaissance and Baroque.
Composition
The heaviest orders are at the bottom of a building, whilst the lightest come at the top. This rule means that the Doric order is a preferred order for the ground floor, the Ionic order is used for the middle storey, while the Corinthian or the Composite order is used for the top storey. The ground floor may also have rustication. Initially, the top story usually featured the Composite order, but, after Vincenzo Scamozzi published his treatise L'idea dell'architettura universale (The Idea of a Universal Architecture, Venice, 1615), architects switched to the Corinthian order.
The superposed order allowed storeys without columns, but rearrangement of order styles was strictly forbidden.
Gallery
See also
Classical order
Concatenation
References
External links
Superimposed and giant orders
Orders of columns
Ancient Roman architectural elements
Ancient Greek architecture
Neoclassical architecture
Design history | Superposed order | [
"Engineering"
] | 272 | [
"Design history",
"Design"
] |
51,451,994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysomerophyceae | Chrysomerophyceae is a monotypic class of photosynthetic heterokont eukaryotes.
Taxonomy
Class Chrysomerophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1995
Order Chrysomeridales O'Kelly & Billard ex Preisig
Family Chrysomeridaceae Bourrelly 1957
Genus Antarctosaccion Delépine 1970
Genus Chrysomeris Carter 1937
Genus Chrysowaernella Gayral & Lepailleur 1971 ex Gayral & Billard 1977
Genus Giraudyopsis Dangeard 1965
Genus Rhamnochrysis R.T.Wilce & Markey
Genus Tetrasporopsis Lemmermann ex Schmidle
References
External links
Ochrophyta
Ochrophyte classes | Chrysomerophyceae | [
"Biology"
] | 155 | [
"Ochrophyta",
"Algae"
] |
51,452,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picophagea | Picophagea, also known as Synchromophyceae, is a class of photosynthetic stramenopiles. The chloroplast of the Synchromophyceae are surrounded by two membranes and arranged in a way where they share the outer pair of membranes. The entire chloroplast complex is surrounded by an additional two outer membranes.
Evolution
Synchromophyceae or Picophagea is a clade within the Ochrophyta that contains a few genera of amoeboid organisms such as the mixotrophic Synchromonas and the heterotrophic Chlamydomyxa, Leukarachnion and Picophagus. It is phylogenetically close to the classes Chrysophyceae and Eustigmatophyceae, within the SII clade.
Taxonomy
According to AlgaeBase, the class contains only two genera:
Class Picophagea [=Synchromophyceae ]
Order Synchromales Horn & Ehlers 2007
Family Synchromaceae Schnetter & Ehlers 2007
Genus Synchroma Schnetter 2007
Order Chlamydomyxales
Family Chlamydomyxaceae
Genus Chlamydomyxa Archer 1875
However, the latest revision recognizes an additional four genera: Chrysopodocystis, Guanochroma, Leukarachnion and Picophagus.
References
Ochrophyta
Ochrophyte classes
Taxa described in 2006
Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith | Picophagea | [
"Biology"
] | 311 | [
"Ochrophyta",
"Algae"
] |
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