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42,891,587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20positioning | Magnetic positioning is an IPS (Indoor positioning system) solution that takes advantage of the magnetic field anomalies typical of indoor settings by using them as distinctive place recognition signatures. The first citation of positioning based on magnetic anomaly can be traced back to military applications in 1970. The use of magnetic field anomalies for indoor positioning was first claimed in 1999, with later publications related to robotics in the early 2000s.
Most recent applications can employ magnetic sensor data from a smartphone used to wirelessly locate objects or people inside a building.
According to Opus Research magnetic positioning will emerge as a “foundational” indoor location technology.
Companies
GiPStech
Independent research brought in 2011 a team of researchers to focus on anomalies to the geomagnetic field as a possible naturally available field to be used for localization of consumer electronic devices.
After some years of research and tests they were able to implement an indoor localization platform that, based on the fingerprinting of a building geomagnetic field and of advanced sensor fusion, was able to precisely locate a device and its user without any infrastructure. Moreover, the platform was also able to compensate most of known issues of local magnetic field variability.
In 2014 the team founded GiPStech - as academic spin-off of Università della Calabria - to complete the R&D and commercialize the platform.
Indoor Atlas
Professor Janne Haverinen and Anssi Kemppainen worked also on the magnetic approach. Noticing that buildings' magnetic distortions were leading machines astray, they eventually turned the problem around and focused attention on the magnetic interferences caused by steel structures. What they found was that the disturbances inside them were consistent, creating a magnetic fingerprint unique to a building.
Professor Janne Haverinen founded the company IndoorAtlas in 2012 to commercialize the magnetic positioning solution with dual headquarters in Mountain View, CA and Oulu, Finland.
Issues
The local magnetic field is affected by moving metal objects like lifts or metal cabinets.
References
Indoor positioning system | Magnetic positioning | [
"Technology"
] | 405 | [
"Wireless networking",
"Wireless locating",
"Indoor positioning system"
] |
42,892,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphicarpy | Amphicarpy is a reproductive strategy that occurs with 13 plant families, expressed mostly in species with an annual life cycle. It is characterized by production of two types of fruit, for different ecological roles. It is sometimes restricted to the situation where one fruit type is aerial and the other subterranean (hypogeous), and similar to, but distinguished from, heterocarpy, which latter means a plant that carries two distinct types of fruit or seeds. The word amphicarp is the contraction of the Greek words ἀμφί meaning "of both kinds" and καρπός meaning fruit.
In a typical plant with amphicarpy, one fruit type is underground. These underground fruits usually develop from self-pollinating flowers. The fruits that develop from the aerial flowers may often be the result of cross-pollination.
Plants use this strategy to increase the chance that their genetic material is passed on. It can be referred to as bet hedging in which an organism produces several different phenotypes. Seeds from the underground flowers have low genetic variability (due to their selfing), tend to be larger, and may germinate from within the tissues of the flower, so ensuring that the annual can remain at the site that was suitable to it in the preceding year. Seeds from aerial flowers usually have greater genetic variability, tend to be smaller, and may be spread further. This assists the colonization of new territory, but also helps the exchange of genetic material between populations.
Worldwide, approximately 67 species exhibit amphicarpy, or 0.02% of the known species of flowering plants. Most of these 67 species occur in often disturbed or very stressful circumstances. 31 of the 67 species known to exhibit amphicarpy are in the family Fabaceae. In Israel, a country that harbors many disturbed habitats, with eight out of a total flora of twenty five hundred species, a much higher percentage of 0.32% is amphicarpic. Species that use amphicarpy include Catananche lutea, Gymnarrhena micrantha and Polygala lewtonii. Trifolium polymorphum is a perennial, that combines amphicarpy with vegetative reproduction through stolons. It grows in grasslands where its aerial flowers may not come into seed due to herbivores.
References
Plant reproduction | Amphicarpy | [
"Biology"
] | 484 | [
"Behavior",
"Plant reproduction",
"Plants",
"Reproduction"
] |
42,892,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinhibited%20social%20engagement%20disorder | Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED), or Disinhibited Attachment Disorder, is an attachment disorder in which a child has little to no fear of unfamiliar adults and may actively approach them. It can significantly impair young children's abilities to relate with adults and peers, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, as well as put them in dangerous and potentially unsafe conditions. Common examples of this include sitting on a person's lap of which they do not know or leaving with a stranger.
DSED is exclusively a childhood disorder and is usually not diagnosed before the age of nine months or until after age five if symptoms do not appear. There is no current research showing that signs of DSED continue after twelve years of age. Infants and young children are at risk of developing DSED if they receive inconsistent or insufficient care from a primary caregiver.
Signs and symptoms
The most common symptom is unusual interaction with strangers. A child with DSED shows no sign of fear or discomfort when talking to, touching, or accompanying an adult stranger. They can be categorized by the following:
Overly familiar verbal or physical behavior that is not consistent with culturally sanctioned and appropriate social boundaries or seems out of character for their current age
Lack of reservation when it comes to approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults
Diminished or absent checking back with an adult caregiver after venturing away, even in unfamiliar settings
Willingness to go off with an unfamiliar adult with minimal or no hesitation
The attachment style associated with DSED is disorganized attachment. This attachment style is a combination of anxious and avoidant attachment and participants often have a need for closeness, fear of rejection, and contradictory mental states and behaviors. Disorganized attachment is common amongst children living in institutions such as foster care. Children living in these institutions have an increased risk of having DSED. Which is common in those who experience neglect from caregivers at an early age making it a common occurrence in children with DSED.
DSED can cause symptoms commonly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) It can be comorbid with cognitive, language and speech delay. Additionally, children who are socially disinhibited despite not undergoing the trauma to become so should not be diagnosed with DSED. The child's behavior can be explained with other disorders such as Williams syndrome which often has similar symptoms to DSED.
Risk factors
DSED is a result of inconsistent or absent primary caregivers in the first few years of childhood. Children who are institutionalized may receive inconsistent care or become isolated during hospitalization. Parental issues such as mental health problems, depression, personality disorder, absence, poverty, teen parenting, or substance abuse interfere with attachment.
Diagnosis
The ICD-10 definition is: "A particular pattern of abnormal social functioning that arises during the first five years of life and that tends to persist despite marked changes in environmental circumstances, e.g. diffuse, nonselectively focused attachment behavior, attention-seeking and indiscriminately friendly behavior, poorly modulated peer interactions; depending on circumstances, there may also be associated emotional or behavioral disturbance."
Differential diagnosis can be attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Treatment
Two effective treatment approaches are play therapy or expressive therapy which help form attachment through multi-sensory means. Some therapy can be nonverbal.
Play Therapy: This is a therapy in which children use toys to “play” and interact with the environment in efforts to work through their problems and understand the world around them. In this therapy children can decide the outcome of situations giving them a sense of control. This is for children ages three to eleven and it can also be used as a means to diagnose a child. Also this type of therapy can be directed in attempts to better understand and diagnose the child. This is a psychodynamic and cognitive behavior therapy.
Prognosis
Over time the nature of the behaviors of a child with disinhibited social engagement disorder can evolve during their preschool, middle school, and adolescence years. With this being said, most of the symptoms exhibited by children significantly lessen to the point of almost no detection after approximately twelve years of age.
Pre School: In this early stage DSED is exhibited by a need for attention such as being overly boisterous at the playground in attempts to get the attention of unfamiliar adults
Middle School: There are two main identifiers of DSED in this stage including physical and verbal overfamiliarity of inauthentic emotions and being overly forward. This can be seen as appearing sad in front of others in efforts to manipulate a social situation or being overly insistent upon going over a classmate's house when they first meet them.
Adolescent: Amongst this stage children with DSED are likely to develop problems amongst both their peers and other authoritative figures such as parents and coaches. With that being said “They [also] tend to develop superficial relationships with others, struggle with conflict, and continue to demonstrate indiscriminate behavior toward adults.”
Epidemiology
The exact prevalence is unknown. In high-risk individuals, the prevalence rate is 20%.
History
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSM-5 313.89 (F94.2)) is the 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) name formerly listed as a sub-type of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) called Disinhibited Attachment Disorder (DAD).
The American Psychiatric Association considers "...Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder more closely resembles ADHD; it may occur in children who do not necessarily lack attachments and may have established or even secure attachments. The two disorders differ in other important ways, including correlates, course, and response to intervention, and for these reasons are considered separate disorders."
Research
This study was an attempt to solidify the current research that Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder are separate dimensions of psychology. In this study a sample of school aged foster children were tested and their foster parents, and social workers completed questionnaires to better understand the children and to pinpoint signs of DSED. Amongst completion it was evident that DSED was indeed its own separate dimension of psychology.
See also
Reactive attachment disorder
Attachment style
References
Attachment theory
Human development
Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood
Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
Stress-related disorders
Disorders specifically associated with stress | Disinhibited social engagement disorder | [
"Biology"
] | 1,314 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Human development"
] |
42,894,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20Khalilabad%20derailment | On 26 May 2014, an express train travelling from Gorakhpur town to Hisar collided with a stationary goods train at Chureb railway station in Khalilabad north India, killing at least 40 people and injuring another 150. Prime-minister-elect Narendra Modi expressed his condolences at the time, on Twitter.
References
Railway accidents in 2014
Derailments in India
2014 disasters in India
Sant Kabir Nagar district
May 2014 events in India
Railway accidents and incidents in Uttar Pradesh
History of Uttar Pradesh (1947–present) | 2014 Khalilabad derailment | [
"Technology"
] | 111 | [
"Railway accidents and incidents",
"Rail accident stubs"
] |
42,894,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20Definition%20Language | NDL (Network Definition Language) was a compiler on Burroughs Large and Medium Systems computers used to create a network definition file for a data communications controller (DCC) and object code for a data communications processor (DCP) that interfaced between a message control program (written in DCALGOL) such as (RJE), (MCSII) or (CANDE) and the computer's line adaptors and terminal network.
Burroughs Network Definition Language allowed many parameters of the mainframe communications adapter, modems (where used), protocol and attached terminal to be defined. However it treated the low-level operation of the multi-drop protocol, including the modulus of sequence numbers and the algorithm used for CRCs etc. as primitives.
References
External links
NDL Language Reference Manual
Burroughs mainframe computers
Hardware_description_languages
Mainframe computer software | Network Definition Language | [
"Engineering"
] | 177 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Hardware description languages"
] |
42,898,113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20angulare | Penicillium angulare is a fungus species of the genus of Penicillium which was isolated in north America.
See also
List of Penicillium species
References
Further reading
Penicillium thiersii, Penicillium angulare and Penicillium decaturense, new species isolated from wood-decay fungi in North America and their phylogenetic placement from multilocus DNA sequence analysis
angulare
Fungi described in 2005
Fungus species | Penicillium angulare | [
"Biology"
] | 91 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
42,898,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether%20cleavage | Ether cleavage refers to chemical substitution reactions that lead to the cleavage of ethers. Due to the high chemical stability of ethers, the cleavage of the C-O bond is uncommon in the absence of specialized reagents or under extreme conditions.
In organic chemistry, ether cleavage is an acid catalyzed nucleophilic substitution reaction. Depending on the specific ether, cleavage can follow either SN1 or SN2 mechanisms. Distinguishing between both mechanisms requires consideration of inductive and mesomeric effects that could stabilize or destabilize a potential carbocation in the SN1 pathway. Usage of hydrohalic acids takes advantage of the fact that these agents are able to protonate the ether oxygen atom and also provide a halide anion as a suitable nucleophile. However, as ethers show similar basicity as alcohols (pKa of approximately 16), the equilibrium of protonation lies on the side of the unprotonated ether and cleavage is usually very slow at room temperature.
Ethers can be cleaved by strongly basic agents, e.g. organolithium compounds. Cyclic ethers are especially susceptible to cleavage, but acyclic ethers can be cleaved as well.
SN1 Ether cleavage
The unimolecular SN1 mechanism proceeds via a carbocation (provided that the carbocation can be adequately stabilized). In the example, the oxygen atom in methyl tert-butyl ether is reversibly protonated. The resulting oxonium ion then decomposes into methanol and a relatively stable tert-butyl cation. The latter is then attacked by a nucleophile halide (here bromide), yielding tert-butyl bromide.
Mechanism
SN2 ether cleavage
If the potential carbocation can not be stabilized, ether cleavage follows a bimolecular, concerted SN2 mechanism. In the example, the ether oxygen is reversibly protonated. The halide ion (here bromide) then nucleophilically attacks the sterically less hindered carbon atom, thereby forming methyl bromide and 1-propanol.
Mechanism
Other factors
SN1 ether cleavage is generally faster than SN2 ether cleavage. However, reactions that would require the formation of unstable carbocations (methyl, vinyl, aryl or primary carbon) proceed via SN2 mechanism. The hydrohalic acid also plays an important role, as the rate of reaction is greater with hydroiodic acid than with hydrobromic acid. Hydrochloric acid only reacts under more rigorous conditions. The reason lies in the higher acidity of the heavier hydrohalic acids as well as the higher nucleophilicity of the respective conjugate base. Fluoride is not nucleophilic enough to allow for usage of hydrofluoric acid to cleave ethers in protic media. Regardless of which hydrohalic acid is used, the rate of reaction is comparably low, so that heating of the reaction mixture is required.
Ether cleavage with organometallic agents
Mechanism
Basic ether cleavage is induced by deprotonation in α position. The ether then decomposes into an alkene and an alkoxide. Cyclic ethers allow for an especially quick concerted cleavage, as seen for THF:
Deprotonated acyclic ethers perform beta-hydride elimination, forming an olefinic ether. The formed hydride then attacks the olefinic rest in α position to the ether oxygen, releasing the alkoxide.
Impact
Organometallic agents are often handled in etheric solvents, which coordinate to the metallic centers and thereby enhance the reactivity of the organic rests. Here, the ether cleavage poses a problem, as it does not only decompose the solvent, but also uses up the organometallic agent. Reactions with organometallic agents are therefore typically performed at low temperatures (-78 °C). At these temperatures, deprotonation is kinetically inhibited and slow compared to many reactions that are intended to take place.
Literature
Paula Y. Bruice: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall. .
References
Substitution reactions
Chemical processes
Reactions of ethers | Ether cleavage | [
"Chemistry"
] | 882 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical processes",
"nan"
] |
42,898,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming%20%28microbiology%29 | Priming or a "priming effect" is said to occur when something that is added to soil or compost affects the rate of decomposition occurring on the soil organic matter (SOM), either positively or negatively. Organic matter is made up mostly of carbon and nitrogen, so adding a substrate containing certain ratios of these nutrients to soil may affect the microbes that are mineralizing SOM. Fertilizers, plant litter, detritus, and carbohydrate exudates from living roots, can potentially positively or negatively prime SOM decomposition.
See also
Soil carbon
Nutrient cycle
Soil chemistry
Soil biology
Environmental microbiology
Microbial biodegradation
References
Environmental soil science | Priming (microbiology) | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 139 | [
"Environmental soil science"
] |
42,899,470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroflexales | Chloroflexales is an order of bacteria in the class Chloroflexia. The clade is also known as filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (FAP), as the order contains phototrophs that do not produce oxygen. These bacteria are facultative aerobic. They generally use chemotrophy when oxygen is present and switch to light-derived energy when otherwise. Most species are heterotrophs, but a few are capable of photoautotrophy.
The order can be divided into two suborders. Chloroflexineae ("Green FAP", "green non-sulfur bacteria") is the better-known one. This suborder uses chlorosomes, a specialized antenna complex, to pass light energy to the reaction center. Roseiflexineae ("Red FAP") on the other hand has no such ability. The named colors are not absolute, as growth conditions such as oxygen concentration will make a green FAP appear green, brown, or reddish-orange by inducing changes in pigment composition.
Classification
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Phylogeny
Taxonomy
Suborder Roseiflexineae Gupta et al. 2013
Family Roseiflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013 ["Kouleotrichaceae" Mehrshad et al. 2018]
Genus ?Heliothrix Pierson et al. 1986
Genus "Kouleothrix" Kohno et al. 2002
Genus "Candidatus Ribeiella" Petriglieri et al. 2023
Genus Roseiflexus Hanada et al. 2002
Suborder Chloroflexineae Gupta et al. 2013
Family Chloroflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013
Genus ?"Candidatus Chloranaerofilum" Thiel et al. 2016
Genus Chloroflexus Pierson & Castenholz 1974 ["Chlorocrinis" Ward et al. 1998]
Family Oscillochloridaceae Gupta et al. 2013
Genus ?Chloronema ♪ Dubinina & Gorlenko 1975
Genus "Candidatus Chloroploca" Gorlenko et al. 2014
Genus Oscillochloris Gorlenko & Pivovarova 1989
Genus "Candidatus Viridilinea" Grouzdev et al. 2018
See also
List of bacteria genera
List of bacterial orders
References
External links
Phototrophic bacteria
Chloroflexota | Chloroflexales | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 548 | [
"Bacteria stubs",
"Bacteria",
"Photosynthesis",
"Phototrophic bacteria"
] |
42,900,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20Infrastructure%20Association | The Wireless Infrastructure Association (WIA), formerly known as PCIA, is an American trade association for wireless providers and companies that build cell phone towers, rooftop wireless sites, and other facilities that transmit wireless communication signals. The Washington Post described the industry as "the people who build all those cell towers so you can actually make those calls, download that data." These technologies are collectively referred to as "wireless telecommunications infrastructure."
Examples of companies that are members of WIA include American Tower, Ericsson, Graybar, JMA Wireless, Qualcomm, and SBA Communications. In all, member companies own and run more than 125,000 towers and antennas in the U.S.
WIA advocates for a variety of issues before the federal government, on topics such as broadband deployment (the act of building wireless broadband infrastructure in the United States), utility pole attachment (adding wireless signal components to utility poles that already exist), wireless network resiliency, public safety, and wireless competition. WIA hosts an annual conference and trade show called the Connectivity Expo, also known as Connect (X). Previously WIA hosted the Wireless Infrastructure Show.
People
The Chairman of WIA is Jeffrey A. Stoops, president and chief executive officer of SBA Communications Corp. The previous chairman was David Weisman, president of InSite Wireless Group, which was an independent tower company. American Tower announced an agreement to buy InSite's assets in late 2020 for approximately $3,5 billion.
Jonathan Adelstein, a former FCC commissioner, is the president and CEO of WIA. Adelstein worked in public service for 25 years before joining WIA. In February 2014, Adelstein told C-SPAN that his goal was to bring wireless connectivity to everyone in the United States. Tim House is WIA's Executive Vice President. Before WIA, House worked in consumer product marketing at Discovery Communications.
History
1949
WIA was founded in 1949. The focus of the group has shifted as technologies have advanced. At various times throughout WIA's history, it has focused on land mobile radio, paging, messaging, personal communications services, and tower and antenna siting.
2012
In 2012, WIA submitted an amicus curiae brief in the U.S. Supreme Court case Arlington v. FCC. WIA argued in support of the FCC in the case, arguing that local delays in approval of broadband projects are a national problem. The amicus curiae brief cited evidence that over 3,300 wireless service facility siting applications were pending before local jurisdictions throughout the country, and that around 180 of those applications had been pending for over three years.
In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act. The law included a provision related to the wireless infrastructure industry. Specifically, section 6409(a) of the law orders states and local governments to approve requests made by companies to collocate , remove or replace transmission equipment on existing wireless towers or base stations. The law included an exception: if the action substantially changes the physical dimensions of the tower or base station, then the law's protection doesn't apply. The provision and the authority it prescribed is described by the wireless industry as "collocation-by-right".
2013
In 2013, WIA submitted comments to the FCC that expressed support in speeding up broadband deployment. WIA helped Congress write legislation that funded broadband deployment. WIA had asked Congress to include infrastructure providers in the list of eligible recipients of federal broadband funding. WIA influenced members of the congressional committees that funded the $4.7 billion Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP) to make eligible wireless carriers, backhaul providers, and tower companies for funds.
In 2013, Cisco, American Tower, Dynis, and WIA created a program called Warriors 4 Wireless. The organization helps military veterans train and apply for jobs at wireless companies. The program's stated goal is to place 5,000 veterans in jobs by 2015. WIA has pledged money to the program.
2020
WIA advocated an effort passed by the FCC commonly referred to as The "5G Upgrade Order," which made key clarifications for wireless deployment.
The Order:
Set a clear demarcation as to when the 60-day shot clock for local approval begins
Clarified which new equipment qualifies for streamlined approval
Ensured local governments cannot misuse concealment and aesthetic conditions to limit the ability to quickly upgrade concealed infrastructure.
2021
WIA has been the leading voice in lobbying Congress to include wireless for funding eligibility in its landmark infrastructure bill. The bipartisan-passed legislation will provide $65 billion for broadband deployment and access. This legislation will promote wireless infrastructure deployment, with a priority on unserved communities. WIA helped convince Congress and the Administration to provide agencies with the needed flexibility to allow all broadband technologies, including mobile and fixed wireless, the opportunity to compete for funding. The all of-the-above broadband strategy, as pursued by WIA, will help close the digital divide and win the race to 5G.
Advocacy
One of the main issues facing the wireless infrastructure industry is related to federal vs. local oversight of wireless infrastructure activity.
Federal vs. local oversight
In a February 2014 article in National Law Review, Washington telecommunications attorneys Dave Thomas and Douglas A. Svor explained the issue and the battle played out between the wireless industry and local governments.
In their article, Thomas and Svor state that spectrum and infrastructure serve as the most important aspects of federal communications laws in terms of being good for the economy and American competitiveness. For decades, the FCC has worked to make sure that critical communications infrastructure can get built with as little hassle as possible.
In April 2014, the FCC proposed to simplify the regulatory review process for wireless facilities. These facilities include DAS and small cells (see Small cells and HetNet Forum below for more information).
Small cells are built smaller than traditional cells that are typically fixed to large wireless antenna towers. Infrastructure companies attach small cells to utility poles, street light poles, and even traffic lights. The wireless industry has supported the FCC's work in the areas mentioned above, while local governments have typically been opposed.
Thomas and Svor wrote:
List of major public policy issues for industry
HetNet Forum
HetNets, short for "Heterogeneous Networks", are a combination of technologies that make quality wireless broadband possible. According to international communications company Ericsson, heterogeneous networks help wireless customers enjoy activities that require a large amount of data, such as watching streaming videos, uploading photos and using cloud storage services. HetNets use both radio and cellular technologies.
To advocate for deployment of HetNet, WIA runs a membership forum called the HetNet Forum. The purpose of the forum is to advance the development of heterogeneous networks in the United States, as well as to push policies related to distributed antenna systems (DAS), small cells, and fiber backhaul. Several major U.S. wireless carriers, such as AT&T, T-Mobile and Verizon Wireless, serve as governing members of the forum.
Prior to April 2013, the HetNet Forum had been called the DAS Forum. WIA changed the name to accommodate a growing membership that represented a more diverse group of technologies. Instead of running a forum focusing only on DAS, WIA expanded the forum to focus on several technologies such as microcells, picocells, Wi-Fi and remote radio units, in addition to DAS.
Other trade associations, such as the Small Cell Forum, have competed with WIA for members from the small cell industry.
Criticism
In 2014, Senator Al Franken criticized the "revolving door" hiring placement of former FCC commissioners. Specifically, Franken criticized the hiring of FCC Commissioner Meredith Baker by Comcast. Franken did not mention WIA in his remarks, but an OpenSecrets.org article covering the remarks mentioned the hiring of former Commissioner Jonathan Adelstein by WIA.
Dictionaries and encyclopedias
Tower and Antenna Siting at FCC Encyclopedia
Broadband Acceleration at FCC Encyclopedia
Broadband and Internet in the Consumer Publications Library at the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Government documents
Wireless Telecommunications Bureau at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)* Understanding Wireless Communications in Public Safety at FCC
16th Mobile Wireless Competition Report at FCC
National Broadband Map, a tool published by the FCC, allows citizens to enter any address to view wired and wireless broadband services available.
Public Safety Wireless Technology Links at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Literature
News
Wireless communications selected news and commentary at The New York Times
Wireless infrastructure selected news and commentary at Fierce Wireless
Wireless carriers collected news and videos at Fox Business
Technical guides
This HetNet visual aide by Ericsson shows how various components, such as Wi-Fi, base stations, and wireless transmitters work together to form a Heterogeneous Network (HetNet).
Pole Attachments at National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
Video
Jonathan Adelstein
Announcing the National Broadband Plan video by Julius Genachowski, Chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, at broadband.gov
WIA website links
Connectivity Expo
2014 Wireless Infrastructure Show
Wireless Broadband Infrastructure: A Catalyst for GDP and Job Growth 2013-2017 report published by WIA (September 2013)
Website directories
Gallery
See also
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
Federal Communications Act
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet)
HetNet
Policies promoting wireless broadband in the United States
Notes
References
External links
Telecommunications organizations
Wireless networking
Trade associations based in the United States
Construction organizations
Telecommunication industry | Wireless Infrastructure Association | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,949 | [
"Construction",
"Wireless networking",
"Construction organizations",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
57,694,819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium%20sulfate | Rubidium sulfate is a sulfate of rubidium. The molecular formula of the compound is Rb2SO4. The molecular weight of this compound is 266.999 g/mol. An acid sulfate of rubidium (rubidium hydrogen sulfate) can be formed. It is soluble in water and is an aqueous solution.
Reactions
Y2(SO4)3 + Rb2SO4 → Rb3[Y(SO4)3]
Rb2SO4 + H2SO4 → 2 RbHSO4
References
Sulfates
Rubidium compounds | Rubidium sulfate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 113 | [
"Salts",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Sulfates",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
57,696,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raychelle%20Burks | Raychelle Burks is an associate professor of analytical chemistry at American University in Washington, D.C., and science communicator, who has regularly appeared on the Science Channel. In 2020, the American Chemical Society awarded her the Grady-Stack award for her public engagement excellence.
Early life and education
Burks developed an interest in forensic chemistry when she was 12 after a field trip that presented students with a science interaction challenge, asking students to solve a real-world problem using science. Burks earned her BS in chemistry at the University of Northern Iowa, her MSc in Forensic Science at Nebraska Wesleyan University, her PhD in chemistry from the University of Nebraska - Lincoln, and was a postdoctoral research associate at the Doane College.
Career and research
Burks became an assistant professor of chemistry at St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas, in 2016, where she taught and conducted research until 2020. She then moved to Washington, D.C., to join the faculty at American University as an associate professor of chemistry.
Her current research centers on developing low-cost colorimetric sensors for detecting chemicals of forensic interest including explosives and illicit drugs. To maximize portability in the field, her group focuses on transforming smartphones into detection devices. Her research interests lie in the applied science domain, which she believes is well-suited to capturing and holding students' attention because they are working to solve real-world problems. She has spoken about her intersectional research approach to equipping students with the technical knowledge they need to work on these real-world challenges with the United States Department of Defense Science, Technology, and Innovation Exchange.
Public engagement
Burks is a popular science communicator, using pop culture as an anchor to explore chemistry. She appeared on the Science Channel's Outrageous Acts of Science and Reactions, the video series for the American Chemical Society. She has appeared on Mother Jones''' Inquiring Minds podcast to share how chemistry can save you from a zombie apocalypse and on The Story Collider podcast with a story from her time working in a crime lab. In early 2020, she appeared on the NPR Short Wave podcast on the episode "A Short Wave Guide to Good - and Bad - TV Forensics". Burks has also contributed to scientific interest pieces for St. Andrew University on using chemistry in every day life. Her writing has been featured in Slate, The Washington Post, UNDARK, and Chemistry World''.
Burks is also an advocate for women and underrepresented groups in science, speaking from her experiences as a black woman in STEM. In 2018, Burks was a co-principal investigator for a $1.5 million NSF STEM grant to fund the establishment of the St. Andrew's Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (I4), which would promote internships and research opportunities for underrepresented groups in STEM. She founded the DIYSciZone at GeekGirlCon, bringing scientists and science educators together to give convention attendees hands-on experiences with science experiments. The citation for her American Chemical Society Grady-Stack award read, “Raychelle is a public-scientist extraordinaire... She inspires a love of chemistry by bringing chemistry directly to where her audience is. This direct engagement — her commitment to finding chemistry that can entertain and enlighten people who wouldn’t normally think of science — is nothing short of phenomenal". Burks is active on social media to promote her field and fellow scientists.
In 2020, Burks appeared in the Tribeca Film Festival in the film "Picture a Scientist."
Awards and honors
Her awards and honors include;
2019 AAAS IF/THEN Ambassador
2019 Young Observer Award at the 50th IUPAC General Assembly and 47th World Chemistry Congress in Paris, France
2020 American Chemical Society Grady-Stack award for her public engagement excellence
BBC Science Focus named her one of six women changing chemistry in February 2021
2023 Research Corporation for Science Advancement’s Robert Holland Jr. Award for Research Excellence and Contributions to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women chemists
Analytical chemists
American science communicators
American forensic scientists
Women forensic scientists
University of Iowa alumni
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
St. Edward's University faculty | Raychelle Burks | [
"Chemistry"
] | 868 | [
"Analytical chemists"
] |
57,697,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi%20Mi%208%20EE | The Xiaomi Mi 8 Explorer Edition is a flagship Android smartphone developed by Xiaomi Inc. It was launched at an event held in Shenzhen, China.
Specifications
Hardware
The Xiaomi Mi 8 EE is powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 processor, with 8 GB LPDDR4X RAM and Adreno 630 GPU. It has a FullHD plus AMOLED display and 128 GB of storage. The handset features a fingerprint scanner integrated into the display and a 3,000 mAh battery with a USB-C reversible connector which supports Quick Charge 4.0+. It does not feature a 3.5mm headphone jack. The Mi 8 EE includes a dual camera setup with a 12 MP sensor with wide angle lens and a 12 MP sensor with telephoto lens. The front camera has a 20 MP sensor with aperture f/2.0. The Mi 8 EE camera has an overall score of 99 and a photo score of 105 on DxOMark. It also introduces a 3D facial recognition, IR facial unlock and a dual band GPS which allows reception of L1 and L5 signals simultaneously.
The Xiaomi Mi 8 EE features a transparent back which appears to show the working internal components of the phone. A controversy occurred over allegations that the visible internals are not the actual components of the phone but merely a sticker.
Xiaomi Mi 8 Pro
Pro has more color options than standard or EE. It also has an under–screen fingerprint sensor, but 3D facial recognition was cancelled.
References
Android (operating system) devices
Xiaomi smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2018
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Discontinued flagship smartphones | Xiaomi Mi 8 EE | [
"Technology"
] | 341 | [
"Mobile technology stubs",
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones",
"Mobile phone stubs"
] |
57,699,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Chiral%20phosphine | P-Chiral phosphines are organophosphorus compounds of the formula PRR′R″, where R, R′, R″ = H, alkyl, aryl, etc. They are a subset of chiral phosphines, a broader class of compounds where the stereogenic center can reside at sites other than phosphorus. P-chirality exploits the high barrier for inversion of phosphines, which ensures that enantiomers of PRR'R" do not racemize readily. The inversion barrier is relatively insensitive to substituents for triorganophosphines. By contrast, most amines of the type NRR′R″ undergo rapid pyramidal inversion.
Research themes
Most chiral phosphines are C2-symmetric diphosphines. Famous examples are DIPAMP and BINAP. These chelating ligands support catalysts used in asymmetric hydrogenation and related reactions. DIPAMP is prepared by coupling the P-chiral methylphenylanisylphosphine.
P-Chiral phosphines are of particular interest in asymmetric catalysis. P-Chiral phosphines have been investigated for two main applications, as ligands for asymmetric homogeneous catalysts and as nucleophiles in organocatalysis.
References
Catalysis
Coordination chemistry
Stereochemistry
Ligands | P-Chiral phosphine | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 291 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical process stubs",
"Ligands",
"Stereochemistry",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Space",
"Stereochemistry stubs",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Chemical reaction stubs",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
57,699,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Union%20Agency%20for%20the%20Space%20Programme | The European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) is a space agency, managing the European Union Space Programme as one of the agencies of the European Union (EU). It was initially created as the European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Supervisory Authority (GSA) in 2004, reorganised into the European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency (also GSA) in 2010, and established in its current form on . EUSPA is a separate entity from the European Space Agency (ESA), although the two entities work together closely.
Overview
EUSPA operates the Galileo and European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) services with the aim to provide a European alternative to the already established and advanced American, Russian and Chinese systems e.g. GPS, Glonass and BeiDou.
Although providing increased position and timing precision, Galileo and EGNOS have recently faced disruption in the continuity of service due to major delays in the launch of the remainder of the Galileo first-generation satellites. SpaceX’s Falcon 9 launched the European Commission’s Galileo L12 mission to medium Earth orbit from Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Saturday, April 27 at 8:34 p.m. ET.
EUSPA provides safe and secure European satellite navigation services, advances the commercialization of Galileo, EGNOS, and Copernicus data and services, engages in secure satellite communications (GOVSATCOM and IRIS2), and operates the EU SST Front Desk. EUSPA is responsible for the security accreditation of all the EU Space Programme components. By fostering innovation in the space sector and above and collaborating with the EU Space community, EUSPA contributes to the European Green Deal and digital transition, enhances Union safety and security, and strengthens autonomy and resilience.
History and funding
Established in 2004 as the European GNSS Supervisory Authority (GSA), reorganised in 2010 into the European GNSS Agency (also GSA), and based in Prague, Czech Republic, since 1 September 2012, the agency was initially responsible for managing and monitoring the use of the Galileo programme funds and dealing with any matters relating to satellite radio-navigation.
In June 2018, the European Commission proposed to transform the European GNSS Agency into the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA), aggregating and consolidating the agency's role for Galileo, EGNOS, the Earth Observation constellation of Copernicus and a new Governmental Satellite Communication (GOVSATCOM) initiative. In December 2020, the European Commission welcomed the political agreement between the European Parliament and the Council on the EU Space Programme. On 28 April 2021, the European Parliament approved the update of the EU Space Programme regulation paving the way to the creation of the European Union Agency for the Space Programme. The regulation creates the European Union Space Agency for Space Programme, defines its competences and functioning, as well as a budget of 14 872 million euros within the multiannual financial framework 2021–2027, the highest amount ever committed by Brussels for space programmes. It entered force on 12 May 2021.
EU's relationship with ESA
The initial aim of the European Union (EU) was to integrate the European Space Agency (ESA) as agency of the EU by 2014. While the EU and its member states fund together 86% of the budget of ESA, it is not an EU agency. ESA is partnered with the EU on its two current flagship space programs, the Copernicus series of Earth observation satellites and the Galileo satellite navigation system, with ESA providing technical oversight and, in the case of Copernicus, some of the funding. The EU, though, has shown an interest in expanding into new areas, hence the proposal to rename and expand its satellite navigation agency (the European GNSS Agency) into the EU Agency for the Space Programme. The proposal drew strong criticism from ESA and many ESA and EU member states, as it was perceived as encroaching on ESA's turf.
In January 2021, after years of acrimonious relations, EU and ESA officials mended their relationship, with the EU Internal Market commissioner Thierry Breton saying "The European space policy will continue to rely on ESA and its unique technical, engineering and science expertise,” and that “ESA will continue to be the European agency for space matters. If we are to be successful in our European strategy for space, and we will be, I will need ESA by my side." ESA director Josef Aschbacher reciprocated, saying "I would really like to make ESA the main agency, the go-to agency of the European Commission for all its flagship programs." ESA and EUSPA are now seen to have distinct roles and competencies, which is officialized in the Financial Framework Partnership Agreement (FFPA). Whereas ESA's focus will be on the design and development of technical elements of the EU space programs, EUSPA will handle the operational elements of those programs.
The European GNSS Service Centre (GSC), Madrid
The European GNSS Service Centre (GSC) is an integral part of the European GNSS infrastructure, which represents the interface between the Galileo system and the users of the Galileo Open Service (OS) and the Galileo Commercial Service (CS).
The GNSS Service Center is located in Madrid, in the facilities of the Spanish National Aerospace Institute (INTA), in Torrejón de Ardoz.
The GSC acts as an interface between the Galileo system and the open service users as well as between the commercial service providers and / or users. It also provides users with CS service performance assessment and notifications. The GSC sets up a competence center for OS and CS service aspects, which are accessible to users via the user help desk and the web portal. The information is provided by a communication platform, an electronic library with Galileo and GNSS reference documentation as well as by the ad hoc provision of specific Galileo information. The GSC supports the Open Service and Commercial Service and their applications.
History
The European GNSS Service Center was inaugurated in May 2013 by vice-president of the European Commission Antonio Tajani, Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship and the Spanish Minister of Development Ana Pastor. The center itself was named as a tribute to the former Vice President of the EC "Loyola de Palacio", the then Commissioner for Transport.
On 17 March 2011, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by the Vice President of the EC Antonio Tajani and the Spanish Minister of Transport José Blanco López. This letter of intent outlined the conditions and requirements for hosting the GNSS Service Center (GSC) in Spain and for conducting a Spanish study to prepare the center. The GSC deployment agreement was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 23 February 2012, which stated that the global network of ground stations as part of the Galileo program included six centers and one station. The GSC is one of these six ground stations (MCC, GSMC, GSC, GRC).
Area of responsibility
The centre provides the following services:
The GSC offers basic services for the user community via a web portal and a user help desk. A special website www.gsc-europa.eu is made available to Galileo users to answer questions.
Distribution of timely service information: information about the system, system status and other messages for users.
Support for service provision: exchange of R&D and industry knowledge of individual market segments.
Provision of current information and performance reports regarding the program status
Application and product developers with access to market experts in key segments.
Provision of basic services for the user community via a web portal and a user help desk.
Exchange of R&D and industry knowledge per market segment.
Information about the program status and ICD documents (Interface Control Document).
Access to market experts in key segments.
GNSS Service Center (OS and CS) at FOC
The GSC acts as an interface between the Galileo system and the open service users as well as between the commercial service providers and / or users. It also provides users with CS service performance assessment and notifications. The GSC sets up a competence center for OS and CS service aspects, which are accessible to users via the user help desk and the web portal. The information is provided by a communication platform, an electronic library with Galileo and GNSS reference documentation as well as by the ad hoc provision of specific Galileo information. The GSC supports the Open Service and Commercial Service and their applications.
References
External links
Regulation (EU) 2021/696 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme
European space programmes
INTA facilities
Organizations based in Prague | European Union Agency for the Space Programme | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,779 | [
"Space programs",
"European space programmes"
] |
57,700,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201264 | NGC 1264 is a low-surface-brightness barred spiral galaxy located about 145 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Guillaume Bigourdan on October 19, 1884. NGC 1264 is a member of the Perseus Cluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
Malin 1 - a giant low surface brightness spiral galaxy
References
External links
Perseus Cluster
Perseus (constellation)
Barred spiral galaxies
Low surface brightness galaxies
1264
12270
2643
Astronomical objects discovered in 1884
Discoveries by Guillaume Bigourdan | NGC 1264 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 119 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,701,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD28%20family%20receptor | CD28 family receptors are a group of regulatory cell surface receptors expressed on immune cells. The CD28 family in turn is a subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
Two family members, CD28 and ICOS, act as positive regulators of T cell function while another three, BTLA, CTLA-4 and PD-1 act as inhibitors. Ligands for the CD28 receptor family include B7 family proteins.
CD28 receptors play a role in the development and proliferation of T cells. The CD28 receptors enhance signals from the T cell receptors (TCR) in order to stimulate an immune response and an anti-inflammatory response on regulatory T cells. Through the promotion of T cell function, CD28 receptors allow effector T cells to combat regulatory T cell-mediated suppression from adaptive immunity. CD28 receptors also elicit the prevention of spontaneous autoimmunity.
Function
CD28 receptors aid in other T cell processes such as cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines and chemokines and intracellular biochemical reactions (i.e. phosphorylation, transcriptional signaling, and metabolism) that are key for T cell proliferation and differentiation. Ligation of CD28 receptors causes epigenetic, transcriptional and post-translational alterations in T cells. Specifically, CD28 costimulation controls many aspects within T cells, one being the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes. A particular cytokine gene encodes for IL-2, which influences T cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The absence of CD28 costimulation results in the loss of IL-2 production causing the T cells to be anergic. Additionally, CD28 ligation causes arginine-methylation for many proteins. CD28 also drives transcription within T cells and produce signals that lead to IL-2 production and Bcl-xL regulation, an antiapoptotic protein, which are essential for T cell survival. CD28 receptors can be seen on 80% of human CD4+ and 50% of CD8+ T cells, in which this percentage decreases with age.
Clinical significance
Cancer
Some cancer cells evade destruction by the immune system through an of B7 ligands that bind to inhibitory CD28 family member receptors on immune cells. Antibodies directed against CD28 family members CTLA-4, PD-1, or their B7 ligands function as checkpoint inhibitors to overcome tumor immune tolerance and are clinically used in cancer immunotherapy.
Additionally, genetically engineered T cells containing CD28 and CD137 can be used in a molecularly targeted therapy response to a type of carcinomas called mesothelin. These T cells have a high affinity for human mesothelin. Upon mesothelin stimulation, the T cells proliferate, express an antiapoptotic gene, and secrete cytokines with the help of CD28 expression. When introduced to mice with pre-existing tumors, these T cells remove the tumors completely. The CD137 presence within the cells maintains the persistence of the engineered T cells. This interaction between engineered T cells with CD28 and CD137 are essential for immunotherapy, and show promise for directing T lymphocytes to tumor antigens and altering the tumor microenvironment for mesothelin.
HIV
The CD28 pathway is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the virus infects large numbers of normal cells. CD28 has effects on the transcription and stability of interleukin-2 and IFN-γ, cytokines that are important for immunity and stimulating NK cells. HIV alters the CD28 signaling as well as CD8 cells. As a result, there are reduced levels of CD8 cells, which express CD28, in individuals with HIV. With regards to subjects with both Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and HIV, levels of CD8 cells are also reduced. CD28 signaling has a large role in the adaptive response to HCV and can increase morbidity for HCV/HIV coinfection within a subject. CD28 induces IL-2 secretion that increases IL-2 mRNA stability. CD28 costimulation influences the expression of key genes expressed in T cell differentiation. Tat, a regulatory protein that regulates viral transcription, increases the transcription of the HIV dsDNA. CD28 costimulation with the Tat protein can contribute to chronic immune hyperactivation seen among HIV-infected individuals. Thus, CD28 is an essential part of therapeutics for the infection and pathogenesis of HIV.
Hyper-induced inflammatory cytokines
Binding CD28 to superantigens can induce an overexpression of inflammatory cytokines which may be harmful. When CD28 interacts with coligand B7-2, these superantigens elicit T-cell hyperactivation. Superantigens can form this overexpression by controlling interactions between MHC-II and TCRs as well as increasing the B7-2 and CD28 costimulatory interactions. This is dangerous because the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines can cause toxic shock in an individual.
References
Receptors
Immunoglobulin superfamily
Immunology | CD28 family receptor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,083 | [
"Immunology",
"Receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
57,703,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2034880 | HD 34880 is a blue giant star of magnitude 6.41 in the constellation of Orion. It is 679 light years from the solar system.
Observation
This star is very narrowly in the southern celestial hemisphere; this means that it can be observed from all the inhabited regions of the Earth without any difficulty and that it is invisible only far beyond the Arctic polar circle. It appears near or below the horizon, depending on season as circumpolar in innermost areas of the Antarctic continent. Being of magnitude 6.4, it is observable with the naked eye only in ideal conditions; it is easy to observe with a small pair of binoculars.
The best period for the night-time observation of Orion in either hemisphere is between late October and April. Owing to the position of the star close to the celestial equator (zodiac), it is obscured by the sun or its glare at other times of the year.
Physical traits
The star is a blue giant with an absolute magnitude of -0.18 and it has a positive radial velocity indicating that the star is moving away from the solar system.
Multiple star
HD 34880 is a multiple system: made up of 3 components. The main component A is a star appearing with magnitude 6.41. The B component has magnitude 11.0, separated by 4.4 arc seconds from A at position angle 285 degrees (from north). Component C is of magnitude 9.1, separated by 0.5 arc seconds from A; its position angle is about 196 degrees.
References
External links
Simbad link
Catalog of Components of Double and Multiple Stars VizieR entry
B-type bright giants
034880
024925
1759
Durchmusterung objects
Orion (constellation) | HD 34880 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 348 | [
"Constellations",
"Orion (constellation)"
] |
57,704,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-229 | K2-229 (also designated EPIC 228801451 or TYC 4947-834-1) is a K-type main sequence star approximately 103 parsecs (335 light years) away in the constellation Virgo. It was observed by the Kepler Space Telescope during its K2 "Second Light" mission in Campaign 10.
Planetary system
As of March 27, 2018, K2-229 has a system of three confirmed exoplanets.
All three known planets transit their star and would orbit inside that of Mercury if placed in the Solar System. Only the innermost has a well determined mass and composition.
K2-229b
K2-229b is a Super-Earth with an iron-rich composition. It is about 17% larger than Earth by radius, but is almost 2.6 times more massive. Its high density indicates it has a core-mass fraction of about 68%, nearly identical to that of Mercury. It is believed that like Mercury, the huge core of K2-229 is the result of a giant impact event. However, unlike Mercury, it orbits extremely close to its host star, with one orbit taking a little over 14 hours to complete. K2-229b has a temperature of over 1,960 K to 2,330 K, hot enough to melt iron and likely giving it an atmosphere of silicate vapor.
K2-229c
K2-229c is a Mini-Neptune sized planet with a radius of 2.12 . Its mass has not been accurately determined, so only an upper limit of 21.3 can be given. However, a different method of radial velocity analysis gives the planet's mass at about 9.5 . With an orbital period of 8.32 days, K2-229c has an equilibrium temperature of and a dayside temperature of .
K2-229d
K2-229d is another Mini-Neptune with a radius of 2.64 , meaning it is likely gaseous. Only a maximum mass of 25.1 could be determined. The planet was detected by a single transit event lasting about two and a half hours long. There were two models for its orbital period: one where it took about 31 days to orbit and the second transit was during a large data gap; and another where it took over 50 days to orbit. The latter scenario was considered unlikely, as K2-229d would need to have a very eccentric orbit to exhibit such a short transit duration – so eccentric that its periapsis would cross the orbit of K2-229c and destabilize the system. It has an equilibrium temperature of .
See also
K2-141b
WASP-47
References
K-type main-sequence stars
Virgo (constellation)
J12272958-0643188
Planetary systems with three confirmed planets
Planetary transit variables | K2-229 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 578 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,704,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldering | Foldering is the practice of communicating via messages saved to the "drafts" folder of an email or other electronic messaging account that is accessible by multiple people. The messages are never actually sent.
Foldering has been described as a digital equivalent of a dead drop.
History
Foldering was reportedly used by al-Qaeda at least as early as 2005 and it has also been used by drug cartels.
Notable cases
In 2012, David Petraeus was reported to have used foldering to communicate with Paula Broadwell.
In June 2018, Greg Andres cited Paul Manafort's use of foldering as evidence that Manafort engaged in deceptive behaviours.
See also
Dead drop
Tradecraft
References
Data security
Espionage techniques | Foldering | [
"Engineering"
] | 142 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Data security"
] |
57,705,431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoidea%20asiatica | Ascoidea asiatica is a species of yeast in the Ascoideaceae family discovered in 1964.
Biochemistry
In 2018, it was reported by researchers at the University of Bath and the Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry that the CUG sense codon in this yeast is translated by two different tRNAs, one coding for serine and one for leucine, with approximately equal probability. This is the first reported instance of a proteome that is stochastically encoded from the genome. This codon is rarely used in this species, which has led to the suggestion that stochastic encoding is deleterious to the organism.
References
Saccharomycetes
Fungi described in 1964
Fungus species | Ascoidea asiatica | [
"Biology"
] | 146 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
57,706,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeas%20per%20montes | Galeas per montes (galleys across mountains) is the name given to a feat of military engineering made between December 1438 and April 1439 by the Republic of Venice, when several Venetian ships, including galleys and frigates were transported from the Adriatic Sea to Lake Garda. The operation required towing the ships upstream on the river Adige until Rovereto, then transporting the fleet by land to Torbole, on the Northern shores of the lake. The second leg of the journey was the most remarkable achievement, requiring a land journey 20 km through the Loppio Lake and the narrow .
Context
The Republic of Venice was at the time a power in the Mediterranean and, in the 15th century, it began an expansion phase towards the mainland of the current Lombardia and Veneto regions both through military conquest (e.g. Padua) or spontaneous "dedication", as in the case of Vicenza. The city of Brescia, located West of Lake Garda, allied with the Republic of Venice to escape the Duchy of Milan on November 20, 1426.
In 1438, the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti waged war against the Republic of Venice and, through a series of lucky victories, took control of Lombard lands up to the southern shores of Lake Garda. At the same time, the city of Brescia was under siege by the mercenary condottiero Niccolò Piccinino, on the Duke of Milan's payroll, and called on the Venetian Senate for assistance.
Piccinino took control of the entire Southern sector of the lake, so the Venetian warlord Gattamelata (Erasmo da Narni) could only access the lake from its Northern shores, namely Torbole or Riva. The Milanese army was also fortified in the castles of Peschiera del Garda and Desenzano, making a head-on clash too expensive. To avoid this problem, the Republic of Venice decided to prepare a military plan that would allow its troops (and navy) to surprise the Visconti army entering the lake from its Northern shore.
On December 1, 1438, after a very long session, the Republic's Minor Council approved plan formulated by Blasio de Arboribus, Niccolò Carcavilla, and Niccolò Sorbolo that would become the galeas per montes.
The plan
The plan foresaw moving a fleet of warships by dragging it upstream the Adige river, then beaching it, and dragging it on wooden rollers along the Loppio valley to the Northern shores of Lake Garda, near Torbole. From there, the Venetian fleet would have unleashed a surprise attack toward the Milanese army, that was anchored in Desenzano, cutting supplies to the Visconti militia guarding Peschiera del Garda, and gaining a foothold to free Brescia and potentially threaten Milan.
The fleet, that included 25 large ships, 6 galleys and 2 frigates, set sail in January 1439 from Venice entering the mouths of the Adige river near Sottomarina. The fleet went upstream until Verona where, since the river was drier than usual, the Venetians had to fit the ships with devices to increase their buoyancy in order to reduce their draught. The fleet was then dragged further upstream until the village of , where it was beached.
The Venetians designed and built special devices for the operations, and hired hundreds of workers including diggers, carpenters, sailors, and local craftsmen. The workers flattened the road that would be used by the fleet, and used around 2000 oxen divided in groups, since the largest ships could require more than 200 oxen to be dragged. In order to facilitate the passing of the fleet, the workers leveled natural and man-made obstacles, and built several bridges and infrastructural aids. The main road for the ships was built by laying down wooden planks, so that the massively heavy ships could be slid over the planks using wooden rollers.
The fleet's passage was made easier by having ships sail through the Lago di Loppio, reducing the length of the land passage. After the lake, the fleet was once again beached, and dragged along the steep and narrow slope from Passo San Giovanni to Torbole. As the ships would gather velocity during the downhill segment (potentially crashing against rocks), they were slowed down by tying their masts to large boulders using winches and thick ropes. To further slow down the ships' descent, Venetians unfurled the ships' sails, and made use of a local strong wind, the so-called .
The complex operation was completed in only 15 days, but cost the staggeringly high amount of 16,000 Ducats. It was one of the most remarkable feats of military engineering at the time, becoming famous throughout Europe.
Gallery
Consequences
The fleet's presence on the lake allowed the Venetians to resupply Brescia, though these operations were soon noticed and contested by the Milanese navy. The two navies faced each other in two battles on April 12 and September 26, 1439, both seeing the defeat of the Venetians.
The Venetians finally managed to re-capture Lake Garda and Brescia only in 1440. An instrumental step in this victory was the naval battle in April 1440, where the Venetian fleet inflicted a major defeat to the Milanese navy on the waters off the Ponale pass.
A painting by Tintoretto in the Doge's Palace's Sala del Maggior Consiglio celebrates this victory.
Notes
Bibliography
Paolo Renier Testimonianze sul trasporto delle navi da Venezia al Garda eseguito dai veneziani nel 1439, Venezia 1967
Paolo D. Malvinni La magnifica intrapresa. Galeas per montes conducendo, Curcu & Genovese, Trento 2010
Samuel Romanin Storia documentata di Venezia – Tomo 4, 1853–1861.
David Sanderson Chambers The Imperial Age of Venice 1380–1580 – (History of European Civilization Library), Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970
Clemente Cavalcabo Idea della storia e delle cossuetudini antiche della valle Lagarina ed...del Roveretano, 1776
Eugenio Musatti, Storia di Venezia, 1880, tomo I, p. 270 e seg.
Fabio Romanoni La guerra d’acqua dolce. Navi e conflitti medievali nell’Italia settentrionale, Clueb, Bologna 2023
Military engineering
Military history of the Republic of Venice
15th century in the Republic of Venice
1438 in Europe
1439 in Europe | Galeas per montes | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,389 | [
"Construction",
"Military engineering"
] |
64,281,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinacyanol | Pinacyanol is a cyanine dye. It is an organic cation, typically isolated as the chloride or iodide salts. The blue dye is prepared from 2-methylquinoline by quaternization with ethyl chloride or ethyl iodide. Condensation with formaldehyde results in coupling. Subsequent oxidation of the leuco intermediate gives the dye. Pinacyanol is a prototypical cyanine dye that was widely used as a sensitizer in electrophotography. Its biological properties have also been investigated widely.
References
Quinolines
Chlorides
Cyanine dyes
Quaternary ammonium compounds | Pinacyanol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 135 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
64,282,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakomara | Zakomara () is a semicircular or keeled completion of a wall (curtain wall) in the Old Russian architecture, reproducing the adjacent to the inner cylindrical (convex, crossed) vault.
False zakomar, which is not repeating the inner shapes of the vault, is called the kokoshnik. Kokoshniks were only made as exterior decorative elements. They were placed on the walls, vaults, as well as the shrinking tiers at the base of the tents and reels of chapters in church buildings.
History
From the twelfth to the seventeenth centuries, zakomars were a typical detail in the ancient Russian Orthodox church architecture. Quite often, a combination of zakomars and kokoshniks was used in the construction of many churches.
The roof in the zakomar covering was arranged directly on the vaults. Depending on the number of vaults, the facade of the church had the same amount of zakomars. By the seventeenth century, a significant number of Russian churches had the zakomar covering. But sophisticated curvilinear rooftop was not very practical—the snow and rain accumulated on it, causing leaks. By the end of the seventeenth century, the Baroque era came to the Russian architecture, making the zakomars and zakomar coverings a thing of the past. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, zakomar coverings were replaced with four-pitched roofs in many churches. Because of the spread of the retrospective trends in the Russian Empire’s architecture, zakomars reappeared in the church buildings.
At the end of the twentieth century, the revival of the zakomar covering has occurred. It was due to the appearance of construction technology, which created rain and snow resistant zakomar coverings. Therefore, the new Uspensky Cathedral in Yaroslavl has the zakomar covering.
Examples
References
Architecture in Russia
Church architecture
Russian inventions
Architectural elements | Zakomara | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 400 | [
"Building engineering",
"Architectural elements",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
64,283,116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Elijah%20McClain | Elijah Jovan McClain (February 25, 1996 – August 30, 2019) was a 23-year-old black American man from Aurora, Colorado, who was killed as a result of being illegally injected with 500 mg of ketamine by paramedics after being forcibly detained by police officers. He went into cardiac arrest and died six days later in the hospital. He had been walking home from a convenience store. Three police officers and two paramedics were charged with his death. Both paramedics and one of the officers were convicted of negligent homicide. The other two officers were acquitted of all charges.
On August 24, 2019, three Aurora Police officers confronted McClain after responding to a call by an Aurora civilian about an unarmed person wearing a ski mask that looked "sketchy". The three police officers who were involved in the incident (Nathan Woodyard, Jason Rosenblatt, and Randy Roedema) all said that their body cameras were knocked off during a struggle with McClain. McClain was forcibly held to the ground with his hands cuffed behind his back, after which Woodyard twice applied a choke hold. Upon arrival paramedics Jeremy Cooper and Peter Cichuniec administered ketamine, later determined to be in excess of a therapeutic dosage, to McClain to sedate him. While on scene McClain went into cardiac arrest. Three days after arriving at the hospital, he was declared brain dead, and was removed from life support on August 30.
McClain's initial autopsy was inconclusive and the cause of death was listed as undetermined. Aurora Police officers met with the coroner before his announcement, and police investigators were also present during the autopsy. As a result of a lawsuit by several news agencies, an amended autopsy report was released in September 2022 that listed the cause of death as "complications of ketamine administration following forcible restraint".
On June 24, 2020, after massive protests in Denver and Aurora and lawmakers' requests for a new, third-party investigation into McClain's death, Colorado Governor Jared Polis announced his administration would reexamine the case. Five days later, photos were discovered that were taken in October 2019 at the site where McClain was assaulted and killed. The photos showed officers posing inappropriately and reenacting the carotid restraint used on McClain. One officer, Jaron Jones, resigned and three (Erica Marrero, Kyle Dittrich, and Jason Rosenblatt) were fired.
In February 2021, an investigative report ordered by the City Council was released. The report said that the police officers involved in McClain's death did not have the legal basis to stop, restrain, or frisk him. The report questioned the police officers' statements, criticized the medical responders' decision to inject McClain with a sedative, and admonished the police department for failing to do a serious questioning of the officers following McClain's death.
In September 2021, the three police officers (Woodyard, Rosenblatt, and Roedema) and two paramedics (Cooper and Cichuniec) were arrested and charged through a Colorado grand jury with manslaughter and other lesser charges for the death of Elijah McClain. Nathan Woodyard was tried on October 17, 2023, and was found not guilty on November 6. Rosenblatt was acquitted of all charges against him, including reckless manslaughter and assault.
On October 12, 2023, Roedema was found guilty on charges of criminally negligent homicide and assault. He was sentenced on January 5, 2024 by District Judge Mark Warner to 14 months at the Adams County Jail in Brighton, Colorado, with possibility of work-release, plus 200 hours community service.
The trial of paramedics Jeremy Cooper and Peter Cichuniec began on November 29, 2023. On December 22, the two paramedics involved in McClain's death were found guilty of negligent homicide by a Colorado jury, which found that Peter Cichuniec's unlawful administration of drugs to McClain was a key factor in causing his death. On March 1, 2024, Cichuniec was given the mandatory minimum sentence of five years in prison, and on April 26, Cooper was sentenced to four years of probation.
On September 14, Cichuniec's sentence was reduced to 4 years probation.
Background
At the time of his death, Elijah McClain had been a massage therapist for about four years. He shared an apartment with his cousin close to the site where he was taken into police custody and subsequently died. He had never been arrested or charged with a crime. Friends and family described him as a "spiritual seeker, pacifist, oddball, vegetarian, athlete, and peacemaker who was exceedingly gentle."
McClain's mother, Sheneen, moved her family of six from Denver to Aurora to avoid gang violence. She said Elijah was home-schooled and she could see at an early age that he was "intellectually gifted, but fiercely independent". While still a teenager, he taught himself to play violin and guitar. During lunch breaks, he played his instruments at animal shelters to soothe the abandoned animals. Friends said that his gentleness with animals extended to humans as well. One of his clients recalled him as "the sweetest, purest person I have ever met. He was definitely a light in a whole lot of darkness". An acquaintance said, "I don't even think he would set a mousetrap if there was a rodent problem."
Despite widespread speculation, McClain was never formally diagnosed as being on the autism spectrum, according to his family. However, autistic Black people and their families have sometimes said that they identify with him.
Killing
On the evening of August 24, 2019, an Aurora civilian called 9-1-1 reporting a male around Billings Street and Evergreen Avenue walking south on Billings Street wearing a ski mask and flailing his arms. The caller affirmed during the call that he did not believe the person was armed and that he did not believe that anyone was in immediate danger. Friends of McClain interviewed after the incident speculated that this arm-flailing was most likely just dancing, as he is believed to have been listening to music at the time of the call. McClain was dressed warmly and was wearing a ski mask because he had a blood circulation disorder that caused him to chill easily.
According to the police report, McClain resisted when confronted by the responding police officers, and Officers Woodyard and Rosenblatt heard Officer Roedema shout "He is going for your gun!" An attorney representing McClain's family said the officers involved slammed McClain into a wall immediately after apprehending him. Roedema said that McClain "reached for and grabbed the grip of Rosenblatt's gun that was holstered". There are conflicting accounts about the officer's report that McClain had tried to grab his gun. Later accounts offered differing reports on whose gun McClain had tried to grab.
There was no visual body-camera footage of McClain's alleged reach for the gun, which the officers explained by stating that all of their cameras had fallen off. However, a news source states, "But if you watch the video from about the 15-minute mark (warning: It contains violent and upsetting content), you'll see someone pick up the body camera and point it toward McClain and one of the officers before dropping it back into the grass. Around 15:34, one of the officers seems to say, 'Leave your camera there.'"
The three police officers held McClain on the ground for 15 minutes. McClain was clearly in distress while restrained, sobbing and repeatedly saying "I can't breathe". He vomited several times, for which he apologized, saying: "I'm sorry. I wasn't trying to do that, I can't breathe correctly." While McClain's arms were handcuffed behind his back, Woodyard applied a carotid control hold, which intentionally cuts off blood flow to the brain by compressing the carotid arteries in the neck, rendering McClain briefly unconscious. One officer threatened to have his police dog bite McClain as he lay handcuffed and pinned to the ground.
After McClain was restrained, more officers arrived and audio of the conversation records them saying that McClain was "acting crazy", that he was "definitely on something", and that he had attacked them with "incredible, crazy strength" when they tried to restrain him. They also said that, at one point, three officers were on top of McClain, who was tall and weighed . Paramedics injected him with 500 mg of ketamine—whereas local protocols stipulate a dose of about 320 mg to 350 mg for an individual of his weight—as a sedative for excited delirium. McClain was then transferred to the ambulance. The medic who had administered ketamine noticed McClain's chest "was not rising on its own, and he did not have a pulse." He was pronounced brain dead on August 27 and died three days later, on August 30, 2019.
The body cameras came detached from the police officer's uniforms during the encounter, but the audio can still be heard. During the recording, when one of the body cameras was still attached to an officer, another officer can be heard telling him to move his camera. The attorney representing McClain's family accused the officers of deliberately removing their body cameras to support a false allegation that McClain reached for a gun, though evidence for this wasn't found during the subsequent investigation.
Last words
According to body cam audio, these were McClain's last words as he was restrained by police officers:
I can't breathe. I have my ID right here. My name is Elijah McClain. That's my house. I was just going home. I'm an introvert. I'm just different. That's all. I'm so sorry. I have no gun. I don't do that stuff. I don't do any fighting. Why are you attacking me? I don't even kill flies! I don't eat meat! But I don't judge people, I don't judge people who do eat meat. Forgive me. All I was trying to do was become better. I will do it. I will do anything. Sacrifice my identity, I'll do it. You all are phenomenal. You are beautiful and I love you. Try to forgive me. I'm a mood Gemini. I'm sorry. I'm so sorry. Ow, that really hurt! You are all very strong. Teamwork makes the dream work. [after vomiting] Oh, I'm sorry, I wasn't trying to do that. I just can't breathe correctly.
Coroner report
According to the original autopsy report from Adams County Coroner's Office, released in November 2019, McClain's exact cause of death could not be determined and was therefore listed as undetermined. The county coroner Doctor Stephen Cina stated that it may have been an accident resulting from an idiosyncratic drug reaction, could have been homicide if the officers' use of the carotid hold contributed to his death, or could have been "natural if (McClain) had an undiagnosed mental illness that led to excited delirium, if his intense physical exertion combined with a narrow coronary artery led to an arrhythmia, if he had an asthma attack, or if he aspirated vomit while restrained.”
The coroner stated that McClain's "physical exertion" likely contributed to his death, ”but it is unclear if the officer's actions contributed as well" and described McClain as being given a “therapeutic level” of ketamine.
Aurora Police Department officers met with the coroner before his final decision that the cause of death could not be determined was announced and Aurora police investigators were also present during the autopsy even while the actions of several of the department's officers were under review. According to a national coroners group, best practice would have been to seek a second opinion in order to avoid an undetermined ruling.
On September 2, 2022, chief coroner of Adams County Monica Broncucia-Jordan announced the autopsy report of McClain had been changed in response to new evidence from a grand jury investigation. Following a request by the Colorado Public Radio it was confirmed that the autopsy had been updated to list the cause of death as "complications of ketamine administration following forcible restraint", but the manner of death was still listed as "undetermined" rather than "homicide". "The investigation suggests that [McClain] received an intramuscular dose of ketamine that was higher than recommended for his weight," Adams County chief coroner Monica Broncucia-Jordan autopsy report read. "Further, my review of all the body camera footage shows that Mr. McClain was extremely sedated within minutes of receiving a shot of ketamine. When he was placed on a stretcher, I believe he was displaying agonal breathing and respiratory arrest was imminent. Simply put, this dosage of ketamine was too much for this individual and it resulted in an overdose, even though his blood ketamine level was consistent with a 'therapeutic' blood concentration. I believe that Mr. McClain would most likely be alive but for the administration of ketamine."
The amended report also states that there was “no evidence that injuries inflicted by the police contributed to death. The original report stated that McClain went unresponsive “during a police involved interaction.” The report was amended to say that McClain became unresponsive “immediately following a police involved interaction.”
Investigation
On August 28, 2019, all three Aurora Police officers involved at the scene were put on paid administrative leave. Adams County District Attorney Dave Young later determined that none of the three officers—Nathan Woodyard, Jason Rosenblatt, and Randy Roedema—committed any criminal acts, and no charges were filed against them. The police body camera footage and audio of the initial 9-1-1 call were released publicly by the Aurora Police Department on November 22, 2019.
In February 2020, Aurora City Manager Jim Twombly announced that he would begin a Critical Incident Review on the case to investigate how police and fire departments reacted during the incident. He also announced an audit on the body cameras of the Aurora Police Department to further investigate how well Aurora police officers comply with body-camera policies. At that time he said that a review of the incident determined that the force applied during the encounter was consistent with training as determined by the Force Review Board.
Petitions and investigation requests
On June 6, 2020, an online petition called for a reopening of the investigation into the death of McClain, and a request that the officers involved be removed from duty had been signed by more than 820,000 people. Members of the Aurora City Council's safety committee also requested an independent, third-party investigation into the death. County District Attorney Dave Young said he was aware of the petition and commented, "I don't open up investigations based on petitions."
On June 10, three members of the city public safety policy committee sent City Manager Jim Twombly a letter asking for a new "neutral, third-party" look at McClain's death. Twombly responded saying that the city had already initiated an independent review of his death under the direction of Eric Daigle, a former Connecticut state police officer and attorney who now consults on the use of force and related policies. Council members replied saying they were not satisfied with the city's choice of a former police officer: "[We] don't consider Eric Daigle to be independent and neutral due to his long career in law enforcement. We need a truly independent review."
On June 26, a spokesperson for the city of Aurora announced that all three officers involved in the incident had been reassigned to working in a non-enforcement capacity in an attempt to protect their safety. Woodyard and Rosenblatt were moved on June 13, while Roedema was moved on June 20.
By June 25, more than three million people had signed the petition demanding an independent investigation into McClain's death, and on that date, Governor Jared Polis appointed a special prosecutor to investigate McClain's death, thus overriding Young and Twombly. He also signed an executive order directing the Attorney General, Phil Weiser, to investigate and possibly prosecute the officers involved. Polis said in a statement, "Elijah McClain should be alive today, and we owe it to his family to take this step and elevate the pursuit of justice in his name to a statewide concern." Mari Newman, the family's attorney, commented, "Finally a responsible adult has stepped in and thank goodness that the governor has shown some leadership."
Inappropriate photos investigated
On June 29, the interim police chief announced that multiple officers had been placed on administrative leave and were under investigation after photos of them surfaced that had been taken near the site where McClain was taken into custody. The photos, taken in October 2019, show police officers posing inappropriately and reenacting the carotid restraint used on McClain before his death. In July, three officers were fired from the department in relation to the photos, while one officer resigned.
At a news conference, acting police chief Vanessa Wilson said, "While the allegations of this internal affairs case are not criminal, they are a crime against humanity and decency. To even think about doing such a thing is beyond comprehension and it is reprehensible." In response to a question from the floor, she addressed aspects of future officer training, and noted:
"I shouldn't have to teach this. There is no training that should [have to] teach human decency."
Use of ketamine questioned
In Colorado, EMS providers are allowed to use ketamine to treat a syndrome known as excited delirium. When the EMS arrived on the scene of the encounter, McClain was already cuffed and restrained on the ground. One of the officers can be heard telling the EMS that McClain was "acting crazy", that he was "definitely on something", and that he had attacked them with "incredible, crazy strength" when they tried to restrain him. The paramedics administered an injection of 500 mg (one full 5ml syringe) of ketamine, later reporting to have estimated his weight at 220lbs (100kg), a weight for which 500 mg is an appropriate dose. According to information provided to NBC by Aurora Fire Rescue, the standard dose of ketamine is 5 milligrams per each kilogram of a person's weight. The coroner's report states that McClain was tall and weighed . That would mean that the correct dosage for a person of McClain's size would have been 320 milligrams.
The attorney for McClain's family, Mari Newman, said that medics had no right or reason to inject Elijah with ketamine and has asked for an investigation. Neuroscientist Carl Hart, chair of Columbia University's psychology department, commented, "Why anyone would be giving ketamine in that circumstance is beyond me." The American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the World Health Organization do not recognize the condition known as excited delirium. Paul Appelbaum, who oversees changes to psychiatry's main diagnostic manual, has commented, "excited delirium is bad science, based on faulty studies that grew out of the 1980s cocaine epidemic." Carl Takei, a senior staff attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union who focuses on police practices, said "ascribing a person's actions to excited delirium can create a shield for officers who use excessive force".
In December 2020, John Dickerson, working for the television program 60 Minutes, investigated the use of ketamine in McClain's death. Dickerson said that the medical community is highly skeptical about whether "excited delirium" is a real medical condition and voiced concerns about the use of excited delirium as "a shield to protect police from charges of misconduct." Dickerson spoke with County District Attorney Dave Young, whose jurisdiction covers Aurora. Young justified the use of ketamine. He also felt that because the diagnosis of excited delirium was not ruled out as a cause of death, he was convinced that he could not win a homicide case against the officers because "you can't file a homicide charge without cause of death."
February 2021 investigation findings
Findings from an independent investigation commissioned by the City Council were released on February 22, 2021. The report concluded that "Aurora police and paramedics made substantial errors at nearly every stage of their interaction with Elijah McClain and the detectives tasked with investigating the incident that led to the 23-year-old's death stretched the truth to exonerate the officers involved." The report said that the police had no legal basis to make McClain stop walking, to frisk him, or to use a chokehold and the paramedics failed to properly evaluate him, measure his vital signs or even to attempt to speak with him before injecting him with ketamine. The report also said that the detectives assigned to investigate the incident failed to do a meaningful investigation after his death. According to the report:
The body worn camera audio, limited video, and Major Crimes’ interviews with the officers tell two contrasting stories. The officers’ statements on the scene and in subsequent recorded interviews suggest a violent and relentless struggle. The limited video, and the audio from the body worn cameras, reveal Mr. McClain surrounded by officers, all larger than he, crying out in pain, apologizing, explaining himself, and pleading with the officers."
In 2020, McClain's family filed a lawsuit naming the city, several police officers and paramedics, and a fire department medical director for allegedly violating McClain's civil rights. Family attorney Mari Newman said the report supports the plaintiff allegations. "This is a broadside on the city of Aurora from top to bottom, beginning with the illegal stop that set the wheels in motion and the illegal conduct every step of the way." McClain's mother said she was happy that the report showed that her son was no longer labeled a suspect but rather seen as a victim of a crime. She has called for the paramedics and the officers to be fired and criminally prosecuted. In a statement his father said, "This report confirms what we have been saying from the start."
September 2021 grand jury
In September 2021, a Colorado grand jury indicted Aurora officers Roedema, Rosenblatt and Woodyard along with Aurora Fire Rescue paramedics Cooper and Cichuniec on 32 total counts of manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide. In addition, Roedema and Rosenblatt were each indicted on one count of assault and one count of crime of violence, while Cooper and Cichuniec each faced three counts of assault and six counts of crime of violence. As of April 2022, all five individuals remained free on bond.
Release of the unredacted, amended autopsy report
In September 2022, CPR News (Colorado Public Radio) filed a lawsuit, in which they were joined by the Associated Press (AP News), KCNC-TV, KDVR-TV, KMGH-TV, KUSA-TV, and Denver7 arguing the amended autopsy report should be released to the public without redactions. The report, without redactions, was released on September 24. The cause of death, which was previously listed as "undetermined," now states as "complications of ketamine administration following forcible restraint". The manner of death remains listed as "undetermined" as it was in the initial report.
2023 trials
In January 2023, trial dates were set starting with July 11, 2023, for Roedema and Rosenblatt, August 7, 2023, for Cooper and Chichuniec, and September 18, 2023, for Woodyard. All five entered not guilty pleas in Adams County court.
In late September, former Aurora PD captain Stephen Redfearn testified about changing the incident code from “suspicious person” to “assault on an officer”, but without further investigating the incident. "He said the computer system didn't have a category for attempting to disarm an officer". Civil rights group NAACP Boulder County claimed the change "reeks of a cover-up" and called for Redfearn's current employer, the Boulder Police Department, to fire him and his boss, Chief Maris Herold, for hiring him. Boulder's city manager pushed back, saying NAACP misrepresented the facts and said the code change was a standard innocuous administrative task.
On October 12, 2023, Roedema, a resident from Thornton, was found guilty on charges of criminally negligent homicide and assault, while Rosenblatt was acquitted of all charges against him, including reckless manslaughter and assault. Roedema was sentenced to 14 months' imprisonment in January 2024.
Nathan Woodyard's trial began on October 17. One of the prosecution witnesses was police trainer Kevin Smyth, who had previously testified in the trial of the other two officers. Smyth's testimony at Woodyard's trial, that officers were trained to take suspects' claims of being unable to breathe seriously but that such complaints were not always a sign of respiratory failure, was said by the prosecution to contradict his previous testimony. Woodyard's lawyers argued that the paramedics who sedated McClain were responsible for his death. Closing arguments began on November 3. On November 6 a jury acquitted Woodyard.
Cooper and Cichuniec's trial began on November 29, 2023. During the trial, Cooper admitted that he had misjudged the amount of ketamine necessary to subdue McClain, leading to the fatal overdose.
On December 22, 2023, Cooper and Cichuniec were convicted by a Colorado jury of criminally negligent homicide for their role in McClain's death. The jury additionally found Cichuniec guilty of second-degree assault for his unlawful administration of drugs to McClain. On March 1, 2024, Cichuniec was sentenced to five years in prison and three years probation and is currently imprisoned in the Sterling Correctional Facility.
Protests and memorials
A very small protest was held in November 2019 in response to the District Attorney's decision not to file charges. McClain's mother Sheneen was scheduled to take part but was in too much grief to appear and speak.
A second event for McClain was held on June 6, 2020, after the murder of George Floyd led to the formation of a nationwide protest movement in the United States. One of the event organizers remarked that the McClain family must have felt that the death of their loved one had been in vain when they saw the streets of Denver filled with protesters showing support for George Floyd while their loved one seemed to have been all but forgotten. One speaker said, "Today, I see all of your faces. And although it happened because of George Floyd, if we're not dealing with the atrocities, with the murders, with the brutality inside of Aurora, we have no business shouting another person's name."
In June 2020, a memorial mural was painted in honor of McClain in Denver, Colorado, alongside murals of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor.
Violin protest
On June 27, 2020, thousands gathered for a day of protests, speaker presentations, and an evening violin concert at Aurora City Center Park. Before the protest began, Aurora police issued a statement in support of a peaceful protest but warned of "outsiders" whose goal, they said, is to be destructive. Government buildings were boarded up, and police sat atop City Hall and the library observing the protest.
No arrests were reported during the day, although both directions of Interstate 225 were shut down around 3 p.m. by thousands of marching protesters. In the evening people, including families with children, started to gather in City Center Park, where musicians formed a circle and performed a violin concert in memory of McClain, who had been an accomplished violinist. At that point, law enforcement declared the protest an "illegal gathering" and ordered people to leave the park or face the use of pepper spray for dispersal. Shortly thereafter police officers, dressed in riot gear, moved into the crowd. Several attendees reported the use of smoke and gas canisters. According to a police statement, "pepper spray was used after a small group of people gathered rocks [and] sticks, knocked over a fence, and ignored orders to move back". Various videos showed attendees seated on the public lawn, without engaging in any such actions.
Five attendees of the protest have sued the Aurora Police Department and its interim chief, accusing them of unconstitutional treatment. Their lawsuit also demands that the Aurora Police Department stop using chemical agents, stop shooting projectiles indiscriminately into crowds, allow crowd dispersal only when there is an urgent danger to other people, and require all police to have their body cameras on at all times.
On June 29, 2020, an event in memory of Elijah McClain was held in California. It was organized by Black Women Lead, took place at The Laugh Factory Hollywood, and was called "Violin Candlelight Vigil for Elijah". The small concert was held in the open air, the visitors formed a circle around the stage, watching performing musicians. Among the performers were violinist Lindsey Stirling, who played her arrangement of the song "Hallelujah", and violinist and vocalist Sudan Archives.
After McClain's death, a petition was published on the public benefit corporation website, change.org asking for "Justice for Elijah McClain." The petition quickly gathered enough signatures to become one of the top three most signed petitions on the site, among others such as those petitions on behalf of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor.
Arrest of protest organizers
Following the summer protests, Aurora Police Department arrested organizers involved with the Party for Socialism and Liberation and other local groups on charges ranging from "inciting a riot" to "kidnapping". This was in response to a protest on July 3 where the Aurora police precinct was surrounded by protesters calling for the officers responsible for McClain's death to be fired and charged. On September 17, 6 organizers, Russel Ruch, Joel Northam, Lillian House, Eliza Lucero, Trey Quinn, and Terrance Roberts, were arrested. Northam was arrested with the aid of a SWAT team and armored vehicle, while Roberts was apprehended while on a jog. Others were arrested at home or at work. The charges could have resulted in up to 48 years in prison for House, Northam, and Lucero.
On March 12, 2021, Judge Leroy Kirby dismissed the kidnapping charges against House, Lucero, and Northam, noting that if the warrants for their arrest had been presented to him, he would not have signed them. On April 4, 2021, Arapahoe County District Attorney John Keller dismissed all felony charges and major misdemeanor charges against the protesters. On May 6, 2021, Adams County District Attorney Brian Mason dismissed all charges in Adams County against the protesters, stating that he has "an ethical obligation to only proceed on charges [his] office can prove and to dismiss charges that [they] cannot prove." On September 13, 2021, all remaining charges against House, Lucero, and Northam were dropped.
Civil rights lawsuit
McClain's family subsequently filed a civil rights lawsuit against the city of Aurora, Colorado. A preliminary settlement agreement was announced on October 18, 2021. The agreement was finalized following a mediation hearing in U.S. District Court on November 19, 2021, with the city of Aurora agreeing to pay $15 million to McClain's family.
Misuse of photo
During the Sudanese civil war (2023-present), social media users circulated a photo which they claimed was of faction leader Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi, Kenya. It was subsequently debunked and identified as an edited photo of McClain.
See also
List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, August 2019
Killing of Daniel Prude
References
External links
ABC News video "What happened to Elijah McClain? Case draws new attention amid nationwide protests"—July 1, 2020
Police report.
1996 births
2019 controversies in the United States
2019 deaths
2019 in Colorado
Adams County, Colorado
African-American-related controversies
Asphyxia-related deaths by law enforcement in the United States
Aurora, Colorado
August 2019 events in the United States
Black Lives Matter
Criminal homicide
Deaths by person in Colorado
Deaths from asphyxiation
Deaths in police custody in the United States
Law enforcement controversies in the United States
Law enforcement in Colorado
March 2020 events in the United States
Medical controversies in the United States
Police brutality in the United States
Political scandals in the United States
Poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biological substances
Killings in the United States
2010s crimes in Colorado
Drug-related deaths in Colorado
Government killings in the United States
Police brutality in the 2010s | Killing of Elijah McClain | [
"Environmental_science"
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" medicaments and biological substances",
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64,283,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-Vis%20absorption%20spectroelectrochemistry | Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a multiresponse technique that analyzes the evolution of the absorption spectra in UV-Vis regions during an electrode process. This technique provides information from an electrochemical and spectroscopic point of view. In this way, it enables a better perception about the chemical system of interest. On one hand, molecular information related to the electronic levels of the molecules is obtained from the evolution of the spectra. On the other hand, kinetic and thermodynamic information of the processes is obtained from the electrochemical signal.
UV-Vis absorption SEC allows qualitative analysis, through the characterization of the different present compounds, and quantitative analysis, by determining the concentration of the analytes of interest. Furthermore, it helps to determine different electrochemical parameters such as absorptivity coefficients, standard potentials, diffusion coefficients, electronic transfer rate constants, etc. Throughout history, reversible processes have been studied with colored reagents or electrolysis products. Nowadays, it is possible to study all kinds of electrochemical processes in the entire UV-Vis spectral range, even in the near infrared (NIR).
Configuration
In UV-Vis absorption SEC, depending on the configuration of the light beam respect to the electrode/solution interface, two types of optical arrangements can be distinguished: normal and parallel configuration.
Normal configuration
In normal configuration, the light beam samples perpendicularly the electrode surface. Normal configuration provides optical information related to the changes that take place in the solution adjacent to the electrode and on the electrode surface. The optical path length coincides with the diffusion layer thickness, which is usually in the order of micrometers. This arrangement is the most suitable when the compound of interest is deposited or adsorbed on the working electrode, because it provides information about all processes occurring on the electrode surface.
UV-Vis absorption SEC in normal arrangement can be performed using both transmission and reflection phenomena.
Normal transmission
In normal transmission, the light beam passes through a optically transparent working electrode, collecting information about the phenomena that take place on the surface of the electrode and on the solution adjacent to it. Electrodes in this configuration must be composed of materials that have great electrical conductivity and adequate optical transparency in the spectral region of interest.
The external reflection mode was proposed to improve the sensitivity and to use non-transparent electrodes.
Normal reflection
In normal reflection, the light beam travels in a perpendicular direction to the working electrode surface on which the reflection occurs. The reflected beam is collected to be analyzed in the spectrometer. It is also possible to work with other incidence and collection angles. This configuration is an alternative when the working electrode is non-transparent. In this configuration, the optical path-length in solution is on the order of twice the diffusion layer thickness. It should be noticed that growth of films on the electrode surface could cause optical interference phenomena. As it is based on reflection phenomenon, in many cases reflectance is used as unit of measurement instead of absorbance.
Parallel or long optical path-length configuration
The parallel configuration or long optical path-length arrangement only provides information about the spectral changes that occur in the solution adjacent to the working electrode surface, improving the sensitivity to soluble compounds because the length of the optical pathway can be as longer as the length of the electrode.
The light beam travels parallel to the working electrode surface, sampling the first micrometers of the solution adjacent to the working electrode surface, and collecting the information on the spectrometer.
Usually, aligning light beams has been a difficult task. However, simple alternatives have been developed to perform measurements in parallel configuration. There are several advantages in this configuration respect to the normal one: better sensitivity, lower detection limits; optically transparent electrodes are not required; and the spectral changes are related only to the diffusion layer.
Instrumentation
The experimental set-up used to carry out UV-Vis absorption SEC measurements depends on the chosen configuration and the characteristics of the analyte. The experimental set-up is composed of a light source, a spectrometer, a potentiostat/galvanostat, a SEC cell, a three-electrode system, optical elements to conduct the light beam, and a computer for data collection and analysis. Currently, there are commercial devices that integrate all these elements in a single instrument, simplifying significantly the SEC experiments.
Light source: provides the electromagnetic radiation that interacts with the sample while the electrochemical process is taking place. A specific source is required for the UV-Vis spectral region, being the most common the deuterium/halogen lamp.
Spectrometer: instrument that allows measuring the properties of the light in a certain region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It uses a monochromator to separate the different spectral wavelengths of interest emitted by the light source. A diode-array detector can be used to obtain time-resolved spectra. For UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry, spectrometer must be specific for UV-Vis spectral region.
Potentiostat/Galvanostat: electronic device that allows controlling the working electrode potential regarding to the reference electrode or controlling the current that passes respect to the auxiliary electrode.
Three electrode system: consists of a working electrode, a reference electrode and an auxiliary electrode. This system can be simplified by using screen-printed electrodes that include the three electrodes on a single holder.
Spectroelectrochemical cell: device in which the solution and the system of three electrodes is located, avoiding possible interference in the optical path. It is the link between the electrochemistry and the UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy.
Devices to conduct the radiation beam: lenses, mirrors and/or optical fibers. The last ones conduct electromagnetic radiation over great distances with hardly any losses. In addition, they simplify the optical configurations because they allow working with a small amount of solution. Optical fibers make easier to conduct and collect light near the electrode.
Analysis and data collection devices: a computer collects the signals provided by the spectrometer and potentiostat that, using a suitable software, treats, analyzes and interprets the signals.
Applications
UV-Vis absorption SEC is a recent technique that is continuously evolving. However, many advantages have been observed over other techniques. The most outstanding advantages are:
It generates a large amount of information about the systems.
Generally, solvents are not a problem when carrying out these kinds of measurements.
The wavelength selection generates specificity in the measurement of each species.
Currently, there are commercial devices that allow carrying out a large number of experiments with high reproducibility.
The kinetics of the reactions can be studied.
It is used to determine a large number of electrochemical and optical parameters.
Trilinear signals are obtained.
Small amounts of sample can be analyzed.
Faradaic current can be separated from non-faradaic current in an electrode process.
It is more specific than electrochemistry.
Quantitative information can be obtained.
UV-Vis absorption SEC has been used mainly in different research fields such as:
Sensor development.
Reaction mechanisms.
Diffusion and adsorption processes.
Characterization of compounds.
Study of biological interest substances.
Study of optical and electrical materials properties.
Study of liquid/liquid interfaces.
Study and synthesis of nanomaterials.
Evaluation of reaction parameters in which electron transfer occurs.
References
Spectroscopy
Electrochemistry | UV-Vis absorption spectroelectrochemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,493 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Electrochemistry",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
64,284,153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20North%20Macedonia | Over 22,500 species of wildlife have been recorded in North Macedonia. Over 10,000 of these are insects, which include 3,000 beetle species and large numbers of Lepidoptera, flies, and Hymenoptera. Aside from insects, other large arthropod groups include Chelicerata (mostly spiders) and crustaceans. Among vertebrates, more than 300 species of birds recorded, although not all nest in the country. There are over 80 species of both fish and mammals, 32 reptiles, and 14 amphibians.
Over 4,200 plants have been identified, of which more than 3,700 are vascular plants. The majority of existing forest is deciduous, and the amount of forest has expanded slightly in recent years. Over 2,000 species of algae have been found, most of them within lakes. There are also 2,000 species of identified fungi, with 90% of these being Basidiomycota, and at least 450 lichens.
The country covers , with much of the terrain being mountainous. Significant variation in topography has contributed to large variation within local climates, which together with the presence of ice age refugia has resulted in significant diversity and endemism. Although North Macedonia is landlocked, it has numerous rivers and lakes supporting aquatic wildlife. The forest and caves in the west of the country support a number of unique and endangered animals. The three largest lakes, Lake Ohrid, Lake Prespa, and Lake Dojran, are further areas of relatively high diversity.
There is substantial interaction between people and wildlife, especially in rural areas. Various plant and fungi species are foraged for local use and for export, and many animal species are hunted. Other threats to wildlife include land use change, pollution, and climate change. A number of animal and plant species have become locally extinct. A variety of laws protect some species and habitats and regulate their use, and action plans have been developed by the government, covering topics including the environment, biodiversity, and water. Four national parks have been established, and North Macedonia is party to a number of European and International conventions that relate to wildlife and the environment.
Environment
North Macedonia spans in the middle of the Balkan Peninsula. The landlocked country is centred around the Vardar river valley, with the national borders being marked by mountain ranges. Its diverse landscape creates a variety of local climates, which can be divided into eight biomes. The varied habitats of the country, including both natural and man-made environments, can be divided into 28 broad types, which are further subdivided into 120 at the third level of EUNIS classification. These are spread across 38 classes of landscapes.
The overall climate is temperate, with the area undergoing four seasons throughout the year. However, the varied geography means that there is significant local climatic variety. Precipitation also varies significantly. Up to of snow can fall on some mountains.
North Macedonia contains of surface water. Its 35 rivers fall into three river basins, with one basin each flowing into the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic Sea, and the Black Sea. The majority of the country, , falls within the Agean Basin, which contains Lake Dojran. of this basin is covered by the Vardar river and its tributaries. The remaining of the Aegean drainage basin is covered by the Strumica river and its tributaries. The main river of the Adriatic basin is Black Drim, which begins at Lake Ohrid. Lake Prespa also falls within this basin. Under some accounting there are also three minor drainage basins, which combined cover just over 1% of North Macedonia. Altogether, lakes cover 2% of the country, about . The three large lakes mentioned above are tectonic lakes. Lake Ohrid is , and has an average depth of . It is thought to be 2–3 million years old. Lake Prespa is , with an average depth of . Lake Dojran is , with a maximum depth of just . These three lakes are split between North Macedonia and neighbouring countries. Around 43 glacial lakes exist in the mountains. There are also 111 are artificial lakes, including large reservoirs.
A complex geological history means the country's surface rocks originate from many periods of Earth's history. There are 13 mountains whose heights exceed , with the highest being above sea level. Around 50% of the country is considered mountainous, containing many gorges and valleys. Caves, especially in limestone mountains found in the west, support a variety of cave fauna, and contain their own lakes. Forests cover of the country, 90% of which is within state-owned land. Agricultural land covers , including both actively used land and land that is able to be quickly cultivated. Pastures make up 757,000 of this agricultural land.
Plants
At least 3700 species of vascular plants have been identified in North Macedonia, of which 116 are endemic or near-endemic. 3200 of these are flowering plants. Additionally, there are 573 non-vascular plant species, none of which are endemic. Over 400 of these species are mosses, while 100 are liverworts.
The estimated wood mass in the country was in 2008. Forested land expanded by 3.5% in the decade leading up to 2013, reflecting a decrease in annual logging, deliberate efforts to expand forested area, and a reduction in livestock. This recovery is not shared by all forest types however, with coniferous and mixed forest coverage reducing in size. As of 2013, 58% of the forest was deciduous, 30% was mixed, 7% was coniferous, and 5% was considered degraded. Some deliberate forestation has been undertaken with the invasive Robinia pseudoacacia and Ailanthus altissima.
Broadleaf tree woodlands, dominated by alder, birch, poplar, and willow species, are some of the country's most endangered habitats. Swamp woodlands are dominated by Alnus glutinosa. Beech forests are dominated by oaks and beech species. Oaks, chestnuts, hophornbeams, and Carpinus orientalis dominate deciduous woodlands. Other habitats contain many conifer species.
314 species of flowering plants (11% of all flowering plants in the country) are protected. 14 species of vascular plants assessed by the United Nations Environment Programme are considered at a risk of extinction: four are critically endangered, five are endangered, and five are vulnerable. Eight moss species are protected. Only 11 Macedonian species appear in the Bern Convention, whereas five are listed in European Union Habitats Directive appendices.
Plant species that have become locally extinct in North Macedonia include Acorus calamus, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, and Nymphaea alba. Others, such as Jacobaea paludosa, Ranunculus lingua, and Gentiana pneumonanthe, are near locally extinct if not extinct already. Carex elata is also on the brink of extinction.
Fungi
Of the 2000 identified fungi taxa in North Macedonia, none are endemic. Around 1800 belong to Basidiomycota (including 550 within Agaricales and 450 within Aphyllophorales), while 200 species are Ascomycota. In addition, at least 450 species of lichens have been identified. Entomophaga maimaiga, an entomopathogenic fungus, is found on gypsy moths, following its introduction in neighbouring Bulgaria as a way to control the moth.
So far, 122 species have been identified as threatened, and 213 species from the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have been preliminarily assessed for IUCN Red List status. Of these, 21 were critically endangered, 30 endangered, 71 vulnerable, 40 near threatened, 9 least concern, and 42 data deficient. Ten of the critically endangered species have been found in just a single location.
Animals
Invertebrates
There are 13,493 recorded invertebrate species in North Macedonia. The vast majority of these (90%) are arthropods. 6 of the 10 sponges found in the three major lakes are endemic. Eunapius carteri dojranensis is endemic to Lake Doyran. Ochridaspongia rotunda, Ochridospongia interlithonis, Ochridospongilla stankovici, and Spongilla stankovici are endemic to Lake Ohrid. Spongilla prespensis is endemic to Lake Prespa. Of the three Cnidaria species, one is invasive. The 229 flatworms are made up of 158 Neodermata and 71 Turbellaria. The two known Nematomorpha species known are Gordius nonmaculatus and Gordius aquaticus. The only known Nemertea species is Prostoma graecense, which was found in Lake Ohrid. Annelids consist of 140 Oligochaeta, 30 leeches, and 5 Branchiobdellida. 53 of the 180 identified annelids species are endemic, all in Lake Ohrid. 38 of these endemic species are oligochaetes, and 11 are Hirudinea.
There are at least 870 nematode species, including 450 forest-dwelling species, 80 plant parasites, and many living in lakes. The Mollusca species represented are mostly Gastropoda, which have 301 species. At least 195 of these are land snails, and 107 are aquatic snails. The remaining 19 mollusc species are Bivalvia. Of 92 molluscs considered endemic, 88 of them are gastropods and four of them are bivalves. One gastropod species in Lake Prespa is invasive.
Arthropods
At least 11,800 arthropod species have been identified. Of the 1126 Chelicerata species present, at least 60 are considered endemic. The most numerous order within Chelicerata is that of spiders, of which there are 767 species (nine of which are endemic). The next largest taxa is the Acari, whose 250 species include 164 Hydrachnidia and four Halacaridae. Within Halacroidea, the monotypic Stygohalacarus genus, represented by Stygohalacarus scupiensis, is endemic to North Macedonia, as is Copidognathus profundus. The fen raft spider, living in marshes near Mount Belasica, is known to eat fish. The remaining identified Cherlicerata species are 54 pseudoscorpions, 50 opiliones, three scorpions, and two Solifugae (Galeodes elegans and Galeodes graceus). 19 Opiliones are endemic, along with 16 pseudoscorpions.
Insects
The at least 10,081 species of insects make up around 85% of the country's arthropod species. At least 3,145 beetle species have been identified, split between 84 families. The ground beetles make up a large number of these, represented by 573 species. Within the Staphylinoidea superfamily there are 516 species, including representatives of the Staphylinidae (383 species), Cholevinae (57), Hydraenidae (42), Silphidae (14), Ptiliidae (4), and Agyrtidae (1) families. Water beetles have been identified from the Dytiscidae (62), Haliplidae (11), Gyrinidae (6), and Noteridae (2) families. Within Hydrophiloidea, there are 68 Histeridae species and 33 Hydrophilidae species. There are 14 families of Scarabaeoidea represented, which altogether contain 172 species. Within Cucujoidea, there are perhaps over 200 species, of which 116 are Nitidulidae and 33 are Coccinellidae. Within Chrysomeloidea, there are 340 leaf beetles and 176 longhorn beetles. The 88 species of Bostrichiformia are split between four families: Bostrichidae, Dermestidae, Ptinidae, and Nosodendridae. There are 100 species of Elateroidea. Most are click beetles (74), with the rest being soldier beetles (15), fireflies (7), and net-winged beetles (4). There are 44 identified Cleroidea species. 17 each are from Malachiinae and Dasytinae. One Dasytidae species is endemic to the Šar Mountains. The remaining 10 are from the Cleridae family. Other beetles include 290 Curculionidae and 45 darkling beetles.
A total of 2,638 species of Lepidoptera have been identified. These are split between 68 families, with family size ranging from a single species to 528 species (the Noctuidae). 67 species have been provisionally assessed for IUCN Red List status within North Macedonia. One has been identified as endangered, with 15 being vulnerable and 24 being near threatened.
There are over 1,500 species of flies, representing 54 families. The largest family is that of the hoverflies, represented by 262 species. Some flies are considered potential disease vectors, and one, Obolodiplosis robiniae, is invasive.
Hymenoptera is another diverse order, represented by about 1077 species. One relatively well-studied group are parasitoid wasps. 150 species of Braconidae have been found. The 129 Ichneumonidae species (21 of which fall within Cryptinae) present include three endemics: Hadrodactylus tiphae balcanicus, Mesochorus venerandus, and Gelis balcanicus. Eulophidae has 40 species. Non-parasitic wasps include 75 members of the family Vespidae and 37 members of the family Mutillidae. In addition to wasps, there are at least 113 Apidae bee species and 99 ant species.
Within Hemiptera, 776 species of Heteroptera (15 endemic) have been identified. However, local expertise in this taxon is lacking. It has been suggested that the discovered number makes up only 62% of the total species present, taking into account the rate of new discoveries, the diversity of habitats, and studies from neighbouring countries. Knowledge about Homoptera is also very limited, with most studies covering a small number of species from specific locations. The known Homoptera consist of 134 Sternorrhyncha, 15 Cicadomorpha, and 13 Fulgoromorpha.
There are 175 identified orthoptera species. One, Bradyporus macrogaster macrogaste, is critically endangered. Four are considered endangered, while another eight are considered vulnerable (another 10 are data deficient). Some species are known only from a single location, or even a single record. There are perhaps 106 caddisfly species, although estimates vary. The 68 species of identified Neuropterida consist of 59 Neuroptera and nine Raphidioptera. The 13 known flea species include parasites of the Balkan snow vole. The country has 68 identified mayflies, including seven Rhithrogena species, all found in the Pena river. Known Dictyoptera include 12 cockroaches, four mantis, and two termites. Of the 14 lice species known, two, Enderleinellus ferrisi and Schizophthirus gliris, are parasites (of European ground squirrels and edible dormice respectively). Haploembia solieri, which was found in Valandovo, is the only recorded Embioptera species. Other insect species include 97 Plecoptera (10 of which are endemic), 64 Odonata, 49 Psocoptera, 42 Thysanoptera, five Dermaptera, three Archaeognatha, two Mecoptera, one Strepsiptera (Hylecthrus rubi), and one Zygentoma. There is no data for Megaloptera within the country.
Crustaceans
Of the 490 crustacean species found, 133 are considered endemic. Within the class Branchiopoda, the most numerous order is Diplostraca, which has 86 species. Alona smirnovi is endemic to Lake Ohrid. Of the other orders, there are six species of Anostraca, including Chirocephalus pelagonicus which is endemic to wetlands in the Pelagonia plain. The two species of order Notostraca (which contains only the Triopsidae family) present are Lepidurus apus and Triops cancriformis.
All 172 representatives of the ostracods are from the order Podocopida. Numerous genera within this order have high levels of endemism.
Of the class Maxillopoda, 146 species are copepods: 60 Cyclopoida, 54 Harpacticoida, 30 Calanoida, and two Poecilostomatoida. Both Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida contain several endemic genera. 12 of these copepods are known to be parasitic, found infecting fish in the major lakes. Other Maxillopoda include three Branchiura, all from the genus Argulus within the class Argulidae. One, Argulus foliaceus, is a parasite of at least three fish species. There is one representative of the Pentastomida known: Linguatula serrata, which is a human parasite.
There are representatives of four orders of Malacostraca. Isopoda is represented by 50 species, of which about a third are endemic. Amphipoda is represented by 47 species, with five genera (Bogidiella, Gammarus, Niphargus, Hadzia, and Ignolfiella) containing many endemic species. Decapoda is represented by five species: two Astacidae (Austropotamobius torrentium and Astacus astacus), two Potamidae (Potamon fluviatile and Potamon ibericum), and one Atyidae (Atyaephyra stankoi, which was found in Lake Dojran). Bathynellacea is represented by three species: Bathynella natans, Parabathynella stygia, and Bathynella chappuisi.
There are around 100 species of Myriapoda, including 18 endemic millipedes. There are 21 identified species of Entognatha, including 11 Collembola, eight Protura and two Diplura.
Fish
The total number of fish species differs between sources, potentially due to different classifications regarding what counts as a species. One calculation identifies 85 Actinopterygii and two lampreys. Of these, 27 are endemic, and 19 are invasive. Some fish are endemic to certain lakes or rivers. Lake Ohrid has 21 native species, of which eight are endemic, and seven are introduced species. Lake Prespa has 11 native species, of which eight are endemic, and 12 introduced species. Lake Dojran has 12 native species, one of which is endemic, along with two introduced species.
Of the Actinopterygii, the European sea sturgeon, the European eel, and Alburnus macedonicus are considered critically endangered, and the Prespa minnow and Salmo peristericus are considered endangered. A further 10 species are vulnerable, one near threatened, and 10 data deficient. Salmonidae species in Orhid Lake are endangered, while the common carp is endangered in Lake Prespa. The two lamprey species are the Ukrainian brook lamprey and Eudontomyzon stankokaramani. The first lives in the Vardar's drainage basin, while the second lives in the Adriatic Sea basin. Both are protected by law.
Amphibians
The amphibian species found comprise nine frogs, and five salamanders. Three of these have been categorized as endangered, three as vulnerable, three as near threatened, and five as least concern. Considering the effects of disease and habitat loss, that proportion of threatened amphibian species is roughly in line with the state of amphibians worldwide. None of these species are endemic to the country, although two are endemic to the Balkans.
Reptiles
The 32 species of reptiles present are made up of 16 snakes, 12 lizards, and four tortoises. Within North Macedonia, 11 of these species are widespread, 10 are restricted to certain habitats, and 11 have very limited range. While none of these are endemic to the country, two are endemic to the Balkans. One snake species present is the Caspian whipsnake, Europe's largest snake.
Of those with IUCN Red List assessments, seven of them are endangered, six are vulnerable, eight are near threatened, and ten are of least concern. The globally vulnerable Vipera ursinii, one of three Viperidae in North Macedonia, has strict protection, while another 22 species have some level of protection. Hermann's tortoise, found in forest and meadows, are expected to lost at least one third of their population over the next 75 years.
Birds
There are 318 bird species with confirmed sightings, and an additional 16 for which there are less reliable claims. None are endemic. 215 of these species nest in the country. 106 bird species have some level of protection under law. At least eight nesting species have become locally extinct, while another 7–15 no longer nest in the country. For many species, fewer than 100 nesting couples remain.
Mammals
At least 85 mammal species inhabit North Macedonia, of which four are endemic to the Balkans: the western broad-toothed field mouse, the Balkan snow vole, Felten's vole, and the Balkan mole. The chamois sub-species Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica and lynx sub-species the Balkan lynx are endemic to the Balkans, and have core populations within North Macedonia. It has been suggested that the country's European ground squirrel population be considered its own sub-species. Eight mammal species are considered invasive.
The Balkan lynx persists around the Albanian-Macedonian border. Its low population leads it to being rarely seen, and it is the subject of recovery efforts. The lynx has a reputation for killing livestock, despite there being very few recorded incidents. There are perhaps fewer than 100 spread across North Macedonia and Albania. Brown bears live in mountainous forests in the west of the country. Around 160-200 individuals inhabit these forests, part of the larger Dinaric-Pindos population. About 70 are found in Mavrovo National Park. The population of wolves numbered around 800–1000 as of 2013.
Eurasian otters can be found throughout most waterways, although they are absent from a couple of areas with particularly high levels of pollution. Golden jackals were considered extinct in the area by the 1960s, but became re-established in forested mountainous areas, especially in the west, during the 21st century. An individual raccoon dog, a species which was introduced to European Russia in the 20th century, was found dead in the north of the country, indicating the species is spreading southwards. Herbivores include roe deer, chamois, wild boar, and European hares. European ground squirrels are found on Mount Mokra.
The European wildcat, Balkan lynx, Eurasian otter, brown bear, European ground squirrel, and Balkan snow vole have strict protection under national legislation, and another 10 mammal species have lesser levels of protection. Three bats, two rodents, and one mustelid are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List.
Algae
Knowledge of algal species in North Macedonia remains patchy, with inconsistent research and several taxa that remain not fully identified. There are 2095 identified forms of algae, with the vast majority being diatoms. It is thought at least 10% of these are endemic, with at least 194 having been so far identified as such. Most research on algae has taken place in Lakes Ohrid and Prespa. Lake Ohrid by itself holds 798 identified taxa, with 158 being endemic to just that lake.
Diversity and endemism hotspots
Within North Macedonia, there are multiple areas that are likely high in endemism. Lake Ohrid is an extensively studied area, and its diversity is reflected in a high number of endemic species. Lake Prespa lies quite close to Lake Ohrid, and the two lakes are connected hydrologically. While Lake Prespa has fewer species than Lake Ohrid and while the two lakes share similar species compositions, Lake Prespa has its own endemic species and species more closely related to more western water bodies than to Lake Ohrid.
Within Lake Ohrid alone there are over 100 insects, 75 flatworms (35 endemic to the lake and nearby waterbodies), 72 gastropods (56 endemic), 52 ostracods (33 endemic), 49 rotifers, 43 Acari, 36 oligochaetes (17 endemic), 36 copepods (six endemic), 31 Cladocera (one endemic), 30 endemic ciliates, 24 leeches (12 endemic), 24 nematodes (three endemic), 14 amoebas, 13 bivalves (two endemic), 10–11 Amphipoda (9 endemic), four isopods (3 endemic), four sponges, and two decapods. The Ancylus genus species in this lake are monophyletic, likely evolving within the lake itself. The same situation is true for leeches from the genus Dina.
Lake Prespa is less well studied, but is known to have at over 100 insects, 90 crustaceans, 60 rotifers, 50 flatworms, 36 molluscs (27 of which are snails), 35 annelids, and three sponges. Seven of these snails are endemic, as is the mollusc Pisidium maasseni. Radix snail species in both Ohrid and Lake Prespas are related, and there are endemic species within springs near the Monastery of Saint Naum that are unrelated to the species found in the lakes. Lake Dojran has 17 rotifers.
It is expected that mountainous areas will also contain a number of endemic species. North Macedonia contains many areas of ice age refugia, which retain significant plant diversity. Plant endemism and sub-endemism is high around mountainous areas. Mammal diversity is highest in the mountainous west of the country. Caves in the west, especially within the drainage basins of the Radika, Galichica, Jakupica, and Poreche rivers, are thought to have rates of invertebrate endemism of around 90%. 57 species of stygofauna are known, including 14 pseudoscorpions, 12 beetles, and 10 isopods.
Human influence
There is significant interaction between the people of North Macedonia and wildlife, especially in rural areas. This continues despite rural areas decreasing in population by 2.2% from 2005 to 2010. Foraging for wild plants remains a common activity for those in rural areas. Around 700 plant species are considered medicinal or aromatic, with 220 frequently used. A quarter of known fungi species are edible, and some fungi and lichens are collected for use and export.
Carnivores, such as bears, wolves, and lynx, are viewed negatively in some areas. Bears and wolves are known to attack livestock such as sheep, cattle, and goats. In some instances wolves have been reported to hunt up to 38% of sheep flocks, and an even higher percentage of goats. Foxes and wild cats are reported to kill poultry. There are reports of bear, wolf, and even lynx and jackal attacks on humans, although none of these attacks resulted in deaths. Such conflict is expected to decrease given the number of sheep in the country halved following a 1996 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak and a resultant drop in the value of sheep products. Bears and wild boars are also known to damage agricultural produce.
Some species have cultural relevance. The lynx is depicted on a denar coin. Storks are considered to bring luck in local folklore, especially with regard to child-bearing.
Threats
Data deficiency is a significant issue for assessing environmental threats. For example, knowledge about invasive species in lacking. The invasive species that are relatively well studied are generally those that directly affect commercial resources, such as the Colorado potato beetle affecting crops and the Prussian carp reducing native fish populations in Lake Dojran.
Marsh draining, agricultural land use change, and mining have significantly altered the landscape. Hydropower dams have been placed in gorges that host rare and endemic plants. Lysimachia thyrsiflora became locally extinct due to the creation of Mavrovo Lake. Dams in the Black Drim have blocked eel migration to the Sargasso Sea. Smaller watercourses are at risk of diversion and depletion due to demand for irrigation.
Water pollution remains an issue. The most polluted river, the Vardar, is polluted by around of waste annually, including 75000 tons of solid particles, 5000 tons of nitrogen, and 1000 tons of phosphorus. Heavy industry contributes to such pollution in both surface and groundwater. Marshes are a habitat under considerable threat, not just from land use changes but from climate change, and lowland marshes may disappear completely from the country. This wetland conversion is threatening local plant species. In addition to water pollution and water flow modification, fish are threatened by illegal fishing and invasive species. On land, many plant species are threatened by over-harvesting. Gentiana lutea is rare due to over-collection for medical purposes. Illegal logging is also a threat, reducing the habitat of animals such as lynx.
Poaching can be an issue, with traps and poison used to catch animals such as wild boar. Poaching increased after independence, due to perceived high fees for hunting within one of the 249 hunting grounds and a lack of punishment, despite poaching a lynx theoretically being punishable by eight years in jail. Wolf hunting is legal. As they are considered pests, the government pays a bounty of 700 denar per wolf killed. Between 100 and 200 wolves are killed per year, mostly through chance encounters during the hunting of other animals. Brown bears are still sometimes poached, and while hunting them was banned in 1996, their population has not increased significantly since then. Poaching has also caused a decline in the chamois population.
Conservation
Of the 22,500 species that occur in the country, over 800 are considered to be endemic. Some species listed as endemic nonetheless have ranges which may stretch slightly outside North Macedonia's borders. For example, species found only in the three major lakes are considered endemic, despite the lakes being shared with neighbouring countries.
North Macedonia contains 33 pan-European habitat types regarded as endangered under the Bern Convention's Emerald network. The network covers 35 areas encompassing 29% of the country. The same network includes 167 species that require specific conservation measures: 7 invertebrates, 13 fish, 3 amphibians, 7 reptiles, 115 birds, 17 mammals, and 5 plants.
The government of North Macedonia has classified threats to biological diversity into 249 items, 17 of which were considered to have a very high priority. The root causes behind these 17 priority threats include poor policymaking, inconsistent enforcement of laws and regulations, poverty, low public awareness, and climate change. 18 habitats are thought to be vulnerable to climate change, along with 58 plant species and 224 animal species.
65 bird species are listed under the European Union's Birds Directive Annex I, while 15 migratory bird species are listed under Annex I of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. 24 reptiles are listed in the Bern Convention and 25 in the European Union Habitats directive appendices. Eight amphibian species are protected by law, while also falling under the Bern Convention and European Union Habitats directive. 34 fish species have protection under Macedonian law. BirdLife International has identified 24 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas, while Plantlife International has identified 42 Important Plant Areas.
The Vulture Conservation Project has been operated by the Macedonian Ecological Society since 2003. The Balkan Lynx Recovery Programme (or Programme for Balkan Lynx Recovery) began in 2006.
From 2007 to 2014, the government allocated between 4 and 9 million denar each year for environmental protection. However, most funding comes from external bodies, such as the Global Environment Facility, the European Union (including pre-accession assistance), and bilateral contributions. Cross-border projects exist with Albania, Bulgaria, and Greece. Species that have increased in number from low bases of local extirpation include Gentiana pneumonanthe, Ranunculus lingua, Salvinia natans, Nuphar lutea, and Menyanthes trifoliata.
Legal framework
Environmental protection became part of national law for the first time in 1963, under Article 32 of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. This was maintained in the 1991 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia under Article 56. The constitution obliges citizens to promote and protect the environment.
Most environmental laws are set at a national level, with Assembly of North Macedonia having a commission for transport, communications, and environment. The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MoEPP) handles government implementation of laws and regulations. In 2007, the Administration of Environment was established within the MoEPP. In 2014 the State Inspectorate of Environment and Nature became a separate legal entity within the MoEPP. The also plays a role in ensuring the environment is utilised sustainably.
The country is working to integrate European Union environmental legislation into its national laws, and to meet the Aichi targets. IUCN Red List classification and methodology is specifically referenced by the Law on Nature Protection of the Republic of North Macedonia ("Official Gazette" no. 67/04, as amended).
While the MoEPP is responsible for nature protecting and monitoring, natural resources, such as forests, waters, and game animals remain under the jurisdiction of other ministries. This overlap in jurisdiction has complicated ecosystem management, and the implementation of the European Union Acquis communautaire into Macedonian law. Different aspects of environmental monitoring are carried out by a number of different ministries. However, the development of a biodiversity strategy was an early example of effective cooperation between ministries.
The Law on Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and Lake Dojrans provided specific protection for the three large lakes starting in 1977. The Law on Environment and Nature Protection and Promotion was instituted in 1996. The Law on Nature Protection was established in 2004 to consolidate previous laws, such as the Law on Natural Rarities (1973) and the Law on Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and Lake Dojrans (1977), and the Law on Protection of National Parks (1980). It also transposes parts of the Acquis communautaire, namely the Habitats Directive, the Birds Directive, and the Regulation on the Protection of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora by Regulating Trade Therein. The use of natural resources such as wild plants and animal parts is regulated under the Law on Nature Protection. National parks issue permits for the collection of wild resources from their forests. This law also legislates to protect the environment from invasive species.
Forests are regulated under the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia (2004), the Strategy for Sustainable Forestry Development in the Republic of Macedonia (2006), the Law on Reproductive Material of Forest Tree Species (2007), and the Law on Forests (2009). Species important for agriculture have their own protection under Article 78 of the Law on Agriculture and Rural Development. 2666 samples from 89 species were stored in a dedicated Gene Bank at the Institute of Agriculture as of 2013. This seed bank is regulated under the Law on Seeds and Seedlings. The government is considering establishing a gene bank for native flora, after a previous attempt at Botanical Garden of the Institute of Biology at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, ended after one year.
The Law on Waters transfers the European Union Water Framework Directive into national law, and directs the management of waters, shorelands, and wetlands. Other laws relevant to water management include the Law on Water Management Companies and the Law on Water Communities. The government has published a National Strategy for Waters to guide its actions, and is preparing specific action plans for various lakes and river systems. Commercial fishing is regulated under the Law on Fishery and Aquaculture. A transboundary plan for fisheries management in Lake Prespa is under development. A joint management plan is being put in place for Lake Ohrid.
The first National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was adopted in 2004, alongside the Law on Nature Protection. Only 56% of its proposed actions were implemented. The 2018–2023 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was adopted on 13 March 2020 during the government's 58th session, and contains 19 specific targets. Another current plan is the National Strategy for Nature Protection for 2017–2027. The first National Environment Action Plan was put in place in 2006. It and the subsequent Second National Environmental Action Plans direct the government's anti-pollution efforts.
Pelister National Park, established in 1948, was the first national park in Yugoslavia. Mavrovo National Park followed in 1949, and Mount Galičica became the in 1958. The Law on Protection of National Parks was implemented in 1980. Other protected areas include "National Monuments" (Smolare Falls, Markovi Kuli, Kuklica, Lovki-Golemo, Slatinski Izvor cave, Lake Prespa, Lake Dojran, and the Vevchani Springs), "Strict Nature Reserves" (only Ploche Litotelmi), "Nature Parks" (Ezerani at Lake Prespa), and "Natural Rarities" (Dona Duka Cave). Individual species can also be declared natural rarities, and this status has been granted to the sycamore tree. Protected areas have been established in an ad hoc manner, and for a variety of purposes, resulting in no coherent network or strategy. The Law on Nature Protection divided them into six categories. Altogether, the 86 protected sites cover 230,083 ha, or 8.9% of the country (4.5% national parks, 3.0% monuments, 1.4% other protected areas). While these national parks have established management systems, other protected areas lack specific plans and dedicated scientific studies. A fourth park, Shar Mountain National Park, was created in 2021.
There are two classes of protected species under Macedonian law, "Strictly Protected" and "Protected". National protection measures exist for "Strictly Protected" species, but not yet for species identified as "Protected". Legislation has been enacted to control the trade of wildlife and wildlife parts.
The Constitution treats game animals as common goods, which are given special protection. Current regulation is established under the 2012 Law on Hunting. 133 wild species are classified as game: 110 birds and 23 mammals. There are 112 hunting grounds for large game, and 144 for small game. These are all divided between 11 hunting management areas under the General Hunting Management Master Plan. The most hunted species include hares, partridges, pheasants, wild boar, and chamois. Previously unprotected, bears were classified as a game species in 1988, gaining hunting law protections in 1996. 762 wolves, 76 deer, 521 chamois, over 6000 wild boar, over 32,000 rabbits, 252 birds of prey, and 1500 waterfowl were recorded as having been shot between 2003 and 2012. A few hunted species have seen steep reductions in their population. Some deer populations have been reduced by up to 93%. The legal list of protected and strictly protected species has not kept up to date with taxonomy, for example by double-counting species which had previously been assigned multiple names.
International conventions
North Macedonia ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1997, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1997, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in 2002, and the Kyoto Protocol in 2004. North Macedonia is also a party to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, along with the specific Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats and Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds.
Two areas totalling have been designated wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention: Lake Prespa in 1995 and Dorjan Lake in 2007. However, there is currently no national programme for wetlands conservation, despite obligations under the convention. Lake Ohrid was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the criteria for nature in 1979. Slatinski Izvor cave and the Markovi Kuli landscape were tentatively enrolled in 2004.
References
External links
Balkan lynx recovery programme
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of the Republic of Macedonia (2004)
Biota of North Macedonia
North Macedonia | Wildlife of North Macedonia | [
"Biology"
] | 8,348 | [
"Biota by country",
"Biota of North Macedonia",
"Wildlife by country"
] |
64,284,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried%20Scharlau | Winfried Scharlau (12 August 1940, in Berlin – 26 November 2020) was a German mathematician.
Biography
Scharlau received his doctorate in 1967 from the University of Bonn. His doctoral thesis Quadratische Formen und Galois-Cohomologie (Quadratic Forms and Galois Cohomology) was supervised by Friedrich Hirzebruch. Scharlau was at the Institute for Advanced Study for the academic year 1969–1970 and in spring 1972. From 1970 he was a professor (most recent Institutsdirektor) at the University of Münster, from where he retired.
Scharlau's research deals with number theory and, in particular, the theory of quadratic forms, about which he wrote a 1985 monograph Quadratic and Hermitian Forms in Springer's series Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften.
Scharlau was also an amateur ornithologist and author of two novels, I megali istoria - die große Geschichte (2nd edition 2001), set on the Greek island of Naxos, and Scharife (2001), set on the island of Zanzibar in the 19th century. He also deals with the history of mathematics and wrote, with Hans Opolka, a historically-oriented introduction to number theory. Their book presents, among other topics, the analytical class number formula of Dirichlet and the geometry of the numbers in the 19th century. Scharlau wrote a multi-part biography of Alexander Grothendieck.
Scharlau was a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. From 1991 to 1992 he was president of the German Mathematical Society. In 1974 he was invited as speaker with talks On subspaces of inner product spaces at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Vancouver.
He was the father of the cognitive psychologist Ingrid Scharlau.
Selected publications
with Friedrich Hirzebruch: Einführung in die Funktionalanalysis, BI, Mannheim 1971, , Hirzebruch Collection (PDF)
with H.-G. Quebbemann and Manfred Schultz: Quadratic and Hermitian forms in additive and abelian categories, Journal of Algebra vol. 59, no. 2, 264-289 1979
with Manfred Knebusch: Algebraic theory of quadratic forms: generic methods and Pfister forms, vol. 1. Birkhäuser, 1980 (DMV Seminary, notes taken by Heisook Lee)
with Hans Opolka: Von Fermat bis Minkowski. Eine Vorlesung über die Zahlentheorie und ihre Entwicklung. Springer, Berlin 1980
Richard Dedekind 1831/1981. Vieweg, Braunschweig [et alia loca] 1981
Quadratic and Hermitian Forms. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 270. Springer, Berlin [et alia loca] 1985
Mathematische Institute in Deutschland 1800–1945. Dokumente zur Geschichte der Mathematik. Vieweg, Braunschweig [et alia loca] 1990
Schulwissen Mathematik. Ein Überblick. Vieweg, Braunschweig [et alia loca] 1994
Beiträge zur Vogelwelt der südlichen Ägäis. Verlag C. Lienau, 1999
Mathematik für Naturwissenschaftler. LIT Verlag, Münster 2005
References
External links
website at the University of Münster
https://www.trauer.ms/traueranzeige/winfried-scharlau-2020-11-26-havixbeck-9312841
1940 births
2020 deaths
Algebraists
20th-century German mathematicians
21st-century German mathematicians
University of Bonn alumni
Academic staff of the University of Münster | Winfried Scharlau | [
"Mathematics"
] | 783 | [
"Algebra",
"Algebraists"
] |
64,287,800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandium%20perchlorate | Scandium perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Sc(ClO4)3.
Production
Scandium perchlorate can be prepared by dissolving scandium oxide in perchloric acid:
References
Scandium compounds
Perchlorates | Scandium perchlorate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 52 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Perchlorates",
"Inorganic compound stubs",
"Salts"
] |
64,290,113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei%20Mate%2040 | Huawei Mate 40, Huawei Mate 40 Pro, Huawei Mate 40 Pro Plus and Huawei Mate 40 RS Porsche Design is a high-end Android and HarmonyOS based phablets developed by Huawei for its Mate series, succeeding the Huawei Mate 30 range. They were released on October 22, 2020, at Huawei's Online Global Launch Event.
Design
The Mate 40 and Mate 40 Pro are constructed with an anodized aluminum frame and Gorilla Glass or artificial leather backing. The Mate 40 Pro+ uses ceramic for both the frame and the back. The notch on the Mate 30 series has been replaced by a cutout in the upper left hand corner. The Mate 40 has a circular cutout for the front-facing camera; the Mate 40 Pro and Mate 40 Pro+ have a larger pill-shaped cutout also accommodating the infrared facial recognition system. On the Mate 40 Pro and Mate 40 Pro+, the screen is dramatically curved like the Mate 30 Pro, but has physical volume buttons. Unlike the P40 series, the Mate 40 series uses a traditional earpiece speaker instead of an "electromagnetic levitation" speaker that vibrates the top of the phone's screen; the top edge has an IR blaster. The rear camera setup of the three main phones is housed in a distinct ring shape, called the Space Ring camera system, which Huawei says represents "a window to explore the world." The Space Ring camera system is similar to their predecessor, the Mate 30. The center of the ring is the same glass and color as the rest of the back, and the cameras and dual flash are arranged within the ring, with the flash being on top on all of the models. The Mate 40 and Mate 40 Pro are available in Mystic Silver, White and Black (glass), and Green and Yellow (artificial leather). The Mate 40 Pro+ is available in Ceramic White or Ceramic Black. Additionally, all Mate 40 models have an IP68 rating, apart from Mate 40 which has an IP53 rating.
Specifications
Hardware
Chipset
The Mate 40 series is powered by the Kirin 9000 and Kirin 9000E, which are HiSilicon's first 5 nm SoC's based on TSMCˋs 5 nm FinFET (EUV) technology. The Mate 40 uses the Kirin 9000E, which has less GPU and NPU cores. Both system-on-chips allow for standard 5G connectivity, however only "sub-6" is available, meaning the Mate 40 series is not compatible with ultra-fast millimeter wave (mmWave) networks.
Display
All of the Mate 40 models have an OLED Horizon Display, with curved glass on either side of the display that wraps 68° around the edge on the Mate 40 and 88° around the edge on the others. Collectively, the phones have a 90 Hz display with a 240 Hz touch sampling rate. The Mate 40 has a display with a resolution, ~402 ppi density, and a ~89.3% screen-to-body ratio. Both the Mate 40 Pro and Mate 40 Pro+ have a with a resolution, ~456 ppi, with 18.5:9 aspect ratio and ~94.1% screen-to-body ratio.
Battery
The Mate 40 has a 4,200 mAh lithium polymer battery, while all of the other models had 4,400 mAh battery. The Mate 40 supports 40 W fast charging, while the others support 66 W fast charging. The others also support 50 W wireless charging and 5 W reverse wireless charging.
Storage
All three phone models have UFS 3.1 storage in varying amounts. The Mate 40 has 2 storage configurations, 128 or 256 GB, with 8 GB RAM in both. The Mate 40 Pro has 256 GB of storage and 8 GB of RAM, while the Mate 40 Pro+ has 256 as well but 12 GB of RAM. The Mate 40 RS Porsche Design has the most storage and RAM with 512 GB and 12 GB, respectively. All of the model's storage can be expanded via Huawei's proprietary Nano Memory, up to 256 GB in addition to the internal storage.
Camera
The Huawei Mate 40 series features Leica optics with similar cameras to the P40. The Mate 40 has a total of 3 cameras: a 50 MP f/1.9 RYYB wide main camera, an 8 MP f/2.4 3X telephoto camera, a 16 MP f/2.2 ultrawide camera. The Mate 40 Pro has a similar triple-camera setup, with arranged in identical manner. The setup consists of a 50 MP f/1.9 wide main camera, same as the Mate 40, a higher resolution 12 MP f/3.4 periscope telephoto and a higher resolution 20 MP ultrawide camera. The Mate 40 Pro+ has a Penta-camera setup, meaning it has 5 separate rear cameras. It has a 50 MP f/1.9 wide, just like the two lower-end models but with OIS, a 12 MP f/2.4 telephoto lens, an 8 MP f/4.4 periscope telephoto lens, capable of up to 10x optical zoom, an industry-first free-form lens 20 MP f/2.4 ultrawide for less distortion, and ToF depth sensor.
The luxury model, the Mate 40 RS Porsche Design, carries the same penta-camera setup as the Mate 40 Pro+ just without free-form ultrawide. But, design-wise, lacks the Space Ring, instead opting for a large, octagonal protrusion without an opening in the center.
All of the phones' main cameras are capable of video up to 4K resolution at up to 60 frames per second (fps). The main sensors are also equipped with laser autofocus. The Mate 40 Pro and Pro+ can shoot slow motion at up to 3840 fps while the Mate 40 only goes up to 960 fps.
Software
The Mate 40 series come with Android 10 and Huawei's software overlay, EMUI 11. Due to US restrictions, no Google apps, including the Google Play Store, are preloaded or downloadable on any of the Mate 40 phones. The Mate 40 series support Huawei Mobile Services uses Huawei AppGallery as its main app store.
See also
Huawei Mate 30
Huawei Mate 50
List of Huawei phones
References
External links
Huawei Website for Mate 40 Pro
Huawei Website for Mate 40 Pro Options
Huawei smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2020
Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
Discontinued flagship smartphones | Huawei Mate 40 | [
"Technology"
] | 1,370 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
64,290,680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAM15 | BAM15 is a novel mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler capable of protecting mammals from acute renal ischemic-reperfusion injury and cold-induced kidney tubule damage. It is being studied for the treatment of obesity sepsis, and cancer.
References
External links
Fat-fighting molecule sees the body burn more fuel
Oxadiazoles
Pyrazines
Bicyclic compounds
2-Fluorophenyl compounds
Anilines
Secondary amines
Uncouplers | BAM15 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 98 | [
"Cellular respiration",
"Uncouplers"
] |
64,291,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-sovereign%20identity | Self-sovereign identity (SSI) is an approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over the information they use to prove who they are to websites, services, and applications across the web. Without SSI, individuals with persistent accounts (identities) across the internet must rely on a number of large identity providers, such as Facebook (Facebook Connect) and Google (Google Sign-In), that have control of the information associated with their identity. If a user chooses not to use a large identity provider, then they have to create new accounts with each service provider, which fragments their web experiences. Self-sovereign identity offers a way to avoid these two undesirable alternatives. In a self-sovereign identity system, the user accesses services in a streamlined and secure manner, while maintaining control over the information associated with their identity.
Background
The TCP/IP protocol provides identifiers for machines, but not for the people and organisations operating the machines. This makes the network-level identifiers on the internet hard to trust and rely on for information and communication for a number of reasons: 1) hackers can easily change a computer’s hardware or IP address, 2) services provide identifiers for the user, not the network. The absence of reliable identifiers is one of the primary sources of cybercrime, fraud, and threats to privacy on the internet.
With the advent of blockchain technology, a new model for decentralized identity emerged in 2015. The FIDO Alliance proposed an identity model that was no longer account-based, but identified people through direct, private, peer-to-peer connections secured by public/private key cryptography. Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) summarises all components of the decentralized identity model: digital wallets, digital credentials, and digital connections.
Technical aspects
SSI addresses the difficulty of establishing trust in an interaction. In order to be trusted, one party in an interaction will present credentials to the other parties, and those relying on the parties can verify that the credentials came from an issuer that they trust. In this way, the verifier's trust in the issuer is transferred to the credential holder. This basic structure of SSI with three participants is sometimes called "the trust triangle".
It is generally recognized that for an identity system to be self-sovereign, users control the verifiable credentials that they hold, and their consent is required to use those credentials. This reduces the unintended sharing of users' personal data. This is contrasted with the centralized identity paradigm where identity is provided by some outside entity.
In an SSI system, holders generate and control unique identifiers called decentralized identifiers. Most SSI systems are decentralized, where the credentials are managed using crypto wallets and verified using public-key cryptography anchored on a distributed ledger. The credentials may contain data from an issuer's database, a social media account, a history of transactions on an e-commerce site, or attestation from friends or colleagues.
National digital identity systems
European Union
The European Union is exploring decentralized digital identity through a number of initiatives including the International Association for Trusted Blockchain Application (INATBA), the EU Blockchain Observatory & Forum and the European SSI Framework. In 2019, the EU created an eIDAS compatible European Self-Sovereign Identity Framework (ESSIF). The ESSIF makes use of decentralized identifiers (DIDs) and the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI).
Korea
The Korean government created a public/private consortium specifically for decentralized identity.
Germany
In the German and European legal area, there are two regulations that are of particular importance for the topic. These include the eIDAS Regulation, which forms the most important framework for trust in electronic identification in the EU and is a fundamental building block of the digital single market. The European Blockchain Service Infrastructure (EBSI) has provided the SSI eIDAS Bridge, as a technical implementation that enables a substantial level of trust. The eIDAS SSI legal report also describes several scenarios of how SSI can fulfill the necessary regulatory conditions.
Furthermore, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) forms the legal basis for the handling of personal data. The EBSI GDPR Legal Report provides more information on this.
Concerns
Implementation and semantic confusion
SSI is a value laden technology whose technical operationalizations differ (see Technical aspects). Therefore, its implementations can vary significantly and embed into the very technology different goals, agenda, and intentions.
The term "self-sovereign identity" can create expectations that individuals have absolute control and ownership over their digital identities, akin to physical possessions. However, in practice, SSI involves complex technical infrastructure, interactions with identity issuers and verifiers, and compliance with legal frameworks. The reality may not align with the perception generated by the term, leading to semantic confusion.
Digital literacy
Critics argue that SSI may exacerbate social inequalities and exclude those with limited access to technology or digital literacy. SSI assumes reliable internet connectivity, access to compatible devices, and proficiency in navigating digital systems. Consequently, marginalized populations, including the elderly, individuals in developing regions, or those with limited technological resources, may face exclusion and reduced access to the benefits of SSI.
References
See also
Decentralized identifier
Decentralized web
Digital self-determination
IndieAuth
Authentication methods
Computer access control
Digital technology
Federated identity
Identity management
Sovereignty | Self-sovereign identity | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,141 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Digital technology",
"Computer access control"
] |
64,293,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeniy%20Nikulin | Yevgeniy Alexandrovich Nikulin (Евгений Александрович Никулин) is a Russian computer hacker. He was arrested in Prague in October 2016, and was charged with the hacking and data theft of several U.S. technology companies. In September 2020, he was sentenced to 88 months in prison.
Hacking career
In 2012, Nikulin was alleged to be part of a criminal clique involving a Ukrainian national, Oleksandr Ieremenko.
Arrest
Czech police arrested Nikulin in Prague on October 5, 2016, in connection with the 2012 hacking and data theft of LinkedIn, Dropbox, and Formspring.
According to a report by TV Rain, his arrest may have been the result of a cooperative effort between the U.S. and Sergei Mikhailov (FSB).
U.S. authorities had previously been tipped off about Nikulin in April 2014.
Detention
On November 23, 2016, Russia requested Nikulin's extradition, citing a 2009 case that involved theft from the online payment system WebMoney.
On February 7, 2017, a lawyer for Nikulin claimed that in mid-November 2016, as well as earlier that day, an FBI agent had visited Nikulin in Pankrác Prison and had offered him cash, an apartment, U.S. citizenship, as well as all cyber charges against him dropped, if he would agree to confess to participating in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak.
In late March 2018, Paul Ryan visited the Czech capital, where he urged authorities to grant Nikulin's extradition to the U.S.
Extradition
On March 30, 2018, Nikulin was extradited to the U.S., where he pleaded not guilty to the charges against him.
Conviction
On July 10, 2020, Nikulin was convicted by a jury in a United States District Court in San Francisco on all but one of the counts.
Sentencing
On September 29, 2020, Nikulin was sentenced to 88 months in prison.
Controversy
Bryan Paarmaan, who was the then-FBI Deputy Assistant Director in the International Operations Division, admitted to leaking details of Nikulin's indictment to Los Angeles Times reporter, Del Quentin Wilber, two days before Nikulin's indictment was unsealed.
References
1987 births
Living people
Hackers
Hacking in the 2010s
Russian cybercriminals
21st-century Russian criminals | Yevgeniy Nikulin | [
"Technology"
] | 497 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
64,294,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20Nanoscience | Applied Nanoscience is a science journal specializing in nanotechnology and published by Springer Nature. It caters to areas fundamental to building sustainable progress, including water science, advanced materials, energy, electronics, environmental science and medicine.
Abstracting and indexing
According to the information on the journal's web site, in September 2024, Applied Nanoscience was indexed in the following databases:
Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Baidu
CLOCKSS
CNKI
CNPIEC
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Dimensions
EBSCO
EI Compendex
Google Scholar
INIS Atomindex
Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)
Naver
OCLC WorldCat Discovery Service
Portico
ProQuest
SCImago
SCOPUS
Semantic Scholar
TD Net Discovery Service
UGC-CARE List (India)
Wanfang
Controversies
In March 2023, Clarivate discontinued the coverage of Applied Nanoscience (along with 81 other journals) in Web of Science. According to Chris Graf, research integrity director at Springer Nature, the publisher was "looking carefully at the journal, utilising the Web of Science criteria as well as evaluating it more holistically, to ensure that it can be relisted at the earliest opportunity."
In January 2024, Retraction Watch covered mass retraction of papers from Applied Nanoscience. The retracted papers had been submitted to various special issues, subsequently raising concerns "including but not limited to compromised editorial handling and peer review process, inappropriate or irrelevant references or not being in scope of the journal or guest-edited issue."
References
Nanotechnology journals
Chemistry journals | Applied Nanoscience | [
"Materials_science"
] | 321 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Materials science journals",
"Materials science journal stubs",
"Nanotechnology journals",
"Nanotechnology stubs",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
64,295,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20sketch | In statistics, machine learning and algorithms, a tensor sketch is a type of dimensionality reduction that is particularly efficient when applied to vectors that have tensor structure. Such a sketch can be used to speed up explicit kernel methods, bilinear pooling in neural networks and is a cornerstone in many numerical linear algebra algorithms.
Mathematical definition
Mathematically, a dimensionality reduction or sketching matrix is a matrix , where , such that for any vector
with high probability.
In other words, preserves the norm of vectors up to a small error.
A tensor sketch has the extra property that if for some vectors such that , the transformation can be computed more efficiently. Here denotes the Kronecker product, rather than the outer product, though the two are related by a flattening.
The speedup is achieved by first rewriting , where denotes the elementwise (Hadamard) product.
Each of and can be computed in time and , respectively; including the Hadamard product gives overall time . In most use cases this method is significantly faster than the full requiring time.
For higher-order tensors, such as , the savings are even more impressive.
History
The term tensor sketch was coined in 2013 describing a technique by Rasmus Pagh from the same year.
Originally it was understood using the fast Fourier transform to do fast convolution of count sketches.
Later research works generalized it to a much larger class of dimensionality reductions via Tensor random embeddings.
Tensor random embeddings were introduced in 2010 in a paper on differential privacy and were first analyzed by Rudelson et al. in 2012 in the context of sparse recovery.
Avron et al.
were the first to study the subspace embedding properties of tensor sketches, particularly focused on applications to polynomial kernels.
In this context, the sketch is required not only to preserve the norm of each individual vector with a certain probability but to preserve the norm of all vectors in each individual linear subspace.
This is a much stronger property, and it requires larger sketch sizes, but it allows the kernel methods to be used very broadly as explored in the book by David Woodruff.
Tensor random projections
The face-splitting product is defined as the tensor products of the rows (was proposed by V. Slyusar in 1996 for radar and digital antenna array applications).
More directly, let and be two matrices.
Then the face-splitting product is
The reason this product is useful is the following identity:
where is the element-wise (Hadamard) product.
Since this operation can be computed in linear time, can be multiplied on vectors with tensor structure much faster than normal matrices.
Construction with fast Fourier transform
The tensor sketch of Pham and Pagh computes
, where and are independent count sketch matrices and is vector convolution.
They show that, amazingly, this equals – a count sketch of the tensor product!
It turns out that this relation can be seen in terms of the face-splitting product as
, where is the Fourier transform matrix.
Since is an orthonormal matrix, doesn't impact the norm of and may be ignored.
What's left is that .
On the other hand,
.
Application to general matrices
The problem with the original tensor sketch algorithm was that it used count sketch matrices, which aren't always very good dimensionality reductions.
In 2020 it was shown that any matrices with random enough independent rows suffice to create a tensor sketch.
This allows using matrices with stronger guarantees, such as real Gaussian Johnson Lindenstrauss matrices.
In particular, we get the following theorem
Consider a matrix with i.i.d. rows , such that and . Let be independent consisting of and .
Then with probability for any vector if
.
In particular, if the entries of are we get which matches the normal Johnson Lindenstrauss theorem of when is small.
The paper also shows that the dependency on is necessary for constructions using tensor randomized projections with Gaussian entries.
Variations
Recursive construction
Because of the exponential dependency on in tensor sketches based on the face-splitting product, a different approach was developed in 2020 which applies
We can achieve such an by letting
.
With this method, we only apply the general tensor sketch method to order 2 tensors, which avoids the exponential dependency in the number of rows.
It can be proved that combining dimensionality reductions like this only increases by a factor .
Fast constructions
The fast Johnson–Lindenstrauss transform is a dimensionality reduction matrix
Given a matrix , computing the matrix vector product takes time.
The Fast Johnson Lindenstrauss Transform (FJLT), was introduced by Ailon and Chazelle in 2006.
A version of this method takes
where
is a diagonal matrix where each diagonal entry is independently.
The matrix-vector multiplication can be computed in time.
is a Hadamard matrix, which allows matrix-vector multiplication in time
is a sampling matrix which is all zeros, except a single 1 in each row.
If the diagonal matrix is replaced by one which has a tensor product of values on the diagonal, instead of being fully independent, it is possible to compute fast.
For an example of this, let be two independent vectors and let be a diagonal matrix with on the diagonal.
We can then split up as follows:
In other words, , splits up into two Fast Johnson–Lindenstrauss transformations, and the total reduction takes time rather than as with the direct approach.
The same approach can be extended to compute higher degree products, such as
Ahle et al. shows that if has rows, then for any vector with probability , while allowing fast multiplication with degree tensors.
Jin et al., the same year, showed a similar result for the more general class of matrices call RIP, which includes the subsampled Hadamard matrices.
They showed that these matrices allow splitting into tensors provided the number of rows is .
In the case this matches the previous result.
These fast constructions can again be combined with the recursion approach mentioned above, giving the fastest overall tensor sketch.
Data aware sketching
It is also possible to do so-called "data aware" tensor sketching.
Instead of multiplying a random matrix on the data, the data points are sampled independently with a certain probability depending on the norm of the point.
Applications
Explicit polynomial kernels
Kernel methods are popular in machine learning as they give the algorithm designed the freedom to design a "feature space" in which to measure the similarity of their data points.
A simple kernel-based binary classifier is based on the following computation:
where are the data points, is the label of the th point (either −1 or +1), and is the prediction of the class of .
The function is the kernel.
Typical examples are the radial basis function kernel, , and polynomial kernels such as .
When used this way, the kernel method is called "implicit".
Sometimes it is faster to do an "explicit" kernel method, in which a pair of functions are found, such that .
This allows the above computation to be expressed as
where the value can be computed in advance.
The problem with this method is that the feature space can be very large. That is .
For example, for the polynomial kernel we get and , where is the tensor product and where .
If is already large, can be much larger than the number of data points () and so the explicit method is inefficient.
The idea of tensor sketch is that we can compute approximate functions where can even be smaller than , and which still have the property that .
This method was shown in 2020 to work even for high degree polynomials and radial basis function kernels.
Compressed matrix multiplication
Assume we have two large datasets, represented as matrices , and we want to find the rows with the largest inner products .
We could compute and simply look at all possibilities.
However, this would take at least time, and probably closer to using standard matrix multiplication techniques.
The idea of Compressed Matrix Multiplication is the general identity
where is the tensor product.
Since we can compute a (linear) approximation to efficiently, we can sum those up to get an approximation for the complete product.
Compact multilinear pooling
Bilinear pooling is the technique of taking two input vectors, from different sources, and using the tensor product as the input layer to a neural network.
In the authors considered using tensor sketch to reduce the number of variables needed.
In 2017 another paper takes the FFT of the input features, before they are combined using the element-wise product.
This again corresponds to the original tensor sketch.
References
Further reading
Dimension reduction
Tensors | Tensor sketch | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,741 | [
"Tensors"
] |
64,295,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butestrol | Butestrol, or racemic butestrol (rac-butestrol) is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It is structurally related to diethylstilbestrol and other stilbestrols.
See also
meso-Butestrol
References
Abandoned drugs
4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Synthetic estrogens | Butestrol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 75 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
64,295,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meso-Butestrol | meso-Butestrol (developmental code name SC-3402), also known as 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It is a so-called "short-acting" or "impeded" estrogen. meso-Butestrol is structurally related to diethylstilbestrol and other stilbestrols. The fully potent counterpart to meso-butestrol is meso-hexestrol, analogously to the relationship of dimethylstilbestrol to diethylstilbestrol.
See also
Butestrol
References
Abandoned drugs
4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Synthetic estrogens | Meso-Butestrol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 155 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
54,377,322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C5-Diaza-3%2C7-diphosphacyclooctanes | 1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes are organophosphorus compounds with the formula [R'NCHP(R)CH], often abbreviated PN. They are air-sensitive white solids that are soluble in organic solvents. The ligands exist as meso and d,l-diastereomers, but only the meso forms function as bidentate ligands.
Some metal-PN complexes catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction as well as the oxidation of hydrogen (H). The catalytic mechanism involves the interaction of substrate with the amines in the second coordination sphere.
Synthesis and reactions
The ligands are prepared by the condensation of a primary phosphine, formaldehyde, and a primary amine:
Diazadiphosphacyclooctanes function as chelating diphosphine ligands. Typical nickel complexes contain two such ligands are give the formula [Ni(PN)].
Cationic complexes of these and related ligands often exhibit enhanced reactivity toward H2. These complexes serve as electrocatalysts for H2 evolution.
Related ligands
Azadiphosphacycloheptanes are a related family of diphosphines, but containing only one amine. They are prepared by condensation of 1,2-bis(phenylphosphino)ethane, formaldehyde, and a primary amine. From the meso-isomer, typical nickel complexes contain two such ligands, i.e. [Ni(PNR')]. When bound to metals, these ligands adopt a conformation similar to that of 1,4-diazacycloheptanes. Acyclic phosphine-amine ligands have the formula (RPCH)NR'.
References
Chelating agents
Diphosphines
Phosphorus heterocycles | 1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes | [
"Chemistry"
] | 397 | [
"Chelating agents",
"Process chemicals"
] |
54,377,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OML%20encoding | OML (aka TeX math italic) is a 7-bit TeX encoding developed by Donald E. Knuth. It encodes italic Latin and Greek letters for mathematical formulas and various symbols.
Character set
See also
OMS encoding
OT1 encoding
References
Character sets
TeX | OML encoding | [
"Mathematics"
] | 56 | [
"TeX",
"Mathematical markup languages"
] |
54,377,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207040 | NGC 7040 is a spiral galaxy located about 260 million light-years away in the constellation of Equuleus. It has an estimated diameter of 42,600 light-years. NGC 7040 was discovered by astronomer Mark Harrington on August 18, 1882.
See also
NGC 7001
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
References
External links
Spiral galaxies
Equuleus
7040
11701
66366
Astronomical objects discovered in 1882 | NGC 7040 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 91 | [
"Equuleus",
"Constellations"
] |
54,379,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihide%20Kozai | Yoshihide Kozai (1 April 1928 – 5 February 2018) was a Japanese astronomer specialising in celestial mechanics. He is best known for discovering, simultaneously with Michael Lidov, the Kozai mechanism, for which he received the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy in 1979. He was the first Japanese president of the International Astronomical Union from 1988 to 1991, and was director of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan from 1981 to 1994. He was professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies.
Biography
Kozai was born on 1 April 1928, in Tokyo. He graduated from the University of Tokyo, where he obtained his Doctor of Science.
He began his career as an assistant at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory. In 1958, he was a visiting researcher at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory.
In 1963, he was appointed assistant professor at the University of Tokyo Astronomical Observatory. He received the Asahi Prize the same year. He became the director of the Domestic Satellite Computing Facility of the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory in 1965.
In 1966, Kozai was appointed professor at the University of Tokyo Astronomical Observatory. He became the director of the Dodaira Observatory in 1973, after which he was the director of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan from 1981 to 1994.
He was awarded the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy in 1979 for discovering the Kozai mechanism.
In 1988, Kozai became the first Japanese person to become the president of the International Astronomical Union. He served in the position until 1991.
In 1989, he received the Brouwer Award of the American Astronomical Society. He was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure in 2002. In 2009, he received the Decoration of Cultural Merit from the Japanese government.
He was the director of the Gunma Astronomical Observatory from 1997 to 2012, and its honorary director from 2012.
Kozai died on 5 February 2018 due to liver failure.
Legacy
The asteroid 3040 Kozai is named in his honour.
Awards and honors
Asahi Prize (1963)
Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy (1979)
Brouwer Award (1989)
Order of the Sacred Treasure (2002)
Person of Cultural Merit (2009)
References
External links
Oral history interview with Yoshihide Kozai on 2 September 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - interview conducted at the Tokyo Institute of Technology
1928 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Japanese astronomers
Deaths from liver failure
Scientists from Tokyo
Presidents of the International Astronomical Union
University of Tokyo alumni | Yoshihide Kozai | [
"Astronomy"
] | 503 | [
"Astronomers",
"Presidents of the International Astronomical Union"
] |
54,380,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Boole%20summation | Euler–Boole summation is a method for summing alternating series. The concept is named after Leonhard Euler and George Boole. Boole published this summation method, using Euler's polynomials, but the method itself was likely already known to Euler.
Euler's polynomials are defined by
The periodic Euler functions modify these by a sign change depending on the parity of the integer part of :
The Euler–Boole formula to sum alternating series is
where and is the kth derivative.
References
Mathematical series
Summability methods | Euler–Boole summation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 116 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Mathematical structures",
"Series (mathematics)",
"Calculus",
"Summability methods"
] |
54,380,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Thomas%20%28scientist%29 | Ellen Thomas (born 1950, Hengelo) is a Dutch-born environmental scientist and geologist specializing in marine micropaleontology and paleoceanography. She is the emerita Harold T Stearns Professor and the Smith Curator of Paleontology of the Joe Webb Peoples Museum of Natural History at Wesleyan University, and a senior research scientist at Yale University.
Academic career and research
Thomas attended the University of Utrecht (BSc, 1971; MSc 1975; and PhD, 1979). Thomas studies environmental and climate change over geologic timescales, specializing in the study of benthic foraminifera. Thomas was the first scientist to discover a mass extinction in benthic foraminifera close to the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, now recognized as a result of the climate event known as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, for which she received the 2012 Maurice Ewing medal of the American Geophysical Union and Ocean Naval Research.
Thomas was editor-in-chief of the journal Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology from 2015 to 2019, published by the American Geophysical Union.
Awards and honors
2011 - Fellow AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science).
2012 - Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union.
2016 - Brady Medal of The Micropalaeontological Society.
2019 - Fellow GSA (Geological Society of America).
2020 - Joseph A. Cushman Medal for Excellence in Foraminiferal Research.
2022 - BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award. in Climate Change, shared with J. C. Zachos
References
1950 births
Living people
American climatologists
Women climatologists
Dutch climatologists
20th-century American geologists
20th-century Dutch geologists
Environmental scientists
People from Hengelo
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Utrecht University alumni
Wesleyan University faculty
Micropaleontologists | Ellen Thomas (scientist) | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 377 | [
"American environmental scientists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
54,381,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20%28computer%20algebra%20system%29 | Magnus was a computer algebra system designed to solve problems in group theory. It was designed to run on Unix-like operating systems, as well as Windows. The development process was started in 1994 and the first public release appeared in 1997. The project was abandoned in August 2005. The unique feature of Magnus was that it provided facilities for doing calculations in and about infinite groups. Almost all symbolic algebra systems are oriented toward finite computations that are guaranteed to produce answers, given enough time and resources. By contrast, Magnus was concerned with experiments and computations on infinite groups which in some cases are known to terminate, while in others are known to be generally recursively unsolvable.
Features of Magnus
A graphical object and method based user interface which is easy and intuitive to use and naturally reflects the underlying C++ classes;
A kernel consisting of a ``session manager", to communicate between the user interface or front-end and the back-end where computations are carried out, and ``computation managers" which direct the computations which may involve several algorithms and "information centers" where information is stored;
Facilities for performing several procedures in parallel and allocating resources to each of several simultaneous algorithms working on the same problem;
Enumerators which generate sizable finite approximations to both finite and infinite algebraic objects and make it possible to carry out searches for answers even when general algorithms may not exist;
Innovative genetic algorithms;
A package manager to ``plug in" more special purpose algorithms written by others;
References
Computer algebra systems | Magnus (computer algebra system) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 308 | [
"Computer algebra systems",
"Mathematical software"
] |
54,381,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jeffrey%20Giacomin | Alan Jeffrey Giacomin (born April 1, 1959, in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) is a professor of chemical engineering at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and cross-appointed in the Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, and of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy. He has been editor-in-chief of Physics of Fluids since 2016. He holds the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Rheology from the Canadian government's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Since 2017, Giacomin has been President of the Canadian Society of Rheology.
Education
Giacomin graduated from St. Thomas High School (Quebec) in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. He later went to Queen's University and completed a B.Sc. Honours in chemical engineering in 1981. He then completed a M.Sc. in chemical engineering in 1983 at Queen's University. Following this, Giacomin joined Professor John Dealy's group at McGill University and completed a Ph.D. in chemical engineering in 1987.
Career
He has been a faculty member in Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, he directed the Rheology Research Center for 20 years. He has held visiting professorships in North America, Europe, and Asia at: Université de Sherbrooke, McGill University, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, École des Mines de Paris, the National University of Singapore, Chung Yuan University, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, University of Crete, Shandong University, Shanghai University, Peking University and King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok.
He has served The Society of Rheology as associate editor for business for the Journal of Rheology. In October 2016 he gave the keynote lecture for Rheology of Complex Fluids at the 66th Annual Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference. Giacomin holds Professional Engineer status in Wisconsin and Ontario.
Research
Professor Giacomin and his group have published on the rheology of polymeric liquids, and especially on their behaviours in large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow (LAOS) (see Self-assembly of nanoparticles). Specifically, Giacomin has explored the role of polymer orientation in LAOS.
Giacomin developed the conversions from standardized polymer durometer hardness to Young's modulus using linear elastic indentation mechanics.
Honours and awards
Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Rheology, 2014–present
Honorary Associate Member of the Institute of Non-Newtonian fluid Mechanics in Wales
Member of the Fluid dynamics Division of the American Physical Society
Professor of the French Academy of Sciences
Former president of The Society of Rheology
Editor-in-chief, Physics of Fluids, 2016–present
References
Rheologists
Canadian academic journal editors
Canada Research Chairs
Fluid dynamicists
Canadian chemical engineers
Canadian mechanical engineers
Canadian materials scientists
Living people
McGill University Faculty of Engineering alumni
1959 births
Physics of Fluids editors
Presidents of the Society of Rheology | Alan Jeffrey Giacomin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 609 | [
"Fluid dynamicists",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
54,382,181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabamobil | Sabamobil was a magnetic tape audio cartridge format made by SABA that came to the market in 1964. It used already-available four-track ¼ inch tape on 3-inch reels (7.62 cm), with two mono channels per side, using a tape speed of 3¾ ips (9.5 cm/s), and was compatible with reel-to-reel audio tape recording except the against remove secured ends of the tape in the reel. The cartridge could be opened without the need of any tools by removing two holding clamps. Tape head and capstan were placed between the reels.
In the US, the player was offered for (equivalent to $ in ), a cassette was (equivalent to $ in ), and the adapter for installation in car was (equivalent to $ in ). The model TK-R12 also had an builtin medium frequency AM-broadcast receiver and could also be operated portable with five D-type batteries. The drive assembly had no drive belts. It appeared in the following year of the introduction of the Compact Cassette and lost its market shares soon to 8-track and Compact Cassette, which both came in smaller cartridges.
A similar technique to reuse standard 3-inch reels was the design of the dictation machine Philips Norelco EL3581, but with rearranged tracks and slower tape speed.
External links
Techmoan: Forgotten Format: The Sabamobil, YouTube, 22 June 2017
A picture gallery of the Sabamobil at Dampfradioforum
Technical Data of the Sabamobil at Radiomuseum Rottenburg an der Laaber
References
Consumer electronics
Tape recording
Discontinued media formats | Sabamobil | [
"Technology"
] | 347 | [
"Recording devices",
"Tape recording"
] |
54,382,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C4-Diazacycloheptane | 1,4-Diazacycloheptane is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)5(NH)2. This cyclic diamine is a colorless oily liquid that is soluble in polar solvents. It is studied as a chelating ligand. The N-H centers can be replaced with many other groups.
It has known use in piperazine pharmaceuticals, for example:
Fasudil
Bunazosin
Homochlorcyclizine
Homopipramol
Related compounds
1,5-Diazacyclooctane
References
Diamines
Chelating agents | 1,4-Diazacycloheptane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 122 | [
"Chelating agents",
"Process chemicals"
] |
54,382,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul%20Grand%20Mosque | The Mosul Grand Mosque () is an incomplete Sunni Islamic mosque located in Mosul, Iraq. The mosque is situated in the Taqafah district bordering the Tigris river near the Nineveh archeological site. Its construction started during the Saddam Hussein rule, but works were interrupted because of the political instability in the country and it remains incomplete to this day.
History
Arfajah ibn Harthamah, an Arab general during Rashidun Caliphate era, are recorded as the first architect of the great Umayyad mosque of Mosul, which later further expanded and rebuilt by Marwan ibn Muhammad during the era of Umayyad Caliphate.
It is the largest mosque in Mosul and was previously called Saddam Mosque in honour of the Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein.
Nineveh Governorate municipality announced on 18 February 2019 that construction was resumed, albeit damages caused by ISIS, with a 50 million dollar grant from the United Arab Emirates. Completion date was not set.
See also
Islam in Iraq
List of mosques in Iraq
References
Buildings and structures under construction
Mosques in Mosul
Sunni Islam in Iraq
Sunni mosques in Iraq | Mosul Grand Mosque | [
"Engineering"
] | 222 | [
"Construction",
"Buildings and structures under construction"
] |
54,384,030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C5-Dithiacyclooctane | 1,5-Dithiacyclooctane (DTCO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CHCH)CHS). This cyclic dithioether is a colorless oil that is soluble in polar solvents. It forms a variety of transition metal thioether complexes.
DTO can be oxidized to the bicyclic dication.
DTCO was first prepared in 4% yield by dialkylation of 1,3-propanedithiol with 1,3-dibromopropane.
References
Thioethers
Chelating agents
Sulfur heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring | 1,5-Dithiacyclooctane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 140 | [
"Chelating agents",
"Process chemicals"
] |
54,384,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31%20great%20circles%20of%20the%20spherical%20icosahedron | In geometry, the 31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron is an arrangement of 31 great circles in icosahedral symmetry. It was first identified by Buckminster Fuller and is used in construction of geodesic domes.
Construction
The 31 great circles can be seen in 3 sets: 15, 10, and 6, each representing edges of a polyhedron projected onto a sphere. Fifteen great circles represent the edges of a disdyakis triacontahedron, the dual of a truncated icosidodecahedron. Six more great circles represent the edges of an icosidodecahedron, and the last ten great circles come from the edges of the uniform star dodecadodecahedron, making pentagrams with vertices at the edge centers of the icosahedron.
There are 62 points of intersection, positioned at the 12 vertices, and center of the 30 edges, and 20 faces of a regular icosahedron.
Images
The 31 great circles are shown here in 3 directions, with 5-fold, 3-fold, and 2-fold symmetry. There are 4 types of right spherical triangles by the intersected great circles, seen by color in the right image.
See also
25 great circles of the spherical octahedron
References
R. Buckminster Fuller, Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, 1982, pp 183–185.
Edward Popko, Divided Spheres: Geodesics and the Orderly Subdivision of the Sphere, 2012, pp 22–25.
Geodesic domes
Polyhedra
Circles | 31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron | [
"Mathematics"
] | 312 | [
"Circles",
"Pi"
] |
54,385,027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methaniazide | Methaniazide, brand name Neotizide among others, is an antibiotic which was used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is a derivative of methanesulfonic acid and isoniazid, which is also an antituberculosis drug but has comparatively been far more widely known and used. Isoniazid is a prodrug of isonicotinic acid, and acetylisoniazid, a metabolite of isoniazid, is a metabolic intermediate through which most of the isonicotinic acid is formed. Methaniazide features its mesylate group at the same position as that of the acetyl group in acetylisoniazid, and so methaniazide probably acts as a prodrug of isonicotinic acid similarly to isoniazid and acetylisoniazid. Methaniazide is used as the sodium salt. It was never approved for use or sale in the United States.
Neothetazone is an antibiotic combination of methaniazide (neotizide) and thioacetazone which was previously used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It has been associated with a case report of gigantomastia. Similarly, there have been a variety of case reports in the literature of gynecomastia associated with isoniazid treatment.
References
Anti-tuberculosis drugs
Hydrazides
4-Pyridyl compounds
Prodrugs
Sulfonic acids | Methaniazide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 308 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Functional groups",
"Prodrugs",
"Sulfonic acids"
] |
54,385,959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction%20Rare%20in%20Patients%20Treated%20with%20Narcotics | "Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics" is the title of a letter to the editor written by Jane Porter and Hershel Jick and published in the January 10, 1980, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine. The letter analyzed data on patients who had been treated with opioids in a hospital setting, and concluded that addiction was uncommon among such patients. It has since been frequently misrepresented to claim that opioids are not addictive when prescribed for use at home. This misrepresentation has been blamed for contributing to the opioid epidemic in the United States.
Content
The letter reported on an examination of medical files of patients who had been hospitalized and treated with small doses of opioids. The authors concluded that of the 11,882 patients who received at least one narcotic drug, only four of them had developed a "reasonably well documented" addiction among patients who had no history of addiction. Its text read, in its entirety:
Influence
The article has been cited extensively as evidence that addiction was very rare among patients who were prescribed narcotics (more specifically, opioids). It became so well known that it is sometimes referred to simply as Porter and Jick.
Methodological limitations
Methodological limitations from which the letter suffered included that the patients it reported on were all given opioids in small doses in a hospital. Additionally, in 2003, Jick told The New York Times that the study did not follow patients after they left the hospital.
Misrepresentation
In 2017, the letter attracted renewed interest because the New England Journal of Medicine published a bibliographic analysis of the letter showing that it had been cited 608 times since it was published. In comparison, the other letters to the editor in the same issue of the Journal as Porter and Jick's letter had been cited a median of 11 times. Of these 608 citations, the analysis also showed that 72.2% of them cited it in support of the claim that patients treated with opioids rarely developed addiction, and 80.8% did not mention that the letter only included data on prescriptions given to hospitalized patients. It was also misrepresented in the popular media; a 1990 Scientific American article described it as an "extensive study," and a 2001 Time story dubbed it a "landmark study" showing that concerns about opioid addiction were "basically unwarranted." In addition, Purdue Pharma, the manufacturer of OxyContin, trained its sales representatives to say that the risk of addiction among patients using the drug was less than 1 percent, citing Porter and Jick's letter as one of their sources.
Role in the opioid epidemic
Because the letter has been frequently misrepresented to argue that opioids were rarely addictive, these misrepresentations have been blamed for contributing to the opioid epidemic. For example, a co-author of the 2017 bibliographic analysis, David Juurlink, has stated that he thinks the letter's appearance in a prestigious journal helped convince doctors that opioids were safe, saying, "I think it's fair to say that this letter went quite a long way." Jick, who wrote the letter, has since said that "The letter wasn't of value to health and medicine in and of itself. So if I could take it back—if I knew then what I know now, I would never have published it. It wasn't worth it."
References
External links
Original letter
Academic journal articles
1980 documents
Pain management
Opioids
Letters (message)
Clinical pharmacology
Evidence-based medicine | Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics | [
"Chemistry"
] | 744 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Clinical pharmacology"
] |
54,387,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20German%20drug%20laws | In Germany, several laws govern drugs (both recreational and pharmaceutical).
Narcotic Drugs Act (Betäubungsmittelgesetz, BtMG), regulates narcotics and contains explicit lists of those covered: Anlage I (authorized scientific use only), Anlage II (authorized trade only, not prescriptible) and Anlage III (special prescription form required). The lists contain some exceptions for lower doses.
Betäubungsmittel-Verschreibungsverordnung (BTMVV), regulates the prescription of Anlage III narcotics on the special prescription form
Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG), covers prescription drugs, pharmacy-only and general sales list drugs.
Verordnung über die Verschreibungspflicht von Arzneimitteln, also known as Arzneimittelverschreibungsverordnung (AMVV), executive order that explicitly lists prescription drugs. It contains a blanket inclusion for all exceptions from Anlage I, II and III BtMG; thus, a normal prescription is still required for such preparations.
Verordnung über apothekenpflichtige und freiverkäufliche Arzneimittel, also known as Arzneimittelverkehrs-Rechtsverordnung (AMVerkRV), executive order that explicitly lists pharmacy-only and general sales list drugs.
Medizinproduktegesetz (MPG)
Medizinprodukte-Abgabeverordnung (MPAV), covers some substances with medical effects that are not drugs, like disinfectants for medical apparatuses
Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz (NpSG)
Governing chemical groups of research chemicals, allowing to cover multiple variants. Use of covered substances is permitted only for industrial and scientific purposes.
Grundstoffüberwachungsgesetz (GÜG)
Covers raw materials that can be used for synthesizing drugs. These are categorized into Kategorie 1 (authorization required), Kategorie 2 (reporting required) and Kategorie 3 (export restrictions)
See also
2022 German cannabis legalization framework
:de:Arzneimittelgesetz (Deutschland) (AMG)
:de:Medizinproduktegesetz (MPG), includes Medizinprodukte-Abgabeverordnung (MPAV)
:de:Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz (NpSG)
:de:Grundstoffüberwachungsgesetz (GÜG)
:de:Arzneimittelverschreibungsverordnung (AMVV)
:de:Betäubungsmittel-Verschreibungsverordnung (BtMVV)
Drug policy of Germany
Drug control law
Law-related lists | List of German drug laws | [
"Chemistry"
] | 622 | [
"Drug control law",
"Regulation of chemicals"
] |
54,387,995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20officer | Information officer is the title of the role defined in South Africa's Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) to the person responsible for encouraging responsible persons to comply with the principles and conditions for the lawful processing of personal information and assisting data subjects make requests and lodge complaints. The title information officer is synonymous with that of data protection officer established in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The data protection officer is not the same as that of chief privacy officer in the United States.
The term information officer is not a standard term in EU and USA as it might be confused with chief information officer role.
An information officer’s responsibilities (similar to those of a data protection officer) include:
The encouragement of compliance, by a public or private body, with the principles and conditions for the lawful processing of personal information.
Dealing with requests made to the body by a data subject.
Working with the relevant regulator or supervisory authority.
References
External links
Official South African Government Gazette
General Data Protection Regulation, final version dated 27 April 2016
co. za
Information officer services
Information officer for POPI and PAIA
The role of the information officer
Privacy law
Information privacy
Data laws | Information officer | [
"Engineering"
] | 233 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Information privacy"
] |
54,388,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianna%20W.%20Rosenbluth | Arianna Wright Rosenbluth (September 15, 1927 – December 28, 2020) was an American physicist who contributed to the development of the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. She wrote the first full implementation of the Markov chain Monte Carlo method.
Early life and education
Arianna Rosenbluth was born in Houston, Texas, on September 15, 1927. She attended university at the Rice Institute, now Rice University, where she received a Bachelor of Science in 1946. During her college days, she fenced competitively and won both the Texas women's championship in foil as well as the Houston men's championship. She qualified for the Olympics, but was unable to compete because the 1944 Summer Olympics were cancelled due to World War II and she could not afford to travel to the 1948 games in London.
Rosenbluth obtained her Master of Arts from Radcliffe College in 1947 before beginning her PhD in physics at Harvard University under the supervision of Nobel Laureate John Hasbrouck Van Vleck. At the time Van Vleck also supervised the future Nobel Laureate P.W. Anderson and the philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn. She completed her thesis, entitled Some Aspects of Paramagnetic Relaxation, in 1949 at the age of 22.
Career
After completing her thesis Rosenbluth won an Atomic Energy Commission postdoctoral fellowship to Stanford University which she attended before moving to a staff position at Los Alamos National Laboratory where her research focused on atomic bomb development and statistical mechanics.
Along with Marshall Rosenbluth she verified analytic calculations for the Ivy Mike test using the SEAC at the National Bureau of Standards. Once the MANIAC I had been completed at Los Alamos she collaborated with Nicholas Metropolis, Marshall N. Rosenbluth, Augusta H. Teller, and Edward Teller to develop the first Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, in particular the prototypical Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, in the seminal paper Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines. In close collaboration with her husband Marshall, she developed the implementation of the algorithm for the MANIAC I hardware, making her the first person to ever implement the Markov chain Monte Carlo method.
Over the next few years Rosenbluth and Marshall applied the method to novel studies of statistical mechanical systems, including three-dimensional hard spheres and two-dimensional Lennard-Jones molecules and two and three-dimensional molecular chains.
After the birth of her first child, Rosenbluth left research to focus on raising her family.
Personal life
While at Stanford University she met Marshall Rosenbluth and the two married on January 26, 1951. They had four children before divorcing in 1978. In 1956, she moved from Los Alamos to San Diego, California, and then Princeton, New Jersey, before finally settling in the greater Los Angeles area. She kept her married name after the divorce.
Rosenbluth died from complications of COVID-19 in the greater Los Angeles area on December 28, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in California. She was 93.
References
1927 births
2020 deaths
American nuclear physicists
Monte Carlo methodologists
Computational physicists
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
Radcliffe College alumni
Rice University alumni
Women nuclear physicists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in California | Arianna W. Rosenbluth | [
"Physics"
] | 654 | [
"Computational physicists",
"Computational physics"
] |
54,388,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenopyrylium | Selenopyrylium is an aromatic heterocyclic compound consisting of a six-membered ring with five carbon atoms and a positively charged selenium atom.
Naming and numbering
Formerly it was named selenapyrylium. However, this is misleading as "selena" indicates that selenium substitutes for a carbon atom, but actually selenium is substituted for the oxygen atom in pyrylium. In the Hantzsch-Widman system of nomenclature, it is called seleninium. This is the name used by Chemical Abstracts. Replacement nomenclature would call this selenoniabenzene.
Numbering in selenopyrylium starts with 1 on the selenium atom and counts up to 6 on the carbon atoms. The positions adjacent to the chalcogen, numbered 2 and 6 can also be called α, the next two positions 3 and 5 can be termed "β" and the opposite carbon at position 4 can be called "γ".
Occurrence
Because selenopyrylium is a positively charged ion, it takes the solid form as a salt with non-nucleophillic anions such as perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, fluorosulfate, and hexafluorophosphate.
Formation
Selenopyrylium and derivatives can be made from 1,5-diketones (such as glutaraldehyde) and hydrogen selenide, along with hydrogen chloride (HCl) as a catalyst using acetic acid as a solvent. A side product is 2,6-bis-(hydroseleno)selenacyclohexane.
When 5-chloro-2,4-pentadienenitrile derivatives react with sodium hydroselenide, or sodium selenite, and are then treated with perchloric acid, a 2-amino-selenopyrilium perchlorate salt results.
Properties
The positive charge is not confined to the selenium atom, but distributes on the ring in several resonance structures, so that the α and γ positions have some positive charge. A nucleophillic attack targets these carbon atoms.
Selenopyrylium has two prominent absorption bands in the ultraviolet spectrum, band I is at 3000 Å, and band II is at 2670 Å. Band I, also known as 1Lb is from the 1B1←1A1 transition. The wavelength is longer and the band is much stronger than that of benzene. This is a bathochromic shift. The wavelength is longer than in thiopyrylium and pyrylium, but the intensity is weaker, due to selenium being less electronegative. Band II, also called 1La, is stronger and longer than that of benzene, thiopyrylium and pyrylium. Band II is polarized in the direction of Se-γ axis.
The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum shows a 10.98 ppm shift for H2 and 6, 8.77 for H3 and H5 and 9.03 for H4 (BF4− salt dissolved in CD3CN). Compared to other pyryliums H2,6 is more than that of oxygen or sulfur, H3,5 is between that of oxygen and sulfur, and H4 is very similar to thiopyrylium, but is slightly lower. NMR for 13C has the same trends as for the attached hydrogens.
Solvents include trifluoroacetic acid, methanol, dichloromethane, chloroform, and acetonitrile.
Derivatives
Many derivatives of selenopyrylium are known with side chains attached to carbons 2, 3, or 6. Examples include 4-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)selenopyridinium, 2,6-diphenylselenopyridinium, 4-methyl-2,6-diphenylselenopyrylium, 2,4,6-triphenylselenopyrylium, 2,6-diphenyl-4-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)selenopyrylium, and 2,6-di-tert-butylselenopyrylium.
Related
When the ring is fused with other aromatic rings, larger aromatic structures such as selenochromenylium, selenoflavylium, and selenoxanthylium result.
See also
6-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another group: borabenzene, silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, stibabenzene, bismabenzene, pyrylium, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium
References
Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring
Organoselenium compounds
Aromatic compounds
Cations
Six-membered rings
Selenium(−II) compounds
Selenium heterocycles | Selenopyrylium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,057 | [
"Matter",
"Aromatic compounds",
"Organic compounds",
"Cations",
"Ions"
] |
54,388,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluropyrylium | Telluropyrylium is an aromatic heterocyclic compound consisting of a six member ring with five carbon atoms, and a positively charged tellurium atom. Derivatives of telluropyrylium are important in research of infrared dyes.
Naming and numbering
Formerly it was named tellurapyrylium. However this is misleading, as "tellura" indicates that tellurium substitutes for carbon atom, but actually tellurium is substituted for the oxygen atom in pyrilium. In the Hantzsch-Widman system it is called tellurinium. This is the name used by Chemical Abstracts. Replacement nomenclature would call this telluroniabenzene.
Numbering in telluropyrylium starts with 1 on the tellurium atom and counts up to 6 counter-clockwise on the carbon atoms. The positions adjacent to the chalcogen, numbered 2 and 6 can also be called α, the next two positions 3 and 5 can be termed "β" and the opposite carbon at position 4 can be called "γ".
Occurrence
Because telluropyrylium is a positively charged cation, it takes the solid form as a salt with non-nucleophillic anions like perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, or hexafluorophosphate.
Properties
The positive charge is not confined to the tellurium atom in telluropyrylium, but distributes on the ring in several resonance structures, so that the α and γ positions have some positive charge. A nucleophillic attack targets these carbon atoms.
The shape of the telluropyrylium molecule is not a perfect hexagon, as the bond lengths to the tellurium atom at about 2.068 Å compared to about 1.4 Å for the carbon-carbon bonds. The angle at the tellurium atom is also reduced to about 94°, angles at the α and γ carbon atoms in the ring are about 122° and at the β positions 129°. The whole ring is bent so that it forms a boat shape with an angles of 8.7° on the Te-γ axis. (This was measured in the crystal structure of tetraphenyl telluropyrylium-pyrylium monomethine fluoroborate.
Related
When the ring of telluropyrylium is fused with other aromatic rings larger aromatic structures such as tellurochromenylium, telluroflavylium, and telluroxanthylium result.
See also
6-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another group: borabenzene, silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, stibabenzene, bismabenzene, pyrylium, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium
References
Extra reading
Tellurium heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring
Cations
Six-membered rings | Telluropyrylium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 624 | [
"Cations",
"Ions",
"Matter"
] |
54,388,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20safety%20standards | Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity.
History
The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility.
In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace.
Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations
Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association.
Lightning and earthing protection
Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent.
Earthing protection systems
TT system
TN system
IT system
Lightning protection systems
lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system)
lightning rod with taut wires.
lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage)
Physiological effects of electricity
Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock.
Indirect contact – can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply
Direct contact – can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection
Electrical safety conductors
– NEC 2008 Table 250.122 – Safeco Electric Supply
Electrical safety standards
– Australian Standards AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011
– National Regulation – NR10
– Български Държавен Стандарт – (On English:Bulgarian state standard) – БДС 12.2.096:1986
– GB4943, GB17625, GB9254
– La norme français C 15-100 – Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique
– IEEE/TÜV, NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU
– India Standardization IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665
–
– Polska Norma PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E
– ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007
– British standards BS 7671, BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529
– NFPA, IEEE STD 80, IEEE STD 80, NFPA 496, NFPA 70
Lightning protection standards
– БДС EN 62305-1:2011
– GB/T 36490–2018
– UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo
– Norme NF C 15–100
– DIN EN 62305–1
– IS 2309
– SNI 03–7015–2004
– PN-EN 62305
– СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014
– BS-EN 62305
– NFPA 780, IEC 62305
Electronics and communications
Electronic products safety standards
The manufacturers of electronic tools must take into account several standard for electronic safety to protect the health of humans and animals.
– CNC-St2-44.01 V02.1.1
– CE Marking
– MET MOC 023/96
– PSE law
– NOM-152
– ANSI C95.3:1972 – Techniques & instrumentation for measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies.
Communication and high frequency safety standards
Few standard were introduced for the harmful impact from high frequency.
– CB-02 Radio Equipment
– ГОСТ Р 50829-95 for radio Communication safety
– ANSI/IEEE 1.2 mW/Cm for antennas 1800-2000 MHz range, ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992 for radio Communication safety
Mobile Communication safety 73/23/EEC and 91/263/EEC
See also
Extra-low voltage
Electrical safety testing
External Links
Electrical Color Codes
Gallery
References
Electrical engineering
Standards
Lists of standards | Electrical safety standards | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,060 | [
"Electrical engineering"
] |
54,389,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosperma%20calamistratum | Inosperma calamistratum, until 2019 known as Inocybe calamistrata, is an inedible species of Inocybaceae fungus found in Europe and North America. Orson K. Miller Jr. and Hope Miller list it as poisonous. It used to be suspected of being psychotropic because of the blue-green tinge present at the stipe base, but psilocybin and similar alkaloids have not been found in the fruiting bodies.
References
Fungi of Europe
Inedible fungi
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
calamistratum
Fungus species | Inosperma calamistratum | [
"Biology"
] | 123 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,389,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosperma%20calamistratoides | Inocybe calamistratoides is a species of Inocybaceae fungus found in New Zealand.
References
Fungi of New Zealand
calamistratoides
Fungus species | Inosperma calamistratoides | [
"Biology"
] | 38 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
54,389,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5H12N2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C5H12N2}}
The molecular formula C5H12N2 (molar mass: 100.16 g/mol) may refer to:
1,4-Diazacycloheptane, a colorless, oily cyclic diamine
Methylpiperazine, a heterocyclic organic compound | C5H12N2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 75 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
54,389,578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%944-Abiraterone | Δ4-Abiraterone (D4A; code name CB-7627), also known as 17-(3-pyridyl)androsta-4,16-dien-3-one, is a steroidogenesis inhibitor and active metabolite of abiraterone acetate, a drug which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer and is itself a prodrug of abiraterone (another active metabolite of abiraterone acetate). D4A is formed from abiraterone by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase (3β-HSD). It is said to be a more potent inhibitor of steroidogenesis than abiraterone, and is partially responsible for the activity of abiraterone acetate.
D4A is specifically an inhibitor of CYP17A1 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase), 3β-HSD, and 5α-reductase. In addition, it has also been found to act as a competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), with potency reportedly comparable to that of enzalutamide. However, the initial 5α-reduced metabolite of D4A, 3-keto-5α-abiraterone, is an agonist of the AR, and has been found to stimulate prostate cancer progression. The formation of this metabolite can be blocked by the coadministration of dutasteride, a selective and highly potent 5α-reductase inhibitor, and the addition of this medication may improve the effectiveness of abiraterone acetate in the treatment of prostate cancer.
References
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Δ4-Abiraterone}}
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
5α-Reductase inhibitors
Androstanes
CYP17A1 inhibitors
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Human drug metabolites
Enones
Prostate cancer
3-Pyridyl compounds
Steroidal antiandrogens | Δ4-Abiraterone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 442 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
54,389,883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone | 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone, also known as 17-(3-pyridyl)-5α-androst-16-en-3-one, is an active metabolite of abiraterone acetate that has been found to possess androgenic activity and to stimulate prostate cancer progression. It is formed as follows: abiraterone acetate to abiraterone by esterases; abiraterone to Δ4-abiraterone by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase; and Δ4-abiraterone to 3-keto-5α-abiraterone by 5α-reductase. 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone may counteract the clinical effectiveness of abiraterone acetate, and so inhibition of its formation using the 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride is being investigated as an adjunct to abiraterone acetate in the treatment of prostate cancer.
References
Anabolic–androgenic steroids
Androstanes
Human drug metabolites
Ketones
Prostate cancer
3-Pyridyl compounds | 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 252 | [
"Ketones",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Functional groups",
"Human drug metabolites"
] |
49,205,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta%20Filizola | Marta Filizola is a computational biophysicist who studies membrane proteins. Filizola's research concerns drug discovery the application of methods of computational chemistry and theoretical chemistry to biochemical and biomedical problems.
Filizola is the dean of the graduate school of biomedical sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. Where she is a professor of pharmacological sciences and neuroscience, and also the Sharon and Frederick A. Klingenstein-Nathan G. Kase, MD Professor.
She is best known for her work aimed at providing mechanistic insight into the structure, dynamics, and function of G protein-coupled receptors using methods such as molecular modeling, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, enhanced molecular dynamics simulations, and rational drug design approaches. The Filizola laboratory's research has steadily been funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) since 2005.
As of 2016, Filizola is active in five research projects funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).
Education
A native of Italy, Filizola received her bachelor's and master's degrees in chemistry from the University Federico II in Naples (class of 1993), and earned her PhD in computational chemistry from the Second University of Naples in 1999, though conducting most of her doctoral studies at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia in Barcelona, Spain. She went on to pursue a postdoctorate in computational biophysics from the Molecular Research Institute in California, moving to New York City in 2001.
Career
Filizola joined the Department of Physiology & Biophysics at Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM) as an instructor in 2002. She continued in this role at Weill Medical College (WMC) of Cornell University, also in New York City, until she was promoted assistant professor in 2005. She returned to Mount Sinai as an assistant professor in the Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, where she was later promoted associate professor (with tenure since January 2013), and then full professor in 2014.
Following three years as co-director of the Structural/Chemical Biology and Molecular Design (SMD) Graduate Program, and one year as co-director of the Biophysics and Systems Pharmacology (BSP) Graduate Program, she was appointed dean of the graduate school of biomedical sciences at Mount Sinai in May 2016. Dr. Filizola has also served as grant reviewer for NIH and other agencies for over 10 years. Currently, she is a regular study section member of the Biophysics of Neural Systems (BPNS) study section of NIH.
Awards and honors
Filizola's awards and honors include the title of European doctor in biotechnology from the European Association for Higher Education in Biotechnology in Genova, Italy (1999), a National Research Service Award from NIDA (2002), The Doctor Harold and Golden Lamport Award for Excellence in Basic Research from Mount Sinai School of Medicine (2008), and an Independent Scientist Award from NIDA (2009–present). She is also a member of the Faculty of 1000 for Pharmacology and Drug Discovery since 2013.
Research
Filizola's research program is mainly focused on G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), which are the targets for about half of all currently used drugs. Special effort in her lab has been devoted to the subfamily of opioid receptors to discover/design novel painkillers with reduced abuse liability and other adverse effects. A second important line of investigation in the Filizola lab is on beta3 integrins towards the discovery of novel therapeutics to treat renal, hematologic, neoplastic, bone, and/or fibrotic diseases.
To obtain rigorous mechanistic insight into the structure, dynamics, and function of GPCRs and beta3 integrins, the Filizola lab uses several computational structural biology tools, ranging from molecular modeling, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, molecular dynamics simulations, a variety of enhanced sampling algorithms, and rational drug design approaches. Much of the work is done in close collaboration with major experimental labs with whom we have established longstanding synergistic ties.
Dr. Filizola is the author of over 100 original papers and chapters in the areas of computational chemistry/biophysics and drug discovery, as well as the editor of 2 books: "G Protein-Coupled Receptors - Modeling and Simulation" and "G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Drug Discovery". She is also an inventor, with a number of patents to her credit.
Publications (partial list)
References
External links
Filizola Laboratory
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women biophysicists
Italian women biologists
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai faculty
University of Naples Federico II alumni
Polytechnic University of Catalonia alumni
Italian women academics
Computational chemists
American women academics
21st-century American women | Marta Filizola | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,045 | [
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Computational chemists"
] |
49,206,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubosome | Cubosomes are discrete, sub-micron, nanostructured particles of the bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase. The term "bicontinuous" refers to two distinct hydrophilic regions separated by the bilayer. Bicontinuous cubic crystalline materials have been an active research topic because their structure lends itself well to controlled-release applications.
Cubosomes are liquid crystalline nano-structures formed from the cubic phase of lipids, such as monooleate, or any other amphiphilic macromolecules with the unique property to be dispersed into particles. Nano-vehicles are generated from a self-assembled lipid mixture and studied by means of high-resolution cryogenic transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM). These structures have been observed to naturally occur in mitochondrial membranes and in stressed cells.
Cubosomes are formed at controlled temperatures into lipid bi-layer twisted into three dimension with minimal surface forming a tightly packed structure with bicontinuous domains of water and lipid.
There are three different proposed phases that these cubic structures can be in: the P-surface, G-surface and D-surface for primitive, gyroid and diamond structures respectively. This variation in structure allows for cubosomes to be the ultimate drug delivery system due to its ability to maintain the structural integrity of the ingredients that it carries. The uses of cubosomes are still being researched but they range from systems for efficient drug delivery into specific body systems to stabilizing and producing palladium nanoparticles.
Uses
For most fluids and some homogenous solid materials, like gels, diffusion is the same in all directions and characterized by the same diffusion coefficient number. This property is called isotropicity which gives cubosomes the ability to be used in biological tissues which are highly structured and typically have different diffusion coefficients along different directions (anisotropic). Because of advantages such as the unique structure of the cubic phase and its resemblance to biological membranes as well as biodegradability of lipids, cubosomes are a great tool for drug delivery system. In addition, the bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase (cubic phase)’s tortuosity is useful for slowing down diffusion as shown by Higuchi’s square root of time release kinetics. Capability to encapsulate hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic substance, being simple to prepare, and all the aforementioned qualities give cubosomes a property that can be used in controlled transport applications as drug delivery vehicles.
References
Liquid crystals
Colloidal chemistry | Cubosome | [
"Chemistry"
] | 528 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Surface science",
"Colloids"
] |
49,206,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenterella%20%28fungus%29 | Carpenterella is a genus erected for a species of chytrid fungus, Carpenterella molinea, that inhabits the deep vascular xylem tissues of the Moline variety of the American elm tree, causing disease. The genus name recognizes American plant pathologist Clarence Willard Carpenter (1888-1946), who described a similar fungus in relation to chlorotic streak disease of sugar cane in Hawaii.
References
Chytridiomycota genera
Taxa described in 1941
Parasitic fungi
Taxa named by Leo Roy Tehon | Carpenterella (fungus) | [
"Biology"
] | 105 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
49,207,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202768 | NGC 2768 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is at a distance of 65 million light years from Earth. NGC 2768 is an example of a Seyfert galaxy, an object with a supermassive black hole at its centre. A dusty structure is encircling the centre of the galaxy, forming a knotted ring around the galaxy's brightly glowing middle. This ring lies perpendicular to the plane of NGC 2768 itself, stretching up and out of the galaxy. The dust in NGC 2768 forms an intricate network of knots and filaments.
In the centre of the galaxy are two tiny, S-shaped symmetric jets. These two flows of material travel outwards from the galactic centre along curved paths, and are masked by the tangle of dark dust lanes that spans the body of the galaxy. These jets are a sign of a very active centre, where lies a supermassive black hole. This speeds up and sucks in gas from the nearby space, creating a stream of material swirling inwards towards the black hole known as an accretion disc. This disk throws off material in very energetic outbursts, creating structures like the jets.
NGC 2768 has had one observed Type Ib supernova, designated SN2000ds, which occurred far from the nuclear region.
Gallery
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Ursa Major
2768
025915 | NGC 2768 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 290 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
49,208,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overflow%20metabolism | Overflow metabolism refers to the seemingly wasteful strategy in which cells incompletely oxidize their growth substrate (e.g. glucose) instead of using the respiratory pathway, even in the presence of oxygen. As a result of employing this metabolic strategy, cells excrete (or "overflow") metabolites like lactate, acetate and ethanol. Incomplete oxidation of growth substrates yields less energy (e.g. ATP) than complete oxidation through respiration, and yet overflow metabolism—known as the Warburg effect in the context of cancer and the Crabtree effect in the context of yeast—occurs ubiquitously among fast-growing cells, including bacteria, fungi and mammalian cells.
Based on experimental studies of acetate overflow in Escherichia coli, recent research has offered a general explanation for the association of overflow metabolism with fast growth. According to this theory, the enzymes required for respiration are more costly than those required for partial oxidation of glucose. That is, if the cell were to produce enough of these enzymes to support fast growth with respiratory metabolism, it would consume much more energy, carbon and nitrogen (per unit time) than supporting fast growth with an incompletely oxidative metabolism (e.g. fermentation). Given that cells have limited energy resources and fixed physical volume for proteins, there is thought to be a trade-off between efficient energy capture through central metabolism (i.e. respiration) and fast growth achieved through high central-metabolic fluxes (e.g. through fermentation as in yeast).
As an alternative explanation, it was suggested that cells could be limited by the rate with which they can dissipate Gibbs energy to the environment. Using combined thermodynamic and stoichiometric metabolic models in flux balance analyses with (i) growth maximization as objective function and (ii) an identified limit in the cellular Gibbs energy dissipation rate, correct predictions of physiological parameters, intracellular metabolic fluxes and metabolite concentrations were achieved.
See also
Stream metabolism
Metabolism
References
Metabolism | Overflow metabolism | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 422 | [
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
49,209,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20constant | The term crude oil constant (Erdölkonstante in German) has been used as an inside joke and pun in the German petroleum industry, pointing out that the reserves-to-production ratio has been observed as roughly constant in the past decades, whereas oil constant (Ölkonstante in German) is a term describing various material properties of (vegetable and mineral) oils.
Reasons for reserve expansion
The so-called crude oil constant refers to the approximately constant estimate of available petroleum reserves to production ratio R/P. The estimated duration until the available petroleum reserves are depleted at current production has remained around 40 years since the late 80s. Prewar and immediately postwar estimates were sometimes lower, in 1919 as low as 9 years (USA) and in 1948 around 20 years (world) and rose up to 35 years until the 1970s. However, since then the duration value of static production T=R/P has been rather constant for decades despite rising oil consumption.
Price elasticity of reserves
One factor contributing to the apparent constancy of the R/P ratio is a neglect or misunderstanding of the fact that the term "proven reserves" does not refer to some absolute quantity of remaining oil that is thought to exist, but rather to the quantity of oil that can be economically extracted given the current price of oil and current oil-extraction technologies. Thus, either an increase in the price of oil or improvements in oil-extraction technologies can lead to an increase in the estimate of "proven reserves" since more-expensive-to-mine deposits such as tight oil become economically viable at a higher oil price, and because newer or more expensive enhanced oil recovery processes such as gas injection, steam injection, and hydraulic fracturing allow continued extraction of oil from fields that would have been considered worth to abandon at a lower price or using older technologies. Thus, it is possible for the "proven reserves of oil" (i.e., economically extractable reserves of oil) to keep pace with or even pull ahead of oil consumption at the current rate.
Unconventional oil
On the other hand, the reserves to production ratio is only one mathematical indicator for the geological inventory. More important than the size of the tank is the production rate (e.g. the size of the spigot of a barrel), and with many capital-intensive technologies for extracting oil from non-conventional sources, also the flow rate is getting smaller. A large expansion of global reserves took place in the 2000s, when Athabasca oil sands (Canada) and the heavy oil of the Orinoco Belt (Venezuela) were reclassified from (physically in place) ressource to (producible) reserve. While the oil reserves are sizeable and in the same range as the reserves of Saudi Arabia, oil production is growing slowly in Canada and declining in Venezuela.
OPEC quota wars
Another contributing factor for the steady P/R-ratio is the large expansion of OPEC reserves, that were booked in the years around 1988. The OPEC quota system had been amended, allowing a production which relates to the reported reserves. Within a few years, OPEC members raised their reserves on paper without reporting any major new discoveries.
SEC reporting rules
Oil companies which were listed at US stock exchanges or elsewhere are obliged to report their reserves on the principle of carefulness. This led to the effect that a new discovery was first reported by its lowest estimate (P90 = high confidence). Later, during production when the reservoir data became more detailed, the most likely estimate (P50) was reported but without backdating this reserve expansion to the year of the discovery. Enhanded oil recovery techniques made it possible to produce the P10 value (10% probability), but again the backdating was forgotten and it seemed as if new discoveries have been made.
Analogous use
A similar pun has been used about the feasibility of fusion power: Since the 1950s, feasible technological means of using fusion for electricity production have constantly been predicted as being 30–40 years ahead, so the "fusion constant" exhibits a similar range to the "oil constant".
References
Petroleum
Pseudoscience
Fusion power | Oil constant | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 837 | [
"Plasma physics",
"Fusion power",
"Petroleum",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
49,210,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeerTube | PeerTube is a free and open-source, decentralized, ActivityPub federated video platform. It can use peer-to-peer technology to reduce load on individual servers when videos get popular.
Started in 2017 by a programmer known as Chocobozzz, development of PeerTube is now supported by the French non-profit Framasoft. The aim is to provide an alternative to centralized platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo, and Dailymotion.
As an ActivityPub platform, it is part of the federated network known as the Fediverse.
Operation
Each PeerTube instance provides a website to browse and watch videos, and is by default independent from others in terms of appearance, features and rules.
Several instances, with common rules (e.g. allowing for similar content, requiring registration) can form federations, where they follow one's videos, even though each video is stored only by the instance that published it. Federations are independent from each other and asymmetrical: one instance can follow another to display their videos without them having to do the same. Instances' administrators can each choose to mirror individual videos or whole friend instances, creating an incentive to build communities of shared bandwidth.
Videos are made available via HTTP to download, but playback favors a peer-to-peer playback using HLS and WebRTC P2P. Users connected to the platform act as relay points that send pieces of video to other users, lessening the bandwidth of each to the server and thus allowing smaller hardware to operate at a lower cost.
Origins and history
PeerTube was created by a web developer known as Chocobozzz as a peer-to-peer alternative to YouTube, utilizing the WebTorrent protocol to share videos. He was contacted in 2017 by Framasoft, which had a campaign called Contributopia, the goal of which is to create alternatives to centralized platforms. In order to support him and his work, notably on improving the design and usability, Framasoft hired the developer.
In 2018, Framasoft launched a crowdfunding on KissKissBankBank which raised €53,100 — more than double the initial goal of €20,000.
The first beta of PeerTube was released in March 2018 and the first stable version in October 2018. In June 2018, only a few months after the first beta, 113 instances are publicly available on the web that together host more than videos.
In June 2018, as a result of its videos disappearing amid changes regarding the monetization of YouTube channels, the Blender Foundation began experimenting with hosting a PeerTube instance to distribute copies of the foundation's videos.
In May 2020, Framasoft published a roadmap of the software for the later half of the year and created a fundraising campaign requiring €60,000 for aiding the development.
Five months later (in October 2020), PeerTube announced that they reached their fundraising goal of €60,000 after a €10,000 donation from Debian. Throughout the later half of 2020, PeerTube has added features such as global search, improved playlists, and more moderation tools.
End 2020, the meta-search engine Sepia Search was launched by Framasoft, allowing a global search on all PeerTube instances at once. To-date (2021) Sepia Search totalises close to 800 individual instances.
In January 2021, Framasoft announced the release of PeerTube v3.0 with the help of the successful fundraising campaign.
The release highlighted peer-to-peer live streaming as the major feature of the release.
On April, the 28th of 2022, the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) launched a pilot ActivityPub video platform EU Video of the EU institutions, bodies and agencies (EUIs), based on PeerTube. The pilot project was officially closed on 18 May 2024, without an official continuation.
Technology
PeerTube uses WebTorrent technology. Each server hosts a torrent tracker and each web browser viewing a video also shares it. This allows to share the load between the server itself and the clients as well as the bandwidth used through P2P technology.
The system works via a federation of instances run by independent entities. Each PeerTube server can host any number of videos by itself, and can additionally federate with other servers to let users watch their videos in the same user interface. This federation permits collectively hosting a large number of videos in a unified platform, without having to build an infrastructure comparable to that of the web giants. Each server is operated by and stays under the sole administration of a distinct entity.
PeerTube uses the ActivityPub protocol in order to allow decentralization and compatibility with other fediverse services, which can prevent vendor lock-in and makes it more resilient against censorship.
The software relies on the PostgreSQL DBMS.
Unofficial PeerTube video playback integrations exist for popular platforms like Reddit and Kodi.
See also
Sepia Search, a PeerTube video-search-engine
Comparison of BitTorrent clients
Cooperative storage cloud
Decentralized computing
InterPlanetary File System
List of online video platforms
Peer-to-peer web hosting
Self-certifying File System
Solid (web decentralization)
ZeroNet
References
External links
Peer-to-peer software
Video hosting
Web applications
Free software websites
Software that federates via ActivityPub
French social networking websites
Software using the GNU Affero General Public License
Distributed data storage
Articles containing video clips
Framasoft
Free software programmed in TypeScript | PeerTube | [
"Technology"
] | 1,144 | [
"Computing websites",
"Free software websites"
] |
49,210,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202655 | NGC 2655 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis. It is at a distance of 60 million light years from Earth. NGC 2655 is a Seyfert galaxy. The galaxy has asymmetric dust lanes in the centre of the galaxy, tidal arms and extended neutral hydrogen gas and may have recently experienced a merger. The complex dynamics of the HI and optical tails suggest the galaxy may have undergone more mergers in the past. A weak bar has been detected in infrared H band. The diameter of the disk of the galaxy is estimated to be 60 Kpc (195,000 ly).
William Herschel discovered NGC 2655 in September 26, 1802 and described it as very bright and considerably large. The galaxy can be glimpsed with a 4-inch telescope under dark skies nearly 10° from the north celestial pole. One supernova has been observed in NGC 2655, SN 2011B, a type Ia with peak magnitude 12.8.
NGC 2655 is the brightest member of the NGC 2655 group, which also contains the Sc galaxy NGC 2715, NGC 2591, and NGC 2748. One of the gas structures of NGC 2655 is trailing off toward the small galaxy UGC 4714.
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Seyfert galaxies
Camelopardalis
2655
04637
25069
225 | NGC 2655 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 277 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
49,211,766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnopus%20moseri | Gymnopus moseri is a European species of agaric fungus in the family Omphalotaceae. It was described as new to science in 1997 by mycologists Vladimír Antonín and Machiel Noordeloos from collections made in Sweden. Fruit bodies of the holotype collection were found growing among Polytrichum and in coarse humus and leaves under birch (Betula) and willow (Salix). Collybia moseri is a synonym proposed by Marcel Bon in 1998. The specific epithet moseri honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Michael Moser.
See also
List of Gymnopus species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1997
Fungi of Europe
Omphalotaceae
Taxa named by Machiel Noordeloos
Fungus species | Gymnopus moseri | [
"Biology"
] | 156 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,212,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricholoma%20moserianum | Tricholoma moserianum is a European mushroom of the agaric genus Tricholoma. It was formally described in 1989 by Marcel Bon. The specific epithet honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser.
See also
List of Tricholoma species
References
moserianum
Fungi described in 1990
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Tricholoma moserianum | [
"Biology"
] | 71 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,212,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucoagaricus%20moseri | Leucoagaricus moseri is a species of agaric fungus found in Europe. The species was originally described as Lepiota moseri by Solomon Wasser in 1975. The specific epithet honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser. Wasser transferred the fungus to the genus Leucoagaricus in 1978.
See also
List of Leucoagaricus species
References
moseri
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1978
Fungus species | Leucoagaricus moseri | [
"Biology"
] | 93 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,212,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroerythrin | Uroerythrin is a red pigment present in the urine, where it is part of a group of yellow, brown and red pigments generally designated as urochrome.
Urinary pigments
Pigments excreted in urine are partially absorbed by urate sediments ( sedimentum lateritium ), which consists of cell debris and sedimented urinary components formed when the acidified urine is stored below room temperature. These urate sediments looks reddish or pink due to the presence of a main pigment first introduced by Simons in 1842 as uroerythrin,
Clinical significance
From early clinical observations it is known that uroerythrin is present in every urine and increased amounts are observed in pathological states, e.g. metabolic disorders with high fever or tissue degradation.
Chemical structure
The chemical structure of most of urochromes is still unknown, since they are very labile pigments that are easily decomposed in the light. In particular uroerythrin, remains unresolved until 1975 with previous papers that describes it like a peptidic compound. In 1975 its structure was described based on mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance.
References
Urine
Pyrroles | Uroerythrin | [
"Biology"
] | 251 | [
"Urine",
"Excretion",
"Animal waste products"
] |
49,212,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201961 | NGC 1961 (also known as IC 2133) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis. It was discovered by William Herschel on 3 December 1788. It is at a distance of about 200 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 1961 is more than 220,000 light years across.
The galaxy has been distorted, however no companion has been detected nor double nuclei that could show a recent merger. Its outer arms are highly irregular. Two long straight arms extend from the north side of the galaxy. A luminous X-ray corona has been detected around the galaxy. NGC 1961 is the central member of the small group of nine galaxies, the NGC 1961 group.
Supernovae
Four supernovae have been observed in NGC 1961:
SN 1998eb (type Ia, mag. 17.8) was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) on 17 August 1998.
SN 2001is (type Ib, mag. 17.6) was discovered by BAO and LOTOSS (Lick Observatory and Tenagra Observatory Supernova Searches) on 22 December 2001.
SN 2013cc (type II, mag. 17) was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 28 April 2013.
SN 2021vaz (type II, mag. 17.5) was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 5 August 2021.
Gallery
References
External links
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Camelopardalis
Luminous infrared galaxies
1961
IC objects
03334
17625
184 | NGC 1961 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 306 | [
"Camelopardalis",
"Constellations"
] |
49,212,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20V.%20S.%20Hill | Sir Adrian Vivian Sinton Hill, (born 9 October 1958) is a British-Irish vaccinologist who is Director of the Jenner Institute and Lakshmi Mittal and Family Professor of Vaccinology at the University of Oxford, an honorary Consultant Physician in Infectious Diseases, and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Hill is a leader in the field of malaria vaccine development and was a co-leader of the research team which produced the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, along with Professor Sarah Gilbert of the Jenner Institute and Professor Andrew Pollard of the Oxford Vaccine Group.
Early life and education
Hill was educated at Belvedere College in Dublin. He began reading medicine at Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Foundation Scholar in 1978. Thereupon he transferred to Magdalen College, Oxford for one year, but he ended up remaining in Oxford to complete the rest of his medical degree, qualifying in 1982. He remained at the University of Oxford for postgraduate studies and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1986 for research on the molecular genetics of thalassemia supervised by .
Career and research
During his time at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics his research group studied genetic susceptibility to infections such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV. From 1997 he has developed candidate vaccines for malaria which produce cellular (T-cell) immunity and partial efficacy using Adenovirus and Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector vaccines in a prime-boost regime. From 2005 he has played a leading role in the pre-clinical and clinical assessment of new chimpanzee adenoviral vaccine vectors, particularly ChAd63, ChAd3 and ChAdOx1.
His group has developed numerous candidate vaccines against malaria which have been tested in clinical trials in the UK and Africa. In 2021 his group reported high efficacy of a new R21/matrix-M candidate vaccine in Burkina Faso children and this vaccine is now in a phase III licensure trial. In 2014, he led a clinical trial of an Ebola vaccine based on chimpanzee adenoviral and MVA vector technology in response to the West African Ebola virus epidemic. In 2016 he co-founded Vaccitech plc, an Oxford University spin-off company developing therapeutic and preventive vaccines based on viral vector technology. In 2017 he led a successful major award application to Innovate UK to co-found the Vaccines Manufacturing and Innovation Centre (VMIC) in Harwell, Oxfordshire, one of the first purpose-built vaccine manufacturing centres for emergency response vaccines. In response to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic he worked with many others at Oxford to develop and partner the ChAdOx1 vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, notably with AstraZeneca and the Serum Institute of India, supporting large scale access for low and middle income countries.
Honours and awards
1999 Elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP)
1999 Elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci)
2005 Appointed to a Fellowship by Special Election at Magdalen College, Oxford
2005 Founded the Jenner Institute at Oxford University and appointed institute Director
2008 Elected an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College Dublin (Hon. FTCD)
2020 Appointed to an ad hominen Lakshmi Mittal and Family Professorship of Vaccinology at Oxford University
2021 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
2021 Appointed an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours. Made substantive in 2023, which means he can use both the title of 'Sir' and 'KBE'. Prior to this, only the postnominal letters were allowed to be used.
Personal life
Hill has two children with his former wife, epidemiologist Sunetra Gupta.
In 2021, he married Sabina Murray.
References
20th-century British medical doctors
21st-century British medical doctors
1958 births
Living people
People educated at Belvedere College
Scholars of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Oxford
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal Society
Irish knights
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Dublin (city)
NIHR Senior Investigators
Vaccinologists | Adrian V. S. Hill | [
"Biology"
] | 873 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccinologists"
] |
49,213,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer%27s%20duck | Brewer's duck is an intergeneric hybrid between a mallard and a gadwall. John James Audubon painted a specimen, also referring to it as a Bemaculated Duck, a misspelling of "bimaculated".
References
Anseriformes
Ducks
Intergeneric hybrids | Brewer's duck | [
"Biology"
] | 63 | [
"Intergeneric hybrids",
"Hybrid organisms"
] |
49,213,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocybe%20moseri | Conocybe moseri is a mushroom species in the family Bolbitiaceae. It was described as new to science in 1980 by mycologist Roy Watling, from collections made in France. The specific epithet moseri honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser. The fungus has been reported from the United Kingdom, growing in grassy areas, fields, and edges of woods. In 1995, it was recorded from Switzerland, from Ukraine in 2007, and from Russia in 2007. It was reported from India in 2015, where it was found growing on cattle dung.
References
External links
Bolbitiaceae
Fungi described in 1980
Fungi of India
Fungi of Europe
Taxa named by Roy Watling
Fungus species | Conocybe moseri | [
"Biology"
] | 144 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,213,295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-assembly%20based%20manufacturing | Self-assembly based manufacturing refers to a controlled process of using self-assembly and programmable matter to manufacture a product on an industrial scale. In traditional manufacturing and fabrication, there are physical and precision limitations on a workpiece; namely, lower minimal dimension of a workpiece has been a major challenge in modern manufacturing. Engineering self-assembly methods have a significant potentials in overcoming the dimensional limitation of a workpiece. In general, there are three key ingredients in most of self assembly applications: geometry (order), interaction, energy. To improve the efficiency or take shape in self-assembly based manufacturing, it must utilize one or more than one of these three ingredients. This is an emerging market with few examples to date. However, this field shows a strong potential to revolutionize many industrial markets from nanoelectronics to bio-engineering.
Successful processes
Many processes have been successfully developed at laboratory scale and show promise for future expansion into large-scale industrial manufacturing.
Sequence-specific molecular lithography on single DNA molecules
Direct molecular assembly on metal surfaces
Amyloid fibers and selective metal deposition: NM protein fibers have been demonstrated to create nanowires useful in connecting electrodes in laboratory testing.
Surface-tension-directed-self-assembly of electronic components.
One example is the automated reel to reel fluidic self-assembly machine demonstrated by University of Minnesota researchers. The machine was designed to produce lighting panels using Light-emitting diodes. Assembly was performed at twice the hourly rate of commercially available pick and place machines for SMT placement equipment, 15,000 chips per hour compared to 8,000 chips per hour. At the same time, the self-assembly exceeded the accuracy rate of the pick and place machine as well.
Potential future applications
Fabrication of materials used in most extreme environments, such as space, high altitude, free-fall scenarios, or deep sea. environments have advantageous conditions for allowing increase in self assembly interaction with less or minimum energy consumption. Applications in these environments often require high precision and have more difficulties; however, it has less constraints in existing construction.
References
Manufacturing | Self-assembly based manufacturing | [
"Engineering"
] | 421 | [
"Manufacturing",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
49,213,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubaria%20moseri | Tubaria moseri is a species of agaric fungus in the family Tubariaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science in 1974 by Jörg H. Raithelhuber. The specific epithet moseri honours Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser.
References
External links
Tubariaceae
Fungi described in 1974
Fungi of Argentina
Fungus species | Tubaria moseri | [
"Biology"
] | 77 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,213,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliophorus%20viscaurantius | Gliophorus viscaurantius is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae found in New Zealand.
References
Hygrophoraceae
Fungi of New Zealand
Taxa named by Egon Horak
Fungus species
Fungi described in 1973 | Gliophorus viscaurantius | [
"Biology"
] | 57 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,213,704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliophorus%20chromolimoneus | Gliophorus chromolimoneus is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae found in New Zealand and Australia.
Description
The cap is in diameter, hemispherical at first, flattening with age and becoming umbonate. It is glutinous to the touch and has some shade of pale to chrome yellow. The margin is striated, and the texture is membranaceous. The gills are adnate to decurrent and the same colour as the cap at first, but fade with age, and have a gelatinous thread. The stipe is long, in diameter, cylindrical, hollow and glutinous throughout its length; the base is orange, but the rest of the stipe is the same colour as the cap. The spores are ellipsoid, smooth and inamyloid, and measure 7–9.5 x 4-6 μm. The basidia are 0-47 x 6-7 μm, and four-spored.
Ecology
Gliophorus chromolimoneus is a common saprotrophic species of fungus, deriving its nutrition from decaying organic matter. The fruiting bodies appear between December and June among the leaf litter under Nothofagus, Kunzea ericoides and Leptospermum scoparium trees, or in mixed broad-leafed and conifer woodland with Dacrydium cupressinum, Metrosideros umbellata and Podocarpus laetus. It sometimes grows on mossy banks and occasionally on rotten wood.
References
External links
Hygrophoraceae
Fungi of New Zealand
Fungi of Australia
Fungus species
Taxa named by Greta Stevenson | Gliophorus chromolimoneus | [
"Biology"
] | 353 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psathyrella%20moseri | Psathyrella moseri is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Psathyrella species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Psathyrellaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Psathyrella moseri | [
"Biology"
] | 73 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrocybe%20allocystis | Agrocybe allocystis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Agrocybe allocystis | [
"Biology"
] | 67 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrocybe%20lazoi | Agrocybe lazoi is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae found in Chile. It is described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Agrocybe lazoi | [
"Biology"
] | 65 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrocybe%20procera | Agrocybe procera is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Chile, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
References
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Agrocybe procera | [
"Biology"
] | 63 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrocybe%20viscosa | Agrocybe viscosa is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Chile, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Agrocybe viscosa | [
"Biology"
] | 66 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota%20aurantioalbida | Pholiota aurantioalbida is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Pholiota species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Pholiota aurantioalbida | [
"Biology"
] | 75 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota%20majalis | Pholiota majalis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Chile, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Pholiota species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Pholiota majalis | [
"Biology"
] | 72 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota%20marthae | Pholiota marthae is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Pholiota species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Pholiota marthae | [
"Biology"
] | 72 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota%20microcarpa | Pholiota microcarpa is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Pholiota species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Pholiota microcarpa | [
"Biology"
] | 73 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota%20myxacioides | Pholiota myxacioides is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Chile, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Pholiota species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Pholiota myxacioides | [
"Biology"
] | 74 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota%20novembris | Pholiota novembris is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Pholiota species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Pholiota novembris | [
"Biology"
] | 74 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota%20psathyrelloides | Pholiota psathyrelloides is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Pholiota species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Argentina
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Pholiota psathyrelloides | [
"Biology"
] | 74 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholiota%20agrocybiformis | Pholiota agrocybiformis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae. Found in Chile, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969.
See also
List of Pholiota species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of Chile
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Rolf Singer
Fungus species | Pholiota agrocybiformis | [
"Biology"
] | 76 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
49,214,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20House%20Big%20Dig | The White House Big Dig was the name used in press reports to describe a multi-year construction project at the White House that began in September 2010 and temporarily concluded in 2012, with a second phase planned for the future. According to the General Services Administration (GSA), the $376-million project, which involved a multi-story excavation adjacent to the West Wing, was to replace electrical wiring and update air conditioning. A second phase of the project, with an unannounced start date, will involve a similar excavation adjacent to the East Wing. Funds for the White House Big Dig were allocated by a congressional appropriation made in late 2001.
Despite the utilitarian description of its purpose, the project came to be the object of intense media speculation. The Washington Post characterized the GSA description of the project as a "nothing to see here story" while The New York Times, citing an anonymous source, claimed it was "security-related construction." The Associated Press reported that a privacy screen was placed around the construction site for its duration and sub-contractors on the project were required to cover identifying marks or logos on their company vehicles, measures which it implied were unusual. ABC News, meanwhile, equated the construction project as a "mystery" on-par with "what happened to the dinosaurs". In a story set to the theme song from the science fiction television program The X-Files, reporter John Berman sarcastically commented "maybe it is a bunch of pipes and wires ... just like Area 51".
In 2013, RealClearPolitics reported that a "clone" of the Oval Office would be built in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, as the Oval Office would be unusable during the second phase of the White House Big Dig. White House press secretary Jay Carney subsequently rebutted that report as false.
References
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Engineering projects
Big Dig
2010s in Washington, D.C. | White House Big Dig | [
"Engineering"
] | 396 | [
"nan"
] |
49,215,133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebeloma%20moseri | Hebeloma moseri is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Found in Argentina, it was described as new to science by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1969. The specific epithet moseri honors Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser.
See also
List of Hebeloma species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of South America
moseri
Fungus species | Hebeloma moseri | [
"Biology"
] | 86 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
62,904,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliprotein | Biliproteins are pigment protein compounds that are located in photosynthesising organisms such as algae, and sometimes also in certain insects. They refer to any protein that contains a bilin chromophore. In plants and algae, the main function of biliproteins is to make the process of light accumulation required for photosynthesis more efficient; while in insects they play a role in growth and development. Some of their properties: including light-receptivity, light-harvesting and fluorescence have made them suitable for applications in bioimaging and as indicators; while other properties such as anti-oxidation, anti-aging and anti-inflammation in phycobiliproteins have given them potential for use in medicine, cosmetics and food technology. While research on biliproteins dates back as far as 1950, it was hindered due to issues regarding biliprotein structure, lack of methods available for isolating individual biliprotein components, as well as limited information on lyase reactions (which are needed to join proteins with their chromophores). Research on biliproteins has also been primarily focused on phycobiliproteins; but advances in technology and methodology, along with the discovery of different types of lyases, has renewed interest in biliprotein research, allowing new opportunities for investigating biliprotein processes such as assembly/disassembly and protein folding.
Functions
In plants and algae
Biliproteins found in plants and algae serve as a system of pigments whose purpose is to detect and absorb light needed for photosynthesis. The absorption spectra of biliproteins complements that of other photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll or carotene. The pigments detect and absorb energy from sunlight; the energy later being transferred to chlorophyll via internal energy transfer. According to a 2002 article written by Takashi Hirata et al., the chromophores of certain phycobiliproteins are responsible for antioxidant activities in these biliproteins, and phycocyanin also possesses anti-inflammatory qualities due to its inhibitory apoprotein. When induced by both collagen and adenosine triphosphate (ADP), the chromophore phycocyanobilin suppresses platelet aggregation in phycocyanin, its corresponding phycobiliprotein.
In insects
In insects, biliprotein lipocalins generally function to facilitate the changing of colours during camouflage, but other roles of biliproteins in insects have also been found. Functions such as preventing cellular damage, regulating guanylyl cyclase with biliverdin, among other roles associated with metabolic maintenance, have been hypothesised but yet to be proven. In the tobacco hornworm, the biliprotein insecticyanin (INS) was found to play a crucial part in embryonic development, as the absorption of INS into the moth eggs was observed.
Structure
The structure of biliproteins is typically characterised by bilin chromophores arranged in linear tetrapyrrolic formation, and the bilins are covalently bound to apoproteins via thioether bonds. Each type of biliprotein has a unique bilin that belongs to it (e.g. phycoerythrobilin is the chromophore of phycoerythrin and phycocyanobilin is the chromophore of phycocyanin). The bilin chromophores are formed by the oxidative cleavage of a haem ring and catalysed by haem oxygenases at one of four methine bridges, allowing four possible bilin isomers to occur. In all organisms known to have biliproteins, cleavage usually occurs at the α-bridge, generating biliverdin IXα.
Phycobiliproteins are grouped together in separate clusters, approximately 40nm in diameter, known as phycobilisomes. The structural changes involved in deriving bilins from their biliverdin IXα isomer determine the spectral range of light absorption.
The structure of biliproteins in insects differ slightly than those in plants and algae; they have a crystal structure and their chromophores are not covalently bound to the apoproteins. Unlike phycobiliproteins whose chromophores are held in an extended arrangement by specific interactions between chromophores and proteins, the chromophore in insect biliproteins has a cyclic helical crystal structure in the protein-bound state, as found in studies of the biliprotein extracted from the large white butterfly.
Classes of biliproteins
Phycobiliproteins
Phycobiliproteins are found in cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) and algae groups such as rhodophyta (red algae) and cryptophytes. Major phycobiliproteins include variations of phycocyanin (blue-pigment), variations of phycoerythrin (red pigment), and allophycocyanin (light-blue pigment); each of them possessing different spectral properties. These water-soluble biliproteins are not essential for the functioning of cells. Some special qualities of phycobiliproteins include antioxidant properties and high fluorescence, and it is their chromophores that give these proteins their strong pigment. Phycobiliproteins are classified into two categories based on their amino-terminal sequences: "α-type" and "β-type" sequences. In biliproteins where the number of bilins on the two subunits is unequal, the subunit with more bilins has a β-type amino sequence.
Phycochromes
Phycochromes are a subclass of phycobiliprotein that was initially recognised only as light sensory pigments in cyanobacteria. They are now deemed to constitute of all possible photoreversibly photochromic pigments, regardless of function. They are also found in red algae. In a series of journal articles written by G.S. and L.O. Björn, it was reported that phycochromes a, b, c and d were discovered by scientists who fractionated samples of blue-green algae using electrofocusing. The fractions with isoelectric points at or around 4.6 seemed analogous to phytochromes in that they possessed photochromic properties, yet were sensitive to light of shorter wavelengths. All four phycochromes except phycochrome c were extracted from the blue-green algae Tolypothrix distorta; whereas phycochrome a was also found in Phormidium luridum, Nostoc muscorum 1453/12 and Anacystis nidulans; and phycochrome c was extracted from Nostoc muscorum A and Tolypothrix tenuis.
Phytochromes
Phytochromes (also known as phys) were initially discovered in green plants in 1945. The photoreversible pigment was later found in fungi, mosses, and other algae groups due to the development of whole-genome sequencing, as explained in Peter H. Quail's 2010 journal article Phytochromes. As described in Hugo Scheer's 1981 journal article Biliproteins, phytochromes function as a sensor of light intensity in ‘high-energy’ reactions, i.e. in higher plants (e.g. underground seedlings), during transformation of heterotrophic blanching growth to autotrophic photosynthetic growth. They carry out this function by monitoring the various parameters of light signals (such as presence/absence, colour, intensity and photoperiodicity). This information is then transduced via intracellular signaling pathways that trigger responses specific to the organism and its development state on both cellular and molecular levels, as explained by Quail. Phytochromes are also responsible for regulating many aspects of a plant's growth, development and reproduction throughout its lifecycle.
Lipocalins (Insect biliproteins)
The lipocalins that have been identified as biliproteins have been found in a wide variety of insects, but mainly in the order Lepidoptera. Scientists have discovered them in the large white butterfly and a number of moth and silkmoth species, including the ailanthus and domestic silkmoths, giant silkworm moth, tobacco hawk moth, honeycomb moth, and the puss moth. The biliproteins associated with these insect species are the bilin-binding proteins, biliverdin-binding proteins, bombyrin, lipocalins 1 and 4, insecticyanin, gallerin and CV-bilin respectively. The biliproteins found in the tobacco hawk moth and pussmoth make up a major part of the insects’ haemolymph fluids.
The biliproteins that have been found in other insect orders apart from Lepidoptera still have unknown sequences, and so their lipocalin nature is still open.
Comparison of biliproteins from different organisms
In a 1988 study conducted by Hugo Scheer and Harmut Kayser, biliproteins were extracted from the large white butterfly and puss moth and their respective properties were examined. Their properties were compared to those of plant and algae biliproteins, and their distinguishing features were taken into account.
Unlile plant and algae biliproteins whose bilins are generally only derived from the IXα biliverdin isomer, the bilins of insect biliproteins are also derived from the IXγ isomer, which is almost exclusively found in Lepidoptera. The study cited from M. Bois-Choussy and M. Barbier that these IXγ-series bile pigments are derived from cleavage of the porphyrin precursors at the C-15 (formerly γ) methine bridge, which is uncharacteristic of other mammalian and plant biliproteins. When the scientists examined biliproteins from both the large white butterfly and puss moth, they found that their polypeptides had a low α-helix content in comparison to phycobiliproteins.
It was hypothesised that the role of biliproteins in insects would also have a role related to light-absorption similar to that in plant and algae biliproteins. However, when the photochemical properties required for light-absorption were found absent in the biliprotein of the large white butterfly, this hypothesis was eliminated, followed by the assumption that those photochemical properties also do not occur in any other insect biliproteins.
Based on these examinations, it was concluded that insect biliproteins are only loosely related to those from plants and algae, due to the large number of differences they have regarding structure, chemical composition, derivation of bilins and general functions.
Applications
Bioimaging
Fluorescent proteins have had a substantial impact on bioimaging, which is why biliproteins have made suitable candidates for the application, due to their properties of fluorescence, light-harvesting, light-sensitivity and photoswitching (the latter occurring only in phytochromes). Phycobiliproteins, which are highly fluorescent, have been used in external applications of bioimaging since the early 1980s. That application requires the bilin chromophore to be synthesised from haem, after which a lyase is needed to covalently bond the bilin to its corresponding apoprotein. An alternative method of uses phytochromes instead; some phytochromes only require one enzyme, haem oxygenase, for synthesising chromophores. Another benefit of using phytochromes is that they bind to their bilins autocatalytically. While there are photochromic pigments with poor fluorescence, this problem has been alleviated by engineering protein variants that reduce photochemistry and enhance fluorescence.
Food, medicine and cosmetics
Properties of phycobiliproteins, such as their natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, food colourant, strong pigment and anti-aging activities, have given them considerable potential for use in food, cosmetics and medicinal applications. They have also proven to be therapeutic in treating diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Given their large range of applications and potential uses, researchers have been trying to find and develop ways to produce and purify phycobiliproteins to meet the growing demand for them. One such phycobiliprotein is C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which is found in spirulina. A limiting factor of C-PC's usage in these applications is its protein stability, given that in its natural form, C-PC is highly sensitive to light and heat when in aqueous solution, due to its photosensitive phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore, which also makes it prone to free-radical oxidation. Like other natural food colourants, C-PC is also sensitive to acidic conditions and oxidant exposure. This has prompted studies to develop methods of stabilising C-PC/PCB and expand their applications to other food systems.
More details on the applications of phycocyanin in food and medicine can be found here.
Indicator of drinking water quality
The fluorescence signals emitted from phycoerythrin and phycocyanin have made them suitable for use as indicators to detect cyanotoxins such as microcystins in drinking water. A study examined the nature of the biliproteins' fluorescence signals regarding their real-time character, sensitivity and the biliproteins' behaviour in different treatment stages (of water) in comparison to microcystins. The fluorescence signals' real-time character was confirmed by fluorescence measurements, as they can be carried out without having to pre-concentrate the biliproteins. If the ratio of biliprotein to microcystin is above 1, the fluorescence signals can estimate very low concentrations of microcystins. A test conducted in 2009 compared the behaviour of both biliproteins and selected microcystins MC-LR and MC-RR during water treatment. The test results showed that the biliproteins have an early warning function against microcystins in conventional treatment stages that use pre-oxidation with permanganate, activated carbon and chlorination. However, the early warning function does not occur when chlorine dioxide is used as a pre-oxidant or final disinfectant. It is important for the biliprotein/toxin ratio of raw water to be known in order to use the biliproteins for control measurements in drinking water treatment.
See also
Chromoproteins
Photoreceptor protein
References
Further reading
.
.
Shropshire, W. & Mohr, H. (1983). Photomorphogenesis (1st ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. .
Stanic-Vucinic, D.; Minic, S.; Nikolic, M. R.; Velickovic, T. C. (2018). "7. Spirulina Phycobiliproteins as Food Components and Complements". In Jacob-Lopes, Eduardo (ed.). Microalgal Biotechnology. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. pp. 129–148. .
Proteins
Insects
Biochemistry
Algae
Chemistry
Plants | Biliprotein | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,346 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Algae",
"Animals",
"Biochemistry",
"Plants",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Insects",
"Proteins"
] |
62,904,492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaton%20process | The Heaton process is one of the 18th century processes for refining pig iron without the use of charcoal.
Using nitrates for decarburizaton, this method was also used earlier in ancient China for the refining of iron and production of steel.
Inventors
John Heaton developed this process using nitrates to oxidize the 2-5% carbon in cast iron and convert it to steel.
Process
In 1869, when John Heaton published 'Heaton's Process for the Treatment of Cast Iron and the Manufacture of Steel', cast iron was a readily available material, but converting it to steel was a slow, expensive, laborious process. At the time, there was an already-known laboratory-scale process of adding "nitre" to cast iron in order to produce oxygen and burn off the carbon, producing steel. John Heaton formalized a process (specifying sodium nitrate instead of potassium) and designed equipment which made the comingling of the nitrate and the liquid cast iron reliable and repeatable, something that had until then been impractical. Combined, these improvements became the Heaton process. Another English metallurgist, Henry Bessemer had just created the Bessemer process of blowing air or pure oxygen through liquid cast iron to burn off the carbon.
Heaton conducted a long and protracted legal battle with Henry Bessemer who believed that the Heaton Process was included in the Bessemer process through some early patent applications. Eventually the courts found in favor it Heaton, but it was Bessemer's process that won out in the end.
Adoption
As of 1869 it was not clear, if it was "sufficiently economical" to justify the conversion of existing plants
It was soon eclipsed by the Bessemer process.
See also
Bessemer process
Puddling
Potting and stamping
References
Steelmaking | Heaton process | [
"Chemistry"
] | 375 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Steelmaking"
] |
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