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64,304,070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi%20Chayen | Naomi Chayen is a biochemist and structural biologist. She is a professor of Biomedical Sciences at Imperial College London, where she leads the Crystallization Group in Computational and Systems Medicine. She is best known for developing the microbatch method and inventing novel nucleants for protein crystallization which have been applied to high-throughput screening for rational drug design.
Education and career
Chayen earned her first degree in pharmacy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. During her undergraduate studies, she visited the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology to learn histochemistry. She subsequently pursued MSc and PhD research at the Kennedy Institute. In 1983, Chayen submitted her thesis on stimulus-response coupling in smooth muscle cells and received a PhD from Brunel University London.
Chayen began her first postdoctoral fellowship at Imperial College London, where she studied the biophysics of muscle proteins. When her grant was not renewed, she joined the lab of David Mervyn Blow to develop novel protein crystallization techniques. There, she began her influential work of utilizing phase diagrams to optimize conditions for crystal growth.
Currently, Chayen is a professor of Biomedical Sciences and head of the Crystallization Group in Computational and Systems Medicine at Imperial College London.
Research
Chayen is best known for her invention of novel protein crystallization methods. In 1990, she first published a method of suspending droplets of protein solution and precipitant solutions in low-density paraffin oil to prevent evaporation during the microbatch crystallization process. The microbatch process can be suitable for membrane proteins, which are ordinarily difficult to crystallize. Chayen's method has since been applied towards the analysis of many biomolecules that are relevant to human diseases such as cancer, HIV, diabetes, and heart disease.
In addition to her work on microbatch methods, Chayen invented a novel gel-glass nucleant now known as "Naomi's Nucleant." Naomi's Nucleant has been used to crystallize more than 20 proteins, the most of any single nucleant. In 2015, she collaborated with Subrayal Reddy at University of Central Lancashire to develop the first non-protein nucleant, a semi-liquid molecularly imprinted polymer designed for high-throughput screening. The nucleant was commercialized as "Chayen Reddy MIP."
Chayen's current research interests include protein crystallization, structural biology, and structural genomics and proteomics.
Awards and honors
Chayen holds nine patents and has launched several commercial products for protein crystallization, such as "Chayen Reddy MIP" and "Naomi's nucleant." In addition, she has won the following awards:
Women of Outstanding Achievement for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Commendation, WISE Campaign (2012)
Investigator of the Year, Select Biosciences Life Sciences Awards (2011)
Innovator of the Year, CWT everywoman in Technology Awards (2011)
Chayen was the Sterling Drug Visiting Professor of Pharmacology at Yale School of Medicine in 2009. She was formerly the president of the International Organization for Biological Crystallization.
References
Biochemists
Women biochemists
Living people
Alumni of Brunel University London
People associated with Imperial College London
Year of birth missing (living people) | Naomi Chayen | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 672 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biochemists",
"Women biochemists"
] |
64,305,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex%20filter | A vortex filter is a filter used in rainwater harvesting systems to separate medium to large sized debris from the flow of water before the water flows into a tank, cistern or reservoir. by directing the flow around the inside of the wall of the filter housing. Any material with a density greater than water is pushed to the outside and allows cleaner water to flow through a central fine mesh basket into the supply pipe.
All debris washes out of a large diameter drain pipe in the base of the filter body.
They are best suited for commercial and residential rainwater harvesting; however, they can be used for other process and wastewater filtering applications.
Before entering the tank for storage, rainwater should be both filtered and aerated. Filtration removes large particulate matter, which frequently both carries and feeds bacteria. Removal of this particulate matter, along with oxygenation of the water, greatly reduces the number of harmful bacteria in the tank.
WISY pre-tank filters accomplish both of these tasks, protecting the water quality in the tank. WISY Filters are also self-cleaning and require minimal annual maintenance.
References
Water filters | Vortex filter | [
"Chemistry"
] | 226 | [
"Water treatment",
"Water filters",
"Filters"
] |
64,307,837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer%20Maskey | Dr Sameer Maskey is a computer scientist, educator and entrepreneur. He is currently the Founder and CEO at Fusemachines Inc and an Adjunct Associate Professor at Columbia University.
Biography
Maskey grew up in Kathmandu, Nepal. He attended undergraduate school at Bates College in Maine, USA with degrees in Math and Physics. After graduating from Bates he went on to pursue a PhD in Computer Science at Columbia University in New York City. Maskey has more than 20 papers published in International Conferences and Journals along with 9 pending/granted patents. Maskey has served as a session chair, a program committee member, and a review committee member of many international conferences including ACL, HLT, ICASSP, Interspeech, NAACL and COLING.
Maskey founded the company, Fusemachines, in 2013. The company aims to make artificial intelligence technology accessible to underserved communities around the world by providing AI education programs AI job opportunities, and an AI platform that helps schools provide AI Assisted Learning.
References
Computer scientists
Chief executives in the technology industry
Columbia University faculty
Bates College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Kathmandu
Nationality missing | Sameer Maskey | [
"Technology"
] | 240 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer science",
"Computer specialist stubs",
"Computer scientists"
] |
64,307,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM%20Cortex-X1 | The ARM Cortex-X1 is a central processing unit implementing the ARMv8.2-A 64-bit instruction set designed by ARM Holdings' Austin design centre as part of ARM's Cortex-X Custom (CXC) program.
Design
The Cortex-X1 design is based on the ARM Cortex-A78, but redesigned for purely performance instead of a balance of performance, power, and area (PPA).
The Cortex-X1 is a 5-wide decode out-of-order superscalar design with a 3K macro-OP (MOPs) cache. It can fetch 5 instructions and 8 MOPs per cycle, and rename and dispatch 8 MOPs, and 16 μOPs per cycle. The out-of-order window size has been increased to 224 entries. The backend has 15 execution ports with a pipeline depth of 13 stages and the execution latencies consists of 10 stages. It also features 4x128b SIMD units.
ARM claims the Cortex-X1 offers 30% faster integer and 100% faster machine learning performance than the ARM Cortex-A77.
The Cortex-X1 supports ARM's DynamIQ technology, expected to be used as high-performance cores when used in combination with the ARM Cortex-A78 mid and ARM Cortex-A55 little cores.
Architecture changes in comparison with ARM Cortex-A78
Around 20% performance improvement (+30% from A77)
30% faster integer
100% faster machine learning performance
Out-of-order window size has been increased to 224 entries (from 160 entries)
Up to 4x128b SIMD units (from 2x128b)
15% more silicon area
5-way decode (from 4-way)
8 MOPs/cycle decoded cache bandwidth (from 6 MOPs/cycle)
64 KB L1D + 64 KB L1I (from 32/64 KB L1)
Up to 1 MB/core L2 cache (from 512 KB/core max)
Up to 8 MB L3 cache (from 4 MB max)
Licensing
The Cortex-X1 is available as SIP core to partners of their Cortex-X Custom (CXC) program, and its design makes it suitable for integration with other SIP cores (e.g. GPU, display controller, DSP, image processor, etc.) into one die constituting a system on a chip (SoC).
Usage
Samsung Exynos 2100
Qualcomm Snapdragon 888(+)
Google Tensor
See also
ARM Cortex-A78, related high performance microarchitecture
ARM Neoverse V1 (Zeus), server sister core to the Cortex-X1
Comparison of ARMv8-A cores, ARMv8 family
References
ARM processors | ARM Cortex-X1 | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 576 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer engineering stubs",
"Computer engineering"
] |
64,308,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%20sumset%20conjecture | In additive combinatorics, the Erdős sumset conjecture is a conjecture which states that if a subset of the natural numbers has a positive upper density then there are two infinite subsets and of such that contains the sumset . It was posed by Paul Erdős, and was proven in 2019 in a paper by Joel Moreira, Florian Richter and Donald Robertson.
See also
List of conjectures by Paul Erdős
Notes
Conjectures that have been proved
Paul Erdős
Combinatorics | Erdős sumset conjecture | [
"Mathematics"
] | 98 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Combinatorics",
"Conjectures that have been proved",
"Combinatorics stubs",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
41,480,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KORTV | KORTV, Inc. is a software-based streaming media company specializing in distributing South Korean movie, television, and premium channel content to audiences in more than 100 countries using both video on demand (VOD) and real-time streaming.
History
KORTV was incorporated in Edison, New Jersey as WKNTV, Inc in 2012. WKNTV began operations streaming content via IPTV to Netgear NeoTV and Roku devices.
On August 2, 2013, the company filled for the trademark 'KORTV' which was registered on March 11, 2013. On December 11, KORTV became available on Apple TV and on iPad and iPhone mobile devices.
Programming
KORTV's Live IPTV channels are streamed in real-time, 24 hours a day, directly from the broadcaster and in high definition quality when it is available. KORTV's current Live IPTV line-up features 10 channels that are free and available for unlimited streaming—including Arirang, EBS, and JTBC. KORTV is the first company to ever offer free and legal real-time live-streaming of broadcast programming worldwide. KORTV's Live IPTV Premium line-up includes 7 premium channels, which are available individually by monthly subscription. Additional television content, including archives of current and past shows, is available via video on demand (VOD), which is also by monthly subscription.
KORTV's available movie content includes many titles with English-language subtitles, offering potential to expand the company's market beyond Korean-speaking audiences. As with the VOD television content and the Live IPTV premium channel options, a monthly subscription is required to access KORTV's movie content.
See also
Kdrama
Korean wave
References
Video on demand
Video on demand services
Internet television channels
Streaming media systems | KORTV | [
"Technology"
] | 376 | [
"Streaming media systems",
"Telecommunications systems",
"Computer systems"
] |
41,481,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C20H26N2O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C20H26N2O3}}
The molecular formula C20H26N2O3 (molar mass: 344.22 g/mol) may refer to:
Cilostamide
Naltrexamine | C20H26N2O3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 55 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
41,482,032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind-wave%20dissipation | Wind-wave dissipation or "swell dissipation" is process in which a wave generated via a weather system loses its mechanical energy transferred from the atmosphere via wind. Wind waves, as their name suggests, are generated by wind transferring energy from the atmosphere to the ocean's surface, capillary gravity waves play an essential role in this effect, "wind waves" or "swell" are also known as surface gravity waves.
General physics and theory
The process of wind-wave dissipation can be explained by applying energy spectrum theory in a similar manner as for the formation of wind-waves (generally assuming spectral dissipation is a function of wave spectrum). However, although even some of recent innovative improvements for field observations (such as Banner & Babanin et al. ) have contributed to solve the riddles of wave breaking behaviors, unfortunately there hasn't been a clear understanding for exact theories of the wind wave dissipation process still yet because of its non-linear behaviors.
By past and present observations and derived theories, the physics of the ocean-wave dissipation can be categorized by its passing regions along to water depth. In deep water, wave dissipation occurs by the actions of friction or drag forces such as opposite-directed winds or viscous forces generated by turbulent flows—usually nonlinear forces. In shallow water, the behaviors of wave dissipations are mostly types of shore wave breaking (see Types of wave breaking).
Some of simple general descriptions of wind-wave dissipation (defined by Luigi Cavaleri et al. ) were proposed when we consider only ocean surface waves such as wind waves. By means of the simple, the interactions of waves with the vertical structure of the upper layers of the ocean are ignored for simplified theory in many proposed mechanisms.
Sources of wind-wave dissipation
In general understanding, the physics of wave dissipation can be categorized by considering with its dissipation sources, such as 1) wave breaking 2) wave–turbulence interaction 3) wave–wave modulation respectively. (descriptions below of this chapter also follow the reference )
1) dissipation by "wave breaking"
Wind-wave breaking at coastal area is a major source of the wind-wave dissipation. The wind waves lose their energy to the shore or sometimes back to the ocean when those break at the shore. (see more explains -> “Ocean surface wave breaking”)
2) dissipation by "wave–turbulence interaction"
The turbulent wind flows and viscous eddies inside waves can both affect wave dissipation. In the very early understandings, the viscosity could barely affect the wind waves, so that the dissipation of the swells by viscosity was also barely considered. However, recent weather forecasting models begin considering “wave-turbulence interaction” for the wave modeling. It is still arguable how much the turbulent-induced dissipations contribute to change the whole wave profiles, but the ideas of wave-turbulence interaction for surface viscous layers and wave bottom boundary layers are recently accepted.
3) dissipation by "wave-wave modulation"
Wave–wave interactions can affect to the wave dissipation. In the early eras, the ideas that a short wave breaking can take energy from the long waves through the modulation were proposed by Phillips (1963), and Longuett-Higgins (1969) as well. These ideas had been debated (new results that the dissipations by interactions between wave modulations should be much weaker than the theory's of Phillips) by Hasselmann's works (1971), but in the recent understanding, the dissipations of these cases are typically little stronger than the dissipation by “wave-turbulence interactions” when the reasonable modulation transfer functions implemented. Most cases of the swell dissipations are due to this dissipation type.
Ocean-surface wave breaking
When wind waves approach to coast area from deep water, the waves change their heights and lengths. The wave height becomes higher and the wavelength becomes shorter as the wave velocity is slowed when ocean waves approach to the shore. If the water depth is sufficiently shallow, the wave crest become steeper and the trough gets broader and shallower; finally, the ocean waves break at the shore. The motions of wave breaking are different with along to the steepness of shores and waves, and can be categorized by below three types.
• Spilling breaker
With lower shore slope, the waves lose energy slowly as approaching to the shore. The waves spill sea water down the front of the waves when those are breaking.
• Plunging breaker
With moderately steep shore slope, the wave loses energy quickly. If the shore slope is steep enough, the crest of wave moves faster than the trough. The crest curls over front of the wave, and after the crest plunges sea water to the trough. (Plunging breakers are good for surfing)
• Surging breaker
With highly steep shore slope (for extreme steepness, such as seawalls), if the shore steepness is very high, the waves can't reach to the critical steepness to break. The waves climb along through the shore slope, and release energy to the backward from the shore. It never shows white-cap breaks, but for extreme steepness case, such as seawall, the waves break with white-foams.
See also
Dispersion (water waves)
External links
Breaking and dissipation of ocean surface waves – Alexander V. Babanin
References
Coastal geography
Physical oceanography
Water waves
Oceanographical terminology | Wind-wave dissipation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,149 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Water waves",
"Waves",
"Physical oceanography",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
41,482,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Welfare%20%28journal%29 | Animal Welfare is a quarterly, peer-reviewed scientific journal covering studies on the welfare of animals, whether in captivity (e.g. on farms, in laboratories, zoos and as companions) or in the wild. Its scope includes animal welfare science, animal cognition, ethology, behavioural ecology, evolution of behaviour, sociobiology, behavioural physiology, population biology, neurophysiology and abnormal behaviour. It was established in 1992 and is published by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. The editor-in-chief is James K. Kirkwood (Universities Federation for Animal Welfare).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.433.
References
External links
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies
Animal welfare
English-language journals
Ethology journals
Academic journals established in 1992
Quarterly journals | Animal Welfare (journal) | [
"Biology"
] | 185 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Ethology journals"
] |
41,482,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne%20%28stream%29 | A bourne is an intermittent stream, flowing from a spring. Frequent in chalk and limestone country where the rock becomes saturated with winter rain, that slowly drains away until the rock becomes dry, when the stream ceases. The word is from the Anglo-Saxon language of England.
The word can be found in northern England in placenames such as: Redbourne and Legbourne but is commonly in use in southern England (particularly Dorset) as a name for a small river, particularly in compound names such as winterbourne. A winterbourne is a stream or river that is dry through the summer months.
Bourne is used as a place name or as a part of a place name, usually in chalk downland countryside. Alternative forms are bourn or borne or born. The apparent variant, borne found in the placename: Camborne, arises from the Cornish language and is in fact a false friend: it refers to a hill (Cornish: bronn, from Common Brythonic *brunda; compare Welsh bryn). Born/borne in German also means fount, or spring, and is related to the Indo-European root, *bhreu. That born/borne appears throughout Europe as a placename is also an important clue that this spelling is an etymological precursor to the Middle English bourne/burn.
Cf. Burn (landform), in common use in Scotland and North East England especially, but also found (in placenames) elsewhere in England such as: Blackburn, Gisburn, Woburn, Kilburn, Winkburn, and so forth.
For rivers and places named Bourne or having this word as part of the name, see Bourne (disambiguation).
References
Water streams
Fluvial landforms
Geomorphology
Hydrology
Rivers
Bodies of water | Bourne (stream) | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 367 | [
"Hydrology",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
41,483,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stropharia%20albonitens | Stropharia albonitens is an inedible mushroom found in grassy fields, lawns, and frequently along roadsides in North America and Europe. The spore print is purplish to black. It is white to cream or yellow in colour. It is typically 5 to 15 cm long with a ring on its stem and grows from July to November.
The spores are ellipsoid and range in measurement from .
This species was published in Champs Jura Vosges 3: 439 (1875) and was originally named Agaricus albonitens in 1857 by Elias Magnus Fries.
References
Strophariaceae
Inedible fungi
Fungi described in 1857
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
Fungus species | Stropharia albonitens | [
"Biology"
] | 147 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
41,483,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrocybe%20arvalis | Agrocybe arvalis (digitate fieldcap ) is a species of Agaricales with a brown, hygrophanous cap and brown spore print. It does not have an annulus.
Spores are elliptical and smooth, ranging from . Pleurocystidia can have 3–5 apical, finger-like projections.
References
Strophariaceae
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
Fungus species | Agrocybe arvalis | [
"Biology"
] | 87 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
41,484,608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TU%20Muscae | TU Muscae, also known as HD100213, is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Musca. Its apparent magnitude ranges from 8.17 to 8.75 over around 1.4 days.
Physical description
TU Muscae is a remote binary star system made up of two hot luminous blue main sequence stars of spectral types O7.5V and O9.5V, with masses 23 and 15 times that of the Sun. The stars are so close that they are in contact with each other (overcontact binary) and are classed as a Beta Lyrae variable as their light varies from earth as they eclipse each other. The spectra indicate they are hot stars, with surface temperatures of roughly 37200 and 34700 K respectively. They are both still on the main sequence of star evolution, burning their core hydrogen. Astronomers Laura Penny and Cynthia Ouszt proposed the two were originally more equal in size but as they became close enough so that material from the less massive star began transferring to the more massive star via Roche-lobe overflow. However they concede that figuring out the evolution of interacting massive binary systems is "a little like trying to unspill milk". The system is thought to be around 4.8 kiloparsecs (~15500 light-years) distant.
The period of the magnitude change is increasing, and has been calculated as lengthening by 3.46 seconds a century. This could be due to material from the less massive star being transferred to the more massive one, or there could be a third or fourth as yet undetected star in the multiple star system influencing the orbit. These stars have not been seen as they are much less luminous than the two main stars.
Discovery
TU Muscae was discovered by Dutch astronomer Pieter Oosterhoff in 1928. Initially thought to have a spectrum of B3, later observations in the 1960s and early 1970s indicated it was a hotter star than previously thought—with the spectrum lying in the uncommon O-region.
References
Beta Lyrae variables
Musca
O-type main-sequence stars
Spectroscopic binaries
Muscae, TU
100213
056196
J11311091-6544322
Durchmusterung objects | TU Muscae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 463 | [
"Musca",
"Constellations"
] |
41,484,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31%20Persei | 31 Persei is a single star in the northern constellation of Perseus. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.05. This star is located around away from the Sun, and it is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −1.6 km/s. It is likely a member of the Alpha Persei Cluster.
This object is a massive B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B5V and it is currently generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. It is around 234 million years old and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 260 km/s. The star has 4.6 times the mass of the Sun and about 3.4 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 950 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 15,301 K.
References
B-type main-sequence stars
Alpha Persei Cluster
Perseus (constellation)
BD+49 902
Persei, 31
020418
015444
0989 | 31 Persei | [
"Astronomy"
] | 231 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
41,485,673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Gaucher | Eric Alexander Gaucher (born January 1972) is an American biologist best known for his work in computational molecular evolution.
Early life and education
Gaucher was guided in biochemistry by Peter Tipton and Bayesian Theory by George Smith. Gaucher subsequently earned his Ph.D. from the University of Florida under the tutelage of Steve Benner and Michael Miyamoto. Gaucher received the Walter M. Fitch Award from the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution for his graduate work. He then did postdoctoral work with NASA's Astrobiology Institute in conjunction with a National Research Council Fellowship. After the two-year fellowship, Gaucher served as President of the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution.
Career
Gaucher was hired as an Associate Professor by the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2008 before moving to Georgia State University where he is currently a professor. The Gaucher group conducts basic and applied research at the interface of molecular evolution and biology. As of February 2016, his h-index, as calculated by Google Scholar, is 25.
Gaucher is also the founder and president of the early-stage biotechnology company General Genomics. His company exploits novel platforms to engineer proteins for the biomedical and industrial sectors.
Selected publications
Eric A. Gaucher, J. Michael Thomson, Michelle F. Burgan, Steven A. Benner (2003). Inferring the palaeoenvironment of ancient bacteria on the basis of resurrected proteins. Nature 425: 285–88
Georgia State biology chair removed minutes before meeting
References
Further reading
Astrobiology Magazine: Giving Ancient Life Another Chance to Evolve
Living people
1972 births
21st-century American biologists
Synthetic biologists | Eric Gaucher | [
"Biology"
] | 330 | [
"Synthetic biology",
"Synthetic biologists"
] |
41,486,275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20Geminorum | R Geminorum (R Gem) is a Mira variable and technetium star in the constellation Gemini. It is located approximately away.
R Geminorum pulsates with an average period of 369.9 days, varying by up to eight magnitudes at visual wavelengths. When at maximum light its apparent visual magnitude is usually between 6 and 7, while at minimum light it is typically near magnitude 14.
R Geminorum is one of the brightest known examples of an S-type star, a type that is similar to M-type star, but whose spectra shows zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide and technetium. These exotic elements are formed in the star's core. Technetium has a half-life of just 4.2 million years, so it must have been brought up from the core relatively recently. R Gem has an unusual amount of it, even for an S-type star.
References
Gemini (constellation)
S-type stars
Mira variables
Geminorum, R
Durchmusterung objects
053791
2671
034356 | R Geminorum | [
"Astronomy"
] | 222 | [
"Gemini (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
41,489,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent%20maintenance%20system | An intelligent maintenance system (IMS) is a system that uses collected data from machinery in order to predict and prevent potential failures in them. The occurrence of failures in machinery can be costly and even catastrophic. In order to avoid failures, there needs to be a system which analyzes the behavior of the machine and provides alarms and instructions for preventive maintenance. Analyzing the behavior of the machines has become possible by means of advanced sensors, data collection systems, data storage/transfer capabilities and data analysis tools. These are the same set of tools developed for prognostics. The aggregation of data collection, storage, transformation, analysis and decision making for smart maintenance is called an intelligent maintenance system (IMS).
Definition
An intelligent maintenance system is a system that uses data analysis and decision support tools to predict and prevent the potential failure of machines. The recent advancement in information technology, computers, and electronics have facilitated the design and implementation of such systems.
The key research elements of intelligent maintenance systems consist of:
Transformation of data to information to knowledge and synchronization of the decisions with remote systems
Intelligent, embedded prognostic algorithms for assessing degradation and predicting the performance in future
Software and hardware platforms to run online models
Embedded product services and life cycle information for closed-loop product designs
E-manufacturing and e-maintenance
With evolving applications of tether-free communication technologies (e.g. Internet) e-intelligence is having a larger impact on industries. Such impact has become a driving force for companies to shift the manufacturing operations from traditional factory integration practices towards an e-factory and e-supply chain philosophy. Such change is transforming the companies from local factory automation to global business automation. The goal of e-manufacturing is, from the plant floor assets, to predict the deviation of the quality of the products and possible loss of any equipment. This brings about the predictive maintenance capability of the machines.
The major functions and objectives of e-manufacturing are: “(a) provide a transparent, seamless and automated information exchange process to enable an only handle information once (OHIO) environment; (b) improve the use of plant floor assets using a holistic approach combining the tools of predictive maintenance techniques; (c) links entire supply chain management (SCM) operation and asset optimization; and (d) deliver customer services using the latest predictive intelligence methods and tether-free technologies”.
The e-Maintenance infrastructure consists of several information sectors:
Control systems and production schedulers
Engineering product data management systems
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
Condition monitoring systems
Maintenance scheduling (CMMS/EAM) systems
Plant asset management (PAM) systems
See also
Big Data
Cyber manufacturing
Cyber-physical system
Decision support systems
Industrial artificial intelligence
Industrial Big Data
Industry 4.0
Internet of Things
Intelligent transformation
Machine to machine
Maintenance, repair, and operations
Predictive maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Prognostics
Smart, connected products
References
Further reading
M. J. Ashby et al., “Intelligent maintenance advisor for turbine engines”, The Journal of the Operational Research Society, vol. 46, No. 7 (July 1995), 831–853.
A. K. S. Jardine et al., “A review on machinery diagnostics and prognostics implementing condition-based maintenance”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 20 (2006) 1483–1510.
R. C. M. Yam et al., “Intelligent Predictive Decision Support System forCondition-Based Maintenance”, Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2001) 17:383–391
A. Muller et al., “On the concept of e-maintenance: Review and current research”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93 (2008) 1165–1187
A. Bos et al., “SCOPE: An Intelligent Maintenance System for Supporting Crew Operations”, AUTOTESTCON 2004. Proceedings. IEEE, 2004.
Maintenance
Prediction
Survival analysis | Intelligent maintenance system | [
"Engineering"
] | 793 | [
"Maintenance",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
41,489,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21%20Persei | 21 Persei is a single, variable star in the northern constellation of Perseus, located about 331 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.10 km/s. The object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +8.5 km/s. It has the variable star designation LT Persei; 21 Persei is the Flamsteed designation.
This is an Ap star with a stellar classification of A2VspSiEu, where the A2V indicates it is an A-type main-sequence star, 's' means narrow "sharp" absorption, and SiEu shows abundance anomalies of the elements silicon and europium. The star is an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable, meaning that the star has a strong magnetic field chromium, silicon, and strontium spectral lines. 21 Persei's period of variability is approximately 2.88 days.
References
B-type main-sequence stars
Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variables
Ap stars
Perseus (constellation)
BD+31 509
Persei, 21
018296
013775
0873
Persei, LT | 21 Persei | [
"Astronomy"
] | 262 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
41,490,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U1.11 | U1.11 is a large quasar group located in the constellations of Leo and Virgo. It is one of the largest LQG's known, with the estimated maximum diameter of 780 Mpc (2.2 billion light-years) and contains 38 quasars. It was discovered in 2011 during the course of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Until the discovery of the Huge-LQG in November 2012, it was the largest known structure in the universe, beating Clowes–Campusano LQG's 20-year record as largest known structure at the time of its discovery.
Characteristics
The structure is located approximately 2° away from the Clowes-Campusano LQG (CCLQG). It is at redshift z = 1.11, hence its name, corresponding to a distance of approximately 8.8 billion light years away. It is adjacent to the CCLQG, and is relatively close to U1.54, another LQG. It is composed of 38 quasars, and may suggest the evolution of a large galaxy filament.
Cosmological principle
According to the cosmological principle, the random distribution of matter and energy within the different parts of the universe must be approximately homogeneous and isotropic, and that random overdensities of these objects must be small if projected on a large enough scale. Yadav et al projected that the maximum structural sizes was somewhere around 260 h/Mpc, while others gave values of 70-130 h/Mpc. More recent calculations suggest values within 370 Mpc. However, U1.11 was twice as large as the presiding scale, and other structures are found that were larger than the said scale. (Some structures exceed the scale by a factor of 8, such as Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall.) Given also its proximity to the Huge-LQG, CCLQG and U1.54, it will be a big contradiction to the modern cosmological model.
References
Galaxy filaments
Quasars
Large quasar groups
Large-scale structure of the cosmos
Leo (constellation)
Virgo (constellation)
20110831 | U1.11 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 449 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
41,491,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosoplasia | Prosoplasia (from prósō, "forward" + πλάσις plasis, "formation") is the differentiation of cells either to a higher function or to a higher level of organization.
Assuming an increasing cellular peculiarity from a presupposed stem-cell fate, prosoplasia is therefore a forward differentiation, unlike anaplasia (a backward differentiation).
Examples of prosoplasia include the forward differentiation of cells in the mucosa in Warthin's tumor.
References
Oncology
Induced stem cells | Prosoplasia | [
"Biology"
] | 115 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Stem cell research"
] |
41,492,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C18H18O3 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C18H18O3}}
The molecular formula C18H18O3 may refer to:
Erteberel (SERBA-1), a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen which acts as a selective ERβ agonist
Obovatol, a biphenolic anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and nootropic
SERBA-2, a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen which acts as a selective ERβ agonist | C18H18O3 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 105 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
41,492,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C21H26N2O | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C21H26N2O}}
The molecular formula C21H26N2O (molar mass: 322.452 g/mol, exact mass: 322.2045 u) may refer to:
Acetylfentanyl
Benzylfentanyl (R-4129)
Molecular formulas | C21H26N2O | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Molecules",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas",
"Isomerism",
"Molecular formulas",
"Matter"
] |
41,492,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATANET-30 | The DATANET-30, or DN-30 for short, was a computer manufactured by General Electric designed in 1961-1963 to be used as a communications computer. It was later used as a front-end processor for data communications. It became the first front end communications computer. The names on the patent were Don Birmingham, Bob McKenzie, Bud Pine, and Bill Hill.
The first freestanding installations beginning in 1963 were Chrysler Corporation message switching systems, replacing Teletype punched tape systems. In 1964, acting as a front end processor along with an interface to the GE-225 computer, a professor at Dartmouth College developed the BASIC programming language. Multiple teletype units were attached to be the first time-sharing system.
The DATANET-30 used magnetic-core memory with a cycle time of 6.94 μs. The word size was 18 bits and memory was available in sizes of 4K, 8K, or 16K words. The system could attach up to 128 asynchronous terminals, nominally at speeds of up to "3000 bits per second" (bit/s), but usually limited to the 300 bit/s supported by standard common-carrier facilities of the time, such as the Bell 103 modem.
The DATANET-30 could also operate in synchronous mode at speeds up to 2400 bit/s.
A Computer Interface Unit allowed the DATANET-30 to communicate with a GE-200 series computer using direct memory access (DMA). It could also attach to the I/O channel of a GE-400 series, or GE-600 series system.
An optional attachment allowed the DATANET-30 to attach GE-200 series peripherals such as disk storage, magnetic tape, or a line printer.
The system was also a general purpose computer, with a number of special-purpose hardware registers. The instruction set contained 78 instructions.
Assemblers were provided for the DATANET-30, one of which could run on the DATANET itself and one on the GE-225.
References
External links
Photo of DATANET-30 at Computer History Museum
Photos of historic GE computers
General Electric mainframe computers
Transistorized computers
Networking hardware
Computer-related introductions in 1965
18-bit computers | DATANET-30 | [
"Engineering"
] | 453 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Networking hardware"
] |
41,494,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36%20Persei | 36 Persei is a solitary, variable star located 121 light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Perseus. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.32. The star is drifting closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of −47.5 km/s, and may come as close as in 661,000 years.
The stellar classification of 36 Persei is F4III, matching an aging giant star that has used up its core hydrogen. This object is used by astronomers as a spectral standard for stars with a similar class. The star is a suspected variable of unknown type, ranging in visual magnitude from 5.29 down to 5.33, and is a source of X-ray emission. The star is 2.2 billion years old with a projected rotational velocity of 28 km/s. It has an estimated 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and has not yet expanded significantly, having 2.3 times the Sun's girth. The star is radiating 8.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,546
References
F-type giants
Suspected variables
Astronomical X-ray sources
Perseus (constellation)
BD+45 778
Persei, 36
021770
016499
1069 | 36 Persei | [
"Astronomy"
] | 289 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Astronomical X-ray sources",
"Astronomical objects",
"Constellations"
] |
60,797,362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20American%20Society%20of%20Civil%20Engineers%20academic%20journals | This is a list of academic journals published by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
List
See also
List of American Society of Mechanical Engineers academic journals
List of IEEE publications
External links
List on ASCE website
American Society of Civil Engineers
Civil engineering journals | List of American Society of Civil Engineers academic journals | [
"Engineering"
] | 49 | [
"Civil engineering journals",
"Civil engineering"
] |
60,797,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth%20Kane | Elizabeth Kane, also known as Alice and Red Alice, is a fictional character created by Greg Rucka and J. H. Williams III. Beginning as a supervillain, she first appeared in August 2009 in the comic book Detective Comics, published by DC Comics. Her relationship with her twin sister Kate Kane defines much of Batwoman's emotional life. During The New 52, it is established that Kate and Beth are cousins of Bruce Wayne, the alter-ego of the superhero Batman, through his mother Martha Wayne (née Kane).
Alice appears in the Arrowverse TV series Batwoman as part of the main cast, portrayed by Rachel Skarsten.
Fictional character biography
Alice's origin is told in flashback. Elizabeth "Beth" Kane is the identical twin sister of Katherine "Kate" Kane, and was older than Kate by two minutes. She is the daughter of Jacob Kane and his wife Gabrielle Kane, both career soldiers in the U.S. Army. The Kanes are Jewish, and Jacob Kane inherited vast wealth along with his other siblings. Bette Kane (the superheroine known as Flamebird, and later Hawkfire) is a cousin, and Bruce Wayne's mother Martha Kane Wayne was Jacob's sister.
Jacob Kane is promoted to colonel and assigned to NATO headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. When the twins turned 12 years old, their mother took them to a restaurant for a birthday dessert. A terrorist group (later revealed to be the organization known as the "Many Arms of Death") kidnapped the family, and Col. Kane led a rescue mission to save them. During the battle, Gabrielle was murdered by the terrorists. The terrorists kidnapped another young girl and murdered her too. Kate, seeing the body of a young girl under a blanket, is left with the impression her sister died. Col. Kane, however, knew that the terrorists had Beth. Despite looking for years, Col. Kane never found Beth. He never told Kate that Beth might still be alive. The Many Arms of Death needed twins to rule their organization, but since Kate Kane was rescued this meant Beth was not useful to them. Beth's fragile psyche led the Many Arms of Death to send her to the United States, where she was raised by the Religion of Crime.
15 Years later, Kate Kane becomes Batwoman.
First appearance
Alice makes her first appearance in 2009 in Detective Comics #854. With the death of Bruno Mannheim, the supervillain group known as the Religion of Crime is leaderless. The thirteen covens that make up the Religion of Crime elect Alice to lead the group, giving her the title "High Madame". Beth is shown to be insane, as she dresses in clothes and makeup to resemble the character Alice from Lewis Carroll novels and only speaks in quotations from the Alice novels. She kills a number of members of her own group when they fail her or question her abilities.
Alice kidnaps Col. Kane, who immediately recognizes his now-grown daughter, and uses him to gain access to a military base near Gotham City. She seizes chemical weapons from the base and intends to kill everyone in the city by dispersing them from an aircraft. During her final battle with Alice, Batwoman pushes her from the aircraft and Alice falls into Gotham Bay. Batwoman believes Alice to be dead.
The Gotham Police, however, never recover a body. Alice's final words implied that Col. Kane was her father. Taking Alice's blood spatters on her Batwoman costume, Kate Kane utilizes DNA testing to discover that Alice is her sister, Beth. The knowledge that her father hid Beth's possible survival from her led to a long rift in Kate and Jacob's relationship.
Reappearance
Alice reappears alive inside a sarcophagus in Batwoman (vol. 2) #17. According to Department of Extranormal Operations (DEO) Agent Cameron Chase, the Religion of Crime (ROC) was in the process of founding a cult based on Batwoman. The cult retrieved Beth's body from Gotham Harbor and placed it inside the sarcophagus. The sarcophagus brought Beth back to life, and kept her in suspended animation. Agent Chase, tasked by the DEO to discover the secret identity of Batwoman, uncovered the cult. All the cult members died defending the sarcophagus, which was brought back to DEO headquarters by Agent Chase. Scanning by DEO technicians revealed Beth was inside, and although she was apparently conscious the DEO did not open the sarcophagus for several months.
Now in the custody of the DEO, Beth appears traumatized by her months spent in the sarcophagus. Sometimes she's lucid, and other times reverts to her "Alice" personality. Mister Bones, director of the DEO, believes himself to be Jacob Kane's illegitimate son, and wants to use Beth for his own purposes. Batwoman agrees to uncover Batman secret identity if the DEO will turn Beth over to her, destroy all its files on the Kane family, stop targeting Bette Kane, stop putting pressure on Maggie Sawyer, and agree to no longer see Batwoman as one of their agents.
Thanks to Bette Kane's electronic listening devices, Batwoman's entire family and Maggie Sawyer realize what Batwoman is up against and how high the stakes are. Col. Kane sets up the "Murder of Crows", the elite group of ex-military and intelligence operatives who trained Kate, to provide backup support for Batwoman. The Crows and Hawkfire kidnap Agent Asaf, Mister Bones' top subordinate at the DEO, and induce him to reveal the location of Beth Kane in exchange for Batwoman's help in discrediting Bones (which will allow Asaf to take over the directorship of the DEO). Hawkfire and the Crows break into the DEO safe house and finds Beth, but are captured. Batwoman and Batman agree to work together to stop Bones and free Beth. Bones, whose body generates cyanide, threatens to kill Beth rather than hand her over. Asaf shoots Bones in the head and Beth is freed.
Col. Kane takes Beth to the Kane family's private island for psychiatric treatment.
Red Alice
In Batwoman (vol. 2) #36, Beth is depicted flying back to Gotham City, where she takes up residence in the mothballed family manor house on the Kane estate. She has returned to renew her relationship with Kate, having had a major breakthrough in her psychiatric treatment some weeks earlier (although she still speaks in quotations from Carroll at times). Clearly aware of Kate's superhero identity, she breaks into Kate's city apartment and reunites with Batwoman.
Calling herself Red Alice, Beth is introduced to Natalia Mitternacht (the vampire also known as Nocturna). Kate has abandoned her long-term relationship with Maggie Sawyer and formed one with Natalia. Beth instinctively realizes that Natalia is evil and has Kate under some sort of mental control. Beth says she wants to atone for the evil she did, and she shows familiarity with the steam-powered gun grappling hook Batwoman uses as well as incredible strength as she swings on filament lines above Gotham's city streets. When the witch Morgaine le Fey attacks an amnesiac Jason Blood in order to stop Etrigan the Demon from manifesting from Jason's body, Red Alice saves Jason from falling to his death. Red Alice later confronts Nocturna and accuses her of hypnotizing Kate. Nocturna has Batwoman attack Red Alice. Realizing she cannot defeat her sister physically, Beth offers her throat. The shock of almost being driven to kill the one person she loves more than anyone else allows Kate to break the hold Nocturna has on her. When Nocturna brags about the murders she's committed in Batwoman's name, Beth reveals that she's captured the admission on her mobile phone and live-streamed the admission to the Gotham Police Department. Afterward, Beth helps Kate deal with Natalia's emotional and sexual betrayal and successfully encourages her to reconcile with Maggie Sawyer.
Red Alice also participates in Batwoman's battle with Morgaine le Fey. Morgaine manages to recover a magical tool known as the "sorcerer's stone", which will enhance her powers dramatically. She intends to transform the world into a version of Avalon, which herself as empress. To do so, she and her demon horde ascend to a space station in outer space (the highest point above the planet). Red Alice accompanies Batwoman, Etrigan the Demon, Clayface, and Ragman aboard a Space Shuttle into orbit to stop Morgaine. The helmet of Alice's spacesuit cracks in battle, and Ragman saves her life by absorbing her soul into his costume. Batwoman's team is defeated by Morgaine, and they crash back to Earth. On a transformed Earth, Ragman restores Beth's soul to her body. The other evil souls trapped in Ragman's costume try to hold Beth back, but she resists them and screams that she wants to atone for all the wrong she has done. Red Alice then assists Batwoman's team in defeating le Fey and undoing the spell.
Reemergence of Alice
In a flashback in Batwoman (vol. 3) #7, Beth is depicted receiving further psychiatric treatment at the Weiße Kaninchen Sanatorium near Geneva, Switzerland.
The Alice persona reemerges in the "Many Arms of Death"/"Fall of the House of Kane" storyline. As depicted previously and during this story, Kate Kane comes out as a lesbian while obtaining her military education at the United States Military Academy. Depressed at the loss of her lover (who chose to keep her lesbianism a secret and remain in the Army) and her military career, Kate begins drinking heavily and taking drugs while traveling around the world and spending large sums of money. While sailing near the island of Coryana, she falls overboard and receives a severe head injury after striking a coral reef. The island's ruler, Safiyah Sohail, saves Kate's life by sewing Kate's skull shut with gold thread. The two become lovers, to the distress of Tahani, Safiyah's former partner. Coryana is a "pirate nation", providing tax havens, untraceable bank accounts, freedom of movement for arms dealers, and more, none of which worries Kate. Unwittingly, Kate becomes an asymptomatic carrier for a deadly bacterium found on the reefs on which she was injured; this bacterium causes a disease which ravages Coryana's fox population. To protect Kate, Safiyah scapegoats a troublesome man on the island, accusing him of releasing the plague, and has him killed. Kate is horrified and, after a brief fight with Safiyah and Tahani (now known by the codename "Knife"), leaves Coryana.
Years later, Batman asks Batwoman to help break the "Many Arms of Death", a terrorist organization. Batwoman learns that Beth is missing from the Weiße Kaninchen Sanatorium, and assumes Safiyah has her. Following a clue left by Safiyah, Batwoman travels to the long-abandoned Kane house in Brussels. Safiyah is there, but denies kidnapping Beth. She reveals that getting Batwoman to Belgium was a ruse to get her away from prying eyes and eavesdropping equipment. Safiyah reveals that Knife has betrayed them both, kidnapping Beth and using drugs to force her Alice personality to reemerge. Alice has subsequently taken over the Many Arms of Death, and plans to destroy Gotham City by unleashing thousands of deadly disease-carrying bats. Batwoman destroys the bats by trapping them in her airship and then initiating its self-destruction. Batwoman manages to further mitigate the damage of the attack with the help of her mission partner Julia Pennyworth, who synthesizes an aerosolized vaccine and disperses it over Gotham from the duo's secondary airship. As Batman (summoned by Julia) attempts to subdue Alice, Batwoman fights him off while arguing that Alice belongs with her and not in Arkham Asylum. She convinces him that family (Alice is Bruce Wayne's cousin, too) is more important. He allows her to keep control of Alice, although Batwoman's relationship with Batman becomes strained.
Three months after being rescued from Knife, Beth (sane once more now that the drugs are out of her system) is living with Kate in Kate's Gotham apartment. Somewhat psychologically and physically incapacitated by the drugs, she is cared for by Kate and Julia Pennyworth. The "Alice" persona is now theorized to be something magical implanted in Beth by the Religion of Crime, not induced by trauma. She receives outpatient therapy from a woman with a top hat (the comic implies this is the magical superheroine Zatanna).
In the story "Disinformation Campaign", part of the "Fear State" crossover storyline, Beth is still dealing with controlling her Alice persona. In order to discover information about Seer, an "Anti-Oracle" figure spreading misinformation throughout Gotham during the larger crisis, Beth works alongside her sister, disguising herself as Alice to infiltrate a gathering of the Religion of Crime in an attempt to recruit those followers to find Seer. Though this recruitment fails, the twins still identify the location of Seer; Kate relays this information to Nightwing and Oracle. During the mission, Beth has an interior conversation with her Alice persona, and comes to terms with keeping her under control and accepts that, for better or worse, Alice is now a part of her for good.
Batwoman: Future's End
Red Alice also appears in the comic book Batwoman: Future's End. Set five years into a potential future, Batwoman has become a vampire. Red Alice joins with Clayface, Jason Blood/Etrigan the Demon, and Ragman to try to stop her. During the battle, Batwoman kills Jason and Clayface. Red Alice fends off Batwoman's attacks using technology given to her by Bruce Wayne, and then reluctantly and tearfully kills her sister by driving a wooden stake through her heart.
Other appearances
Beth Kane appears several times in Batwoman stories in cameos and other minor roles.
Batwoman dreams of the child Beth and the adult Alice after she injects herself with Scarecrow fear-toxin.
When Batwoman is poisoned by the villain Wolf Spider, she hallucinates about Beth as a child and as Alice.
Batwoman envisions a dead, skeletal Beth as she motivates herself to work harder at building her strength and fighting skills.
Beth has a cameo in Batwoman's memories about her childhood at Kane Estate.
While under the influence of Scarecrow's improved fear toxin, Batwoman has a hallucination in which the child Beth is killed by a warped version of the adult Alice. Beth appears in a flashback as Batwoman thinks about her family in an attempt to break the toxin's hold on her.
A young Beth appears in one of Batwoman's memories about a time when Kate changed her Halloween costume to a mummy so Beth, despite having a broken wrist, would feel comfortable trick-or-treating.
A young Beth appears in one of Batwoman's visions.
Description
Alice is 24 years of age when she makes her first appearance. She suffers from a psychosis in which she presents a personality based on the fictional Lewis Carroll character, Alice, and speaks in quotations from Alice novels and stories. She is depicted as having chalk-white skin, short and wavy blonde hair, red nails and lips, and using heavy black mascara and eye-liner. She dresses in white, pseudo-Victorian fashion with a low décolletage and dress cut away in front to expose her thigh-high stockings and garter. The Alice personality's speech balloons are black with white borders. The text is also white, as well as serif transitional, partly italicized, and in upper and lower case. This indicates her psychosis. The Beth personality's speech balloons are white with black, sans-serif, all-caps text. This is the same style used by all other characters in the comic, which represents her lucidity. Alice is usually armed with one or more handguns, sometimes carries sharp-edged weapons such as razor blades and knives, and has an acquired immunity to many poisons and chemical weapons. She has extensive knowledge of a wide range of chemicals, drugs, hallucinogens, and poisons.
Red Alice has a similar appearance to Alice, although the right side of her head is shaved. She dressed in roughly the same pseudo-Victorian costume (although without the long dress in the rear), but her clothing is now colored burgundy. Her makeup is also different. She now sports a spray-painted purplish-red domino mask around her eyes. Red Alice exhibits familiarity with a number of gadgets and weapons used by Batwoman, as well as the physical strength and dexterity needed to use them.
Under the influence of Tahani's drugs, Alice appears similar to the way she looked in her first appearance. She wears a simplified, tailored short dress with bodice and lace-up thigh boots. Her hair is no longer shaved on one side of her head, but she continues to paint her lips and nails red. To depict her insanity, her speech balloons are either black or deep red and outlined in white. She also no longer speaks in Lewis Carroll quotations.
In other media
Television
Alice appears in Batwoman, portrayed by Rachel Skarsten while her younger self is portrayed by Ava Sleeth. This version was presumed dead after a car accident, subsequently being rescued and held captive by August Cartwright, who wants her to be a companion for his disfigured son Jonathan "Mouse" Cartwright. In addition, Jacob Kane's wife Catherine Hamilton-Kane used DNA analysts and the skull fragments of a deer to make Jacob think that Beth is dead. Additionally, Alice was abused by August's mother Mabel, whom she referred to as the Queen of Hearts. After successfully escaping from August, Beth hid in one of the ships and was briefly taken in by Safiyah Sohail. Growing up, she becomes Alice, forms the Wonderland Gang, and seeks revenge against her father for abandoning her. In the pilot episode, Alice meets her twin sister, Kate who quickly realizes that Alice is her twin sister during an event when crows operative Sophie Moore was abducted. Kate became Batwoman where she rescued Sophie and prevented the detonation of a bomb at a viewing event, but Alice got away. After giving a cryptic call to Jacob from his apartment at the time he was at a gala hosted by Tommy Elliot, she saves Batwoman by knocking out Tommy as she wanted her alive for now. Catherine later finds playing cards left by Alice in her bedroom and begs Jacob to deal with her despite his concerns that she might be Beth. Later, Alice crashed the gala, poisoning and killing Catherine. After briefly visiting Mouse in ICU disguised as a Crows agent, Alice learns about another Beth on Earth-Prime. While Kate was able to give Mary's blood to the alternate Beth and lingers by a trapped Alice, the alternate Beth is sniped enabling Alice to feel better and knock out Kate. After catching August, Alice leaves him for Kate who confesses to Kate and Jacob about what he did. Subsequently, Alice and Mouse are incarcerated at Arkham Asylum, forming an alliance with Tommy Elliot.
Skarsten also plays the Earth-99 counterpart of Beth in the crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths".
Kate later encounters a similar Beth (also portrayed by Skarsten) on Earth-Prime, displaced from her now non-existent reality, where she is shocked to learn of her doppelganger's villainy and even briefly assumes Alice's identity in an attempt to save Kate. After Mouse ends up in Crows custody under heavy guard in their ICU, Alice and the alternate Beth start to develop severe headaches. This Beth reveals she was not separated from her family and later went on to get a master's degree in astrophysics. This Beth was later sniped and killed by August Cartwright who mistook her for Alice.
Film
Beth Kane makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in a flashback in Batman: Bad Blood.
Notes
References
External links
Batwoman
Characters created by Greg Rucka
Chemical war and weapons in popular culture
Comics characters introduced in 2009
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics television characters
Female characters in television
Fictional American Jews in comics
Fictional characters with mental disorders
Fictional chemists
Fictional crime bosses
Fictional identical twins
Twin characters in comics
Fictional mass murderers
Jewish superheroes
Superhero television characters
Batman characters | Beth Kane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,273 | [
"Chemical war and weapons in popular culture",
"Chemical weapons"
] |
60,797,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20American%20Society%20of%20Mechanical%20Engineers%20academic%20journals | This is a list of academic journals published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
List
See also
List of American Society of Civil Engineers academic journals
List of IEEE publications
Notes
References
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Mechanical engineering journals | List of American Society of Mechanical Engineers academic journals | [
"Engineering"
] | 44 | [
"Mechanical engineering journals",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
60,797,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Raugel | Geneviève Raugel (27 May 1951 – 10 May 2019) was a French mathematician working in the field of numerical analysis and dynamical systems.
Biography
Raugel entered the École normale supérieure de Fontenay-aux-Roses in 1972, obtaining the agrégation in mathematics in 1976. She earned her Ph.D degree from University of Rennes 1 in 1978 with a thesis entitled Résolution numérique de problèmes elliptiques dans des domaines avec coins (Numerical resolution of elliptic problems in domains with edges).
Raugel got a tenured position in the CNRS the same year, first as a researcher (1978–1994) then as a research director (exceptional class from 2014 on). Beginning in 1989, she worked at the Orsay Math Lab of CNRS affiliated to the University of Paris-Sud since 1989.
Raugel also held visiting professor positions in several international institutions: the University of California, Berkeley (1986–1987), Caltech (1991), the Fields Institute (1993), University of Hamburg (1994–95), and the University of Lausanne (2006). She delivered the Hale Memorial Lectures in 2013, at the first international conference on the dynamic of differential equations, Atlanta.
She co-directed the international Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations from 2005 on.
Research
Raugel's first research works were devoted to numerical analysis, in particular finite element discretization of partial differential equations. With Christine Bernardi, she studied a finite element for the Stokes problem, now known as the Bernardi-Fortin-Raugel element. She was also interested in problems of bifurcation, showing for instance how to use invariance properties of the dihedral group in these questions.
In the mid-1980s, she started working on the dynamics of evolution equations, in particular on global attractors, perturbation theory, and the Navier-Stokes equations in thin domains. In the last topic she was recognized as a world expert.
Selected publications
with Christine Bernardi, Approximation numérique de certaines équations paraboliques non linéaires, RAIRO Anal. Numér. 18, 1984–3, 237–285.
with Jack Hale: Reaction-diffusion equation on thin domains, Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées 71, 1992, 33–95.
with Jack Hale: Convergence in gradient-like systems with applications to PDE, Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 43, 1992, 63–124.
Dynamics of Partial Differential Equations on Thin Domains, in: R. Johnson (ed.), Dynamical systems. Lectures given at the Second C.I.M.E. (Montecatini Terme, Juni 1994), Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1609, Springer 1995, S. 208–315
with Jerrold Marsden, Tudor Ratiu: The Euler equations on thin domains, International Conference on Differential Equations (Berlin, 1999), World Scientific, 2000, 1198–1203
with Klaus Kirchgässner: Stability of Fronts for a KPP-system: The noncritical case, in: Gerhard Dangelmayr, Bernold Fiedler, Klaus Kirchgässner, Alexander Mielke (eds.), Dynamics of nonlinear waves in dissipative systems: reduction, bifurcation and stability, Longman, Harlow 1996, 147–209; part 2 (The critical case): J. Differential Equations, 146, 1998, S. 399–456.
Global Attractors in Partial Differential Equations, Handbook of Dynamical Systems, Elsevier, 2002, p. 885–982.
with Jack Hale: Regularity, determining modes and Galerkin methods, J. Math. Pures Appl., 82, 2003, 1075–1136.
with Romain Joly: A striking correspondence between the dynamics generated by the vector fields and by the scalar parabolic equations, Confluentes Math., 3, 2011, 471–493, Arxiv
with Marcus Paicu: Anisotropic Navier-Stokes equations in a bounded cylindrical domain, in: Partial differential equations and fluid mechanics, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., 364, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009, 146–184, Arxiv
with Romain Joly: Generic Morse-Smale property for the parabolic equation on the circle, Transactions of the AMS, 362, 2010, 5189–5211, Arxiv
with Jack Hale: Persistence of periodic orbits for perturbed dissipative dynamical systems, in: Infinite dimensional dynamical systems, Fields Institute Commun., 64, Springer, New York, 2013, 1–55.
References
External links
1951 births
2019 deaths
20th-century French women mathematicians
20th-century French mathematicians
21st-century French women mathematicians
21st-century French mathematicians
ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud-Lyon alumni
University of Rennes alumni
Academic staff of Paris-Sud University
Dynamical systems theorists
Partial differential equation theorists | Geneviève Raugel | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,037 | [
"Dynamical systems theorists",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
60,798,295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20sonification | Data sonification is the presentation of data as sound using sonification. It is the auditory equivalent of the more established practice of data visualization.
Process
The usual process for data sonification is directing digital media of a dataset through a software synthesizer and into a digital-to-analog converter to produce sound for humans to experience. Benefits to interpreting data through sonification include accessibility, pattern recognition, education, and artistic expression.
Applications
Applications of data sonification include astronomy studies of star creation, interpreting cluster analysis, and geoscience. Various projects describe the production of sonifications as a collaboration between scientists and musicians.
A target demographic for using data sonification is the blind community because of the inaccessibility of data visualizations.
One of the earliest examples of data sonification is the Geiger counter, which measures ionizing radiation through sound. Another notable example of data sonification is NASA's processing of images from space telescopes into sounds.
See also
Geiger counter
Sonification - communication with sound, especially including machine-generated non-verbal sound
Auditory display - equivalent of a computer monitor, except with sound
Audification - subset of sonification which is the auditory equivalent of visual design, including data sonification within the broad field of design
References
Further media
External links
Sounds of the Sea at NASA.gov
Data sonification archive - See (and hear) several examples of data sonification
Data sonification toolkit from the University of Santa Cruz
Data
Data and information visualization
Augmentative and alternative communication
Assistive technology
Data processing | Data sonification | [
"Technology"
] | 310 | [
"Information technology",
"Data"
] |
60,800,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian%20design | Lithuanian design comprises interior, fashion, industrial and graphic design. The appearance of design usually being related to the industrial revolution. In Lithuania, the state restitution in 1918, National Revival and the rapid growth of Kaunas city were the most important factors. Lithuanian design was influenced by Bauhaus, Lithuanian national patterns and ethnographic elements. Most prominent examples of Lithuanian design are chairs by Jonas Prapuolenis, interiors of buildings in Kaunas in the interbellum period, vacuum cleaner Saturnas.
Preindustrial era. The Baltic culture and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
One can judge about the oldest Baltic and Lithuanian art looking at the jewelry, made of bronze in ancient and early medieval era. In Kernavė, ancient Lithuanian capital, homesteads of blacksmith and jeweler from 14th century were found. Already in 13th century in Vilnius artisans were working producing shoes only. First artisans from other European countries started to resettle to Lithuania by the invitation of Grand Duke Gediminas. First guild in Vilnius - the guild of goldsmiths was established in 1495. In the 16th century in 40s the goldsmithing was flourishing in Vilnius. In 17th-18th century the Jesuit novitiate of Vilnius was famous for its goldsmith, woodworker, carpenter workshops. In 1737 after the fire destroyed many interiors of Vilnius churches, the jesuit workshops produced seats, commodes, poundings. Kontush belts, tapestry were weaved in Lithuania, glass foundries were operating. Embroideries of ceremonial clothing were established In monasteries. In 17th century the craftsmen of Vilnius (horologifex) started to make finely designed clocks, most famous were Jakob Gierke, Johannes (Hans) Klassen, Johan Scheirer, Theodor Tarasovig. In 1779 a watchmakers guild was created in Vilnius. In year 1795, 38 various guilds were operating in Vilnius.
Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and manor residences of Radvilos, Goštautai, Sapiega magnates were the main consumers and clients of luxury goods and fine art. Pietro Platina, main master of Vilnius coin mint designed coins during the reign of Stephen Báthory. Antanas Tyzenhauzas was the first creator of manufactures in Lithuania. French masters from Lion created patterns for his royal silk textile manufacture.
First Republic. 1918–1940
After regaining the Independence of Lithuania, the need emerged for architects, engineers and artists. Best students were sent to the universities of Europe. Architects which returned, changed Kaunas unrecognizably; well-off citizens started to live in the new buildings with modern interiors. Kaunas Art School included design into the teaching curriculum - A.Smetona, S.Ušinskas, J.Mikėnas were the professors. Art Deco design dominated in the graphical design, especially in poster design.
Aviation engineer Antanas Gustaitis designed ANBO series airplanes which he tested himself. ANBO 41 was then the only aircraft in Europe to employ a wooden three-blade propeller. Furniture creator Jonas Prapuolenis created furniture based on Lithuanian national art. Petras Rimša, V. K. Jonynas were also known as furniture designers.
Selected works:
Furniture set by Jonas Prapuolenis in Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris was awarded a Golden medal.
Period of occupation. 1940–1990
During the Soviet occupation requirements for the design were mostly ideological and restrictive. Some of the inventions of modernists were adopted and implemented - e.g. ideas of Corbusier's machine for living. Despite the Iron Curtain and censorship, ideas and journals from the West reached the creators in Lithuania.
Projektavimo – konstravimo biuras (The Office of Design and Construction) in 1957, Eksperimentinis meninio konstravimo biuras (The Office of Experimental Design and Construction) in 1964 were established in Vilnius. Designers were prepared since 1961 in the Department of Design, which was established at Vilnius Academy of Arts. Feliksas Daukantas (1915-1995) is considered a pioneer of design studies in Lithuania. He established Pramonės gaminių meninio konstravimo katedra (The Department of Artistic Construction of Industrial Products) in Vilnius Academy of Arts and created a teaching program, based on Bauhaus. Design objects were created by artists as well. Sculptor Teodoras Valaitis created a wall of biomorphs for world exhibition Expo-70 in Osaka, which remained unrealized. Algimantas Stoškus created a spatial stained glass project for exhibition of Lithuanian design in London in 1968.
Creators of design contended with the West. According to architect and designer Tadas Baginskas, who created the Architecture of Lithuanian Pavilion for 1968 Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London:
“We always contended with the West - we were studying Scandinavian, Italian, Japanese design. Occupants were not an authority for us. And the most pleasant - all noticed our direction in the London exhibition. The exposition (of Lithuanian pavilion) perfectly fitted into the context.”
Most prominent and known design piece of that era is vacuum cleaner Saturnas - created by designer Vytautas Didžiulis, engineers A. Laužadis, A. Šapiro. Spherical parts of Saturnas were used to make light pendants in Lithuanian Composers' Union palace, and sculptor Teodoras Valaitis constructed a decorative wall in the restaurant in Vilnius.
Selected works:
In 1962 vacuum cleaner Saturnas was created. It was produced in Vilnius Electric Welding Plant.
In 1979 gliders LAK-12 and experimental LAK-12E were created
In 1973 mini TV set Šilelis was started to produce
Second Republic. Since 1990
After restoration of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, censorship disappeared, and communication with the design world was reestablished. Way of life, and style in day-to-day life became increasingly important - interiors were refurbished and changed, new fashion styles were followed. Fashion design became more important. New sorts of design appeared, such as electronic graphic design.
Per Mollerup, Danish researcher of design, made a study of the possibilities of Lithuanian design, "Design in Lithuania - guaranty of concurrent advantage". One of its conclusions is that there are more trained designers working in Lithuania than in other Baltic countries. Creators of graphic design united in the Lithuanian Association of Graphic Design. The Lithuanian design review Design index is published yearly. Digital design overlaps the borders of graphic design; the software for picture editing and its innovative design Pixelmator were created. Laisvės kodas 13 (The Code of Freedom 13) allows users to experience the Soviet aggression of January 13 in a virtual environment.
Selected works:
Chair KU-DIR-KA
Sitting furniture SOSS
Design of NOKIA C7
Scooter Pigeon
Spring-summer 2017 collection by Juozas Statkevičius
Electric motor for the bicycle Rubee
Phonograph Reed Muse 3C
Guitar Lava
Tonearm Reed 3P
Echolot Deeper
River reaction ferry Uperis
Electric bus Dancer
Bibliography
(In Lithuanian) Karolina Jakaitė. Šaltojo karo kapsulė: lietuvių dizainas Londone 1968 / The Capsule of Cold War: Lithuanian design in London 1968. Lapas, Vilnius: 2019.
External links
Lithuanian Design Forum
Lithuanian design By Karolina Jakaitė
Lithuanian design at Dezeen
References
Industrial design
Lithuanian designers
Culture of Lithuania | Lithuanian design | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,529 | [
"Industrial design",
"Design engineering",
"Design"
] |
60,801,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson%20conjecture | In combinatorial mathematics, specifically in combinatorial design theory and combinatorial matrix theory the Williamson conjecture is that Williamson matrices of order exist for all positive integers .
Four symmetric and circulant matrices , , , are known as Williamson matrices if their entries are and they satisfy the relationship
where is the identity matrix of order . John Williamson showed that if , , , are Williamson matrices then
is an Hadamard matrix of order .
It was once considered likely that Williamson matrices exist for all orders
and that the structure of Williamson matrices could provide a route to proving the Hadamard conjecture that Hadamard matrices exist for all orders .
However, in 1993 the Williamson conjecture was shown to be false via an exhaustive computer search by Dragomir Ž. Ðoković, who showed that Williamson matrices do not exist in order . In 2008, the counterexamples 47, 53, and 59 were additionally discovered.
References
Combinatorial design
Disproved conjectures | Williamson conjecture | [
"Mathematics"
] | 197 | [
"Combinatorial design",
"Combinatorics"
] |
60,802,756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20Pair | The Google Fast Pair Service, or simply Fast Pair, is Google's proprietary standard for quickly pairing Bluetooth devices when they come in close proximity for the first time using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). It was announced in October 2017 and initially designed for connecting audio devices such as speakers, headphones and car kits with the Android operating system. In 2018, Google added support for ChromeOS devices, and in 2019, Google announced that Fast Pair connections could now be synced with other Android devices on the same Google Account, a feature which Google expanded to ChromeOS devices in December 2023. Google has partnered with Bluetooth SoC designers including Qualcomm, Airoha Technology, and BES Technic to add Fast Pair support to their SDKs. In May 2019, Qualcomm announced their Smart Headset Reference Design, Qualcomm QCC5100, QCC3024 and QCC3034 SoC series with support for Fast Pair and Google Assistant. In July 2019, Google announced True Wireless Features (TWF), Find My Device and enhanced Connected Device Details.
References
Google
Bluetooth
Telecommunications standards | Fast Pair | [
"Technology"
] | 232 | [
"Wireless networking",
"Bluetooth"
] |
60,803,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtechnique | Microtechnique is an aggregate of methods used to prepare micro-objects for studying. It is currently being employed in many fields in life science. Two well-known branches of microtechnique are botanical (plant) microtechnique and zoological (animal) microtechnique.
With respect to both plant microtechnique and animal microtechnique, four types of methods are commonly used, which are whole mounts, smears, squashes, and sections, in recent micro experiments. Plant microtechnique contains direct macroscopic examinations, freehand sections, clearing, maceration, embedding, and staining. Moreover, three preparation ways used in zoological micro observations are paraffin method, celloidin method, and freezing method.
History
The early development of microtechnique in botany is closely related to that in zoology. Zoological and botanical discoveries are adopted by both zoologists and botanists.
The field of microtechnique lasted from at the end of the 1930s when the principle of dry preparation emerged. The early development of microtechnique in botany is closely related to that in zoology. Zoological and botanical discoveries are adopted by both zoologists and botanists. Since Hooke discovered cells, microtechnique had also developed with the emergence of early microscopes. Microtechnique then had advanced over the period of 1800–1875. After 1875, modern micro methods have emerged. In recent years, both traditional methods and modern microtechnique have been in use in many experiments.
Commonly used methods
Some general microtechnique can be used in both plant and animal micro observation. Whole mounts, smears, squashes, and sections are four commonly used methods when preparing plant and animal specimens for specific purposes.
Whole mounts
Whole mounts are usually used when observers need to use a whole organism or do some detailed research on specific organ structure. This method requires objects in which moisture can be removed, like seeds and micro fossils.
According to different purposes, Whole-mounts can be divided into three categories, Temporary whole mounts, Semi-permanent whole mounts, and permanent whole mounts. Temporary whole mounts are usually used for teaching activities in class. Semi-permanent whole mounts are prepared for longer using time, which is no more than fourteen days. In this preparation, Canada balsam is used to seal the specimens, and this method is used to observe unicellular and colonial algae, fungal spores, mosses protonemata, and prothalli. The third way is a permanent whole mount. Two methods are usually used, which are hygrobutol method and glycerine-xylol method.
Smears
Smears is an easy way for preparing slices. This method is used in many laboratories. Smears can be employed when making slide specimens by spreading liquid or semi-liquid materials or lose tissues and cells of animals and plants evenly on the slide. The steps and requirements for the application of the smear method are as follows: first, smear. When the solid material is smeared, the material should be placed on the glass slide and wiped away, then use the blade to press the material on one side. The cells should be pressed out and distributed evenly on the glass slide in a thin layer, such as the anther smeared.
Squashes
Squashes are methods, in which objects are crushed with force. This method is suitable for preparing both transparent and tender tissues. When preparing squashes slides, specimens are supposed to be thin and transparent so that objects can be observed clearly under microscopes.
This technique is to place the material on the glass slide and remove it with the scalpel or to dissect needle, then add a drop of dye solution. After these steps, apply the second slide to cover the initial slide and apply pressure evenly to break the material and disperse the cells. Furthermore, another possible way can be used to prepare slides. The specimens can also be extruded between the cover slide and the slide with equal pressure.
Sections
Sections are known as thin slices need to be tested in all studies of cellular structures. This technique can be used for the preparation of tissue of animals and plants. For using under optical microscopy, the thickness of the material should be between above 2 and 25 micrometers. When observing under electron microscopy, sections should be from 20 to 30 nanometers. Microtome can be used in sectioning of sufficiently thin slices. If the objects cannot satisfy the requirement of thickness, materials are required to be dehydrated using alcohol before section. Three commonly used sectioning method are freehand section technique, paraffin method, and celloidin method.
Methods used in plant micro-experiments
Botanical microtechnique is an aggregate of methods providing micro visualization of gene and gene product in an entire plant. Plant microtechnique is also a study providing valuable experimental information. Plant microtechnique involves classical methods developed over a hundred years ago and new methods developed to expand our research scope and depth in botanical micro studies. Both traditional and new micro technique is useful for experimental research, and some will have a significant influence on further study. Different methods are used to prepare plant specimens, including direct macroscopic examinations, freehand sections, clearing, maceration, embedding, and staining.
Direct microscopic examinations
The direct micro examination is a simple way prepared for observing micro-objects. Also, this method is useful to observe whether the mold grows on the surface of the specimens. This can be an initial step of the micro experiment.
Freehand section
Freehand slicing is a method of making thin slices of fresh or fixed experimental materials with a hand-held blade. Freehand slicing refers to the method of directly cutting fresh or fixed materials (generally plants with a low degree of lignification) into thin slices without special instruments or special chemical reagents.
Clearing
Clearing technique provides translucent slides via removing part of cytoplasmic content and then applying high refractive index reagents to process the tissues. This method is suitable for preparing whole mount slides. The clearing is a procedure of using clearing reagents for removal of alcohol and makes tissue translucent. Xylene is the most popular clearing agent.
Maceration
Macerating tissues is the process of separating the constituent cells of tissues. This method enables observers to study the whole cell in third-dimensional detail. Chemical maceration method means the using chemicals to process organs or part to soften tissue and dissolving the cells so that different cell can be identified.
Embedding
Embedding technique is a medium stage when doing a sectioning process. When preparing specimens, it is difficult to make uniform slices since the tissue is soft. Therefore, it is necessary to soak the tissue with a certain substance to harden the whole tissue, to facilitate the slicing. This process is called embedding. The substance used to embed tissue is embedding media, which is chosen depends on the category of the microscope, category of the micro tome, and category of tissue. Paraffin wax, whose melting point is from 56 to 62°C, is commonly used for embedding.
Staining
Since few plant tissues have a color, there is little chromatically difference between plant tissues makes it difficult to differentiate botanical structure. Material is usually dyed before installation. This process is called staining, which can be used to prepare botanical specimens so that it is possible to distinguish one part of the sample from another in terms of color. Acid dyes can be used when staining micro slides, for example, acid dyes are in use when coloring nuclei and other cellular components are stained using alkaline. There are also staining machine used for staining, which allows tissue to be stained automatically.
Microtechnique used for animal observation
The zoological microtechnique is the art of the preparation for microscopic animal observation. Although many microtechniques can be used in both plant and animal micro experiments. Some methods may differ from itself when employed in different field. Three commonly used preparation ways used in zoological micro observations can be concluded as paraffin method, celloidin method, freezing method, and miscellaneous techniques.
Paraffin method
Infiltration and embedding
This process usually consists of steps of infiltration, embedding, sectioning, affixing and processing the sections. Followed by the initial stage, fixation, the next step is dehydration, which removes the water in the tissue using alcohol. Then the tissue can be infiltrated and embedded with wax. A tissue specimen can keep for several years after finishing embedding this tissue into the wax. Paraffin wax, which is soft and colorless, is the most commonly used reagent.
Sectioning
Sectioning a tissue can use either the micro tome knife or the razor blade as the cutting blade.
The micro tome knife is used for handling sectioning. It is necessary to use a micro tome knife when preparing sections less than 1/1000 micrometers. When using such a knife, the operators must be extremely careful. This instrument is impractical sometimes, so using the razor blade for general work to prepare sections above 9 microns (1 micron equals 1/1000 micrometers). Furthermore, the razor blade works better than the micro tome knife when requiring thick sections with no less than 20 microns.
Affixing and processing
After sectioning, the prepared slices are affixed on slides. There are two commonly used affixatives, Haupt's and Mayer's. Haupt's affixative contains 100 ccs (cubic centimeter) distilled water, 1gm gelatin, 2 gm phenol crystals, 15 cc glycerine. Mayer's affixative is consist of 5 cc egg albumen, 50 cc glycerine, 1 gm sodium salicylate. The general steps of affixing paraffin sections can be concluded as 1. Clean the required slides, 2. Mark the cleaned slides, 3. Drop affixative on each slide, 4. Put on another slide, 5. Spread the affixative, 6. Drop floating medium, 7. Divide the paraffin into required length, 8. Transfer the sections, 9. Add more floating medium if incomplete floating occurs, 10. Rise the temperature, 11. Remove slides and redundant floating medium, 12, drying the section.
Processing paraffin sections include 1. Deparaffination, 2. Removing the deparaffing solution, 3. Hydration, 4. Staining, 5. Dehydration, 6. Dealcoholisation and clearing, 7. Mounting the cover slide.
Celloidin method
Celloidin technique is the procedure of embedding a specimen in celloidin. This method can be used for embedding large, hard objects. Celloidin is a digestive fiber, which is flammable, and it is soluble in acetone, clove oil, and the mixture of anhydrous alcohol and ether. Celloidin will turn into white emulsion turbid liquid when it meets water, so it is required to use a dry container to contain celloidin.
The method of celloidin slicing is to fix and dehydrate the tissue, then treat it with the anhydrous alcohol-ether mixture. After this step, to impregnate, embed and slice the tissue with celloidin. Moreover, this slicing method can slice large tissues and has the advantage that its heat allows the tissues does not shrink. However, this technique contains some shortcomings. For instance, the slices cannot be sliced very thin (more than 20 microns), and impregnation with celloidin is time-consuming.
Freezing method
Freezing technique is the most commonly used sectioning method. This method can preserve the immune activity of various antigens well. Both fresh tissue and fixed tissue can be frozen. Moreover, it is also a technique used for freezing sections of either fresh or fixed plant tissues.
During the freezing procedure, the water in tissues is easy to form ice crystals, which often affects the antigen localization. It is generally believed that when ice crystals are small, the effect is small, and when ice crystals are large, the damage to the tissue structure is large, and the above phenomenon is more likely to occur in tissues with more moisture components. The size of an ice crystal is directly proportional to its growth rate and inversely proportional to the nucleation rate (formation rate), that is, the larger the number of ice crystal formation, the smaller it is, and the more serious the impact on the structure. Therefore, the number of ice crystals should be minimized. The freezing method allows sectioning tissues rapidly and biopsy without using reagents. This procedure should be rapidly in case of the form of ice crystal.
See also
Microtechnology
Histology
References
Scientific techniques
Microbiology | Microtechnique | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,626 | [
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
60,804,941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20War%20on%20Music | The War on Music (also known as "The War on Festivals") is a phrase coined by Australian media to refer to the implementation of new laws by the New South Wales (NSW) Government with regard to the use of illicit drugs at concerts and music festivals. These proposed legislative changes come in response to a number of drug-related incidents occurring within Australian festivals. In response to these changes, NSW state politics has become divided on what actions are in the best interest of the state. With both support and opposition to the proposed laws, there is uncertainty as to what will happen to the future of Australia's music festival industry.
Context
This political movement can be traced back to the introduction of Sydney's lockout laws. These laws, introduced by the NSW government, aimed to reduce alcohol-related violence by prohibiting licensed venues from "admitting patrons after 1.30 am or serving alcohol after 3 am".
In a survey conducted by St Vincent's Hospital, "the incidence of general alcohol-related injuries was significantly lower one year after [the introduction of Sydney's lockout-laws]".
On the other hand, these laws have also had an impact on Sydney's nightlife economy, with the industry experiencing an estimated $16bn decrease in sales revenue every year. As a result, NSW saw a rise in commercial events that were not impacted by Sydney's lockout laws, such as day parties and boutique festivals.
Consequently, with the increased popularity of music festivals within NSW, there was a rise in the use of drugs at such events, causing the NSW government to take preliminary action. In 2018, the NSW Parliamentary Research Service (PRS) monitored the use of drugs at the 2018 Defqon.1 music festival. From their research, it was found that, of those searched, 20% of people attending the festival possessed drugs, with which 10 people were charged with supply offences. Furthermore, "two people attending the music festival died, another three were hospitalised in a critical condition and hundreds of others fell ill". Additionally, "a survey conducted at a major music festival in 2016 found that 60% of patrons had taken ecstasy in the last 12 months".
Following this, NSW State Premier Gladys Berejiklian sourced an expert panel to help devise laws that aimed to improve safety at music festivals, particularly in relation to the use of illicit drugs.
Soon after this, more drug-related incidents occurred during Western Sydney's Knockout Games of Destiny which we covered by multiple well-known Australian media outlets, inspiring more political discussion about drug safety. At this dance festival, one person died and sixteen others with hospitalised with suspected drug overdoses. This sparked more intense political debates on festival safety.
Furthermore, according to government health data, at least 66 young people were taken to emergency care from NSW music festivals over the summer of 2019.
Legislation
Current legislation
Presently, the topic of drug use at festivals is treated differently in every state and, at a smaller scale, is determined by the local council with which the festival resides. As stated in the Expert Panel Report conducted by the PRS: "There is no common mechanism to facilitate consideration and planning around drug risk management. Operational arrangements to mitigate drug risk are often addressed within other event plans, such as medical and security plans."
There are however a few statewide regulations that must be met concerning drug safety. These include:
Policing of events to prevent illicit drugs from entering and being consumed at the festival
Safe drug and needle disposal
Proposed legislative changes
The report titled "Keeping People Safe at Music Festivals" (PRS) summarises the expert panel's recommendations for how the legislation should be changed to reduce the overall harm of drug use at festivals. The recommendations are as follows:
Develop a consistent approach to the regulation of music festivals.
Require organisers to develop and adhere to a Safety Management Plan for their event, supported by a two-tiered system of risk, with variable regulatory conditions.
Consider establishing an interagency committee to assess and manage an event organiser’s approach to event risk.
Strengthen drug and alcohol harm reduction programs for music festival attendees.
Develop best practice guidelines for event organisers on harm reduction approaches and messages.
Trial the use of Criminal Infringement Notices (on-the-spot fines) instead of Court Attendance Notices for drug possession offences at or in the vicinity of music festivals.
Investigate introducing a new offence for those who supply illegal drugs, for financial or material gain, to people who then self-administer the drugs and die as a result.
In addition to these legislative changes proposed by the expert panel, a new form of risk assessment has been trialled by the NSW Government. In this, festivals are assessed on the potential "level of risk" they potentially impose on those attending. From the risk level assigned to the event, different levels of regulation will be imposed on the festival. For example, the FOMO music festival (an event that is held in several major cities around Australia) has been labelled as "higher risk under the new NSW licensing regulations". In January, the NSW Government announced that 14 festivals have been identified as high risk under the proposed festival regulations guideline.
Furthermore, as of 28 February 2019, a new Interim Guide for Music Festival Event Organisers has been introduced. These guidelines are intended to act as an interim standard of festival regulation in NSW while the state government continues to assess what long-term legislative changes must be made.
As of 29 May 2019, these proposed legislative changes are on track to be the subject of state inquiry (to which the bill has to be passed through the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council to be ratified by the NSW Governor).
Impact
The tightening of drug-related policies within festivals is predicted to have both a social and commercial impact. As of May 2019, the proposed laws made by the PRS's expert panel have yet to be acted upon. However, some events have already occurred that allow speculation as to what the future impact of these policies may be.
Effect on commercial businesses
On a commercial level, the increased regulation of festivals has already had an economic impact. In the case of Mountain Sounds 2019, the festival was hit with a "$200,000 quote for a police presence […] one week out from the festival". This additional requirement made by the local government meant that it was no longer economical for the event to carry on, leading to its cancellation two weeks before the intended start of the festival. The cancellation of the festival sparked a backlash from a variety of businesses, musicians, festival-goers and political parties.
Furthermore, these legislative changes could also see the loss of other music events. In some instances, festival organisers have threatened to move their event(s) to another state to avoid the commercial expense of tighter regulation. In the case of the Australian music festival BluesFest, the organisers suggested a move from Byron Bay (where the festival has been hosted for the past 29 years) to Queensland, after its 2019 event. However, in response to this, the NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian ensured that the new regulations would only affect festivals that were deemed "high risk" of which BluesFest 2019 was not.
Effect on drug-related incidents
As the policies are yet to be acted on, statistical data has not been collected in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed drug laws.
Responses
Support of legislation change
The political party leading the legislative change is the NSW Liberal Party. Being re-elected into NSW state parliament in 2019, it is the intention of the Liberal Party to implement these new festival-safety policies during their current term. The intent to create a safer festival environment has been voiced by current NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian: "We need to do everything we can to protect the safety of concert goers and people attending music festivals […] That is why I have tasked our health, law enforcement and regulatory experts to advise Government on what can be done immediately to improve safety at these events".
Opposition to legislation change
As evident during the process of the 2019 NSW state election, several political parties opposed the Liberal Party's stance on drug safety at festivals. The Keep Sydney Open Party, which ran in the 2019 state election, was one of the parties that had drug liberalisation as part of its policies.
Furthermore, opposition to this legislative change has also been expressed by a variety of Australian artists, musicians, and others who are directly involved in the NSW music industry. Peking Duk, the award-winning Australian electronic music duo, went on record to challenge the newly proposed festival harm reduction guidelines. In reference to the events that saw the cancellation of the music festival Mountain Sounds 2019, group member Reuben Styles said: "The whole of NSW loves this festival. Ironically, it's one of the safest events in Australia. It doesn't make sense. Sadly, a few years ago when Mike Baird was premier, a lot of our favourite nightclubs around Sydney had to close. Gladys [Berejiklian] is furthering his work to destroy ... late-night economies." Styles continued on to say "We should be embracing music in this country and nurturing it. Not tearing it down." Other band member Adam Hyde has supported Styles' claims.
Also in the music industry, the chief executive of Live Performance Australia Evelyn Richardson openly professed her discontent with these proposed legislative changes. She went on record saying: "The safety of festival goers is paramount, but the NSW government's approach to festival safety appears to be designed to manage any risk by shutting them down altogether. Consultation with the industry has been absolutely woeful and whole sections of our industry are now being destroyed by a knee-jerk response from a government that couldn't care less."
Alternate legislative changes proposed by other parties
Along with other policies, the Keep Sydney Open Party opposed the need for "new licenses regulations for festivals" and supported the safe use of recreational drugs after a process known as "pill-testing". In this process, drugs taken into private venue/event are tested to assess their quality and thus determine whether they are safe for use. These stations are also intended to be used as a place to educate drug users on safe use and provide warnings for the potential side effects of its consumption.
References
Drug control law
Culture of New South Wales | The War on Music | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,085 | [
"Drug control law",
"Regulation of chemicals"
] |
60,806,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThinkBook | ThinkBook is a line of business-oriented laptop computers and tablets designed, developed and marketed by Lenovo aimed at small businesses.
The ThinkBook line is marketed towards small business users and gets the same market position as Lenovo's ThinkPad E series. The ThinkBook does not have a TrackPoint, physical touchpad buttons, and has a simplified keyboard layout. However, the ThinkBook has an aluminum case (instead of a plastic Thinkpad E case).
13s and 14s
The first product lineup launched in 2019 with the ThinkBook 13s and 14s. Both laptops include TPM 2.0 security chips, fingerprint readers, webcam shutters similar to those on ThinkPads, and dedicated buttons for Skype. They support 8th Generation Intel Core processors, AMD Radeon 540X graphics, M.2 SSD storage, USB-C Docks, and run Windows 10 Pro. The ThinkBook 13s has a 13-inch screen and the 14s has a 14-inch screen.
See also
Lenovo IdeaPad
IBM/Lenovo ThinkCentre
IBM/Lenovo ThinkPad
HP ProBook
Dell Vostro
References
External links
Official Lenovo ThinkBook website
Think
Consumer electronics brands
Computer-related introductions in 2019
Business laptops | ThinkBook | [
"Technology"
] | 258 | [
"Mobile computer stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
60,807,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaamminenickel%20chloride | Hexaamminenickel chloride is the chemical compound with the formula [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2. It is the chloride salt of the metal ammine complex [Ni(NH3)6]2+. The cation features six ammonia (called ammines in coordination chemistry) ligands attached to the nickel(II) ion.
Properties and structure
[Ni(NH3)6]2+, like all octahedral nickel(II) complexes, is paramagnetic with two unpaired electrons localized on each Ni center. [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 is prepared by treating aqueous nickel(II) chloride with ammonia. It is useful as a molecular source of anhydrous nickel(II).
Related compounds
One commercial method for extraction of nickel from its sulfide ores involves the sulfate salt of [Ni(NH3)6]2+. In this process, the partially purified ore is treated with air and ammonia as described with this simplified equation:
References
Nickel complexes
Inorganic compounds
Chlorides
Octahedral compounds
Ammine complexes | Hexaamminenickel chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 228 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
60,807,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss%20SP-505 | The BOSS SP-505 Groove Sampling Workstation/SP-505 is a sampling workstation made by Boss Corporation, which is a division of Roland Corporation. The digital sampler is part of the SP family and was released in the year of 2002, as a follow-up to Roland’s SP-303 installment. Ironically, both the 303 and 505 installments were succeeded by the release of Roland's SP-404 in the year of 2005.
Features
Having the traditional features of the Roland & Boss Grooveboxes, the 505 has the ability to record audio directly via line/mic, or import/export industry-standard WAV and AIF files via SmartMedia card.
The SP-505’s internal memory provides over two minutes of CD-quality mono sampling, which can be expanded to over one hour using an optional 128MB SmartMedia card. The Smartmedia cards range from 8Mb to 128Mb.
The interface design of the sampler consists of 16 large pads, and three control knobs. This design is now traditional to SP installments, with individual distinctions throughout installments.
There are 64 onboard tones with drums, bass, keyboard, and also synth sounds.
29 effects like tape echo, isolator and vinyl simulator, that can be extensively utilized by resampling and realtime control.
1/4" microphone input for sampling
CD-quality sound
Chop function divides loops and maps individual samples to pads
Pitch function for playing back samples at new pitches as on a keyboard
BPM sync function instantly matches up to 16 phrases to the same tempo
Sounds are imported by form of .WAV/AIFF files via SmartMedia, and by coaxial/optical digital inputs
8-voice polyphony (resample polyphony: 4 mono voices OR 1 stereo voice and 2 mono voices OR 2 stereo voices)
Runs on AC power only (unlike other SP installments, there is no battery power option).
Notable users
Despite not initially becoming as popular as the 303 and 404 installments, the 505 is well-associated with hip-hop producer Madlib.
References
Boss Corporation
D2
Grooveboxes
Music sequencers
Sound modules
Music workstations
Hip-hop production
Japanese inventions | Boss SP-505 | [
"Engineering"
] | 445 | [
"Music sequencers",
"Automation"
] |
60,808,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaammineplatinum%28IV%29%20chloride | Hexaammineplatinum(IV) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4. It is the chloride salt of the metal ammine complex [Pt(NH3)6]4+. The cation features six ammonia (called ammines in coordination chemistry) ligands attached to the platinum(IV) ion. It is a white, water soluble solid.
Properties and structure
Typical for platinum(IV) complexes, [Pt(NH3)6]4+ is diamagnetic and kinetically inert, e.g. unaffected by strong acids. The cation obeys the 18-electron rule. It is prepared by treatment of methylamine complex [Pt(NH2CH3)4Cl2]Cl2 with ammonia.
The complex [Pt(NH3)6]4+ is a rare example of a tetracationic ammine complex. Its conjugate bases [Pt(NH3)5NH2]3+ and [Pt(NH3)4(NH2)2]2+ have been characterized.
References
External links
Platinum complexes
Inorganic compounds
Chlorides
Octahedral compounds
Ammine complexes | Hexaammineplatinum(IV) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 246 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
60,808,823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20metalloenzyme | An artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) is a designer metalloprotein, not found in nature, which can catalyze desired chemical reactions. Despite fitting into classical enzyme categories, ArMs also have potential in new-to-nature chemical reactivity like catalysing Suzuki coupling, Metathesis etc., which were never reported among natural enzymatic reactions. ArMs have two main components: a protein scaffold and an artificial catalytic moiety, which, in this case, features a metal center. This class of designer biocatalysts is unique because of the potential to improve the catalytic performance through chemogenetic optimization, a parallel improvement of both the direct metal surrounding (first coordination sphere) and the protein scaffold (second coordination sphere).The second coordination sphere (protein scaffold) is easily evolvable and, in the case of ArMs, responsible for very high (stereo)selectivity. With the progress in organometallic synthesis and protein engineering, more and more new kind of design of ArMs were developed, showing promising future in both academia and industrial aspects.
In 2018, one-half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Frances H. Arnold "for the directed evolution of enzymes", who elegantly evolved artificial metalloenzymes to realize efficient and highly selective new-to-nature chemical reactions in vitro and in vivo.
History
Dated back to 1956, the first protein modified transition metal catalyst was documented. The Palladium(II) salt was absorbed onto silk fibroin fiber, reduced by hydrogen to get the first reported ArM, which can catalyze asymmetric hydrogenation. This work was not reproducible, but it is considered to be the first work in the field of artificial metalloenzymes. At that time, the major challenge that blocked further studies was underdeveloped protein production and purification technology. The first attempt to anchor an abiotic metal center onto a protein was reported by Whitesides et al. using biotin-avidin interaction, making an artificial hydrogenase. The presence of avidin can significantly increase the catalytic capacity of Rhodium(I) cofactor in aqueous phosphate buffer. Another pioneering work was conducted by Kaiser et al. where carboxypeptidase A (CPA) was repurposed into an oxidase by substituting Zn(II) center by Cu(II), for the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
The real potential of ArMs was unleashed when recombinant protein production was developed, namely in 1997 Distefano and Davies reported a scaffold modification of a recombinant adipocyte lipid-binding protein (ALBP) with iodoacetamido-1,10-phenanthroline coordinating Cu(II) for the stereoselective hydrolysis of racemic esters.
Formation
Abiotic cofactor anchoring
Four strategies have been used to assemble ArMs:
Covalent immobilization of a metal-containing catalytic moiety by an irreversible reaction with the protein;
Supramolecular interactions between a protein and a high-affinity substrate could be used to anchor a metal cofactor;
The metal substitution in a natural metalloenzyme can result in a novel catalytic activity to the protein. The metal could be part of a prosthetic group (e.g., heme) or bound to amino acids;
Amino acids with Lewis-basic properties in a hydrophobic pocket could interact with coordinatively unsaturated metal center.
These four strategies led to a great progress in the field of artificial metalloenzymes since the beginning of the 21st century, unlocking exceptional selectivity for new-to-nature reactions.
Covalent
With the development of bioconjugation technology, there are plenty of strategies to covalently bind an artificial metallocofactor onto a protein scaffold:
cysteine residue based chemistry: Cys-meleimide, Cys-α-haloketone, Cys-benzylhalide chemistry and disulfide formation,
post-translational bioorthogonal modification based on Amber stop codon suppression (e.g., Click chemistry)
enzyme active site modification (e.g., covalent bond formation between lipase and lipase inhibitor).
Supramolecular
Streptavidin or avidin in combination with biotinylated artificial metal cofactors is the most commonly used supramolecular strategy to make ArMs. In the early example from Ward et al. shown below, the ligand of Ru(I) complex was covalently linked to biotin and then the whole complex was anchored to streptavidin thanks to a specific and strong biotin-streptavidin interaction. The formed ArM can catalyze the reduction of prochiral ketones. Taking advantages of protein evolvability, different mutants of streptavidin can achieve different stereoselectivity. Throughout the years, many streptavidin-based enzymes were developed, enabling catalysis of very complex transformations in water, under ambient conditions.
Besides biotin-streptavidin based ArMs, another important example of using supramolecular iassembly strategy is antigen-antibody recognition. First reported in 1989 by Lerner et al.., a monoclonal antibody-based ArM is raised to hydrolyze specific peptide.
Another interesting scaffold used as a platform for supramolecularly assembled ArMs are multidrug resistance regulators (MDRs), particularly a PadR family of proteins without native catalytic activity, whose function in nature is the recognition of foreign agents and to activate subsequent cellular response. Among them, Lactococcal multidrug resistance regulator (LmrR) was mainly used to create ArMs, using different strategies, including the supramolecular one. Namely, Roelfes et al. incorporated Cu(II) phenanthroline complex in the hydrophobic pocket of LmrR and performed Friedel-Crafts reaction enantioselectively; and Fe heme complex which catalyzed cyclopropanation enantioselectively.
Metal substitution
This strategy involves substitution of a native metal center in a metallocofactor, by another metal, that might or might not be already present in living systems. In this way, electronic and steric properties of the catalytic active site are altered compared to the wild-type enzyme, and novel catalytic pathways are unlocked.
Dative
The dative anchoring strategy uses natural amino acid residue in the protein scaffold like His, Cys, Glu, Asp and Ser to coordinate to a metal center. Like the first example of Pd-fibroin, dative anchoring to natural amino acids is not commonly used nowadays and often resulted in a more ambiguous binding site for metal compared with previous three methods.
However, these challenges can be overcome by in vivo incorporating metal-chelating non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) in the protein scaffold. These genetically encoded ncAAs' side chains have chelating moieties, such as 2,2'-bipyridine (3-(2,2'-bipyridin-5-yl)-L-alanine) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (2-amino-3-(8-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)propanoic acid) that can selectively coordinate different metals. Combining protein scaffolds featuring chelating ncAAs with different metals yields exceptionally selective artificial metalloenzymes with various application potentials. ncAAs are usually incorporated through the means of Amber stop codon suppression, via the orthogonal translation system (OTS).
Natural Metalloenzymes repurposing
In addition to anchoring artificial metal center in the protein scaffold, researchers like Frances Arnold and Yang Yang focused on changing the native environment of natural metallocofactors. Due to the large sequence space that can be evolved in natural metalloenzymes, they can be evolved to catalyse non-native transformations. This process is known as enzyme repurposing. Directed evolution is commonly used to tailor the catalytic capacity and repurpose the enzyme function. Mostly based on native porphyrin-metallocofactor, Arnold's lab has developed many ArMs catalysing regioselective and/or enantioselective transformations, such as Carbon-Boron bond formation, carbene insertion, and aminohydroxylation by evolving the sequence context of the corresponding ArMs.
As the pioneers of metalloredox radical biocatalysis, Yang et al. repurposed cytochrome P450s to catalyze atom transfer radical cyclization (ATRC), and Huang et al. repurposed non-heme Fe-dependent enzymes to catalyze an abiological radical-relay azidation and radical fluorination.
Function
So far, ArMs can catalyze planty of chemical reactions, such as: allylic alkylation, allylic amination, aldol reaction, alcohol oxidation, C-H activation, click reaction, catechol oxidation, reduction, cyclopropanation, Diels-Alder reaction, epoxidation, epoxide ring opening, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, hydrogenation, hydroformylation, Heck reaction, Metathesis, Michael addition, nitrite reduction, NO reduction, Suzuki reaction, Si-H insertion, polymerization (atom transfer radical polymerization), atom transfer radical cyclization (ATRC) and radical fluorination.
References
Metalloproteins
Organometallic chemistry
Bioinorganic chemistry
Enzymes
| Artificial metalloenzyme | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,022 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Metalloproteins",
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Bioinorganic chemistry"
] |
60,809,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-Ecology | World-Ecology is a global conversation of academics, activists, and artists committed to understanding human relations of power, production, and environment-making in the web of life. An evolving conversation rather than a theory, the world-ecology approach is unified by a critique of Nature-Society dualisms, a world-historical interpretation of today's planetary crisis, and an emphasis on the intersection of race, class, and gender in capitalism's environmental history. Key figures in the world-ecology conversation include Jason W. Moore, Sharae Deckard, Raj Patel, Christian Parenti, Tony Weis, Neil Brenner, Kerstin Oloff, Andrej Grubacic, and Marion Dixon. Since 2015, the World-Ecology Research Network has sponsored an annual conference.
Lineages and Origins of the World-Ecology Conversation
World-ecology draws on a diversity of transdisciplinary, critical traditions across the human and physical sciences. The hyphenated term world-ecology derives from Jason W. Moore's reinterpretation of Karl Marx, Fernand Braudel and Immanuel Wallerstein. For Braudel and Wallerstein, the rise of capitalism must be understood as the emergence of a world-economy: not the "economy of the world," but a regional division of labor bounded by its spatially necessary division of labor. The history of capitalism therefore marks the geographical expansion of a world-economy that becomes global only in the twentieth century. In Moore's early formulation, the capitalist world-economy could not be separated from its environmental history: capitalism is a "world-ecology" whose geopolitics and economic life was rooted in a particularly dynamic—and violent—relationship towards webs of life. This was evident in two major ways, Moore argued. First, capitalism as a system of endless capital accumulation required a constant search for new, lost-cost natures—including enslaved humans. Second, the destruction and depletion effected by capitalist monocultures and extractive systems exhausted cheap natures discovered in a previous era, setting in motion new frontiers of violent accumulation. Just as Wallerstein had earlier emphasized the capitalist world-economy as a synthesis of geopolitics and transnational commodity systems, Moore proposed world-ecology as a synthesis of world-economy approaches with environmental history in its widest sense.
Relation to capitalism
The world-ecology conversation foregrounds the historical development of class society across the Holocene. Most world-ecological research focuses on historical capitalism, understood as a differentiated unity of power, profit and life.
The main reason to include capitalism within the new research paradigm is to view capitalism as a world-ecology: In this view, traditional concepts of capitalism are reshaped to remedy conceptual ambiguities: Accept that capitalism, nature and government function as a single whole rather than as separate entities.
The suggestion that capitalism should be viewed as a World-Ecology was made by professor Jason W Moore, - a perspective that is often referred to as a "capitalist world-ecology". Moore theorizes that the idea of "cheapening", or degrading key spheres of life, is elemental in cycles of capital, power, and nature that exist in the modern capitalist World-Ecology system. As a whole, this concept may be classified as the Capitalocene. The idea of the Capitalocene designates capitalism as an ultimate driver of climate change, supported by evidence of cheap production and various dimensions of inequality.
Moore's suggestion has been adapted and extended by other academics, in their papers on topics related to capitalism: One of them is Aaron Jakes, who utilized the view of capitalism as a world-ecology to analyse the historical case of Egypt, when the British government conducted foreign affairs in terms of cotton production. The view of capitalism as world-ecology discards the notion that nature and societies are mostly unrelated and separate entities, and clarifies that nature and societies form an interwoven system of intricate relations.
World-Ecology and world literature
As world ecology relates to the correction of past views on capitalism and nature, in part, the topic of world-ecology in conjunction with world literature concerns the modification of the representation of capitalism in literary forms. Specifically, academics suggest that the inclusion of world-ecology in world literature involves the restructuring of literary works to depict capitalism as a world-ecology. Another suggestion made was that the influence of world ecology on world literature should drive a focus on world literature where content coverage of literary forms across the world is highly extensive, because world ecology is defined by the macro interaction of a wide range of systems. However, it is believed that such totality in content coverage has not yet been wholly achieved by any contemporary world ecological literary form.
It can be difficult to accurately represent the application of world ecology in the context of a particular topic, as complexity makes it challenging to avoid misapprehension.
In an example view where the world-ecology is taken to be the planet, which is constituted of sub-systems and environments that produce results which may be positive, neutral or negative (e.g. environmental damage), it is important for world-ecological literary forms in this context to have the vocabulary to accurately describe the function of the world-ecology as a whole, and this turn should highlight some of the negative processes within the world-ecology, such as environmental crises. This highlights the importance of use of vocabulary in world-ecological literary form and that world literature, if structured correctly, can be used in understanding the emerging points of the world-ecology in the context of the earth.
A distinct feature of world-ecological texts is that they are to contain a broad totality in their coverage of content describing the complex interwoven functions of substructures in the world-ecology. This is to be differentiated from other literary forms, which may be narrowed in content coverage due to focusing on topics specific to the literary forms. This is a significant difference between world-ecological literary forms and literary works of other forms. Certain academics consider such literary forms that do not attempt to incorporate the totality of the world-ecology to be texts of lesser consciousness.
Academics have suggested that misrepresentation in world-ecological literature can have catastrophic effects, because conveying incorrect information can cause issues of concern to be mistakenly disregarded. Also, it is said that reading methodologies must also be integrated for readers to correctly understand any true information produced by world-literary forms.
Inclusive Topics
Marxism
Some relevant laws of Marxism have been used to aid in explanations relating to and to build on arguments of world-ecology, such arguments that state that capitalism and nature production function in an intertwined manner (the world-ecological perspective). In an academic paper professor James W Moore has constructed a theory on world-ecology with aid from a law of Marxism, specifically, he referred to Marxism general law of under production to conduct analysis, draw conclusions and suggest points. In another text Jason W Moore has also referred to Marxism's law of value to make suggestions on the view of capitalism as a world-ecology. Other academics have also applied concepts of Marxism in conjunction with world ecology to explain concepts, particularly concepts that work with the theorisation of capitalism as a world-ecology.
Environmentalism
World-Ecology has a focus on the dual interaction of human activity and environment production, it views environments as a dynamic systems of various states that influence and are influenced by human activity, in the sense that humans create environments which in turn create humans. The view of the relation of world-ecology and environmentalism has been applied to a variety of cases by academics, for example Yoan Molinero uses it to analyse food distribution in agriculture.
In the view of environmentalism, world-ecology has also been applied by Sharae Deckard of the University College Dublin in an academic text to view the planet itself as a world-ecology, where the earth (the world-ecology in the context) and its substructures are analysed in world-ecological literary forms for evaluation of issues relating to the methodologies of contemporary world-literature.
Sharae Deckard mentions that the environment of the region of the Caribbean can be viewed as a constituent part of the world-ecology, further, the environment of the Caribbean within the world-ecology has dynamically changed due to interaction with other structures within the world-ecology, such structures include human communities, slave trades and actions that altered the botanical contents of the region and therefore the region itself. This shows how the interactions of substructures within the world-ecology can alter the environment of the sub structures and therefore the world-ecology itself.
In the notion of environments, world-ecology suggests that nature cannot be saved from degradation but can only be transformed.
Associated organisations
The World-Ecology Research Network
The world-ecology research network is an organisation based in Binghamton in the United States of America. Its aim is to conduct research on historical events with the frame of mind that human activity has produced and is produced in nature. The World-Ecology research networks hosts regular conferences and various events that have a relation to world-ecology, academic texts and articles about world-ecology and relevant related topics are also published on their website.
Contributors
Several academics have contributed to the development and the advocacy for world-ecology some of which include:
Jason W Moore
Jason W Moore is a professor of Sociology at the Binghamton University in the United States of America. Moore has been accredited for shaping the view of capitalism as a world-ecology.
Sharae Deckard
Sharae Deckard is a professor of world literature at University College Dublin. Sharae Deckard has published a number of papers on topics related to world-ecology.
History
In terms of history world-ecology relates to a series of world-ecological revolutions that occurred in the past in eras such as the 17th century, in locations such as Brazil as well as South East Asia, such revolutions were based on the want for capital by societal communities within nations and occurred globally over several locations. The revolutions were determined by and effected by the nature of the individual socio-ecologies. Apart from Brazil and South East Asia, revolutions also took place in Europe and North America making the event of historical world-ecological revolutions a global historical topic.
The history of capitalism has also been studied to better understand the current notion of capitalism as world-ecological, in such studies Jason W Moore views the history of capitalism to be related to environmental history, thus establishing a link between the two studies. He also discusses that capitalism as viewed in the past can also be viewed as world-ecology to aid explanation of a concept within a certain context. World-ecology also works with the history of societies to analyse their effects in the world-ecology in the past and their contribution to the current state of the world-ecology, where such contributions can be beneficial or undesirable.
World-ecology also relates to history in the sense that it aims to deconstruct past (both recent and long term) notions of the strict separation of nature and societies, by forming a concept that suggest that the two structures function closely together.
As mentioned in the "related topics section" the world-ecology is closely coupled to the economic historical concept of Marxism.
Key Readings
Campbell, Chris, and Michael Niblett, ed. 2016. The Caribbean: Aesthetics, World-Ecology, Politics. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Goff, Stan. 2018. Mammon's Ecology. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.
Moore, Jason W. 2015. Capitalism in the Web of Life. London: Verso.
Moore, Jason W., ed. 2016. Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History and the Crisis of Capitalism. Oakland, CA: PM Press.
Patel, Raj, and Jason W. Moore. 2017. A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Weis, Tony. 2013. The Ecological Hoofprint. London: Zed.
See also
Sociology
Economics
Marxism
Philosophy
References
Environmental movements
Environmental philosophy | World-Ecology | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,442 | [
"Environmental philosophy",
"Environmental social science"
] |
54,390,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20prescription%20form | Special prescription forms, sometimes called narcotic prescription forms, controlled prescription forms, psychotropic prescription forms or triplicate prescription forms (because they often have to be signed in triplicate) are forms required in some countries for the prescription of controlled narcotics and other psychotropic substances, for which a standard medical prescription is not sufficient. They exist at least in Germany, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, India, Russia, Australia, Norway, Canada, Poland, Brazil and some US states. While a medical practitioner can typically issue a normal prescription on forms of their own choice, special prescription forms are distributed and controlled by government authorities.
See also
Regulation of therapeutic goods
References
Drug control law
Pharmaceuticals policy | Special prescription form | [
"Chemistry"
] | 144 | [
"Drug control law",
"Regulation of chemicals"
] |
54,390,261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiB%20%28digital%20terrestrial%20television%29 | Teracom, inspired by earlier research, introduced a new system concept dubbed "WiB", that aims to improve frequency reuse in the UHF band while at the same time, enable savings in both operating power and capital expenditure.
Simulation results hint at an attainable spectral efficiency of at least 1.37–1.6 bit/s/Hz and a capacity increase in the range of 37–60%, while outlining possibilities for further optimizations.
However, the concept hints at possible methods of convergence and coexistence with future 5G mobile communication technologies, although this was not the main focus of the proposal.
Innovation to broadcast towers
Each tower should transmit the whole 224 MHz of DTT spectrum, eliminating channel combiners.
A much lower transmission power is used (about 90% less)
Modulation is more robust (e.g., QPSK)
Relaxed equipment requirements.
Synchronization similar to SFN, but with different content and orthogonal scattered pilots.
Expected enhancements to receivers
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (e.g., Time-Frequency Slicing).
Ability to tune to wider channels (e.g., 32 MHz instead of 8 MHz).
Antenna discrimination considerations.
Layered successive interference cancellation (SIC), performance could be further improved when optimizing for QPSK vs. QPSK.
Variable bit rate services via multiple Physical Layer Pipes (PLP).
Optional interference cancellation via beamforming.
References
External links
https://tv.theiet.org/?videoid=9807
https://wireless.kth.se/blog/events/extending-full-coverage-terrestrial-broadcast-broadband/
http://www.panoramaaudiovisual.com/en/2016/09/26/hacia-un-nuevo-concepto-revolucionario-de-television-digital-terrestre/
Radio resource management
Broadcast engineering
Television technology
Digital television
Digital Video Broadcasting
Technology forecasting | WiB (digital terrestrial television) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 406 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Broadcast engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Television technology"
] |
54,390,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20in%20blockchain%20technology | This is a list of people in blockchain technology, people who do work in the area of Blockchain and Cryptocurrency, in particular researchers, business people, and authors.
Some people that are notable as programmers are included here because they work in research as well as programming. A few of these people pre-date the invention of this technology; they are now regarded as people in blockchain technology because their work can be seen as leading to the invention of this technology.
A
Gavin Andresen, former Bitcoin lead developer
Andreas Antonopoulos, author of Mastering Bitcoin
Jeremy Allaire, CEO and founder of the digital currency company Circle and Chairman of the Board of Brightcove
B
Brian Behlendorf, Executive Director of Hyperledger Project
Brendan Blumer, CEO of Block.One
Vitalik Buterin, founder of Ethereum
Adam Back, author of Hashcash and CEO of Blockstream
C
Wences Casares, CEO of Xapo
David Chaum, computer scientist, cryptographer and blockchain pioneer.
D
Wei Dai, creator of b-money; inspired the creation of Bitcoin by Satoshi Nakamoto
F
Hal Finney, the recipient of the first Bitcoin transaction
G
Tony Gallippi, founder of BitPay, a global bitcoin payment service provider.
Brad Garlinghouse, CEO of Ripple Labs
Kofi Genfi, co-founder of Mazzuma
David Gerard, author of Attack of the 50-foot Blockchain in 2017.
H
Charles Hoskinson, co-founder of Ethereum and founder of Cardano
I
Ruja Ignatova, founder of OneCoin, a pyramid scheme promoted as a cryptocurrency.
K
Dave Kleiman associated with Craig Wright
L
Chris Larsen, CEO of Ripple
M
Blythe Masters, CEO of Digital Asset Holdings
N
Satoshi Nakamoto, the name used by the unknown person or people who designed bitcoin
Nii Osae Osae Dade, co-founder of Mazzuma
S
Emin Gün Sirer, professor at Cornell University, who studies distributed and peer-to-peer systems
Jorge Stolfi, Brazilian professor at the University of Campinas, cryptocurrency skeptic
Nick Szabo, computer scientist, cryptographer, and legal scholar known for his research in digital contracts currencies.
T
Alex Tapscott, co-author of Blockchain Revolution, CEO and founder of Northwest Passage Ventures, an advisory firm for early-stage blockchain companies
Don Tapscott, co-author of Blockchain Revolution, CEO of Tapscott Group, co-founder of Blockchain Research Institute
V
Roger Ver, Bitcoin Foundation co-founder, promoter of Bitcoin Cash
W
Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn, creator of the crypto coin, Zcash
Gavin Wood, co-founder of Ethereum
Jihan Wu, co-founder of Bitmain
Z
Micree Zhan, co-founder of Bitmain
Changpeng Zhao, founder of exchange Binance
See also
Blockchain
Bitcoin
List of bitcoin companies
References
Blockchain | List of people in blockchain technology | [
"Technology"
] | 646 | [
"Computing-related lists",
"Lists of computer scientists"
] |
54,391,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28Diacetoxyiodo%29benzene | (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, also known as phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) is a hypervalent iodine chemical with the formula . It is used as an oxidizing agent in organic chemistry.
Preparation
This reagent was originally prepared by Conrad Willgerodt by reacting iodobenzene with a mixture of acetic acid and peracetic acid:
PIDA can also be prepared from iodosobenzene and glacial acetic acid:
More recent preparations direct from iodine, acetic acid, and benzene have been reported, using either sodium perborate or potassium peroxydisulfate as the oxidizing agent:
The PIDA molecule is termed hypervalent as its iodine atom (technically a hypervalent iodine) is in its +III oxidation state and has more than typical number of covalent bonds. It adopts a T-shaped molecular geometry, with the phenyl group occupying one of the three equatorial positions of a trigonal bipyramid (lone pairs occupy the other two) and the axial positions occupied by oxygen atoms from the acetate groups. The "T" is distorted in that the phenyl-C to I to acetate-O bond angles are less than 90°. A separate investigation of the crystal structure confirmed that it has orthorhombic crystals in space group Pnn2 and reported unit-cell dimensions in good agreement with the original paper. The bond lengths around the iodine atom were 2.08 Å to the phenyl carbon atom and equal 2.156 Å bonds to the acetate oxygen atoms. This second crystal structure determination explained the distortion in the geometry by noting the presence of two weaker intramolecular iodine–oxygen interactions, resulting in an "overall geometry of each iodine [that] can be described as a pentagonal-planar arrangement of three strong and two weak secondary bonds."
Unconventional reactions
One use of PIDA is in the preparation of similar reagents by substitution of the acetate groups. For example, it can be used to prepare (bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene (phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate), PIFA) by heating in trifluoroacetic acid:
PIFA can be used to carry out the Hofmann rearrangement under mildly acidic conditions, rather than the strongly basic conditions traditionally used. The Hofmann decarbonylation of an N-protected asparagine has been demonstrated with PIDA, providing a route to β-amino-L-alanine derivatives.
PIDA is also used in Suárez oxidation, where photolysis of hydroxy compounds in the presence of PIDA and iodine generates cyclic ethers. This has been used in several total syntheses, such as the total synthesis of (−)-majucin, (−)-Jiadifenoxolane A, and cephanolide A.
References
Reagents for organic chemistry
Oxidizing agents
Iodanes
Acetates
Phenyl compounds | (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 644 | [
"Iodanes",
"Redox",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
54,391,334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20lattice | In the mathematical disciplines of in functional analysis and order theory, a Banach lattice is a complete normed vector space with a lattice order, , such that for all , the implication holds, where the absolute value is defined as
Examples and constructions
Banach lattices are extremely common in functional analysis, and "every known example [in 1948] of a Banach space [was] also a vector lattice." In particular:
, together with its absolute value as a norm, is a Banach lattice.
Let be a topological space, a Banach lattice and the space of continuous bounded functions from to with norm Then is a Banach lattice under the pointwise partial order:
Examples of non-lattice Banach spaces are now known; James' space is one such.
Properties
The continuous dual space of a Banach lattice is equal to its order dual.
Every Banach lattice admits a continuous approximation to the identity.
Abstract (L)-spaces
A Banach lattice satisfying the additional condition is called an abstract (L)-space. Such spaces, under the assumption of separability, are isomorphic to closed sublattices of . The classical mean ergodic theorem and Poincaré recurrence generalize to abstract (L)-spaces.
See also
Footnotes
Bibliography
Functional analysis
Order theory | Banach lattice | [
"Mathematics"
] | 264 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Order theory"
] |
54,393,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway%2061%20Interactive | Highway 61 Interactive is an interactive CD-ROM released in 1995, based on the musician Bob Dylan and his music career. It was developed and published by Graphix Zone, with Sony Music Entertainment as co-publisher.
Overview
The game opens with a menu of a collage of photos and objects meant to represent the musician. Clicking on any object takes you to a 3-D interactive environment of places of Dylan's career, such as Greenwich Village, Madison Square Garden, and the recording studios of Columbia Records.
Previously unknown songs were included on the CD, such as an electric version of "House of the Rising Sun".
Development
Highway 61 Interactive was developed by Graphic Zone, a California multimedia company. Graphic Zone's founder and president Chuck Cortright, a fan of Bob Dylan, approached the musician's manager and lawyer to make the game. Discussions lasted six months before approval, with a staff of twenty spending seven months completing it. Bob Dylan himself chose the game's title and cover art, as well as which songs and music would be included. Celebrity photographer Daniel Kramer choose twenty of his early photographs of Dylan for use.
Highway 61 Interactive was launched at the Sony Music Studios in February 1995. At the event, Al Kooper and Roger McGuinn performed Dylan's songs "Mr. Tambourine Man", "My Back Pages", and "Knockin' on Heaven's Door".
Reception
Joel Selvin from SFGate considered the interactive to be "more bells and whistles than real train ride." Chris Willman from the Los Angeles Times praised its amount of environments used, saying it surpassed Graphix Zone's previous title Prince Interactive. Bob Cannon from Entertainment Weekly gave the game a "B" rating.
References
1995 video games
Classic Mac OS games
Multimedia works
Single-player video games
Video games based on musicians
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Works about Bob Dylan | Highway 61 Interactive | [
"Technology"
] | 388 | [
"Multimedia",
"Multimedia works"
] |
54,393,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Hoffman | Nick Hoffman (born September 18, 1979) is an American singer-songwriter, fiddle player, producer, and television personality. He is also the host of the Outdoor Channel television series “Nick’s Wild Ride”, which airs on Outdoor Channel. He is also co-founder of the Elektra Records/Warner Music Nashville Recording Artists The Farm.
Personal life
Nick Hoffman grew up in Nowthen, Minnesota, United States, to a musical family. He has been playing the fiddle for as long as he can remember, beginning at the age of four. His love of music came from his grandparents Harry and Sybil Hoffman who oftentimes held Saturday night jam sessions at their home in Anoka, MN. Hoffman grew up on a farm in which he was immersed in the outdoors – the woods, cornfields, and the lake.
Hoffman had wanted to move to Nashville since the age of 12. Hoffman left home in 1997 at the age of 17 and played in Branson, Missouri before moving to Nashville in January 2000.
In 2016, he married singer and songwriter Natalie Murphy.
Hoffman is a pilot and owns a Glasair Sportsman 2+2. He first flew at age 9 at AirVenture, then worked at an FBO at Crystal Airport in Minnesota.
Music career
Hoffman has collaborated and performed alongside many notable musical acts including Kenny Chesney, Keith Urban, Trace Adkins, Sara Evans, Brooks & Dunn, and more.
Before moving to Nashville, Hoffman joined a musical act owned by Dolly Parton in Branson, MO. He played for a time there before returning to his hometown to finish his high school degree. After returning home, he joined the cover band High Noon, which played at the Winstock Country Music Festival in 1999.
In 2000, Nick moved to Nashville where he joined Kenny Chesney's band. His tenure lasted from February 2000 to 2012. He had the opportunity to perform with such stars as Tim McGraw, George Jones, Dave Matthews and Kid Rock. He won the Country Music Association's CMA-SRO award for Touring Musician of the Year in 2012
In 2010, Hoffman co-founded, along with Krista Marie and Damien Horne, the trio The Farm, which was signed to Warner Music Nashville. He co-produced their self-titled debut album alongside hit songwriter and producer Danny Myrick. This Album produced two Top 40 radio hits: “Home Sweet Home” which hit #19 on the Country Charts and “Be Grateful” which hit #39.
Television
Hoffman is the host of the Outdoor Channel’s television series “Nick’s Wild Ride”. The show follows Hoffman as he travels around the world hunting unusual species and exploring the culture of the area that he visits. The show is more than just about hunting, as it includes exploration of the country he travels to, along with scenes of him fiddling.
"Nick's Wild Ride" won the award for "Best Conservation" during the 2018 Outdoor Sportsman Awards. Hoffman's production company Ugly Duckling Entertainment was also awarded a Telly Award for "Public Service/Activism" a short-form piece he produced about conservation issues related to Africa.
The 8th Season of the show will debut in the fall of 2023.
Awards
Nick Hoffman received the Country Music Association's CMA-SRO award for Touring Musician of the Year in 2012. THE FARM was nominated for the American Country Awards New Artist Single of the Year for “Home Sweet Home”.
In 2017 the First Season of his show, “Nick’s Wild Ride”, was nominated for the Outdoor Sportsman Award “Best New Show”. It won 3 Telly Awards including awards for "Travel/Tourism", and "Public Service/Activism". In 2018, it was nominated for 4 Outdoor Sportsman Awards, including "Best Overall Production" and was the winner of the award for "Best Conservation".
References
External links
http://outdoorchannel.com/nicks-wild-ride
https://www.nickswildride.net
1979 births
Living people
Singers from Minnesota
Songwriters from Minnesota
Elektra Records artists
American country fiddlers
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
21st-century American singers
Country musicians from Tennessee
The Farm (American band) members
Aviators from Minnesota
Experimental Aircraft Association | Nick Hoffman | [
"Engineering"
] | 864 | [
"Experimental Aircraft Association",
"Aerospace engineering organizations"
] |
54,393,623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207041 | NGC 7041 is a lenticular galaxy located about 80 million light-years away in the constellation of Indus. NGC 7041 was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on July 7, 1834.
NGC 7041 is part of the Indus Triplet of galaxies which contains the nearby galaxy NGC 7049 and the galaxy NGC 7029.
See also
NGC 7007
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
References
External links
Lenticular galaxies
Indus (constellation)
7041
66463
Astronomical objects discovered in 1834 | NGC 7041 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 103 | [
"Indus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
54,395,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Duret | Claude Duret (c. 1570–1611) was a French judge, botanist, historiographer and linguist. He was a close friend of agriculturalist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619).
He was a son of Louis Duret, personal physician to the French kings Charles IX and Henry III, and the father of Noël Duret, cosmographer to Louis XIII.
Duret was an advocate of transmutation of species. He was the author of Histoire Admirable des Plantes (1605), which contained a passage that described falling tree leaves striking water and transforming into fishes and upon land into birds. Biologist Henry de Varigny wrote that the book "contains evolutionary notions of a very queer sort. He fully believes that many aquatic birds, as well as many sorts of insects, are generated from the rotten wood of trees."
Publications
Works by Duret include:
Discours de la vérité des causes et effects des décadences, mutations, changements, conversions et ruines des monarchies, empires, royaumes et républiques... (Paris, 1595),
Discours de la Vérité des Causes et effets des décadences, mutations etc des Monarchies, Empires et Républiques ; selon l'opinion des anciens et modernes mathématiciens, Astrologues, mages, etc. [Lyon, 1595),
Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes esmerveillables et miraculeuses en nature (Paris, 1605),
Thrésor de l'histoire des langues de cest univers, contenant les origines, beautés... décadences, mutations... et ruines des langues hébraïque, chananéenne... etc., les langues des animaux et oiseaux (Coligny, 1613)
References
Adrien Davy de Virville (ed.) Histoire de la botanique en France. (1955), p. 394
Michaud, Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne (1814), 389f.
1611 deaths
17th-century French botanists
Proto-evolutionary biologists
Year of birth uncertain
16th-century French botanists | Claude Duret | [
"Biology"
] | 470 | [
"Non-Darwinian evolution",
"Biology theories",
"Proto-evolutionary biologists"
] |
54,396,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20recognition | Sound recognition is a technology, which is based on both traditional pattern recognition theories and audio signal analysis methods. Sound recognition technologies contain preliminary data processing, feature extraction and classification algorithms. Sound recognition can classify feature vectors. Feature vectors are created as a result of preliminary data processing and linear predictive coding.
Sound recognition technologies are used for:
Music recognition
Speech recognition
Automatic alarm detection and identification for surveillance, monitoring systems, based on the acoustic environment
Assistance to disabled or elderly people affected in their hearing capabilities
Identifying species of animals such as fish and mammals, e.g. in acoustical oceanography
Security
In monitoring and security, an important contribution to alarm detection and alarm verification can be supplied, using sound recognition techniques. In particular, these methods could be helpful for intrusion detection in places like offices, stores, private homes or for the supervision of public premises exposed to person aggression. In all these cases, a recognition system can report about a danger or distress event. It could further identify sounds like glass break, doorbells, smoke detector alarms, red alerts, human screams, baby cries and others. Sometimes, the alarm is triggered by other detectors (e.g. temperature or video-based) and the sound recognizer would be associated with these other modalities, to verify the alarm, with the purpose of decreasing the global false alarm detection rate.
Assistance
Solutions based on a sound recognition technology can offer assistance to disabled and elderly people affected in hearing capabilities, helping them to keep or recover some independence in their daily occupations.
Companies
There are only a handful of companies who are working on sound recognition technology:
AbiliSense (Generic sound recognition technology for a wide variety of use cases, mainly safety and security, and functional in environments such as: home and city).
Audio Analytic (AI company whose "Embedded sound recognition AI software gives consumer technology, such as smart speakers, hearables, smart home tech, mobile phones and automotive, a sense of hearing." has sound recognition software that makes consumer products more intelligent).
OtoSense (checking sounds of engines).
Wavio (software and product innovation company providing sound recognition solutions to clients such as product manufacturers, organizations, and government inclusive of accessibility for Deaf & hard of hearing, protected by sound recognition patents covering sound recognition to notify users of detected sounds automatically).
See also
Acoustic fingerprint
Shazam (music app)
References
Audio engineering
Security technology
Pattern recognition | Sound recognition | [
"Engineering"
] | 485 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering"
] |
54,397,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchus-associated%20lymphoid%20tissue | Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is a tertiary lymphoid structure. It is a part of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and it consists of lymphoid follicles in the lungs and bronchus. BALT is an effective priming site of the mucosal and systemic immune responses.
Structure
BALT is similar in most mammal species, but it differs in its maintenance and inducibility. While it is normal component of lungs and bronchus in rabbits or pigs, in mice or humans it appears only after infection or inflammation. In mice and humans it is thus called inducible BALT (iBALT). BALT and iBALT are structurally and functionally very similar, so in this article only BALT is used for both structures.
BALT is found along the bifurcations of the upper bronchi directly beneath the epithelium and generally lying between an artery and a bronchus. It is also in perivascular, peribronchial and even interstitial areas in the lower airways of the lung. To call it BALT it has to be structured accumulation of lymphocytes and other immune cells. There are lymphoid follicles with apparent germinal centres with most B-cells surrounded by T-cell area. In interfollicular T-cell area, there are many dendritic cells presenting antigen to T-cells and in germinal centres, there are follicular dendritic cells. There are CD4+ Th lymphocytes in germinal centres and interfollicular area and CD8+ T cells mainly in interfollicular area. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are also present in BALT in T/B-cell interface, allowing for the recruitment of naive T cells. These HEV are the only entry site for lymphocytes to migrate into the BALT and leave by efferent lymphatic vessels. In some species, M cells have been described in epithelium above BALT similar to M cells in the dome epithelium of Peyer’s patches, although the dome epithelium is not typical for BALT.
For formation of BALT in mice is necessary inteleukin-17 and VCAM-1, PNAd and LFA-1 and it is lymphotoxin-α independent whereas the development of secondary lymphoid organs (such as lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches) is typically dependent on LTα. Formation of BALT may be caused by disabled in situ function of Treg cells.
Function
Function and purpose of BALT is not completely known yet. It is also unclear if its formation is part of normal immune response or if it is pathologic and should be suppressed.
BALT is included in the efficient priming of adaptive B-cell and T-cell responses directed against airborne antigens. It needs dendritic cells to its maintenance and function. Inducible BALT is formed after infection, e.g. influenza, and peak in size between 1 and 2 weeks after infection and diminish thereafter. Immune responses initiated in iBALT are delayed relative to the immune response in the draining lymph nodes, owing to the time it takes to form iBALT. However, in chronic disease iBALT may be a component of the pathology. BALT can be induced even in fetal lungs after chorioamnionitis or intrauterine pneumonia. Also there is an evidence that cigarette smoke can induce formation of BALT in humans and rats. BALT can also occur after other stimuli, e.g. inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune lung disease or mechanic damage by dust particles.
References
Immunology
Lymphatic tissue | Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue | [
"Biology"
] | 806 | [
"Immunology"
] |
54,397,496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyes%20of%20Things | Eyes of Things (EoT) is the name of a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement number 643924. The purpose of the project, which is funded under the Smart Cyber-physical systems topic, is to develop a generic hardware-software platform for embedded, efficient (i.e. battery-operated, wearable, mobile), computer vision, including deep learning inference.
On November 29, 2018, the European Space Agency announced that it was testing the suitability of the device for space applications in advance of a flight in a Cubesat.
Motivation
EoT is based on the following tenets:
Future embedded systems will have more intelligence and cognitive functionality. Vision is paramount to such intelligent capacity
Unlike other sensors, vision requires intensive processing. Power consumption must be optimized if vision is to be used in mobile and wearable applications
Cloud processing of edge-captured images is not sustainable. The sheer amount of visual data generated cannot be transferred to the cloud. Bandwidth is not sufficient and cloud servers cannot cope with it.
Partners
VISILAB group at University of Castilla–La Mancha (Coordinator)
Movidius
Awaiba
Thales Security Solutions & Systems
DFKI
Fluxguide
Evercam
nVISO
Awards
2019 Electronic Component and Systems Innovation Award by the European Commission
2018 HiPEAC Tech Transfer Award
2018 EC Innovation Radar - highlighting excellent innovations Award
2018 Internet of Things (IoT) Technology Research Award Pilot by Google
2016 Semifinalist "THE VISION SHOW STARTUP COMPETITION", Global Association for Vision Information, Boston US
See also
Wearable camera
Computer vision
Internet of Things
Embedded systems
Edge computing
References
Computer vision | Eyes of Things | [
"Engineering"
] | 335 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Packaging machinery",
"Computer vision"
] |
54,397,503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20engineering%20software | Power engineering software is a software used to create models, analyze or calculate the design of Power stations, Overhead power lines, Transmission towers, Electrical grids, Grounding and Lightning systems and others. It is a type of application software used for power engineering problems which are transformed into mathematical expressions.
History
The first software program for power engineering was created by the end of the 1960s for the purpose of monitoring power plants. In the following decades, Power engineering and Computer technologies developed very fast. Software programs were created to collect data for power plants. One of the first computer languages used in Nuclear plants and Thermal plants was C (programming language). The first power systems analysis program to feature a graphical user interface and IPSA was designed in the mid-1970s. Other platforms for electrical power modelling were created by the end of the 1980s. Currently, the programming language Python, commonly used in French Nuclear plants, is used to write energy-efficient algorithms and software programs.
Classification
Power Plants Analysis Software
The early 2000s saw the rapid development of analytical programming and 3D modeling. Software products were being created for designing power plants and their elements and connections. The programs were based on mathematical algorithms and computations. Power software such as IPSA, SKM, CYME, DINIS, PSS/E, DIgSILENT and ETAP are pioneers in the category of power engineering software. Most of these products used MARKAL, ESME and other modelling methods. The transmission lines were designed according to minimum requirements set out in the SQSS (security and quality of supply standard). This also applies to other elements of the power systems. In the software world, many CAD software products for 2D and 3D electrical designs were developed.
Renewable Energy Controller Software
The controllers of Renewable energy used different software. The digital controllers are of different types: ADC, DAC, 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, and many others. To date, the controllers are mostly programmed with computer languages like: C, C++, Java and others.
Power Engineering Protection Software
Another kind of software is one for simulating security systems for power systems and power plants. Such software simulates the activation of the various types of protections, which protects the transformers, power lines and other components. It graphs the different characteristics of the protections. Mathematical models have been set for all components of the power engineering system. It is up to the user to choose what type of protection to put on the energy objects. Protections are also mathematically modeled when they are connected to power engineering objects. The parameters of the emergency are set and based on the mathematical model, all the calculations are performed to obtain the output graphs and results.
Software products
System Analysis
The software products are created to solve different problems and to make different analysis of the power engineering.
Grounding grid analysis
Power generation analysis
Transmission line analysis
Renewable energy analysis
Distribution system analysis
See also
Top ten rules for power plant condition monitoring
Power plants monitoring
Wind energy software
References
Julius Tou Software Engineering
J.R. McDonald, Stephen McArthur Intelligent knowledge based systems in electrical power engineering
Stephanie Hay, Anna Ferguson A Review of Power System Modelling Platforms and Capabilities, TNEI Services
Ana Cavalcanti, Augusto Sampaio, James Woodcock Refinement Techniques in Software Engineering: First Pernambuco Summer
Bjorklund, P., Pan, J., Yue, C., Srivastava, K., “A New Approach for Modelling Complex Power System Components in Different Simulation Tools”,
Innovation in Power, Control, and Optimization Emerging Energy Technologies Vasant, Pandian
Specific
Power engineering
Industrial software | Power engineering software | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 727 | [
"Energy engineering",
"Industrial software",
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Industrial computing"
] |
54,397,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forts%20of%20Metz | The forts of Metz are two fortified belts around the city of Metz in Lorraine. Built according to the design and theory of Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières at the end of the Second Empire—and later Hans von Biehler while Metz was under German control—they earned the city the reputation of premier stronghold of the German reich. These fortifications were particularly thorough given the city's strategic position between France and Germany. The detached forts and fortified groups of the Metz area were spared in World War I, but showed their full defensive potential in the Battle of Metz at the end of World War II.
Context
Before the invention of rifled artillery, the place de Metz was considered untakeable. In the 19th century, improvements in artillery forced French engineers to conceive a new defensive system around the stronghold of Metz, the first fortified belt. For this work marshal Adolphe Niel allocated a sum of twelve million gold francs, used for four detached advance forts, Saint-Quentin and Plappeville to the west, and the Fort de Saint-Julien and Fort de Queuleu to the east. This measure, conceived by colonel Séré de Rivières, was incomplete when war broke out in 1870.
After the Treaty of Frankfurt, the defenses of Metz were completed by German military engineers, who added seven more forts between 1871 et 1898. These forts, designed by Hans von Biehler, made up the first fortified belt of Metz. The purpose of this first belt was to hold attackers at a distance and keep them away, thus protecting the city from direct enemy fire. The forts could also assist troop maneuvers outside the fort by providing supporting fire.
Because of advances in artillery technology, between 1899 and 1916 the first belt was reinforced by a second, composed of nine fortification groups. Based on new concepts of defense, such as dispersion and dissimulation, the fortification groups were intended to constitute an uncrossable barrier to any attacking French forces. The fortifications of Metz were part of a larger program of fortifications called Moselstellung which fortresses scattered between, Thionville et Metz in the Moselle valley. The German objective was on the one hand to protect against a French attempt to retake Alsace-Lorraine from the German Empire, and on the other to form an advance post in French defenses capable of serving as a rear base to a German offensive.
For this major strategic point in the empire's defenses, the German command kept work going on the fortifications until World War I. Emperor Wilhelm II, who regularly came to Metz to inspect the construction, said on this subject:"Metz and its army corps constitute a cornerstone of the military might of Germany, destined to protect the peace of Germany, even of all of Europe, a peace I have the firm will to safeguard."
Within its walls Metz was then a vibrant German garrison town manned with Bavarians in cloth caps, Prussians and Saxons in pointed helmets and dark green uniforms, and Hessians in light green uniforms. The German garrison oscillated between 15,000 and 20,000 at the beginning of the period and reached 25,000 before the First World War. Many German officers belonging to the Prussian military aristocracy settled in Metz with their families, which explains the more than forty German generals born in Metz. Rotations brought some of the most famous names of the German army there, such as Goring, Ribbentrop or Guderian, and gave the German high command the conviction that this stronghold, thought to be untakeable, was unquestionably German. At the onset of World War I Metz was considered one of the most formidable strongholds in the world. Paradoxically, the city was spared from combat.
These fortifications proved their defensive capabilities at the end of the Second World War. During the Battle of Metz the forts de Metz, despite the ravages of time, despite undermanning and a definite lack of weaponry, shielding and optical equipment, blocked a powerful army, much superior to the French Army of 1914.
Concept
The forts are generally composed of one or more casernes fortes (fortified barracks), surrounded by smaller blockhauses. Buried underground on three sides, they faced away from enemy fire and offered nothing to catch the eye beyond the façade, of dressed stone on the oldest forts, concrete on the newer. They generally had walls more than two meters thick covered with several meters of rammed-earth, after 1900 often reinforced by an additional one to two meters of concrete. Tunnels often link the structures to one another. The oldest forts are surrounded by large ditches, actually dry moats, whose depths reached a dozen meters deep in places. After 1914 these forts were often surrounded by a dense network of barbed wire and anti-tank spikes.
Forts of the first belt
Fort Saint-Privat (1870) / Fort Prinz August von Württemberg (1872-1875)
Fort de Queuleu (1867-1870) / Fort Goeben (1871-1890): southeast
Fort des Bordes (1870) / Fort von Zastrow (1874-1875): east, completely underground between the neighborhoods of and
Fort de Saint-Julien (1867-1870) / Fort Manteuffel (1871-1891)
Fort Gambetta / Fort Hindersin (1879-1881)
Fort Déroulède / Fort Kameke (1876-1879)
Fort Decaen / Fort Schwerin (1878-1880)
Fort de Plappeville (1867-1870) / Fort Alvensleben (1871-1891): southeast
Groupe fortifié du Saint-Quentin (1867-1870) / Feste Prinz Friedrich-Karl (1872-1892)
Fort Diou (1867-1870) / Ostfort (1872-1892)
Fort Girardin / Fort Mannstein (1872-1892)
Forts of the second belt
Group fortifications
de l’Aisne / Feste Wagner (1904-1912)
Driant / Feste Kronprinz (1899-1905)
François de Guise / Feste Leipzig (1907-1912)
Jeanne-d’Arc / Feste Kaiserin (1899-1905)
Lorraine / Feste Lothringen (1899-1905)
La Marne/ Feste Freiherr von der Goltz (1907-1916)
Verdun / Feste Graf Haeseler (1899-1905)
L'Yser / Feste Prinz Regent Luitpold (1907-1914)
Malroy (projet planned but not built)
Infantry works
Starting in 1905, no less than eleven secondary works were added to reinforce the defenses northwest of Metz:
*Sainte-Anne
Wolfsberg (Kellermann)
Moscou, Leipzig, Saint-Vincent were built between the groupes fortifiés Lothringen et Kaiserin. In front of Feste Lothringen, several other infantry works were built:
de Fèves,
d’Horimont I, II, III (Canrobert), d’Amanvillers and
de Vémont (Richepance). All these works have infantry casemates, and were surrounded by ditchwork and barbed wire.
To the southwest, the anticipated direction of French attack, no less than seven secondary works were built between 1912 and 1916, between the Feste Kaiserin et Kronprinz. Because of their vulnerability compared to the fortified groups of the second belt, these works were nicknamedThe Seven Dwarves by the GIs of the 3rd Army, during the battle of Metz in September to December 1944.
Ouvrage d'infanterie de Fèves / Infanterie-Werk Fèves northeast of Metz.
Ouvrage d'infanterie Champagne / Infanterie-Werk Mey (1907-1912) east of Forts Saint-Julien and des Bordes.
Ouvrage d’infanterie Lauvallière / Infanterie-Werk Belle-Croix (1908-1914) à l’est des forts Saint-Julien et Des Bordes.
Ouvrage d'infanterie de Chesny-nord / Infanterie-Werk Chesny (1907-1911), between the forts de la Marne et de l’Yser.
Chesny-sud / Infanterie-Werk Chesny (1907-1911) between the forts de la Marne et de l’Yser.
Bois-la-Dame / Infanterie-Werk Bois-la-Dame (1913-1916), entre Driant et Jeanne-d’Arc (Seven Dwarfs).
Marival / Infanterie-Werk Marival (1912-1916), entre Driant et Jeanne-d’Arc ( Seven Dwarfs ).
Point d’appui Vaux Sud (1912-1916), entre Driant et Jeanne-d’Arc ( Seven Dwarfs ).
Point d’appui Vaux Nord (1912-1916), entre Driant et Jeanne-d’Arc ( Seven Dwarfs ).
Point d’appui Jussy Sud (1912-1916), entre Driant et Jeanne-d’Arc ( Seven Dwarfs ).
Point d’appui Jussy Nord (1912-1916), entre Driant et Jeanne-d’Arc ( Seven Dwarfs ).
Point d’appui Saint-Hubert (1912-1916), entre Driant et Jeanne-d’Arc ( Seven Dwarfs ).
Point d’appui Kellermann / Wolfsberg-Stellung (1904-1906), east of groupe fortifié Lorraine.
Point d’appui des Carrières d’Amanvillers / Steinbruch-Stellung (1912-1916), northwest of groupe fortifié Lorraine.
Point d’appui Canrobert / Horimont-Stellung (1912-1916), au nord du groupe fortifié Lorraine.
Point d’appui Richepance / Batterie Vemont, au nord du groupe fortifié Lorraine.
Point d’appui de Moscou, between the groupes fortifiés Lorraine et Jeanne-d’Arc.
Point d’appui St-Vincent, between the groupes fortifiés Lorraine et Jeanne-d’Arc.
Point d’appui Leipzig, between the groupes fortifiés Lorraine et Jeanne-d’Arc.
Artillery works
Batteries of cannons on armored shields were built between the forts of the first and second fortified belts and east of the second belt:
batteries inside the first belt:
du Canal (1875-1877), à Montigny-lès-Metz
du Chêne, south of fort Déroulède
batteries de Plappeville, between fort de Plappeville and the fortifications of Saint-Quentin
du Sablon, between Fort Saint-Privat and Fort de Queuleu
de Queuleu, behind Fort de Queuleu
batteries inside the second belt
Sainte-Agathe, north of fort Déroulède and Gambetta
batterie de Montvaux, east of the François de Guise fortification group
batterie de Châtel, northeast of the groupe fortifié Jeanne-d’Arc
batterie d’Ars, east of groupe fortifié Driant
batterie de Crépy, south of fort de Queuleu
batterie des Veaux, north of groupe fortifié l’Yser
rabbit hole battery, east of forts Saint-Julien and Des Bordes.
To protect the front east of the second fortified belt, four artillery works were built between 1905 and 1909. From north to south, the Sainte-Barbe battery (1907-1909) monitored the Bouzonville road, the Silly battery (1905-1908) and the Mont battery (1905-1907) covered the Sarrebruck road, and the Sorbey battery (1905-1908) the road to Morhange.
batteries east of the second belt:
Sainte-Barbes / Batterie lemmersberg (1907-1909)
Silly / Batterie lemmersberg (1905-1908)
Mont /Batterie Mont (1905-1907)
Sorbey /Batterie Sorbey (1905-1908)
de Landremont
in addition to these advance forts, many barracks remain from this period, such as , , Colin, Desvallières, Dupuis, Féraudy, Lattre-de-Tassigny, Lizé, Raffenel, Reymond, Riberpray, Roques, Séré-de-Rivières, Serret, Steinmetz, and Thomassin as well as many military grounds in Metz and neighboring communities are all legacies of the military past of Metz.
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
Clayton Donnell, The German Fortress of Metz 1870-1944, Osprey Publishing, 2008.
Christian Dropsy, Les fortifications de Metz et Thionville, Brussels, 1995.
Alain Hohnadel, La bataille des Forts - Verdun face à Metz, 1995, .
Inge and Dieter Wernet, Die Feste Wagner, A.D.F.M., Helios-Verlag, Aachen, 2010.
Heye, Festung Metz. – Vierteljahreshefte für Pioniere, 1936, p215
Heye, Festung Metz und ihre Bedeutung in den August-Kämpfen 1914, Offizier-Bund, Berlin, 1937, 16, p. 36.
Heye, Fortifikator-Armierg. der Festung Metz, 1914, Vierteljahreshefte für Pioniere, 1937, 4, pp. 155–170.
Deutsche Reichsfestung Metz, sonst und jetzt, Militär-Wochenblatt, 60, 1875 pp. 1143–1150.
Geschwindhammer (capitaine), Études sur des travaux du génie militaire allemand à Metz. Les réseaux allemands télégraphiques et téléphoniques de la place de Metz. Sur quelques ouvrages allemands des fortifications de Metz., in Revue du Génie militaire, 1925.
Die Feste Metz Ueberall, number 38, Berlin, 1902.
Die Festung Metz, Illustrierte Zeitung, volume 55 p. 171
See also
Fortifications of Metz
Battle of Fort Driant
External links
Fortifications of Metz and of Thionville 1871 à 1939. (in French)
Fortifications de Metz (in French)
The forts southwest of Metz, 19 to 23 November 1944 (in French)
Metz
Séré de Rivières system
Fortification lines | Forts of Metz | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,978 | [
"Séré de Rivières system",
"Fortification lines"
] |
54,398,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20metabolic%20genes | Auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) are found in many bacteriophages but originated in bacterial cells. AMGs modulate host cell metabolism during infection so that the phage can replicate more efficiently. For instance, bacteriophages that infect the abundant marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (cyanophages) carry AMGs that have been acquired from their immediate host as well as more distantly-related bacteria. Cyanophage AMGs support a variety of functions including photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis and metabolism. AMGs also have broader ecological impacts beyond their host including their influence on biogeochemical cycling.
Classes
AMGs employ diverse functions including pathways not involved in metabolism despite what the name suggests. They are categorized in two classes based on their presence in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). AMGs do not encompass metabolic genes involved in typical viral functions, such as nucleotide and protein metabolism since their functions achieve direct viral reproduction, rather than augmenting host function to indirectly enhance it.
Class I
Class I AMGs encode for metabolism pathways in the cell and are found in KEGG. In particular, these genes are found in photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. psbA is almost a ubiquitous photosynthetic AMG for the photosystem Il reaction center D1 found in Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus cyanophages. Photosynthetic machinery for other reaction centers and electron transport are also found in many viruses infecting phototrophs. Phages encode for nearly all genes involved in carbon metabolism. In particular, viruses redirect host metabolism to increase dNTP biosynthesis for viral genome replication. glgA can induce starvation by converting glucose-6-phosphate to glycogen, forcing the host to compensate by deriving ribulose-5-phosphate from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate.
Class II
Class II AMGs encode for peripheral functions absent from the KEGG metabolic pathways. This includes genes typically involved in transport and assembly. Major representatives of this class are involved in balancing TCA cycle intermediates. Additionally, the acquisition of biogenic elements outside of carbon like phosphate, governed by pstS, are prevalent for this class. Confidence of AMG identification for Class II AMGs is reduced without a database for reference.
Abundance
Virus survival through inclusion of AMGs is governed by the laws of natural selection and has been made highly selective through co-evolution with their hosts. As such, the AMGs that confer a fitness advantage to the virus's ability to infect a host and reproduce will be more abundant. AMG abundance is largely dictated by the lifestyle of the virus, environmental conditions surrounding it, and host characteristics.
Lifestyle
Lytic and lysogenic viruses have different lifestyles which impact what AMGs they acquire. Lytic viruses tend to use AMGs to repurpose host cell metabolism and steal nutrients when in high cell density. Therefore, AMGs related to metabolism and transport are found more abundantly in lytic viruses. Lytic viruses also encompass a more diverse set of AMGs than lysogenic viruses, in part due to their larger host range and higher infection frequency. Temperate viruses, on the other hand, may employ AMGs to improve host fitness and virulence due to their often longer lifespan in the cell as a prophage. Gene density in these viruses is higher when compared to their lytic counterparts. Higher rates of HGT in lysogenic viruses allows for more AMG transfer but also lowers overall gene diversity.
Photosynthesis capacity has also been correlated to AMG diversity. Aphotic viral communities possess greater AMG diversity than those in the photic zone.
Environmental conditions
Pathways utilizing nutrients found in low concentrations in the local environment are generally found in higher abundance in the virus. In marine environments, AMGs can confer fitness advantages for both host and viruses under relatively nutrient-limited conditions compared to sediment and strong ultraviolet stress of water. In sunlit versus dark ocean waters, AMGs in distinct pathways are unequally distributed to reprogram host energy production and viral replication based on available nutrients. In sedimentary environments, carbon and sulfur metabolism AMGs are typically more prevalent to outcompete other organisms for the abundant resources.
Host factors
A virus's host range determines which host it can acquire AMGs from. Additionally, the abundance of a host surrounding a virus will affect its likelihood to acquire genes from the host. Virus populations increasingly occupy lytic lifestyles as bacterial production increases. The strong evolutionary connection between viruses and their hosts makes AMG acquisition mirror the host's own adaptation to its environment over time.
Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are the most abundant picocyanobacteria, accounting for up to 50% of primary production in the marine environment. As such, many AMGs characterized have been discovered in phages of these host systems.
Identification
DRAM-v is the standard for AMG annotation of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) identified as viruses. DRAM-v searches the following databases for AMGs that match the input MAGs: Pfam, KEGG, UniProt, CAZy, MEROPS, VOGDB, and NCBI Viral RefSeq. KEGG can then be referenced to classify annotated AMGs through VIBRANT.
Cellular contamination
Since AMGs originate in hosts, distinguishing host and viral genes is critical for their study. This is not easily achieved as cultivation of viral-host systems in a laboratory setting proves challenging if even possible. Additionally, filtering out cellular sequences before entry in bioinformatic pipelines is not possible with cellular gene transfer agents and membrane vesicles are unable to distinguish from viruses due to their many shared properties at this step of analysis. The extent to which they have contaminated existing viral databases is unknown. Some genes have distinctions between host and viral versions such as cyanophage photosynthesis easing the task of computational distinction. The most definitive way developed to determine gene origin has been identification of taxonomically informative genes colocalized on assembled contigs. ViromeQC can display contamination for the dataset overall and DRAM-v assigns a confidence score for the AMG being on a viral MAG. Viral identification is most popularly performed by VIBRANT, VirSorter2, DeepVirFinder, and CheckV.
Genomic context
AMGs are not randomly distributed throughout genomes. Current research is being done to determine the genes that most commonly surround specific AMGs. Hyperplastic regions including the region between genes g15-g18 has been classified as locales where multiple AMGs have been inserted. Possible AMG contexts can be divided into locally collinear blocks (LCBs), or homologous regions shared by multiple viruses without rearrangements. AMGs have been found in just one or up to 14 LCBs. Those found in more diverse contexts have also shown up in variable locales within the LCB.
Acquisition mechanisms
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from host to virus allows for AMGs to be acquired. Gene transfer from host eukaryotes to viruses occur about twice as frequently as virus to host gene transfers due to a higher number viral recipients than donors. The vast majority of gene transfer occurs in double-stranded DNA viruses since they have large and flexible genomes, co-evolution with eukaryotes, and wide host breadth. Additionally, unicellular hosts more commonly transfer genes.
Mechanisms of action
Transcriptional regulation
AMGs may influence gene expression by modulating the activity of transcription factors, which control the rate at which specific genes are transcribed into mRNA, thereby impacting the levels of corresponding proteins involved in metabolic pathways.
Enzyme modulation
Certain AMGs encode proteins that directly interact with enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. This interaction can either enhance or inhibit enzyme activity, leading to changes in the rate of metabolic flux through specific pathways.
Signaling pathways
AMGs may be integrated into cellular signaling pathways, influencing the transmission of signals related to energy status, nutrient availability, or stress. By modulating these signaling pathways, AMGs can indirectly regulate metabolic processes.
Ecological implications
Biogeochemical cycling
AMGs have a large impact on biogeochemical cycles in multiple environments through nutrient degradation, mineralization, transportation, assimilation, and transformation. By enhancing the metabolic capabilities of their hosts, bacteriophages contribute to the recycling of organic matter, influencing the availability of nutrients for other organisms in the ecosystem. Lytic viruses in particular have been shown to increase ammonium oxidation, nitric oxide reduction, nitrification, and denitrification to balance nutrient levels in nitrogen polluted environments. Nutrient-enriched wetlands contain AMGs related to sulfur transport and metabolism. AMG modification of host processes is another means other than the viral shunt by which viruses can directly impact biogeochemical cycles.
Community structure
The ability of AMGs modulating the metabolic capacities of their hosts can influence the abundance and distribution of specific microbial taxa. In turn, this shapes the overall composition of microbial communities, with potential cascading effects on higher trophic levels.
Adaptation to environment
AMGs play a crucial role in microbial adaptation to environmental changes. In extreme environments, AMGs can encode for alternate energy pathways such as subunits of dissimilatory sulfite reductase. The ability of viruses to confer new metabolic traits to their hosts enhances the resilience of microbial communities facing shifts in temperature, nutrient availability, or other environmental stressors. AMGs can also serve as a genetic pool in shaping the evolution of their hosts.
References
Genes
Virus
Metabolism | Auxiliary metabolic genes | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,994 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Cellular processes"
] |
54,398,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum%20%28artist%29 | Nahum (born in 1979 in Mexico City, Mexico) is an artist, musician, multi-instrumentalist, performer and artistic director who lives and works in Berlin, Germany. His work combines outer space technologies, illusionism, and hypnosis to create alternative and extreme perspectives of human experience.
He is also known under the names of Nahum Mantra and Nahum Romero Zamora.
Biography
Nahum "is the new generation of young professional artists creating new imaginaries that will infect the ideas of tomorrow that will make the future of space possible and is part of a movement in countries outside the major space-faring nations that is taking ownership of the space futures". Nahum is the first artist to receive the Young Space Leader Award; for his contributions to astronautics and space exploration.
Nahum is a fellow of the National System of Art Creators, National Endowment for Culture and Arts (FONCA) in Mexico and an associate artist at The Arts Catalyst, London. Nahum was the head curator of the Shunt Lounge in London. In 2015 he curated the Transitio_MX Biennial in Mexico City. He is the Founding Director of the KOSMICA Institute and chaired the Technical Activities Committee for the Cultural Use of Space (ITACCUS) at the International Astronaitical Federation (IAF).
Nahum has chaired the Committee on the Cultural Use of Space (ITACCUS) at the International Astronautical Federation based in Paris, France. This committee "seeks to promote and facilitate the innovative utilisation of space (data, systems, applications) by organisations in the cultural sectors of society internationally, including all areas of the arts and humanities, including the fine arts, entertainment, popular culture and tourism."
In 2014 Nahum was the first artist to receive the Young Space Leader Award by the International Astronautical Federation for his artistic and cultural contributions to space exploration. This award recognises exceptional young professionals that have demonstrated leadership in their academic or early careers. He joined the jury in 2016
His work has been exhibited internationally in venues including: Bonniers Konsthall (Stockholm); Institute of Contemporary Arts (UK); KSEVT (Slovenia); Polytechnic Museum (Moscow); Southbank Centre (London); Rubin Center for the Visual Arts (El Paso, USA); National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts (Taiwan); Laboratorio Arte Alameda, Mexico City (Mexico), Centro Nacional de las Artes (Mexico); Fonoteca Nacional de Mexico (Mexico).
Studies
In 2016 he graduated from the International Space University (ISU), where he completed the Space Studies Program at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel. Here he participated in the research study entitled aMARTE which was commissioned by NASA. "aMARTE reviewed the most recent discoveries on the Martian environment and evaluated the different implications thereof for human Mars exploration." Since 2015 Nahum is a visiting lecturer at ISU.
Nahum earned his Master in Arts at Goldsmiths College, University of London where he graduated with a distinction. During his studies in Goldsmiths, Nahum coursed the Music Pathway programme and joined the Goldsmiths Electronic Orchestra ensemble. He also studied a BS in Computer science at the Tecnologico de Monterrey in Mexico City.
Work
"While Nahum's investigations actively engage with the cosmos, his work also suggests a more down-to-earth and self-conscious undertone to humanity's quest to conquer the unknown: understanding ourselves and where we come from." "Nahum's work is less about extraterrestrial miracles or smoke and mirrors than it is about inviting the audience to peek behind the curtain. It hinges on the validity of magical ideas and of human ability, rather than blind faith."
The Contour of Presence (2018)
On 29 June 2018, Nahum launched with SpaceX an interactive artwork to the International Space Station. ¨The work is about the interconnectedness of all things, on a cosmic scale but also here on Earth; the interpretation of the unknown as part of what we don't see but what is inevitably part of the totality of our existence.¨ ¨This project is a collaboration between the International Space University, Space Applications Services and Nahum through a partnership with the European Space Agency.
Matters of Gravity (2015)
Nahum directed the arts and science project Matters of Gravity (La Gravedad de los Asuntos in Spanish). This project reflects on gravity by its absence and it was executed in a Zero Gravity flight mission at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre.
Two years of reflection and a few seconds in zero gravity were the origins of a series of artist works that have been completed in different gravity conditions such as 2Gs and weightlessness. The resulting artworks include video, performance, sculpture, drawing, and installation.
The participating artists include: Tania Candiani, Ale de la Puente, Ivan Puig, Arcángelo Constantini, Fabiola Torres-Alzaga, Gilberto Esparza, Juan José Díaz Infante, Nahum and Marcela Armas. The project included the participation of Mexican scientist Miguel Alcubierre and curators Rob La Frenais and Kerry Anne Doyle.
The Matters of Gravity exhibition has been touring internationally at museums that include: Laboratorio Arte Alameda in Mexico City (2015), Polytechnic Museum (VDNH), Moscow (2015), Kapelica Gallery, Ljublijana, and KSEVT, Vitanje, Slovenia (2015), Rubin Center of Visual Arts, University of Texas, El Paso (2015) and the Museu de Arte de Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico (2016).
Performance work and hypnosis
On his series of performances entitled Voyage, he applies hypnosis on the audience to create false memories about impossible journeys. ¨Nahum guides us through many visions in our own minds, as our eyes are closed. He triggers in us intense memories and visions that might be too much for some, creating the theatre in our minds to come alive.¨
In his performance Voyage: A Session for Remembering, Nahum gives to the participants a memory about walking on the Moon and experience observing the Earth from afar. During his performance Voyage: Exoplanet performed at André Breton’s house in Saint-Cirque Lapopie, France, the audience traveled to an unknown planet via hypnosis. In 2016 Nahum was invited to design a workshop and hypnosis based performance for the Insomnia exhibition at the Bonniers Konsthall in Stockholm. In 2017 he was commissioned by the Live Art Development Agency and Performance Magazine to perform Voyage: 1979. In this performance, Nahum responded to and re-contextualise the magazine for the 21st century through video and a hypnosis performance.
KOSMICA
In 2011 Nahum founded KOSMICA, an institute that encourages and promotes creative and critical discourses about the alternative, cultural and artistic uses of outer space. KOSMICA started as a series of international encounters within the spheres of art, science and outer space exploration supported by its initial partner, the Arts Catalyst in London. "Each KOSMICA session is unique: bringing together the cosmically curious and culturally quirky space community for a social mix of art–space programmes – a film screening, performance or live concert with a short presentation, talk and debate about alternative and cultural uses of space."
KOSMICA has organised over 20 events and festivals and has featured over 150 space artists, cultural practitioners and space professionals in the UK, France, Belgium, Mexico, Germany and Canada. Some KOSMICA curations include topics such as Women in Space, Astroculture, War and Peace, amongst others.
Some KOSMICA participants have included Kevin Fong, Tomás Saraceno, Ariel Guzik, Aleksandra Mir, Empress Stah, Yuri Suzuki, Honor Harger, Roger Malina, Marko Peljhan, Nelly Ben Hayoun, Katie Paterson, Agnes Meyer-Brandis, Kapwani Kiwanga, Bompas & Parr, Frederik De Wilde, Nicola Triscott, Anais Toneur, Carey Young, Christopher Riley, Dragan Živadinov, Sarah Jane Pell and Tania Candiani. "KOSMICA created an open, affable environment where the topics ranged from philosophy to the social importance of Star Trek."
Music
Nahum is a composer and multi-instrumentalist. He is widely known to play the Theremin, an electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact. Nahum has performed with Peter Theremin, the great-grandson of Leon Theremin. He earned an MA Music Pathway from Goldsmiths College, University of London where he joined the Goldsmiths Electronic Orchestra.
Orchestra Elastique
Nahum is a founding member of Orchestra Elastique, an international music improvisation collective. Formed during a residency at the Shunt Vaults in April 2010, Orchestra Elastique comprises a group of performers and multi-instrumentalists. The core members of Orchestra Elastique are Joris Beets, Antoine Gilleron, Bruno Humberto, Nahum, Philippe Lenzini and Tristan Shorr. Regular collaborators include Steph Patten (cello), Fiona Bevan (vocals, violin) and Larry Achiampong (bass, vocals) among others.
¨Orchestra Elastique is dedicated to testing the possibilities of improvised music and live scoring with a touch of psychedelia, avant classical, drone, ambient, electro-acoustic, minimalistic, krautrock amongst other yet unknown genres. The ongoing motif of the collective is to face music as a playground, as a sensorial and enduring physical engaged performance to explore mental spaces of communion through sound. In this live exploration we take from a broad palette of instruments, styles and traditions of music and sound making. Each concert is an occasion to embark on a fresh exploration of music; a one-off experience shared between performers and audience members. The music that we create evolves in unexpected formations by multiplying and testing the possibilities that reside in live acts and making visceral sonic landscapes that in old times would have been forbidden and punished by the inquisition.¨
¨Orchestra Elastique regularly play at Café Oto, The Vortex and the Servant Jazz Quarters in London, and in April 2014 they represented the UK with jazz legend Dave Holland at the International Arts Festival FIA in San Jose, Costa Rica.¨ Their discography includes the soundtrack for a "Fallible Girl" and original albums "My Father Was A Fakir" and "London Live Sessions 1".
Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions
2016, Matters of Gravity, Museo de Arte de Zapopan, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
2016, Evocations of a Forgotten Voyage, Nora Sotres Gallery, Mexico City, Mexico
2016, Evocations of a Forgotten Voyage, Visual Voice Gallery, Montreal, Canada
2015, Matters of Gravity, Rubin Center, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, US
2015, Matters of Gravity, KSEVT, Vitanje, Slovenia
2015, Matters of Gravity, Kapelica Gallery, Ljubljana, Slovenia
2015, Matters of Gravity, Polytechnic Museum – VDNH, Moscow, Russia
2015, Matters of Gravity, Laboratorio Arte Alameda, Mexico City, Mexico
2012, Big Bang Calling, Laboratorio Arte Alameda, Mexico City, Mexico
Group exhibitions
2017, ISEA, Inter-Society for the Electronic Arts, Manizales Fairs and Exhibitions Center (Expoferias), Manizales, Colombia
2017, No Such Thing As Gravity, NTMoFA, Taiwan National Museum of Fine Arts, Taichung, Taiwan
2016 Drifting away from Earth: A dream laboratory, Bonniers Konsthall, Stockholm, Sweden
2015 Polytech.Science.Art, Garage Museum, Moscow, Russia
2014 Murmurs on the Skies, Artes y Medios – Galeria AB, Mexico City, Mexico
2013 The Clipperton Project, Museo Diego Rivera Anahuaccalli, Mexico City, Mexico
2009 The Future of Sound, Arnolfini, Bristol, UK
Performances
2017, Voyage: A Session for Remembering, ART25, Berlin
2017, Voyage: A Session for Remembering, Kampnagel – Performance Studies international Conference #23, Hamburg, Germany
2017, Voyage: 1979, British Library, Performance Magazine Launch, London UK
2017, Magic for Dissidence, NTMoFA, Taiwan National Museum of Fine Arts, Taichung, Taiwan
2016, Voyage: A session for Remembering, part of No Such Thing As Gravity, FACT (Foundation for Art and Creative Technology), Liverpool, UK
2016, Voyage: A session for Remembering, McGill Observatory, Montreal, Canada
2015, Murmurs on the Sky, El Ingenio, San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
2015, Evocations of a Forgotten Voyage, Aether – University of the Arts London, Londond, UK
2015, Can Science be a Story of believing in Magic?, Garage Museum, Moscow, Russia
2015, Evocations of a Forgotten Voyage, Museo de Arte de Zapopan, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
2013, Murmurs on the Sky, GV Art London, London UK
2013, Can Science be a Story of believing in Magic?, Obro, Montreal, Canada
2013, Science and RE-Enchantment, Obro, Montreal, Canada
2013, A Case for Levania, KOSMICA, Laboratorio Arte Alameda, Mexico City, Mexico
2012, The Magical Ideas Behind Space Exploration, Cosmonauts Late – Science Museum London, London, UK
2009, Let's Murder the Moonshine: 100 Years of Futurism, George Wood Theatre, London, UK
References
See also
Herman Potočnik Noordung Center of Space Technologies
External links
KOSMICA Institute Webpage
Space artists
Mexican contemporary artists
Mexican performance artists
Mexican art directors
Living people
Mexican jazz musicians
1979 births
21st-century Mexican artists
21st-century Mexican musicians
21st-century German male musicians | Nahum (artist) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 2,856 | [
"Space artists",
"Space art"
] |
54,400,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimitron | The Assimitron was a Japanese device uses to measure fluctuating levels at crop canopies. Led by E. Inoue at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Tsukuba, Japan, the device itself was an offshoot of an earlier Australian invention, the Evapotron that first found mention in a 1958 article in the journal Nature. The Evaporimeter, as it was first called, was used to measure the evaporations from natural surfaces. As for the Assimitron, it “instantaneously” performed “the necessary calculations for determining water vapour flux by correlation of humidity fluctuations with vertical wind fluctuations.”. Such calculations required the use of a complex centralized computer to process the enormous quantities of data. Part of this stemmed from the need to perform two different equations to deal with turbulent and low flows, depending on whether it was a windy or sunny day.
See also
Phytotron
References
External links
The Assimitron at World of Trons
David P.D. Munns, Engineering the Environment: Phytotrons and the Quest to Control Climate in the Cold War (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017).
Environmental science
Atmospheric chemistry | Assimitron | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 239 | [
"nan"
] |
54,400,853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20L.%20Verdine | Gregory L. Verdine (born June 10, 1959) is an American chemical biologist, biotech entrepreneur, venture capitalist and university professor. He is a founder of the field of chemical biology, which deals with the application of chemical techniques to biological systems. His work has focused on mechanisms of DNA repair and cell penetrability.
Verdine is the co-inventor with Christian Schafmeister of stapled peptides, a new class of drugs that combines the versatile binding properties of monoclonal antibodies with the cell-penetrating ability of small molecules. Verdine coined the term "drugging the undruggable" to describe the unique capabilities of stapled peptides. A close analog of a stapled peptide drug invented in the Verdine Lab, sulanemadlin (ALRN-6924), is a first-in-class dual MDM2/MDMX inhibitor currently in Phase II clinical development by Aileron Therapeutics, which he co-founded in 2005. FogPharma, founded in 2016, aims to further develop stapled peptide technology for therapeutic use.
He has founded numerous other drug discovery companies, including six that are listed on the NASDAQ. His companies have succeeded in developing two FDA-approved drugs, romidepsin and paritaprevir, which are, respectively, an anticancer agent used in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and other peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs), and an acylsulfonamide inhibitor that is used to treat chronic hepatitis C.
Education and training
Verdine received a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from Saint Joseph's University and a PhD in Chemistry from Columbia University, working under Koji Nakanishi and Maria Tomasz. He held an NIH postdoctoral fellowship in molecular biology at MIT and Harvard Medical School, and joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1988.
Academic career
Over the course of his academic career at Harvard University and the Harvard Medical School, Verdine has elucidated the molecular mechanism of epigenetic DNA methylation and pathways by which certain genotoxic forms of DNA damage are surveilled in and eradicated from the genome. As a professor, Verdine introduced biological principles into organic chemistry courses and helped found two fields of science that meld basic research and new medicines discovery: chemical biology, which enlists chemistry to answer biological questions; and new modalities, which works to discover and develop novel structural classes of therapeutics.
He has served as the Erving Professor of Chemistry in the Departments of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University since 1988. In 2013, he stepped down from his tenured professorship at Harvard, taking a leave of absence in order to focus full-time on steering Warp Drive Bio as CEO while continuing to run his eponymous Verdine Laboratory at the Harvard University Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology. The laboratory focused on research based in chemical biology, including synthetic biologics and genomic research,. He has since transitioned to a 'professor of the practice' position at Harvard.
Research
In his academic research, Verdine made fundamental discoveries about how organisms manage their genomes: how they tag specific cell types and conduct search-and-destroy operations for cancer-causing abnormalities. Verdine has published more than 190 academic articles. In 2005, Verdine and Anirban Banerjee published research in crystallography showing how enzymes could be used to fix flawed DNA. In 2013, Verdine received a research grant to study cell-penetrating miniproteins in order to target cancer cells. His work has led to the FDA approval of the drugs romidepsin and paritaprevir.
Verdine is also the inventor of stapled peptide technology, which stabilizes peptides intended for therapeutic use by introducing an all-hydrocarbon “staple” into the peptide’s linear backbone. These “stapled” peptides have a higher affinity for their targets, enter cells more easily and are less readily degraded.
Biotechnology
Companies
To translate his discoveries into therapeutics, Verdine has founded or co-founded numerous public biotech companies including Variagenics, Enanta, Eleven Bio, Tokai, Wave Life Sciences, and Aileron. He also founded the private company Gloucester Pharmaceuticals, which was acquired by Celgene in 2009. His companies share the mission of developing molecules intended to target “hard-to-drug” endogenous targets that have remained out of reach of modern cell-penetration technologies.
FogPharma
In 2016, Verdine co-founded FogPharma with Sir David Lane to develop next-generation stapled peptides, Cell-Penetrating Miniproteins (CPMPs), a broad new class of medicines that aim to combine the cell-penetrating abilities of small molecules with the strong target engagement of biologics.
LifeMine
Founded alongside FogPharma in 2016, LifeMine seeks to discover, characterize, and translate into medicine bioactive compounds in fungal genomes.
Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute
Founded in 2013, the nonprofit Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute to study marine genomes for potential therapeutic compounds and to advance fisheries science. He is also the founder and director of the Gloucester Biotechnology Academy, which is providing technical training in the life science industry to high school graduates in Gloucester, MA, USA.
Warp Drive Bio
In 2012, Verdine founded Warp Drive Bio with cofounders George Church and James Wells. The company maps the genomes of soil-dwelling microbes in the search for potential treatments for drug-resistant ailments. In 2013, Verdine became full-time CEO of Warp Drive Bio, then handed the CEO position to Lawrence Reid in 2016 in order to found two new startups, FogPharma and LifeMine.
Wave Life Sciences
Verdine is the Chairman of the Board of Wave Life Sciences, which uses synthetic chemistry to develop nucleic acid therapeutic candidates.
Venture capital
Verdine has worked in the venture capital industry as a Venture Partner with Apple Tree Partners, Third Rock Ventures, and WuXi Healthcare Ventures, and as a Special Advisor to Texas Pacific Group.
Scientific consultation
Verdine is a member of both the Board of Scientific Consultants of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the Board of Scientific Advisors of the National Cancer Institute, Advisory Board at Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation, and the Board of Reviewers at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Recent recognition
2019 - Honorary Doctor of Science Degree, Clarkson University
2019 - Herman S. Bloch Award for Scientific Excellence in Industry, University of Chicago
2011 - American Association for Cancer Research Award for Excellence in Chemistry in Cancer Research
2007 - Nobel Laureate Signature Award for Graduate Education in Chemistry, with Anirban Banerjee
2005 - Royal Society of Chemistry Nucleic Acid Award Lecture, Responses to DNA Damage conference
References
1959 births
Living people
21st-century American chemists
Harvard Medical School faculty
People from Somers Point, New Jersey
Saint Joseph's University alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Chemical biology | Gregory L. Verdine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,426 | [
"Chemical biology",
"nan"
] |
54,400,973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansitz | An Ansitz is a small residence designed for the lower nobility of the Germanic Alpine region.
History
The concept of Ansitz dates back to the end of the Middle Ages up to the 19th century. Unlike castles, they were hardly fortified. They arose when medieval fortifications had lost their military purpose. Residences were designed mainly for the comfortable and prestigious living of their owners. An Ansitz was often extremely ornate in design and furnished to denote the status of its owner.
The application of the word Ansitz to refer to a noble residence is hardly used today outside South Tyrol, Bavaria, and Austria. As of 2008, there are 200 Ansitze remaining in Austria.
References
Buildings and structures by type
Country houses
House types
Houses in Austria
Houses in Italy
Manor houses in Germany | Ansitz | [
"Engineering"
] | 157 | [
"Buildings and structures by type",
"Architecture"
] |
55,968,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversational%20user%20interface | A conversational user interface (CUI) is a user interface for computers that emulates a conversation with a real human. Historically, computers have relied on text-based user interfaces and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) (such as the user pressing a "back" button) to translate the user's desired action into commands the computer understands. While an effective mechanism of completing computing actions, there is a learning curve for the user associated with GUI. Instead, CUIs provide opportunity for the user to communicate with the computer in their natural language rather than in a syntax specific commands.
To do this, conversational interfaces use natural language processing (NLP) to allow computers to understand, analyze, and create meaning from human language. Unlike word processors, NLP considers the structure of human language (i.e., words make phrases; phrases make sentences which convey the idea or intent the user is trying to invoke). The ambiguous nature of human language makes it difficult for a machine to always correctly interpret the user's requests, which is why we have seen a shift toward natural-language understanding (NLU).
NLU allows for sentiment analysis and conversational searches which allows a line of questioning to continue, with the context carried throughout the conversation. NLU allows conversational interfaces to handle unstructured inputs that the human brain is able to understand such as spelling mistakes of follow-up questions. For example, through leveraging NLU, a user could first ask for the population of the United States. If the user then asks "Who is the president?", the search will carry forward the context of the United States and provide the appropriate response.
Conversational interfaces have emerged as a tool for businesses to efficiently provide consumers with relevant information, in a cost-effective manner. CUI provide ease of access to relevant, contextual information to the end user without the complexities and learning curve typically associated with technology.
While there are a variety of interface brands, to date, there are two main categories of conversational interfaces; voice assistants and chatbots.
Voice-based interfaces
A voice user interface allows a user to complete an action by speaking a command. Introduced in October 2011, Apple's Siri was one of the first voice assistants widely adopted. Siri allowed users of iPhone to get information and complete actions on their device simply by asking Siri. In the later years, Siri was integrated with Apple's HomePod devices.
Further development has continued since Siri's introduction to include home based devices such as Google Home or Amazon Echo (powered by Alexa) that allow users to "connect" their homes through a series of smart devices to further the options of tangible actions they can complete. Users can now turn off the lights, set reminders and call their friends all with a verbal queue.
These conversational interfaces that utilize a voice assistant have become a popular way for businesses to interact with their customers as the interface removes some friction in a customer journey. Customers no longer need to remember a long list of usernames and passwords to their various accounts; they simply link each account to Google or Amazon once, and gone are the days where you needed to wait on hold for an hour to ask a simple question.
Text-based interfaces
A chatbot is a web- or mobile-based interface that allows the user to ask questions and retrieve information. This information can be generic in nature such as the Google Assistant chat window that allows for internet searches, or it can be a specific brand or service which allows the user to gain information about the status of their various accounts. Their backend systems work in the same manner as a voice assistant, with the front end utilizing a visual interface to convey information. This visual interface can be beneficial for companies that need to do more complex business transactions with customers, as instructions, deep links and graphics can all be utilized to convey an answer. The complexity to which a chatbot answers questions depends on the development of the back end. Chatbots with hard-coded answers has a smaller base on information and corresponding skills. Chatbots that leverage machine learning will continue to grow and develop larger content bases for more complex responses.
More frequently, companies are leveraging chatbots as a way to offload simple questions and transactions from human agents. These chatbots provide the option to assist a user, but then directly transfer the customer to a live agent within the same chat window if the conversation becomes too complex, this feature is called Human Handover, chatbot platforms like BotPenguin and other platform offers such features in their chatbots. Chatbots have evolved and have come a long way since their inception. Modern day chatbots have personas which make them sound more human-like.
See also
User interface
User interface design
Artificial conversational entity
Natural-language user interface
Voice user interface
References
Human–computer interaction
Natural language processing | Conversational user interface | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 984 | [
"Human–computer interaction",
"Natural language processing",
"Natural language and computing",
"Human–machine interaction"
] |
55,970,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phakopsora%20euvitis | Phakopsora euvitis is a rust fungus that causes disease of grape leaves. This rust fungus has been seen in regions including: Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Southwestern Brazil, the Americas, and northern Australia. It is widely distributed in eastern and southern Asia but was first discovered on grapevines in Darwin, Australia in 2001 and was identified as Asian grapevine leaf rust by July 2007.
Hosts and symptoms
The host range of P. euvitis includes the plant species Meliosma species (Meliosmaceae) and Vitis species (Vitaceae).
Meliosma species (Meliosmaceae)
The symptoms of P. euvitis consist of pale yellowish lesions on the surface of leaves on Meliosma spp. leaves.
Signs include the observed on the underside of the leaf, which are tiny orange-brown dots that are actually spermagonia. Over time, they all eventually turn to a blackish color and undergo plasmogamy, developing into aecium. The aecium formed can be observed on the underside of the leaves as a yellow, orange-colored dome-shaped structure.
Vitis species (Vitaceae)
Symptoms include powdery orange masses on the lower surface of leaves. They often mature into a long columnar shape retaining the same color. The uredinial-telial stages of P. euvitis causes chlorotic and necrotic lesions ranging in shapes and sizes on the upper surface of leaves.
Signs can be seen to those corresponding to areas on the lower surface of the leaves that have densely packaged pustules containing yellow, orange spores. Premature defoliation and dormancy of the telia can occur. In the case of dormancy, telia are formed after uredinia characterized as crust-like and an orange-brown color that form around uredinia or separately from them that eventually become a dark brown-blackish color.
Disease cycle
Phakopsora euvitis is able to persist year-round by the production of urediniospores and infection of Vitis plants. If the alternate host M. myriantha is not present, the uredinia of P. euvitis will only be present.
This disease cycle includes the alternate host.
Teliospores on the grapevines germinate and produce thin-walled basidiospores that are carried by wind or other methods of dispersal to leaves or parts of the plant tissues of M. myriantha (alternate host). After 7–15 days the basidiospores will produce spermagonia. Production of asexual spores in aecia will also occur on the surfaces of the leaves after another 7–14 days. Those aecia will then produce aeciospores. The aeciospores are dispersed to Vitis spp., which is the telial host of this rust fungus. Infected grape leaves give rise to uredinia and disperse urediniospores, usually by wind, back to the aecial host M. myriantha. Later in the season teleia develop near uredinia on the leaf. This allows for the fungus to overwinter as telia, or in some regions persist solely in the uredinial state without a need for an alternate host. Mycelium may survive unfavorable conditions in dormant buds that can lead to future infection cycles.
Management
Australia was the first country to take action and spread awareness of P. euvitis and placed this rust fungus on their Northern Australian Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) list of targeted plant pathogens. They also implemented a public awareness campaign, specifically in Northern Australia, that-in turn- created additional reports on the extent of this rust. Eradication efforts began in 2001 by the means of chemical control and breeding host resistant plants. For the chemical management side eight fungicides tested to observe which had the greatest impact on P. euvitis. Propiconazole, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin that, provided the most significant reduction in disease incidence. As for host resistance, 15 genotypes were tested for resistance against P. euvitis. Rookstock cultivars were the most resistant exhibiting a hypersensitive response to infection and yielding low numbers of small uredinia.
References
Pucciniales
Fungal grape diseases
Fungus species | Phakopsora euvitis | [
"Biology"
] | 889 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
55,971,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20China%20bolide | On October 4, 2017 around 8:07 PM local time, an extremely bright meteoroid fell over the northern Yunnan province of China, reaching maximum brightness roughly above the ground. The 8-second superbolide was widely recorded, as it fell in the late evening on the Mid-Autumn Festival, a fairly popular festival in China.
Overview
Based on its incoming velocity of and energy, the original asteroid was likely between across, slightly smaller than the 2015 Thailand bolide, which fell about 2 years previously, several hundred miles to the south.
This is the largest recorded meteor to fall over China since the 2000 bolide, which radiated about of energy compared to the 2017 event's . While it was only the 5th most energetic impact event of 2017, it was the largest one to occur over land, and a populated area no less.
References
2017 in China
Modern Earth impact events
Meteoroids
2017 in outer space
October 2017 events in China
21st-century astronomical events | 2017 China bolide | [
"Astronomy"
] | 193 | [
"Astronomical events",
"21st-century astronomical events"
] |
55,971,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204523 | NGC 4523 is a Magellanic spiral galaxy located about 35 to 50 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 19, 1865. NGC 4523 is a member of the Virgo Cluster. A distance of (13 ± 2 Mpc) for NGC 4523 was derived from using yellow supergiants in the galaxy as standard candles.
On December 23, 1999, a Type II supernova designated as SN 1999gq was detected in NGC 4523.
See also
NGC 4571
References
External links
Intermediate spiral galaxies
Virgo Cluster
Coma Berenices
4523
041746
07713
Astronomical objects discovered in 1865
Discoveries by Heinrich Louis d'Arrest
Magellanic spiral galaxies | NGC 4523 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 155 | [
"Coma Berenices",
"Constellations"
] |
55,972,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwolfach%20problem | In mathematics, the Oberwolfach problem is an open problem that may be formulated either as a problem of scheduling seating assignments for diners,
or more abstractly as a problem in graph theory, on the edge cycle covers of complete graphs. It is named after the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics, where the problem was posed in 1967 by Gerhard Ringel. It is known to be true for all sufficiently-large complete graphs.
Formulation
In conferences held at Oberwolfach, it is the custom for the participants to dine together in a room with circular tables, not all the same size, and with assigned seating that rearranges the participants from meal to meal. The Oberwolfach problem asks how to make a seating chart for a given set of tables so that all tables are full at each meal and all pairs of conference participants are seated next to each other exactly once. An instance of the problem can be denoted as where are the given table sizes. Alternatively, when some table sizes are repeated, they may be denoted using exponential notation; for instance, describes an instance with three tables of size five.
Formulated as a problem in graph theory, the pairs of people sitting next to each other at a single meal can be represented as a disjoint union of cycle graphs of the specified lengths, with one cycle for each of the dining tables. This union of cycles is a graph, and every graph has this form. If is this graph and has vertices, the question is whether the complete graph of order can be represented as an edge-disjoint union of copies of .
In order for a solution to exist, the total number of conference participants (or equivalently, the total capacity of the tables, or the total number of vertices of the given cycle graphs) must be an odd number. For, at each meal, each participant sits next to two neighbors, so the total number of neighbors of each participant must be even, and this is only possible when the total number of participants is odd. The problem has, however, also been extended to even values of by asking, for those , whether all of the edges of the complete graph except for a perfect matching can be covered by copies of the given graph. Like the ménage problem (a different mathematical problem involving seating arrangements of diners and tables), this variant of the problem can be formulated by supposing that the diners are arranged into married couples, and that the seating arrangements should place each diner next to each other diner except their own spouse exactly once.
Known results
The only instances of the Oberwolfach problem that are known not to be solvable are , , , and . It is widely believed that all other instances have a solution.
This conjecture is supported by recent non-constructive and asymptotic solutions for large complete graphs of order greater than a lower bound that is however unquantified.
Cases for which a constructive solution is known include:
All instances except and .
All instances in which all of the cycles have even length.
All instances (other than the known exceptions) with .
All instances for certain choices of , belonging to infinite subsets of the natural numbers.
All instances other than the known exceptions and .
Related problems
Kirkman's schoolgirl problem, of grouping fifteen schoolgirls into rows of three in seven different ways so that each pair of girls appears once in each triple, is a special case of the Oberwolfach problem, . The problem of Hamiltonian decomposition of a complete graph is another special case, .
Alspach's conjecture, on the decomposition of a complete graph into cycles of given sizes, is related to the Oberwolfach problem, but neither is a special case of the other.
If is a graph with vertices, formed from a disjoint union of cycles of certain lengths, then a solution to the Oberwolfach problem for would also provide a decomposition of the complete graph into copies of each of the cycles of . However, not every decomposition of into this many cycles of each size can be grouped into disjoint cycles that form copies of , and on the other hand not every instance of Alspach's conjecture involves sets of cycles that have copies of each cycle.
References
Mathematical problems
Unsolved problems in graph theory | Oberwolfach problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 879 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Mathematical problems",
"Unsolved problems in graph theory"
] |
55,972,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201019 | NGC 1019 is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 316 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Cetus. It was discovered by French astronomer Édouard Stephan on December 1, 1880 with the 31" reflecting telescope at the Marseille Observatory.
NGC 1019 is classified as Type I Seyfert galaxy. Its nuclei is surrounded by tight rings or annuli of star formation, and the rings contain compact, young star clusters.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
SEDS
Barred spiral galaxies
Cetus
1019
10006
Astronomical objects discovered in 1880
Discoveries by Édouard Stephan | NGC 1019 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 123 | [
"Cetus",
"Constellations"
] |
55,973,234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201426 | NGC 1426 is an elliptical galaxy approximately 59 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Eridanus. It was discovered by William Herschel in December 9, 1784.
NGC 1426 is a member of the Eridanus Cluster.
See also
Elliptical galaxy
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
Eridanus (constellation)
References
External links
SEDS
Elliptical galaxies
Eridanus (constellation)
1426
13638
Astronomical objects discovered in 1784
Discoveries by William Herschel
Eridanus Group | NGC 1426 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 103 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
55,974,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20major%20snow%20and%20ice%20events%20in%20the%20United%20States | The following is a list of major snow and ice events in the United States that have caused noteworthy damage and destruction in their wake. The categories presented below are not used to measure the strength of a storm, but are rather indicators of how severely the snowfall affected the population in the storm's path. Some information such as snowfall amounts or lowest pressure may be unavailable due to a lack of documentation. Winter storms can produce both ice and snow, but are usually more notable in one of these two categories. The "Maximum accumulation" sections reflect the more notable category which is represented in inches of snow unless otherwise stated. Only category 1 and higher storms as defined by their regional snowfall index are included here.
Note: A blizzard is defined as having sustained winds of at least 35 mph for three hours or more.
Seasonal summaries
The following is a table that shows North American winter season summaries dating back to 2009. While there is no well-agreed-upon date used to indicate the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere, there are two definitions of winter which may be used. The first is astronomical winter, which has the season starting on a date known as the winter solstice, often on or around December 21. The season lasts until the spring equinox, which often occurs on or around March 20. The second has to do with meteorological winter which varies with latitude for a start date. Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures. Since both definitions span the start of the calendar year, it is possible to have a winter storm occur two different years.
18th–19th century
20th century
21st century
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
List of blizzards
List of Regional Snowfall Index Category 5 winter storms
List of Regional Snowfall Index Category 4 winter storms
List of Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale winter storms
Winter storm naming in the United States
Notes
References
Blizzards in the United States
Lists of disasters in the United States
Winter weather events in the United States
Weather-related lists | List of major snow and ice events in the United States | [
"Physics"
] | 403 | [
"Weather",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather-related lists"
] |
55,974,779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading-one%20detector | A leading-one detector (LOD) is an electronic circuit commonly found in central processing units and especially their arithmetic logic units (ALUs). It is used to detect whether the leading bit in a computer word is 1 or 0, especially for floating point operations and binary logarithms.
Reference
Binary arithmetic | Leading-one detector | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 65 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Arithmetic",
"Binary arithmetic"
] |
55,974,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoacoustic%20microscopy | Photoacoustic microscopy is an imaging method based on the photoacoustic effect and is a subset of photoacoustic tomography. Photoacoustic microscopy takes advantage of the local temperature rise that occurs as a result of light absorption in tissue. Using a nanosecond pulsed laser beam, tissues undergo thermoelastic expansion, resulting in the release of a wide-band acoustic wave that can be detected using a high-frequency ultrasound transducer. Since ultrasonic scattering in tissue is weaker than optical scattering, photoacoustic microscopy is capable of achieving high-resolution images at greater depths than conventional microscopy methods. Furthermore, photoacoustic microscopy is especially useful in the field of biomedical imaging due to its scalability. By adjusting the optical and acoustic foci, lateral resolution may be optimized for the desired imaging depth.
Photoacoustic signal
The goal of photoacoustic microscopy is to find the local pressure rise , which can be used to calculate the absorption coefficient according to the formula:
where is the percentage of light converted to heat, is the local optical fluence (J/cm2), and the dimensionless Gruneisen parameter is defined as:
where is the thermal coefficient of volume expansion (K−1), is the isothermal compressibility (Pa−1), and is the density (kg/m3).
Following the initial pressure rise, a photoacoustic wave propagates at the speed of sound within the medium and can be detected with an ultrasound transducer.
Image reconstruction
One of the major benefits of photoacoustic microscopy is the simplicity of image reconstruction. A laser pulse excites tissue in the axial direction and the resulting photoacoustic waves are detected by an ultrasound transducer. The transducer then converts the mechanical energy into a voltage signal that can be read by an analog-to-digital converter for post-processing. A one-dimensional image, known as an A-line, is formed as a result of each laser pulse. Hilbert transform of an A-line reveals depth-encoded information. A 3D photoacoustic image can then be formed by combining multiple A-lines produced by 2D raster scanning.
Synthetic Aperture Image Reconstruction
Altering delays of the elements on an ultrasound transducer allows one to focus ultrasound waves similar to passing through an acoustic lens. This delay-and-sum method enables one to find the signal at each focal point. However, the lateral resolution is limited by the presence of side lobes, which appear at polar angles and are dependent on the width of each element.
Contrast
In photoacoustic imaging modalities, including photoacoustic microscopy, contrast is based on photon excitation and is thus determined by the optical properties of the tissue. When an electron absorbs a photon, it moves to a higher energy state. Upon returning to a lower energy level, the electron undergoes either radiative or nonradiative relaxation. During radiative relaxation, the electron releases energy in the form of a photon. On the other hand, an electron undergoing nonradiative relaxation releases energy as heat. The heat then induces a pressure rise that propagates as a photoacoustic wave. Due to the fact that almost all molecules are capable of nonradiative relaxation, photoacoustic microscopy has the potential to image a wide range of endogenous and exogenous agents. By contrast, fewer molecules are capable of radiative relaxation, thus limiting fluorescence microscopy techniques such as one-photon and two-photon microscopy. Current research in photoacoustic microscopy takes advantage of both endogenous and exogenous contrast agents to gain functional information about the body, from blood saturation levels to cancer proliferation rate.
Endogenous Contrast Agents
Endogenous contrast agents, molecules naturally occurring within the body, are useful in photoacoustic microscopy due to the fact that they may be imaged non-invasively. Endogenous agents are also non-toxic and do not affect the properties of the tissue being studied. In particular, endogenous absorbers can be classified based on their absorbing wavelengths.
Ultraviolet Absorbers
Within the ultraviolet light range (λ = 180 to 400 nm), the primary absorber in the body is DNA and RNA. By using ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy, DNA and RNA can be imaged in the cell nuclei without the use of fluorescence labeling. Since cancer is associated with DNA replication failure, UV photoacoustic microscopy has the potential to be used for early cancer detection.
Visible Light Absorbers
Visible light absorbers (λ = 400 to 700 nm) include oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, melanin, and cytochrome c. Visible light photoacoustic microscopy is particularly useful in determining hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation due to the difference in absorption profiles of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. Real-time analysis can then be used to determine blood flow speed and oxygen metabolism rate. In addition, photoacoustic microscopy is capable of early melanoma detection due to the high concentration of melanin found in skin cancer cells.
Near-Infrared Absorbers
Near-Infrared absorbers (λ = 700 to 1400 nm) include water, lipids, and glucose. Photoacoustic determination of blood glucose levels can be used for treating diabetes, while studying lipid concentrations within blood vessels is important for monitoring the progression of atherosclerosis. It is still feasible to quantify and compare deoxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin concentrations at this wavelength, trading deeper tissue penetration for lower absorption.
Exogenous Contrast Agents
Although endogenous contrasts agents are noninvasive and simpler to use, they are limited by their inherent behavior and concentration, making it difficult to monitor certain processes if optical absorption is weak. On the other hand, exogenous agents can be engineered to specifically bind to certain molecules of interest. In addition, the concentration of exogenous agents can be optimized to produce a greater signal and provide more contrast. Through selective binding, exogenous contrast agents are capable of targeting specific molecules of interest while also enhancing resulting images.
Organic Dyes
Organic dyes, such as ICG-PEG and Evans blue, are used to enhance vasculature as well as to improve tumor imaging. In addition, dyes are easily filtered out of the body due to their small size (≤ 3 nm).
Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are currently being researched due to their chemical inactivity and ability to target tumor cells. These properties allow for cancer propagation to be monitored and potentially enables intraoperative cancer removal. However, more studies on short-term toxicity effects are necessary to determine if nanoparticles are suitable for clinical research. Gold nanoparticles have shown promise as a contrast agent for image-guided medicine. AuNPs have been widely used as contrast agents due to their strong and tunable optical absorption.
Fluorescent Proteins
Fluorescent proteins have been developed for fluorescence microscopy imaging and are unique in that they can be genetically encoded and therefore do not need to be delivered into the body. Using photoacoustic microscopy, fluorescent proteins can be visualized at depths beyond the limit of typical microscopy methods. Frequency-dependent acoustic attenuation in tissue and dampening of higher frequencies limits the bandwidth of light propagation through deeper regions in tissue. Fluorescent proteins act as light source at the target region, bypassing the limitation of optical attenuation. However, the effectiveness of fluorescent proteins is limited by low fluence changes, as the light diffusion equation predicts lower than 5% increase.
Resolution
Photoacoustic microscopy achieves greater penetration than conventional microscopy due to ultrasonic detection. As a result, axial resolution is defined acoustically and is determined by the formula:
where is the speed of sound in the medium and is the photoacoustic signal bandwidth. The axial resolution of the system can be improved by using a wider bandwidth ultrasound transducer as long as the bandwidth matches that of the photoacoustic signal.
The lateral resolution of photoacoustic microscopy depends on the optical and acoustic foci of the system. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) uses a tighter optical focus than acoustic focus, while acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) uses a tighter acoustic focus than optical focus.
Optical-Resolution Photoacoustic microscopy
Due to a tighter optical focus, OR-PAM is more useful for imaging in the quasi-ballistic range of depths up to 1 mm. The lateral resolution of OR-PAM is determined by the formula:
where is the optical wavelength and is the numerical aperture of the optical objective lens. The lateral resolution of OR-PAM can be improved by using a shorter laser pulse and tighter focusing of the laser spot. OR-PAM systems can typically achieve a lateral resolution of 0.2 to 10 μm, allowing OR-PAM to be classified as a super-resolution imaging method.
Acoustic-Resolution Photoacoustic microscopy
At depths greater than 1 mm and up to 3 mm, acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) is more useful due to greater optical scattering. Acoustic scattering is much weaker beyond the optical diffusion limit, making AR-PAM more practical as it provides higher lateral resolution at these depths. The lateral resolution of AR-PAM is determined by the formula:
where is the central wavelength of the photoacoustic wave and is the numerical aperture of the ultrasound transducer. Higher lateral resolution can therefore be achieved by increasing the center frequency of the ultrasound transducer and tighter acoustic focusing. AR-PAM systems can typically achieve a lateral resolution of 15 to 50 μm.
Dark-field Confocal Photoacoustic microscopy
By ignoring ballistic light, dark-field confocal photoacoustic microscopy reduces surface signal. This method uses a dark-field pulsed laser and high-NA ultrasonic detection, with the fiber output end coaxially aligned with the focused ultrasound transducer. Filtration of ballistic light relies on the altered shape of the excitation laser beam instead of an opaque disk, as used in conventional dark-field microscopy. The general reconstruction technique is used to convert the photoacoustic signal into one A-line, and B-line images are produced by raster scanning.
Biomedical applications
Photoacoustic microscopy has a wide range of applications in the biomedical field. Due to its ability to image a variety of molecules based on optical wavelength, photoacoustic microscopy can be used to gain functional information about the body noninvasively. Blood flow dynamics and oxygen metabolic rates can be measured and correlated to studies of atherosclerosis or tumor proliferation. Exogenous agents can be used to bind to cancerous tissue, enhancing image contrast and aiding in surgical removal. On the same note, photoacoustic microscopy is useful in early cancer diagnosis due to the difference in optical absorption properties compared to healthy tissue.
See also
Photoacoustic imaging
Deep learning in photoacoustic imaging
References
Microscopy
Imaging | Photoacoustic microscopy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,274 | [
"Microscopy"
] |
55,976,060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy%20with%20UV%20surface%20excitation | Microscopy with UV Surface Excitation (MUSE) is a novel microscopy method that utilizes the shallow penetration of UV photons (230–300 nm) excitation. Compared to conventional microscopes, which usually require sectioning to exclude blurred signals from outside of the focal plane, MUSE's low penetration depth limits the excitation volume to a thin layer, and removes the tissue sectioning requirement. The entire signal collected is the desired light, and all photons collected contribute to the image formation.
Mechanism
The microscope setup is based on an inverted microscope design. An automated stage is used to record larger areas by mosaicing a series of single adjacent frames. The LED light is focused using a ball lens with a short focal length onto the sample surface in an oblique-angle cis-illumination scheme since standard microscopy optics do not transmit UV light efficiently. No dichroic mirror or filter is required as microscope objectives are opaque to UV excitation light. The emitted fluorescence light is collected using a long-working-distance objective and focused via a tube lens onto a CCD camera.
Specimens are submerged in exogenous dye for 10 seconds and then briefly washed in water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The resulting stained specimens generate bright enough signals for direct and interpretable visualization through microscope eyepiece.
Contrast enhancement
Previous work from MUSE includes the detection of endogenous fluorescent molecules in intact clinical and human tissues for functional and structural characterization, which is limited by the relatively dim autofluorescence found in tissue. However, the use of bright exogenous dyes can provide substantially more remitted light than the autofluorescence approach.
Several dyes have been studied for MUSE's application, including eosin, rhodamine, DAPI, Hoechst, acridine orange, propidium iodide, and proflavine. Eosin and rhodamine stain the cytoplasm and the extracellular matrix, making the bulk of the tissue visible. Hoechst and DAPI fluoresce brightly when bound to DNA, allowing them to serve as excellent nuclear stains.
Innovation and significance
Microscope-based diagnostics are widely performed and served as a gold standard in histological analysis. However this procedure generally requires a series time-consuming lab-based procedures including fixation, paraffin embedment, sectioning, and staining to produce microscope slides with optically thin tissue slides (4–6 μm). While in developed regions histology is commonly used, people who live in areas with limited resources can hardly access it and consequently are in need for a low-cost, more efficient way to access pathological diagnosis. The main significance of MUSE system comes from its capacity to produce high-resolution microscopic image with subcellular features in a time-efficient manner with less costs and less lab-expertises requirements.
With 280 nm deep UV excitation and simple but robust hardware design, MUSE system can collect fluorescence signals without the need for fluorescence filtering techniques or complex mathematical image reconstruction. It has potential for generate high quality images containing more information than microscope slides in terms of its 2.5 dimensional features. MUSE images have been validated with diagnostic values. The system is capable to produce images from various tissue type in different sizes, either fresh or fixed.
Use
MUSE system mainly serves as a low-cost alternative to traditional histological analysis for cancer diagnostics with simpler and less time-consuming techniques. By integrating microscopy and fresh tissue fluorescence staining into an automated optical system, the overall acquiring time needed for getting digital images with diagnostic values can be much shortened into the scale of minutes comparing with conventional pathology, where general procedure can take from hours to days. The color-mapping techniques that correlated fluorescence staining to traditional H&E staining provide the same visual representation to pathologists based on existing knowledge with no need for additional training on image recognition.
Additionally, this system also has great potential to be used for intraoperative consultation, a method performed in pathologists lab that examine the microscopic features of tissue during oncological surgery usually for rapid cancer lesion and margin detection. It also can play an important role in biological and medical research, which might require examination on cellular features of tissue samples. In the future, the system can be further optimized to include more features including staining protocol, LEDs wavelength for more research usages and applications.
Advantages and disadvantages
References
Microscopes
Ultraviolet radiation | Microscopy with UV surface excitation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 910 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Measuring instruments",
"Ultraviolet radiation",
"Microscopes",
"Microscopy"
] |
55,976,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimated%20transmission%20theory | The collimated transmission method is a direct way of measuring the optical properties of materials. It is especially useful for sensing the optical properties of tissues to guide developments of both diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. These optical properties are described by the absorption coefficient μa, scattering coefficient μs, and anisotropy factor g.
In the collimated transmission method, a laser beam is directed perpendicularly to the material and the detection of reemitted light gives information about the total interactive effect of the optical properties of the material.
The use of multiple wavelengths can produce a spectra with more detailed information about the composition of the tissue or material (spectroscopy). While this method is simple and requires only minimal instrumentation, it produces error related to multiple scattering events and specular reflection.
Some useful equations governing the properties include:
μa = absorption coefficient = Na𝜎a;
μs = scattering coefficient = Ns𝜎s;
g = scattering anisotropy = <cos(𝛳)>;
μt = extinction coefficient = μa + μs
Where Na is the number of absorbers in a medium, 𝜎a is the absorption cross section, Ns is the number of scatterers in a medium, 𝜎s is the scattering cross section, and 𝛳 is the scattering angle.
History
The collimated transmission method has been used to measure the optical properties of biological tissues since the early 1980s. A collimated light source was generated by a laser or with a diffuse source and a collimator. Unscattered light transmission through the tissue was detected and Beer's law was used to estimate the extinction coefficient μt. This was done for human, porcine, rodent, bovine, and chicken tissues and compared with theoretical models to predict reliable optical properties. Knowledge of these properties were crucial for dosimetry studies.
Additionally, this method has been applied to measuring optical properties of turbid media for improving the simulation of tissue phantoms.
By the late 1980s, several studies also tested optical properties of biological tissues at different wavelengths to produce spectra.
Theory
The general setup for collimated transmission is as follows:
1) A collimated light source travels through the sample
2) Transmitted light is filtered by two pinholes
3) A photodetector collects the transmitted (mainly ballistic) photons
A clear medium, whose refractive index closely matches that of the sample to be tested, must be measured to provide a reference ballistic-light signal Io. This calibration step is included to account for any light intensity that is lost at the interfaces of the cuvette or other sample holder. Intensity loss can occur due to reflection at either interface and/or absorption by the cuvette.
Once a reference signal is acquired, it is compared to the transmitted light Is of the measured sample. In order to calculate the associated extinction coefficient μt , Beer's law can be applied as follows: Is = Ioexp(-μt d), where d is the sample thickness. The extinction coefficient is therefore: μt = -ln(Is/Io)/d.
Applications
Spectrophotometry: Quantitative measurement of transmittance based on wavelength. It is important in a number of biomedical fields ranging from the measurement of a solute in a sample to determining enzyme kinetics for a given substrate-enzyme pair. Spectrophotometry requires multiple wavelengths for a wide variety of samples. Therefore, an arc lamp is used to generate multiple wavelengths for collimating mirrors and diffraction gratings to generate collimated light at narrow bandwidths.
Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive clinical technique that utilizes collimated light transmission in order to measure oxygen saturation.
Two wavelengths are passed through a thin piece of tissue (earlobe or fingertip) and a photodetector on the other side detects the transmission at each wavelength. Due to the changing absorbance at varying wavelengths, it is possible to derive the absorbances due to arterial blood and exclude absorbances due to venous blood, skin, etc.
This technology is utilized for the specific determination of certain optical properties such as absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous media can be analyzed in order to learn these parameters. In addition to the purity of the sample, a variety of material types can be analyzed by this method. Agarose, agar, water, polystyrene, TiO2, and a variety of other materials can all be analyze utilizing this method. Aside from the experimental setup, there is limited technology required to gather and analyze the data.
References
Optics
Medical imaging | Collimated transmission theory | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 927 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
55,976,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205774 | NGC 5774 is an intermediate spiral galaxy approximately 71 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Virgo. It was discovered by Irish engineer Bindon Stoney on April 26, 1851.
NGC 5774 belongs to the NGC 5775 Group of galaxies—together with nearby NGC 5775, IC 1070, and others—which is part of the Virgo III Groups strung out to the east of the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies.
It has been classified as a "low surface brightness" (LSB) galaxy, but its central surface brightness is 5 times brighter than the brightest LSB galaxies.
It has a multiple spiral pattern with bright blue knotty structure all along the arms.
It is an extremely low star forming galaxy with five X-ray sources plus three ultraluminous X-ray source candidates.
Interaction with NGC 5775
NGC 5774 is interacting with the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5775 in the form of two connecting H I bridges through which the gas is travelling from NGC 5774 to NGC 5775.
Faint optical emission, as well as radio continuum emission, are also present along the bridges.
It is possible that star formation is occurring between the galaxies.
This system may be in the early stages of a merger.
See also
Intermediate spiral galaxy
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
Low Surface Brightness galaxy
Gallery
References
External links
SEDS
Intermediate spiral galaxies
Virgo (constellation)
5774
53231
Astronomical objects discovered in 1851
Discoveries by Bindon Blood Stoney | NGC 5774 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 309 | [
"Virgo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
55,977,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia%201 | Gaia 1 is an open cluster of stars discovered in 2017 by astronomers using data from the Gaia Space Observatory. It is a high-mass and bright cluster, but it remained unseen in prior astronomy due to veiling glare in ordinary telescopes overwhelmed by the star Sirius, which lies 10 arcmins west. Its half-light radius is about , assuming a distance of , and it has an estimated mass of about .
Researchers detected the Gaia 1 cluster applying automated "star gauging" to the Gaia observatory's data on star locations. This analysis surprisingly indicated a prominent concentration of stars, previously unknown and uncataloged, adjacent to Sirius. Gaia observed a cluster population of approximately 1,200 stars down to Gaia magnitude 19. Analysis of 2MASS data for those stars shows a red giant branch and a pronounced red clump that allows the absolute magnitude of the stars to be deduced and the distance calculated. Fitting the red giant branch also allows the age of the cluster to be calculated at 6.3 billion years.
References
External links
How do you find a star cluster? Easy, simply count the stars. European Space Agency 15 November 2017
Open clusters
Canis Major | Gaia 1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 241 | [
"Canis Major",
"Constellations"
] |
55,977,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation%20energy | In nuclear physics, separation energy is the energy needed to remove one nucleon (or other specified particle or particles) from an atomic nucleus.
The separation energy is different for each nuclide and particle to be removed. Values are stated as "neutron separation energy", "two-neutron separation energy", "proton separation energy", "deuteron separation energy", "alpha separation energy", and so on.
The lowest separation energy among stable nuclides is 1.67 MeV, to remove a neutron from beryllium-9.
The energy can be added to the nucleus by an incident high-energy gamma ray. If the energy of the incident photon exceeds the separation energy, a photodisintegration might occur. Energy in excess of the threshold value becomes kinetic energy of the ejected particle.
By contrast, nuclear binding energy is the energy needed to completely disassemble a nucleus, or the energy released when a nucleus is assembled from nucleons. It is the sum of multiple separation energies, which should add to the same total regardless of the order of assembly or disassembly.
Physics and chemistry
Electron separation energy or electron binding energy, the energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom or molecule (or cation) is called ionization energy. The reaction leads to photoionization, photodissociation, the photoelectric effect, photovoltaics, etc.
Bond-dissociation energy is the energy required to break one bond of a molecule or ion, usually separating an atom or atoms.
See also
Binding energy
External links
Nucleon separation energies charts of nuclides showing separation energies
Binding energy
Nuclear physics | Separation energy | [
"Physics"
] | 342 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
55,978,210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manel%20Mu%C3%B1oz | Manel De Aguas Muñoz (born 10 October 1996 in Barcelona), known artistically as Manel De Aguas, is a Spanish cyborg artist and transpecies activist based in Barcelona, best known for developing and installing weather sensory fins in his head. The fins, formally known as 'Weather Fins', allow him to hear atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature changes through implants at each side of his head. Depending on the changes he feels, he can predict weather changes as well as sense his current altitude.
De Aguas studied contemporary photography in Barcelona and became Cyborg Foundation's artist in residence in 2016. In 2017, he co-founded the Transpecies Society, an association that gives voice to people who do not identify as being 100% human and raises awareness on issues they face. The association, based in Barcelona, offers workshops specialized in the design and creation of new senses and organs.
De Aguas has shared his experience as a cyborg artist by performing and speaking in conferences and festivals in Germany, UK, Romania, Spain and The Netherlands among others. He also talks about it extensively in the Shaping Business Minds Through Art podcast.
See also
References
External links
Report including Neil Harbisson, Moon Ribas, Kevin Warwick and Manel De Aguas in El País
Interview in Radio Cope
Report including other cyborg artists in La Vanguardia Magazine
Report in Heraldo
Living people
1996 births
Spanish transhumanists
Cyborgs
Spanish artists
Artists from Catalonia
Artists from Barcelona | Manel Muñoz | [
"Biology"
] | 307 | [
"Cyborgs"
] |
55,979,986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206453 | NGC 6453 is a globular cluster approximately 37,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Scorpius.
The cluster is located approximately 1 kpc (~3,260 light-years) from the Galactic Center, which results in confounded view of the cluster from the Solar System due to many intervening clouds of cosmic dust.
The cluster measures nearly 8' across, and its brightest stars are no brighter than 14th magnitude.
Observational history
NGC 6453 was discovered by John Herschel on June 8, 1837, while he was observing from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. He included the cluster as "h 3708" in his 1864 Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, and Danish-Irish astronomer John Dreyer later added the cluster to his New General Catalogue as object number 6453. Dreyer described the cluster as "considerably large, irregularly round, pretty much brighter (in the) middle, round".
See also
Globular cluster
List of NGC objects (6001–7000)
Scorpius (constellation)
References
External links
SEDS
Globular clusters
Scorpius
6453
Astronomical objects discovered in 1837
Discoveries by John Herschel | NGC 6453 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 245 | [
"Scorpius",
"Constellations"
] |
55,980,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundisporus%20mollissimus | Abundisporus mollissimus is a species of bracket fungus in the family Polyporaceae. This white rot fungus was described as new to science in 2015 by mycologists Bao-Kai Cui and Chang-Lin Zhao. The type was found fruiting on a fallen angiosperm trunk in Chengmai County (Hainan Province, China); it has also been found on a dead tree of Xanthophyllum hainanense. A. mollissimus is distinguished from other Abundisporus species by its effused-reflexed to pileate and soft fruit bodies, narrower skeletal hyphae, and spores that measure 4–4.5 by 3–3.5 μm.
References
Polyporaceae
Fungi described in 2015
Fungi of China
Taxa named by Bao-Kai Cui
Fungus species | Abundisporus mollissimus | [
"Biology"
] | 172 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
55,981,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aistyonok | Aistyonok (, Little Stork; GRAU designation 1L271) is a portable counter-battery radar system developed and produced by the state-owned Almaz-Antey corporation for the Russian Armed Forces.
It is a mobile radar for the purpose of detecting position of weapons such as field artillery and anti-aircraft weapons, calculating the trajectory of incoming shells, and the control of unmanned aerial vehicles. Aistyonok is claimed to detect moving ground targets at a distance of up to , with capabilities to detect mortar fire positions at a distance of up to , moving ground equipment at a distance of up to , and the adjustment of artillery fire from to depending on the conditions.
The Aistyonok system was debuted in 2008, and has since been introduced for limited use in the North Caucasus by the Russian Armed Forces. The counter-battery radar has also been used in the Russo-Ukrainian war.
See also
ARTHUR
Penicillin (counter-artillery system)
AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar
AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar
Swathi Weapon Locating Radar
Red Color
References
Ground radars
Weapon locating radar
Russian military radars
Warning systems
Almaz-Antey products
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s | Aistyonok | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 251 | [
"Warning systems",
"Safety engineering",
"Measuring instruments",
"Weapon locating radar"
] |
55,981,606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoopark-1 | Zoopark-1 () 1L219 is a counter-battery radar system developed by Almaz-Antey for the Soviet Armed Forces. It is a mobile active electronically scanned array radar (based on a tracked MT-LBu chassis) for the purpose of enemy field-artillery acquisition. The system can detect mortar shells at a distance of up to 20 kilometers, up to 30 kilometers for artillery shells and up to 50 kilometers for ground-to-air rockets, determining location of origin of a fire. Moving ground targets can be detected at a distance of up to 40 kilometers. It reached initial operating status in 1989.
The later 1L260 / 1L261 variant was designated Zoopark-1M.
Gallery
See also
Penicillin (counter-artillery system)
AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar
AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar
Swathi Weapon Locating Radar
Aistyonok
COBRA (radar)
References
Counter-battery radars
Weapon locating radar
Soviet military radars
Warning systems
Almaz-Antey products
Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s | Zoopark-1 | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 220 | [
"Warning systems",
"Safety engineering",
"Measuring instruments",
"Weapon locating radar"
] |
67,247,989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARC-60 | The MARC-60 (Mitsubishi Aerojet Rocketdyne Collaboration), also known as MB-60, MB-XX, and RS-73, is a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine designed as a collaborative effort by Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and US' Aerojet Rocketdyne. The engine burns cryogenic liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in an open expander cycle, driving the turbopumps with waste heat from the main combustion process.
Description
The MB-XX program shared the development duties of the engines between Boeing's Rocketdyne division (now Aerojet Rocketdyne) and the Japanese Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Under the agreement, Boeing develops the LOX and LH turbopumps and the nozzle, while MHI develops the thrust chamber assembly (TCA), control systems, gimbal bearing, heat exchanger, and ducts. The TCA of the engine consists of the main combustion chamber, the regeneratively cooled portion of the nozzle, the injector, and the ignition system.
Under the MB-XX program two engines were developed: the MARC-60 (MB-60) and the MB-35. Please note that the below table uses specifications as listed in 2003, and the MARC-60 engine has since then evolved.
History
The MARC-60's (then MB-60) development program was announced on 14 February 2000 by Boeing's Rocketdyne division and Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, as a part of the MB-XX family of cryogenic upper stage rocket engines. The aim of the MB-XX program was to develop an engine with "robust operating margins, high reliability, increased thrust, and high specific impulse at an affordable cost". The MB-XX family of engines was intended to be used on new or upgraded upper stages of Boeing's Delta IV and MHI's H-IIA families of launch vehicles. Potential applications also included Lockheed Martin's Atlas V. Both Delta IV and Atlas V are now operated by United Launch Alliance.
Development of the MB-XX family of engines was started in early 1999. From 2000 to 2001, market forces drove the focus of the MB-XX program from the 267 kN (60,000 lbf) MB-60 to the 156 kN (35,000 lbf) MB-35. The MB-35 was not a new design, instead the existing MB-60 design was tuned to operate at the lower thrust level. The MB-35 was designed to be a modern, drop-in replacement for the Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10.
Component-level testing of the MB-XX demonstrator was completed in 2004, and a system-level demonstrator engine was successfully hot-fired in September 2005.
In 2013, NASA was evaluating MARC-60 as the engine of choice for the Space Launch System's Exploration Upper Stage (EUS). The study explored the possibility of utilizing two MARC-60 engines in place of four RL10 engines, as well as the possibility of the stage using a single J-2X engine. Under the plan, the engine's control unit would have been provided by NASA. The proposal also resulted in the engine being renamed to MARC-60, as Rocketdyne had changed hands multiple times after the MB-60's (Mitsubishi Boeing-Rocketdyne) inception in 1999. In 2016 NASA announced that the EUS would be powered by four RL10C-3 engines, dropping both MARC-60 and J-2X.
See also
RL60, a LOX/LH expander cycle engine of same thrust and weight class
RL10, the closed expander cycle LOX/LH engine that was supposed to be replaced by MB-35, the down-scaled version of MARC-60
References
Rocketdyne engines
Rocket engines
Rocket engines using the expander cycle
Rocket engines using hydrogen propellant | MARC-60 | [
"Technology"
] | 798 | [
"Rocket engines",
"Engines"
] |
67,248,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anca%20Muscholl | Anca Muscholl (born 1967) is a Romanian-German mathematical logician and theoretical computer scientist known for her work on formal verification, model checking, and two-variable logic. She is a researcher at the (LaBRI), a professor at the University of Bordeaux, and a former junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France.
Education and career
Muscholl was born in Bucharest, came to Germany as a teenage refugee in 1984, and won first place in two German national mathematics competitions (the ) in 1985 and 1986. She earned a master's degree at the Technical University of Munich, and completed her Ph.D. at the University of Stuttgart in 1994. Her dissertation, Über die Erkennbarkeit unendlicher Spuren, was supervised by Volker Diekert and published by Tuebner in 1996. She also earned a habilitation at the University of Stuttgart in 1999.
After becoming a professor at Paris Diderot University in 1999, she moved to the University of Bordeaux in 2006.
Recognition
Muscholl was a junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France from 2007 to 2012. She won the CNRS Silver Medal in 2010.
References
External links
Home page
1967 births
Living people
People from Bucharest
20th-century German mathematicians
20th-century German women mathematicians
21st-century German women mathematicians
German computer scientists
German women computer scientists
Romanian emigrants to Germany
Romanian refugees
Theoretical computer scientists
Mathematical logicians
Women logicians
Technical University of Munich alumni
University of Stuttgart alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bordeaux
Academic staff of Paris Diderot University
21st-century German mathematicians | Anca Muscholl | [
"Mathematics"
] | 327 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical logicians"
] |
67,248,940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenice%20%28mythology%29 | In Greek mythology, Phoenice () may refer to three distinct characters:
Phoenice, an Attican princess as the daughter of the autochthonous King Actaion and sister to Aglauros, Erse and Pandrosos. According to the Suda, the ancient Greek historian Scamon of Mytilene claimed that her father named the Phoenician letters in her honor after she died a virgin.
Phoenice, mother by Poseidon of Torone, wife of Proteus but more likely she bore Proteus to the sea-god. No parentage was attributed to Phoenice but she was probably a daughter or a descendant of Phoenix, eponym of Phoenicia.
Phoenice, a dear companion of Artemis who was seduced (or raped) by Zeus. When she found out, Artemis turned her into a bear, and then later fixed her among the stars as the constellation Ursa Minor.
Notes
References
Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790–1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Suida, Suda Encyclopedia translated by Ross Scaife, David Whitehead, William Hutton, Catharine Roth, Jennifer Benedict, Gregory Hays, Malcolm Heath Sean M. Redmond, Nicholas Fincher, Patrick Rourke, Elizabeth Vandiver, Raphael Finkel, Frederick Williams, Carl Widstrand, Robert Dyer, Joseph L. Rife, Oliver Phillips and many others. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Princesses in Greek mythology
Agenorides
Women of Poseidon
Mythological people from Attica
Phoenician characters in Greek mythology
Attic mythology
Mortal women of Zeus
Metamorphoses into animals in Greek mythology
Deeds of Artemis
Retinue of Artemis
Ursa Minor | Phoenice (mythology) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 409 | [
"Ursa Minor",
"Constellations"
] |
67,249,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idecabtagene%20vicleucel | Idecabtagene vicleucel, sold under the brand name Abecma, is a cell-based gene therapy to treat multiple myeloma.
The most common side effects include cytokine release syndrome (CRS), infections, fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, and a weakened immune system (hypogammaglobulinemia).
Idecabtagene vicleucel is a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed genetically modified autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Each dose is customized using a patient's own T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell, that are collected and genetically modified to include a new gene that facilitates targeting and killing myeloma cells, and infused back into the patient.
Idecabtagene vicleucel was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2021. It is the first cell-based gene therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of multiple myeloma. It was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2021.
Medical uses
Idecabtagene vicleucel is indicated for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after two or more prior lines of therapy, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody.
Multiple myeloma is an uncommon type of blood cancer in which abnormal plasma cells build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in many bones of the body. This disease keeps the bone marrow from making enough healthy blood cells, which can result in low blood counts. Myeloma can also damage the bones and the kidneys and weaken the immune system. The exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown. According to the National Cancer Institute, myeloma accounted for approximately 1.8% (32,000) of all new cancer cases in the United States in 2020.
Adverse effects
The FDA label for idecabtagene vicleucel carries a boxed warning for cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurologic toxicity, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome (HLH/MAS), and prolonged cytopenia. CRS and HLH/MAS are systemic responses to the activation and proliferation of CAR-T cells causing high fever and flu-like symptoms, and prolonged cytopenia is a drop in the number of a certain blood cell type for an extended period of time.
In April 2024, the FDA label boxed warning was expanded to include T cell malignancies.
History
The safety and efficacy of idecabtagene vicleucel were evaluated in a multicenter study of 127 people with relapsed (myeloma that returns after completion of treatment) and refractory (myeloma that does not respond to treatment) multiple myeloma who received at least three prior lines of antimyeloma therapies; 88% had received four or more prior lines of therapies. Efficacy was evaluated in 100 people who received idecabtagene vicleucel in the dose range of 300 to 460 ×106 CAR-positive T cells. Overall, 72% of people partially or completely responded to the treatment. Of those studied, 28% of people showed complete response—or disappearance of all signs of multiple myeloma—to idecabtagene vicleucel, and 65% of this group remained in complete response to the treatment for at least twelve months.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for idecabtagene vicleucel breakthrough therapy and orphan drug designations. The FDA granted approval of Abecma to Celgene Corporation, a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.
Society and culture
Names
Idecabtagene vicleucel is the international nonproprietary name (INN).
References
Further reading
External links
Drugs developed by Bristol Myers Squibb
Cancer treatments
Drugs that are a gene therapy
Approved gene therapies
CAR T-cell therapy
Orphan drugs | Idecabtagene vicleucel | [
"Biology"
] | 864 | [
"Cell therapies",
"CAR T-cell therapy"
] |
67,249,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20Trianguli | 1 Trianguli, also known as HD 10407, is a star located in the northern constellation Triangulum. It has an apparent magnitude of 7.52, making it readily visible in binoculars but not to the naked eye. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 723 light years and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance 1 Trianguli's brightness is diminished by a quarter of a magnitudes due to interstellar dust and it has an absolute magnitude of +0.78. Even though it has a Flamsteed designation, 1 Trianguli is one of the 220 Flamsteed stars that are not in the Yale Bright Star Catalogue.
1 Trianguli has a stellar classification of A2 V, indicating that it is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star. It has 2.36 times the mass of the Sun and 2.69 times the Sun's radius. It radiates 52 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , giving it a white hue. It has a near solar metallicity at [Fe/H] = −0.02 and 1 Trianguli is estimated to be 371 million years old.
References
Triangulum
A-type main-sequence stars
Trianguli, 1
010407
007948 | 1 Trianguli | [
"Astronomy"
] | 288 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
67,250,063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20sunrise | The first sunrise refers to the custom of observing the first sunrise of the year. Such a custom may be just an observation of the sunrise on a special day, or has a religious meaning for those who worship the Sun, such as the followers of traditional religions in Korea and Japan and the Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, Chukchi and the Iñupiat in the Arctic Circle, for praying for good luck.
Japan
In Japan, the observation of the first sunrise of the year () on the first day on the Old Calendar has been part of the traditional Shintoist worship of Amaterasu, the sun goddess. Nowadays, Japanese travel agents arrange trips to observe the earliest first sunrise of the year on the new Gregorian calendar in the easternmost Ogasawara Islands of the Japanese archipelago.
Mongolia
In Mongolia, there is a custom of observing the first sunrise on the first day of the year at the top of the mountain the Mongolian lunisolar calendar. commonly known as Tsagaan Sar. The holiday has shamanistic influences.
Korea
In Korea, there is also a custom of observing the first sunrise on the first day of the year, either on the traditional Korean calendar or the new calendar. Pohang Homigot, Ulleung County and Jeongdongjin are famous place to watch first sunrise.
Canada, Greenland, Russia and the United States
In the Arctic circle, the Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, Chukchi and the Iñupiat observe the first sunrise on the first day of the year () by extinguishing three qulliqs and relighting them. This is to honour the sun and moon.
See also
Sunrise
Japanese New Year
Korean New Year
Quviasukvik
Caroline Island
Pitt Island
Young Island
Heliacal rising
References
External links
Solar phenomena
January
January observances
New Year in Japan
Culture of Korea
Eskimo culture
New Year in Canada
New Year in Russia
New Year in the United States | First sunrise | [
"Physics"
] | 399 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Solar phenomena"
] |
67,250,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAHRA%20Mechanical%20Respirator | SAHRA is a modular mechanical breathing device (Ventilator) produced by the Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation with local and national facilities. It provides basic respiratory support for patients experiencing shortness of breath and a decrease in the oxygen rate in the blood. In Turkey, the respirator needs that may arise due to the pandemic has been developed to meet with local and national facilities. Research and development studies of the device started in March 2020 and the first prototype was produced in April of the same year. In addition, the device, whose portable model was developed, has been certified by the relevant ISO as of May 2020. SAHRA has a production capacity of 500 pieces per week by MKE Institution. military and civil health units and their intensive care units, field hospitals and ambulances.
See also
Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation
Ventilator
References
Medical equipment
Medical pumps | SAHRA Mechanical Respirator | [
"Biology"
] | 176 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
67,250,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2053367 | HD 53367 is a triple star system in the constellation of Monoceros. The primary star was identified as a variable Herbig Ae/Be star in 1989. Its companion, spectroscopically discovered in 2006, is a pre-main-sequence star with an average separation of 1.7 AU. The star system is embedded in the extended nebula IC 2177.
The binary HD 53367A is part of the hierarchical triple star system RST 3489, with an additional Herbig Ae/Be star HD 53367B of spectral class B1Ve at a projected separation of 0.6″. All stars in the system belong to the star-forming CMa OB1 association. The Hipparcos, Gaia Data Release 2, and Gaia Data Release 3 parallax values for HD 53367A are highly discrepant, but the system is thought to be about 1,000 parsecs away.
Extended nebula
HD 53367A is a very young and gas-rich system, with most of the gas still obscuring the secondary component HD 53367Ab.
References
Monoceros
Triple star systems
Herbig Ae/Be stars
Monocerotis, V750
53367
034116
BD-10 1848
J07042551-1027156 | HD 53367 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 273 | [
"Monoceros",
"Constellations"
] |
67,250,588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%20Jaime%20I%20Awards | The Rey Jaime I Awards (; , ) are Spanish awards given annually to recognize achievements in research and entrepreneurship. Each award includes 100,000 euros and a gold medal as well as a diploma. Awards are given for high-quality work done in Spain, by candidates who live in Spain or have done most of their research work in Spain.
Description
The Rey Jaime I Awards were created in 1989 to promote scientific development in Spain while encouraging collaboration among scientific and business enterprises. They recognize achievements in research and entrepreneurship. Each award includes 100,000 euros and a gold medal as well as a diploma. Awards are given for high-quality work done in Spain, by candidates who live in Spain or have done most of their research work in Spain.
The awards are granted by the Fundación Rei Jaume I, whose honorary president is the King of Spain Felipe VI. The Fundación Rei Jaume I was created in 1989 by the Valencian Government and the Valencian Foundation for Advanced Studies, who organize and promote the awards.
The award was first given only in the "Basic Research" area. Later, more areas have been added such as: Basic Research, Economy, Medical Research, Environmental Protection, New Technologies, Urbanism, Landscape and Sustainability and Entrepreneurship.
Juries awarding the prize typically include several Nobel Laureates, who travel to Valencia to take part in the deliberations.
Recent events
For the 2020 prize-giving ceremony in Valencia, King Felipe VI was unable to participate due to quarantine for COVID-19, but his wife Queen Letizia took part in the event. The queen, who before her marriage was a news anchor at Spanish news channel CNN+, presented awards and gave a short speech praising the "talent, effort and generosity" of prize-winners.
References
External links
Official page Fundación Premios Rey Jaime I, list of prize winners
Spanish awards
Research awards | Rey Jaime I Awards | [
"Technology"
] | 380 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Research awards"
] |
67,250,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Hergt | Janet Margaret Hergt is an Australian geochemist. She is a Redmond Barry Distinguished Professor in the School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The main focus of her research has been in the chemical analysis of rocks and minerals to explore the exquisite record of Earth processes preserved within them. Hergt is best known for her geochemical investigations of magmatic rocks although she has employed similar techniques in interdisciplinary projects including areas of archaeological and biological science.
Early life and education
Hergt's earliest years were spent living on dairy farms in rural Victoria before moving to Frankston where she attended Karingal Primary School, and later Karingal High School. Hergt completed her undergraduate degree (BScHons) at La Trobe University in Melbourne in 1983, where she was awarded the David Myers University Medal and Ian Carlyle Medal in Geology. She received an Australian Government scholarship to study at the Australian National University in Canberra where she completed her PhD under the joint supervision of Bruce Chappell and Ian McDougall. Her project involved the analysis of compositionally unusual continental flood basalts (magmatism on a vast scale often occurring as a precursor to continental breakup) from the Ferrar Province and her thesis is entitled 'The Origin and Evolution of the Tasmanian Dolerites'. It was during this time that she learned to appreciate the power of trace element and isotopic data retrieved from magmatic rocks.
Career and impact
Throughout her career, Hergt has retained a keen interest in extracting high quality geochemical data from rocks and minerals to solve problems in the geosciences. Her work on the Tasmanian Dolerites provided arguably the first dataset that combined major element, trace element, Sr-, Nd-, Pb- and oxygen isotope data on the same samples from a single suite of flood basalts. The dataset for the Tasmanian Dolerites, together with the extreme compositions of these rocks, provided the first opportunity to test competing hypotheses about source processes and constrain the origin of these magmas.
Hergt secured her first post-doctoral research position in the UK in 1988 working at the Open University with Chris Hawkesworth on a range of topics including further work on flood basalt magmatism (in Antarctica, Brazil and Siberia) with a number of Australian and international colleagues. It was at the Open University that she also began her studies into the geochemical expression of arc rupture and back-arc basin opening in the Lau Basin in the Southwest Pacific. Hergt participated on Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Leg 135, identifying two mantle domains with geochemical characteristics of "Indian" or "Pacific" mid-ocean ridge basalts that has aided in understanding the mantle dynamics in this region. Other work from the IODP expedition demonstrated that magmas erupted at the earliest stages of arc rupture had the ability to tap mantle sources as well as source rocks modified by the flux of elements released from the subducting slab.
Following her move to the University of Melbourne in 1994, Hergt's contributions have involved a wide range of international collaborators and graduate students, and have included investigations of continental flood basalts, arc magmas, granite formation, ore deposits, the origin of kimberlites and processes preserved in mantle xenoliths. Hergt has also made important contributions in establishing innovative laboratory protocols and has supported the development of Iolite data visualisation software since its inception. Most recently, her work has extended to applications of geochemistry in the biosciences and archaeological science.
Hergt has held a variety of senior leadership roles at the University of Melbourne, including Deputy Head of the School of Earth Sciences (2001–2004), Associate Dean-Academic Programs in the Faculty of Science (2001–2003), Head of the School of Earth Sciences (2005–2013), Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Science (2011–2013 and 2014–2017), Acting Dean of the Faculty of Science (2013–2014), Deputy Vice President then Vice President and finally President of Academic Board (2018–2020). Hergt became a Vincent Fairfax Fellow in 2018 and was recognised as a Redmond Barry Distinguished Professor in 2019.
Hergt has served on a range of advisory boards, senior committees, review panels, and the editorial boards of several international journals (Chemical Geology 2008–2016; Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 2000–2013; and the Journal of the Geological Society of London, 2002–2007). In 2021 the Geochemical Society (USA) and the European Association of Geochemistry awarded her the honorary title of Geochemistry Fellow for her contributions to the field of geochemistry.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian geochemists
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
Australian National University alumni | Janet Hergt | [
"Chemistry"
] | 976 | [
"Geochemists",
"Australian geochemists"
] |
67,251,073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKE%20TAMGE%C3%87 | MKE TAMGEÇ is a mine destruction system ( Mine-clearing line charge ) produced by MKEK, consisting of chain explosives attached to the back of a rocket.
When the rocket is activated, it follows a parabola course and the explosives attached to its back follow this course with it. When the rocket falls to the ground, explosives also fall to the ground at the level of a rope and explode when they come into contact with the ground. As a result, a pathway cleared of mines is opened.
MKE TAMGEÇ and MKE TAMKAR actively used by the Turkish armed forces and firstly used during operation Operation Euphrates Shield and Operation Olive Branch.
References
Rockets and missiles
Mine warfare
Mine action
Explosives engineering
Military engineering vehicles
Military vehicles of Turkey
Mine warfare countermeasures | MKE TAMGEÇ | [
"Engineering"
] | 159 | [
"Explosives engineering",
"Military engineering",
"Military engineering vehicles",
"Mine warfare",
"Engineering vehicles"
] |
67,251,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atranorin | Atranorin is a chemical substance produced by some species of lichen. It is a secondary metabolite belonging to a group of compounds known as depsides. Atranorin has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. In rare cases, people can have an allergic reaction to atranorin.
References
Further reading
Polyphenols
Lichen products | Atranorin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 107 | [
"Natural products",
"Lichen products",
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
67,251,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage%20erosion | Tillage erosion is a form of soil erosion occurring in cultivated fields due to the movement of soil by tillage. There is growing evidence that tillage erosion is a major soil erosion process in agricultural lands, surpassing water and wind erosion in many fields all around the world, especially on sloping and hilly lands A signature spatial pattern of soil erosion shown in many water erosion handbooks and pamphlets, the eroded hilltops, is actually caused by tillage erosion as water erosion mainly causes soil losses in the midslope and lowerslope segments of a slope, not the hilltops. Tillage erosion results in soil degradation, which can lead to significant reduction in crop yield and, therefore, economic losses for the farm.
Physical process
Conceptually, the process of tillage erosion (ETi) can be described as a function of tillage erosivity (ET) and landscape erodibility (EL):
ETi = f(ET, EL)
Tillage erosivity (ET) is defined as the propensity of a tillage operation, or a sequence of operations, to erode soil and is affected by the design and operation of the tillage implement (e.g., the size, arrangement and shape of tillage tools, tillage speed and depth). Landscape erodibility (EL) is defined as the propensity of a landscape to be eroded by tillage and is affected by the landscape topography (e.g., slope gradient and slope curvature) and soil properties (e.g., texture, structure, bulk density and soil moisture content).
Tillage erosion occurs as a result of changes in tillage translocation (soil movement by tillage) across the field. Tillage translocation is expressed as a linear function of slope gradient (θ) and slope curvature (φ):
TM = α + β θ + γ φ
where TM is tillage translocation; α is the tillage translocation on flat soil surface; β and γ are coefficients which describe the additional translocation resulting from slope gradient and slope curvature, respectively. Tillage erosion, which is the net tillage translocation, is then calculated as:
TMNet = ΔTM = β Δθ + γ Δφ
For a unit area A in a cultivated field, tillage erosion rate for a tillage operation can be calculated as:
ETi = (TMout – TMin) / A = [β (θout - θin) + γ (φout - φin)] / A
where ETi is tillage erosion rate for the tillage operation; TMout is the outgoing tillage translocation or the amount of soil moving out from A; and TMin is the incoming tillage translocation or the amount of soil moving into A; θout is the outgoing slope gradient along the tillage direction, θin is the incoming slope gradient along the tillage direction; φout is the outgoing slope curvature along the tillage direction, φin is the incoming slope curvature along the tillage direction.
Spatial patterns
Typical spatial patterns of tillage erosion observed in cultivated field are either local topography related: soil loss from hilltops (convexities) and soil accumulation in depressions (concavities); or field boundary related: soil loss from the downside of a field boundary and soil accumulation in the upper-side of a field boundary. Local topography related tillage erosion is most pronounced in hummocky landscapes with eroded hilltops that often exhibit a light soil color due to the loss of organic-rich topsoil, a phenomenon often mistakenly assumed to be the result of water erosion. Field boundary related tillage erosion is determined by not only topography but also tillage directions and it is responsible for the forming of tillage banks and terraces.
Measurement
Tillage erosion can be measured via the measurement of tillage translocation or the measurement of soil loss and accumulation. Tillage translocation is normally measured with a tracer that is incorporated into the soil in plots. The distributions of the tracer before and after tillage are used to calculate tillage translocation. Two types of tracers, point tracers, and bulk tracers are being used. Whereas point tracers are easy to implement, bulk tracers can provide more information regarding the dispersion of the soil during the translocation process. Soil loss and accumulation by tillage erosion can be estimated from changes in surface elevation. For example, elevation of a tilled field can be compared to an adjacent reference object that has not been eroded such as a fence line or hedgerow. Decreases in surface elevation indicate soil losses while increases in elevation are evidence of soil accumulations. Elevation change can also be determined by taking repeated measurements of the soil surface elevations with high accuracy topographic survey techniques such as RTK GPS, total station and close range photogrammetry. Another way to estimate soil loss and accumulation is to measure the changes in soil properties , such as soil organic matter content. However, soil organic matter can be affected by many factors so it is not a very reliable method. Since 1980s, radioisotopes such as Cs-137 and Pb-210 have been used to provide much more accurate soil erosion estimates.
Modeling
Hillslope model (one-dimensional)
The Tillage Erosion Risk Indicator (TillERI) is a simplified tillage erosion model used to estimate the risk of tillage erosion in agricultural lands at the national scale in Canada. It is one of the erosion indicators as part of the Agri-Environmental indicators developed under the National Agri-Environmental Health Analysis and Reporting Program (NAHARP). Input data include hillslope length, slope gradient of the eroding segment, and the erosivity of the tillage operations (β value). Output data from the model include tillage erosion rate at the erosion segment and the risk level for tillage erosion for that hillslope.
The Tillage Erosion Prediction (TEP) model is designed to calculate net soil movement for individual hillslope segments across a field transect for individual tillage operations. Input data include hillslope segment elevation, slope gradient, and segment length as well as the erosivity of the tillage operations (β value). Output data from the model include tillage erosion rate and elevation change.
The Tillage Translocation Model (TillTM) is used to simulate the tillage translocation process and to predict tillage-induced soil mass and soil constituent redistribution along a transect. It takes into account both the vertical and horizontal mixing of soil during the tillage translocation process.
Field scale model (two-dimensional)
The Water and Tillage Erosion Model (WaTEM) is a model designed to calculate both water and tillage erosion rate at each grid node in Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The tillage erosion component of WaTEM simulates the soil redistribution in DEM using a diffusion-type equation and assumes that all soil translocation occurs in the direction of steepest slope, irrespective of the pattern of tillage.
The Soil Redistribution by Tillage (SORET) model is of the spatial distribution type and can perform 3D simulations of soil redistribution in DEMs on the field scale. It can predict soil redistribution arising from different patterns of tillage in a given landscape via computer simulation of a single tillage operation, and is also able to forecast the long-term effects of repeated operations. It takes into account the tillage pattern (directions) and can calculate tillage translocation in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the direction of tillage.
The Tillage Erosion Model (TillEM) calculates point-tillage-erosion rates on grid nodes of a DEM along the lines both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of tillage, representing forward and lateral tillage translocation, which is very similar to the SORET model. The difference is that the TillEM takes into account the effects of slope curvature variations (γ value) on tillage translocation.
The Directional Tillage Erosion Model (DirTillEM) is an upgraded version of TillEM. The DirTillEM calculates the incoming and outgoing soil in each of the four directions for each cell in a DEM and determines the tillage erosion for that cell by summing up all incoming and outgoing soil. This calculation structure allows the DirTillEM to treat each cell independently so that it can simulate tillage erosion under complicated tillage patterns (e.g., circular pattern) or irregular field boundaries.
The Cellular Automata model for Tillage Translocation (CATT) simulates soil redistribution in a field caused by tillage via a Cellular Automata Model which sequentially calculates the local interactions between a cell and its neighbours due to tillage translocation.
Effects
Soil degradation
Tillage erosion causes loss of fertile top soil from the eroding portion of the field. As the top soil layer is getting thinner, subsequent tillage operations will bring up sublayer soil and mix it into the tillage layer. This vertical mixing results in soil degradation in the eroding portion of the field. Moreover, the degraded soil in the eroding portion of the field will be horizontally mixed into adjacent areas through tillage translocation. Over time, with the vertical and horizontal mixing, tillage translocation will cause the spread the subsoil from the eroding portion to over the entire field, including areas of tillage accumulation.
Loss of crop productivity
Subsoil often has undesirable soil properties for crop growth (e.g., less organic carbon, poor structure). When subsoil is mixed into the tillage layer due to tillage erosion, crop productivity will be negatively impacted. The loss due to such crop productivity loss is enormous given that the damage is long lasting and it takes great effort to restore the soil quality to its original level.
Environmental impact and greenhouse gas emissions
As soil is degraded due to tillage erosion, it can lead to some environmental issues such as increased nutrient losses and GHG emissions. For carbon sequestration in particular, although degraded soil in the eroding portion may reduce carbon sequestration, the burial of top soil in the soil accumulation regions create a large sink for carbon sequestration
Landform evolution and creation of topographic features
Tillage erosion is a dominant process for landform evolution in many agricultural fields. It flattens convexities and concavities and creates tillage walls and banks along field boundaries With a consistent pattern, it can even create topographic features in flat fields. For example, when a one way throw tillage equipment (e.g., mouldboard plough) is used in a circular pattern over many years, it can create a “>--<” pattern ditch in the middle of the field.
Linkages and interactions with other erosion processes
Cultivated fields are subject to not only tillage erosion but also water and wind erosion. There are linkages and interactions between these erosion processes. Linkages and interactions refer to the additive and non-additive effects, respectively, between different erosion processes. Total soil erosion may be increased or decreased due to positive and negative linkages, respectively, between different erosion processes. Interactions occur when one erosion process changes the erodibility of the landscape for another erosion process, or when one process works as a delivery mechanism for another erosion process. For example, soil degradation caused by tillage erosion likely will increase the erodibility of the soil to water and wind erosion. Another example is the interactions between tillage and water erosion around water eroded channels, especially ephemeral gullies. Tillage is often used to eliminate these channels and ephemeral gullies, in which tillage translocation essentially serves as a delivery mechanism to transport soil to areas most susceptible to water erosion.
Mitigation
Tillage erosion can be mitigated by reducing the intensity of tillage. This includes reducing the frequency of tillage, the speed and depth of tillage, and the size of the tillage implement. However, conservation tillage equipment designed to reduce water erosion may not be able to reduce tillage erosion and field operations traditionally not considered tillage operations may cause significant amount of tillage erosion (e.g., harvesting for potato). Contour tillage will reduce the variation of tillage speed and depth, resulting in reduced changes in tillage translocation across the field. This will also lead to lower tillage erosion. In addition, downslope movement of soil can be compensated by using a reversible moldboard plough to throw the furrow upslope. Physically moving soil from accumulation areas (e.g., depressions) to the eroding portion of the field (e.g., hilltops), a practice termed soil landscape restoration, can mitigate the impact of tillage erosion by restoring soil productivity at the eroding portion of the field.
References
Agriculture
Erosion
Geomorphology
Soil mechanics
Soil erosion
Soil science | Tillage erosion | [
"Physics"
] | 2,646 | [
"Soil mechanics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
67,252,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongy%20degeneration%20of%20the%20central%20nervous%20system | Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system, also known as Canavan's disease, Van Bogaert-Bertrand type or Aspartoacylase (AspA) deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder. It belongs to a group of genetic disorders known as leukodystrophies, where the growth and maintenance of myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS) are impaired. There are three types of spongy degeneration: infantile, congenital and juvenile, with juvenile being the most severe type. Common symptoms in infants include lack of motor skills, weak muscle tone, and macrocephaly. It may also be accompanied by difficulties in feeding and swallowing, seizures and sleep disturbances. Affected children typically die before the age of 10, but life expectancy can vary.
The cause of spongy degeneration of the CNS is the mutation in a gene coding for aspartoacylase (AspA), an enzyme that hydrolyzes N-acetyl aspartic acid (NAA). In the absence of AspA, NAA accumulates and results in spongy degeneration. The exact pathophysiological causes of the disease are currently unclear, but there are developing theories. Spongy degeneration can be diagnosed with neuroimaging techniques and urine examination. There is no current treatment for spongy degeneration, but research utilising gene therapy to treat the disease is underway. Spongy degeneration is found to be more prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews, with an incidence of 1/6000 amongst this ethnic group.
Clinical Symptoms
Spongy Degeneration of the CNS is classified into three types: infantile, juvenile and congenital; based on the age of onset and severity of symptoms.
Infantile Type
The infantile type is the most common type of spongy degeneration of the CNS. Usually, affected infants appear normal for the first few months of life. The age of onset is around 6 months, where infants begin to develop noticeable psychomotor defects. Various motor skills such as turning over and stabilising head movements are affected. Hypotonia and macrocephaly are also observed in the first few months.
During the latter part of the first year, most children's eyes fail to respond to visual stimuli, with episodic saccadic eye movements observed, rendering most children blind in the second year.
The symptoms in the terminal stage of disease development are sweating, emesis, hyperthermia, seizures, and hypotension, which usually results in the death of the child. Life expectancies of affected infants vary, but most infants do not live past the age of ten.
Congenital Type
The age of onset is typically a few days after birth in the congenital type. Pregnancy and delivery are not affected and the child is born with a normal appearance and no health issues. However, affected infants may become lethargic in the following days and find movements such as sucking and swallowing difficult. As the disease progresses, patients may have decreased muscle tone and inactivation of Moro reflex, also known as startle reflex. This may lead to the development of Cheyne Stokes respiration after a few weeks or even days after delivery, which may be fatal.
Juvenile Type
The age of onset of the juvenile type is around five years of age. Most patients with the juvenile type survive until late adolescence. Affected toddlers typically develop progressive cerebellar syndrome and mental deterioration, which is followed by vision loss, optic atrophy, and generalised spasticity. Unlike the infantile form, there is no macrocephaly exhibited.
Pathophysiology
Although the pathophysiological causes of CD symptoms are still unclear, there are developing theories on the causes of myelination issues, gelatinous cortical white matter and seizures.
Issues in Myelination
Molecular Water Pump (MWP) and Osmolyte Imbalance
Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and intramyelinic edema in CD patients suggest the existence of an efficient MWP in the brain. The MWP is a membrane protein responsible for pumping water molecules, along with dissolved NAA molecules, from the intraneuronal space to the interstitial space. In healthy individuals, NAA is first transported down the concentration gradient through the MWP from neurons to the interstitial space and subsequently hydrolyzed by AspA in neighbouring oligodendrocytes.
In patients with CD, it is theorized that AspA deficiency causes accumulation of NAA in the interstitial space, inducing an osmolyte imbalance and accumulation of water in the interstitial space. This increases hydrostatic pressure between interlamellar spaces and extracellular periaxonal and parenchymatous space, loosening the tight junctions between them, thus causing intramyelinic edema. Subsequent demyelination possibly contributes to vacant spaces in the white matter or spongy degeneration.
Dysmyelination
NAA-derived acetates are involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, which are subsequently incorporated into myelin lipids. It is hypothesized that in CD patients, AspA deficiency reduces NAA-derived acetates, and consequently decreases the synthesis of myelin-associated lipids. This leads to dysmyelination, which promotes the formation vacuoles in interstitial space and spongy degeneration. However, it has been shown that spongy degeneration is not directly caused by the disrupted synthesis of myelin. Animal models show that myelination may still occur in AspA lacking species, possibly due to parallel pathways for myelination during the initial stages of myelinogenesis.
Protein Folding and Stabilization
Deficiency of AspA lowers acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) expression in cells, which may be responsible for stabilization and correct folding of proteins. This leads to protein degradation, with a particularly large effect in oligodendrocytes. In animal studies of AspA deficient species, protein degradation in oligodendrocytes has been shown to cause severe loss in myelin proteins.
Gelatinous Subcortical White Matter
The deficiency in AspA, which is vital in oligodendrocytes to produce NAA derived acetate, leads to a lack of regulation in the genetic structure and expression in these cells. This results in the death of oligodendrocytes, hence induces neuronal injury and the formation of vacuoles in the subcortical matter. These vacuoles contribute to the formation of gelatinous-textured subcortical white matter found in many CD patients.
Seizures and Neurodegeneration
The pathophysiological causes of seizures and neurodegeneration in CD patients are likely due to oxidative stress generated by NAA accumulation. It is postulated that NAA promotes oxidative stress through promoting reactive oxygen species, as well as reducing non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. NAA also affects multiple antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase, impairing the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. Recent animal studies have shown the chronic oxidative stress may cause dysfunction in mitochondria, rendering the brain more susceptible to epileptic seizures.
Diagnosis
Canavan's disease is initially recognized by the appearance of symptoms, yet further examinations are needed for definitive diagnosis. Neuroimaging techniques such as Computed Tomography (CT) scan or Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) are typically used to detect the presence of degenerative subcortical white matter. Microscopy of the cerebrospinal fluid can also be used for diagnosis, where swollen astrocytes with distorted and elongated mitochondria can be seen in patients.
Urine examinations are used to differentiate CD patients from other neurodegenerative disorders with similar morphology, such as Alexander diseases and Tay-Sachs diseases (which similarly exhibit macrocephaly), as patients with CD uniquely display increased excretion of NAA.
Prevention
DNA analysis is generally used to determine if parents are carriers of the mutant gene. Prenatal diagnosis through either DNA analysis or determination of NAA in amniotic fluid (which would be increased in an affected pregnancy) can also be used when DNA analysis cannot be performed on parents. It has been observed that there is an abnormally high carrier rate in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. The risk of their offspring having spongy degeneration is one in four if both parents are carriers of the mutant gene.
Treatment methods
There are currently no specific forms of treatment known for spongy degeneration of the CNS. Certain treatment modules are under experimental trials and current patients are supported by palliative measures, all of which are described below.
Current palliative measures
Current patients are supported by the care guidelines for other paediatric neurodegenerative diseases. For patients with respiratory issues, suction machines are used to clear mucous from the upper airway of the lungs. Oxygen concentrators are also administered for airway clearance and continuous supply of air to aid breathing. As for infants with hypotonia, it is addressed by the provision of positioning equipment like specialized strollers, bath chairs and feeder seats.
Possible treatment modules under development
Intraperitoneal injections of lipoic acid
Lipoic acid (which can cross the blood brain barrier), has recently been trialed in preclinical studies, where it has been injected into tremor rats intraperitoneally. Tremor rats are deemed as the naturally occurring model for spongy degeneration of the CNS as NAA induces oxidative stress. Positive results have emerged from these studies, suggesting that lipoic acid may be a possible approach for symptomatic treatments.
Intraperitoneal lithium administration
A possible treatment is to employ neuroprotective techniques to offset the neurological damage in the CNS caused by the accumulation of NAA. One potential treatment that has been identified is lithium, which has been observed to induce neuroprotective effects in dementia patients. Administration of intraperitoneal lithium has been tested in both tremor and wild-type rats, causing a decrease in NAA levels in both species. In human trials, NAA levels in patient's brain and urine was found to drop after one year of treatment. This is coupled with the elevation of alertness and visual tracking. However. CD symptoms including axial hypotonia and spastic diplegia remained.
Gene therapy
Since CD arises from a monogenic defect and is localized in the CNS, gene replacement therapy is a potential treatment. This therapy involves replacing the mutant gene of the disease with a fully functional gene using a vector, which transports therapeutic DNA into cells, allowing cells to produce AspA. Adeno-associated Viruses (AAVs) are widely used as vectors for gene therapy. They are adopted as they do not replicate themselves and are almost non-toxic. There are two serotypes used for the treatment: AAV2 and AAV9. The difference of the stereotypes is that AAV2 is limited by blood-brain-barrier (BBB), whilst AAV9 can cross the BBB, allowing for treatment even at the later stages of the disease. However, current research shows that AAVs may trigger unwanted immune responses in infants and have limited gene encapsulating capacity.
Epidemiology
Spongy degeneration of the CNS is pan-ethnic, due to its prevalence among Ashkenazi Jews. There are two common mutations found among them: missense mutation (Glu285AIa) and nonsense mutation (Tyr231X). In the missense mutation, there is a substitution of glutamic acid to alanine. As for the nonsense mutation, the tyrosine codon is replaced by a termination codon. Genetic screening reveals that around 1 in 40 healthy Jews are carriers and the incidence of this disease in this population is as high as 1 in 6000.
History
The first case of spongy degeneration of the CNS was reported in 1928 by Globus and Strauss, who designated the case as Schilder's disease, a term for diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis. In 1931, Canavan reported a case where the megalencephaly of brain degeneration is different from that caused by a tumour. However, she failed to recognize the spongy alterations that suggest a unique pathological cause that distinguishes her case from Schilder's disease. Later in 1937, Eislebergl reported six cases from Jewish families and discovered the familial characteristics of spongy degeneration, but she classified these cases as Krabbe's sclerosis. It was not until 1949 when Van Bogaert and Bertrand reported five cases from Jewish families, whereupon further pathological analysis confirmed that spongy degeneration is the nosologic entity.
References
Neuroscience
Neurology
Central nervous system
Central nervous system disorders | Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system | [
"Biology"
] | 2,714 | [
"Neuroscience"
] |
67,252,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeComputerMuseum | The HomeComputerMuseum is an interactive computer museum specialized in the history of the home computer. The museum is located in the city of Helmond in the Netherlands.
Description
The museum was opened on 17 March 2018, at Kluisstraat 3–5. Due to a lack of space and an expiring rental contract, it was soon necessary to look for another space. On 2 February 2020, the museum moved to its current location on de Noord Koninginnewal 28 in Helmond.
The HomeComputerMuseum presents a chronological representation of the computer as it can be used at home. It is fully interactive where all computers may be used by visitors. The official mission is: Preserve and share the history of the home computer for and with current and future generations.
The original collection is owned by Bart van den Akker, the founder of the museum. Over the years, other (computer) collectors have also exhibited (parts of) their collection at the museum, creating a complete story of the history of the home computer.
Collection
The museum has a clear focus on the history of the home computer. There are hardly any large company computers to be found and the collection starts in the mid-1970s with, among other things, the Altair 8800.
Chronologically, all large and small computer brands pass by and the collection of most brands is complete until 2006. For example, nearly the entire history of Commodore (including all Amigas), Atari, Sinclair, Apple (including the complete Apple II series and the first Apple Lisa in the Netherlands), MSX, Kaypro, Tandy, Philips and Tulip working present. Many smaller brands personal computers are also present.
Some unique items in the museum:
The Commodore Amiga 4000 used for the movie Titanic (1997).
A Commodore Amiga 2500UX from the NASA.
The world's largest collection of boxed PC games.
the world's largest collection CD-i.
Largest collection of Philips computers.
Largest collection Tulip Computers.
Working Aesthedes.
Commodore 64 from Jeroen Tel.
Amiga 1200 from Psygnosis
Oldest IBM PC in the Netherlands.
The museum pays special attention to the (lost) Dutch computer brands such as Tulip, Philips, Holborn, Genisys/G2, Laser Computers and others.
Awards and Social functions
The museum is committed to people with a distance to the labor market, in particular people with an autism spectrum disorder. Within the museum, these are guided to a permanent job where people will also remain employed for a long time. In addition to museum tasks, some commercial tasks are also performed, such as a repair service, digital heritage and appraisals. This makes the non-profit company operating independently and independent of subsidies or sponsors.
This mix of culture (heritage), social and commercial serves as an example for many museums and government bodies, including Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands and International Council of Museums. The museum has received several awards for its social commitment:
Heritage Prize 2019 of Heritage Brabant.
Carat Cultuurprijs 2020 from the Carat Foundation, Helmond
See also
National Videogame Museum
References
External links
2018 establishments in the Netherlands
Computer museums
Helmond
Museums in North Brabant
21st-century architecture in the Netherlands | HomeComputerMuseum | [
"Technology"
] | 666 | [
"Computer museums",
"History of computing"
] |
67,253,209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition%20of%20time%20zones | Various proposals have been made to replace the system of time zones with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as a local time.
History
For most of history, the position of the sun was used for timekeeping. During the 19th century, most towns kept their own local time. The standardization of time zones started in 1884 in the US.
Proposals
Arthur C. Clarke proposed the use of a single time zone in 1976. Attempts to abolish time zones date back half a century and include the Swatch Internet Time. Economics professor Steve Hanke and astrophysics professor Dick Henry at Johns Hopkins University have been proponents of the concept and have integrated it in their Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar.
Usage
UTC as a universal time zone is already used by airline operators around the world and other international settings where time coordination is especially critical. This includes military operations, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the International Space Station. Within the United States, some have cited effective international use of UTC in certain industries as evidence that a permanent national time zone would work within the United States, a change the Secretary of Transportation would have the authority to make.
Advantages
The same time is used globally, which removes the requirement of calculations between different zones.
Possible health benefits as people who live on the eastern side of a time zone are out of sync with the circadian rhythms.
Disadvantages
The date will change during daylight hours in parts of the Americas and Asia–Pacific.
Requires changes in linguistic terminology related to time.
Conceptually, time zones would still be in effect as different regions would still carry out activities such as business hours, lunch, school, etc. at different UTC times, essentially trading one system for a tantamount one.
For example, at 08:00 (8 AM), with UTC±0 as a worldwide standard, the sky in the Eastern United States would look how it normally does at 03:00 (3 AM), and in China would look how it does at 16:00 (4 PM). However, in the United Kingdom, the sky would look the exact same as it normally does at 08:00 (8 AM).
See also
Eastern Standard Tribe
Calendar reform
Time in China
References
Time zones
Time scales | Abolition of time zones | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 445 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Astronomical coordinate systems",
"Spacetime",
"Time scales"
] |
67,253,536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20B.%20Wells | Richard B. Wells (born 1953) was a Professor Emeritus at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. From 2006 until his retirement in 2013, he held concurrent appointments as Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Professor of Neuroscience, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, and Adjunct Professor of Materials Science & Engineering. He was named as Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2001.
Early life and education
Wells holds a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, where he graduated with distinction in May 1975. He received his M.S. in electrical engineering in May 1979 from Stanford University and his Ph.D. in electrical engineering in May 1985 from the University of Idaho.
Textbooks
References
External links
Richard B Wells page at the University of Idaho
20th-century American engineers
University of Idaho faculty
1953 births
Electrical and computer engineering
American electrical engineers
Senior members of the IEEE
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Iowa State University alumni
University of Idaho alumni
People from Maquoketa, Iowa
Hewlett-Packard people
University of Washington faculty
Living people | Richard B. Wells | [
"Engineering"
] | 216 | [
"Electrical and computer engineering"
] |
67,253,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronot%20society | Ronot Society, formerly known as Société de Chaudronnerie et de Construction Mécaniques de Saint-Dizier, was a French foundry established in 1905 by Ernest Ronot. It was legally renamed Société Ernest Ronot in 1918. The business used the name 'Ronot' from 1938 to 2014. The company began operating as a part of the foundry industry, focusing on industrial and agricultural boiler-making, and expanded its scope of activity over its lifespan. In 2008, Ronot was placed under judicial review and was closed by a judicial liquidation in 2014, leaving a total of 41 workers unemployed.
History
Development
Ernest Ronot opened a foundry in 1905, named St. Dizier Boilermaking and Metallic Manufacturing Society (). It was renamed in 1918 and finally renamed Ronot in 1938. From 1910 to 1923, Ronot constructed a modern factory and expanded it to cover 20,000 m2. In 1926, he ordered the construction of a workers’ housing estate with access to a railway line.
In the 1960s, the company started to decline, along with other French industrial enterprises of the time. In December 1984, Ronot went through a court settlement due to the financial state of the company. In 1986, Ronot was bought by the Alsace-based boiler making company Bieber, which became the principal shareholder and continued to expand its activities. In the middle of 2006, Ronot obtained , a Haute-Saône-based company specializing in the commercialization of farm dumpsters, trailers, and flatbeds. In 2007, Ronot acquired , another company manufacturing farm dumpsters in the French department of the Ardennes. Although this company was finally bought by in 2009, its acquisition marked the Europeanization of Ronot with the creation of its Polish branch.
Facilities
In 1921, Ernest Ronot bought land, borrowing from local enterprises, to expand the size of the boiler maker factory. In 1931, there were over 300 employees working in the factory. Ronot notably invested in a fleet of 150 machines to cut, fold, bend, stamp, drill, and weld steel. The jewel of this fleet was built in 1931 by Delattre and Frouard. A unique stamping press with a power of 2,000 tons was established in the factory and operated until 2014. In 2007, the factory of Ronot covered an area of 25,000 m2 and employed 80 workers and employees, up from 78 in 2006.
Leadership
Ernest Ronot was a French entrepreneur, born in 1879, in Chaumont. During the Second World War, Ronot fled to Nice as Chaumont was invaded. Even though his factory was requisitioned by the Germans, Ronot refused to return to Saint-Dizier to collaborate with the Nazis. He managed his company in Nice, assisted by his cousin Paul Ronot.
Ronot, the company's first CEO, died in 1943. His friend Émile Barthélémy succeeded him from 1943 until his death in 1961. Ernest's grandson, Hubert Varin, led the company from 1961 until his accidental death in 1985, after which his wife Marie-Louise Varin became the CEO. In 1986, the company was bought by Bieber Industry and its President Raymond Bieber became Ronot’s CEO. Marie-Louise Varin remained General Director until she retired in 2002. José de Sousa was appointed by Bieber Industry to become the next Director-General until the judicial liquidation of the company.
Catalogs and products
The company's motto was "We only deliver the irreproachable" (). The catalog of the company diversified its offerings throughout the years. Their flagship products were the “Niagara” pump, the “Idéal” barrel and the “Ève" washing machine. All were reputed to be durable and reliable. The catalog also included trays, cookers, drinking troughs for farm animals, laundry boilers, and geared pumps. In 2006, Ronot started the commercialization of aluminum products.
Communication and advertising
Early in the life of the company, Ernest Ronot engaged the work of famous publicists such as Georges Ripart, Racham, C. Thévenin, or Jan. The company created modern advertising campaigns which alternatively disparaged the products of competitors or displayed beautiful horses pulling their best products. Another campaign illustrated the life of working class people surrounded by innovative products, such as men with the company's steel barrels and women with Ronot washing machines. Ronot participated in the early Agricultural Fair of Paris (). In 1950 and several years afterward, Ronot was one of the pillars of the Fair of Agricultural Machines ().
Closure
Ronot ceased operations in 2014 through a judicial liquidation that followed several judicial reviews. The facility and its 150 machines were auctioned. Some machines were bought by local companies while others were salvaged by associations concerned with the survival of industrial heritage.
The raised funds to save a press; and dismantle, move, and reassemble it at a conservatory of machines in Dommartin-le-Franc.
References
1905 establishments in France
2014 disestablishments in France
Foundries | Ronot society | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,034 | [
"Foundries",
"Metallurgical facilities"
] |
67,254,496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive%20syndrome | Locomotive syndrome is a medical condition of decreased mobility due to disorders of the locomotor system. The locomotor system comprises bones, joints, muscles and nerves. It is a concept put forward by three professional medical societies in Japan: the Japanese Society for Musculoskeletal Medicine, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, and the Japanese Clinical Orthopaedic Association. Locomotive syndrome is generally found in the ageing population as locomotor functions deteriorate with age. Symptoms of locomotive syndrome include limitations in joint mobility, pain, balance disorder, malalignment and gait abnormality. Locomotive syndrome is commonly caused by chronic locomotive organ diseases. Diagnosis and assessment of locomotive syndrome is done using several tests such as the stand-up and two-step tests. The risk of having locomotive syndrome can be decreased via adequate nutrition, attainment of an exercise habit and being active.
History
In 2000, the Government of Japan established the insurance system Long-term Care Insurance to resolve the issue of the drastic increase of Japanese elderly people in need of nursing care, which imposed a heavy financial burden on the Japanese society. Locomotive system disorders took up approximately a quarter of the need for long-term nursing care in Japan.
Subsequently, three professional Japanese medical societies, the Japanese Society for Musculoskeletal Medicine, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, and the Japanese Clinical Orthopaedic Association, put forward the idea of locomotive syndrome in 2007 with the aim of enhancing public awareness of locomotive syndrome and calling for plans for its management.
Epidemiology
Globally, locomotive syndrome prevalence is estimated to be approximately 10%.
Researchers have tried to determine whether there are variations in locomotive syndrome prevalence between sexes. Two surveys in Japan showed that locomotive syndrome prevalence in men was lower than that in women. A 2010 nationwide survey with participation of 4500 subjects in Japan showed the estimated locomotive syndrome prevalence for men and women to be 7.9% and 12.3% respectively. Moreover, another nationwide survey with 5162 subjects in 2014 showed the prevalence for men and women to be 10.8% and 12.9% respectively. Contrarily, a different study in Japan with participation of 963 subjects indicated that the difference in locomotive syndrome prevalence between men and women was not significant.
The prevalence of locomotive syndrome increases as people become older, with the highest in those aged 70 or above at 16%. Locomotive syndrome prevalence in people with chronic pain was eight times higher than that of the general population. In addition, the number of orthopaedic surgery treatments in need of hospitalisation drastically rises after age 50 and reaches a peak after the age of 70.
Signs and symptoms
The main components in the locomotive system include intervertebral disks, joints, bones, nervous and muscular system. The deterioration of locomotive components leads to symptoms such as pain, limitation in joint mobility, malalignment, balance disorder and gait abnormality. Syndrome progression leads to reduced ability to perform activities of daily living independently and eventually results in decreased quality of life and necessity of nursing care. People with locomotive syndrome may not be able to accomplish everyday tasks such as putting socks on while standing on one leg, doing moderately intensive house chores, carrying home 5 pounds of shopping and walking nonstop for 15 minutes. They may also slip around or trip up the house and need to hold on to handrails for support whilst climbing up the stairs.
Degenerative changes in the main components of the locomotive system begin before middle age. Generally in the initial stages, the progression is slow and asymptomatic. The symptoms only become obvious when pathological degeneration changes become advanced.
Causes and mechanism
Locomotive syndrome is generally caused by decreased strength of muscles and balance related to ageing and locomotive conditions such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and spondylosis. Muscle degeneration becomes more common in people aged 50 or above. On average, they lose 3% of their muscle strength annually. This hinders their ability to undertake several physical routine activities. Elderly people with osteoporosis and frailty have a higher risk of hip, vertebra, distal radius and humerus fractures. These fractures can cause pain at the fracture site. For osteoarthritis, which is a medical condition of the synovial joints, the abrasion and breakdown of hyaline cartilage and underlying bone can cause joint pain and thus limit movement. For spondylosis, pressure on the spine wears out the intervertebral discs and disfigures the bone, which causes serious pain and leads to restriction of motion.
Specifically in women, locomotive syndrome may be caused by reduced levels of bone density and physical activity that usually happen after menopause. Bone density level decreases as the level of oestrogen, a hormone essential for healthy bones, drops after menopause. This causes more bone resorption than formation. Additionally, women tend to have smaller bones and lower bone mass than men, which further increases the risk of locomotive syndrome. They may also suffer from insufficient nutrition due to dieting in order to be thin, which further contributes to weak bones.
Diagnosis and assessment
The diagnosis and assessment of locomotive syndrome are done using the short test battery for locomotive syndrome (STBLS) established by the JOA. STBLS consists of the stand-up test, the two-step test and the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25). Results from STBL serve as a guide to assess the risk, presence and degree of locomotive syndrome. There are two stages of locomotive syndrome. Stage 1 indicates the beginning of mobility function decline and stage 2 indicates a progression of mobility function decline. Individuals with locomotive syndrome are categorised into one of the two stages depending on the scores of the three tests.
Stand-up test
The stand-up test examines and measures the vertical movement ability of the body and the muscle strength of the lower extremities. The test evaluates the ability to stand with one or both legs from stools of heights 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm. The difficulty level increases in order of decreasing stool height and when using one leg instead of two. The test is usually performed in increasing order of difficulty starting from standing up using both legs from a 40 cm high stool. The trial is successful if the individual can stand and hold their position for more than three seconds. The inability to stand up from a 40 cm tall stool using one leg is an indicator of stage 1 locomotive syndrome while the inability to stand up from a 20 cm tall stool using both legs is an indicator of stage 2 locomotive syndrome.
Two-step test
The two-step test evaluates balance and walking ability by assessing gait speed and maximal step length. The test involves individuals taking two steps forward at maximum stride without losing balance and then standing still on both feet for more than three seconds. The distance covered by the two steps is measured and divided by the individual's height to obtain the two-step value which correlates with walking speed. The test is done twice and the highest value is noted. A score of less than 1.3 signifies stage 1 locomotive syndrome and a score of less than 1.1 signifies stage 2 locomotive syndrome.
GLFS-25
The GLFS-25 is a self-administered questionnaire that evaluates pain, movement-related difficulty, social activity, cognitive status and daily activities of the middle-aged and elderly population. The scale consists of 25 questions referring to experiences in the preceding month that addresses four areas. This includes 4 questions about pain, 16 questions about pain during activities of daily living, 3 questions about social functions and 2 questions about mental health status. Each question is scored on a 5-point scale from 0 which indicates no impairment to 4 which indicates severe impairment. The total score which ranges from 0 to 100 serves as a quantitative evaluation of the difficulties and disabilities in activities of daily living related to the locomotor system. A GLFS-25 score of 7 or more is indicative of stage 1 locomotive syndrome and a score of 16 or more is indicative of stage 2 locomotive syndrome.
Prevention and management
Strategies for preventing the onset and progression of locomotive syndrome include regular exercise and appropriate nutritional intake.
As exercise has been proven to significantly improve motor function and limit the decline of functional capacity, habitual exercise is the main method for locomotive syndrome prevention and improvement. The JOA proposed a set of exercises called locomotion training or locotra aimed for the improvement of physical function in the middle-aged and elderly population. Locotra consists of single-leg standing with eyes open, squats, heel raises and front lunges. These exercises help improve balance and muscle strength of the lower extremities which are vital for activities of daily living.
Single-leg standing
Single-leg standing with eyes open is an exercise that effectively improves balance and prevents falls. Individuals are required to raise one foot by 5–10 cm with their eyes open for 1 minute. The exercise is to be done near a stable surface such as a desk to prevent falling. Three repetitions for each leg daily is recommended.
Squatting
Squatting has been proven to improve strength and balance of the lower body and independence of activities of daily living. Squatting involves lowering the torso from standing position and returning to the upright position. The proper squatting technique requires individuals to maintain the position of knees over the toes and the knee flexion angle below 90°. Three sets of 5-6 repetitions are recommended daily.
Heel raises
Heel raises involve raising and lowering the heels while standing on the balls of the feet. This exercise strengthens the triceps muscles of the lower extremities associated with gait speed and fall risk. Two or three sets of 10-20 repetitions are recommended daily.
Front lunges
Front lunges are performed by lowering the upper body slowly and bringing the body back up while keeping one foot forward in line with the back foot. Front lunges improve muscle strength, balance and flexibility of the lower extremities as most of the lower limb muscles are activated during the exercise. Two or three sets of 5-10 repetitions daily are recommended.
Nutrition
In addition to exercise, nutritional improvement helps in the improvement and sustainment of motor function. Maintaining a well-balanced diet and healthy body weight help keep the musculoskeletal system healthy. Overnutrition increases the risk of locomotive syndrome as extra body weight puts added strain on the back and knees. Oppositely, undernutrition reduces bone and muscle mass, leading to osteoporosis and sarcopenia. The JOA recommends eating three proper meals a day to obtain a balanced mix of the five major nutrients: carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals. These nutrients are essential for the proper maintenance of the locomotor system. A steady supply of calcium, protein, vitamin D and vitamin K are required for the constant regeneration of bones. 700–800 mg of calcium per day is recommended to prevent osteoporosis. Protein supplementation has been shown to have additive effects to exercise intervention. Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption in the gut and vitamin K plays a role in the formation of bones and the maintenance of bone quality. Other important nutrients involved in bone formation include magnesium, folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12. On the other hand, overconsumption of sodium, phosphate and caffeine hinders calcium absorption.
Protein and vitamin B6 also help in the formation and maintenance of muscles.
References
Musculoskeletal system
Syndromes affecting bones | Locomotive syndrome | [
"Biology"
] | 2,367 | [
"Organ systems",
"Musculoskeletal system"
] |
67,255,612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium%28III%29%20chloride | Einsteinium(III) chloride is a chloride of einsteinium.
Preparation
Einsteinium(III) chloride is created by reacting einsteinium metal with dry hydrogen chloride gas for 20 minutes at 500 °C which crystallized around 425 °C.
2 Es + 6 HCl → 2 EsCl3 + 3 H2
Chemical properties
The compound can be reduced by to obtain .
References
Chlorides
Einsteinium compounds
Actinide halides | Einsteinium(III) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 84 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
67,256,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitClout | BitClout was an open source blockchain-based social media platform. On the platform, users could post short-form writings and photos, award money to posts they particularly like by clicking a diamond icon, as well as buy and sell "creator coins" (personalized tokens whose value depends on people's reputations). BitClout ran on a custom proof of work blockchain, and was a prototype of what can be built on DeSo (short for "Decentralized Social"). BitClout's founder and primary leader is Nader al-Naji, known pseudonymously as "Diamondhands". In July 2024, al-Naji was arrested by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and charged with fraud involving BitClout.
Under development since 2019, BitClout's blockchain created its first block in January 2021, and BitClout itself launched publicly in March 2021. The platform launched with 15,000 "reserved" accounts - a move intended to prevent impersonation, but which backfired as some people with reserved accounts tried to actively distance themselves. Later, in September 2021, BitClout was revealed to be the flagship product of the DeSo blockchain.
History
Origins (2019 - March 2021)
In early 2019, Nader al-Naji became interested in "mixing investing and social media". He started creating a custom blockchain in May 2019, but didn't tell anyone else until November 2020. However, in the fall of 2020, al-Naji pitched BitClout's own investors under his real name and began posting job listings for a "new operation".
Although BitClout was not originally intended to launch until mid-2021, its development was sped up due to "zeitgeist about decentralized social media" in January 2021.
BitClout's first block was mined on 18 January 2021. Its next block was mined on 1 March 2021.
As BitClout (March - September 2021)
In early March 2021, about fifty investors received links to a password-protected website with the BitClout white paper. They were encouraged to explore the site and send the same link to "two or three other 'trusted contacts'". Within weeks users were spending millions of dollars per day on the platform. The platform's founders said they were "completely unprepared", having planned to have a "soft-launch". The leader went by the name "diamondhands" on the platform.
On 24 March 2021, BitClout launched out of private beta. Investors include Sequoia Capital, Andreessen Horowitz, the venture capital firm Social Capital, Coinbase Ventures, Winklevoss Capital Management, Alexis Ohanian, Polychain, Pantera, and Digital Currency Group (CoinDesk's parent company). During its initial launch, BitClout's currency could be bought with bitcoin, but not sold except on Discord servers or Twitter threads. A single bitcoin wallet related to BitClout received more than $165M worth of deposits.
In March 2021, law firm Anderson Kill P.C. sent Nader al-Naji, the presumed leader of the BitClout platform, a cease-and-desist letter, demanding the removal of Brandon Curtis's account and alleging that BitClout violated sections 1798 and 3344 of the California Civil Code by using Curtis's name and likeness without his consent. Curtis also tweeted, "Adopting Bitcoin's aesthetic to raise VC funding to carry out unethical and blatantly illegal schemes like BitClout: not cool". (However, Curtis's coin, despite not being listed on the official website, can still be bought by users searching for the original username.) Additionally, in April 2021, Lee Hsien Loong asked for his name and photograph to be removed from the site, stating that he has "nothing to do with the platform" and that "it is misleading and done without [his] permission".
On 18 May 2021, diamondhands announced that 100% of the BitClout code went public.
On 12 June 2021, the supply of BitClout was capped at around 11 million coins.
On 18 July 2021, BitClout added the ability for users to mint and purchase NFTs within the platform.
As part of DeSo (September 2021 - present)
On 21 September 2021, it was revealed that BitClout was a prototype built on DeSo, short for "Decentralized Social". As a part of this revelation, diamondhands confirmed his identity as Nader al-Naji. (As early as April 2021, it had been believed that diamondhands indeed that person.)The Bitclout project raised $200M in funding, which went to setting up the DeSo Foundation.
Design
BitClout is a social media platform. Its users can post short-form writings and photos (similarly to Twitter). They can award money to posts they particularly like by clicking a diamond icon (similarly to Twitch Bits).
The prices of each account's "creator coin" goes up and down with the popularity of the celebrity behind it. For example, if someone says something negative, the value of their corresponding account may go down. This price is computed automatically according to the formula .
At launch time, BitClout scraped 15,000 profiles of celebrities from Twitter to create "reserved" accounts in their names. To claim a reserved account, the account holder would need to tweet about it (which also serves as a marketing strategy). At least 80 such reserved profiles have been claimed.
Proof of stake was introduced in March 2024.
References
External links
BitClout official website
2021 software
Cryptocurrency projects
Social media
Social media management platforms
Internet properties established in 2021
Free and open-source software
Software using the MIT license | BitClout | [
"Technology"
] | 1,221 | [
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
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