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62,907,910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20one-body%20formalism | The effective one-body or EOB approach is an analytical approach to the gravitational two-body problem in general relativity. It was introduced by Alessandra Buonanno and Thibault Damour in 1999. It aims to describe all different phases of the two-body dynamics in a single analytical method.
Classical gravity theory allows analytical calculations to be made in particular limits, such as post-Newtonian theory in the early inspiral, when the objects are at large separation, or black hole perturbation theory, when the two objects differ greatly in mass. In addition, they lead to results faster than numerical relativity.
Rather than being considered distinct from these independent approaches to the two-body problem, the EOB approach is a way to resum information from other independent methods. It does so by mapping the general two-body problem to that of a test particle in an effective metric. The EOB approach was used in the data analysis of gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO and Virgo.
References
General relativity
Gravitational-wave astronomy | Effective one-body formalism | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 212 | [
"Astrophysics",
"General relativity",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity",
"Gravitational-wave astronomy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
62,909,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Girone | Maria Girone is the Head of CERN openlab. She leads the development of High Performance Computing (HPC) technologies for particle physics experiments.
Early life and education
Girone studied physics at the University of Bari. She earned her doctoral degree in particle physics in 1994. She soon became a research fellow on the ALEPH experiment, supporting analysis and acting as liaison for the accelerator. She was awarded a Marie Curie Fellowship and joined Imperial College London, where she worked on the hardware development for both the LHCb and ALEPH experiments.
Career and research
CERN openlab was established in 2001 and supports academics at CERN in their collaborations with independent companies. Girone moved into scientific computing in 2002, working for the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG). The WLCG stores, shares and assists in the analysis of data from the Large Hadron Collider where she developed a persistence framework. The WLCG is the largest assembly of computing resources ever collected for a scientific endeavour. In the Large Hadron Collider experiment detectors there are around one billion beam collisions per second. WLCG analyses billions of beam crossings and tries to predict the detector response.
In 2009, whilst at the WLCG, Girone founded and led the Operations Coordinations team. She was appointed coordinator of the software and computing for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) in 2014. In this capacity, she was responsible for the operation of seventy computing centres across five different continents. She joined CERN openlab as chief technology officer (CTO) in 2016, and she's leading it since 2023.
She has worked on the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider), which will require up to one hundred times more computing capacity than it did originally. This increase in capacity will come through access to commercial cloud computing platforms, data analytics, deep learning and new computing architectures.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Italian women physicists
Particle physicists
21st-century Italian physicists
University of Bari alumni
Academics of Imperial College London
People associated with CERN | Maria Girone | [
"Physics"
] | 439 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
62,909,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Mikhailovich%20Vinogradov | Alexandre Mikhailovich Vinogradov (; 18 February 1938 – 20 September 2019) was a Russian and Italian mathematician. He made important contributions to the areas of differential calculus over commutative algebras, the algebraic theory of differential operators, homological algebra, differential geometry and algebraic topology, mechanics and mathematical physics, the geometrical theory of nonlinear partial differential equations and secondary calculus.
Biography
A.M. Vinogradov was born on 18 February 1938 in Novorossiysk. His father, Mikhail Ivanovich Vinogradov, was a hydraulics scientist; his mother, Ilza Alexandrovna Firer, was a medical doctor. Among his more distant ancestors, his great-grandfather, Anton Smagin, was a self-taught peasant and a deputy of the State Duma of the second convocation.
Between 1955 and 1960 Vinogradov studied at the Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University (Mech-mat). He pursued a PhD at the same institution, defending his thesis in 1964, under the supervision of V.G. Boltyansky.
After teaching for one year at the Moscow Mining Institute, in 1965 he received a position at the Department of Higher Geometry and Topology of Moscow State University. He obtained his habilitation degree (doktorskaya dissertatsiya) in 1984 at the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Science in Novosibirsk in Russia. In 1990 he left the Soviet Union for Italy, and from 1993 to 2010 was professor in geometry at the University of Salerno.
Research
Vinogradov published his first works in number theory, together with B.N. Delaunay and D.B. Fuchs, when he was a second year undergraduate student. By the end of his undergraduate years he changed research interests and started working on algebraic topology. His PhD thesis was devoted to homotopic properties of the embedding spaces of circles into the 2-sphere or the 3-disk. He continued working in algebraic and differential topology – in particular, on the Adams spectral sequence – until the early seventies.
Between the sixties and the seventies, inspired by the ideas of Sophus Lie, Vinogradov changed once more research interests and began to investigate the foundations of the geometric theory of partial differential equations. Having become familiar with the work of Spencer, Goldschmidt and Quillen on formal integrability, he turned his attention to the algebraic (in particular, cohomological) component of that theory. In 1972, he published a short note containing what he called the main functors of the differential calculus over commutative algebras.
Vinogradov’s approach to nonlinear differential equations as geometric objects, with their general theory and applications, is developed in details in some monographs as well as in some articles. He recast infinitely prolonged differential equations into a category whose objects, called diffieties, are studied in the framework of what he called secondary calculus (by analogy with secondary quantization). One of the central parts of this theory is based on the -spectral sequence (now known as the Vinogradov spectral sequence). The first term of this spectral sequence gives a unified cohomological approach to various notions and statements, including the Lagrangian formalism with constraints, conservation laws, cosymmetries, the Noether theorem, and the Helmholtz criterion in the inverse problem of the calculus of variations (for arbitrary nonlinear differential operators). A particular case of the -spectral sequence (for an “empty” equation, i.e., for the space of infinite jets) is the so-called variational bicomplex.
Furthermore, Vinogradov introduced a new bracket on the graded algebra of linear transformations of a cochain complex. The Vinogradov bracket is skew-symmetric and satisfies the Jacobi identity modulo a coboundary. Vinogradov’s construction is a precursor of the general concept of a derived bracket on a differential Leibniz algebra introduced by Kosmann-Schwarzbach in 1996. These results were also applied to Poisson geometry.
Together with , Vinogradov was concerned with the analysis and comparison of various generalizations of Lie (super) algebras, including algebras and Filippov algebras. He also developed a theory of compatibility of Lie algebra structures and proved that any finite-dimensional Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field or over can be assembled in a few steps from two elementary constituents, that he called dyons and triadons. Furthermore, he speculated that this particle-like structures could be related to the ultimate structure of elementary particles.
Vinogradov's research interests were also motivated by problems of contemporary physics – for example the structure of Hamiltonian mechanics, the dynamics of acoustic beams, the equations of magnetohydrodynamics (the so-called Kadomtsev-Pogutse equations appearing in the stability theory of high-temperature plasma in tokamaks) and mathematical questions in general relativity. Considerable attention to the mathematical understanding of the fundamental physical notion of observable is given in a book written by Vinogradov jointly with several participants of his seminar, under the pen name of Jet Nestruev.
Contribution to the mathematical community
From 1967 until 1990, Vinogradov headed a research seminar at Mekhmat, which became a prominent feature in the mathematical life of Moscow. In 1978, he was one of the organisers and first lecturers in the so-called People's University for students who were not accepted to Mekhmat because they were ethnically Jewish (he ironically called this school the “People’s Friendship University”). In 1985, he created a laboratory that studied various aspects of the geometry of differential equations at the Institute of Programming Systems in Pereslavl-Zalessky and was its scientific supervisor until his departure for Italy.
Vinogradov was one of the initial founder of the mathematical journal Differential Geometry and its Applications, remaining one of the editors from 1991 to his last days. A special issue of the journal, devoted to the geometry of PDEs, was published in his memory.
In 1993 he was one of the promoters of the Schrödinger International Institute in Mathematical Physics in Vienna. In 1997 he organised the large conference Secondary Calculus and Cohomological Physics in Moscow, which was followed by a series of small conferences called Current Geometry that took place in Italy from 2000 to 2010.
From 1998 to 2019, Vinogradov organised and directed the so-called Diffiety Schools in Italy, Russia, and Poland, in which a wide range of courses were taught, in order to prepare students and young researchers to work on the theory of diffieties and secondary calculus.
He supervised 19 PhD students.
References
1938 births
2019 deaths
Russian expatriates in Italy
20th-century Russian mathematicians
21st-century Russian mathematicians
20th-century Italian mathematicians
21st-century Italian mathematicians
Mathematical physicists
Topologists
Algebraic geometers | Alexandre Mikhailovich Vinogradov | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,427 | [
"Topologists",
"Topology"
] |
62,910,424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana%20Schroeder | Juliana Schroeder is an American behavioral scientist and academic. She is a professor at University of California, Berkeley.
Education
Schroeder's educational background includes a B.A. in psychology and economics from the University of Virginia, an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology and Business from the University of Chicago.
Career
Schroeder teaches at the Haas School of Business. She is the director of the Experimental Social Science Laboratory (Xlab) at UC Berkeley, as well as a faculty affiliate in the Social Psychology Department, the Cognition Department, and the Center for Human-Compatible AI at UC Berkeley.
Schroeder is the cofounder and director of the Psychology of Technology Institute, which supports and advances scientific research regarding the psychological consequences and antecedents of technological advancements.
Schroeder also occupies a number of academic roles outside of Haas. She is an elected member of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, American Psychological Society, Society for Judgment and Decision Making, Academy of Management, International Association of Conflict Management, Association for Consumer Research. Schroeder also serves as an ad-hoc reviewer of peer-reviewed journals such as Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, and Academy of Management.
Schroeder's research examines how people make social judgments and decisions. She studies the psychological processes underlying how people think about the minds of those around them, and how their judgments then influence their decisions and interactions.
Awards and honors
Early Career Award, International Association of Conflict Management (2019)
The International Social Cognition Network Early Career Award, 2018
Association for Psychological Science Rising Star, 2017
Selected papers and publications
Conversation and Mind Perception
Schroeder, J., Kardas, M., & Epley, N. (2017). The humanizing voice: Speech reveals, and text conceals, a more thoughtful mind in the midst of disagreement. Psychological Science, 28, 1745–1762.
Schroeder, J., & Epley, N. (2016). Mistaking minds and machines: How speech affects dehumanization and anthropomorphism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145, 1427–1437.
Schroeder, J., & Epley, N. (2015). The sound of intellect: Speech reveals a thoughtful mind, increasing a job candidate's appeal. Psychological Science, 26, 877–891.
“Lesser Minds”: Causes and Consequences of Dehumanization
Schroeder, J., & Epley, N. (2020). Demeaning: Dehumanizing others by minimizing the importance of their psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Schroeder, J., Waytz, A., & Epley, N. (2017). Endorsing help for others that you oppose for yourself: Mind perception alters the perceived effectiveness of paternalism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 1106–1125.
Schroeder, J., & Risen, J.L. (2016). Befriending the enemy: Outgroup friendship longitudinally predicts intergroup attitudes in a co-existence program for Israelis and Palestinians. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 19, 72–93.
Waytz, A., Schroeder, J., & Epley, N. (2014). The lesser minds problem. In Bain, P., Vaes, J., & Leyens, J. P. (Eds.) Humanness and Dehumanization (pp. 49–67). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Instrumental Relationships and Objectifying Interactions
Schroeder, J., Fishbach, A., Schein, C., & Gray, K. (2017). Functional intimacy: Needing—but not wanting—the touch of a stranger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 910–924.
Schroeder, J., Caruso, E., & Epley, N. (2016). Many hands make overlooked work: Overclaiming of responsibility increases with group size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22, 238–246.
Schroeder, J., & Fishbach, A. (2015). The “empty vessel” physician: Physicians’ instrumentality makes them seem personally empty. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 940–949.
References
External links
Haas School of Business faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Behaviourist psychologists
American women psychologists
21st-century American psychologists
21st-century American women scientists
University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni
University of Virginia alumni
American women academics | Juliana Schroeder | [
"Biology"
] | 993 | [
"Behaviourist psychologists",
"Behavior",
"Behaviorism"
] |
62,913,110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20drug%20overdose%20death%20rates%20and%20totals%20over%20time | The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has data on drug overdose death rates and totals. Around 1,106,900 US residents died from drug overdoses from 1968 to 2020. Around 932,400 died from 1999 through 2020. Around 93,700 died in 2020. Opioids were involved in around 80,400 of the around 109,200 deaths in 2021. Synthetic opioids other than methadone (primarily fentanyl) were involved with 70,601 deaths in 2021. Around 111,000 people died in 2022. Around 108,500 in 2023.
Around 94,100 people died in the 12-month period ending July 31, 2024, at a rate of 257 deaths per day. That is 28.0 deaths per 100,000 US residents, using the population at the midpoint of that period. The CDC's "predicted value" is used for all the above yearly numbers in the intro. CDC: "Predicted provisional counts represent estimates of the number of deaths adjusted for incomplete reporting (see Technical Notes)." And the above yearly numbers are updated regularly here as they change.
1968–2022
The numbers at the source for the table below are continually updated. So the numbers in the table below may be slightly different.
2021 was a turning point in US history with over 100,000 deaths.
Rates below are per 100,000.
Population is for July 1 residents.
Rate (by itself) is Age adjusted.
Total (at bottom) is 1,106,859 total deaths for 1968–2020.
Death rates by state and year
Asterisks (*) indicate Health in STATE or Healthcare in STATE links in table below.
Death counts by state over time
Overall US totals by year, followed by breakdown by state by year.
State links below are "Category:Health in STATE" links. See overall category.
Drug overdose deaths by state over time.
For convenience, and as a geographic aid, the "Category:Health in STATE" links are also in this map. Click on any state.
Timeline by drug
Concerning the data in the charts below (in this section and the following sections) deaths from the various drugs add up to more than the yearly overdose death total because multiple drugs are involved in many of the deaths.
Opioid charts
Opioids were involved in around 80,400 of the around 106,700 deaths in 2021. See map higher up for states with the highest overdose death rates.
Rate timeline by race and ethnicity
Rate timeline by sex
Comparisons to other countries in Europe
There were around 68,700 drug overdose deaths in the United States in 2018. That is a rate of 210 deaths per million residents. Compare that rate to the 2018 rates of the European countries in the first chart below.
Location links below are "Healthcare in LOCATION" links.
Drug overdose deaths per year by European country.
See also
List of deaths from drug overdose and intoxication
Adulterants
Alcohol intoxication
Diseases of despair
Drug interactions
Responsible drug use
References
Further reading
Opioid Overdose Deaths by Race/Ethnicity. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Opioid Overdose Deaths by Type of Opioid. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Drug overdose
Medical emergencies
US
Drug culture
Suicide by poison
Substance-related disorders | United States drug overdose death rates and totals over time | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 657 | [
" medicaments and biological substances",
"Toxicology",
"Poisoning by drugs"
] |
62,913,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramethyl%20bisphenol%20F | Tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF) is a new coating intended as a safer replacement for bisphenol A and bisphenol F to use in epoxy linings of aluminium cans and steel cans. It was previously suggested as an insulator in electronic circuit boards.
Polymerization of tetramethyl bisphenol F occurs with epichlorohydrin when heated between 40 and 70 °C using an alkali as a catalyst to form the resin used as a coating.
Health and environmental effects
Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory and skin irritation. Very toxic to aquatic life.
Human endocrine effects
TMBPF does not have any effect on the endocrine system; it does not leach out of cans because unlike BPA it is fully polymerized when deposited on the metal, so there is no free chemical to leach out. Tetramethyl bisphenol F was tested on rats to see if there were effects like male or female hormones. It had almost no effects like this. However, a different study did find effects.
References
Commodity chemicals
Coatings
Plasticizers | Tetramethyl bisphenol F | [
"Chemistry"
] | 232 | [
"Coatings",
"Commodity chemicals",
"Products of chemical industry"
] |
62,917,727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf%20Neumann | Gustaf Neumann is an Austrian computer scientist who is specialised in information systems. He is a full professor and the chair of the Institute for Information Systems and New Media at the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU Wien). Neumann is one of the authors of Wirtschaftsinformatik, which is the bestseller book on Information Systems in German speaking countries with more than 500.000 copies.
Personal life
Gustaf Neumann is native of Vienna, Austria, born in 1958. His father, Gustaf Adolf Neumann, was an Austrian investigative journalist and newspaper editor.
Awards
1987 Heinz-Zemanek award of the Austrian Association of Computer Science (OCG)
1988 Senator Wilhelm Wilfling Price
2010 Tcl Community Service Award
Publications
Gustaf Neumann has published more than 200 books and papers in the areas of program transformation, data modeling, and information systems technology with a focus on e-learning applications. His book Wirtschaftsinformatik is one of the bestsellers in German Speaking countries.
References
External links
Personal Web-page at WU Wien
Institute for Information Systems and New Media
Vienna University of Economics and Business
Information systems researchers
Austrian computer scientists
1958 births
Living people | Gustaf Neumann | [
"Technology"
] | 236 | [
"Information systems",
"Information systems researchers"
] |
62,919,056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWS/FLI | EWS/FLI1 is an oncogenic protein that is pathognomonic for Ewing sarcoma. It is found in approximately 90% of all Ewing sarcoma tumors with the remaining 10% of fusions substituting one fusion partner with a closely related family member (e.g. ERG for FLI1).
Origin
EWSR1 is a gene on chromosome 22 whose mRNA is translated into the protein Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (abbreviated EWS). The gene FLI1 resides on chromosome 11 where it encodes a member of the ETS transcription factor family, Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (abbreviated FLI1).
Most fusions between EWS and FLI1 result from a t(11;22)(q24;q12) reciprocal chromosome translocation. This translocation creates a chimeric transcript which fuses exons 1-7 of EWSR1 to exons 6-9 (or less commonly 5-9) of FLI1.
It has recently been appreciated that almost half of EWS and FLI1 fusions are a result of chromoplexy. Evidence of chromoplectic looping is enriched in both metastatic and p53 mutant tumors. Chromoplectic looping appears to be the mechanism involved in forming the EWS/ERG variant transcription factor. This preference is probably due to EWSR1 and ERG being in opposite orientations on the genome precluding the production of functional EWS/ERG via a reciprocal translocation.
Molecular Biology
EWS/FLI1 functions as both a pioneering transcription factor and potent oncogene. Its expression leads to a complete restructuring of the transcriptome of the cell of origin to favor a tumorigenic state. EWS/FLI1 accomplishes this through a set of complementary mechanisms:
The N-terminus of EWS/FLI1 retains the prion-like transactivation domain of EWSR1. This allows EWS/FLI1 to both bind RNA polymerase II and recruit the BAF complex. These interactions change heterochromatin to euchromatin at EWS/FLI1 DNA-binding sites effectively generating de novo enhancers.
The C-terminus of EWS/FLI1 retains the DNA-binding domain of FLI1. While wild-type FLI1 recognizes an ACCGGAAG core sequence, EWS/FLI1 preferentially binds GGAA-repetitive regions. There is a positive correlation between the number of consecutive GGAA microsatellites, EWS/FLI1 binding, and target gene expression.
The core motif of ETS transcription factors includes a GGAA sequence. EWS/FLI1 may bind to such sequences with greater affinity than the wild-type ETS member disrupting the normal regulation of ETS target genes.
References
Proteins
Sarcoma
Cancer | EWS/FLI | [
"Chemistry"
] | 605 | [
"Proteins",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Molecular biology"
] |
71,563,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium%28III%29%20phosphate | Promethium(III) phosphate is an inorganic compound, a salt of promethium and phosphate, with the chemical formula of PmPO4. It is radioactive. Its hydrate can be obtained by precipitation of soluble promethium salt and diammonium hydrogen phosphate at pH 3~4 (or obtained by hydrothermal reaction ), and the hydrate can be obtained by burning at 960 °C to obtain the anhydrous form. Its standard enthalpy of formation is −464 kcal/mol.
References
Promethium compounds
Phosphates | Promethium(III) phosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 115 | [
"Salts",
"Phosphates",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
71,563,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanshan | (), also called (), (), fan of reunion, are typically silk rigid hand fan which originated in China; they are typically circular or oval in shape. Up to the Song dynasty, the appears to have the most common types of the fans in China. These types of fans were mostly used by women in the Tang dynasty. with Chinese paintings and with calligraphy became very popular by the Song dynasty among court circles and artists and even continued to be in use even by the end of the 19th century. The was also used as part of the traditional Chinese wedding and was part of the ceremonial wedding rite. They continue to be produced and sold in present-day China and has become a common form of accessory in .
The was also introduced in other countries, such as Japan. The also remained mainstream in China even after the growing popularity of the folding fans which originated in Japan.
Origins
The originated in China, its prototype was round silk fan which was developed in the Eastern Han dynasty which was itself developed based on the earlier Chinese fans design.
Cultural significance
Fans play a significant aspect in Chinese culture and Chinese life regarding of social identities and ranks, having functional usage such as cooling and facilitates air circulation and was used as a sartorial accessory and held an important ceremonial use. Over time, the Chinese fans have evolved in a cultural artifacts which reflects and incorporate the essence of Chinese folklore culture.
Wedding
Chinese brides also used a type of moon-shaped in traditional Chinese wedding called . The ceremonial rite of was an important ceremony in Chinese wedding: the bride would hold it in front of her face to hide her shyness, to remain mysterious, and as a way to exorcise evil spirits. After all the other wedding ceremonies were completed, such as drinking the wine, and after the groom had impressed the bride (e.g. reciting poems), the bride would then proceed in revealing her face to the groom by removing the from her face. This ceremonial rite is referred as Etiquette of removing fan; the performance of such rite can be traced back to the Tang dynasty and continued in the Song dynasty.
Design and construction
The is composed of a handle or stick with a rigid mount like a frame and a fabric whose shape will conform to the desired shape of the . Traditionally, they were made of bamboo or ivory with silk fabric, which would stretch across the rigid frame. It could be decorated with Chinese embroideries or Chinese paintings.
See also
Hanfu accessories
Traditional Chinese wedding dress
Hand fan
Gallery
Notes
References
Chinese culture
Chinese inventions
Fashion accessories
Hand tools
Chinese traditional clothing | Tuanshan | [
"Engineering"
] | 519 | [
"Human–machine interaction",
"Hand tools"
] |
71,563,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Schmalzried | Hermann Schmalzried (born January 21, 1932, in Koblenz) is a German chemist known for his work in physical chemistry, especially on the thermodynamics and kinetics of solid state chemistry.
Education and career
Schmalzried received his diploma (with a diploma thesis on the fluorescence of benzopyrene) from Theodor Förster at the University of Stuttgart and received his doctorate in 1958 at the Roentgen Institute of the University of Stuttgart with Richard Glocker (1890-1978) and was a postdoc with Carl Wagner at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, a pioneer in solid state chemistry. He habilitated in 1966 at the Leibniz University Hannover on the topic of disorder in ternary ionic crystals. In 1966, he became a full professor at the Technical University of Clausthal and in 1975 at the Leibniz University Hannover. He was Courtesy Professor at Cornell University and Schottky Professor at Stanford University.
He wrote two textbooks on chemical reactions in solids, which were internationally standard works. He also dealt with thermodynamics of solids and electrochemistry. His group worked closely with Alan Lidiard's group in England.
Honors and awards
Schmalzried received the Wilhelm Jost Memorial Medal in 1994 and the Bunsen Medal in 2013. He is "External Scientific Member" of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences, the Leopoldina, corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and member of the Academia Europaea (1989). He was awarded an honorary doctor at the University of Stuttgart in 2003.
Bibliography
Reviews
Books
References
External links
Würdigung an der Universität Stuttgart anlässlich der Ehrendoktorwürde, 2004, pdf
1932 births
Corresponding Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Members of Academia Europaea
University of Stuttgart alumni
Academic staff of the Clausthal University of Technology
German physical chemists
20th-century German chemists
People from Koblenz
Academic staff of the University of Hanover
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Solid state chemists
Living people | Hermann Schmalzried | [
"Chemistry"
] | 443 | [
"Solid state chemists"
] |
71,564,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%20Kinoshita | Kay Kinoshita is an experimental particle physicist. She is a professor at University of Cincinnati.
Kinoshita completed her undergrad studies in Physics at Harvard University in 1976 and her PhD at University of California, Berkeley in 1981. She then returned to work at Harvard, before becoming a full professor at Virginia Tech in 1993.
She is currently a professor at University of Cincinnati and was head of the Physics department 2009-2016. She is investigating topics such as dark matter.
She was a 2020 Fellow of the American Physical Society for "innovative contributions to the study of b-quarks and for leadership in accelerator searches for magnetic monopoles."
References
External links
Living people
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Cincinnati faculty
Experimental physicists
American women physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Year of birth missing (living people) | Kay Kinoshita | [
"Physics"
] | 171 | [
"Experimental physics",
"Experimental physicists"
] |
71,564,467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium%28III%29%20phosphate | Neodymium(III) phosphate is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of NdPO4.
Properties
Neodymium(III) phosphate hemihydrate can be obtained by the reaction of neodymium(III) chloride and phosphoric acid:
Its anhydrous form can be obtained by the reaction of silicon pyrophosphate (SiP2O7) and neodymium(III) fluoride.
Properties
Neodymium(III) phosphate reacts with calcium pyrophosphate to obtain Ca9Nd(PO4)7.
References
Neodymium(III) compounds
Phosphates | Neodymium(III) phosphate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 129 | [
"Salts",
"Phosphates",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
71,564,595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202663 | NGC 2663 (also known as PGC 24590) is an elliptical galaxy with a gaseous disk located in the constellation Pyxis. It is 93 million light years away from Earth. It hosts a compact central radio source and previous studies suggested that it also contains an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Although it was detected in 1886 and many observations of this galaxy have been conducted since then, many of its properties still remain unknown.
Discovery
The galaxy was discovered on 8 February 1886 by Lewis A. Swift.
Black hole
In August 2022, astronomers from the Western Sydney University discovered a black hole shooting a jet at almost the speed of light, with enormous energy. The beam length is expected to be spanning more than a million light years from end to end. The jet of matter was shooting out of NGC 2663 from a black hole at its center. The jet stream was about 50 times larger than the galaxy itself. At the time of discovery it was one of the biggest jets ever observed. The astronomers used the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's (CSIRO) super-telescope the Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder, which is a network of 36 linked radio dishes combined to form a single super telescope.
See also
List of galaxies
References
External links
Pyxis
Elliptical galaxies
2663
24590
Discoveries by Lewis Swift
Galaxies discovered in 1886 | NGC 2663 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 272 | [
"Pyxis",
"Constellations"
] |
71,564,717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huan%20Z.%20Huang | Huan Zhong Huang () is a Chinese physicist.
Huang earned a bachelor's degree at Fudan University in 1984, followed by a doctorate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1990. He began teaching at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1995. In 2012, Huang was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society, "[f]or experimental measurements of strange hadrons, in particular hyperons, and quark number scaling in nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC".
References
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Particle physicists
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Chinese physicists
Fudan University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Chinese expatriates in the United States
21st-century Chinese physicists | Huan Z. Huang | [
"Physics"
] | 158 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
71,565,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2033519 | HD 33519, also known as HR 1682, is a probable spectroscopic binary located in the southern circumpolar constellation Mensa. It is one of the stars near the limit of naked eye visibility, having an apparent magnitude of 6.28. The system is relatively far at a distance of 940 light years but is approaching with a heliocentric radial velocity of . However, this value is poorly constrained.
The visible component has a stellar classification of K5/M0 III, indicating an evolved red giant with the characteristics of a K5 and M0 giant star. At present it has 4.34 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 45.4 times its girth. It shines with a luminosity of from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it an orange-red hue when viewed in the night sky. HD 33519's metallicity, what astronomers dub as elements heavier than helium, is around solar level. Like most giants, it spins slowly, with its projected rotational velocity being lower than .
There is an 11th magnitude optical companion located away along a position angle of . It has no relation to the system, having a drastically different proper motion.
References
K-type giants
M-type giants
Mensa (constellation)
Spectroscopic binaries
Double stars
033519
023251
1682
CD-78 00190
Mensae, 19 | HD 33519 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 287 | [
"Mensa (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,566,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia%20Cenedese | Claudia Cenedese (born 1971) is an Italian physical oceanographer and applied mathematician whose research focuses on the circulation and flow of water in the ocean, and on the theoretical fluid dynamics needed to model these flows, including phenomena such as mesoscale vortices, buoyancy-driven flow, coastal currents, dense overflows, and the melting patterns of icebergs. She is a senior scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Education and career
Cenedese's father, Antonio Cenedese, is also a fluid dynamics researcher at Sapienza University of Rome, and as a child, she became fascinated by the motion of water in his experimental tanks. She earned a laurea in environmental engineering from Sapienza University in 1995, and completed a Ph.D. in applied mathematics and theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge in 1998, under the supervision of Paul Linden.
She came to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1998 as a postdoctoral scholar working with John A. Whitehead. She remained there for the rest of her career, becoming an assistant scientist in 2000 and obtaining a permanent research staff position in 2004. She was promoted to senior scientist in 2015. At Woods Hole, she established an exchange program for Italian students to visit, and has been active in mentoring women in oceanography.
Since 2015, she has also held an adjunct faculty position in the Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering of the University of Canterbury in New Zealand.
Recognition
In 2018, Cenedese was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics, "for fundamental contributions to the understanding of fluid-dynamical processes in the world's oceans, particularly turbulent entrainment into overflows and the melting of glaciers and icebergs, obtained through elegant and physically insightful laboratory experiments".
References
External links
Home page
1971 births
Living people
Physical oceanographers
Women oceanographers
Italian mathematicians
Italian women mathematicians
Applied mathematicians
Fluid dynamicists
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Italian oceanographers | Claudia Cenedese | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 436 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematicians",
"Fluid dynamicists",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
71,568,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi%20MIX%20Fold%202 | Xiaomi MIX Fold 2 is an Android-based foldable smartphone manufactured by Xiaomi. For the first time in the MIX Fold series, the phone developed in partnership with Leica camera, it was announced on August 11, 2022.
A feature of MIX Fold 2 is its thickness: 5.4 mm in the unfolded state and 11.2 mm in the folded state, in this state, its thickness is close to ordinary smartphones, and this thickness also makes it the thinnest smartphone with a foldable display after the Huawei Mate Xs 2.
Design
The external screen is made of Corning Gorilla Glass Victus. The inner screen is made of plastic Schott UTG glass. The back panel is made of glass. The ends are made of aluminum.
The main camera unit is made in the style of Redmi K50 Ultra, but it is placed in a horizontal position.
The USB-C connector, speaker and microphone are located below. On top are the second speaker, a slot for 2 SIM cards, a second microphone and an IR port. On the right side are volume buttons and a button to lock the smartphone, which has a built-in fingerprint scanner.
Xiaomi MIX Fold 2 is sold in 4 colors: Moon Shadow Black (black), Star Gold (gold), Night Black (black with matte blocks) and Moonlight Silver (silver with matte blocks).
Specifications
Platform
The smartphone received a Qualcomm Snapdragon 8+ Gen 1 processor and an Adreno 730 GPU.
Battery
MIX Fold 2 has a battery with a capacity of 4500 mAh and support for 67-watt fast charging.
Camera
The smartphone received a main triple camera of 50 MP, (wide-angle) + 8 MP, (telephoto lens) ) + 13 MP, (ultra-wide-angle) with Dual Pixel phase autofocus and the ability to record video in 8K@24fps resolution. Also, like the Xiaomi 12S line, the MIX Fold 2 received Leica optics for rear cameras, as well as additional modes. The front camera received a resolution of 20 MP (wide-angle) and the ability to record video in 1080p@60fps resolution.
Screen
The internal screen is a flexible LTPO 2.0 Eco² OLED-matrix, 8.02", 2480 × 1914 with a pixel density of 360 ppi and support for HDR10+ and Dolby Vision technologies.
The smartphone also received an external AMOLED screen, 6.56", FullHD+ 2520 × 1080 with an aspect ratio of 21:9, a display refresh rate of 120Hz, support for HDR10+ and Dolby Vision technologies, and a round cut-out for the front camera located top in the center.
Sound
The smartphone received stereo speakers developed in cooperation with Harman Kardon. Speakers are located on the upper and lower ends.
Memory
The device is sold in 12 GB/256 GB, 12 GB/515 GB and 12 GB/1 TB.
Software
The smartphone was released on MIUI Fold 13 based on Android 12. Later, it was updated to MIUI Fold 14 based on Android 13.
See also
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4
Foldable smartphone
References
Android (operating system) devices
MIX Fold 2
Foldable_smartphones
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones introduced in 2022
Discontinued flagship smartphones | Xiaomi MIX Fold 2 | [
"Technology"
] | 700 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Foldable smartphones",
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
71,570,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent%20scheduling | Talent scheduling represents a complex optimization challenge within the fields of computer science and operations research, specifically categorized under combinatorial optimization. Consider, for example, a case involving the production of multiple films, each comprising several scenes that necessitate the participation of one or more actors. Importantly, only one scene can be filmed per day, and the remuneration for the actors is calculated on a daily basis. A critical constraint in this problem is that actors must be engaged for consecutive days; for instance, an actor cannot be contracted for filming on the first and third days without also being hired on the intervening second day. Furthermore, during the entire hiring period, producers are obligated to compensate the actors, even on days when they are not actively participating in filming. The primary objective of talent scheduling is to minimize the total salary expenditure for the actors by optimizing the sequence in which scenes are filmed.
Mathematical formulation
Consider a film shoot composed of shooting days and involving a total of actors. Then we use the day out of days matrix (DODM) to represent the requirements for the various shooting days. The matrix with the entry given by:
Then we define the pay vector , with the th element given by which means rate of pay per day of the th actor. Let v denote any permutation of the n columns of , we have:
is the permutation set of the n shooting days. Then define to be the matrix with its columns permuted according to , we have:
for
Then we use and to represent denote respectively the earliest and latest days in the schedule determined by a which require actor . So we can find actor will be hired for days. But in these days, only days are actually required, which means days are unnecessary, we have:
The total cost of unnecessary days is:
will be the objective function we should minimize.
Proof of strong NP-hardness
It can be proved that the talent scheduling problem is NP-hard by a reduction to the optimal linear arrangement(OLA) problem. Even if we restrict the problem by requiring that each actor is needed for just two days and all actors' salaries are 1, it's still polynomially reducible to the OLA problem. Thus, this problem is unlikely to have pseudo-polynomial algorithm.
Integer programming
The integer programming model is given by:
In this model, means the earliest shooting day for talent , is the latest shooting day for talent , is the scheduling for the project, i.e.
References
Optimal scheduling
NP-complete problems | Talent scheduling | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 507 | [
"Optimal scheduling",
"Industrial engineering",
"Computational problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"NP-complete problems"
] |
71,570,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER%20Vulpeculae | ER Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, abbreviated ER Vul. It is a variable star system with a brightness that ranges from an apparent visual magnitude of 7.27 down to 7.49, which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This system is located at a distance of 165 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −25 km/s.
This star was observed to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary by R. J. Northcott in 1946, indicating this is a binary star system where the individual spectra of each component is visible. G. A. Bakos found it to be a candidate eclipsing binary in 1955, and orbital elements were produced in 1956. The light curve of the system showed a very short orbital period of and was found to vary continually between the minima. Both components were classified as G-type main-sequence stars.
The wavy shape of the light curve of ER Vul resembles those of a W UMa star for a detached binary, indicating that the stars are not in direct contact but are close enough to gravitationally distort their shapes. By 1967, studies showed unexplained fluctuations in the light curve. H. E. Bond in 1970 found calcium H and K lines in emission. D. S. Hall classified the ER Vul system as a short period RS Canum Venaticorum variable in 1970, based on the spectral type and emission lines. These emission lines suggest some form of chromospheric activity on the star. Dark star spots were proposed as an explanation of the intrinsic variability of these types of stars by H. M. Al-Naimiy, and ER Vul was determined to be heavily spotted.
The corona of ER Vul was found to be a strong source of soft X-rays by F. M. Walter and S. Bowyer in 1981. The eclipsing nature of the system was confirmed by T. H. Kadouri in 1981, with the primary eclipse being an occultation. Radio emission was detected with the VLA in 1992, and it was found to be one of the most luminous main-sequence stars known in that band. Due to gravitational interaction that has forced a tidal lock with their close orbit, both stars are rotating rapidly – more than 40 times the rotation rate of the Sun, which is driving their magnetic dynamo. They show the "strongest coronal and chromospheric emissions of any main-sequence G-type star".
C. İbanoğlu and associates in 1993 were able to explain the light curve of this system through a combination of "proximity effects, wavelike distortions, mutual eclipses, and short-term light fluctuations". By measuring variations in Hydrogen alpha emission, Ö. Çakırlı and associates in 2003 found that cooler secondary component is the more active of the pair. However, other observers have observed that the primary is the more active. This changeover may be the result of magnetic interaction between the stars. In 2005, E. Shkolnik and associates discovered a high-velocity stream passing between the stars toward the secondary component. This stream is creating a large active area on the companion.
References
Further reading
G-type main-sequence stars
W Ursae Majoris variables
RS Canum Venaticorum variables
Vulpecula
Durchmusterung objects
200391
103833
Vulpeculae, ER | ER Vulpeculae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 724 | [
"Vulpecula",
"Constellations"
] |
71,570,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constictic%20acid | Constictic acid is a chemical compound of the depsidone class. It was first isolated in 1968 from lichen of the genus Usnea. It has since been found in many other lichen genera including Menegazzia, Crespoa, and Xanthoparmelia.
References
Lactones
Benzaldehydes
Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
Hydroxyarenes
Methoxy compounds
Benzodioxepines
Lichen products | Constictic acid | [
"Chemistry"
] | 96 | [
"Natural products",
"Lichen products"
] |
71,570,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20in%20Middle-earth | The architecture in Middle-earth, J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world, is as varied as the Hobbit-holes of the Shire, the tree-houses of Lothlórien, the wooden halls of Rohan, and the stone dwellings and fortifications of Minas Tirith, capital of Gondor. Tolkien uses the architecture in each place, including its interior design, to provide clues to each people's character. The Hobbit Bilbo Baggins's cosy home, Bag End, described in his 1937 children's book The Hobbit, establishes the character of Hobbits as averse to travelling outside the Shire. In his fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, Lothlórien demonstrates the close integration of the Elves with their natural environment. The King of Rohan's hall, Meduseld, indicates the Rohirrim's affinity with Anglo-Saxon culture, while Gondor's tall and beautiful stone architecture was described by Tolkien as "Byzantine". In contrast, the Dark Lord Sauron and the fallen Wizard Saruman's realms are damaged lands around tall dark towers.
Makers of films set in Middle-earth have developed or modified Tolkien's indications of architecture to convey their views of the various Middle-earth peoples and their cultures. Peter Jackson created an extensive set of the Shire with multiple Hobbit-holes, a mill, and a bridge in the New Zealand countryside, used in his films of both The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, and elaborate film sets of other places in Middle-earth using bigatures and computer animation. Scholars have admired his films' effective visual interpretation of Middle-earth settings. The production design of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power has created architectures for places not seen in Jackson's films, such as Númenor and the Elvish realm of Lindon.
Tolkien's writings have spawned many imitators among fantasy authors, including of his medieval settings. Tolkien fans, too, have created a wide variety of materials and activities to immerse themselves in Middle-earth.
J. R. R. Tolkien's vision
J. R. R. Tolkien was a medievalist and a philologist as well as an author. He speaks in his lecture "On Fairy-Stories" of sub-creation, making a secondary world that is in some sense true for the reader. The Tolkien scholar Johanna Brooke comments that architecture is part of the secondary world; the more unlike the primary world's the buildings are – and Hobbit-holes are clearly unlike – the harder it is for the author to create "the inner consistency of reality". She comments that architecture in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings serves to point up where cultures are similar and where they differ, emphasising the multiculturality of Middle-earth.
The fantasy author and scholar of literature Kim Wilkins describes Tolkien's work as "the beginning ... of popular fantasy fiction, ... spawn[ing] countless imitators" among fantasy authors, including its "alternative medieval Europe" setting. She argues that the architectural setting is "a privileged aspect" of fantasy. In her view, immersive fantasy with an "incredibly detailed world" is driven primarily by "the exposition and elaboration of the setting, from which characterisation and plots specific to the setting are then generated", rather than being driven by character or plot. She cites Tolkien's description of Minas Tirith's architecture as evidently medieval:
She writes that Tolkien is here describing the city from a great distance, "zoom[ing] the reader out, suggesting the wide scope and large scale that are key pleasures of the genre." In addition, she states, Tolkien effectively creates an impression of "height and light": the city is tall, beautiful, and bright, suggesting the pride of the city and its people.
Hobbit-holes
Tolkien made his Hobbits live in holes, though these quickly turn out to be comfortable, and in the case of Bag End actually highly desirable. Hobbit-holes range from the simple underground dwellings of the poor, with a door leading into a tunnel and perhaps a window or two, up to the large and elaborate Bag End with its multiple cellars, pantries, kitchen, dining room, parlour, study, and bedrooms, with several south-facing windows looking out of The Hill across the England-like Shire. Tolkien may have based his Hobbit-holes on Iceland's turf houses, such as those at Keldur. He makes Bag End in particular a place where, in the Tolkien scholar Thomas Honegger's words, "most readers feel severely tempted to put on their imaginary slippers and settle down to a piece of cake and some tea." Honegger argues that places have a critical role in The Lord of the Rings, and the function of the safe Hobbit-hole is to establish the character of the "hol-bytlan (hole-dwellers), in the first place stationary beings who have a deep-rooted aversion against travelling outside the Shire."
While Tolkien gave descriptions of Bag End and other Hobbit buildings, and made drawings and paintings of some of them, he left room for other people, including the cartographer Karen Wynn Fonstad, to fill in the details of the buildings' architecture, such as by drawing a plan of Bag End with its many rooms for food storage, preparation, and eating. She showed her vision of its comfortable layout with its cellars and pantries, complete with multiple fireplaces and chimneys, based on but going beyond the clues given by Tolkien in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Her plan makes Bag End some long and up to wide, cut into the Hill. Honegger writes that Fonstad's work has contributed substantially to giving Middle-earth an "independent existence".
Elvish dwellings
Tolkien's 1937 painting Rivendell depicts the Elvish house in a mountainous setting with prominent cliffs. In that painting, and in sketches from different viewpoints, he shows the house, unfortified in its valley. It has a square tower with a hipped roof, beside a larger building with a pitched roof and a loggia with columns and sometimes gently curved arches; there are some outbuildings. In The Hobbit, Bilbo and the Dwarves lead their ponies down the steep path to the fast-flowing river and cross "a narrow bridge of stone without a parapet ... And so at last they all came to the Last Homely House, and found its doors flung wide." In The Lord of the Rings, Sam and Frodo experience a sizeable house, but again the outside, both the gardens and wild nature, is given prominence. The Hobbits walk "along several passages and down many steps and out into a high garden above the steep bank of the river. He found his friends sitting in a porch on the side of the house looking east. Shadows had fallen in the valley below, but there was still a light on the faces of the mountains far above. The air was warm. The sound of running and falling water was loud, and the evening was filled with a faint scent of trees and flowers, as if summer still lingered in Elrond's gardens."
Matthew T. Dickerson writes that Elrond's house in the valley of Rivendell consistently represents a sanctuary, a place that felt like home, throughout Tolkien's legendarium.
Lothlórien's city is Caras Galadhon (from galadh ("tree"). Founded by Amroth in the Third Age, deep in the forest, the city's dwellings were atop tall mallorn trees; the mallorn had been brought to that land by Galadriel. The city was "some ten miles" from the point where the rivers Silverlode and Anduin met, close to the eastern border of the realm. In the trees there were many tree-platforms, from simple guard-posts to elaborate dwellings. Stairways of ladders were built around the main trees, and at night the city was lit by "many lamps" - "green and gold and silver". The city's entrance was on the southern side.
Brooke comments that in Lothlórien, Tolkien had worked in his personal concern for nature. Further, she suggests that Lothlórien embodies the Victorian era critic John Ruskin's principles of Gothic architecture. She argues that the centrality of the mallorn tree to the Elves makes architecture hard to distinguish from nature. Further, the colours of silver and gold in the hall of Galadriel and Celeborn recall both the silver-grey of the mallorn trunks and the circle of trees "arrayed in pale gold" in Lothlórien, and the Two Trees of Valinor, with Laurelin's golden fruit and Telperion's silver flower. This in turn, she writes, implies that the Elves of Lothlórien are wholly integrated with their forest environment. In Unfinished Tales, Tolkien speaks of the mallorn grove "carpeted and roofed with gold"; Brooke writes that this mixes the lexical fields of architecture and nature description, revealing the intertwining of the two in the Elvish realm.
Dwarvish halls of stone
Tolkien depicted Moria, the central but lost capital of Middle-earth's Dwarves, as an enormous underground realm, without saying much about how it looked. He devoted considerable effort to depicting the Doors of Durin, Moria's western gate, creating both a large coloured pencil drawing of the gate's setting at the foot of blocky vertical cliffs beside the lake guarded by the Watcher in the Water, and a detailed finished ink illustration of the round-arched doors themselves, complete with Tengwar script and Dwarvish emblems.
Alan Lee went further into Moria to sketch the high halls of stone hollowed out by the Dwarves inside the Misty Mountains, with massive carved and patterned square columns supporting angled arches and soaring monolithic stone vaults.
Rohan's wooden hall
Meduseld, the Golden Hall of the Kings of Rohan, is in the centre of the town of Edoras at the top of the hill. "Meduseld", Old English for "mead hall", is meant to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric word with the same meaning. Meduseld is based on the mead hall Heorot in Beowulf; it is a large hall with a thatched roof that appears golden from far off. The walls are richly decorated with tapestries depicting the history and legends of the Rohirrim, and it serves as a house for the King and his kin, a meeting hall for the King and his advisors, and a gathering hall for ceremonies and festivities. Tolkien hints at the hall's heroic connotations by having Legolas describe Meduseld in a sentence that directly translates a line of Beowulf, "The light of it shines far over the land", representing líxte se léoma ofer landa fela.
Brooke comments that Meduseld represents "a more historical reworking of architecture", given its evident Anglo-Saxon roots, while Gondor's Minas Tirith suggests a "more classical legacy" from European history. The parallels do not imply identity: unlike the Anglo-Saxons, the society of Rohan is strongly centred on the horse, and the Rohirrim choose to fight on horseback.
Gondor's stone buildings
The capital city of Gondor was Minas Tirith. It had seven walls: each wall held a gate, and each gate faced a different direction from the next, facing alternately somewhat north or south. Each level was about higher than the one below it, and each surrounded by a high white stone wall, with the exception of the wall of the First Circle (the lowest level), which was black, built of the same material used for Orthanc. This outer wall was also the tallest, longest and strongest of the city's seven walls; it was vulnerable only to earthquakes capable of rending the ground where it stood. The Great Gate of Minas Tirith, constructed of iron and steel and guarded by stone towers and bastions, was the main gate on the first wall level of the city. Tolkien called it a "Byzantine City".
Brooke remarks that where Rohan had a long low hall, Gondor has a tall tower, suggesting defence as well as signalling architectural skill, while "its whiteness reflects the enlightened Gondorian society". As for the interiors, the nature-loving Hobbit Pippin sees the palace's "tall pillars" as being like "monoliths ...[rising] to great capitals carved in many strange figures of beasts and leaves". Brooke comments that the Hobbit recognises the carved foliage, but finds its expression in stone incongruous. As for the walls, they have no "hangings nor storied webs, nor anything of woven stuff or of wood", but only "tall images graven in cold stone". Once again, this contrasts with Meduseld's comfortable warmth, with its "many woven cloths ... hung upon the walls" telling the stories of "figures of ancient legend".
Dark towers
Tolkien's evil realms of the Dark Lord Sauron and the fallen Wizard Saruman are damaged lands around tall dark towers. Sauron's tower is Barad-dûr, in the volcanic land of Mordor; Saruman's is Orthanc, in the polluted industrial enclosure of Isengard. David Oberhelman, in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, writes that Tolkien's towers can signify creativity and the desire for transcendence and immortality: or hubris, overreach, and antagonism. He notes that there are many towers in The Silmarillion, signifying "celestial power". Such high seats are matched by the high mountain Taniquetil, where both Manwe and Varda, powerful Valar, dwell. That high place itself, Oberhelman writes, has a bright reflection in Amon Hen, the Seat of Seeing in Middle-earth, and a dark one in Barad-dûr.
Tolkien describes Barad-dûr as a "vast fortress, armoury, prison, furnace of great power". The fortress was constructed with many towers and was hidden in clouds, "rising black, blacker and darker than the vast shades amid which it stood, the cruel pinnacles and iron crown of the topmost tower of Barad-dûr." It could not be clearly seen because Sauron created shadows about himself that crept out from the tower. Frodo sees the immense tower from Amon Hen, the Hill of Seeing, as
There was a look-out post, the "Window of the Eye", at the top of Barad-dûr. This window was visible from Mount Doom where Frodo and Sam had a terrible glimpse of the Eye of Sauron. Barad-dûr's west gate is described as "huge" and the west bridge as "a vast bridge of iron."
Isengard was for most of its history a green and pleasant place, according to Tolkien, with many fruiting trees. It stood in front of Methedras, the southernmost peak of the Misty Mountains, which formed its northern wall. The rest of the perimeter consisted of a large wall, the Ring of Isengard, breached only by the inflow of the river Isen at the north-east through a portcullis, and the gate of Isengard at the south, at both shores of the river. The tower of Orthanc was built towards the end of the Second Age by men of Gondor from four many-sided columns of rock joined by an unknown process and then hardened. No known weapon could harm it. The place became evil only after Saruman took it over, filling it with pits and tunnels where his Orcs worked underground with fire and wheels. Orthanc rose to more than above the plain of Isengard, and ended in four sharp peaks. Its only entrance was at the top of a high stair, and above that was a small window and balcony.
The Tolkien scholar Charles A. Huttar called Saruman's city of Isengard an "industrial hell".
Peter Jackson's vision
Peter Jackson used elaborate sets, some constructed in New Zealand landscapes, others using "bigatures" and computer animation, to create a visual interpretation of Middle-earth that was widely admired by scholars and critics, even those otherwise hostile to his adaptation.
The scholars Steven Woodward and Kostis Kourelis write that Jackson made "aggressive use of architectural form to tell a story" in his The Lord of the Rings film series. In their view, Tolkien had omitted details of architecture; they state in terms that Jackson's "celebrated architectural vision did not take its cue from Tolkien's literary prototype", so Jackson was forced to invent his "alternate universe of intricately realized spaces and places"; they note that The Return of the King won an Oscar for its art direction. Much of the architecture was based on Alan Lee's drawings from the Centenary edition of The Lord of the Rings, supplemented by illustrations of scenes of action by John Howe. Woodward and Kourelis describe Jackson as "entirely conservative" in his architectural sets, implementing Lee's drawings as closely as possible, in striking contrast to the adventurous journeys of the characters through his wide landscapes.
On the other hand, Woodward and Kourelis state that Jackson was sensitive to Tolkien's use of "the iconicity of the image" to indicate meaning in the story. They write that the natural world and the built environment flow together, whether to convey an idyll or a nightmare. Thus,
This mirroring of psychology in architecture relies on both external form and interior design. Bag End has comfortable British vernacular wooden panelling, whereas the Elves's dwellings are designed with the intricately curving naturalism of Art Nouveau. The scholar of humanities Brian Rosebury comments that Jackson presents the Elves as sophisticated, where Tolkien made them close to nature. All the same, he writes, the film Rivendell's "architecture and ornaments are dominated by natural motifs", suggesting "integration with nature, but at one remove", something that works well for the "Portmeirion-like idyll" of the portrayed Rivendell. Rosebury describes the design as "post-Ruskinian", as in pre-Raphaelite paintings, William Morris's Arts and Crafts designs, and Art Nouveau architectural details. These differ from Tolkien's own illustrations, but in a way, Rosebury suggests, that Tolkien would have liked as it matches his dislike of industrialised manufacture. Lee's sketches of Rivendell give more detail than Tolkien's, the interior vistas structured by light and delicate curving timbers and furniture in Art Nouveau style.
The evil realms have in Woodward and Kourelis's view "the dark, metallic forms of an ultra-Gothic grotesque, invoking caves, dark pools, vaulted arches lit by firelight", suggesting torture, contrasting with Gondor's heroic "archaeological signature of medieval monuments: vast reaches of white marble, ashlar courses, draftsman’s elevations." They comment that "without [the] deployment of an architectural typology [for Minas Tirith], the exact nature of the conflict in Middle Earth would likely remain unclear." Finally, Rohan's Golden Hall of Meduseld has "lavishly decorated stables befit[ting a] horse-based culture", made grand with "Celtic gold ornamentation" and horse motifs; Lee based his drawings on the mead-hall Heorot in Beowulf.
Woodward and Kourelis end by quoting Tolkien's description in his 1936 lecture "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" of the "historical space" in Beowulf, stating that it could unreservedly be applied to the extraordinary spatial vision of Jackson's films:
J. D. Payne and Patrick McCoy's vision
The showrunners J. D. Payne and Patrick McKay developed and produced The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. The series is based on clues in The Lord of the Rings about events set mainly in the earlier Second Age. Middle-earth locations used include a port in the island Kingdom of the Men of Númenor – recalling the legend of Atlantis in being lost beneath the waves at the end of the Second Age; and the Elvish realm of Lindon, all that was left of the Elvish region of Beleriand, destroyed at the end of the First Age. Payne and McKay created architectures to help to convey the character of each race involved in the story. Howe prepared 40 sketchbooks full of drawings for the project.
The Númenor set was described as "an entire seaside city" with buildings, alleyways, shrines, graffiti, and a ship docked at the harbour. The production designer Ramsey Avery used different styles for each location: Númenor's "looming marble structures" were inspired by Ancient Greece and Venice, while he used the colour blue to reflect the culture's emphasis on water and sailing; Lindon was inspired by Gothic architecture, with "tree-like columns and arboreal details" to reflect the Elves' love of nature.
References
Primary
Secondary
Sources
Themes of The Lord of the Rings
Architecture | Architecture in Middle-earth | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,438 | [
"Construction",
"Architecture"
] |
71,571,688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamphospora%20nymphaeae | The Rhamphosporaceae is a family of fungi in the division Basidiomycota and order of Doassansiales. The monotypic family only contains 1 genus; Rhamphospora and just 1 species, Rhamphospora nymphaeae .
History
In 1888, Surgeon Major David Douglas Cunningham MD (1843–1914, who was the Special assistant to the Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of India), was also the mycologist who originally found and described the fungus (both the genus and single species). It was found on the leaves of Nymphaea stellata, Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea rubra, in West Bengal, India.
The genus of Rhamphospora was named after the beak or bill (of a bird Ramphocelus) known from Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico because of the beak-shaped appendages of its spores (Ancient greek rhamphos, ().
The monotypic family of Rhamphosporaceae was published later, by R. Bauer & Oberw. in 1997.
It is also known and classified as a smut fungi.
Description
Rhamphospora nymphaeae has sori in living leaf and stem tissues, which are scattered or gregarious and are yellowish brown or later they become reddish brown. The sori form ovoid or irregular shaped spots, about 1–7 mm long and they become larger by cell fusion.
The solitary spores, become embedded in the host tissues, they are ellipsoidal but rarely broadly ellipsoidal or subglobose in shape. They have an with an apical papilla (which is 0.5–1.5 μm high).
The hyphae is intracellular (occurring inside the cell) and the haustoria is present.
The teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) are formed individually and are usually lemon-shaped, hyaline or pale yellow, and smooth or finely verruculose (have a surface covered with tiny wart-like protuberances).
The teliospores are formed on the branches of fertile hyphae and germinating directly to form basidia (spore-producing structures).
The basidia are filiform (thread-like shape), or cylindrical (in form), septate (divided into cells) with an apical cluster of 4–6 four celled fertile branches, which each give rise to 2–3 basidiospores (sexual spores).
They are produced subterminally, beaked, promycelium consisting of a long germinal tube with terminal branches bearing apical sporida.
The ramified basidiospores of Rhamphospora nymphaeae have enlarged surfaces, which could be used for dispersal in water.
Distribution
It has a widespread distribution, in north temperate and neotropic zones. Including places such as (in North America); Canada (in the Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Québec), USA (in the states of Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma and Wisconsin). In Central America, within Costa Rica, and Cuba. In Europe, within the countries of Finland, France, Germany, Romania, Switzerland and the UK. In Asia, within Japan, Korea, China and India, and also in Australasia, within New Zealand.
Hosts
Rhamphospora nymphaeae causes necrotic stem and leaf spots on members of the Nymphaeaceae family in freshwater habitats. Such as Nuphar advena (syn Nymphaea advena), Nymphaea alba, Nymphaea ampla, Nymphaea odorata (syn Nymphaea reniformis), Nymphaea stellata, Nymphaea tetragona, and Nymphaea tuberosa
It is also found on various genera of freshwater Castalia (now considered a synonym of Nymphaea).
Nymphaea tetragona was recorded as host plant of this smut fungus from Japan in 1953.
References
Ustilaginomycotina
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Fungi described in 1888
Fungus species | Rhamphospora nymphaeae | [
"Biology"
] | 898 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,571,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda%20Doradus | Lambda Doradus (Lambda Dor), Latinized from λ Doradus, is a solitary yellow hued star located in the southern constellation Dorado. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.13, making it faintly visible to the naked eye if viewed under ideal conditions. Parallax measurements place the star at a distance of 551 light years, and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
Lambda Dor has a stellar classification of either G6 or G8 III, depending on the source. Nevertheless, both indicate that it is a red giant, and it is currently on the red giant branch fusing hydrogen in a shell outside a helium core. At present it has 3.82 times the mass of the Sun and at an age of 258 million years, it has expanded to a radius of . It radiates at over 250 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . Lambda Dor is slightly metal deficient, with an iron abundance 12% below solar levels. It currently spins with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
G-type giants
Dorado
Doradus, Lambda
Doradus, 23
PD-59 00472
036189
025429
1836 | Lambda Doradus | [
"Astronomy"
] | 254 | [
"Dorado",
"Constellations"
] |
71,572,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passau%20Glass%20Museum | The Passau Glass Museum has the largest collections in the world of European art glass, Bohemian glass, and glass made by Johann Loetz. The museum is listed as a "Nationally Valuable Cultural Property".
It is located at Schrottgasse 2, D-94032 on the Rathaus or town hall square in the old town of Passau. It is connected to the Hotel Wilder Mann.
The museum was founded by Georg Hoeltl. It covers five floors across four buildings which have been joined together. The top floor, the size of a soccer field, is the first exhibition hall. Hoeltl also owns the Hotel Wilder Mann, to which the museum is attached.
The museum was opened on March 15, 1985, with US astronaut Neil Armstrong as the guest of honor.
The museum's collection of European art glass includes over 30,000 pieces, 13,000 of which are on display. It includes the largest collection in the world of Bohemian glass from Bohemia and Silesia. The areas were rich in silica, limestone, potash and other materials used in making high quality glass. Bohemian glass was made in different styles and often involves crystal engraving, hand enameling, and iridescence. The Passau Glass Museum also includes the largest collection of glass made by Johann Loetz, a Bohemian glassmaker whose highly iridescent work rivals that of Louis Comfort Tiffany.
The museum documents the history of glass in 25 rooms spanning 1650 to 1950: 1650 being considered a starting point for glass making as an art form in Europe. Among the rooms are exhibits on the Baroque era (1590-1750),
the Empire periods (1650 - 1820),
the Biedermeier period (mid-1800s),
Classicism,
the Historicism period (1850-1895),
the Johann Loetz workshop (1880-1940),
Ludwig Moser & Sons,
Art Nouveau,
Art Deco and
Modern art styles.
References
Museums in Germany
Glass museums and galleries
History of glass
Museums established in 1985 | Passau Glass Museum | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 406 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass museums and galleries"
] |
71,572,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z.%20Jane%20Wang | Zheng Jane Wang is a Chinese and American physicist known for her research on insect flight. She is a professor of physics and of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Cornell University.
Education and career
Wang studied physics at Fudan University, graduating in 1989, and completed a Ph.D. in physics at the University of Chicago in 1997.
After postdoctoral research at the University of Oxford and the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, she became an assistant professor at Cornell University in 1999, in the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. She was promoted to associate professor in 2004, and moved to mechanical and aerospace engineering as a full professor in 2009. In 2011 she added an affiliation as a professor of physics.
Recognition
Wang was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2014, after a nomination from the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics, "for fundamental contributions to our understanding of insect flight through simulations of hovering, elucidation of unsteady forces, development of computational tools, and analyses of flight efficiency, stability, and control". She was given a Simons Fellowship in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics in 2020.
A chamber music album by Elena Ruehr, Jane Wang Considers the Dragonfly, is named for Wang.
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American physicists
American women physicists
Chinese physicists
Chinese women physicists
Fluid dynamicists
American aerospace engineers
American women engineers
Chinese aerospace engineers
Women aerospace engineers
Fudan University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Cornell University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
20th-century Chinese women engineers
21st-century Chinese women engineers
20th-century Chinese engineers
21st-century Chinese engineers | Z. Jane Wang | [
"Chemistry"
] | 331 | [
"Fluid dynamicists",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
47,435,441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Oxtoby | John C. Oxtoby (1910–1991) was an American mathematician. In 1936, he graduated with a Master of Science in Mathematics from Harvard University. He was Professor of Mathematics at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania from 1939 until his retirement in 1979.
Works
References
External links
20th-century American mathematicians
1910 births
1991 deaths
Bryn Mawr College faculty
Measure theorists
Category theorists
American topologists
Harvard University alumni | John C. Oxtoby | [
"Mathematics"
] | 82 | [
"Category theorists",
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory"
] |
47,435,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20McLenaghan | Raymond George McLenaghan (born 14 April 1939) is a Canadian theoretical physicist and mathematician. With Carminati, he is known for Carminati–McLenaghan invariants.
Notes
External links
1939 births
Canadian mathematicians
Canadian physicists
Relativity theorists
Theoretical physicists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Living people | Raymond McLenaghan | [
"Physics"
] | 63 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists",
"Relativity theorists",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
47,436,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s%20wine | Noah's wine is a colloquial allusion meaning alcoholic beverages. The advent of this type of beverage and the discovery of fermentation are traditionally attributed, by explication from biblical sources, to Noah. The phrase has been used in both fictional and nonfictional literature.
Definition and origin
In the Bible, the few chapters that come between the creation of Adam and the birth of Noah contain no mention of alcoholic drinks. After the account of the great flood, the biblical Noah is said to have cultivated a vineyard, made wine, and become intoxicated. Thus, the discovery of fermentation is traditionally attributed to Noah because this is the first time alcohol appears in the Bible. Noah's wine has been described as a "pleasant relief for man from the toilsome work of the crop".
There is debate as to whether certain references to wine in the Bible are actually to a non-intoxicating substance, but, at least in this passage, the Bible states Noah became drunk ( yiškār) after consuming wine ( yayin). It has been suggested that Noah's wine must have been drugged as it could not have been strong enough to cause him to become intoxicated. Rabbinic literature goes as far as to suggest that the grape vine-branch had its origins with Adam, and that Satan, along with fertilization using animal blood, played a part in the production of the wine. It blames those factors (especially the latter two) for the aforementioned potency of the wine.
From a biblical view, fermented beverages presumably spread throughout the world after Noah's supposed discovery, as alcoholic beverages are historically widespread. Some climates are not suited for the growing of grapes; hence it is purported that humanity was led to discover other means (e.g. beer) of not simply satisfying thirst but also stimulating the mind.
Description and usage
A journal, at the end of the nineteenth century published the following: "Man has been defined, perhaps somewhat crudely, says Food and Cookery, as an animal that prefers a properly cooked meal to raw food, and Noah's wine to Adam's ale."
Madeleine L'Engle used the term in her 1986 novel, Many Waters, and David Garnett used the phrase in his 1963 novel, Two by Two: A Story of Survival. Elizabeth Barrett Browning's 1856 epic poem, Aurora Leigh has the following lines: "For everywhere/ We're too materialistic,—eating clay,/ (Like men of the west) instead of Adam's corn/ And Noah's wine."
A work criticizing drunkenness from 1899 states:
Noah survived one flood, only to be the source of another; a flood that for its disastrous results and heartrending consequences has outrivaled the flood of his preserver, for the sparkling, crimson fluid from Noah's wine press has ... [been the cause] of misery [for] millions of helpless, struggling, pitiful human objects, carrying them on and on to an ocean of woe—to a deep, dark sea of oblivion.
See also
Adam's ale – a term that refers to water
Noah's Ark – the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative
Alcohol in the Bible
References
English words and phrases
Noah
Alcoholic drinks
Religion and alcohol
Fermented drinks | Noah's wine | [
"Biology"
] | 678 | [
"Fermented drinks",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
47,438,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20video | A vertical video is a video created either by a camera or computer that is intended for viewing in portrait mode, producing an image that is taller than it is wide. It thus sits in opposition to the multiple horizontal formats normalised by cinema and television, which trace their lineage from the proscenium theatre, Western landscape painting traditions, and human visual field.
Vertical video has historically been shunned by professional video creators because it does not fit the aspect ratio of established moving image forms, such as film and television, as well as newer web-based video players such as YouTube, meaning that black spaces appeared on either side of the image. However, the popularity of mobile video apps such as Snapchat and especially TikTok, which use the more mobile-friendly portrait format, have led to an increase in the production of vertical videos by advertising companies.
History
Historical uses
Vertical filmmaking has aesthetic roots reaching back at least to the tall painted frescoes and stained-glass windows of Christian churches. The world’s first moving images of a cat (Falling Cat, Étienne-Jules Marey, 1894) were shot vertically. When the first motion picture screenings were held in 1895, however, the format was standardised horizontally (though at 4:3 aspect ratio, the images were closer to a square format than to widescreen). Noting that the new cinematic art had taken on the old strictures of the theatre, on 17 September 1930 Russian filmmaker and theorist Sergei Eisenstein addressed the Technicians Branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Hollywood, calling for a cinema screen of variable aspect ratio (a "dynamic square"), one which would be able to cope with whatever compositional format the filmmaker chose, including a vertical framing. He lost the argument to a screen format standardised at a new Academy ratio (1.375:1) and vertical filmmaking has largely remained confined to experimental artists of the Expanded Cinema movement, which flourished during the 1960s and 70s. It also made appearances in various World's Fair films such as In the Labyrinth in Montréal in 1967.
If artists working with cinematic film were constrained by physical limitations from tipping the apparatus, the video medium made rotating the camera and/or projector somewhat easier. Artist Bill Viola frequently employs tall-screen video. In 1984, musician and artist Brian Eno created Thursday Afternoon, a series of "video paintings" presented in vertical format.
The 2005 music video for Imogen Heap's song "Hide and Seek" was shot by Joel Peissig in portraiture, one of the first music videos in this format. He felt that the vertical frame "complimented her face and her solitude"; as he used 35 mm film to shoot the music video, he also noticed that putting the camera on its side produced better-looking light streaks.
Indian composer and record producer A. R. Rahman's 2007 international single Pray for Me Brother, that was an initiative by Nokia Corporation, was then released as a vertical video. The song was conceived as an anti-poverty anthem for the Millennium Goals for the United Nations.
By 2013, a number of independent film and video makers had made the creative jump to vertical formats for narrative films despite the limitations of using professional capture and projection apparatuses in vertical orientation. The first festival of specially commissioned tall-screen films, Sonic Acts' Vertical Cinema, was screened at Kontraste Dark As Light Festival in Austria in October 2013; whilst the world's first open competition for vertical film and video, the Vertical Film Festival was held one year later in Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia. Both organisations project onto large-format vertical cinema screens in suitably tall-roofed venues, but there have also been a number of online initiatives to encourage filmmakers to explore the creative potential of the vertical frame, as well as dedicated groups and channels on Vimeo. Similar exhibits took place in March 2015 at South by Southwest in Austin, Texas and in November 2016 at the Vertifilms festival in Prague.
Embrace of vertical video
Vertical video has presented significant challenges to video publishers, as many of them have been traditionally geared for horizontal video. In October 2015, social video platform Grabyo, which is used by major sports federations such as La Liga and the National Hockey League (NHL), launched technology to help video publishers adapt horizontal 16:9 video into mobile formats such as vertical and square.
Mary Meeker, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report - growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like Snapchat's are watched in their entirety nine times more than landscape video ads. Snapchat, DMG Media and WPP plc formed a content marketing agency called Truffle Pig in June 2015 that would be focused on creating content for vertical screens. By 2015, vertical video was rapidly supported by many major social platforms including Facebook and Twitter. YouTube introduced a vertical video viewing format compatible with mobile screens for Android in 2015; the new format was rolled out to all mobile devices two years later.
By the late 2010s, many online video platforms began embracing the use of vertical video due to the growing use of mobile devices. In 2018, Instagram launched a vertical video application, IGTV. The same year, YouTube introduced the capability for vertical video without black bars on its desktop website and in social media embeds. YouTube also unveiled a new vertical video ad format in 2018, saying "more than 70 percent of YouTube watch time happens on mobile devices". In March 2018, streaming media company Netflix announced the introduction of vertically-oriented 30-second previews of shows and movies to its platform; the company also cited the use of mobile devices as inspiration. Vertical video has become more commonly used by news media, both for organizational social media profiles and increasingly on their own websites.
Capitalizing on the rise of smartphones, whose default orientation is vertical, some music artists began releasing platform-exclusive vertical music videos. These vertical videos are often shown on Snapchat's "Discover" section or within Spotify playlists.
See also
Pillarbox – A visual effect which is often how vertical videos are rendered on television programming either on non-fiction news or magazine programming, or fictionalized to show a phone interface or camera image on-screen
References
Mobile content
Articles containing video clips
Film and video technology | Vertical video | [
"Technology"
] | 1,302 | [
"Mobile content"
] |
47,438,571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20of%20the%20Total%20Environment | Science of the Total Environment is a weekly international peer-reviewed scientific journal covering environmental science. It was established in 1972 and is published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are Damià Barceló (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Jay Gan (University of California, Riverside) and Philip Hopke (University of Rochester).
Controversies
The October 2020 article suggesting that amulets may prevent COVID-19 has been met with skepticism even among the listed coauthors. As of November 2020, the article was under "temporary removal". It was later withdrawn at the request of the authors. The editor in-chief, Damià Barceló, was implicated in a €70,000 per year scheme to publish articles under the affiliation of King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Such schemes are employed to boost a university's rankings and are considered unethical by academics.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 8.2. , the journal's indexation in the Science Citation Index Expanded is "on hold" and pending re-evaluation, with Web of Science citing the concerns on "the quality of the content published in this journal" as a reason for the suspension.
References
External links
Environmental science journals
Academic journals established in 1972
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Weekly journals
Academic controversies | Science of the Total Environment | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 297 | [
"Environmental science journals"
] |
47,439,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20roseopurpureum | Penicillium roseopurpureum is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces Carviolin.
References
Further reading
roseopurpureum
Fungi described in 1901
Fungus species | Penicillium roseopurpureum | [
"Biology"
] | 47 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,439,851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selberg%27s%20identity | In number theory, Selberg's identity is an approximate identity involving logarithms of primes named after Atle Selberg. The identity, discovered jointly by Selberg and Paul Erdős, was used in the first elementary proof for the prime number theorem.
Statement
There are several different but equivalent forms of Selberg's identity. One form is
where the sums are over primes p and q.
Explanation
The strange-looking expression on the left side of Selberg's identity is (up to smaller terms) the sum
where the numbers
are the coefficients of the Dirichlet series
This function has a pole of order 2 at s = 1 with coefficient 2, which gives the dominant term 2x log(x) in the asymptotic expansion of
Another variation of the identity
Selberg's identity sometimes also refers to the following divisor sum identity involving the von Mangoldt function and the Möbius function when :
This variant of Selberg's identity is proved using the concept of taking derivatives of arithmetic functions defined by in Section 2.18 of Apostol's book (see also this link).
References
Prime numbers
Mathematical identities | Selberg's identity | [
"Mathematics"
] | 237 | [
"Algebra",
"Prime numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical identities",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
47,441,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20compactification | In algebraic geometry, a tropical compactification is a compactification (projective completion) of a subvariety of an algebraic torus, introduced by Jenia Tevelev. Given an algebraic torus and a connected closed subvariety of that torus, a compactification of the subvariety is defined as a closure of it in a toric variety of the original torus. The concept of a tropical compactification arises when trying to make compactifications as "nice" as possible. For a torus and a toric variety , the compactification is tropical when the map
is faithfully flat and is proper.
See also
Tropical geometry
GIT quotient
Chow quotient
Toroidal embedding
References
Compactification | Tropical compactification | [
"Mathematics"
] | 152 | [
"Algebra stubs",
"Algebra"
] |
47,441,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena%20de%20Galantha | Elena de Galantha (24 November 1890 – 5 January 1986) was an Austro-Hungarian histologist. She is considered a pioneer in the field of modern histology and known for the de Galantha technique and the de Galantha stain.
Life and times
Madame Elena Fekete de Galantha was born on 24 November 1890 in Pozsony County, Hungary an heir to the Magyar nobility, daughter of Count Johan Alexander Fekete and Amelia (von Krompholtz) de Galantha. Her family was killed in World War I when the Russian army overtook Hungary.
Her great grandfather was Regent to Queen Maria Theresa of Austria and her great uncle proclaimed the youthful Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary in 1848. de Galantha died at Worcester Memorial Hospital on 5 January 1986 and is buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Leominster, Worcester County, Massachusetts.
From Hungary to New York
From an early age de Galantha dreamed of the pursuit of being a physician and to follow in the footsteps of her great-uncle, Professor Hermann Nothnagel, a well-known surgeon of Vienna. As the daughter and granddaughter of army generals there seemed to be no obstacles in her way. She attended the University of Vienna in Austria, pursuing studies in medicine. Then World War I (1914-1918) broke out and her life changed dramatically. The plans for additional college education and a medical career ended. de Galantha's father returned to serve in the army and was killed when the Russian Army invaded Hungary. Her mother turned to nursing the sick and wounded and died during the War. She lost her parents, her home and everything that mattered. de Galantha sought refuge in Fiume and eventually fled to New York City in 1922.
New York
In New York, de Galantha made contact with someone she had met in Vienna and who happened to be a staff physician at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. She landed a job as hospital ambulance driver.
Mayo Clinic
In February 1938, de Galantha resided at 225 4th Avenue South West in Rochester, Minnesota. She had moved to Minnesota and achieved the position as head of the Histology Laboratory at the Mayo Clinic in the pathology laboratory where she remained for 13 years. At Mayo, she mentored and trained young women to become laboratory assistants at Mayo and trained women at hospitals and clinics around the country. In addition, her travels to hospitals and laboratories across the country allowed her access to new techniques, methods and ideas in microscopy and histology.
de Galantha technique and de Galantha stain
At Mayo, de Galantha developed several novel methods and techniques in the field of histology. The de Galantha technique and the de Galantha stain bear her name for this work. The methods, techniques and stain she developed are well-known and utilized in histology and other fields of pathology to this day.
Houston
In September 1943, de Galantha moved to Houston, Texas and secured a medical technologist position performing histopathological research at Baylor Medical College in the laboratory of Dr. Anthony A. Pearson, professor of anatomy. She handled microscopic samples for the departments of anatomy and histology.
Private life
De Galantha, in her private life, was known as Mrs. Eugene E. Howard. She became a U.S. citizen in 1930. While in New York City, she studied fine arts at Columbia University and had an interior decorating business. In 1929 Elena de Galantha had an apartment in Manhattan in New York City and managed an upscale costume and clothier business whose clients were the social elite. Her talent and skill permitted her to design costumes, contribute to the decoration of the shop and duties included customer service, all with low pay. One day when the shop owner asked her to scrub the shop floors, she refused and quit. This left her without a job. She related this story to the reporter: "without a trace of bitterness in her softly modulated voice."
Select publications
de Galantha, Elena; "Modified silver stain for Treponema pallidum", American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2:63, 1932
de Galantha, Elena; "Technic for preservation and microscopic demonstration of nodules in gout", American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 5:165, 1935
de Galantha, Elena; "A new stain for connective tissue, mucin, and allied substances", American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 6:196-197, 1936
de Galantha, Elena; "Improved method for rapid decalcification", American Journal of Clinical Pathology, (Tech. Supp.), 7(May):10-11, 1937
de Galantha, Elena; "Reticulum silver impregnation for old formaldehyde-fixed tissue", Archives of Pathology, 47(3):301-301, 1949
References
1890 births
1986 deaths
Baylor College of Medicine physicians and researchers
Mayo Clinic people
Histologists
Microscopists
University of Vienna alumni
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Hungarian scientists | Elena de Galantha | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,040 | [
"Microscopists",
"Microscopy"
] |
47,441,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20Robert%20Wieser | C. Robert Wieser (January 19, 1919 – March 1, 2011) qualified from MIT as an electrical engineer and later became a developer of electrical and computing technology. He was especially and particularly noted for having contributed to the development of the Cape Cod Air Defense system (Cape Cod Air Force Station) and SAGE system.
Wieser directed the first successful testing of the technology necessary for the creation of an airborne interception system (using radar and computers), which from this embryonic state, would later develop into the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system (SAGE). The SAGE system led to the development of technology known as packet switching, which contributed directly, from being a composite element of technology, to the creation of the ARPANET and ultimately the Internet.
Short biography
Wieser was born Charles Robert Wieser in New Rochelle, New York on January 19, 1919.
The following information shows a biographical history of C. Robert Wieser made using three sources:
1940 - graduated from MIT with a Bachelor in Science in Electrical Engineering and a Masters of Science in the subject Electrical Engineering.
from 1940 to 1942 - worked for the Boston Edison Company.
worked for MIT Servornechanisms Laboratory, developing the application of the Whirlwind I to air traffic control and subsequently to air defence usage (circa 1949).
1951 - joined the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, where he was leader of a group developing the Cape Cod Air Defense Direction Center, and involved in the preparation of the operational and mathematical specifications for the SAGE air defence system. Later he was appointed as head, assistant director, and finally as deputy director of the Systems Division.
1968 - was employed at the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
1971 - appointed as director of the Advanced Weapons Programs within the Douglas Astronautics Company.
1982 - vice president and general manager of the Western Division of Physical Dynamics, Inc., RES Operations
1985 - Director of Engineering at Science Applications International Corporation (Newport Beach, California).
Wieser died on March 1, 2011, aged 92.
See also
Jay Forrester
J. C. R. Licklider
References
External links
Paul N. Edwards - The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America MIT Press 1997 (reprint, revised) Inside technology, 440 pages,
Electronics engineers
Radar pioneers
1919 births
2011 deaths
MIT Lincoln Laboratory people | C. Robert Wieser | [
"Engineering"
] | 473 | [
"Electronics engineers",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
47,442,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnellum%20rickeri | Hydnellum rickeri is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in North America, it was described as new to science in 1913 by mycologist Howard James Banker from collections made in Orono, Maine. It is named after botanist Percy L. Ricker, who collected the type specimen. Fruit bodies are dingy brown to olive-colored, and have a strong, spicy odor (somewhat resembling melilot) that persists after they have dried.
References
External links
Fungi described in 1913
Fungi of North America
Inedible fungi
rickeri
Fungus species | Hydnellum rickeri | [
"Biology"
] | 117 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,443,627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus%20helenae | Suillus helenae is a species of bolete fungus in the genus Suillus. Found in the United States, it was described as new to science in 1974 by mycologists Harry Delbert Thiers and Alexander H. Smith. The type collection was made in Oregon, where the fungus was found fruiting in dense clusters under Pinus contorta. Fruitbodies have conical to bell-shaped caps measuring in diameter. The stipe, which measures long by thick, has glandular dots on its yellowish surface. The spore print is brown; spores are thin-walled, ellipsoid to somewhat cylindrical, with dimensions of 6.5–9.5 by 2.8–4.0 μm.
References
External links
helenae
Fungi of the United States
Fungi described in 1974
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status
Fungus species | Suillus helenae | [
"Biology"
] | 173 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,444,072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%2C6-Dihydroxycytosine | 5,6-Dihydroxycytosine (Isouramil) can be formed from treatment of DNA with osmium tetroxide.
References
DNA
Biochemistry
Pyrimidinediones | 5,6-Dihydroxycytosine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 41 | [
"Organic compounds",
"nan",
"Biochemistry",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
47,445,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs%20of%20homozygosity | Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are contiguous lengths of homozygous genotypes that are present in an individual due to parents transmitting identical haplotypes to their offspring.
The potential of predicting or estimating individual autozygosity for a subpopulation is the proportion of the autosomal genome above a specified length, termed Froh.
A research study in UK Biobank, All of Us and Million Veteran Program found that FROH declines over time.
Usage
This technique can be used to identify the genomic footprint of inbreeding in conservation programs, as organisms that have undergone recent inbreeding will exhibit long runs of homozygosity. For example, the step-wise reintroduction strategy of the Alpine Ibex in the Swiss Alps created several strong population bottlenecks that reduced the genetic diversity of the newly introduced individuals. The effect of inbreeding in the resulting sub-populations could be studied by measuring the runs of homozygosity in different individuals.
In clinical laboratory testing, the detection of ROH in itself does not indicate a particular genetic disorder but indicates an increased risk of autosomal recessive inherited diseases. As ROHs smaller than 3 Mb spread throughout the genome are common even in outbred populations, these segments were usually thought to not be important enough to report. Large ROH can be indicative of uniparental isodisomy with follow-up testing to rule out false positives, there is currently no consistent reporting standards among different laboratories.
ROH can be used to detect the possibility of incest in humans.
References
DNA sequencing | Runs of homozygosity | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 326 | [
"Molecular biology techniques",
"DNA sequencing"
] |
51,531,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelamraju%20Ganga%20Prasada%20Rao | Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao (5 September 1927 – 27 July 2016) was an Indian geneticist and plant breeder, known for his efforts in developing hybrid varieties of sorghum, which earned him the moniker, the Father of Hybrid Sorghum. He was the vice chancellor of Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University and chaired the Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. He was a recipient of several national honors including Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award and the VASVIK Industrial Research Award. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1966, for his contributions to biological sciences.
Biography
N. G. Prasada Rao was born on 5 September 1927 in Korisapadu, Madras Presidency, British India and he graduated in agriculture (BSc) with second rank from Agricultural College, Bapatla, then affiliated to Andhra University (presently affiliated to Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University). After completing his master's degree at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute with a first rank, he secured his PhD from Bihar University in 1958 after which Chandrasekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology awarded him the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc). His career started as a lecturer at Osmania University but later joined the Indian Agricultural Research Institute as a plant breeder for sorghum where he served for a number of years as a coordinator of All India Sorghum Improvement Project, head of IARI Hyderabad station and as a Professor of Eminence. During his tenure at IARI, he also served as a faculty member at the College of Agriculture, Hyderabad and at IARI campus in New Delhi. Later he also worked as a Sorghum breeder with International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in West Africa before serving as the vice chancellor of Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, and was associated with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as a consultant.
Rao was known to have done extensive researches in breeding hybrid varieties of sorghum and his efforts were reported to have assisted in the development of three new varieties, CSH-1, CSH-2 and CSH-9, which returned high yield levels. It also helped the kharif cultivation in the arid areas of India and West Africa, in making sorghum a popular crop, comparable to rice and wheat and in the development of hybrid seed industry in India. He proposed new cropping techniques and his efforts also contributed to the development of other crops such as cotton, red gram and castor. His researches have been documented in over 200 papers published by him in peer reviewed journals. He was associated with Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding and the Society for Millets Improvement and presided over both the societies.
Rao took ill in 2016 and after a short period of illness, died on 27 July 2016, at the age of 88, in Hyderabad.
Awards and honors
The Indian National Science Academy elected Rao as their fellow in 1979, followed by the National Academy of Sciences, India, in 1988. He was also an elected fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences. He received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1966, the same year as he received the C. Subramaniam Gold Medal. He received the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in 1974 and the VASVIK Industrial Research Award in 1979. The Government of Andhra Pradesh honored him with two awards, the Atma Gaurav Award in 2003, and the Distinguished Agricultural Scientist Award in 2008. Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University has instituted an annual award in his honor, for recognizing academic excellence at graduate level courses.
See also
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
References
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science
1927 births
2016 deaths
People from Prakasam district
Telugu people
Andhra University alumni
Academic staff of Osmania University
Food and Agriculture Organization officials
Indian geneticists
Plant breeding
Indian agriculturalists
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India
Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Heads of universities and colleges in India
Scientists from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian botanists
Indian officials of the United Nations | Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao | [
"Chemistry"
] | 923 | [
"Plant breeding",
"Molecular biology"
] |
51,531,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonadiabatic%20transition%20state%20theory | Nonadiabatic transition state theory (NA-TST) is a powerful tool to predict rates of chemical reactions from a computational standpoint. NA-TST has been introduced in 1988 by Prof. J.C. Lorquet. In general, all of the assumptions taking place in traditional transition state theory (TST) are also used in NA-TST but with some corrections. First, a spin-forbidden reaction proceeds through the minimum energy crossing point (MECP) rather than through transition state (TS). Second, unlike TST, the probability of transition is not equal to unity during the reaction and treated as a function of internal energy associated with the reaction coordinate. At this stage non-relativistic couplings responsible for mixing between states is a driving force of transition. For example, the larger spin-orbit coupling at MECP the larger the probability of transition. NA-TST can be reduced to the traditional TST in the limit of unit probability.
References
Chemical physics | Nonadiabatic transition state theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 205 | [
"nan",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Chemical physics"
] |
51,533,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servel | Servel was an American manufacturer of heating and cooling appliances, founded in 1922.
Founded by Colonel William McCurdy to produce refrigerators and named National Electric Products Company, the company adapted and shortened the name "Servel" from their slogan, "Serving Electricity." In 1925, the company bought American rights to a Swedish patent for a continuous absorption refrigerator and started to focus on the gas refrigeration market. The new model was available to consumers in 1926, and Servel quickly came to dominate the gas refrigerator market, its competition having all but disappeared within a few years. From 1927 until 1956, when it ceased producing them, it was the only American manufacturer of gas refrigerators.
In 1939, Servel (then Electrolux-Servel) exhibited its residential gas air conditioner at the New York World's Fair. The exhibit, called "Magic Caves of Ice", was staged in the "Court of Flame", a building dedicated to promoting the gas industry.
As the United States entered World War II, Servel shifted its manufacturing to support the war effort. In addition to cooking units and munitions, Servel built wings for the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. By the end of the war, they had produced over 6,000 pairs of wings for the US Air Force fighters.
Starting in 1949, National Electric started receiving classified research and development contracts for the government, resulting in the production of rockets and guided missiles, JATO, and sustainer motor bodies for U.S. missiles and rockets, particularly the Nike family of guided missiles.
In 1991, the company's remaining brands and manufacturing facilities were sold to Robur Group, an Italian manufacturer.
References
1922 establishments in Indiana
Electrical engineering companies
Manufacturing companies established in 1922
Manufacturing companies based in Indiana
Companies based in Evansville, Indiana
1991 disestablishments in Indiana
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1991
Defunct companies based in Indiana | Servel | [
"Engineering"
] | 386 | [
"Electrical engineering organizations",
"Electrical engineering companies",
"Engineering companies"
] |
51,534,054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEOStar-1 | The GEOStar-1 is a communications satellite spacecraft model made by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems in the late 1990s for telecommunications in geosynchronous orbit. The GEOStar-1 satellite bus is designed for a 15-year mission and was compatible with the Ariane 4, Ariane 5, Delta II, Proton (rocket family), and Long March (rocket family).
Satellite Orders
References
Satellite buses
Orbital Sciences Corporation | GEOStar-1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 89 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Spacecraft stubs"
] |
51,534,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMM-101 | IMM-101 is an immunomodulatory drug that is being studied to see if it is useful in chemotherapy. It consists of heat-killed Mycobacterium obuense bacteria. It may have relatively few side effects compared to other drugs.
References
Experimental cancer drugs
Chemotherapy | IMM-101 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 61 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
51,534,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork%20and%20pull%20model | Fork and pull model refers to a software development model mostly used on GitHub, where multiple developers working on an open, shared project make their own contributions by sharing a main repository and pushing changes after granted pull request by integrator users. Followed by the advent of distributed version control systems (DVCS), Git naturally enables the usage of a pull-based development model, in which developers can copy the project onto their own repository and then push their changes to the original repository, where the integrators will determine the validity of the pull request. Since its appearance, pull-based development has gained popularity within the open software development community. On GitHub, over 400,000 pull-requests emerged per month on average in 2015. It is also the model shared on most collaborative coding platforms, like Bitbucket, Gitorious, etc. More and more functionalities are added to facilitate pull-based model.
References
Version control
Git (software) | Fork and pull model | [
"Engineering"
] | 199 | [
"Software engineering",
"Version control"
] |
51,535,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette%20Unite | Jeannette Unite (born 20 January 1964) is a South African artist who has collected oxides, metal salts and residues from mines, heritage and industrial sites to develop paint, pastel and glass recipes for her large scale artworks that reflect on the mining and industrial sites where humanity's contemporary world is manufactured.
Her industrial-scale mining Headgear drawings and "TERRA" paintings were exhibited at Museum Ostwall, Dortmund, Germany in the reconstructed building on the site of mining headquarters for the Ruhr Valley in commemoration of the final year of underground coal mining in Germany.
Through 2014 and 2015, her research on Earth's stratigraphy with Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University and Oxford University Museum, developed into a body of work exhibited at the Centre for Contemporary Art and the Natural World (CCANW), Exeter University, Devon, between October 2015 and February 2016. This travelling exhibition also formed part of the United Nations' Year of Soil and the British Geological Society's Year of Mud.
Research
Unite's works reference mining heritage sourced from archives and museums. This includes early geological historical maps and texts that were created during the British Industrial Revolution to guide mining the coal that fueled the engines that drove modernity.
Education and community work
Unite graduated from Michaelis School of Fine Art in 1986, following 4 years of study. From 1987 to 1997, she taught printmaking and general art at Frank Joubert Art Centre, as well as teaching adult education drawing lessons & painting courses. During this time, she spent four years in correspondence with UNISA and provided art training to teachers in Nyanga, a local township area. From 2011 to2016, she taught the Workshops in Materiality course at Michaelis School of Fine Art, a series of workshops centered around communicating her own unique style of paint preparation and utilization to students. In 2014, she completed her MFA (Masters in Fine Arts) at Michaelis, receiving a distinction.
Selected exhibitions
Source:
2017
MEASURING MODERNITY, Borderline Art Space, Iasi, Romania
COMPLICIT GEOGRAPHIES, Eclectica Contemporary, Cape Town
2016
35th International Geology Congress, Invited Earth mining artist, CTICC
TERRA, Museum Am Ostwall, Dortmund, Germany
Mining Our Heritage | Bergbau Unser Erbe – Germany Preview, Abalone Hermanus Fynarts
In Plain Sight: Social Life in South Africa and Romania before and after 1989, Aparte Gallery of George Enescu Uni of Arts, Iasi & Borderline Art Space, Iasi, Romania
Out of the Fire, Into the Light, Dr Ingram Anderson, Glass exhibition, AVA, Pretoria
STRATA two-woman show with Isabel Mertz at ISart, Franscchhoek
Colori sotto il Visuvio (The Colours of Vesuvius), Il ramo d'oro Centre of Arts and Culture, Naples, Italy
2015
Bi-Centenary William 'Strata' Smith, Innovation Centre, University of Exeter
PREVIEW Bi-Centenary William 'Strata' Smith, Jo'burg Art Fair Fringe curated by Carol Brown, Mboneng, Johannesburg
LAW & ORE, Youngblood Foundation Gallery, Cape Town
Between Democracies curated By Judy Peter, Karen von Vey & Richard Gregor, Constitution Hill, Johannesburg
Fear & Loss in the Industrial Karoo, Curator Katie Du Toit, Oliewenhuis, Bloemfontein | Pretoria Art Museum | Graaff-Rennet
Blowing in the Wind, curator Carol Brown, KZNSA Gallery, Durban and University of the Orange Free State, Art Museum.
Between Conceptual and Spiritual, curated by Ortrud Mulder, Abalone Gallery, part of FynArts Festival, Hermanus
2014
LAW & ORE, Abalone Gallery, Hermanus
EXTRACT, Youngblood Gallery, Cape Town and Cologne, Germany
COMPLICIT GEOGRAPHIES, Fine Arts master's degree exhibition, Michaelis Galleries, Cape Town (MFA with Distinction)
2013
HERE / THERE, UCT and WITS Masters students, Michaelis Galleries, Cape Town
HAWK Guerrilla Video Projections on land and group Art Intervention, (curator Lien Botha) Overstrand, Western Cape
2012
Residuum: Mines & Machines Installation at the Western Cape Archives & Records Service, Old Gaol, Roeland Street, Cape Town
Exhibition & Presentation: 9th IMHC International Mining History Conference, Johannesburg
HAWK Group Art Intervention, (curated by Lien Botha) Overberg, Western Cape (project printed map)
Return to the Archive, Museum Africa, Johannesburg
2011
Paradox of Plenty, Michaelis Galleries, University of Cape Town - Installation of mining archive & artist-in-residency
Mining the African Industrial Landscape: Presentation; Conflicts & Natural Resources: African Studies Conference, AEGIS, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Artists Visual Response to the Industrial Landscape: Presentation The Paradox of Plenty, Joburg Art Fair, September
On the Surface: The Heritage of Mines and Mining; conference University Innsbruck, Austria
Iizkhwepha Zhetu / Shaping our Minds, (curated by Phumzile Dlamini) Durban Art Gallery (catalogue)
3 Parts: More Harmony, South African, United Arab Emirates & Mozambique artists (curated by Phumzile Dlamini), Durban Art Gallery (catalogue)
Alumni Exhibition & Auction, Michaelis School of Fine Art, University of Cape Town (catalogue)
2010
6 Meters Under, 4th Beijing International Art Biennale, China
The Lie of the Land: Representations of the South African Landscape,(curated by Michael Godby), Michaelis Collection, Old Town House Museum (catalogue)
TERRA: Above Below, Oliewenhuis Museum, Bloemfontein (Catalogue)
Mineral Resources and Residues of Power in the African Industrial Landscape, Presentation at ICACD (3rd International Conference on African Cultural Development) Cultural Imperatives for Development: 50 Years Post Independent Africa, Kumasi, Ghana
2009
Headgears, 9th Tashkent Biennale, Central Asia, Uzbekistan
Presentation ‘The Colonial Gaze’ Scientific conference, Urban Philosophy: Anthropological Landscape’, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Earthscars: Mining the African Landscape: Presentation AngloGold Ashanti, Turbine Hall, Johannesburg
Headgear, Inaugural solo exhibition, AngloGold HQ, Turbine Hall, JHB
Earthscars: Mining African Landscape, XLIIIrd AICA (International Association of Art Critics) Congress, The Relations Between Art and Science: Complicity, Criticality, Knowledge, Dublin Castle, Ireland
On Top of the World, (curated by Andre Vorster) (catalogue)
Earthscars, 20:20 Presentation at VANSA, Spin Street, Cape Town
2008
Remembering the Future, Western Cape Archives and Records Service, Old Gaol, Roeland Street, Cape Town
Re-structuring the Colonial, Group Exhibition, Thompson Gallery, Johannesburg
2007
Hot Earth, Artworks in response to travels to copper mines of Namaqualand. Thompson Gallery, Johannesburg
Visions of Africa, (curated by Dirk Oegema) Pretoria Art Museum
2006
HERM: Boundaries Between the Wild and Cultivated, collaboration Cumbria Institute of Arts, Ann Bryant Art Museum, East London
2005
Gunfree South Africa, Constitution Hill Auction, Johannesburg
2004
Earthscars: A Visual Mining Exploration, William Humphreys Art Museum, Kimberley
Earthscars: A Visual Mining Exploration, Mozambique National Gallery, Maputo, Mozambique
Earthscars: A Visual Mining Exploration, Irma Stern Museum Gallery, University of Cape Town
Surfacing, with Lynne Lomofsky, Unite Studio, Cape Town
2003
S.U.M., Bag Factory Residency Exhibition, Fordsburg Art Studios, Johannesburg (catalogue)
Sentences & Gestures, Zebra II, Hampstead, London
South African Artists, Old Mutual Place, London
2001
Sentences, Bell-Roberts Contemporary Gallery, Cape Town (catalogue)
Heart For Art, Red Cross Fundraiser, The Foundry, Cape Town
SA Today, Signature Artist, (curator Patrick Lagus), Fair Centre, Helsinki
Blue Danube, animated projection, edited by Koeka Stander, concert with Sibelius Orchestra, Helsinki, Finland
2000
Sentences, art animation film, 8 minutes, edited by Koeka Stander
Artichoke, Multimedia event, Sandton Civic Centre, Johannesburg
1999
Thresholds, Irma Stern Museum Gallery, University of Cape Town
Inaugural Group Exhibition, National Library of South Africa, Cape Town
Softserve, Public Eye Event, IZIKO South African National Gallery, Cape Town
Thupela Workshop, IZIKO South African National Gallery, Cape Town
1994
Print Triennial, Musee d’Art Contemporain Internationale, Lyon, France
1993
South Africa in Black and White, Print exhibition (curated by Ray Maylen), South African National Gallery, Cape Town
Aids Awareness, AVA Association for Visual Arts, Cape Town
Brides, (curated by Christopher Peter), Irma Stern Museum Gallery, University of Cape Town
1992
Art Now, AVA Association for Visual Arts, Cape Town
1990
Critics’ Choice, AVA Association for Visual Arts, Cape Town
1981
Young Artists’ Exhibition, 1st Prize, Kellogg's Foundation (catalogue)
Publications and texts
COMPLICIT GEOGRAPHIES, 2016, Edited by Ivor Powell. 400 page monograph on artwork by Jeannette Unite investigating how wealth from land and Earth is divided, measured and allocated and global cycles of extraction, consumption and waste.
TERRA, 2012, Edited by Andrew Lamprecht and Ivor Powell with contributions by Ashraf Jamal, Kathryn Smith, Marian Tredoux and Bongani Ndodana-Breen. 192 page monograph surveying twenty years of Unite's practice and research.
‘Headgear: Mining Engineering Drawings’, Critical Interventions, USA 6: 91-101, Spring 2010.
‘TERRA: Sands and Detritus Soiled with History’, Art South Africa, 9(1): 98-9, Spring 2010.
‘Exploring the Visual Residues of Colonial Exploitation’, Nukta Art: Contemporary Art Magazine of Pakistan. 5 (1): 80-85, 2010.
Awards, grants and residencies
Mzansi Golden Economy Grant, SA Department Arts and Culture (funding for TERRA in Dortmund, Germany and COMPLICIT GEOGRAPHIES, CCANW, Exeter University, Devon) 2016
MacIver Scholarship, Michaelis School of Fine Art, University of Cape Town. 2013
Twamley Postgraduate Bursary, University of Cape Town. 2013
Jules Kramer Travel Award, University of Cape Town. 2012
Academic Bursary from Michaelis School of Fine Arts, University of Cape Town 2012
CCA (Center for Curating the Archive), University of Cape Town. 2012
Fellowship Artist-in-Residency, Michaelis Galleries, University of Cape Town 2011
AEGIS - African Travel Grant for African resource conference closing presentation, University Autonoma, Madrid Spain 2011
Art Moves Africa (AMA) Research Grant for Travel in Africa 2009
Tashkent Biennial (merit award for original use of natural materials) 2009
CSIR, Awarded Public Art Competition /Glass Wall Installation, Department Science and Technology Buildings, Pretoria 2006
Bag Factory, Fordsburg Artists’ Studios (Triangle Network) Johannesburg 2003
Constitution Hill (Glass & Steel Water History Sculpture) Finalist 2003
Thupela Workshop, South African National Gallery Annex. 2000
Thupela Workshop, South African National Gallery Annex.1999
Kellogg's Young Artists Award, First Prize National Art Competition. Prize: (Four year all-inclusive international art scholarship.) 1981
Bibliography
2001 Emslie, A., 'Jeannette Unite: Sentences', (Catalogue), Cape Town: Bell-Roberts Contemporary.
2002 Riitta-Eiilisa, L., ‘Straussin musiikki juhlistiuuden vuodenpaivaa Helsingissa Finland’, Helsingin Sanomat, January.
2003 S.U.M residency exhibition, Bag Factory, Studios, (Catalogue).
2004 Minnaar, M., ‘Energy, Emotion and Eco-Morality’, Cape Times: Independent Newspapers, 25 February.
2004 Roper, C., ‘Art Pick of the Week’, Mail & Guardian, 20–26 February.
2004 Smith, K., ‘Art Pick of the Week’, Mail & Guardian, 10–16 December.
2005 Smith, K., ‘Art of 2 Cities’, Art News, London, 2nd quarter.
2007 Lamprecht, B., ‘Hot Earth’, Die Beeld, October.
2008 Davenport, J., ‘One-person Cape Town Exhibition Explores Aesthetic Appeal of Mining’, Mining Weekly, October.
2008 Keylock, M., ‘Mining the Past’, Mail & Guardian, September.
2008 Bryant, J., 'Archive exhibit', Design Ways Magazine, 2 September.
2008 Wilkinson, V., ’Africa's Heritage True Grit’, Weekend Argus, 21 September.
2009 Lange. J., ‘Mined over Matter’, Design Magazine Creative Economy.
2009 Lambrecht, B., ’Die Mens en Sy Opgewing’, De Kat, September.
2009 Knox, B., 'Headgear: an Exhibition by Jeannette Unite', Look Away, Johannesburg, Issue 13 Quarter 4: 24.
2009 Prinsloo, L. , ‘Gold-Mining Major Hosts Mining-Themed Exhibition’, Engineering News Magazine, 10 July.
2009 Lamprecht, A., 'Artist Bio', Artthrob, Online
2010 Thurman, C., ‘Mines, Headgear & the Mind’, 18 February.
2010 Unite, J., 'Earthscars: Above Below', (Catalogue), Oliewenhuis Art Museum, Bloemfontein.
2010 Godby, M., ‘The Lie of the Land’, (Catalogue), Michaelis Collection, IZIKO Museum.
2010 Beijing Biennial, Chinese Artists Association, (Catalogue).
2011 Bell, S., ‘Resourceful Artist Digs Deep’, Cape Times, March.
2011 Van Bosch, C., ‘Vlook Myne’, Die Burger, March.
2012 Thurman, C., "'Subterranean meets the surface' as art", Business Day, 22 November.
2012 Powell, I., ‘Mines, Machines and Residual Power’, Cape Times, 3 August.
2012 MacKenny, V., 'Land Matters - a Visual Exploration of Land, Mining and Resources in South Africa', Art South Africa, Vol 11 Issue 4: 25, 5 December.
2012 Martin, W., ‘Mining Artists Digs Deep for Material’, The Good Weekend, Weekend Argus, Sunday, July 15.
2012 Adams, S., ‘Book Review: TERRA’, Amandla, September Issue no. 26/27. Unite's artwork used for special Marikana issue.
2013 'HERE/THERE: WITS UCT Masters Exhibition', (Catalogue).
2013 Headgear used for cover image for the seminal mining history book Digging Deep by Jade Davenport.
2014 Jolly, L., ‘Paradoxical Beauty of Toxic Minerals’ Review, Cape Times, July 24.
2014 DeKATV, Gerald Scholtz Interview for Arts feature, October.
2014 'New Contrast', South African Literary Journal, Volume 42 No. 3.
2014 Daehnke, N., ‘South Africa: 10x12’, Imago Mundi, Luciano Benetton Collection.
2014 Top Billing Episode featuring Unite's work, 3 September.
2014 ‘Pringle Bay Dream Drowns in Red Tape’, Noseweek, Issue 176, June.
2014 Collison, C., ‘An Artist's Quest for Creative Gold’, Atlantic Sun, July 17.
2015 Mkhwanazi, K., 'Artists who drill below the obvious', The M&G Online.
2015 Nel, A., 'Seeds Remind Jeannette Unite of the Wonder of our Planet', Wanted profile feature, Business Day, October, Online
2015 Aupias, L., ‘An Alchemist's Eye’, Private Edition, issue 27 April.
2015 CCTV, China Central TV, Episode featuring Unite's work, February.
2015 Kolver, L., ‘Artist advocates for art representation at Indaba’, Mining Weekly, 6 March.
2015 Roets, A., 'Jeannette Unite's Soils of War', The Citizen, 11 September, Online
References
External links
Official website
Artist's blog
http://asai.co.za/artist/jeannette-unite/
1964 births
Living people
20th-century South African women artists
21st-century South African women artists
20th-century women photographers
21st-century women photographers
Periodic table in popular culture
South African contemporary artists
South African women photographers
South African animators
South African women animators
Environmental artists | Jeannette Unite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,401 | [
"Periodic table",
"Periodic table in popular culture"
] |
51,535,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20Geminorum | π Geminorum (Latinised as Pi Geminorum, abbreviated to π Gem or pi Gem) is a star located in the constellation Gemini, to the north of Castor. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.14, it is faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. Based upon an annual parallax|shift of 4.93 mas, Pi Geminorum is located roughly 660 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.033 due to interstellar dust.
This is an evolved red giant star with a stellar classification of M1 IIIa. The measured angular diameter of this star is . At the estimated distance of this star, this yields a physical size of about 56 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating roughly a thousand times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 3,900 K.
Unexpectedly for a red giant, Pi Geminorum was found to be an X-ray source during the ROSAT all-sky survey. The most likely source for this emission is an 11.4 magnitude companion star located at an angular separation of 21 arcseconds along a position angle of 214°. This star is suspected to be an astrometric companion of the primary component.
References
Geminorum, Pi
Suspected variables
Gemini (constellation)
Geminorum, Pi
Durchmusterung objects
Geminorum, 80
062898
038016
3013 | Pi Geminorum | [
"Astronomy"
] | 310 | [
"Gemini (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
51,535,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20Geminorum | Omega Geminorum, Latinized from ω Geminorum, is a star located in the middle of the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.18, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark suburban skies. With an annual parallax shift of just 2.19 mas, it is located about 1,500 light years from the Sun.
This is an evolved bright giant star with a stellar classification of G5 II. It is positioned near the instability strip and in 1977 was listed as a candidate cepheid variable star with a luminosity amplitude of 0.086 and a period of 0.7282 days. The interferometer-measured angular diameter of this star is . At its estimated distance, this yields a physical size of about 72 times the radius of the Sun. It has 6.3 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 1,813 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,090 K.
References
External links
G-type bright giants
Gemini (constellation)
Geminorum, Omega
Durchmusterung objects
052497
033927
02630
Geminorum, 42
Suspected variables | Omega Geminorum | [
"Astronomy"
] | 265 | [
"Gemini (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
51,535,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau2%20Gruis | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Tau2 Gruis}}
Tau2 Gruis, Latinized from τ2 Gruis is a binary star located in the constellation Grus. It has a combined apparent magnitude of 6.71, making it a challenge to view with the naked eye, even under ideal conditions. The system is located relatively close at a distance of 146 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, but it is slowly receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, Tau2 Gruis' combined brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.12 magnitudes and it has a combined absolute magnitude of +3.43.
The pair was first discovered by astronomer W.H. van den Bos in 1944. The primary has an apparent magnitude of 7.30 while the secondary has an apparent magnitude of 7.50. Their current separation is 0.114", making it difficult to resolve their individual properties; the companion is located at a position angle of 267° as of 1964. The period of Tau2 Gruis is not well known, but it is estimated to be 7.423 years. Subsequent observations suggest that the pair may be spurious. This system is often confused with HD 216655, a slightly brighter binary system. HD 216655 is located 93.9" away from Tau2 Gruis and they appear to share a common proper motion.
The system has a blended stellar classification of F6/8 V:, indicating that it is a F-type star with the characteristics of a F6 and F8 main sequence star. However, there is uncertainty about the luminosity class. The primary has 1.21 times the mass of the Sun while the companion has 1.16 times the mass of the Sun.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120227032716/http://www.uranometriaargentina.com/
Grus (constellation)
Gruis, Tau2
216656
113190
CD-49° 13997
Binary stars
Gruis, 71 | Tau2 Gruis | [
"Astronomy"
] | 437 | [
"Grus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
51,537,337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota2%20Normae | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Iota2 Normae}}
ι2 Normae, Latinised as Iota2 Normae, is a single, blue-white star located in the southern constellation of Norma. It is positioned to the west of Rigil Kentaurus but can be difficult to spot against the Milky Way. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.57. Measuring its parallax reveals it is located away from the sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an interstellar extinction factor of 0.24 due to intervening dust. The radial velocity of this star is zero, indicating it is neither moving toward nor away from the Sun.
Iota2 Normae is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9.5 V. It is larger than the Sun with 2.6 times the mass of the Sun and about 3.1 times the Sun's radius. The star is estimated to be 257 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 111 km/s. It is radiating approximately 40 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,593 Kelvin.
References
External links
Alcyone page
Normae, Iota2
Norma (constellation)
Normae, Iota2
Durchmusterung objects
144480
5994
079153 | Iota2 Normae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 290 | [
"Norma (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
51,537,588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20195 | NGC 195 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in 1876 by Wilhelm Tempel.
References
External links
0195
-02-02-079
Barred spiral galaxies
Cetus
002391 | NGC 195 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 48 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
51,537,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20196 | NGC 196 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on December 28, 1790 by William Herschel.
References
External links
0196
0405
+00-02-107
Lenticular galaxies
Cetus
Discoveries by William Herschel
002357 | NGC 196 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 57 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
51,537,892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linker%20histone%20H1%20variants | In molecular biology, the linker histone H1 is a protein family forming a critical component of eukaryotic chromatin. H1 histones bind to the linker DNA exiting from the nucleosome core particle, while the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) form the octamer core of the nucleosome around which the DNA is wrapped.
H1 forms a complex family of related proteins with distinct specificity for tissues, developmental stages, and organisms in which they are expressed. Individual H1 proteins are often referred to as isoforms or variants.
The discovery of H1 variants in calf thymus preceded the discovery of core histone variants.
Human linker histone variants
In human and mouse cells 11 H1 variants have been described and are encoded by single genes. Six of the variants are mainly expressed during the S phase and hence replication-dependent. They are encoded by genes within histone cluster 1 located in human cells on chromosome 6. The five further variants are expressed over the whole cell cycle and their encoding genes are scattered in the genome.
TS - testis specific, OO - oocyte specific variants
Evolution
Histone H1 differs strongly from the core histones. Rather than originating from archaeal histones, it probably evolved from a bacterial protein. Unlike core histones featuring a so-called histone fold, H1s typically have a short basic N-terminal domain, a globular domain and a lysine-rich C-terminal domain (the N- and C-termini are also referred to as tails). H1s are also less conserved than the core histones. The mammalian H1 isoforms are paralogs, which means their encoding genes originated from gene duplication events. The corresponding H1 variants in two different species, such as human and mouse H1.4 are orthologs – they had a common ancestor gene and were separated by speciation. Within one species, the paralogous H1 variants show a high conservation of the globular core domain, while the N- and C-termini are more divergent. At the same time H1 orthologs among mammals are highly conserved across the whole protein sequence, for example human and mouse H1.4 share 93.6% sequence identity.
Function
The extent to which individual H1 variants can be redundant and what their distinct functions are isn't yet clear. The fact that many individual H1 variant knockouts in mice are viable and show compensation by other H1 variants seems to support the hypothesis of redundancy. However, many lines of evidence suggest specific functions exist for H1 variants. For example, individual H1 variant knockout mice reveal specific phenotypes and distinct effects on gene expression and chromatin structure. Also, different isotypes show different localization and bind to chromatin with different affinities.
Therefore, a model has been proposed according to which H1 variants have two distinct roles, a common and a specific one: Individual H1 proteins are redundant in their ability to compact chromatin globally and to stabilize overall higher order chromatin structures. Such a common role can therefore be compensated in mutant cells by increasing the amount of other H1 variants. However, at the level of local chromatin organization, individual variants can regulate a subset of specific genes both in a negative and positive way.
Nomenclature
Multiple nomenclatures (around 12) for linker histone variants have been proposed and used in publications previously, greatly complicating comparison across studies. In 1994 Parseghian et al. have attempted to create a system in which variant designations were applied uniformly to orthologs across mammalian species, however this nomenclature hasn't been taken up by other laboratories. In 2012, a diverse group of scientists from multiple institutions across the world working on different aspects of histone biology proposed a unified phylogeny-based nomenclature for histone variants, including H1 histones, with the aim of producing informative and easily searchable histone variant names.
See also
histone H1
histone
nucleosome
chromatin
References
Protein families | Linker histone H1 variants | [
"Biology"
] | 857 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
51,538,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20Elite%20x3 | HP Elite x3 is a premium Windows 10 Mobile smartphone produced by Hewlett-Packard. It was officially announced on February 21, 2016, and released later that year.
Specifications
The HP Elite x3 was built for enterprise users with several enterprise specific features such as high-end processing power (Qualcomm Snapdragon 820), large and bright display (Samsung 5.96" WQHD AMOLED), IP67, MIL-STD 810G, Dual biometric authentication with Iris and fingerprint scanner, 2x2 MIMO 802.11ac, Cat 6 LTE, Bang & Olufsen sound, USB-C charging with a 4,150mAh battery and Qi/PMA wireless charging.
Continuum
Setting it apart from other premium smartphones, HP Elite x3's defining feature is its ability to connect to an external monitor, keyboard and mouse via the HP Desk Dock, providing a desktop PC-like environment, powered by Microsoft's Continuum feature on Windows 10 Mobile. HP also offers the HP Lap Dock, which is a laptop shell that does not have any computing power in itself (i.e. no CPU, no Motherboard, no HDD, etc.), but connects to the Elite x3 via wired (USB-C) or wireless (802.11ac) connection and powers the Lap Dock, which is essentially a display terminal with a keyboard, touchpad, battery and I/O ports in a laptop form factor.
Reception
Debuting at Mobile World Congress 2016, the HP Elite x3 garnered over 30 "Best of MWC" awards. However, despite some positive reviews by critics, sales have been less than expected due to diminishing market position of Windows 10 Mobile as a viable Mobile OS platform. While HP's sales and marketing have been focused on targeting enterprise customers, consumers are able to purchase the Elite x3 and the Desk Dock and Lap Dock at hp.com website as well as in Microsoft Stores, both offline and online.
Model variants
There is an EMEA+APJ model, an Americas model, and an Americas model connected by Verizon (US only).
References
External links
http://store.hp.com/us/en/pdp/hp-elite-x3-and-hp-elite-x3-desk-dock
Elite x3
Windows 10 Mobile devices
Mobile phones introduced in 2016
Videotelephony
Discontinued flagship smartphones | HP Elite x3 | [
"Technology"
] | 501 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
51,538,678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota%20Normae | The Bayer designation ι Normae, which is Latinized as Iota Normae and abbreviated ι Nor, is shared by two stars in the southern constellation of Norma:
ι1 Normae
ι2 Normae
The pair form a double star that can be viewed with a small telescope.
References
Normae, Iota
Norma (constellation) | Iota Normae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 68 | [
"Norma (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
51,539,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho1%20Eridani | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Rho1 Eridani}}
Rho1 Eridani (Rho1 Eri, ρ1 Eri), is a star located in the constellation Eridanus. It forms an asterism with the stars Rho2 and Rho3 Eridani, south of Cetus, in the upper north east portion of Eridanus. The star has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.75, which indicates it is faintly visible to the naked eye on a clear, dark night. Based upon parallax measurements made with the Hipparcos satellite, this star is roughly 320 light years away from the Sun. Judging from changes to its proper motion, there is a chance that this is an astrometric binary.
This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is a red clump giant on the horizontal branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, indicating that is it now generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core. The star has more than twice the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10 times the Sun's radius. As such, it is radiating nearly 47 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,710 K.
References
K-type giants
Horizontal-branch stars
Astrometric binaries
Eridanus (constellation)
Eridani, Rho1
Durchmusterung objects
Eridani, 08
018784
014060
0907 | Rho1 Eridani | [
"Astronomy"
] | 318 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
51,539,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho2%20Eridani | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Rho2 Eridani}}
Rho2 Eridani is a star located in the constellation Eridanus. It forms an asterism with Rho1 and Rho3 Eridani, south of Cetus, in the upper north east portion of Eridanus. The star has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.32, which indicates it is visible to the naked eye on a clear, dark night. Based upon parallax measurements made with the Hipparcos satellite, this star is roughly 260 light years away from the Sun.
This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is a red clump giant on the horizontal branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, indicating that is it now generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core. The star has 2.5 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 9 times the Sun's radius. As such, it is radiating nearly 46 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,864 K.
There is a magnitude 9.7 companion star at an angular separation of 1.8″. Most likely the pair form a binary star system. At least one of the stars appears to be a source of X-ray emission. The X-ray band flux is .
References
Eridanus, Rho2
Horizontal-branch stars
Double stars
Eridanus (constellation)
Eridani, Rho2
Durchmusterung objects
Eridani, 09
018953
014168
0917 | Rho2 Eridani | [
"Astronomy"
] | 338 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
51,539,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone%207 | The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones that were developed and marketed by Apple Inc. They are the tenth generation of the iPhone. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and were released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus, iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 12, 2017, and were discontinued with the announcement of the iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro on September 10, 2019.
The iPhone 7's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S. Changes introduced included new color options (Matte Black and Jet Black), water and dust resistance, a new capacitive, static home button, revised antenna bands, and the controversial removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack. The device's internal hardware received upgrades, including a heterogeneous quad-core system-on-chip with improved system and graphics performance, upgraded 12 megapixel rear-facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models, and an additional telephoto lens exclusive to the iPhone 7 Plus to provide enhanced (2x) optical zoom capabilities and portrait mode. The front camera is the first in the series with 1080p (Full HD) video resolution. The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were supported from iOS 10 to iOS 15, and they are the third to support six versions of iOS before support was terminated, after the iPhone 5s.
The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were the last iPhones using a quad-core CPU, as well as an aluminum unibody design without wireless charging and a base model starting at 32 GB of internal storage.
The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were the only iPhones to have a jet black color finish.
History
Prior to its announcement, multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumoured. Apple's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention. Other rumors included a flush camera, stereo speakers, a 256 gigabyte storage option, and a larger 3,100 mAh battery.
On August 29, 2016, invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California on September 7, 2016, were sent out to members of the media, prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7's upcoming announcement. The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event, with pre-orders beginning September 9, and general availability on September 16.
The iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September, with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016. Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, with availability starting on March 31, 2017, following Apple's research and development investment in the country.
On March 21, 2017, Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish (and white front), as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign. It launched on March 24, 2017, but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X in September 2017 as well as the 256 GB Variant.
On September 12, 2017, Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, alongside the iPhone X.
The iPhone 7 & 7 Plus, as well as the iPhone XS and its Max variant were discontinued and removed from Apple's website after the announcement of the iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro on September 10, 2019. They are no longer available for sale.
On June 6, 2022, Apple announced on its website that the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus will not receive support for iOS 16. Controversially, the iPad (5th generation), which has the A9 chip, received iPadOS 16, along with the 6th and 7th generation iPads, which have almost identical hardware to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus respectively.
Specifications
Design
The iPhone 7's exterior is similar in shape and volume to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S, although the camera bump is bigger on the iPhone 7. Alongside the existing silver, gold, and rose gold colors, the device is offered in new colors of matte black, glossy "jet black", and, for a limited time, red. The "jet black" color is a dark shade, high-gloss black finish. It is created through a multi-step process, beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide, and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound, absorbed by aluminum oxide. The process is concluded with an "ultrafine particle bath" for additional finishing; the entire process takes less than an hour.
Water protection
iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant, making it the first officially water-resistant iPhone, although tests have resulted in malfunctions, specifically distorted speakers, after water exposure. The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone.
Home button
iPhone 7's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push-button, as on previous models, meaning direct skin contact (or a capacitive glove) is required to operate the device. Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator, and the button is also pressure-sensitive. iPhone 7 retains the 3D Touch display system introduced on the iPhone 6S, providing pressure-sensitive touchscreen input.
Headphone plug removal
The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are the first iPhones not to feature a 3.5mm headphone jack. It was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer. A Lightning-to-3.5-mm-connector adapter, as well as in-ear headphones that use the Lightning connector, were bundled with the device, and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory. The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10 and newer.
Hardware
Chipsets
iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64-bit system-on-chip, which consists of two low-power cores and two high-power cores (only two cores are used at any point in time). The A10 chip also features a hexa-core graphics chip capable of "console-level gaming". As with prior models, iPhone 7 is available in two sizes: one with a screen, and a "Plus" variant with a screen. The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S, but with a wider color gamut and increased brightness. The screen-to-body ratio is about ~66% and ~68% for the 7 and 7 Plus, respectively.
Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple's motion coprocessor, the M10. Unlike previous iPhone models, internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB, and max out at 256 GB. iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM, more than any other previous iPhone; the 4.7-inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB.
Cameras
The iPhone 7 includes a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera with a quad-LED "True Tone" flash; its aperture was widened to f/1.8, and the standard-size phone model adds optical image stabilization a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models.
The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12-megapixel telephoto lens, which can be used to achieve 2× optical zoom, and up to 10× digital zoom. However, the telephoto camera has an 2.8 aperture and lacks optical image stabilization.
The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus record video with single-channel mono audio.
Still photos with 6.5 megapixels (3412×1920) can be captured during video recording.
The front-facing camera was upgraded to a 7-megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization.
The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus are the first iPhones to be able to record 1080p video using the front camera.
Battery life
The iPhone 7 has a 1,960 mAh battery which can last about 3–5 hours. The iPhone 7 Plus has 2,900 mAh battery and can last for 5–8 hours.
Software
The iPhone 7 originally shipped with iOS 10 pre-installed. The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update. This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual-lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus. Mainstream software support for the iPhone 7 was dropped when iOS 16 was released. But, it still receives iOS 15 security updates (as of January 22, 2024). The current version of iOS to support iPhone 7 is iOS 15.8.3. The device can also run Android 10 unofficially via a project called Project Sandcastle made by Corellium, a security research company that produces paid iOS, Android, and IoT emulators. Ubuntu 20.04 "Focal Fossa" has also been ported via Project Sandcastle.
Accessories
Each iPhone 7 originally came with a Lightning-to-3.5-mm adapter, although this was omitted starting on September 12, 2018. Apple sells the adapter independently as well. iPhone 7 does not have a built-in DAC, a Cirrus Logic CS4272 DAC is included as part of the adapter. Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with the iPhone 7, including AirPods, wireless in-ear headphones, and three new Beats headphone products. All four products utilize an in-house wireless chip known as the Apple W1, which is designed to provide low-power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS devices (though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth-supported devices).
Reception
Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed. Although reviewers noted improvements to the camera, especially the dual rear camera on the Plus model, the phone was criticized for the lack of innovation in its build quality. Many reviews panned the removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack; some critics argued that the change was meant to bolster licensing of the proprietary Lightning connector and the sales of Apple's own wireless headphone products, and questioned the effects of the change on audio quality. Apple was also mocked by critics for Phil Schiller's statement that such a drastic change required "courage".
Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones, such as the Samsung Galaxy S7, had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack, and that the iPhone 7's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market, including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P. Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel, while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens. The iPhone 7's exterior, which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S, was criticized, especially the size of the device and thick top/bottom bezels, with Kelly writing that "the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5-inch display".
John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time, the phablet-sized iPhone 7 Plus was "markedly better" than the smaller model. He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera, calling the Plus' dual cameras "excellent" for point-and-shoot, and "much improved" for low-light performance. McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was "initially frustrating", but noted that it was a "positive step forward for the mobile industry", despite the "short-term effects ... making the most noise for now".
Headphone jack controversy
Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack, including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously.
In a particularly scathing article, Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack, "a deeply established standard" as he put it, would be "user-hostile and stupid". He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative, concluding with "No one is asking for this" and "Vote with your dollars".
Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment, with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior and Lightning's audio reliability still in question. The removal of the headphone jack meant that in Patel's words, "You're being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and/or Lightning licensing", and pointed out that "the only company to profit from this situation is Apple, who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies".
In particular, Apple's vice president Phil Schiller, who announced the change, was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took 'courage'. An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs, that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack, reached over 300,000 signatures.
Issues
Hissing noises
Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone. CNET reports it as "faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside". The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise, linking to tweets that compare the phone's hissing sound to "hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac's CPU gets used to its actual potential."
Performance differences
The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is "significantly" slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions, measuring data write speeds of 341 MB/s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB/s on a 32 GB model. October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had "a significant performance edge" over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems. Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off, likely to "level the playing field between the Qualcomm, and Intel variants". The report concluded with the statement that "We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone". Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity. Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that "Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple's wireless performance standards, quality metrics, and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards, in thousands of hours of real-world field testing, and in extensive carrier partner testing, the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models". Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that "[Apple] don't want one version to get the reputation that it is better" and that "This may not impact the fanboys, but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone, especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product".
Perception of slogan in Cantonese-speaking regions
The iPhone 7's "This is 7" slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages.
The phone's slogan in Mainland China is "7, is here;" (), while in Hong Kong, its slogan is, "This, is iPhone 7;" ().
In Cantonese, the local language of Hong Kong, the slogan could be mistakenly interpreted as "This is penis". "Tsat",
(), is a common slang term for an erect penis, and "seven", (), which varies only in tone, is often used as a euphemism.
Replacing the home button
In the iPhone 7, Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own. Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done, with "recalibration" of the button being necessary. This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S, 6 and 6S, where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the "return-to-home" functionality still worked.
Failure to connect to cellular service
Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660, A1779 and A1780 suffer from a problem where they show a "No service" message even when cellular reception is available. Apple will repair those devices for free within four years of the first retail sale of the unit.
Loop disease
Some iPhone 7 devices suffer from a problem that affects audio in the device. Users reported a grayed-out speaker button during calls, grayed-out voice memo icon, and occasional freezing of the device. A few users also complained that lightning EarPods failed to work with the device and that the Wi-Fi button would be grayed out after restarting the iPhone. On May 4, 2018, Apple acknowledged the issue through an internal memo. If an affected iPhone 7 was no longer covered by warranty, Apple said its service providers could request an exception for this particular issue. The exemptions abruptly ended in July 2018 when Apple deleted the internal document. Many customers have complained Apple has charged customers around $350 to fix the issue. Many customers complain the issue first appeared after a software update.
Sales
Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers, citing that these are "no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers". Without releasing specific numbers, T-Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier's all-time record for first-day pre-order sales. The following weekend, T-Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever, being "up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone".
On September 14, 2016, two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale, Apple announced that due to high demand, they had sold out of all "jet black" iPhone 7's, and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus. This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program, who were unable to reserve new phones. After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit, Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible.
In May 2017, analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best-selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017, selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units, respectively.
US carrier trade-in deals
For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7, all four major wireless carriers announced trade-in deals. Under the deals, the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers' bill, but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months. Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two-year phone contracts, in which the deals "essentially lock you into that carrier for two years".
In the wake of these deals, Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year's iPhone 6S, AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations, and T-Mobile and Sprint announced "huge increases in sales", with T-Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6.
Reports about trimmed production
In December 2016, DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned. A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year's iPhone model.
A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7. The report, "based on data from suppliers", stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10% in the first quarter of 2017, following "sluggish" sales. Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20% due to accumulated inventory of the previous model, but that the new models had "sold more sluggishly than expected". Additionally, the report notes that the "iPhone 7 Plus, which features two cameras on its back face, remains popular", but "a shortage of camera sensors has curbed Apple's ability to meet demand for the phones".
See also
List of iPhone models
History of the iPhone
Comparison of smartphones
Timeline of iPhone models
Notes
References
External links
Mobile phones introduced in 2016
Computer-related introductions in 2016
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Mobile phones with pressure-sensitive touch screen
Products and services discontinued in 2019
Discontinued flagship smartphones | IPhone 7 | [
"Technology"
] | 4,439 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
51,539,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho3%20Eridani | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Rho3 Eridani}}
Rho3 Eridani, Latinized from ρ3 Eridani, is a star located in the constellation Eridanus. It forms an asterism with Rho1 and Rho2 Eridani, south of Cetus, in the upper north east portion of Eridanus. The star has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.26, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye on a dark, clear night. The distance to this star, as determined via the parallax method, is about 136 light years.
This is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A5 V. (Some sources list it as A8 V.) It is some 500 million years old and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 186 km/s. This rotation is giving the star a slightly oblate shape, with the equator being 5% larger than the poles. The star has about 120% of the radius of the Sun, and 183% of the Sun's mass. It shines with 10 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,400 K.
References
Eridanus, Rho3
Eridanus (constellation)
Eridani, Rho3
Eridani, 10
019107
014293
0925
Durchmusterung objects | Rho3 Eridani | [
"Astronomy"
] | 292 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
51,539,799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosema%20bombycis | Nosema bombycis is a species of Microsporidia of the genus Nosema infecting silkworms, responsible for pébrine.
This species was the first microsporidium described, when pebrine decimated silkworms in farms in the mid-19th century. This description was made by Carl Nägeli. Louis Pasteur, taking up an idea of Osimo which had not been successful, showed breeders a practical way to select uninfected individuals to recreate new healthy farms.
References
Biopesticides
Fungi described in 1857
Microsporidia
Parasitic fungi
Fungus species | Nosema bombycis | [
"Biology"
] | 125 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
51,540,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nostalgia%20Box | The Nostalgia Box is a video game museum located in Perth, Western Australia. It is the first interactive video game console museum in Australia and was founded by Jessie Yeoh. The entire venue may be booked for private functions.
In partnership with Perth Film and Television Institute and Playup Perth, the museum hosts events to test games from local Perth developers. The museum also hosts
Permanent exhibits
Over a hundred video game consoles spanning four decades, starting in the 1970s with the Magnavox Odyssey with the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 being the latest consoles on display, feature in the exhibit space. The permanent exhibits have been set up chronologically to show the progression of the gaming industry and are meant to be a "stroll down memory lane" as well as a "crash course in the history of gaming".
Arcade area
The museum features an interactive gaming arcade in addition to its permanent exhibits, allowing visitors to play a variety of video games. Included are games such as Pong, Space Invaders, Super Mario Bros., Sonic the Hedgehog and Crash Bandicoot. Fourteen different consoles are available, such as the Atari 2600 and Nintendo 64, as well as five arcade cabinets, including NBA Jam.
New ownership and expansion
In October 2019, the Nostalgia Box was sold to David Green. Due to planned renovations in the building, the museum had to move from the side unit to the bigger space at the front, which also facilitated larger venue sections and more consoles. The planned building renovations never eventuated due to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown restrictions.
In 2023, the museum moved to bigger premises of in West Perth at City West, allowing further expansion.
See also
List of computer museums
List of video game museums
References
Computer museums
Museums in Perth, Western Australia
Video game museums | The Nostalgia Box | [
"Technology"
] | 358 | [
"Computer museums",
"History of computing"
] |
51,540,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate-biopterin%20transporter%20family | The folate-biopterin transporter (FBT) family (TC# 2.A.71) is a distant family within the major facilitator superfamily, most closely related to drug resistance permeases. Proteins of the FBT family are reported to contain about 480 to 650 amino acyl residues. All probably have 12 transmembrane α-helical segments (TMSs). They may function by H+ symport.
Transport reaction
The probable transport reaction catalyzed by characterized FBT family members is:
[folate, biopterin, or AdoMet] (out) + H+ (out) → [folate, biopterin, or AdoMet] (in) + H+ (in)
Functionally characterized members
The FBT family includes functionally characterized members from protozoa, cyanobacteria and plants. Functionally characterized members of the family include FT1, the major folate transporter, and BT1, the biopterin/folate transporter and AdoMetT1, the major S-adenosylmethionine uptake porter. A related protein in Trypanosoma brucei, ESAGIO, shows weak folate/biopterin transport activity. There are at least 6 homologues of the FT1 transporter in Leishmania encoded by tandem genes.
References
Protein families
Membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Transmembrane transporters
Transport proteins
Integral membrane proteins | Folate-biopterin transporter family | [
"Biology"
] | 307 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification",
"Membrane proteins"
] |
68,641,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension%20complexity | In convex geometry and polyhedral combinatorics, the extension complexity of a convex polytope is the smallest number of facets among convex polytopes that have as a projection. In this context, is called an extended formulation of ; it may have much higher dimension than .
The extension complexity depends on the precise shape of , not just on its combinatorial structure. For instance, regular polygons with sides have extension complexity (expressed using big O notation), but some other convex -gons have extension complexity at least proportional to .
If a polytope describing the feasible solutions to a combinatorial optimization problem has low extension complexity, this could potentially be used to devise efficient algorithms for the problem, using linear programming on its extended formulation. For this reason, researchers have studied the extension complexity of the polytopes arising in this way. For instance, it is known that the matching polytope has exponential extension complexity. On the other hand, the independence polytope of regular matroids has polynomial extension complexity.
The notion of extension complexity has also been generalized from linear programming to semidefinite programming, by considering projections of spectrahedra in place of projections of polytopes.
References
Polyhedral combinatorics | Extension complexity | [
"Mathematics"
] | 252 | [
"Polyhedral combinatorics",
"Combinatorics",
"Geometry",
"Geometry stubs"
] |
68,643,292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework%20Computer | Framework Computer, Inc. is an American laptop computer manufacturer. The company positions itself as a proponent of the right-to-repair movement, and their laptops are designed to be easy to disassemble, with replaceable parts.
History
In January 2020, the company was founded by Nirav Patel, who was the original Head of Hardware at Oculus. In the first half of 2021, Framework was funded with a $9 million seed round. YouTuber Linus Sebastian invested $225,000 in the company in September, 2021 after having previously commended the 11th Gen Intel Framework Laptop 13.
In January 2022, the company raised an additional $18 million of financing in a series A round, led by Spark Capital.
In April 2024, the company raised an additional $17 million of financing in a series A-1 round, led by Spark Capital, with Buckley Ventures, Anzu Partners, Cooler Master, and Pathbreaker Ventures. In addition to the $17 million, the company is opening up $1 million to equity crowdfunding through $10,000 investments. The company announced its expansion into other areas of consumer electronics with this round.
Products
Framework works with an original design manufacturing (ODM) partner Compal Electronics to build its products.
Framework Laptop 13
In July 2021, Framework began fulfillment of their first product, the Framework Laptop (retroactively the Framework Laptop 13), with an 11th Gen Intel Core i5 or i7 chip to the US and Canada. In December 2021, Framework opened pre-orders to the UK, Germany and France. In February 2022, pre-ordering became available for Ireland, Austria and The Netherlands. The Framework Laptop received a 10 out of 10 in iFixit's repairability score. The standard Framework Laptop ships as a fully assembled laptop, while the Framework Laptop DIY Edition ships with the RAM, storage, operating system, and in 11th Gen, the WiFi module uninstalled. All of these modules can be ordered with the DIY edition for an additional fee, or left out and purchased separately.
In May 2022, the company launched their second generation Framework Laptop with a 12th Gen Intel Core i5 or i7 chip that ships with an upgraded back panel, alongside their 12 Gen Upgrade Kit, to allow 11th Gen users to upgrade their laptops. In September 2022, pre-ordering became available for Australia.
In September 2022, the company launched a Chromebook edition based on their 12th Gen Intel model for $999. Unlike the standard laptop, the Chromebook's specification is fixed to an i5-1240P, 8 GB of RAM, and a 256 GB SSD, but it retains the same upgradability as the standard laptop. Framework claims that the Chromebook edition has upgraded speakers and batteries compared to the standard laptop, but the speakers were described as "muffled" by ZDnet and the battery life was rated as quite poor for a Chromebook by ZDnet, Engadget, and PCMag. Engadget and PCMag criticize the price relative to other Chromebooks, but the former states that given the hardware it seems fair.
In March 2023, a third-generation laptop was announced, featuring 13th Gen Intel Core and Ryzen 7040 processors. The designation of Framework Laptop 13 was adopted to distinguish it from the concurrently announced Framework Laptop 16. During this same event, Framework announced a higher capacity 61 Wh battery, a matte display option, and a Cooler Master case to house Framework motherboards. The initial shipments of the AMD-based Framework laptops were delayed due to electrical and firmware related issues.
In May 2024, a fourth-generation Intel laptop was announced, featuring an Intel Core Ultra Series 1 processor.
Motherboard
In April 2022, the company partly open-sourced their motherboard with CAD and electrical documentation being available in their marketplace, giving away 100 motherboards to makers and developers.
There is an issue with the first generation motherboards with 11th Gen Intel Core CPUs, that requires complete removal and reconnection of both the main battery and the RTC coin cell battery, if the laptop is not charged for a relatively short period of time. The company said that this issue is caused by the 11th Gen Intel Core silicon bug, and that they would work to swap out a replacement RTC coin cell battery or 11th Gen motherboard for the people facing the issue.
Firmware
Framework Laptop 13 uses proprietary UEFI firmware, InsydeH2O by Insyde Software, and an open-source embedded controller (EC) firmware based on CrOS EC by Framework. In April 2021, the company mentioned that open-source firmware was well-aligned to their mission. In January 2022, the company open-sourced their EC firmware. The company modifies the UEFI source code they bought from Insyde Software to meet their specific firmware needs. The company supports Linux Vendor Firmware Service (LVFS) to update the firmware. Framework Laptop Chromebook Edition uses an open source firmware, coreboot.
In April 2024, it was described that the company has struggled with the other side of computing longevity and sustainability: providing up-to-date software. After that, the company published a blog article about software longevity, saying, "We recognize that we have fallen short of where we need to be on software updates, and we are making the needed investments to resolve this."
Battery life
The initial 55 Wh battery in the original Intel 11th Gen CPU Model has been described as middling. This feedback was addressed with the release of a 61 Wh battery, available as an option in the 2023 edition of the laptop. An Ars Technica review found that the battery life of the 13th Gen Intel motherboard was significantly improved over prior designs, gaining a 40% uplift in PCMark's battery test but remaining mostly the same when running Handbrake, despite the reviewer testing battery life with the 55 Wh battery from their previous machine; with an upgrade to the 61 Wh battery, the runtime improved by another 13%.
The AMD Ryzen 7040U series option also increased battery life, as shown in a review by YouTube reviewer Just Josh. Given the additional battery life, better performance, less heat, and lower fan noise when idle, Josh recommended that users only consider the AMD model for those reasons.
The battery drains even in a complete shut down state within UEFI version 3.07 or earlier with the 11th Intel Core motherboard, later fixed in UEFI unofficial version 3.08.
Technical specifications
As most components in Framework products are designed to be reconfigurable, this table lists stock specifications available at the time of purchase.
Framework Laptop 16
Framework Laptop 16 is a larger laptop unveiled at the promotional Next Level keynote in March 2023. It is dubbed the "holy grail" of upgradeable laptops for engineers and gamers due to the new expansion bay that can attach PCIe components such as a dedicated GPU, as well as adapt the laptop's cooling system.
Firmware
Framework Laptop 16 uses proprietary UEFI firmware by Insyde Software.
Technical specifications
As most components in Framework products are designed to be reconfigurable, this table lists stock specifications available at the time of purchase.
Expansion cards
A core feature of the Framework laptop is the expansion card system that provides the primary input/output for the laptop. In its base form, the laptop is equipped with recessed slots containing USB-C ports that can be used directly. These slots can be attached with an assortment of interchangeable cards that add features such as USB-C (passthrough), USB-A, DisplayPort 1.4, HDMI 2.0b, MicroSD, 2.5-gigabit Ethernet, and 3.5 mm headphone jack, as well as form-fitting solid state storage (up to 1 TB per slot). The Framework Laptop 13 can accommodate four expansion cards, and the larger Framework Laptop 16 accommodates six. The company launched the Expansion Card Developer Program to open card development to the public, releasing documentation, CAD templates, and reference designs for expansion cards—all under open source licenses.
USB-C
The capabilities of the USB-C expansion card are contingent on the mainboard, as it "passes through the supported protocols on the processor directly." On Intel platforms, the expansion card enables Thunderbolt 4/USB 4, 20 V/5 A charging, and DisplayPort Alt Mode. On AMD Ryzen platforms, the capabilities vary depending on the slot the USB-C expansion card occupies:
Framework Laptop 13 (with AMD Ryzen 7040U)
Two USB4 ports supporting data, DisplayPort Alt Mode, and USB-C PD 3.1 (back two ports).
One USB-C 3.2 port supporting data, DisplayPort Alt Mode, and USB-C PD 3.1 (front left port, with laptop upside down).
One USB-C 3.2 port supporting data and USB-C PD 3.1 (front right port, with laptop upside down).
Framework Laptop 16 (with AMD Ryzen 7040HS)
Two USB4 ports supporting data, DisplayPort Alt Mode, and USB-C PD 3.1. (Back two ports)
One USB-C 3.2 port supporting data, DisplayPort Alt Mode, and USB-C PD 3.1 (middle left port).
One USB-C 3.2 port supporting data and USB-C PD 3.1 (middle right port).
Two USB-C 3.2 ports supporting data only (front two ports).
Marketplace
The Framework Marketplace is an online store service hosted on the Framework website that primarily sells parts and tools that can be used to upgrade and repair the Framework Laptop. These include, but are not limited to, replacement motherboards, batteries, entire screen assemblies, RAM, and storage drives. The Marketplace also sells customization parts, including screen bezels, keyboard layouts, and expansion cards. In addition to computer-related items, the Marketplace also includes merchandise.
Logistics
Framework works with a logistics partner Dimerco to distribute its products. A logistics staffer mentioned Dimerco managing a complex e-commerce fulfillment process of Framework's highly customizable products from Taiwan.
Third party projects
Third-party companies and individuals make projects in a Framework ecosystem.
Decoration
Framework Laptop skins & wraps
Screen protector film
Arts & wallpapers
Parts management
Module frame
Parts tray
Motherboard case
Expansion card
Magnetic charger expansion card
Scroll wheels expansion card
UART expansion card
Solokeys Solo V2 expansion card
Hardware using expansion card
Box, a hardware for cloud storage alternative that uses Framework Expansion Cards
Motherboard
DC-ROMA RISC-V Mainboard, a RISC-V CPU architecture motherboard
Motherboard-based
CJ64, a cyberdeck-like keyboard PC that repurposes the Framework Laptop's motherboard
Mainboard Terminal, a retro-style round display PC that uses the Framework Laptop's motherboard
Framedeck, a Framework-motherboard-based cyberdeck with clear acrylic and brass, influenced by TRS-80 Model 100.
A tablet that uses Framework parts including the motherboard
Framework-Tablet, a 3D printable tablet case
FrameStation, a modern game console case for the Framework motherboard
Framework Desktop Case Adapter, a 3D-printable mount to adapt a Framework motherboard to ATX and MicroATX motherboards and cases
Framework Test Bench, a test and development bench for Framework motherboard
An aluminum 3D-printed motherboard case
Framework-AIO, a 3D-printable case that converts Framework Laptop into an all-in-one-style desktop computer.
DIY Triple Screen Laptop, a portable ergonomics computer with three screens (one panel, and two iPad Retina displays).
Display
Glider, a 60 fps E-ink replacement display
Firmware
Coreboot. In May 2024, the coreboot project released coreboot version 24.05 which supported Framework Laptop 13 AMD Ryzen 7040. It was an experimental coreboot port being worked on by several AMD firmware engineers and stakeholders as an unofficial project.
Software
Embedded Controller Modifications, an EC tool that changes the colors of LEDs and the keyboard layout on the firmware level, plus a suite of tools for talking to and manipulating the EC
Others
Framework input cover controller
Adjustable laptop stand
Product support
The company provides knowledge base articles, a community forum, QR codes on the products and parts, and an inquiry form. The company's customer support is controversial. It has both positive reviews that they are transparent, honest, and customer-focused and negative reviews that they close the door.
Supported countries and regions
Framework Laptop is available for order in the US, Canada, the UK, Germany, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Australia, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Taiwan, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Greece, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Republic of Cyprus, Slovenia, Croatia, Portugal, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Czech Republic. In December 2021, the company announced that they chose the additional supported countries UK, Germany, and France based on both the number of people who registered interest through the region selection page and on logistical complexity. In February 2022, pre-ordering became available for Ireland, Austria, and the Netherlands. Pre-orders also opened in Australia in September 2022, with shipments arriving from October.
For people asking to buy Framework Laptop in their region, the company recommended that they wait until the company officially launches in their region before ordering. The company mentioned that if an import service was used, they would not be able to support the laptop or warranty.
Linux
In December 2021, the company released a statement asking users who are not using Ubuntu 21.04.3+ or Fedora 35 to troubleshoot with Framework's Linux community instead of contacting Framework support as no other Linux distribution has been verified by the company for hardware compatibility, mentioning that the company could troubleshoot general product usage issues on a supported OS, but could not troubleshoot OS-related issues not related to the product functionality. In April 2022, the company announced their Linux compatibility page. In a July 2024 interview, a Linux support staffer mentioned, "My job is to identify the most likely distributions that we want to focus on providing support for efficiently and also then looking to outreach with community-based support as well … and actually beginning to build those bridges."
The Ryzen-based Framework laptop had some initial issues with Linux support, but were quickly fixed with a firmware update made available through LVFS.
BSD operating systems
In June 2022, the FreeBSD Foundation announced their work to ensure that the experience running FreeBSD on the Framework Laptop matches the stability that FreeBSD users expect.
Philosophy and recognition
Electronics right-to-repair movement
In June 2021, a venture capitalist investing in the company said "The conventional wisdom in the industry is that making products repairable makes them thicker, heavier, uglier, less robust, and more expensive. We're here to prove that wrong and fix consumer electronics, one category at a time". In October 2021 interviews, the company said "The core problem is the idea that consumer electronics are disposable," and "Right to repair is incredibly important. It is actually a core part of what we are doing. Because increasingly products are not designed to be repaired."
Framework Laptop was on display as part of the Waste Age: What can Design Do? exhibition displayed at the Design Museum in London from October 2021 to February 2022.
The company's founder Nirav Patel appeared as a former employee of Apple in the Netflix original film Buy Now: The Shopping Conspiracy featuring shopping and waste, which was released in November 2024 ahead of Black Friday by Grain Media. He stated, "As soon as your business model starts to revolve around that replacement cycle, the object being replaced in a while instead of being something that can last longer, it becomes extremely difficult to reverse and go back".
Reception
In November 2021, Time magazine listed the Framework Laptop on their list of the 100 Best Inventions of 2021. In March 2022, Fast Company listed the Framework Laptop on their list of the Most Innovative Companies of 2022. In October 2023, Time magazine listed the Framework Laptop 16 on their list of the 200 Best Inventions of 2023.
See also
Ethical consumerism
Fairphone
Shiftphone
Social enterprise
System76
Purism
Pine64
References
External links
Framework Laptop, at the Arch Linux wiki site
Framework Laptop, at the Gentoo Linux wiki site
Framework Laptop, at the FreeBSD wiki site
Computer companies established in 2020
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Computer systems companies
Consumer electronics brands
American brands
Netbook manufacturers
Online retailers of the United States
2020 establishments in California
Right to repair
Laptops | Framework Computer | [
"Technology"
] | 3,465 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computer systems companies",
"Computers",
"Computer systems"
] |
68,643,932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoy%20baiting | Pinoy baiting is the act engaged by non-Filipino individuals, usually celebrities or YouTubers, who post content online with the intention of getting the attention of Filipinos, by acting surprised, giving superficial and insincere praises, and other forms that gives supposed recognition to the Philippines or its people.
Such actions and subsequent responses by Filipinos have been criticized as a form of cultural cringe, and that Filipinos should not constantly require validation from non-Filipinos about themselves or their country.
Forms of Pinoy baiting
Reaction videos
On social media such as YouTube, channels with the specific focus to show their reaction and opinions about a certain video or topic are called reaction channels. Reactions are very popular and require minimal effort to create, this makes it the reason why it is very easy for Pinoy baiting channels to thrive out of reaction videos.
Vlog
Vlogging, short for Video blogging, grew in popularity in recent years. Most of the popular Pinoy baiting channels tend to be vlog channels, normally following the same title and script, which include: "The Philippines changed us/me", "First impression of the Philippines", "Is this really Manila?" "Filipinos are such Kind/Good People!", as well as travelling to touristy areas such as Boracay, Bonifacio Global City and taste testing the fast food chain Jollibee, among others.
See also
Colonial mentality
Cultural cringe
Orientalism
Postcolonialism
Self-hatred
Tall poppy syndrome
References
Cultural studies
Society of the Philippines
Social media
Internet in the Philippines | Pinoy baiting | [
"Technology"
] | 322 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
68,644,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session%20type | In type theory, session types are used to ensure correctness in concurrent programs. They guarantee that messages sent and received between concurrent programs are in the expected order and of the expected type. Session type systems have been adapted for both channel and actor systems.
Session types are used to ensure desirable properties in concurrent and distributed systems, i.e. absence of communication errors or deadlocks, and protocol conformance.
Binary versus multiparty session types
Interaction between two processes can be checked using binary session types, while interactions between more than two processes can be checked using multiparty session types. In multiparty session types interactions between all participants are described using a global type, which is then projected into local types that describe communication from the local view of each participant. Importantly, the global type encodes the sequencing information of the communication, which would be lost if we were to use binary session types to encode the same communication.
Formal definition of binary session types
Binary session types can be described using send operations (), receive operations (), branches (), selections (), recursion () and termination ().
For example, represents a session type which first sends a boolean (), then receives an integer () before finally terminating ().
Implementations
Session types have been adapted for several existing programming languages, including:
lchannels (Scala)
Effpi (Scala)
STMonitor (Scala)
EnsembleS
Session-types (Rust)
sesh (Rust)
Session Actors (Python)
Monitored Session Erlang (Erlang)
FuSe (OCaml)
session-ocaml (OCaml)
Priority Sesh (Haskell)
Java Typestate Checker (Java)
Swift Sessions (Swift)
References
Concurrency (computer science)
Type theory
Type systems | Session type | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 361 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical objects",
"Computer science stubs",
"Type systems",
"Type theory",
"Computer science",
"Computing stubs"
] |
68,647,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine%20precursor | Monoamine precursors are precursors of monoamines and monoamine neurotransmitters in the body. The amino acids L-tryptophan and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; oxitriptan) are precursors of serotonin and melatonin, while the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA (levodopa) are precursors of dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Administration of monoamine precursors can increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the body and brain. Monoamine precursors may be used in combination with peripherally selective aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors (AAAD inhibitors; also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitors) such as carbidopa and benserazide to restrict metabolism and activation in the periphery. Carbidopa/levodopa and levodopa/benserazide are used to increase brain dopamine levels in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Carbidopa/oxitriptan (EVX-101), which increases brain serotonin levels, is under development as an antidepressant for possible use in the treatment of depression.
Droxidopa (L-DOPS) is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of norepinephrine used orally in the treatment of certain types of hypotension and other conditions. Dipivefrine is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of epinephrine used as an ophthalmic medication.
References
Amino acids
Dietary supplements | Monoamine precursor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 364 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Amino acids",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
68,647,919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2-42 | Minkowski 2-42, abbreviated M2-42, is a planetary nebula that was discovered by Rudolph Minkowski in 1947. It is located about 30,800 light-years away from Earth in the Galactic bulge. It is known to be a bipolar planetary nebula containing two jets of material emerging from both sides of its central star. It has been found that its bipolar outflows have the typical features of Fast Low-Ionization Emission Region (FLIER).
The central star of M2-42 is classified as weak emission-line star, but its nitrogen and helium features may be linked to nitrogen sequences of Wolf-Rayet central stars of planetary nebula ([WN]). The chemical composition of this planetary nebula was found to be around the solar metallicity.
See also
List of largest nebulae
Lists of nebulae
References
Planetary nebulae
Sagittarius (constellation) | M2-42 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 179 | [
"Nebula stubs",
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
68,649,892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellus%20enelensis | Cantharellus enelensis is one of several species of chanterelle native to North America, discovered in 2017 as a new member of the C. cibarius complex. It forms mycorrhizal relationships and is an edible mushroom.
Taxonomy
Cantharellus enelensis was discovered in 2017 as a new member of the C. cibarius complex. It was temporarily categorized as having a conservation status of 'least concern'.
Etymology
The name enelensis is in honour of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador where the mushroom was first discovered.
Description
Cantharellus enelensis has decurrent ridges that are forked, a cap that is from in diameter and can be infundibuliform in older specimens. The flesh is firm and white to pale yellow on the inside and can smell fruity, often described as apricot smelling. The foot of the mushroom gets wider closer to the cap.
Similar species
Members of the C. cibarius complex in eastern North America are difficult to distinguish from one another without special techniques such as DNA sequencing and microscopic examinations.
Cantharellus. enelensis can be distinguished from C. cibarius by its hymenophore, which is more orange in C. enelensis.
Distribution and habitat
C. enelensis is one of 40 varieties of Cantharellus that grows in North America, which it is native to.
Chanterelles identified with DNA sequencing as C. enelensis have been found in Newfoundland, Quebec, Michigan and Illinois but there is evidence to suggest it is widespread in North American conifer forests. It is the most commonly found chanterelle in Newfoundland.
Ecology
Cantharellus enelensis forms mycorrhizal relationships and grows in conifer forests with well drained, moist, sandy soil.
The mushrooms beat fruiting bodies between July and September with the peak in August.
Uses
Cantharellus enelensis is an edible mushroom.
References
Fungi of North America
Fungi described in 2017
Edible fungi
enelensis
Fungus species | Cantharellus enelensis | [
"Biology"
] | 418 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,651,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20characteristic%20map | In mathematics, especially representation theory and combinatorics, a Frobenius characteristic map is an isometric isomorphism between the ring of characters of symmetric groups and the ring of symmetric functions. It builds a bridge between representation theory of the symmetric groups and algebraic combinatorics. This map makes it possible to study representation problems with help of symmetric functions and vice versa. This map is named after German mathematician Ferdinand Georg Frobenius.
Definition
The ring of characters
Source:
Let be the -module generated by all irreducible characters of over . In particular and therefore . The ring of characters is defined to be the direct sumwith the following multiplication to make a graded commutative ring. Given and , the product is defined to bewith the understanding that is embedded into and denotes the induced character.
Frobenius characteristic map
For , the value of the Frobenius characteristic map at , which is also called the Frobenius image of , is defined to be the polynomial
Remarks
Here, is the integer partition determined by . For example, when and , corresponds to the partition . Conversely, a partition of (written as ) determines a conjugacy class in . For example, given , is a conjugacy class. Hence by abuse of notation can be used to denote the value of on the conjugacy class determined by . Note this always makes sense because is a class function.
Let be a partition of , then is the product of power sum symmetric polynomials determined by of variables. For example, given , a partition of ,
Finally, is defined to be , where is the cardinality of the conjugacy class . For example, when , . The second definition of can therefore be justified directly:
Properties
Inner product and isometry
Hall inner product
Source:
The inner product on the ring of symmetric functions is the Hall inner product. It is required that . Here, is a monomial symmetric function and is a product of completely homogeneous symmetric functions. To be precise, let be a partition of integer, thenIn particular, with respect to this inner product, form a orthogonal basis: , and the Schur polynomials form a orthonormal basis: , where is the Kronecker delta.
Inner product of characters
Let , their inner product is defined to be
If , then
Frobenius characteristic map as an isometry
One can prove that the Frobenius characteristic map is an isometry by explicit computation. To show this, it suffices to assume that :
Ring isomorphism
The map is an isomorphism between and the -ring . The fact that this map is a ring homomorphism can be shown by Frobenius reciprocity. For and ,
Defining by , the Frobenius characteristic map can be written in a shorter form:
In particular, if is an irreducible representation, then is a Schur polynomial of variables. It follows that maps an orthonormal basis of to an orthonormal basis of . Therefore it is an isomorphism.
Example
Computing the Frobenius image
Let be the alternating representation of , which is defined by , where is the sign of the permutation . There are three conjugacy classes of , which can be represented by (identity or the product of three 1-cycles), (transpositions or the products of one 2-cycle and one 1-cycle) and (3-cycles). These three conjugacy classes therefore correspond to three partitions of given by , , . The values of on these three classes are respectively. Therefore:Since is an irreducible representation (which can be shown by computing its characters), the computation above gives the Schur polynomial of three variables corresponding to the partition .
References
Representation_theory
Combinatorics | Frobenius characteristic map | [
"Mathematics"
] | 761 | [
"Representation theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
68,651,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Pavlovich%20Petrov | Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov (13 May 1836 – 15 January 1920) was a Russian army professor of mechanics and engineering who is considered one of the founders of tribology or the study of friction and lubrication. He is best known for what is known as Petrov's Law of friction.
Petrov was born in an aristocratic family in Novgorod. He was educated at the Constantine Artillery Academy and the Nicholas Engineering Academy then became an instructor in mathematics. He studied mechanics under M. V. Ostrogradsky and then joined as a professor of applied mechanics at the Nicholas Engineering Academy in 1867. His main work was on the examination of railway vehicles, examining steam engines, and his main work was on the lubrication of bearings for the wheels. He examined journal bearings used in the axles of the wheels of railway coaches and identified a relationship on friction in rotating components, the viscosity of lubricants and frictional torque which goes by the name of Petrov's Law (or Petroff's Law).
References
1836 births
1920 deaths
Tribologists
Engineers from the Russian Empire | Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov | [
"Materials_science"
] | 229 | [
"Tribology",
"Tribologists"
] |
68,651,431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroad | A stroad is a type of street–road hybrid. Common in the United States and Canada, stroads are wide arterials (like a road) that often provide access to strip malls, drive-throughs, and other automobile-oriented businesses (like a street). Stroads have been criticized by urban planners for their safety issues and inefficiencies. While streets serve as a destination and provide access to shops and residences at safe traffic speeds, and roads serve as a high-speed connection that can efficiently move traffic at high speed and volume, stroads are often expensive, inefficient, and dangerous.
Etymology
In 2011, the American civil engineer and urban planner Charles Marohn, founder of Strong Towns, coined the word "stroad" as a blend of the words street and road to illustrate what he characterized as failures in the North American pattern of development.
Criticisms
Poor mix of street and road functions
According to Charles Marohn, a stroad is a bad combination of two types of vehicular pathways: it is part street—which he describes as a "complex environment where life in the city happens", with pedestrians, cars, buildings close to the sidewalk for easy accessibility, with many (property) entrances / exits to and from the street, and with spaces for temporary parking and delivery vehicles—and part road, which he describes as a "high-speed connection between two places" with wide lanes and limited entrances and exits, and which are generally straight or have gentle curves.
In essence, Marohn defines a stroad as a high-speed road with many turnoffs, and lacking in safety features. In his commentary, Marohn states that stroads do not function well as either a street or a road. According to Marohn, the problem with stroads is that engineering codes tend to emphasize speed and traffic flow rather than safety, so that stroads try to be "all things to all people" but end up failing in every way as a result.
Dover and Massengale (2014) stated that the design of roads as highways/motorways was originally modelled on the railroad, namely an efficient connection between two populated places (cities, towns, villages) with a car, while streets formed networks inside a place to move around that place with numerous different modes of transportation to make it financially productive; these two systems functioned well as long they were kept separated,But when we reconfigure our streets to have the characteristics of roads—as stroads—we are no longer able to capture the value of shar[ing] the space. A modern stroad ... is about the least safe traffic environment you could be in, too, with high-speed designs mashed up with turning traffic, stop-and-go traffic, sudden lane changes, and obnoxious signage. This ridiculously unsafe design is accepted as "normal" just because it was allowed to become ubiquitous.They noted that the general public is often not aware of the functional distinction that engineers (as well as dictionaries) make between streets and roads, that street names ending with 'street' or 'road' (for historical reasons) may be misleading and not align with the current de facto traffic situation, and that mixing up the functions of streets and roads causes numerous problems.
The concept of the stroad was popularized in large part as a result of an April 2021 short documentary by the Canadian-born Amsterdam-based Jason Slaughter of the urban planning YouTube channel Not Just Bikes, which went viral, and stated that stroads in North America are "ugly, dangerous, and inefficient", as well as more expensive, contrasting them with road design in the Netherlands, where clear functional distinctions between motorways (highways), roads, and streets were introduced in the 1990s. These measures were aimed at increasing safety, traffic flow, and cost-effectiveness, while also having the effect of reducing car dependency, increasing walkability, cycleability, and general livability. Unlike the two functions ("street" versus "road") proposed by Marohn's foundation Strong Towns, the Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research () identified three functions for roadways in 1994: flow, distribution, and access.
Flow roads () are designed to transport lots of people at high speeds. These have been compared to the European and Commonwealth English "motorways" and the U.S. "interstate highways".
Distributor roads () are designed to connect flow roads and access roads. They are not meant to give direct access to private property, and roundabouts are the preferred traffic control option rather than traffic lights.
Access roads () are designed to provide access to private property, such as 'homes, offices, industry, farms, shopping centers, and other similar destinations.' According to William Zurborg (2023), access roads 'only connect to distributor roads, and access roads should be positioned to ensure that they are unattractive to through traffic. Access roads are meant to be characterized by their surroundings, and the road itself is meant to harbor people, not deter them.' The design speed (and speed limit) on access roads is 30 kilometres per hour, or lower. The main road users of access roads are pedestrians, cyclists, and public transport travellers; motorists (car drivers) are made aware of these more vulnerable other road users, to better interact with them, and to take a greater responsibility by slowing down. To aid in keeping vehicular speeds relatively safe, physical forms of traffic calming such as narrowing the streets for motor vehicles may also be employed.
The redesigning of roads in the Netherlands into these three functions, as part of the Dutch Sustainable Safety Vision, resulted in a 30% decrease in expected traffic deaths between 1998 and 2007. Zurborg argued that stroads in the United States are the result of local governments designing their roadways to fulfill all three functions simultaneously, thus leading to numerous problems.
In some cases, roads become stroads due to a lack of access management implementation when facilities are expanded or widened, often with the aim of improving mobility. The road becomes a stroad over time from development adding private accessways onto the main road, increasing congestion and collisions, which thus requires traffic control additions such as traffic signals. This degrades the roadway quality in terms of mobility.
Champs-Élysées comparison
According to Charles Marohn, the famous Champs-Élysées in Paris was effectively a stroad as recently as 2001. In the middle of the avenue were three automobile traffic lanes in either direction, ostensibly fulfilling the function of a road. A wide buffer of trees existed on either side of the road area, separating the roadway from slip lanes for slow-driving traffic. These slip lanes fulfilled the function of streets, providing access to parking, sidewalks, shops and restaurants. Because the street and road areas of the Champs-Élysées were physically separated, this stroad environment actually managed some success in allowing both safe high-speed traffic (up to ) in the center roadway and a productive street environment on the sides. however, the slip lanes are fully pedestrianized, while the center roadway functions as a true road.
The Esplanade in Chico, California is, according to Marohn, a rare example of a successful 'stroad' akin to the 2001 version of the Parisian Champs-Élysées in that buffers of trees physically separate the high-speed 'road' part in the middle from the two low-speed productive 'streets' on the sides (lined by houses which had high property values). He contrasted the Esplanade to Mangrove Avenue, a stroad just five blocks to the east in Chico that runs parallel to the Esplanade, but has all the typical issues of a stroad in that the street and road functions are not physically separated, and the environment is low-density and much less productive, with gas stations, strip malls and other car-oriented businesses.
Unlike Marohn, however, Jason Slaughter of Not Just Bikes does not categorize such traffic situations as a "stroad", but as "a road with streets on either side to access houses". Taking the Nieuwe Dedemsvaartweg (Provincial road N377) outside Nieuwleusen and the (s108) in Amstelveen in the Netherlands as examples, he used the fact that access from the middle to the sides is very restricted (through a limited number of roundabouts) to argue that they are three separate ways: the middle is a road, the sides are streets; there is no "stroad".
Lack of traffic calming
Stroads do not account for human psychology. Vision Zero Coalition's 2018 report explained that since the stroad has a false sense of safety, drivers subconsciously drive at dangerously fast speeds. Stroads in the USA and Canada typically have legal speed limits between . But since the speed limit usually does not match the design speed, motorists usually drive on stroads. Therefore, simply reducing the posted speed limit (PSL) with a traffic sign, a widely adopted strategy, will not work. "If the road [design] ... suggest[s] that the PSL is too low, drivers may simply ignore it".
To help people comply with the legal speed limit, traffic engineers need to design roads, (stroads,) and streets so that they are self-explanatory. This is called traffic calming. Roads and streets that use traffic calming use physical and perceptual cues to subconsciously trigger drivers to drive slower and more cautiously due to perceived danger. Examples include "narrower lanes, tighter corner radii, gateway treatments, changed roadway surface materials and appearance, mini roundabouts and other speed management techniques" such as speed bumps. The typical lack of these cues on stroads causes motorists to drive much faster than is safe to do in the environment they are in, with many entries and exits creating points of conflict and potential collisions, especially at higher speeds.
Traffic engineers in cities around North America (e.g. Boston, Houston, St. Louis, etc.) are reshaping their fundamental street design (and laws) so that safety is prioritized. , the city of Boston is studying how to minimize pedestrian traffic deaths by lowering speed limits with traffic calming using road diets. After several stroads were replaced by more efficient roadways in Boston, vehicular fatalities fell from 21 in 2016 to 10 in 2018; simultaneously, pedestrian fatalities halved from 14 to 7. This partial success motivated Bostonian locals to demand the complete elimination of the remaining stroads by implementing better road design.
Pedestrian deaths
Stroads often lack features designed to make roadways safe for pedestrians, such as crosswalks and adequate street lights. A 2021 report by the Governors Highway Safety Association said that 60.4% of pedestrian fatalities from motor vehicles occurred on such roads.
Car dependency and congestion
Although stroads facilitate the goal of making all destinations reachable by car, they also practically force everyone to use (and own) a car, and thus increase car dependency (at the cost of walkability and easy use of public transport), while not necessarily making travelling by car more efficient. Despite the high speeds that stroads were designed for, which has made them needlessly dangerous, in practice they frequently end up being clogged with cars seeking access from the many entrances, so that the average speeds on stroads are low due to traffic congestion. Widening stroads to counter congestion usually only leads to induced demand and extra costs.
Sidewalk quality
The quality of sidewalks (British English: pavement) next to stroads is often poor. Many stroads do not feature any sidewalks at all. In the case of stroad-like suburban residential streets, sidewalks are sometimes deliberately left out by design in order "to further the rural image". Whereas stroads often feature a repetitive pattern of retail franchises on the side with very few sidewalks for pedestrians, there are usually large parking spaces for drivers. Sometimes there are only "painted sidewalks" next to a strip mall, without curbs or traffic bollards to somewhat protect pedestrians against vehicles that may deviate from the road.
Marohn (2021) stated: "A person on a sidewalk has no defense at all if a vehicle leaves the roadway at stroad speeds". He pointed out that traffic lights, such as those next to the State Street stroad in Springfield, Massachusetts, are often designed with shear pins at the base so as to break off if a vehicle happens to crash into it; although this design increases the safety of the driver and any passengers, it also significantly decreases the safety of any pedestrians who may be standing or walking on the sidewalk behind the traffic signal. Marohn was astonished to discover that even a bench had been placed right next to this breakaway traffic light pole, "inviting people to sit in a place where the chance of a driver losing control and going off the roadway at high speeds is so great that the city installed breakaway poles." At intersecting stroads, vehicles often need to decelerate from a high to a low speed to make a sharp turn right at a long turn lane next to a sidewalk; this makes walking there particularly dangerous for pedestrians. Sidewalks are sometimes too narrow, feature many obstructions such as street lights, as well as driveway cuts, which make them pedestrian-unfriendly.
Middleton (2021) called stroads 'a combination of a people-centric street and a vehicle-centric road'. The stroad can be found where urban sprawl and car-centric development patterns are used: it 'seems confused', and is characterized by 'no sidewalk, no shade, and a lot of parking'. In Lexington, Kentucky, where such situations are commonly found in modern suburban commercial areas, a survey of elderly residents found that respondents instead desired 'protection from traffic, reduced noise, seating and shade, dedicated sidewalks, and increased building frontage.'
Walking for a distance of along a stroad (Farm to Market Road 1960 or Cypress Creek Parkway) in Houston was what motivated Jason Slaughter of Not Just Bikes to wonder who could have possibly designed such a situation, and how urban planning could be done much safer and more efficiently (by improving walkability and reducing car dependency). The rather narrow sidewalks, and in the middle section (crossing a bridge and a railroad) no sidewalk at all, were right next to fast-driving vehicular traffic ( , creating an extremely unsafe and unpleasant environment for pedestrians. Yet, the fact that the grass where one would expect a sidewalk was well-trodden, and Google Street View images also showed that people used it, was evidence to Slaughter that a significant number of pedestrians apparently saw or had no other option (such as taking a car, taxi or bus) than to walk along this dangerous stroad to get to their destinations without basic pedestrian protections. He argued: "There is no excuse for this. If you have enough room for 7 lanes of car traffic, then you have enough room for a sidewalk. Or a bicycle path."
Return on investment
Marohn (2017) stated that stroads "are enormously expensive to build and, ultimately, financially unproductive". This is because "stroads are built to a highway standard, their lanes are very wide, and there are never [fewer] than four lanes", or "at least three through lanes", and they usually take up extra space for shoulders and clear zones. Stroads feature many more entrances and exits than limited-access highways and roads and thus require more turning lanes, and because stroad vehicle speeds may be higher than on a street, the turning lanes are much longer to allow vehicles to decelerate and reduce the risk of rear-end collisions; this means stroads require more and longer turning lanes, which are more expensive to build and maintain and take up more space than streets and roads do. The high frequency of accesses to a stroad with much traffic often prompts the construction of traffic lights at intersections, which may cost up to $250,000 to build (excluding maintenance costs).
An extreme example of this is found on the intersection of Charleston Boulevard with Decatur Boulevard in Las Vegas, which features seven approach lanes, each of which has traffic lights. The larger size of stroads compared to streets and roads means they require more space which needs to be purchased, flattened and asphalted, which reduces the property value of the land, increases the cost of flood protection infrastructure, and asphalt and traffic control system maintenance costs. Compared to households along urban streets, stroads tend to double the costs that households pay on the construction and maintenance of infrastructure, as well as the delivery of public services, while the tax revenues per acre of properties along stroads pale in comparison to urban commercial streets.
The space taken up by stroads, as well as the large areas dedicated to parking lots at the destinations of cars using stroads, result in low-density land use (typical for urban sprawl). This makes stroad environments financially significantly less productive and tax-generating than a street, but with significantly more infrastructure and thus high-cost per area maintenance costs, so that they become a net-negative and financial burden for cities, because they cannot sustain themselves.
Improving stroads
Arguing that stroads represent a poor return on investment and safety hazard, Charles Marohn suggested that stroads should either be converted to a street, for land access, or a road, for mobility. Conversion to a street would involve slowing traffic, prioritizing people over cars, and encouraging complex community interactions and solution. Conversion to a road would involve separating the road from shops, reducing the number of access roads. The Champs-Élysées with its slip lanes is given as example of one such conversion.
Examples
Canada
Wonderland Road in London, Ontario, has been identified as a five-lane stroad by Jason Slaughter of Not Just Bikes, who grew up next to it. The city council considered widening Wonderland Road to seven lanes in an attempt to alleviate congestion, but in 2021 it voted 9 to 5 against the plan, because the council majority reasoned that it would only lead to induced demand, 212 million Canadian dollars in construction costs plus higher maintenance costs, and a significantly higher environmental impact, without actually solving the congestion problem.
Macleod Trail between Calgary and Fort Macleod in the Canadian province of Alberta, particularly the stretch between the Elbow River and 90 Avenue SE, has been identified as a stroad by Tom Babin ("Shifter"). One of the most significant characteristics of this stretch is that this "stroad" part has a rather poor safety record, because it has some of the highest collision rates in the city of Calgary, while at the Macleod Trail part to the north closer to downtown (where it is more like a "street"), as well as the part further to the south (where it is more like a "road"), there were far fewer crashes by comparison.
United States
California State Route 82, part of El Camino Real, has a 43-mile-long stroad between San Francisco and San Jose.
Charleston Boulevard, part of the Nevada State Route 159 in Clark County, Nevada, is a stroad in Las Vegas. It has at least three throughlanes at every point along its stretch, large intersections such as with Decatur Boulevard (another stroad) and the Interstate 15 (Las Vegas Freeway) where Charleston Boulevard has seven approach lanes, and long right-turn lanes (intended to allow vehicles to decelerate from over to safely make a sharp turn right) that make walking on the sidewalk particularly dangerous for pedestrians. Pedestrian crossings (crosswalks) over or parallel to Charleston Boulevard tend to be quite long and unsafe, while sidewalks tend to be narrow, feature many obstructions such as street lights, as well as driveway cuts, which make them pedestrian-unfriendly.
Georgia State Route 13, also known as the Buford Highway and the Atlanta Highway, is a stroad north of Atlanta, Georgia. The Buford Highway community along this stroad, which features many strip malls, is home to a diverse immigrant community where car ownership is low, and the pedestrian fatality rates are amongst the highest in the state of Georgia. , the Atlanta-based Canvas Planning Group urban community planning and designing consulting firm is co-operating with the local non-profit organisation We Love BuHi to construct 'additional, safer, and more pleasant walking routes by connecting the walkways in front of the many strip malls with painted sidewalks'.
Illinois Route 59 in metropolitan Chicago's DuPage County is a stroad with traffic moving at an average of , and a repetitive pattern of retail franchises on the side, with very few sidewalks for pedestrians, but large parking spaces for drivers.
Lancaster Avenue in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, has been identified as a stroad, because it is a street designed like a road with overly expensive infrastructure, low return on investment, and unsafe traffic conditions for both drivers, cyclists and pedestrians.
The Las Vegas Strip is an infamously clogged stroad in Clark County, Nevada, that forms part of the Las Vegas Boulevard (part of Nevada State Route 604). According to Ray Delahanty (CityNerd), the Las Vegas Strip "is the ultimate stroad", and the word "strip" was a commonly used term to describe "stroads" before Marohn coined the latter term with a specific definition.
Linn County, Iowa has several stroads, with "Corridor Urbanism" co-founders Bruce Nesmith and Ben Kaplan (2021) pointing to Collins Road, Edgewood Road and Williams Boulevard in Cedar Rapids, as well as Highway 151, Highway 13, Linnview Avenue, Eagleview Drive, Highway 100, East Post Road, Menards Lane, and Seventh Avenue in Marion. They criticized Marion City Council's decision to invest in red light cameras at six intersections of the aforementioned stroads in Marion, while statistics had identified red light running as the cause of only 46 out of all 347 crashes (13.3%) in the previous six years, arguing that redesigning the roads would be a far better solution.
State Street in Springfield, Massachusetts, has been identified as a stroad by Charles Marohn (2021) in a case study involving the death of a seven-year-old girl and the serious injury of her mother and eight-year-old cousin after they were hit by a car on State Street next to the Central Library on December 3, 2014. Marohn stated: 'While many engineers have tried, it is impossible to make a stroad safe. State Street in Springfield has one of the highest crash rates in the state of Massachusetts. The only way to improve safety on a stroad is to convert it into a street or a road.'
Fruitville Road in Sarasota, Florida. In downtown, this stroad is four-lanes before widening to six lanes as it continues east before reverting back to four lanes after the junction with Interstate 75. Subject to traffic signal-induced congestion and frequent incidents of reckless driving.
Thailand
Author Korawich Kavee has described in Thailand as a stroad.
See also
Arterial road
Collector road
Intersection (road)
Mobility transition
Ring road
Road hierarchy
Road traffic safety § Designing for pedestrians and cyclists
Roundabout
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Seven Stroads That Have Been Converted to Streets
Types of roads
Transportation engineering
Road infrastructure
2011 neologisms | Stroad | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,865 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Transportation engineering",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
68,652,154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butoxybis%28dimethylamino%29methane | tert-Butoxybis(dimethylamino)methane is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)3COCH(N(CH3)2)2. The compound is classified as an aminal ester, i.e. the tert-butyl alcohol derivative of the aminal bis(dimethylamino)methane. It is a colorless liquid with a amine odor.
Use as reagent
Also known as Bredereck's reagent, it is used for formylation (introduction of the CHO group). Protonation releases tert-butyl alcohol, giving tetramethylformamidinium, which displaces active C-H bonds:
(CH3)3COCH(N(CH3)2)2 + H+ → (CH3)3COH + [CH(N(CH3)2)2]+
[CH(N(CH3)2)2]+ + CH2Z2 → Z2CHCH(N(CH3)2)2 + H+
The resulting bis(dimethylamino)methyl derivative in turn releases dimethylamine to give an enamine, which hydrolyzes.
Z2CHCH(N(CH3)2)2 → Z2C=CHN(CH3)2 + HN(CH3)2
Z2C=CHN(CH3)2 + H2O → Z2CHCHO + HN(CH3)2
Preparation
Tert-Butoxybis(dimethylamino)methane is obtained from tetramethylformamidinium chloride by reaction with tert-butoxide. Tetramethylformamidinium salts are obtained by the reaction of dimethylformamide (DMF) with dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
References
Tertiary amines
Dimethylamino compounds
Tert-butyl compounds
Ethers | Tert-Butoxybis(dimethylamino)methane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 405 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
68,652,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotextile%20tube | A geotextile tube is a large, tube-shaped bag made of porous, weather-resistant geotextile and filled with a sand slurry, to form an artificial coastal structure such as a breakwaters, dune or levee. Geotextile tubes are a component of the living shorelines approach to coastal management. They are aligned with the shoreline to weaken wave energy and protect against coastal erosion. The tubes facilitate oyster reef development and create areas to dispose of new dredge material. Geotextile tubes are also installed for land reclamation and temporarily installed during the dewatering phase of a dredging operation.
If a geotextile tube is exposed to the elements, it can be vulnerable to bursting.
Notable installations
Grand Isle, Louisiana ("Burrito Levee")
See also
Breakwater (structure)
Cellular confinement
Groyne
References
Geosynthetics
Coastal engineering | Geotextile tube | [
"Engineering"
] | 181 | [
"Coastal engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Civil engineering stubs"
] |
68,652,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notability%20%28application%29 | Notability is a note-taking application for iOS and macOS. The application allows note-taking and the annotation of PDF files. Notability is the best-selling note-taking app on the App Store.
Features
Like other note-taking software, Notability supports typing and drawing on a virtual notepad. The app supports directly editing and exporting to the PDF file format, and supports many other document file formats. Files are synced to iCloud and users can share files with other users via a link-based system. The app also supports multiple other features including simultaneous audio recording and the conversion of handwriting and math equations to text.
Notability supports the usage of a stylus on desktop platforms and the Apple Pencil on the iPad.
References
External links
Note-taking software
Proprietary cross-platform software
Mobile software
MacOS software
IOS software
2010 software
PDF readers
PDF software
IPadOS software | Notability (application) | [
"Technology"
] | 182 | [
"Mobile software stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
68,653,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Hudson%20%28scientist%29 | Mary Hudson (born January 6, 1949} is the Eleanor and Kelvin Smith Distinguished Professor of Physics at Dartmouth College. She is known for her research on the weather patterns that occur due to solar eruptions. She was elected a fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 1984.
Education and career
While in college, Hudson worked for the McDonnell-Douglas Corporation as a mathematician and earned her B.S. from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1969. She then worked for the Aerospace Corporation while working on her M.S. degree which she earned from UCLA in 1971. She earned her Ph.D. in 1974 from the University of California, Los Angeles. Following her Ph.D., Hudson joined the University of California, Berkeley where she remained until 1985 when she moved to Dartmouth College. In 1990 she was promoted to professor. From 2010 until 2016, she retained an affiliate position at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in the High Altitude Observatory.
Research
Hudson's interest in space developed as a child raised during the space race who had her own childhood telescope. Starting with her Ph.D. research, Hudson worked on the spread F problem, a phenomenon known to impact the transmission of signals by satellites. During her time at the University of California Berkeley, Hudson worked on the team led by Forrest Mozer that made the first electric field measurements in the ionosphere using the S3-3 satellite; the electrostatic shocks they measured accelerate electrons to make the auroras that can be seen at night in high latitudes. Hudson's research on geomagnetic storms, disruptions in the Earth's magnetosphere, establishes the conditions that cause radiation belts to form during these storms. From 2002 until 2013, Hudson co-lead the National Science Foundation-funded Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling. Her research on this project centered on magnetosphere physics, especially the trapping of solar energetic particles, which has consequences for technology used on Earth. Hudson has also examined the movement of particles in radiation belts, the Van Allen radiation belts, that surround the Earth.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 1984, Hudson was elected a fellow of the American Geophysical Union and awarded the James B. Macelwane Medal, thereby becoming the first woman to receive the award. She gave the Van Allen Lecture for the American Geophysical Union in 2006, and received the James A. Van Allen Space Environments Award from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2012. In 2017, she received the John Adam Fleming Medal from the American Geophysical Union.
References
External links
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Dartmouth College faculty
National Center for Atmospheric Research faculty
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
20th-century women physicists
Theoretical physicists
Space scientists
1949 births
Living people
21st-century women physicists | Mary Hudson (scientist) | [
"Physics"
] | 560 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists"
] |
68,654,289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjeri%20Venkatachalam | Manjeri Venkatachalam is a professor of biochemistry and pathologist at the Long School of Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. He primarily studies renal pathology and stem cell therapy.
Education
Venkatachalam received his MBBS from Calcutta Medical College in 1962. He has been affiliated with the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio as a professor of pathology since 1979.
Professorship
Hopes that you will remember him with kind words and not relegate him to infamy like Pearl Harbor.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio faculty
Indian pathologists
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata alumni
Indian biochemists | Manjeri Venkatachalam | [
"Chemistry"
] | 147 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemists",
"Biochemist stubs"
] |
44,342,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Prairie%20Area%20Demonstration%20Project | The Grand Prairie Area Demonstration Project is an interbasin transfer project to provide water to eastern Arkansas for the purposes of agricultural water supply, aquifer recharge, prairie and wetland restoration, water conservation and waterfowl management. The project, conceived by the US Army Corps of Engineers' Memphis District and approved by US Congress in 1950, generally involves the pumping of water from the White River near DeValls Bluff into pipelines and canals throughout Arkansas's Grand Prairie, specifically to farmers in Arkansas, Lonoke and Prairie counties. The new water source is intended to relieve groundwater pumping from the Alluvial and Sparta aquifers that underlie the Prairie.
History
Initially authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1950, the project received $6 million ($ million in today's dollars) from Congress. The act has been in various stages of planning or design ever since. Deferred in 1980 due to a lack of a strong local sponsor, the Grand Prairie-White River Irrigation District was formed by local leaders to continue project development. In 1983, the Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission requested the US Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg District conduct a study to determine the economic feasibility of the project.
Opposition
The project has encountered significant delays from a variety of groups voicing opposition to the project, including environmentalists, farmers, landowners, taxpayers and duck hunters. The project was also delayed significantly following the discovery of the Ivory-billed woodpecker within the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge in 2004.
Current status
As of 2014, the lower half of the pump station has been constructed at DeValls Bluff. The White River Irrigation District has not obtained subscribers to receive the water once pumping commences. Costs continue to escalate, and the Corps of Engineers, along with State of Arkansas, have no way of projecting the final cost to complete the project to any certainty. Farmers are not willing to subscribe when the cost is unknown. Cost is a concern to farmers as a farmer's profit margins are already small. If the water can not be provided at a cost affordable to the farmers, there will not be any subscribers. On the other hand, if the project is not completed in the near future, there will not be any farm activity in the area as pumping water up from the aquifers is already becoming cost prohibitive. Without the project, at current pumping rates, the aquifers will no longer be a source of water and the farming industry will no longer continue in the area as we know it today. The economies of the farming communities will suffer and a lot of the population will relocate to find other jobs and sources of income to raise their families.
See also
Rice cultivation in Arkansas
Notes
Further reading
House Document No. 255, 81st Congress, 1st Session, "White and Arkansas Rivers and Tributaries, Grand Prairie Region, Arkansas," July 1949.
House Document No. 308, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, Mississippi River and Tributaries, Grand Prairie Region and Bayou Meto Basin, Arkansas," Annex P, October 1959.
"Estimated Potential Water Needs for the Eastern Grand Prairie Region by Irrigation Scheduling," R. C. Peralta and P. W. Dutram, Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. December 1983.
"Using Target Levels to Develop a Sustained Yield Pumping Strategy in Arkansas, a Riparian Rights State," Richard C. Peralta and Ann W. Peralta, Appendix to the State Water Plan, May 1984.
Interbasin transfer
Buildings and structures in Arkansas
Water in Arkansas
Prairie County, Arkansas
Lonoke County, Arkansas
Arkansas County, Arkansas | Grand Prairie Area Demonstration Project | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 737 | [
"Hydrology",
"Interbasin transfer"
] |
44,345,924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeederberg%20Coach%20Company | The Zeederberg Coach Company was a South African horse-drawn mail and stage coach service operating during the late 1800s and early 1900s, and founded by four Zeederberg brothers: Lewis, Pieter, Roelof and Christiaan, who were of Swedish descent.
Roelof Abraham Zeederberg, their grandfather, arrived in Cape Town in 1798 from Sweden. A vessel carrying a cargo of coffee had been wrecked off the Cape coast, and sensing a business opportunity, Roelof bought the rights to the wreck and salvaged the coffee. The Zeederberg descendants eventually dispersed throughout southern Africa, rendering service in the fields of farming, medicine, commerce, industry and law.
The discovery of diamonds on the Vaal River at Kimberley in the 1860s, and gold on the Witwatersrand ridge in the Transvaal in 1886, created a demand for passenger and goods transport, which was met during the next 30 years by some sixteen coach services including CH Zeederberg Ltd. The outbreak of the War of Independence in 1880 virtually brought carrier services to a halt. By 1882 gold was found in Northern Transvaal, and Pretoria took on a new lease of life. More gold discoveries in the Northern and Eastern Transvaal in 1884 meant that business was booming for the few companies who had established their routes. Railways had got off to a very slow start in South Africa; at the beginning of 1884 there were only 1,318 miles (2,135 km) of track in operation, of which 1213 were in the Cape Colony.
This was the position in 1884, when two of the brothers, Lewis Andries (Louw) Zeederberg and Pieter Frederick (Piet) Zeederberg, who had been operating a wagon transport service south of the Vaal River, decided to extend their operations into the Transvaal. They had wide experience in this field, having carried supplies during the Zulu War, and on the cessation of hostilities, equipment and supplies from Durban and De Aar to the diamond fields. With six wagons in their fleet they decided to send for their older brother Roelof Abraham (Dolf) Zeederberg, who had given up a career as a chemist due to ill-health. Dolf joined them at Kimberley and they put him in charge of two ox-wagons carrying much-needed equipment and supplies to the mining settlements as far north as the Limpopo ('crocodile') River. Meanwhile, they operated a fleet of ten ox-wagons to Potchefstroom (Orange Free State), Pretoria and the Eastern Transvaal routes. Their success led them to send for their younger brother, Christiaan Hendrik (Döel) Zeederberg, then aged 23, to assist them in coping with the expanded operations.
In 1887 the partners started the first mail-coach route between Johannesburg and Kimberley. In 1890 they added a service between Pretoria, Pietersburg and the gold rush town of Leydsdorp.
In 1890 Cecil Rhodes commissioned Zeederberg to survey potential road links into Rhodesia. This initial reconnaissance took three years of intensive riding and walking between Fort Tuli, Fort Victoria (now Masvingo), Salisbury (now Harare) and Broken Hill (now Kabwe). The route went to the hotel at Fort Tuli, crossing the Limpopo River by means of a pontoon which the company had built, and thence via Fort Victoria and Fort Charter to Salisbury. The "Guide to Southern Africa" for 1893, quotes the fare from Tuli to Salisbury as being £15 while the trip took 14 days. This section later expanded to include Umtali and Victoria Falls. During the Matabele Rebellion of 1896 Zeederberg transported supplies for the British troops. During the Boer War mail transport contracts were suspended and the company's resources placed at the disposal of the British Government - Canadian and Australian troops were conveyed from Marandellas to Bulawayo in order to assist at the relief of Mafeking. Cecil Rhodes said of Christian Zeederberg that he had done more than any other man to open up Rhodesia.
Between 1895 and 1897 the Zeederbergs dissolved their partnership, and Döel got the monopoly for the mail coaches north of Pietersburg and the internal routes in Rhodesia. He bought out his brothers, reorganised the CH Zeederberg business and moved the firm's headquarters from Johannesburg to Pietersburg. The other brothers continued running the Zeederberg Coaching Company in the Transvaal. The Matabele Rebellion of 1896 threw the entire burden of provisioning the beleaguered settlers on to the Zeederbergs, the railhead still being Mochudi in Bechuanaland.
At the start of the 20th century, mail coaches disappeared rapidly. Roelof Abraham (Dolf) Zeederberg carried on operating the company, and was still running coaches through the northern and eastern Transvaal after the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The last mail coaches in the old Transvaal operated in 1916 from Pietersburg over Haenertsburg to the Lowveld. As late as 1925 the South and East African Year Book and Guide stated: Although motors have been rapidly superseding animal traction during the past few years, in some parts of Rhodesia and the Transvaal passengers still travel by coach. Fares were at the rate of 9d to 2s a mile. The last coach rolled from Graskop to Pilgrim's Rest and this romantic era in our history was concluded. In about 1930 the Zeederberg family closed the coach business in favour of car hire. During the 1930s the Zeederbergs were running tourist safaris by car from Johannesburg, until the outbreak of World War 2 put a temporary end to travel for pleasure.
At the height of its operations Zeederbergs were using coaches made by the American firm of Abbot-Downing, which had space for 12 passengers inside and 6 more clinging to the roof straps. Two original Zeederberg coaches are known to survive. One from 1888 was sent in 1964 to the National Museum of Rhodesia (at Bulawayo) for repair and exhibition, and was still there in 1974. One from 1895 (the only original one left in South Africa) was moved in 1995 from the Africana Museum to a new home at MuseuM AfricA in Newtown, Johannesburg.
The Ghost Coach
(From VeldExpress, HarryZeederberg, 1971)
Do you glimpse it through the gum trees
That grey and ghostly sight?
Do you hear the horses hoof beats
This still and silent night?
Down the track it goes a'gliding
No dust upon the air,
I can see the outline clearly -
A coach and driver there.
Can you come with me a minute?
There in the moonlight beam
I am certain 'tis the spectre
Of a game and gallant team.
They are straining in their traces,
The muscles taught and true.
You can see their eyes agleaming -
The Mail - it must go through.
But coaches, they ceased running
These many years ago.
It must be ghostly greatness
There in that brilliant glow.
Let us listen for the laughter
Of the daring driver's call
To each horse and mule he knows well -
Encouraging them all.
Could it be that such a service
Will never really die?
And again we'll hear it echo
With the Gamma's age-old cry?
Will they ride the road forever,
In a faint and weary way?
Will they stir the hearts of heroes
As they did of yesterday?
When machines make mighty progress
O'er roads no longer rough
There'll be that elfin echo
Of the coach so tried and tough.
See also
Pioneer Column
References
Postal systems
Express mail | Zeederberg Coach Company | [
"Technology"
] | 1,540 | [
"Transport systems",
"Postal systems"
] |
44,346,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo%20yo-yo | An Eskimo yo-yo or Alaska yo-yo (; ) is a traditional two-balled skill toy played and performed by the Eskimo-speaking Alaska Natives, such as Inupiat, Siberian Yupik, and Yup'ik. It resembles fur-covered bolas and yo-yo. It is regarded as one of the most simple, yet most complex, cultural artifacts/toys in the world. The Eskimo yo-yo involves simultaneously swinging two sealskin balls suspended on caribou sinew strings in opposite directions with one hand. It is popular with Alaskans and tourists alike. This traditional toy is two unequal lengths of twine, joined together, with hand-made leather objects (balls, bells, hearts) at the ends of the twine.
The object of the Eskimo yo-yo is to make the balls circle in opposite directions at the same time. Each cord is a different length to allow the balls to pass without striking one another, and the balls are powered by centripetal force (as they rise the performer pumps down, while they fall the performer pumps up). This basic trick may be referred to as the "Eskimo orbit", and the orbit may be performed vertically, horizontally, or (horizontally) above one's head. Other tricks or patterns include atypical beginnings and wrapping and/or bouncing the strings around a part of one's body and then continuing with the orbit. A three-ball version of the Eskimo yo-yo also exists, and this requires all three balls to be moving at the same time.
The objects at the end of the string are made in a variety of shapes, ranging from seals, ptarmigan feet and dolls, to miniature mukluks and simple balls. The handle may be wood, bone, or ivory, as well as baleen. Many are plainly decorated; others display elaborate decorations, fine beadwork, and intricate details. The Eskimo yo-yo is bola, toy, and art form all rolled into one. One of their most popular forms of the Alaska Native art are yo-yos. Also, this is a popular tourist art found in gift shops across Alaska. See: Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990. Much like the spinning top (e.g. Maxwell's top), the yo-yo may also be used to demonstrate visual properties such as optical rotation and circular dichroism.
Though the early history of the Eskimo yo-yo is not recorded, Eskimos maintain that this game originated as an important and widely used hunting tool made simply with sinew and bones, the bola. It possibly evolved on St. Lawrence Island from the similarly constructed sinew and rock bolas used in bird hunting.
See also
Astrojax
Blanket toss
Clackers
Eskimo bowline
Euler top
Gyroscope
Meteor (juggling)
Poi (performance art)
Whirly tube
Bolas
Meteor hammer
Footnotes
References
Further reading
Kiana, Chris (1986). Eskimo Yo Yo Tricks: 50 Tricks Instructional Book with Eskimo Customs & Legends Paperback. H&K. ASIN: B00P0GWUDE.
Kiana, Chris (1997). Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo. VHS. Takotna Video, Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo Company Inc. ASIN: B000UFSP8E.
Kiana, Chris (2009). Chris Kiana's Educational Eskimo Yo-yo. DVD. Takotna Video, Alaska Eskimo Yo-Yo Company Inc.
External links
Inupiat culture
Rotation
Traditional toys
Yo-yos
Yupik culture | Eskimo yo-yo | [
"Physics"
] | 765 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Motion (physics)",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation"
] |
44,347,068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance%20Actuarial%20Premium | Actuarial reinsurance premium calculation uses the similar mathematical tools as actuarial insurance premium. Nevertheless, Catastrophe modeling, Systematic risk or risk aggregation statistics tools are more important.
Burning cost
Typically burning cost is the estimated cost of claims in the forthcoming insurance period, calculated from previous years' experience adjusted for changes in the numbers insured, the nature of cover and medical inflation.
Historical (aggregate) data extraction
Adjustments to obtain 'as if' data:
present value adjustment using actuarial rate, prices index,...
base insurance premium correction,
underwriting policy evolution,
clauses application 'as if' data, calcul of the 'as if' historical reinsurance indemnity,
Reinsurance pure premium rate computing,
add charges, taxes and reduction of treaty
"As if" data involves the recalculation of prior years of loss experience to demonstrate what the underwriting results of a particular program would have been if the proposed program had been in force during that period.
Probabilist methods
Premium formulation
Let us note the and the deductible of XS or XL, with the limite ( XS ).
The premium :
where
XS or XL premium formulation with Pareto
If and :
$
if and there is no solution.
If and :
If and :
XS premium using Lognormal cost distribution
If follows then follows
Then:
With deductible and without limit :
Monte Carlo estimation
Vulnerability curve
Regression estimation
This method uses data along the x-y axis to compute fitted values. It is actually based on the equation for a straight line, y=bx+a.(2)
Includes reinsurances specificities
Clauses
Long-Term Indemnity Claims
Actuarial reserves modellisation.
See also
Reinsurance
Insurance
Actuarial Science
Ruin Theory
References
2. [2] http://www.r-tutor.com/elementary-statistics/simple-linear-regression/estimated-simple-regression-equation
Actuarial science | Reinsurance Actuarial Premium | [
"Mathematics"
] | 401 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Actuarial science"
] |
44,348,716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Council%20for%20Educational%20Technology | The National Council for Educational Technology provided advice and support for schools and colleges in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland on educational technology, in particular the use of computers for teaching and learning.
The Department for Education and Science merged the Council for Educational Technology and the MESU in 1989. The civil servant Noel Thompson, who promoted this change, became its first chief executive. It carried out evaluations of new technologies such as CD-ROMs, laptop computers and researched the effectiveness of different methods and techniques. It promoted the use of educational technology through publications, events, TV programmes.
Structure and Governance
NCET was a charitable trust funded by government and formally a Non-Departmental Public Body. It had a Council (acting as the organisation's board of directors), whose chairman and chief executive were responsible to the Secretaries of State of the Education Departments in England, Northern Ireland and Wales. Its work was outlined in an annual priorities letter from the Department and a senior civil servant and HMI sat on its Board.
Margaret Parkes was the founding chair of the design and technology working group for the national curriculum in 1988 by Kenneth Baker. Their report in June 1989 rolled together the subjects of craft, art, design, business studies, and information technology to create a new subject of "Design and Technology". The new subject aspired to re-energise the teaching of practical subjects in Britain with the objective of doing the same to the economy. The new compulsory subject was introduced the following year. Parkes served until 1999.
People
Chief executives
The chief executive was employed by the NCET Council to run the organisation and deliver its programme of work.
Noel Thompson 1989-91
Graham Walters (acting) 1991
Margaret Bell 1992-1997
Mike Littlewood (acting) 1997
Owen Lynch 1997
Chairmen
The Chairmen were unpaid, except for their expenses, they chaired the Council and met with Ministers to agree the work of the organisation.
Don Gratton 1989-90 - was a BBC Executive
Margaret Parkes 1990-92 - Lady Parkes chaired the original Technology National Curriculum Working Party from 1988 to 1999.
John Richards 1992-95
Heather Du Quesnay 1995-97 was Director of Education for Lambeth
Evaluations
With the increased resource being provided to schools for educational technology the NCET took on a role of piloting and evaluating new technologies. NCET's role was to provide appropriate evaluative evidence to them to ensure that this money was well spent. It also looked to help grow viable and appropriate commercial markets for IT products and through a number of NCET managed pilots and procurements it stimulated specific areas, for example, the introduction of CD-ROMs into schools. Similar initiatives of varying scales and technologies including portable computers for teachers, communications technologies, multimedia desktop computers, satellite technologies and integrated learning systems all contributed to keeping UK schools up to date with the changing pace of the technology during the 1990s.
Research
As well as providing equipment and materials it was also part of NCET's brief to collate and disseminate research and case study evidence on the impact of IT on learning and educational institutions and to produce support materials for them. This included support for the Education Department's Superhighways Initiative from 1995-7 which ran 22 projects-supported by £12 million from commercial sponsors-that focus on the application of electronic communications in schools and colleges.
Publications
Managing IT
Inspecting IT
NCET-TV
NCET-TV was a series of educational TV programmes aimed at helping the UK's teachers gain relevant IT skills. As part of BBC 2's The Learning Zone, the programmes will be transmitted on the first Wednesday of each month at 4.00am.
Renaming to form Becta
Dennis Stevenson was asked by Tony Blair in 1996 to look at the use of computers in schools. He set up an independent enquiry, a panel of experts who took evidence from a wide range of bodies and individuals and published his report in March 1997, just in time for the forthcoming election. Following the election Dennis Stevenson advised the UK Government that NCET could be a useful organisation, but it needed to be more closely aligned to government and should be restructured. The organisation was renamed the British Educational Communications Technology Agency (Becta), restructured and given the task of developing "The National Grid for Learning" (NGfL).
References
1988 establishments in England
1998 disestablishments in England
Computer science education in the United Kingdom
Department for Education
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
Education in England
Education in Wales
Education in Northern Ireland
Educational technology projects
Governmental educational technology organizations
Information technology education
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Coventry
United Kingdom educational programs | National Council for Educational Technology | [
"Technology"
] | 938 | [
"Information technology",
"Information technology education"
] |
44,348,951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losoxantrone | Losoxantrone (biantrazole) is an anthroquinone anthrapyrazole antineoplastic agent and analog of mitoxantrone. It is also sometimes known as DuP 941.
See also
Mitoxantrone
Piroxantrone
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Amines
Primary alcohols
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
Hydroxyarenes
Ethanolamines
Tetracyclic compounds
Triolena | Losoxantrone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 104 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
44,349,584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgoal%20labeling | Subgoal labeling is giving a name to a group of steps, in a step-by-step description of a process, to explain how the group of steps achieve a related subgoal. This concept is used in the fields of cognitive science and educational psychology.
Lower-level steps of a worked example are grouped into a meaningful unit and labeled. This labeling helps learners identify the structural information from incidental information. Learning subgoals can reduce cognitive load when problem solving because the learner has fewer possible problem-solving steps to focus. Subgoal-labeled worked examples might provide learners with mental model frameworks. In a recent study, Learners who were given labels for subgoals used those labels when explaining how they solved a problem, suggesting that's how they mentally organized the information.
Introduction
Generally problem solving adopts a very procedural approach. Problem solving in the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) has been highly procedural. The best approach so far is to teach these procedures through instructional text accompanied by specific worked examples. The role of instructional text is to define and describe the problem solving procedures whereas how to apply these procedures is shown through worked examples. Students can learn from step-by-step approach of worked examples which later can be helpful to them in solving similar problems on their own. Novices, however, often find it difficult to distinguish domain specific information and the information specific to solving that problem, which increases their cognitive load. This cognitive load can be reduced by use of subgoal labeling which is achieved by grouping functionally-similar steps under a label that describes that function. This approach can be helpful to students to form a mental model of the domain related problem which later can guide them to solve different problems in that domain. Understanding the structure of worked example can help students identify the similarities between different problems thus encouraging self-explanation and learning.
Application
Subgoal labels have been used in worked examples to teach learners to solve problems in STEM domains Pairing subgoal labeled instructional text with subgoal labeled worked examples can further improve learners performance in problem solving in a computer-based learning environment (e.g. online learning) without personal interaction with an instructor. Subgoal labels can be used in different important areas such as teaching and learning novel problem solving, in training teachers to teach technical subjects (e.g. teaching computer programming), multi agent programming, professional development, online learning and other types of lifelong learning (e.g. Subgoal labeled instruction material helped novices to program in App Inventor for Android).
See also
Educational psychology
Education technology
E-learning
Human-computer interaction
Agent-based model
References
Educational research
Human–computer interaction
Cognitive science
Educational psychology | Subgoal labeling | [
"Engineering"
] | 548 | [
"Human–computer interaction",
"Human–machine interaction"
] |
44,352,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisnatol | Crisnatol (BW-A770U) is an experimental anticancer agent known for its potential in inhibiting the growth of various solid tumors. Research has indicated that crisnatol acts as a DNA-intercalating agent, thereby disrupting the replication process in cancer cells. A Phase I clinical trial was conducted to assess its safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and potential efficacy in patients with solid malignancies. This study highlighted the drug’s ability to inhibit tumor growth, although associated toxicities were observed, necessitating further research to optimize its therapeutic window.
Mechanism of action
Crisnatol is a synthetic aromatic amine and a potent anticancer compound. It functions by intercalating into DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase activity, which leads to DNA damage and prevents cancer cells from proliferating. It primarily targets solid tumors and shows a higher affinity for melanoma and glioma cells. Due to its lipophilic properties, crisnatol can effectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier, making it a potential treatment for brain tumors.
Clinical trials
Crisnatol has undergone several Phase I and II clinical trials aimed at determining its pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and efficacy against various types of solid tumors. Early studies demonstrated dose-limiting toxicities, primarily neurotoxicity and hematologic toxicity, which necessitated further research to optimize dosing schedules. In one Phase I trial, crisnatol mesylate was administered as a protracted infusion in patients with advanced solid malignancies, revealing a manageable toxicity profile and some evidence of tumor regression.
More recent trials have explored combinations of crisnatol with other anticancer agents, such as cisplatin, to enhance its efficacy and minimize resistance.
Potential applications and challenges
Despite its promise, crisnatol faces challenges due to its side effects, which include neurotoxicity and dose-limiting hematologic toxicities. Research continues to focus on optimizing its therapeutic index and exploring potential applications in combination therapies. The ability of crisnatol to cross the blood-brain barrier has led to interest in its use against brain cancers, although further studies are needed to fully establish its efficacy and safety in this context.
References
Amines
Diols
Primary alcohols | Crisnatol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 484 | [
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Functional groups"
] |
44,352,431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunamarine | Lunamarine (punarnavine) is a quinolone alkaloid present in Boerhavia diffusa (punarnava).
The compound has shown some in vitro anticancer, antiestrogenic, immunomodulatory, and anti-amoebic activity (particularly against Entamoeba histolytica).
References
4-Quinolones
Quinoline alkaloids
Benzodioxoles
Phenol ethers | Lunamarine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 99 | [
"Quinoline alkaloids",
"Alkaloids by chemical classification"
] |
44,352,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20railroad%20truck%20parts | A bogie or railroad truck holds the wheel sets of a rail vehicle.
Axlebox
An axlebox, also known as a journal box in North America, is the mechanical subassembly on each end of the axles under a railway wagon, coach or locomotive; it contains bearings and thus transfers the wagon, coach or locomotive weight to the wheels and rails; the bearing design is typically oil-bathed plain bearings on older rolling stock, or roller bearings on newer rolling stock.
Plain bearings are now illegal for interchange service in North America. As early as 1908 axle boxes contained a set of long cylindrical rollers allowing the axle to rotate. It was also used on steam locomotives such as the Victorian Railways A2 class, the LMS Garratt, the LSWR 415 class, and the GCR Class 1.
Center pin
A large steel pin—or rod—which passes through the center plates on the body bolster and truck bolster. The truck turns about the pin, and stress is taken by the center plates.
Center plate
One of a pair of plates which fit one into the other and support the car body on the trucks allowing them to turn freely under the car. The one on the truck may also be called center bowl.
Truck side frame
The frame at either side of the truck.
Truck bolster
Each truck has a bolster—a transverse floating beam—between the side frames. It is the central part of every truck on which the underframe of the railcar or railroad car is pivoted through the center pivot pin.
Side bearing
There is one side bearing located on each side of the centerplate on the truck bolster. In case of a shared bogie on an articulated car, there are two on each side.
Brake rigging
The brake rigging includes the brake lever, the brake hanger, the brake pin, the brake beam and the brake shoes.
Image gallery
See also
Axle track
Ball bearings, or roller bearings, replaced journal bearings for interchange
Glossary of North American railway terms
Glossary of rail transport terms
ICF Bogie
Roller bearings, replaced journal bearings for interchange
Rotation around a fixed axis
Stuffing box
Timmis system, an early form of coil spring used on railway axles.
Train wheel
Wheelbase
Wheelset
References
Further reading
US Army Field Manual FM 55-20, Figure 8-8, Department of the Army, Washington DC
Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia 1970
External links
Bogies/Trucks
Truck parts
Car-related lists
Wikipedia glossaries using subheadings | List of railroad truck parts | [
"Engineering"
] | 505 | [
"Vehicle technology",
"Mechanical engineering by discipline"
] |
44,353,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced-charge%20electrokinetics | Induced-charge electrokinetics in physics is the electrically driven fluid flow and particle motion in a liquid electrolyte. Consider a metal particle (which is neutrally charged but electrically conducting) in contact with an aqueous solution in a chamber/channel. If different voltages apply to the end of this chamber/channel, electric field will generate in this chamber/channel. This applied electric field passes through this metal particle and causes the free charges inside the particle migrate under the skin of particle. As a result of this migration, the negative charges move to the side which is close to the positive (or higher) voltage while the positive charges move to the opposite side of the particle. These charges under the skin of the conducting particle attract the counter-ions of the aqueous solution; thus, the electric double layer (EDL) forms around the particle. The EDL sign on the surface of the conducting particle changes from positive to negative and the distribution of the charges varies along the particle geometry. Due to these variations, the EDL is non-uniform and has different signs. Thus, the induced zeta potential around the particle, and consequently slip velocity on the surface of the particle, vary as a function of the local electric field. Differences in magnitude and direction of slip velocity on the surface of the conducting particle effects the flow pattern around this particle and causes micro vortices. Yasaman Daghighi and Dongqing Li, for the first time, experimentally illustrated these induced vortices around a 1.2mm diameter carbon-steel sphere under the 40V/cm direct current (DC) external electric filed.
Chenhui Peng et al. also experimentally showed the patterns of electro-osmotic flow around an Au sphere when alternating current (AC) is involved (E=10mV/μm, f=1 kHz).
Electrokinetics here refers to a branch of science related to the motion and reaction of charged particles to the applied electric filed and its effects on its environment. It is sometimes referred as non-linear electrokinetic phenomena as well.
History
Levich is one of the pioneers in induced-charge electrokinetic field. He calculated the perturbed slip profile around a conducting particle in contact with electrolyte. He also theoretically predicted that vortices induced around this particle once the electric filed is applied.
Induced vortices around a conducting particle
The size and strength of the induced vortices around a conducting particle have direct relationship with the applied electric filed and also the size of the conducted surface. This phenomenon is experimentally and numerically proven by several studies. The vortices grow as the external electric field increases and generate "sinkhole" at the center of the each vortex while circulates the fluid faster. It is demonstrated that increasing the size of the conducting surface forms bigger induced vortices to the point that geometry does not limits this grows.
Applications
The induced vortices have many applications in various aspects of electrokinetic microfluidics. There are many micro-mixers that are designed and fabricated based on the existence of their induced vortices in the microfluidics devices. Such micro-mixers which are used for biochemical, medicine, biology applications has no mechanical parts and only use conducting surfaces to generate induced vortices to mix the different fluid streams.
This phenomenon even is used to trap the micron and submicron particles floating in flow inside a micro-channel. This method can be used to manipulate, detect, handle, and concentrate cells and virus in biomedical field; or, for colloidal particle assembly.
In addition the induced vortices around the conducting surfaces in a microfluidic system can be used as a micro-valve, micro-actuator, micro-motor and micro-regulator to control the direction and manipulation.
See also
Diffusiophoresis
Electro-osmosis
Electrophoresis
Lab-on-a-chip
Surface charge
References
Microfluidics
Fluid dynamics
Biotechnology
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44,354,728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20engineering | Chaos engineering is the discipline of experimenting on a system in order to build confidence in the system's capability to withstand turbulent conditions in production.
Concept
In software development, the ability of a given software to tolerate failures while still ensuring adequate quality of service—often termed resilience—is typically specified as a requirement. However, development teams may fail to meet this requirement due to factors such as short deadlines or lack of domain knowledge. Chaos engineering encompasses techniques aimed at meeting resilience requirements.
Chaos engineering can be used to achieve resilience against infrastructure failures, network failures, and application failures.
Operational readiness using chaos engineering
Calculating how much confidence we have in the interconnected complex systems that are put into production environments requires operational readiness metrics. Operational readiness can be evaluated using chaos engineering simulations. Solutions for increasing the resilience and operational readiness of a platform include strengthening the backup, restore, network file transfer, failover capabilities and overall security of the environment.
An evaluation to induce chaos in a Kubernetes environment terminated random pods receiving data from edge devices in data centers while processing analytics on a big data network. The pods' recovery time was a resiliency metric that estimated the response time.
History
1983 – Apple
While MacWrite and MacPaint were being developed for the first Apple Macintosh computer, Steve Capps created "Monkey", a desk accessory which randomly generated user interface events at high speed, simulating a monkey frantically banging the keyboard and moving and clicking the mouse. It was promptly put to use for debugging by generating errors for programmers to fix, because automated testing was not possible; the first Macintosh had too little free memory space for anything more sophisticated.
1992 – Prologue
While ABAL2 and SING were being developed for the first graphical versions of the PROLOGUE operating system, Iain James Marshall created "La Matraque", a desk accessory which randomly generated random sequences of both legal and invalid graphical interface events, at high speed, thus testing the critical edge behaviour of the underlying graphics libraries. This program would be launched prior to production delivery, for days on end, thus ensuring the required degree of total resilience. This tool was subsequently extended to include the Database and other File Access instructions of the ABAL language to check and ensure their subsequent resiliance. A variation, of this tool, is currently employed for the qualification of the modern day version known as OPENABAL.
2003 – Amazon
While working to improve website reliability at Amazon, Jesse Robbins created "Game day", an initiative that increases reliability by purposefully creating major failures on a regular basis. Robbins has said it was inspired by firefighter training and research in other fields lessons in complex systems, reliability engineering.
2006 – Google
While at Google, Kripa Krishnan created a similar program to Amazon's Game day (see above) called "DiRT".
Jason Cahoon, a Site Reliability Engineer at Google, contributed a chapter on Google DiRT in the "Chaos Engineering" book and described the system at the GOTOpia 2021 conference.
2011 – Netflix
While overseeing Netflix's migration to the cloud in 2011 Nora Jones, Casey Rosenthal, and Greg Orzell expanded the discipline while working together at Netflix by setting up a tool that would cause breakdowns in their production environment, the environment used by Netflix customers. The intent was to move from a development model that assumed no breakdowns to a model where breakdowns were considered to be inevitable, driving developers to consider built-in resilience to be an obligation rather than an option:
"At Netflix, our culture of freedom and responsibility led us not to force engineers to design their code in a specific way. Instead, we discovered that we could align our teams around the notion of infrastructure resilience by isolating the problems created by server neutralization and pushing them to the extreme. We have created Chaos Monkey, a program that randomly chooses a server and disables it during its usual hours of activity. Some will find that crazy, but we could not depend on the random occurrence of an event to test our behavior in the face of the very consequences of this event. Knowing that this would happen frequently has created a strong alignment among engineers to build redundancy and process automation to survive such incidents, without impacting the millions of Netflix users. Chaos Monkey is one of our most effective tools to improve the quality of our services."
By regularly "killing" random instances of a software service, it was possible to test a redundant architecture to verify that a server failure did not noticeably impact customers.
The concept of chaos engineering is close to the one of Phoenix Servers, first introduced by Martin Fowler in 2012.
Chaos engineering tools
Chaos Monkey
Chaos Monkey is a tool invented in 2011 by Netflix to test the resilience of its IT infrastructure. It works by intentionally disabling computers in Netflix's production network to test how the remaining systems respond to the outage. Chaos Monkey is now part of a larger suite of tools called the Simian Army designed to simulate and test responses to various system failures and edge cases.
The code behind Chaos Monkey was released by Netflix in 2012 under an Apache 2.0 license.
The name "Chaos Monkey" is explained in the book Chaos Monkeys by Antonio Garcia Martinez:
Imagine a monkey entering a 'data center', these 'farms' of servers that host all the critical functions of our online activities. The monkey randomly rips cables, destroys devices and returns everything that passes by the hand [i.e. flings excrement]. The challenge for IT managers is to design the information system they are responsible for so that it can work despite these monkeys, which no one ever knows when they arrive and what they will destroy.
Simian Army
The Simian Army is a suite of tools developed by Netflix to test the reliability, security, or resilience of its Amazon Web Services infrastructure and includes the following tools:
At the very top of the Simian Army hierarchy, Chaos Kong drops a full AWS "Region". Though rare, loss of an entire region does happen and Chaos Kong simulates a systems response and recovery to this type of event.
Chaos Gorilla drops a full Amazon "Availability Zone" (one or more entire data centers serving a geographical region).
Other
Voyages-sncf.com's 2017 "Day of Chaos" gamified simulating pre-production failures to present at the 2017 DevOps REX conference. Founded in 2019, Steadybit popularized pre-production chaos and reliability engineering. Its open-source Reliability Hub extends Steadybit.
Proofdock can inject infrastructure, platform, and application failures on Microsoft Azure DevOps. Gremlin is a "failure-as-a-service" platform. Facebook's Project Storm simulates datacenter failures for natural disaster resistance.
See also
Data redundancy
Error detection and correction
Fail-fast system
Fail fast (business), a related subject in business management
Fall back and forward
Fault injection
Fault tolerance
Fault-tolerant computer system
Grease (networking)
Resilience (network)
Robustness (computer science)
Fuzzing
Notes and references
External links
Principle of Chaos Engineering – The Chaos Engineering manifesto
Chaos Engineering – Adrian Hornsby
How Chaos Engineering Practices Will Help You Design Better Software – Mariano Calandra
Netflix
Software development
Reliability engineering
Software testing
Software testing tools
Disaster recovery
Automation software
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44,354,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MXenes | In materials science, MXenes are a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds along with MBenes, that consist of atomically thin layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. MXenes accept a variety of hydrophilic terminations. The first MXene was reported in 2011 at Drexel University's College of Engineering.
Structure
As-synthesized MXenes prepared via HF etching have an accordion-like morphology, which can be referred to as multi-layer MXene (ML-MXene), or few-layer MXene (FL-MXene) given fewer than five layers. Because the surfaces of MXenes can be terminated by functional groups, the naming convention Mn+1XnTx can be used, where T is a functional group (e.g. O, F, OH, Cl).
Mono transition
MXenes adopt three structures with one metal on the M site, as inherited from the parent MAX phases: M2C, M3C2, and M4C3. They are produced by selectively etching out the A element from a MAX phase or other layered precursor (e.g., Mo2Ga2C), which has the general formula Mn+1AXn, where M is an early transition metal, A is an element from group 13 or 14 of the periodic table, X is C and/or N, and n = 1–4. MAX phases have a layered hexagonal structure with P63/mmc symmetry, where M layers are nearly closed packed and X atoms fill octahedral sites. Therefore, Mn+1Xn layers are interleaved with the A element, which is metallically bonded to the M element.
Double transition
Double transition metal MXenes can take two forms, ordered double transition metal MXenes or solid solution MXenes. For ordered double transition metal MXenes, they have the general formulas: M'2M"C2 or M'2M"2C3 where M' and M" are different transition metals. Double transition metal carbides that have been synthesized include Mo2TiC2, Mo2Ti2C3, Cr2TiC2, and Mo4VC4. In some of these MXenes (such as Mo2TiC2, Mo2Ti2C3, and Cr2TiC2), the Mo or Cr atoms are on outer edges of the MXene and these atoms control electrochemical properties of the MXenes.
For solid-solution MXenes, they have the general formulas: (M'2−yM"y)C, (M'3−yM"y)C2, (M'4−yM"y)C3, or (M'5−yM"y)C4, where the metals are randomly distributed throughout the structure in solid solutions leading to continuously tailorable properties.
Divacancy
By designing a parent 3D atomic laminate, (Mo2/3Sc1/3)2AlC, with in-plane chemical ordering, and by selectively etching the Al and Sc atoms, there is evidence for 2D Mo1.33C sheets with ordered metal divacancies.
Synthesis
MXenes are typically synthesized by a top-down selective etching process. This synthetic route is scalable, with no loss or change in properties as the batch size is increased. Producing a MXene by etching a MAX phase occurs mainly by using strong etching solutions that contain a fluoride ion (F−), such as hydrofluoric acid (HF), ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2), and a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and lithium fluoride (LiF). For example, etching of Ti3AlC2 in aqueous HF at room temperature causes the A (Al) atoms to be selectively removed, and the surface of the carbide layers becomes terminated by O, OH, and/or F atoms. MXene can also be obtained in Lewis acid molten salts, such as ZnCl2, and a Cl terminal can be realized. The Cl-terminated MXene is structurally stable up to 750 °C. A general Lewis acid molten salt approach was proven viable to etch most of MAX phases members (such as MAX-phase precursors with A elements Si, Zn, and Ga) by some other melts (CdCl2, FeCl2, CoCl2, CuCl2, AgCl, and NiCl2).
The MXene Ti4N3 was the first nitride MXene reported, and is prepared by a different procedure than those used for carbide MXenes. To synthesize Ti4N3, the MAX phase Ti4AlN3 is mixed with a molten eutectic fluoride salt mixture of lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and potassium fluoride and treated at elevated temperatures. This procedure etches out Al, yielding multilayered Ti4N3, which can further be delaminated into single and few layers by immersing the MXene in tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, followed by sonication.
MXenes can also be synthesized directly or via CVD processes. Recently, single crystalline monolayer W5N6 has been successfully synthesized by CVD in wafer scale which shows promise of MXenes in electronic application in the future.
Since their first discovery, scientists have sought a more effective and efficient synthesis process. In a 2018 report, Peng et al. described a hydrothermal etching technique. In this etching method, the MAX phase is treated in the solution of acid and salt under high pressure and temperature conditions. The method is more effective in producing MXene dots and nano-sheets. Moreover, it is safer since there is no release of HF fumes during the etching process.
Types
2-1 MXenes: Ti2C, V2C, Nb2C, Mo2C
Mo2N, Ti2N, (Ti2−yNby)C, (V2−yNby)C, (Ti2−yVy)C, W1.33C, Nb1.33C, Mo1.33C, Mo1.33Y0.67C
3-2 MXenes: Ti3C2 , Ti3CN, Zr3C2 and Hf3C2
4-3 MXenes: Ti4N3, Nb4C3 , Ta4C3 , V4C3, (Mo,V)4C3
5-4 MXenes: Mo4VC4
Double transition metal MXenes:
2-1-2 MXenes: Mo2TiC2, Cr2TiC2, Mo2ScC2
2-2-3 MXenes: Mo2Ti2C3
Covalent surface modification
2D transition-metal carbides surfaces can be chemically transformed with a variety of functional groups such as O, NH, S, Cl, Se, Br, and Te surface terminations as well as bare MXenes. The strategy involves installation and removal of the surface groups by performing substitution and elimination reactions in molten inorganic salts. Covalent bonding of organic molecules to MXene surfaces has been demonstrated through reaction with aryl diazonium salts. Moreover, heating and re-termination experiments of Ti3C2Tx have shown that H2O, with a strong bonding to the Ti-Ti bridge-sites, can be considered as a termination species. An O and H2O terminated Ti3C2Tx-surface restricts the CO2 adsorption to the Ti on-top sites and may reduce the ability to store positive ions, such as Li+ and Na+. On the other hand, an O and H2O terminated Ti3C2Tx-surface shows the capability to split water .
Intercalation and delamination
Since MXenes are layered solids and the bonding between the layers is weak, intercalation of the guest molecules in MXenes is possible. Guest molecules include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hydrazine, and urea. For example, N2H4 (hydrazine) can be intercalated into Ti3C2(OH)2 with the molecules parallel to the MXene basal planes to form a monolayer. Intercalaction increases the MXene c lattice parameter (crystal structure parameter that is directly proportional to the distance between individual MXene layers), which weakens the bonding between MX layers. Ions, including Li+, Pb2+, and Al3+, can also be intercalated into MXenes, either spontaneously or when a negative potential is applied to a MXene electrode.
Delamination
Ti3C2 MXene produced by HF etching has accordion-like morphology with residual forces that keep MXene layers together preventing separation into individual layers. Although those forces are quite weak, ultrasound treatment results only in very low yields of single-layer flakes. For large scale delamination, DMSO is intercalated into ML-MXene powders under constant stirring to further weaken the interlayer bonding and then delaminated with ultrasound treatment. This results in large scale layer separation and formation of the colloidal solutions of the FL-MXene. These solutions can later be filtered to prepare MXene "paper" (similar to Graphene oxide paper).
MXene clay
For the case of Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx, etching with concentrated hydrofluoric acid leads to open, accordion-like morphology with a compact distance between layers (this is common for other MXene compositions as well). To be dispersed in suspension, the material must be pre-intercalated with something like dimethylsulfoxide. However, when etching is conducted with hydrochloric acid and LiF as a fluoride source, morphology is more compact with a larger inter-layer spacing, presumably due to amounts of intercalated water. The material has been found to be 'clay-like': as seen in clay materials (e.g. smectite clays and kaolinite), Ti3C2Tx demonstrates the ability to expand its interlayer distance hydration and can reversibly exchange charge-balancing Group I and Group II cations. Further, when hydrated, the MXene clay becomes pliable and can be molded into desired shapes, becoming a hard solid upon drying. Unlike most clays, however, MXene clay shows high electrical conductivity upon drying and is hydrophilic, and disperses into single layer two-dimensional sheets in water without surfactants. Further, due to these properties, it can be rolled into free-standing, additive-free electrodes for energy storage applications.
Material processing
MXenes can be solution-processed in aqueous or polar organic solvents, such as water, ethanol, dimethyl formamide, propylene carbonate, etc., enabling various types of deposition via vacuum filtration, spin coating, spray coating, dip coating, and roll casting. There have been studies conducted on ink-jet printing of additive free Ti3C2Tx inks and inks composed of Ti3C2Tx and proteins.
Lateral flake size often plays a role in the observed properties and there are several synthetic routes that produce varying degrees of flake size. For example, when HF is used as an etchant, the intercalation and delamination step will require sonication to exfoliate material into single flakes, resulting in flakes that are several hundreds of nanometers in lateral size. This is beneficial for applications such as catalysis and select biomedical and electrochemical applications. However, if larger flakes are warranted, especially for electronic or optical applications, defect-free and large area flakes are necessary. This can be achieved by Minimally Intensive Layer Delamination (MILD) method, where the quantity of LiF to MAX phase is scaled up resulting in flakes that can be delminated in situ when washing to neutral pH.
Post-synthesis processing techniques to tailor the flake size have also been investigated, such as sonication, differential centrifugation, and density gradient centrifugation procedures. Post processing methods rely heavily on the as-produced flake size. Using sonication allows for a decrease in flake size from 4.4 μm (as-produced), to an average of 1.0 μm after 15 minutes of bath sonication (100 W, 40 kHz), down to 350 nm after 3 hours of bath sonication. By utilizing probe sonication (8 s ON, 2 s OFF pulse, 250 W), flakes were reduced to an average of 130 nm in lateral size. Differential centrifugation, also known as cascading centrifugation, can be used to select flakes based on lateral size by increasing the centrifuge speed sequentially from low speeds (e.g. 1000 rpm) to high speeds (e.g., 10000 rpm) and collecting the sediment. When this was performed, "large" (800 nm), "medium" (300 nm) and "small" (110 nm) flakes can be obtained. Density gradient centrifugation is also another method for selecting flakes based on lateral size, where a density gradient is employed in the centrifuge tube and flakes move through the centrifuge tube at different rates based on the flake density relative to the medium. In the case of sorting MXenes, a sucrose and water density gradient can be used from 10 to 66 w/v %. Using density gradients allows for more mono-disperse distributions in flake sizes and studies show the flake distribution can be varied from 100 to 10 μm without employing sonication.
Properties
With a high electron density at the Fermi level, MXene monolayers are predicted to be metallic. In MAX phases, N(EF) is mostly M 3d orbitals, and the valence states below EF are composed of two sub-bands. One, sub-band A, made of hybridized Ti 3d-Al 3p orbitals, is near EF, and another, sub-band B, −10 to −3 eV below EF which is due to hybridized Ti 3d-C 2p and Ti 3d-Al 3s orbitals. Said differently, sub-band A is the source of Ti-Al bonds, while sub-band B is the source of Ti-C bond. Removing A layers causes the Ti 3d states to be redistributed from missing Ti-Al bonds to delocalized Ti-Ti metallic bond states near the Fermi energy in Ti2, therefore N(EF) is 2.5–4.5 times higher for MXenes than MAX phases. Experimentally, the predicted higher N(EF) for MXenes has not been shown to lead to higher resistivities than the corresponding MAX phases. The energy positions of the O 2p (~6 eV) and the F 2p (~9 eV) bands from the Fermi level of Ti2CTx and Ti3C2Tx both depend on the adsorption sites and the bond lengths to the termination species.
Significant changes in the Ti-O/F coordination are observed with increasing temperature in the heat treatment.
Only MXenes without surface terminations are predicted to be magnetic. Cr2C, Cr2N, and Ta3C2 are predicted to be ferromagnetic; Ti3C2 and Ti3N2 are predicted to be anti-ferromagnetic. None of these magnetic properties have yet been demonstrated experimentally.
Optical
Membranes of MXenes, such as Ti3C2 and Ti2C, have dark colors, indicating their strong light absorption in the visible wavelengths. MXenes are promising photo-thermal materials due to their strong visible light absorption. More interestingly, it is reported that the optical properties of MXenes such as Ti3C2 and Ti2C in the IR region quite differ from that in the visible wavelengths. For the wavelengths above 1.4 micrometer, these materials show negative permittivity, resulting in a strong metallic response to the IR light. In other words, they are highly reflective to IR lights. From the Kirchhoff's law of radiation, a low IR absorption means a low IR emissivity. The two MXenes materials show IR emissivity as low as 0.1, which are similar to some metals. Such materials that are visible black but IR white are highly desired in many areas, such as camouflage, thermal management, and information encryption.
Corrosion resistance
There is a growing body of the literature that recognises MXenes as high-performance corrosion inhibitors. The corrosion resistance of Ti3C2Tx MXene can be attributed to the synergy of good dispersibility, barrier effect and corrosion inhibitor release.
Biological properties
Compared to graphene oxide, which has been widely reported as an antibacterial agent, Ti2C MXene shows a lack of antibacterial properties. However, MXene of Ti3C2 MXene shows a higher antibacterial efficiency toward both Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive B. subtilis. Colony forming unit and regrowth curves showed that more than 98% of both bacterial cells lost viability at 200 μg/mL Ti3C2 colloidal solution within 4 h of exposure. Damage to the cell membrane was observed, which resulted in release of cytoplasmic materials from the bacterial cells and cell death. The principal in vitro studies of cytotoxicity of 2D sheets of MXenes showed promise for applications in bioscience and biotechnology. Presented studies of anticancer activity of the Ti3C2 MXene was determined on two normal (MRC-5 and HaCaT) and two cancerous (A549 and A375) cell lines. The cytotoxicity results indicated that the observed toxic effects were higher against cancerous cells compared to normal ones. The mechanisms of potential toxicity were also elucidated. It was shown that Ti3C2 MXene may affect the occurrence of oxidative stress and, in consequence, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further studies on Ti3C2 MXene revealed potential of MXenes as a novel ceramic photothermal agent used for cancer therapy. In neuronal biocompatibility studies, neurons cultured on Ti3C2 are as viable as those in control cultures, and they can adhere, grow axonal processes, and form functional networks.
Water purification
Recently, Ti3C2 MXenes have been used as flowing electrodes in a flow-electrode capacitive deionization cell for the removal of ammonia from simulated wastewater. MXene FE-CDI demonstrated a 100x improvement in ion absorption capacity at 10x greater energy efficiency as compared to activated carbon flowing electrodes. One-micron-thick Ti3C2 MXene membranes demonstrated ultrafast water flux (approximately 38 L/(Bar·h·m2)) and differential sieving of salts depending on both the hydration radius and charge of the ions. Cations larger than the interlayer spacing of MXene do not permeate through Ti3C2 membranes. As for smaller cations, the ones with a larger charge permeate an order of magnitude slower than single-charged cations.
Potential applications
As conductive layered materials with tunable surface terminations, MXenes have been shown to be promising for energy storage applications (Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and energy storage components), composites, photocatalysis, water purification, gas sensors, transparent conducting electrodes, neural electrodes, as a metamaterial, SERS substrate, photonic diode, electrochromic device, and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENGs).
Lithium-ion batteries
MXenes have been investigated experimentally in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) (e.g. V2CTx , Nb2CTx , Ti2CTx , and Ti3C2Tx). V2CTx has demonstrated the highest reversible charge storage capacity among MXenes in multi-layer form (280 mAhg−1 at 1C rate and 125 mAhg−1 at 10C rate). Multi-layer Nb2CTx showed a stable, reversible capacity of 170 mAhg−1 at 1C rate and 110 mAhg−1 at a 10C rate. Although Ti3C2Tx shows the lowest capacity among the four MXenes in multi-layer form, it can be delaminated via sonication of the multi-layer powder. By virtue of higher electrochemically active and accessible surface area, delaminated Ti3C2Tx paper demonstrates a reversible capacity of 410 mAhg−1 at 1C and 110 mAhg−1 at 36C rate. As a general trend, M2X MXenes can be expected to have greater capacity than their M3X2 or M4X3 counterparts at the same applied current, since M2X MXenes have the fewest atomic layers per sheet.
In addition to high power capabilities, each MXene has a different active voltage window, which could allow their use as battery cathodes/anodes. Moreover, the experimentally measured capacity for Ti3C2Tx paper is higher than predicted from computer simulations, indicating that further investigation is required to ascertain the charge storage mechanism.
Sodium-ion batteries
MXenes exhibit promising performances for sodium-ion batteries. Na+ should diffuse rapidly on MXene surfaces, which is favorable for fast charging/discharging. Two layers of Na+ can be intercalated in between MXene layers. As a typical example, multilayered Ti2CTx MXene as a negative electrode material showed a capacity of 175 mA h g−1 and good rate capability. It is possible to tune the Na-ion insertion potentials of MXenes by changing the transition metal and surface functional groups. V2CTx MXene has been successfully applied as a cathode material. Porous MXene-based paper electrodes have been reported to exhibit high volumetric capacities and stable cycling performance, demonstrating promise for devices where size matters.
Supercapacitors
MXenes are under study to improve supercapacitor energy density. Improvements come from increased charge storage density, which can be increased in several ways. Increasing the available surface area for potential redox reactions through increasing interlayer spacing can accommodate more ions, but reduces electrode density. The synthesis route controls the surface chemistry and plays a large role in determining the intercalation reaction rate and the charge storage density. For example, molten salt prepared Ti3C2Tx MXenes, with chlorine surface groups, show a capacity of 142 mAh g−1 at 13C rate and 75 mAh g−1 at 128C rate, driven by full desolvation of Li+, allowing for increased charge storage density in the electrode. In comparison, Ti3C2Tx MXenes prepared through HF etching show a capacity of 107.2 mAh g−1 at 1C rate.
Composite Ti3C2Tx-based electrodes, including Ti3C2Tx/polymer (e.g. PPy, Polyaniline), Ti3C2Tx /TiO2, and Ti3C2Tx/Fe2O3 have been explored. Notably, Ti3C2Tx hydrogel electrodes delivered a high volumetric capacitance of up to 1500 F/cm3.
Supercapacitor electrodes based on Ti3C2Tx MXene paper in aqueous solutions demonstrate excellent cyclability and the ability to store 300-400 F/cm3, which translates to three times as much energy as for activated carbon and graphene-based capacitors. Ti3C2 MXene clay showed a volumetric capacitance of 900 F/cm3, a higher capacitance per unit of volume than most other materials, without losing any of its capacitance through more than 10,000 charge/discharge cycles.
In Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes for lithium-ion electrolytes, the choice of solvent greatly affected the ion transport and intercalation kinetics. In a propylene carbonate (PC) solvent, efficient desolvation of lithium ions during intercalation led to increased volumetric charge storage, with negligible increase in electrode volume. The improved kinetics garnered through solvent choice led to improved charge storage density when comparing the PC system to acetonitrile or dimethyl sulfoxide by a factor greater than 2.
Composites
FL-Ti3C2 (the most studied MXene) nanosheets can mix intimately with polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), forming alternating MXene-PVA layered structures. The electrical conductivities of the composites can be controlled from 4×10−4 to 220 S/cm (MXene weight content from 40% to 90%). The composites have tensile strength up to 400% stronger than pure MXene films and show better capacitance up to 500 F/cm3. By using electrostatic self-assembly, flexible and conductive MXene/graphene supercapacitor electrodes are produced. The free-standing MXene/graphene electrode displays a volumetric capacitance
of 1040 F/cm3, an impressive rate capability with 61% capacitance retention and in long cycle life.
A method of alternative filtration for forming MXene-carbon nanomaterials composite films is also devised. These composites show better rate performance at high scan rates in supercapacitors. The insertion of polymers or carbon nanomaterials between MXene layers enables electrolyte ions to diffuse more easily through the MXenes, which is the key for their applications in flexible energy storage devices. The mechanical properties of epoxy/MXenes is comparable with graphene and CNTs, the tensile strength and modulus can increase up to 67% and 23% respectively. MXene/C-dot nanocomposites are reported to exhibit synergistic optical absorption and thermal properties of MXene and C-dot nanomaterials.
Sensors
MXenes-based sensors have been studied for various applications, including gas, and biological sensing. One of the novel sensors where MXenes were applied is a SERS. It was reported that Ti3C2Tx MXenes substrates are applicable in sensing salicylic acid, a metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid (also known as Aspirin), organic dye molecules and biomolecules.
Another promising area for applications of MXenes is gas sensing. MXenes-based gas sensors have shown high sensitivity and selectivity towards various gases, including ammonia, alcohols, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. These sensors can be used for environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare applications.
Porous materials
Porous MXenes (Ti3C2, Nb2C and V2C) have been produced via a facile chemical etching method at room temperature. Porous Ti3C2 has a larger specific surface area and more open structure, and can be filtered as flexible films with, or without, the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The as-fabricated p-Ti3C2/CNT films showed significantly improved lithium ion storage capabilities, with a capacity as high as 1250 mA·h·g−1 at 0.1 C, excellent cycling stability, and good rate performance.
Antennas
Scientists at Drexel University in the US have created spray on antennas that perform as well as current antennas found in phones, routers and other gadgets by painting MXene's onto everyday objects, widening the scope of the Internet of things considerably.
Optoelectronic devices
MXene SERS substrates have been manufactured by spray-coating and were used to detect several common dyes, with calculated enhancement factors reaching ~106. Titanium carbide MXene demonstrates SERS effect in aqueous colloidal solutions, suggesting the potential for biomedical or environmental applications, where MXene can selectively enhance positively charged molecules. Transparent conducting electrodes have been fabricated with titanium carbide MXene showing the ability to transmit approximately 97% of visible light per nanometer thickness. The performance of MXene transparent conducting electrodes depends on the MXene composition as well as synthesis and processing parameters.
Superconductivity
Nb2C MXenes exhibit surface-group-dependent superconductivity.
References
Materials science
Electrochemistry
Physical chemistry
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"Physical chemistry"
] |
44,355,934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20process | The region of space enclosed by open system boundaries is usually called a control volume. It may or may not correspond to physical walls. It is convenient to define the shape of the control volume so that all flow of matter, in or out, occurs perpendicular to its surface. One may consider a process in which the matter flowing into and out of the system is chemically homogeneous. Then the inflowing matter performs work as if it were driving a piston of fluid into the system. Also, the system performs work as if it were driving out a piston of fluid. Through the system walls that do not pass matter, heat () and work () transfers may be defined, including shaft work.
Classical thermodynamics considers processes for a system that is initially and finally in its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium, with no flow. This is feasible also under some restrictions, if the system is a mass of fluid flowing at a uniform rate. Then for many purposes a process, called a flow process, may be considered in accord with classical thermodynamics as if the classical rule of no flow were effective. For the present introductory account, it is supposed that the kinetic energy of flow, and the potential energy of elevation in the gravity field, do not change, and that the walls, other than the matter inlet and outlet, are rigid and motionless.
Under these conditions, the first law of thermodynamics for a flow process states: the increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy added to the system by matter flowing in and by heating, minus the amount lost by matter flowing out and in the form of work done by the system. Under these conditions, the first law for a flow process is written:
where and respectively denote the average internal energy entering and leaving the system with the flowing matter.
There are then two types of work performed: 'flow work' described above, which is performed on the fluid in the control volume (this is also often called ' work'), and 'shaft work', which may be performed by the fluid in the control volume on some mechanical device with a shaft. These two types of work are expressed in the equation:
Substitution into the equation above for the control volume cv yields:
The definition of enthalpy, , permits us to use this thermodynamic potential to account jointly for internal energy and work in fluids for a flow process:
During steady-state operation of a device (see turbine, pump, and engine), any system property within the control volume is independent of time. Therefore, the internal energy of the system enclosed by the control volume remains constant, which implies that in the expression above may be set equal to zero. This yields a useful expression for the power generation or requirement for these devices with chemical homogeneity in the absence of chemical reactions:
This expression is described by the diagram above.
See also
Process flow diagram
Steady flow energy equation / Steady state single flow
References
Continuum mechanics
Thermodynamics | Flow process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 615 | [
"Dynamical systems",
"Classical mechanics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Continuum mechanics"
] |
44,355,968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20process%20parameters | Critical process parameters (CPP) in pharmaceutical manufacturing are key variables affecting the production process. CPPs are attributes that are monitored to detect deviations in standardized production operations and product output quality or changes in critical quality attributes. Those attributes with a higher impact on CQAs should be prioritized and held in a stricter state of control. The manufacturer should conduct tests to set acceptable range limits of the determined CPPs and define acceptable process variable variability. Operational conditions within this range are considered acceptable operational standards. Any deviation from the acceptable range will be indicative of issues within the process and the subsequent production of substandard products. Data relating to CPP should be recorded, stored, and analyzed by the manufacturer. CPP variables and ranges should be reevaluated after careful analysis of historical CPP data. Identifying CPPs is done in stage one of process validation: process design are an essential part of a manufacturing control strategy.
One method of defining CPPs is to look at the effect of certain production processes on critical quality attributes. Those production parameters which have a measurable effect on those quality attributes that have been identified as critical can be considered CPPs and must always be in a state of control.
References
Formal methods
Enterprise modelling
Quality management
Business process
Drug manufacturing | Critical process parameters | [
"Engineering"
] | 255 | [
"Software engineering",
"Systems engineering",
"Enterprise modelling",
"Formal methods"
] |
44,356,103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founterior | Founterior is an American-based online interior design magazine that covers the field of design. The four major subjects of the magazine are interior design, furniture, decorations, and architecture. It was established in December 2012 and updated on a daily basis. The founders of the magazine are Martin Patzekov and Cvetelina Todorova.
History
The first issue was presented as an interior design magazine and was focused only on interiors. The magazine is located in New York City, but it is not limited only to American readers.
Recognition
In a recent chart of interior design and architecture magazine, Founterior was listed as a source of information. Also, a Los Angeles based magazine credited Founterior for their research on school architecture.
Editors
Martin Patzekov (2012–2013)
Max Titch (2013)
Gas Tontch (2013–2014)
References
External links
Architecture magazines
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Design magazines
Magazines established in 2012
Magazines published in New York City
Online magazines published in the United States | Founterior | [
"Engineering"
] | 206 | [
"Design magazines",
"Design"
] |
44,356,337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DarkHotel | DarkHotel (or Darkhotel) is a targeted spear-phishing spyware and malware-spreading campaign that appears to be selectively attacking business hotel visitors through the hotel's in-house WiFi network. It is characterized by Kaspersky Lab as an advanced persistent threat.
The attacks are specifically targeted at senior company executives, using forged digital certificates, generated by factoring the underlying weak public keys of real certificates, to convince victims that prompted software downloads are valid.
Uploading malicious code to hotel servers, attackers are able to target specific users who are guests at luxury hotels primarily in Asia and the United States. Zetter (2014) explains that the group, dubbed DarkHotel or Tapaoux, has also been actively infecting users through spear-phishing and Peer-to-Peer networks since 2007 and using those attacks to load key logging and reverse engineering tools onto infected endpoints.
Targets are aimed primarily at executives in investments and development, government agencies, defense industries, electronic manufacturers and energy policy makers. Many victims have been located in Korea, China, Russia and Japan.
Once attackers are in the victim's computer(s), sensitive information such as passwords and intellectual property are quickly stolen before attackers erase their tools in hopes of not getting caught in order to keep the high level victims from resetting all of the passwords for their accounts.
In July 2017 Bitdefender published new research about Inexsmar, another version of the DarkHotel malware, which was used to target political figures instead of business targets.
References
Spyware
Malware
South Korean advanced persistent threat groups | DarkHotel | [
"Technology"
] | 330 | [
"Malware",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
61,977,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional%20immunology | Nutritional immunology is a field of immunology that focuses on studying the influence of nutrition on the immune system and its protective functions. Indeed, every organism will under nutrient-poor conditions "fight" for the precious micronutrients and conceal them from invading pathogens. As such, bacteria, fungi, plants secrete for example iron chelators (siderophores) to acquire iron from their surrounding
Part of nutritional immunology involves studying the possible effects of diet on the prevention and management on developing autoimmune diseases, chronic diseases, allergy, cancer (diseases of affluence) and infectious diseases. Other related topics of nutritional immunology are: malnutrition, malabsorption and nutritional metabolic disorders including the determination of their immune products.
Prevention and management of diseases
Autoimmune diseases
The development and progression of many autoimmune diseases are generally unknown. The "Western pattern diet" consists of high-fat, high-sugar, low-fiber meals with a surfeit of salt and highly processed food, which have pro-inflammatory effects. These effects may promote Th1- and Th17 - biased immunity and alter monocyte and neutrophil migration from bone marrow. A healthy diet contains a multitude of micronutrients that have anti-inflammatory and immune boosting effects that can help prevent or treat autoimmune diseases.
The impact of diet is studied in relation to these autoimmune diseases:
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Type 1 diabetes (T1D)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Celiac disease
Allergies
Nutrition can help prevent or promote the development of food allergies. The hygiene hypothesis states that a child's early introduction to certain microorganisms can avert the onset of allergies. Breastfeeding is considered to be the main method of preventing food allergies. This is because breast milk contains oligosaccharides, secretory IgA, vitamins, antioxidants and possible transfer of microbiota. Conversely, a child's lack of exposure to specific microorganisms can establish a vulnerability to food allergies
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which one's blood sugar levels are elevated. There are two forms of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 is caused by the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 2 is caused by the underproduction of insulin and the cells in your body becoming resistant to insulin. A low-glycemic diet that is high in fiber is recommended for diabetics because low-glycemic foods digest slower in the body. Slower digestion helps stabilize blood glucose levels and prevents spikes in blood sugar.
Cancer
Cancer is a disease with multifactorial causes. Cigarette smoking, physical activity, viruses, and diet play a role in the development of cancer. Poor diet has been linked to the development of cancer, while a healthy diet has been shown to have positive effects on preventing and treating cancer. Cruciferous vegetables contain chemicals called Isothiocyanates (ITC's). ITC's have immune-boosting effects, as well as anti-cancer activity such as the prevention of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is a process where tumors have their own blood supply in order to feed growing cancer cells. The alliinase containing food group, allium, has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Alliinase is an enzyme, which acts as an angiogenisis-inhibitor and a carcinogen detoxifier. Mushrooms reduce cancer cell and tumor growth and prevent DNA damage. Mushrooms have aromatase inhibitors that decrease the levels of estrogen released in the bloodstream, slowing the production of breast tissue. Fruits and vegetables contain flavonoids, which are anti-carcinogens.
Macronutrients
Macronutrients are a class of nutrients that the human body needs in larger amounts in order to function properly and the three main classes of macronutrients include: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (lipids). The main role of macronutrients besides to make sure the body functions properly is to provide the body with energy in the form of calories.
Proteins
Proteins are large biomolecules made up of chains of amino acids, which are the organic compounds that make most bodily functions possible. Proteins are found naturally within the body and are found in foods such as meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, seeds and nuts, and beans and legumes. Throughout the body, proteins are found in hair, nails, muscles and bones, they also can function as enzymes and/or hormones. The role of proteins as enzymes and/or hormones is imperative for cell function and physiological processes as simple as growth. Proteins aid in muscle growth, speed up metabolism and lower blood pressure. Proteins are imperative for the body's tissues and organs, working in their function, structure and regulation. Protein's protect the immune system in the form of antibodies, y-shaped proteins that bind to viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, signaling to the rest of the body that there is a foreign cell that should be neutralized. Without antibodies, the body would not be able to target and fight infection.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are sugars, starches and fibers found in grains, fruits, dairy products and vegetables. Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. They help the body's immunology by maintaining blood sugar, which reduces the body's stress response. It is common for people to consume carbohydrate rich foods before working out in order to maintain energy and avoid crash afterwards, this is a positive result of having maintained blood sugar. Carbohydrates are also an energy source for cells, act as cell receptors for recognition, and function in cell support.
Fats (lipids)
Lipids are macromolecules made up of hydrocarbons, there are 3 main types of lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules, therefore they are only soluble in non-polar solvents. Because of this, lipids do not break down in the body without the use of lipase enzymes, which break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. Lipids can be found in oils, dairy products, and some meats, along with in avocados and nuts. Cholesterol is a type of lipid and is an important feature in plasma membranes, which work in regulating immune cell plasticity. Lipids maintain the structure of cell membranes, act as storehouses of energy, maintain body temperature/ aid in homeostasis, are important signaling molecules. Without lipids, bodily cells would not be able to maintain function or survive. While consuming too many lipids can lead to obesity, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and other diseases, they are an important molecule to consume and maintain within the body. There are also vitamins that only dissolve in fats, such as vitamin A, K, D and E; these vitamins are vital in transporting and metabolizing fatty acids, transporting molecules across membranes and activating enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation. Without lipids, cells in the body would not function and the body would simply fail. They are among the most important macromolecules.
Omega-3 fatty acids
Eicosapentaenioc acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 fatty acids, which can be found in marine fish, primarily in salmon, tuna, mackerel, herring and sardines and in fish oil. These two fatty acids are important components of cell membranes. It has been shown that they have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. EPA and DHA inhibit production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6; they reduce the expression of adhesion molecules that are involved in inflammation and may modulate and reduce production of prostaglandins and leukotriens from the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid. These changes are most likely due to alterations in the lipid rafts on cell membranes, which then further affect signaling cascades and inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcriptional factor NF-κB. EPA and DHA can increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and promote production of protective mediators such as resolvins, protectins and maresins.
Micronutrients
Micronutrients are a group of nutrients, usually in smaller amounts, that are vital for the human body to perform various physiological functions properly. This includes vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and antioxidants.
Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins and Minerals are essential substances that the body needs to grow and function. Your body needs thirteen vitamins, but does produce Vitamin K by the gut microflora and Vitamin D from the sunlight. It is important to note that a lack of vitamins and minerals such as iron will prime the immune system. Indeed, a lack of iron and vitamin A is associated with all cause-mortality and morbidity.
There are two types of vitamins, including fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents, which include vitamins A, K, E, and D. Water-soluble vitamins are vitamins that are soluble in water and include vitamin C and B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate. Most of the essential vitamins the body needs can be obtained by a balanced diet, with the exception of a portion of the population who don't get enough micronutrients from their diet or have a health condition that affects their nutritional needs. Similarly to vitamins, minerals are needed for your body to be healthy and to function properly. Minerals function to keep your bones, muscles, heart, and brain working correctly. Minerals also play a crucial role in the regulation and function of the immune system. In the adaptive immune system, the mineral zinc is an important structural element of the hormone thymulin, which is produced by the epithelial cells of the thymus and mediates the maturation of pre-T lymphocytes into T lymphocytes needed to protect the body from infection. Minerals include phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. There are also trace minerals needed in smaller amounts, which include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds found in plants. These phytochemicals are present in things like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seeds, nuts, and legumes. They provide a multitude of health benefits ranging from small improvements such as, lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammation, and lowering LDL cholesterol levels in the blood to the major benefits of fighting against the growth of tumors, cancer, cardiovascular disease, along with being able to boost the immune system.
Antioxidants
Antioxidants are compounds that block unpaired electrons in a molecule or atom and keep it from becoming a free radical. Free radicals are molecules that are either naturally made in the human body after exercise or can be from exposure to environmental factors such as, cigarette smoke, pollution, and sunlight. These free radicals are destabilized and are highly reactive, which produces oxidative stress. This oxidative stress is what causes reactions that can damage cells in the body and can cause the cells to lose their function and become pathogenic.
Polyphenols
Polyphenols are organic substances that naturally occur in plants. They are important antioxidants with anti-inflammatory properties. It was demonstrated that curcumin can modulate immunity in many ways, mainly via regulation and inhibition of transcription factors such as nuclear factor NF-κB and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Another polyphenol, resveratrol, also modulates and promotes immune response.
Prebiotics and Probiotics
Dietary prebiotics are a fermented ingredient that affect the composition and/or activity of the gut microbiome in a way that is beneficial to the host. Prebiotics involve mainly oligosaccharides and carbohydrates (fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosacharides, xylooligosaccharides, mannose oligosaccharides). These substances can modulate immune responses in the gut. Prebiotics regulate the growth of beneficial microbial organisms in the intestine (commensal bacteria).
Probiotics are live microorganisms that are beneficial to the host in sufficient amounts. Probiotics and their metabolites balance and modulate anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory immune responses in gut. Probiotics induce antimicrobial peptides such as β-defensin-2, they increase the production of T regulatory cells, and regulate cytokines and chemokines. They can also affect the polarization of the immune response (Th1 instead of Th2) and increase the production of IgA in the gut. The bacterial strains most commonly used as probiotics are Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium group
References
Immunology | Nutritional immunology | [
"Biology"
] | 2,861 | [
"Immunology"
] |
61,977,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Lhermitte | Roger M. Lhermitte (May 28, 1920 – November 21, 2016) was a French meteorologist who "pioneered the development of meteorological Doppler radar." His career extended from the 1950s until his death where he made numerous contributions to the field of radar meteorology resulting in over 100 publications and numerous patents.
Early life and education
Roger Lhermitte was born in Ergal, a hamlet of Jouars-Pontchartrain in the Yvelines, France, on 28 May 1920. During the occupation of Germany in France in World War II, he was compulsorily enlisted by the Germans to work for Siemens in Berlin. "While in Berlin, he made numerous trips to bomb shelters for safety, an experience he likened many times to Kurt Vonnegut’s descriptions of Dresden in Slaughterhouse Five. Kurt’s brother, Bernard Vonnegut, was later to become one of Roger’s closest colleagues in atmospheric electricity".
After the end of the war, Lhermitte continued his education to pursue his doctoral thesis at the Faculté des Sciences de L’Université de Paris under the guidance of Professor Pauthenier. The subject of his thesis work was titled "Contribution à L'Étude des Précipitations Par L’analyse des Échos de Pluies Obtenus à L’aide de Radars" which, roughly translated to English was "Contributions to the study of Precipitations via the Analysis of Radar Data."
The thesis begins with the sentence "La presence des gouttes de pluie d'une precipitation provoque la diffusion des ondes centrimetriques et par suite l'apparition d'echos sur les indicateurs des radars utilisant ces longueurs d'onde", which roughly translates to "The presence of precipitation provokes the scattering of centimeter wavelength radiation, which is followed by the appearance of echos on radars using this same wavelength." This is the beginning of decades long research in atmospheric science that led to over 100 publications and numerous patents.
Career
Lhermitte began his career as a scientist at "la Météorologie nationale," first in the city of Trappes, France, and later on Magny-les-Hameaux.
Lhermitte first went to North America as a visitor to the Stormy Weather Group in Montreal, QC. He left Paris on January 2, 1955, arriving the next day. There he met Walter Hitcshfeld, J.S. Marshall, K. Gunn and T.East at McGill University. On that trip he met David Atlas whom he would work with in the future. The next year, he visited the Blue Hill Observatory in Boston, MA, making it his first visit to the United States. There he worked with Atlas, R. Donaldson, Edwin Kessler and others. The "early work there led to the installation of the WSR-57 radar installation network."
After these two visits, went back to France and stayed there a few years.
After a few visits to North America, Lhermitte emigrated to the United States in January 1961 to work with Atlas at the Air Force Cambridge
Research Laboratories (AFCRL). He left the AFCRL for the Sperry Rand Research center in New York, NY in 1963. Some of his work included exploring the use of pulsed Doppler radars to extend the capabilities of conventional Doppler radars in allowing for range discrimination.
In 1964 Edwin Kessler had just become director of National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and was coordinating efforts to build a weather radar program. He had maintained contact with Roger, and reached out to him to join this new program. Lhermitte left the Sperry Rand Research center in early 1964 for this new venture to work with Kessler, K. Wilk, Dale Sirmans and others. By the end of 1964, they had completed a pulsed 3 cm radar.
In early 1967, Lhermitte left the NSSL for the Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) in Boulder, CO, at the request of G. Benton who was the director of ERL. He was to work with G. Little on the formation of the Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL). In 1970, he took a position as a professor at the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science at the University of Miami. During his time at the University of Miami, he was the first to develop the 94-GHz doppler radar for the measurement of clouds. The weather radar was built in 1987. Its design and implementation is described in Lhermitte's 1987 paper "A 94-GHz Doppler Radar for Cloud Observations". The observation by Lhermitte of Mie oscillations in the 94 GHz spectrum paved the way to the measurement of drop size distributions in precipitating clouds. This was later explored by Pavlos Kollias et al. in a paper entitled "Why Mie?":
Retirement
Lhermitte retired as professor emeritus in the early nineties. Near the end of his career, he decided to write a book on his experiences with centimeter and millimeter wavelength radars in meteorology. It was not written to be a comprehensive review of radars in meteorology, but rather his perspective on it. It contains many original ideas developed by him.
Lhermitte died on November 21, 2016, in Miami, Florida.
Contributions to the field of radar neteorology
From an article on the 30th Conference on Radar Meteorology, Roger Lhermitte's contributions as listed
30th Conference on Radar Meteorology (A Tribute to Roger Lhermitte)
The 30th Conference on Radar Meteorology was held in tribute for Lhermitte, who was 82 at the time. An article in BAMS (2002) describes the tribute:
Publications
Patents
Atmospheric motion non-coherent pulse doppler system (July 6, 1965)
Method and means of determining variability of atmospheric motion with respect to altitude (July 27, 1965)
Atmospheric Motion Coherent Pulse Doppler Radar System (October 12, 1965)
Radar tornado alarm (September 6, 1966)
Waveform Averaging and Contouring Device For Weather Radars And The Like (January 30, 1968)
Selected publications
Lhermitte, R. (1959), La representation directe du spectre de fluctuation des echos radars donnes par des precipitations, 248, 1554-1556
Lhermitte, R. (1958), Sur la fluctuation des echos de precipitations, C. R. Acad. Sci., 246, 1245-1248
Lhermitte, R. (1957), Sur une method d'observation d'intensite des echos de pluie, C. R. Acad. Sci., 244, 2955-2957
Lhermitte, R. (1952), Les "bandes superieurs" dans la structure verticale des echos de pluie, C. R. Acad. Sci., 235, 1414-1416
Lhermitte, R. (1964) "Doppler radars as severe storm sensors." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 45.9 (1964): 587-596
Lhermitte, R. (1970) "Dual-Doppler radar observation of convective storm circulation." Preprints 14th Conf. Radar Meteor. Tucson, Amer. Meteor. Sco., 139-144
Lhermitte, R., and R. Serafin (1984) "Pulse-to-pulse coherent Doppler sonar signal processing techniques," J. Atmos. and Ocean. Technol., vol. 1, pp 293–308
Lhermitte, R. (1987) "A 94 GHz Doppler Radar for Cloud Observations." J. Atmos. Ocean . Tech., 4 (1), 36‐48
Lhermitte, R. (1990) "Attenuation and Scattering of Millimeter Wavelength Radiation by Clouds and Precipitation." J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 7, 464‐479
References
French meteorologists
Doppler effects
Weather radar pioneers
1920 births
2016 deaths
University of Miami faculty | Roger Lhermitte | [
"Physics"
] | 1,712 | [
"Doppler effects",
"Physical phenomena",
"Astrophysics"
] |
61,978,528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senku%20Ishigami | is the protagonist from Riichiro Inagaki and Boichi's manga series Dr. Stone. Beginning in April 5738 AD, it has been over 3,700 years since a mysterious flash petrified nearly all human life. A 16-year-old genius named Senku Ishigami is suddenly revived to find himself in a world where all traces of human civilization have been eroded by time. Senku sets up a base-camp and begins to study the petrified humans in order to determine the cause of the event.
Senku was created by Inagaki to be a unique type of superhero as, while he does not possess supernatural powers, he stands out through his knowledge of science in order to help create a new civilization. He was based on the antagonistic Agon Kongo from Eyeshield 21 whom the author wanted to portray in a more positive way. In the anime adaptation of the series he is voiced by Yūsuke Kobayashi in Japanese and Aaron Dismuke in the English dub.
Critical response to Senku's character has been positive, appearing in multiple polls of popularity and winning the 4th Crunchyroll Anime Awards of Best Protagonist of the Year. Reviewers enjoyed the character's personality and relationship with the supporting characters as well as his rivalry with Tsukasa Shishio.
Creation and development
Riichiro Inagaki created Senku as an alternative of superheroes rarely explored in fiction as Senku does not possess any supernatural power. Inagaki thought about the average person. For the average person to accomplish something, he would need to keep working and build up towards whatever the goal is. He claims that he wondered "what's a cool way to portray that average person working hard for their goal?" To amplify that idea of not being able to do anything was the idea of petrification; Senku was created with the idea of being the embodiement of "working diligently by counting for a couple thousand years". Inagaki further wanted to make Senku as a unique character in the manga to the point the other characters are listed as "non-Senku" as he wanted to explore relationships where the cast develop a bond together.
Originally, Senku was named Gaku as that kanji, 學, stands for "study". However, he felt it was too academic and changed to as it meant "Thousand skies". Inagaki further claimed that Senku will never develop fantasy powers as it would contradict the realistic setting provided ever since the beginning.
Inagaki professes to use a method of character creation that he refers to as "acting." Essentially, Inagaki often reuses set types of characters in new settings for his works, and in the case of Senku, he essentially reused the character of Agon from his previous serialization, Eyeshield 21. He professes that he likes the type of curt, no-nonsense character that both Agon and Senku embody. Since Agon in only showed that type of character's bad sides, and wanted to do the opposite for Dr. Stone. The scientific focus of the series means that Inagaki has to stick as closely to reality as possible which often needed research. In order to make Senku look cool, Inagaki often asks Boichi to draw a certain background when Senku comes across with finding a new item like "Hydroelectric power plant acquired!!"
In regards to the series' message, Inagaki wanted readers to understand Senku's "power" and his ambitions, using his knowledge of the past to make a stronger future. Artist Boichi said that he related to Senku in regards to the philosophies to life such based on how the artist went from writing in Korea to Japan based on his desires, seeing the manga as a competition to help manga artists in the same way Senku assists society through his skills.
Voice actor Yūsuke Kobayashi mentioned that the intonation of the names were not really clear until they started recording. Kobayashi also voiced the series' mascot, Mecha Senku, who highly resembles the main character. Before voicing him for the English dub, Aaron Dismuke watched the original Japanese episodes, to capture the feeling of the original work, finding it challenging to do. Dismuke further commented that Senku has a tendency to make expositions of creating items such as preparing meals to the point Senku is "all over the place".
Anime director Shinya Iino said "least 50% or more is the character Senku, who's a very unique character." with praise given to Kobayashi's work. As a result, he found Dismuke's work challenging as he had to have the same appeal as Kobayashi. In regards to Senku's characterization, Iino was conflicted with how to modify his facial expressions for emotional scenes. He further compared Senku with Inagaki to the point Senku might be an author avatar of the manga author.
Appearances
Senku is a prodigy who excels in multiple fields of science, with a special love of astronomy and space exploration. In the series' beginning causes Senku and the entire population to be petrified for thousands of years. After awakening in the "Stone World", he sets to restore civilization by reinventing their lost technology and discovering a "cure" for the petrification. Though somewhat arrogant, he is actually very noble and kind-hearted as he considers science as a means to elevate all people and having unshakeable faith in his friends. Senku and Taiju prepare enough revival fluid to free one person from stone, with Taiju choosing Yuzuriha to be first subject. However, the recently revived Tsukasa reveals to Senku his intention to murder petrified adults to create a world free of corrupt adults, clashing with Senku's ideals of reviving everyone. As Senku relinquishes the recipe to save Yuzuriha and is given the choice of either abandoning science or dying, he recalls how he developed his love of science and became friends with Taiju. Refusing to abandon science, Senku prepares to die at Tsukasa's hands.
After faking his death to keep Tsukasa from hunting him, Senku befriends the residents of Ishigami Village and becomes their chief, finding out that he is a legend in the village's community at the same time thanks to the influence through one of the villagers' ancestors, who happens to be Senku's late adopted father Byakuya, one of the original petrification survivors. He meets sorcerer named Chrome who has come on his own Senku makes him his apprentice. Senku unveils the pile of tungsten for final preparation. After being crushed into a fine powder, it needs to be heated at an extremely high temperature for it to become usable. While Senku readies the tungsten powder, he charges Chrome and Kaseki to create a method of pinpoint high-temperature heating using everything they have learned since Senku's arrival in the village.
Tsukasa and Hyouga prepare for the upcoming attack on Ishigami Village. Senku discuss bringing more men from Tsukasa's Empire to their side. Following several battles, Senku demands a truce from Tsukasa in return for reviving his sister Mirai who Tsukasa learns is alive. Using the revival-fluid, Mirai is revived. Following Hyoga's defeat and Tsukasa entering cryosleep, Senku was able to get the remnants of the Empire of Might to merge with the Kingdom of Science where he leads the Five Wise Generals. Senku calls an assembly where he announces that they will find the secret of the petrification. He also reveals that they will construct a ship to explore the world.
Reception
Popularity
Senku has been a popular character. Gadget Tsūshin listed Senku's catchphrase "This is exhilarating!" in their 2019 anime buzzwords list. In 2020, Senku was awarded the Best Protagonist of the Year at the 4th Crunchyroll Anime Awards. He also topped both Western and Eastern Dr. Stone manga polls from 2019. Otaku USA regarded Senku as one of the smartest characters in anime. In another Crunchyroll poll, Senku was voted as the most popular character of the series. In 2022, he was also nominated at the 6th Crunchyroll Anime Awards in the "Best Boy" category, for his role in the Stone Wars season of Dr. Stone.
Critical response
Critical response to Senku's character has been generally positive. Spin Maker website saw Senku as a likable character as he is "like a cross between MacGyver and Jimmy Neutron". Similarly, Manga.Tokyo called Senku as a mix between Dexter from Dexter's Laboratory and Rintaro Okabe from Steins;Gate finding him as a fun lead, and despite acting like a mad scientist, it is easy to notice that Senku cares about others according to the reviewer. Anime UK News found his design impressive, comparing him to Yugi Mutou's hair, and felt that Senku's quest to restore modernity seems possible. Comic Book Resources found Senku to be balanced as despite his intelligence, Senku's strength is often downlplayed for comic relief as he finds it difficult to carry heavy objects. The same website made an entire article centered around Senku, calling him "a hero at heart though, not the reclusive, eccentric Dr. Frankenstein type" with derivations form little pleasure or meaning from deep personal connections.
Writers have commented on Senku's relationships portrayed in the narrative, most notably the members from Ishigami Village and his rivalry with Tsukasa. Initially, Manga.Tokyo said that the dynamic between Senku and Taiju was similar to Pinky and the Brain series and found that the duo has interesting interactions. Anime UK News also saw Senku's quest to increase the firepower of the Ishigami Village as a build up to the eventual second season which explores the fight against Tsukasa's forces. Otaquest and IGN praised Senku's characterization and actions in the plot as how he influences his student Chrome who has no knowledge of Senku's science.
Senku's rivalry with Tsukasa was also the focus of the series' themes involving science against strength, with Medium website regarded the second anime season as the most important parts it adapted. Furthermore, the website noted that the final twist in their war is controversial. Anime News Network noted that ever since the first volume, Boichi gave Senku and Tsukasa's rivalry a major effect and noted how Senku still the latter as a murderer even if his rival destroy humans' statues. Comic Book Bin enjoyed the clash in the ninth volume between such forces to the point of calling it the best part of the manga. Both of Senku's voice actors Aaron Dismuke's and Kobayashi's works as Senku's actors have been praised by the media. In an article by the Japanese AnimeAnime website, Senku was listed as the second best Kobayashi character behind Subaru Natsuki from Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World.
References
External links
Adoptee characters in anime and manga
Anime and manga characters introduced in 2017
Crunchyroll Anime Awards winners
Fictional astronauts
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Fictional chemists
Fictional child prodigies
Fictional scientists
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Male characters in anime and manga
Teenage characters in anime and manga | Senku Ishigami | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,383 | [
"Astronomers",
"Fictional astronomers"
] |
61,978,638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble%20coding | Ensemble coding, also known as ensemble perception or summary representation, is a theory in cognitive neuroscience about the internal representation of groups of objects in the human mind. Ensemble coding proposes that such information is recorded via summary statistics, particularly the average or variance. Experimental evidence tends to support the theory for low-level visual information, such as shapes and sizes, as well as some high-level features such as face gender. Nonetheless, it remains unclear the extent to which ensemble coding applies to high-level or non-visual stimuli, and the theory remains the subject of active research.
Theory
Extensive amounts of information are available to the visual system. Ensemble coding is a theory that suggests that people process the general gist of their complex visual surroundings by grouping objects together based on shared properties. The world is filled with redundant information of which the human visual system has become particularly sensitive. The brain exploits this redundancy and condenses the information. For example, the leaves of a tree or blades of grass give rise to the percept of 'tree-ness' and 'lawn-ness'. It has been demonstrated that individuals have the ability to quickly and accurately encode ensembles of objects, like leaves on a tree, and gather summary statistical information (like the mean and variance) from groups of stimuli. Some research suggests that this process provides rough visual information from the entire visual field, giving way to a complete and accurate picture of the visual world. Although the individual details of this accurate picture might be inaccessible, the 'gist' of the scene remains accessible. Ensemble coding is an adaptive process that lightens the cognitive load in the processing and storing of visual representations through the use of heuristics.
Operational definition
David Whitney and Allison Yamanashi Leib have developed an operational and flexible definition stating that ensemble coding should cover the following five concepts:
Ensemble perception is the ability to discriminate or reproduce a statistical moment.
Ensemble perception requires the integration of multiple items.
Ensemble information at each level of representation can be precise relative to the processing of single objects at that level.
Single-item recognition is not a prerequisite for ensemble coding.
Ensemble representations can be extracted with a temporal resolution at or beyond the temporal resolution of individual object recognition.
Opposing theories
Some research has found countering evidence to the theory of ensemble coding.
Limited visual capacity
Vision science has noted that although humans take in large amounts of visual information, adults are only able to process, attend to, and retain up to roughly four items from the visual environment. Furthermore, scientists have found that this visual upper limit capacity exists across various phenomena including change blindness, object tracking, and feature representation.
Low resolution representations and limited capacity
Additional theories in vision science propose that stimuli are represented in the brain individually as small, low resolution, icons stored in templates with limited capacities and are organized through associative links.
History
Throughout its history, ensemble coding been known by many names. Interest in the theory began to emerge in the early 20th century. In its earliest years, ensemble coding was known as Gestalt grouping. In 1923, Max Wertheimer, a Gestalt psychology theorist, was addressing how humans perceive their visual world holistically rather than individually. Gestaltists argued that in object perception, the individual object features were either lost or difficult to perceive and therefore the grouped object was the favored percept. Although Gestaltists helped define some of the central principles of object perception, research into modern ensemble coding did not occur until many years later.
In 1971, Norman Anderson was one of the earliest to conduct explicit ensemble coding research. Anderson's research into social ensemble coding showed that individuals described by two positive terms were rated more favorably than individuals described by two positive terms and two negative terms. This research on impression formation demonstrated that a weighted mean or average captures how information is integrated rather than the summation. Additional research during this time explored ensemble coding in group attractiveness, shopping preferences, and the perceived badness of criminals.
The current era
Findings by Dan Ariely in 2001 were the first data to support the modern theories of ensemble coding. Ariely used novel experimental paradigms, which he labeled "mean discrimination" and "member identification", to examine how sets of objects are perceived. He conducted three studies involving shape ensembles that varied in size. Across all studies, participants were able to accurately encode the mean size of the ensemble of objects, but they were inaccurate when asked if a certain object was a part of the set. Ariely's findings were the first that found statistical summary information emerge in the visual perception of grouped objects.
Consistent with Ariely's findings, follow-up research conducted by Sang Chul Chong and Anne Treisman in 2003 provided evidence that participants are engaging in summary statistical processes. Their research revealed that participant's maintained high accuracy in encoding the mean size of the stimuli even with short stimuli presentations as low as 50 milliseconds, memory delays, and object distribution differences.
Additional research has demonstrated that ensemble coding is not limited to the mean size of objects in the ensemble, but that additional content is extracted, such as average line orientation, average spatial location, average number, and statistical summaries such as the variances are detected. Observers are also able to extract accurate perceptual summaries of high-level features such as the average direction of eye gaze of grouped faces and the average walking direction of a crowd.
Levels of ensemble coding
People have the ability to encode ensembles of objects along various dimensions. These dimensions have been divided into levels that vary from low-level to high-level feature information.
Low-level feature information
Low-level ensemble coding has been observed in various psychophysical areas of research. For example, people accurately perceive the average size of objects, motion direction of grouped dots, number, line orientation, and spatial location.
High-level feature information
High-level ensemble coding extends to more complex, higher level objects including faces.
Independence of low- and high-level information
Some findings suggest lower-level and higher-level information may be processed by independent cognitive mechanisms
Social vision and ensemble coding
Based on the early work of Anderson, it appears that humans integrate semantic as well as social information into memory using ensemble coding. These findings suggest that social processes may hinge on the same sort of underlying mechanisms that allow people to perceive average object orientation and average object direction of motion.
In recent years, ensemble coding in the field of social vision has emerged. Social vision is a field of research that examines how people perceive one another. With the addition of ensemble coding, the field is able to explore people perception, or how people perceive groups of other people. This specific research area focuses on how observers accurately perceive and extract social information from groups and how that extracted information influences downstream judgments and behaviors. In 2018, seminal research introducing the use ensemble coding in the field of social vision was conducted by Briana Goodale. Goodale's research found that humans can accurately extract sex ratio summaries from ensembles of faces and that this sex ratio provides an early visual cue signaling sense of belonging and fit within group. Specifically, this research found that participants felt a stronger sense of belonging to a given ensemble as members of their own sex increased in the perceived ensemble.
Additional research has uncovered that in as little as 75 milliseconds, participants are able to derive the average sex ratio of an ensemble of faces. Furthermore, within that 75 milliseconds, participants were able to form impressions based on the perceived sex ratio and make inferences about the group's perceived threat. Specifically, this research found that groups were judged as more threatening as the ratio of men to women increased.
In 2023, researchers found that people can accurately gauge the average trustworthiness of multiple faces presented together, even at very brief exposure times (as short as 250 ms). The findings suggest that our brains efficiently extract a summary statistic of facial features from crowds, enabling quick social judgments that may influence behavior.
References
Cognitive psychology
Perception | Ensemble coding | [
"Biology"
] | 1,619 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Cognitive psychology"
] |
61,980,052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-global%20matching | Semi-global matching (SGM) is a computer vision algorithm for the estimation of a dense disparity map from a rectified stereo image pair, introduced in 2005 by Heiko Hirschmüller while working at the German Aerospace Center. Given its predictable run time, its favourable trade-off between quality of the results and computing time, and its suitability for fast parallel implementation in ASIC or FPGA, it has encountered wide adoption in real-time stereo vision applications such as robotics and advanced driver assistance systems.
Problem
Pixelwise stereo matching allows to perform real-time calculation of disparity maps by measuring the similarity of each pixel in one stereo image to each pixel within a subset in the other stereo image. Given a rectified stereo image pair, for a pixel with coordinates the set of pixels in the other image is usually selected as , where is a maximum allowed disparity shift.
A simple search for the best matching pixel produces many spurious matches, and this problem can be mitigated with the addition of a regularisation term that penalises jumps in disparity between adjacent pixels, with a cost function in the form
where is the pixel-wise dissimilarity cost at pixel with disparity , and is the regularisation cost between pixels and with disparities and respectively, for all pairs of neighbouring pixels . Such constraint can be efficiently enforced on a per-scanline basis by using dynamic programming (e.g. the Viterbi algorithm), but such limitation can still introduce streaking artefacts in the depth map, because little or no regularisation is performed across scanlines.
A possible solution is to perform global optimisation in 2D, which is however an NP-complete problem in the general case. For some families of cost functions (e.g. submodular functions) a solution with strong optimality properties can be found in polynomial time using graph cut optimization, however such global methods are generally too expensive for real-time processing.
Algorithm
The idea behind SGM is to perform line optimisation along multiple directions and computing an aggregated cost by summing the costs to reach pixel with disparity from each direction. The number of directions affects the run time of the algorithm, and while 16 directions usually ensure good quality, a lower number can be used to achieve faster execution. A typical 8-direction implementation of the algorithm can compute the cost in two passes, a forward pass accumulating the cost from the left, top-left, top, and top-right, and a backward pass accumulating the cost from right, bottom-right, bottom, and bottom-left. A single-pass algorithm can be implemented with only five directions.
The cost is composed by a matching term and a binary regularisation term . The former can be in principle any local image dissimilarity measure, and commonly used functions are absolute or squared intensity difference (usually summed over a window around the pixel, and after applying a high-pass filter to the images to gain some illumination invariance), Birchfield–Tomasi dissimilarity, Hamming distance of the census transform, Pearson correlation (normalized cross-correlation). Even mutual information can be approximated as a sum over the pixels, and thus used as a local similarity metric. The regularisation term has the form
where and are two constant parameters, with . The three-way comparison allows to assign a smaller penalty for unitary changes in disparity, thus allowing smooth transitions corresponding e.g. to slanted surfaces, and penalising larger jumps while preserving discontinuities due to the constant penalty term. To further preserve discontinuities, the gradient of the intensity can be used to adapt the penalty term, because discontinuities in depth usually correspond to a discontinuity in image intensity , by setting
for each pair of pixels and .
The accumulated cost is the sum of all costs to reach pixel with disparity along direction . Each term can be expressed recursively as
where the minimum cost at the previous pixel is subtracted for numerical stability, since it is constant for all values of disparity at the current pixel and therefore it does not affect the optimisation.
The value of disparity at each pixel is given by , and sub-pixel accuracy can be achieved by fitting a curve in and its neighbouring costs and taking the minimum along the curve. Since the two images in the stereo pair are not treated symmetrically in the calculations, a consistency check can be performed by computing the disparity a second time in the opposite direction, swapping the role of the left and right image, and invalidating the result for the pixels where the result differs between the two calculations. Further post-processing techniques for the refinement of the disparity image include morphological filtering to remove outliers, intensity consistency checks to refine textureless regions, and interpolation to fill in pixels invalidated by consistency checks.
The cost volume for all values of and can be precomputed and in an implementation of the full algorithm, using possible disparity shifts and directions, each pixel is subsequently visited times, therefore the computational complexity of the algorithm for an image of size is .
Memory efficient variant
The main drawback of SGM is its memory consumption. An implementation of the two-pass 8-directions version of the algorithm requires to store elements, since the accumulated cost volume has a size of and to compute the cost for a pixel during each pass it is necessary to keep track of the path costs of its left or right neighbour along one direction and of the path costs of the pixels in the row above or below along 3 directions. One solution to reduce memory consumption is to compute SGM on partially overlapping image tiles, interpolating the values over the overlapping regions. This method also allows to apply SGM to very large images, that would not fit within memory in the first place.
A memory-efficient approximation of SGM stores for each pixel only the costs for the disparity values that represent a minimum along some direction, instead of all possible disparity values. The true minimum is highly likely to be predicted by the minima along the eight directions, thus yielding similar quality of the results. The algorithm uses eight directions and three passes, and during the first pass it stores for each pixel the cost for the optimal disparity along the four top-down directions, plus the two closest lower and higher values (for sub-pixel interpolation). Since the cost volume is stored in a sparse fashion, the four values of optimal disparity need also to be stored. In the second pass, the other four bottom-up directions are computed, completing the calculations for the four disparity values selected in the first pass, that now have been evaluated along all eight directions. An intermediate value of cost and disparity is computed from the output of the first pass and stored, and the memory of the four outputs from the first pass is replaced with the four optimal disparity values and their costs from the directions in the second pass. A third pass goes again along the same directions used in the first pass, completing the calculations for the disparity values from the second pass. The final result is then selected among the four minima from the third pass and the intermediate result computed during the second pass.
In each pass four disparity values are stored, together with three cost values each (the minimum and its two closest neighbouring costs), plus the disparity and cost values of the intermediate result, for a total of eighteen values for each pixel, making the total memory consumption equal to , at the cost in time of an additional pass over the image.
See also
3D reconstruction
Computer stereo vision
Structure from motion
References
External links
Geometry in computer vision | Semi-global matching | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,587 | [
"Geometry in computer vision",
"Geometry"
] |
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