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77,510,770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207312 | NGC 7312 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pegasus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 7911 ± 26 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 116.68 ± 8.18 Mpc (∼381 million light-years). It was discovered by German astronomer Albert Marth on 30 October 1863.
According to Steven D. Peterson, NGC 7312 forms a galaxy pair with NGC 7311. The Hubble distance to NGC 7311 is 61.33 ± 4.31 Mpc (∼200 million light-years), which is much closer than NGC 7312, and therefore the pairing is purely optical.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 7312:
PSNJ22343424+0548478 (type II, mag 16.6) was discovered by E. Weinberg, R. Post, Jack Newton, and Tim Puckett on 17 September 2015.
SN 2024ixe (type IIb, mag. 19.7) was discovered by the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (SNHunt) on 15 may 2024.
See also
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
References
External links
7312
069198
12083
Pegasus (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1863
Discoveries by Albert Marth
+01-57-010
Barred spiral galaxies | NGC 7312 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 282 | [
"Pegasus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,512,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigstuhl%201 | Königstuhl 1 (KO-1, Kö 1, Koenigstuhl 1) is a binary consisting out of the red dwarf LEHPM 494 and the M- or L-type star or brown dwarf DENIS-P J0021.0-4244. While similar low-mass wide binary were known in young star-forming regions, Königstuhl1 was the first wide binary detected in the field and was not associated with a star-forming region.
Name and discovery
The individual components were known since 1998 (DENIS survey) and 2003 (LEHPM survey), but the binary status was not noticed until José A. Caballero studied them in 2007 and discovered that they move in the same direction. This similar motion was first revealed in the USNO-B1/NOMAD1 proper motion surveys. Caballero also collected 22 years of data to show that the proper motion is consistent. He named the pair Königstuhl 1 because he worked at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, which is located on top of the Königstuhl. Other low-mass binaries were discovered by Caballero in the Koenigstuhl survey and called Koenigstuhl 1, Koenigstuhl 2 (Kö 2, Kö 3). The last addition was Koenigstuhl 7 in 2014.
The binary
In the discovery paper Caballero reports a spectral type of M6V for the primary Kö 1A and a mass of around 10% of the sun.
The spectral type of the secondary Kö 1B was first estimated to be >M9V and later the optical spectral type was determined to be M9.5V. Caballero determined a mass of 79 to 87 for the secondary. The binary components are separated by around 1800 astronomical units. This wide orbit also meant that the gravitational binding energy is very low for the binary. At this time one theory existed that explained the presence of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs with the fragmentation and ejection of stellar embryos from molecular clouds. The presence of wide binaries in the field are hard to explain by such a scenario.
The infrared spectral type of Kö 1B was determined to be L0.6: in 2014. The gravity on this object is consistent with other old field dwarfs. Later it was determined that Kö 1 could be part of the 200 Myr old Carina Near Association. If this is true, Kö 1B would be less massive and it would have a mass of 51.88±3.6 . A more precise separation of 2083.4 AU was reported in 2021 and Kö 1B might have two components.
See also
Other low-mass wide binaries:
2MASS J11011926−7732383
WISE 2150−7520
SDSS J141624.08+134826.7
UScoCTIO 108
Oph 162225-240515
References
Brown dwarfs
M-type stars
L-type brown dwarfs
Phoenix (constellation)
Binary stars | Königstuhl 1 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 617 | [
"Phoenix (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
77,512,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieron%20Burke | Kieron Burke is a professor known for his work in the field of quantum mechanics, particularly in developing and advancing density functional theory (DFT). He holds joint appointments as a distinguished professor in the Departments of Chemistry and Physics at the University of California, Irvine (UCI).
Career and research
Density functional theory
Burke's primary research focus is on density functional theory (DFT), a computational quantum mechanical modeling method used to investigate the electronic structure of many-body systems, particularly atoms, molecules, and condensed phases. DFT has become an essential tool in chemistry and materials science due to its balance of accuracy and computational efficiency. Burke has been instrumental in developing formalism, new approximations, and extensions of DFT to various scientific applications (UCI Chemistry) (Eddleman Quantum Institute) (UCI DFT).
Key contributions
Kieron Burke has contributed significantly to several areas within DFT, including:
PBE Functional Development: Contributed to the development of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional, which is widely used in computational chemistry and materials science.
Adiabatic Connection Arguments: Played a role in developing the PBE0 hybrid functional, which combines DFT with Hartree-Fock theory.
Thermal DFT: Advanced the understanding of DFT under thermal conditions, which is crucial for studying matter under extreme environments such as planetary interiors and fusion reactors.
Machine Learning: Integrated machine learning techniques to improve the accuracy and efficiency of DFT calculations (UCI Chemistry) (IAQMS) (APS Physics).
Academic and professional recognition
Burke is a fellow of several prestigious organizations, including the American Physical Society, the British Royal Society of Chemistry, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has received numerous awards, including the International Journal of Quantum Chemistry Young Investigator Award and the Bourke Lectureship from the Royal Society of Chemistry (UCI Chemistry) (IAQMS).
Outreach and education
Kieron Burke is also known for his educational efforts and outreach activities. He has delivered lectures and tutorials on DFT around the world and is actively involved in mentoring students and postdoctoral researchers from various scientific disciplines, including chemistry, physics, mathematics, and computer science (UCI Chemistry) (Eddleman Quantum Institute).
Selected publications
Burke has authored over 180 research papers in theoretical chemistry, physical chemistry, condensed matter physics, and surface and interface science. His work is highly cited, reflecting its impact on the scientific community. Some notable publications include:
"Thermal Density Functional Theory in Context" - A comprehensive overview of thermal DFT and its applications.
"Exact Conditions and Approximations in Density Functional Theory" - Discusses the theoretical foundations and practical approximations in DFT.
References
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Living people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
21st-century American chemists
Theoretical chemists
Computational chemists
American academics
University of California, Irvine faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) | Kieron Burke | [
"Chemistry"
] | 594 | [
"Theoretical chemists",
"American theoretical chemists"
] |
77,513,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C19H20O7 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C19H20O7}}
The molecular formula C19H20O7 (molar mass: 360.362 g/mol) may refer to:
Barbatic acid
Elephantopin | C19H20O7 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 50 | [
"Isomerism",
"Set index articles on molecular formulas"
] |
77,513,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastocaloric%20materials | Elastocaloric materials are a class of advanced materials. These materials show a big change in temperature when mechanical stress is applied and then removed.
This phenomenon, known as the elastocaloric effect, is the reversible thermal response of the material to mechanical loading and unloading. The effect is often caused by changes in entropy within the material's structure. This can be due to phase transformations or reorientation of crystalline domains. Unlike conventional materials, elastocaloric materials can experience substantial temperature changes under mechanical stress. This makes them promising for solid-state refrigeration and heating applications.
The relevance of elastocaloric materials lies in their potential to revolutionize the cooling and heating systems that are integral to modern life. Traditional cooling technologies, such as vapor-compression refrigeration, rely on harmful refrigerants that contribute to global warming and have significant energy consumption. These materials can potentially replace conventional systems, leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and lower energy usage.
Elastocaloric Effect
The elastocaloric effect is a complex thermomechanical phenomenon in which a material experiences a temperature change as a result of mechanical stress. When mechanical stress is applied to an elastocaloric material—through stretching, compressing, or bending—the material can either absorb heat from its surroundings (resulting in cooling) or release heat (resulting in heating). This effect arises primarily due to a change in the material's entropy. The change in entropy is often linked to a phase transition or the reorientation of the material's crystalline structure.
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have the elastocaloric effect. This effect is closely connected to the reversible phase transition between different crystal structures. For example, the transition from austenite to martensite. During this transition, the entropy of the system changes. This is due to the rearrangement of atoms and changes in internal energy. The transformation from a high-symmetry austenitic phase to a low-symmetry martensitic phase can either absorb or release latent heat. This depends on whether the process is endothermic or exothermic. The temperature change (ΔT) depends on several factors: material composition - the specific elements and their concentrations in the alloy can significantly influence the phase transition temperature and the associated entropy change; microstructure - the size, distribution, and orientation of grains within the material can affect the mechanical properties and the efficiency of the phase transition; mechanical load - the type and magnitude of the applied stress determine the extent of the phase transition and, consequently, the temperature change. By controlling these factors, the elastocaloric effect can be finely tuned. This allows for the design of materials with tailored thermal responses for specific applications.
Materials
Elastocaloric materials are diverse and include a range of shape memory alloys (SMAs), which are among the most widely studied due to their pronounced phase transition properties. Notable examples include:
Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Alloys: Known for their excellent mechanical properties and significant temperature changes during the austenite-martensite phase transformation, NiTi alloys are highly efficient elastocaloric materials.
Copper-Based Alloys: Alloys such as Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni have also shown promising elastocaloric properties, with the added benefit of being less expensive than NiTi.
Iron-Based Alloys: These materials, including Fe-Pd and Fe-Ni, offer potential for elastocaloric applications, especially at lower temperatures.
Elastomers and Ceramics: Some polymer-based materials and ceramics exhibit elastocaloric effects due to entropy changes associated with stretching or bending. These materials can provide unique advantages, such as flexibility and lower weight.
The choice of material for elastocaloric applications depends on several criteria, including the desired operating temperature range, the required mechanical strength, the material's durability under cyclic loading (fatigue resistance), and cost considerations.
Comparison with Other Caloric Effects
The elastocaloric effect is part of a broader category of caloric effects that can be utilized for solid-state cooling technologies. Other notable caloric effects include:
Magnetocaloric effect (MCE): This effect involves a temperature change in a material due to a change in magnetic field. It is based on the magnetocaloric materials' ability to undergo an entropy change when subjected to a magnetic field, which aligns magnetic domains and reduces entropy, leading to heating or cooling.
Electrocaloric effect (ECE): Involves temperature changes due to the application or removal of an electric field. Electrocaloric materials experience a change in polarization and entropy when an electric field is applied, causing the material to either absorb or release heat.
Compared to the magnetocaloric and electrocaloric effects, the elastocaloric effect offers several distinct advantages:
No Need for External Fields: Elastocaloric materials do not need external magnetic or electric fields. These fields can be energy-intensive to generate and control. This makes elastocaloric systems potentially simpler and more cost-effective.
Higher Temperature Changes: Elastocaloric materials can show larger temperature changes when a mechanical stress is applied. The temperature changes are bigger compared to the changes from magnetocaloric or electrocaloric effects. This can lead to higher cooling efficiencies.
Material Diversity: A wide range of materials can exhibit elastocaloric properties, offering more options for specific applications and potentially lower material costs.
These unique attributes make elastocaloric materials a promising avenue for developing next-generation cooling technologies that are more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly than current systems.
References
Refrigerants
Phase transitions | Elastocaloric materials | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,178 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
77,514,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom%20gland | Venom glands are a wide variety of salivary glands in insects and reptiles modified to produce venom and store it without harm to the organism itself.
Details
In reptiles the glands are characterized by their ability to synthesize venom, store venom for long periods of time, stabilize the venom while in the gland itself, and rapidly activate the toxin upon deployment from the gland. In insects however, specifically some parasitoid insects in the genus Hymenoptera, the venom gland has been shown to have additional functions such as the regulation of the immune response, paralysis, castration, and developmental alteration of the parasite's host.
References
Venomous snakes
Snake toxins
Saliva
Arthropod glands | Venom gland | [
"Biology"
] | 140 | [
"Saliva",
"Excretion"
] |
47,585,797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Archives%20of%20Occupational%20and%20Environmental%20Health | The International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering occupational and environmental health. It was established in 1930 under the name Archiv für Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene; its name was changed to Internationales Archiv für Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene beginning in 1962. In 1970, the journal's name was again changed, this time to Internationales Archiv für Arbeitsmedizin. The journal obtained its current name in 1975. It is published ten times per year by Springer Science+Business Media and the editor-in-chief is Edwin van Wijngaarden (University of Rochester). The journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.851.
References
External links
Environmental health journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1930
English-language journals
Occupational safety and health journals
10 times per year journals | International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 189 | [
"Environmental science journals",
"Environmental health journals",
"Environmental science journal stubs"
] |
47,586,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Graham%20Cannon | Herbert Graham Cannon FRS FRSE FLS FRMS (14 April 1897 – 6 January 1963) was a leading English zoologist and keen supporter of Lamarckism.
Life
He was born in Wimbledon, London, on 14 April 1897 to David William Cannon, a compositor with Eyre & Spottiswoode, the third of four children. The family moved to Brixton when he was young. He won a scholarship and attended Wilson’s Grammar School in Camberwell, later winning a further scholarship to study zoology at Christ's College, Cambridge. He graduated with a BA from the University of Cambridge in 1918.
From 1920 to 1926 he lectured at University College London. In 1926 he received a professorship from Sheffield University. The bulk of his academic career, however, was spent as Beyer Professor of Zoology at Manchester University, 1931 to 1963.
In 1927 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposers including James Hartley Ashworth. In 1935 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.
Cannon's Lamarckian views were heavily criticized by biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky. Regarding his research, science historian Peter J. Bowler has written:
Cannon did extensive work on the functional morphology of arthropod feeding mechanisms in the 1920s, although his work was typical of the period in which phylogenetic considerations had dropped into the background even where the morphological tradition was continued. He did stress the role of habit in determining feeding structures, although his explicit support for Lamarckism came out only much later in his career.
His student was the entomologist Sidnie Manton.
Marriage and death
Cannon was married to Annie Helen Fyfe. He died in hospital in London on 6 January 1963.
Artistic recognition
Several bromide prints of Cannon, made by Walter Stoneman, are held by the National Gallery in London.
Publications
Articles
Cannon, Herbert Graham. (1957). What Lamarck Really Said. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 168: 70-87.
Cannon, Herbert Graham. (1960). The Myth of the Inheritance of Acquired Characters. New Scientist. pp. 798–800.
Books
Nebaliacea (1931)
On the Rock-Boring Barnacle (1935)
A Method of Illustration for Scientific Papers (1936)
The John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean (1940)
Ostracoda (1940)
The Evolution of Living Things (1958)
Lamarck and Modern Genetics (1959)
References
1897 births
1963 deaths
20th-century British zoologists
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Lamarckism
Scientists from London | Herbert Graham Cannon | [
"Biology"
] | 543 | [
"Non-Darwinian evolution",
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories",
"Lamarckism"
] |
47,587,093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult%20polyglucosan%20body%20disease | Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is a rare monogenic glycogen storage disorder (GSD type IV) caused by an inborn error of metabolism. Symptoms can emerge any time after the age of 30. Early symptoms include trouble controlling urination, trouble walking, and lack of sensation in the legs. People eventually develop dementia.
A person inherits loss-of-function mutations in the GBE1 gene from each parent, and the lack of glycogen branching enzyme (the protein encoded by GBE1) leads to buildup of unbranched glycogen in cells, which harms neurons more than other kinds of cells.
Most people first go to the doctor due to trouble with urination. The condition is diagnosed by gathering symptoms, a neurological examination, laboratory tests including genetic testing, and medical imaging. As of 2024, there was no cure or treatment, but the symptoms could be managed. People diagnosed with APBD can live a long time after diagnosis, but will probably die earlier than people without the condition.
Signs and symptoms
Adult polyglucosan body disease is a condition that affects the nervous system. People with this condition have problems walking due to reduced sensation in their legs (peripheral neuropathy) and progressive muscle weakness and stiffness (spasticity). Damage to the nerves that control bladder function (neurogenic bladder) causes progressive difficulty in controlling the flow of urine. About half of people with adult polyglucosan body disease experience dementia. Most people with the condition first complain of bladder issues.
People with adult polyglucosan body disease typically first experience signs and symptoms related to the condition between ages 30 and 60.
Causes
APBD is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused when a person inherits genes from both parents containing one or more loss-of-function mutations in the gene GBE1 which encodes for glycogen branching enzyme, also called 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme.
Mechanism
The GBE1 gene provides instructions for making the glycogen branching enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the production of a complex sugar called glycogen, which is a major source of stored energy in the body. Most GBE1 gene mutations result in a shortage (deficiency) of the glycogen branching enzyme, which leads to the production of abnormal glycogen molecules. These abnormal glycogen molecules, called polyglucosan bodies, accumulate within cells and cause damage. Neurons appear to be particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of polyglucosan bodies in people with this disorder, leading to impaired neuronal function.
Some mutations in the GBE1 gene that cause adult polyglucosan body disease do not result in a shortage of glycogen branching enzyme. In people with these mutations, the activity of this enzyme is normal. How mutations cause the disease in these individuals is unclear. Other people with adult polyglucosan body disease do not have identified mutations in the GBE1 gene. In these individuals, the cause of the disease is unknown.
Diagnosis
Along with evaluation of the symptoms and a neurological examination, a diagnosis can be made based on genetic testing. Whether or not a person is making sufficient amounts of functional glycogen branching enzyme can be determined by taking a skin biopsy and testing for activity of the enzyme. Examination of tissue biopsied from the sural nerve under a microscope can reveal the presence of polyglucosan bodies. There will also be white matter changes visible in a magnetic resonance imaging scans.
Classification
Adult polyglucosan body disease is an orphan disease and a glycogen storage disorder that is caused by an inborn error of metabolism, that affects the central and peripheral nervous systems.
The condition in newborns caused by the same mutations is called glycogen storage disease type IV.
Prevention
APBD can only be prevented if parents undergo genetic screening to understand their risk of producing a child with the condition; if in vitro fertilization is used, then preimplantation genetic diagnosis can be done to identify fertilized eggs that do not carry two copies of mutated GBE1.
Management
, there is no cure for APBD; instead symptoms are managed. There are various approaches to managing neurogenic bladder dysfunction, physical therapy and mobility aids to help with walking, and dementia can be managed with occupational therapy, counseling and drugs.
Outcomes
The rate of progression varies significantly from person to person.
There is not good data on outcomes; it appears that APBD likely leads to earlier death, but people with APBD can live many years after diagnosis with relatively good quality of life.
Epidemiology
The prevalence is unknown; about 70 cases had been reported in the medical literature as of 2016. As of 2016, the largest set of case studies included 50 people; about 70% of them were of Ashkenazic Jewish descent.
Society and culture
Gregory Weiss, a person with APBD, created the Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease Research Foundation to fund research into the disease and its management.
Research directions
In 2015 the first transgenic mouse that appeared to be a useful model organism for studying APBD was published.
See also
GBE1
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Peripheral neuropathy
References
External links
Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease Research Foundation
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
Rare diseases | Adult polyglucosan body disease | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,127 | [
"Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism",
"Carbohydrate metabolism"
] |
47,587,161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drip%20pricing | In online retail, drip pricing (also known as partitioned pricing or shrouded pricing) is a sales technique where a headline price is advertised at the beginning of the purchase process, followed by the incremental disclosure of additional fees, taxes or charges. The objective of drip pricing is to gain a consumer's interest in a misleadingly low headline price without the true final price being disclosed until the consumer has invested time and effort in the purchase process and made a decision to purchase.
Drip pricing is controversial because it can deceive consumers and distort competition by making it difficult for businesses with more transparent pricing practices to compete on a level playing field. Many jurisdictions have enacted legislation to outlaw drip pricing of fees, taxes and surcharges. For example, throughout the European Economic Area and most of the rest of Europe, retailers must include value added tax in prices given to consumers. Article 22 of Directive 2011/83/EU on Consumer Rights outlaws the default selection of additional drip-priced charges such as pre-ticked boxes on websites; this is enacted in the United Kingdom under Regulation 40 of the Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013.
Industries where partitioned pricing has historically been prevalent include air transportation, lodging, auto dealerships, auction houses, online retailing, and sports and entertainment ticketing. Studies show that consumers spend more when price tags are tax-exclusive than tax-inclusive.
Effectiveness
Studies consistently show that consumers spend more when price tags are tax-exclusive.
Tversky and Kahneman’s research (1974, as cited in Ahmetoglu, Furnham, & Fagan) suggests that the reason for drip pricing being so effective is due to consumers “anchoring” on to what matter to them, for example the base price, and consider that the main factor when purchasing a product or service. They then take less recognition of the smaller prices, such as surcharges and therefore underestimate the total price as they are still considering the base price as a good deal.
Xia and Monroes' research (2004, as cited in Ahmetoglu, Furnham, & Fagan) suggests that a small surcharge, for example 6% of the total price, would have a positive effect on the consumer's purchasing intentions as well as satisfaction as opposed to a high surcharge, for example 12%. However, this research also pointed out that even with the high surcharge of 12%, the consumer's purchasing intentions did not change, even if their satisfaction levels did. This suggests evidence that drip pricing could be an effective pricing strategy, as it lures consumers in with a low base price and adds smaller charges, which the consumer does not recognize, as they are focused on the base price. Even if drip pricing does not have positive impact on the satisfaction levels of consumers, it is clear that a company could extract higher charges from a consumer with similar, if not same, levels of purchase intentions.
By industry sector
Airlines
Drip pricing of unavoidable additional charges on air fares is outlawed in the European Economic Area, Australia, and the United States.
The United States Department of Transportation regulation known as the Full Fare Advertising Rule requiring advertisements to include all applicable taxes, fees, and return tickets took effect on January 26, 2012. That July, the agency fined Tripadvisor $80,000 for non-compliance. In October, 2022, USDOT proposed adding regulations for transparency on ancillary fees like baggage, and requested public comment.
European regulations requires that "The final price to be paid shall at all times be indicated and shall include the applicable air fare or air rate as well as all applicable taxes, and charges, surcharges and fees which are unavoidable and foreseeable at the time of publication". In the early 2010s, many budget airlines sought to circumvent this requirement by adding surcharges for the most common means of payment. For example, Ryanair surcharged £6 per passenger per flight segment to process a single debit card payment whose cost was only a few pence. Article 19 of EU Consumer Rights Directive has limited such payment surcharges to "the cost borne by the trader" since 13 June 2014, but because of the prevalence of these surcharges, the United Kingdom enacted the legislation earlier than required with effect from 6 April 2013. Later legislation prohibits card surcharges throughout the EEA with effect from 13 January 2018, which the United Kingdom also enacted.
In mid-2014, the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission took legal action against Virgin Australia and Jetstar in respect of drip pricing.
After being faced with increasing regulation of the types of surcharges that may be drip-priced, airlines have created new types of drip-priced surcharges. For example Spirit Airlines from August 2010 and Wizz Air from October 2012 started surcharging passengers who travel with conventionally-sized hand luggage. Following Ryanair's introduction of allocated seating in February 2014, it and other UK-based airlines have been accused of seating young children far away from their parents unless a surcharge is paid. This is despite the UK's Civil Aviation Authority guidelines stating that airlines' seat allocation procedures should aim to seat children close to their parents.
An example of airlines' drip pricing is shown in Robbert and Roth’s (2014) research which states “You click on “Book Now” and enter your personal information. Just as you are about to finish the transaction, you see that the payment with your preferred credit card costs an additional US$20”.
Event ticketing
The primary and secondary ticketing industry has faced considerable scrutiny in the United Kingdom. Many event organisers and secondary ticketing agencies, in addition to any published markup contained within the headline price, add unavoidable delivery fees for tickets later in the purchase process, even when customers print their own tickets or collect them from a box office.
Hotel and resort booking agents
Cities in many southern European countries, such as Greece, Italy and Spain, impose a city tax on guests staying in hotels. Booking agents often exclude the city tax from the quoted headline price, leaving the hotel guest to pay the tax locally upon check-out. Article 6(1)(e) of Directive 2011/83/EU on Consumer Rights requires businesses to quote to consumers "the total price of the goods or services inclusive of taxes". In Italy, where city taxes are often omitted from published prices, this is enacted into national law under Article 49(1)(e) of Decreto Legislativo 21 febbraio 2014, n.21.
In May 2012, the United States Federal Trade Commission hosted a conference on the economics of drip pricing, which focused on the practice of charging "hotel" or "resort" fees to consumers after they arrive to check-in at their hotel or resort. Following the conference, the FTC issued letters against 22 hotel operators warning that their online reservation sites may "violate the law by providing a deceptively low estimate of what consumers can expect to pay for their hotel rooms". According to the FTC letters, “One common complaint consumers raised involved mandatory fees hotels charge for amenities such as newspapers, use of onsite exercise or pool facilities, or internet access, sometimes referred to as ‘resort fees.’ These mandatory fees can be as high as $30 per night, a sum that could certainly affect consumer purchasing decisions”. The warning letters also stated that consumers often did not know they would be required to pay resort fees in addition to the quoted hotel rate.
In 2017, the FTC published an extensive report which further detailed the practice of unfair and deceptive drip pricing practices in the hotel and resort industries. The report found that "separating mandatory resort fees from posted room rates without first disclosing the total price is likely to harm consumers by artificially increasing the search costs and the cognitive costs of finding and booking hotel accommodations."
Airbnb
When Airbnb customers search for accommodation, Airbnb displays per-night prices that exclude its own per-night service charges, and the total price is not revealed until the customer selects an individual property. Furthermore, if the customer searches for properties within a price range, the search returns properties where only part of the price falls within the desired price range rather than where the total price falls within the price range. In late 2015, the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission took action against Airbnb for this form of drip pricing. Consequently users of Airbnb's Australian web site now see the total price of a stay including all unavoidable charges at every stage of the booking process. In July 2018, the European Commission threatened action against Airbnb in view of its website breaching EU law by headline prices failing to include fees and charges later passed on to the consumer, including cleaning costs.
Economy-wide regulations
In October 2022, the United States Federal Trade Commission announced a proposed rulemaking on the practice, and requested public input.
Ethics
“We find that that consumers perceive drip prices as unfair.” (Robbert & Roth, 2014) This is the issue when it comes to price drip strategy. Is it fair to show a lower price and slowly add additional costs towards the end of a transaction? Robbert and Roth’s research (2014) goes on to show that consumers disapprove of the way that the prices are being presented. This can have a negative impact on the purchase itself as if consumers feel they are being treated unfairly due to drip pricing strategy, they may consider substitute goods and services.
Economic effects
A 2019 paper by economists Michael R. Baye and John Morgan found that drip price harms even fully rational consumers and suppliers, because it imposes hassle costs (i.e., "the time and effort required to discover the total price"); "industry-wide drip pricing can raise average prices, increase industry profits, and harm consumers."
Search friction inhibits consumers from obtaining sufficient market information to make an informed decision, an effect which is amplified by drip pricing. When drip pricing is employed, a competitive market is insufficient to mitigate the additional search friction consumers experience. Drip pricing is a method used to isolate and restrict competitive forces to the base price only, with minimal competition influence on additional charges.
See also
Foot-in-the-door technique
References
Further reading
External links
Drip pricing at Investopedia
Pricing
Competition (economics)
Consumer behaviour | Drip pricing | [
"Biology"
] | 2,133 | [
"Behavior",
"Consumer behaviour",
"Human behavior"
] |
47,587,204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective%20switching | Collective Switching is where customers negotiate a group deal with a utility service such as gas or electricity. This is popular in the United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, and Ireland. In the UK, collective switching has always been managed by a third party, which gathers the consumers together into a grouping via a registration or membership model and then takes their collective demand to the supply base and obtains from a supplier preferential or bespoke rates for that group of consumers.
There is no set model for how individual schemes operate, although a third party, such as an energy broker, usually seeks to negotiate a better energy tariff with energy suppliers on behalf of the group.
Collective switching in the UK
Collective switching schemes in the UK began in 2014 encouraged by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) under the Coalition government. DECC believed that collective switching had the ability to increase the competition for consumers within the energy market, particularly people who had never switched before and encouraging suppliers to innovate to acquire new customers.
The schemes are not directly regulated by energy industry regulator, OFGEM, but they are indirectly through the supplier which "wins" any particular collective switch; as that supplier has obligations to the consumer under its supply licence conditions. Collective switches may also be run by Price Comparison Websites which can be accredited by OFGEM's confidence code, but the collective switch itself falls outside of this confidence code.
Collective switching attempts to deliver the best tariff for a collection of disparate consumers that may have different usage patterns and priorities. It should not purport to deliver the cheapest deal to all participants as there are inevitably outliers that would obtain a better deal elsewhere. As the name suggests the emphasis is on collective rather than cheapest; although if the numbers of members are large enough and the remit of the collective switch is solely price then the associated deal may indeed be the cheapest deal at a point in time; but that is by no means certain. Collective switching can also apply to any type of tariff for which there is a collective need; green energy supply is an obvious example of a collective switch where the criteria that is not purely a function of cost.
Known collective switches in the UK
My Utility Genius (The Big British Switch)
The Big Deal
Milkman Energy
References
Consumer behaviour
Family economics | Collective switching | [
"Biology"
] | 466 | [
"Behavior",
"Consumer behaviour",
"Human behavior"
] |
47,587,994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaulospora%20rehmii | Acaulospora rehmii is a species of fungus in the family Acaulosporaceae. It forms arbuscular mycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Isolated from the soil of a cultivated field in Colombia, the fungus was described as new to science in 1987.
References
External links
Diversisporales
Fungi of Colombia
Fungi described in 1987
Fungus species | Acaulospora rehmii | [
"Biology"
] | 78 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
47,589,429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgesterone | Norgesterone, also known as norvinodrel or vinylestrenolone and sold under the brand name Vestalin, is a progestin medication which was formerly used in birth control pills for women but is now no longer marketed. It was used in combination with the estrogen ethinylestradiol. It is taken by mouth.
Norgesterone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has no androgenic activity.
Norgesterone was first described in 1962. It is no longer available.
Medical uses
Norgesterone was used in combination with ethinylestradiol in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy. It is no longer available.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Norgesterone is a progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor. Unlike related progestins, it is virtually devoid of androgenic activity in animal assays.
Chemistry
Norgesterone, also known as 17α-vinyl-δ5(10)-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-vinylestr-5(10)-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone and 19-nortestosterone. Analogues of norgesterone include norvinisterone (17α-vinyl-19-nortestosterone) and vinyltestosterone (17α-vinyltestosterone).
History
Norgesterone was first described in 1962.
Society and culture
Generic names
Norgesterone is the generic name of the drug and its . It has also been referred to as norvinodrel, vinylestrenolone, and vinylnoretynodrel.
Brand names
Norgesterone was marketed in combination with ethinylestradiol, an estrogen, as a birth control pill under the brand name Vestalin.
Availability
Norgesterone is no longer marketed and hence is no longer available in any country.
References
Abandoned drugs
Alkene derivatives
Estranes
Hormonal contraception
Ketones
Progestogens
Vinyl compounds | Norgesterone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 478 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
47,590,347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone%20heptanoate | Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (OHPH), also known as hydroxyprogesterone enanthate (OHPE) and sold under the brand names H.O.P., Lutogil A.P., and Lutogyl A.P. among others, is a progestin medication used for progestogenic indications. It has been formulated both alone and in together with estrogens, androgens/anabolic steroids, and other progestogens in several combination preparations (brand names Tocogestan, Trioestrine Retard, and Triormon Depositum). OHPH is given by injection into muscle at regular intervals.
OHPH is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It appears to have similar pharmacology to that of the closely related medication hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC).
OHPH was first described by 1954 and was introduced for medical use by 1957. It has been used clinically in France and Monaco in the past but is no longer marketed.
Medical uses
OHPH is a progestogen and was used in situations in which progestogens were indicated.
Available forms
OHPH was provided as a 125 mg/1 mL oil solution for use by intramuscular injection. In addition to single-drug preparations, OHPH has also been used in a number of multi-drug formulations. It was used in Tocogestan, a combination of 50 mg progesterone, 200 mg OHPH, and 250 mg α-tocopherol palmitate (vitamin E) in oil solution for use by intramuscular injection. It was also used in Triormon Depositum (estradiol dibutyrate, testosterone caproate, and OHPH) and Trioestrine Retard (estradiol diundecylate, testosterone cyclohexylpropionate, and OHPH). OHPH was a component of the experimental preparation Trophobolene (or Trophoboline), which also contained estrapronicate (estradiol nicotinate propionate) and nandrolone undecanoate, as well.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
OHPH is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. The progestogenic potency of OHPH in the uterus is equal to or greater than that of progesterone when administered by subcutaneous injection in animals. Its potency in animals likewise appears to be similar to that of hydroxyprogesterone caproate.
Pharmacokinetics
OHPH shows a pronounced depot effect when administered by subcutaneous injection in animals, similarly to the closely related medication hydroxyprogesterone caproate. The oral activity of OHPH in animals does not appear to have been assessed.
Chemistry
OHPH, also known as hydroxyprogesterone enanthate (OHPE), as well as 17α-hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate or 17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 17α-heptanoate, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a progestogen ester; specifically, it is the C17α heptanoate (enanthate) ester of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Analogues of OHPH include the more well-known medications hydroxyprogesterone acetate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate (hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate). The C3 benzilic acid hydrazone of OHPH, hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone (OHPHBH), is known and has been studied in animals. In terms of chemical structure, OHPH is very similar to hydroxyprogesterone caproate, differing from it only in having one additional carbon in its fatty acid ester chain.
History
OHPH was first described, along with hydroxyprogesterone caproate and hydroxyprogesterone acetate, by Karl Junkmann of Schering AG in 1954. It was introduced for medical use by 1957. OHPH was commercialized by Roussel and Théramex, and has been used clinically in France and Monaco but is no longer marketed.
Society and culture
Brand names
OHPH has been marketed alone under a number of brand names including H.O.P, Hydroxyprogesterone, Lutogil A.P., and Lutogyl A.P.
Availability
OHPH was previously marketed in France and Monaco but is no longer available.
See also
Estradiol dibutyrate/hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate/testosterone caproate
Estradiol diundecylate/hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate/testosterone cyclohexylpropionate
Estrapronicate/hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate/nandrolone undecanoate
Progesterone/hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate/α-tocopherol palmitate
References
Abandoned drugs
Diketones
Enanthate esters
Enones
Esters
Pregnanes
Progestogen esters
Progestogens | Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,194 | [
"Esters",
"Functional groups",
"Drug safety",
"Organic compounds",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
47,590,590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroprogesterone | Retroprogesterone, also known as 9β,10α-progesterone or as 9β,10α-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a progestin which was never marketed. It is a stereoisomer of the naturally occurring progestogen progesterone, in which the hydrogen atom at the 9th carbon is in the α-position (below the plane) instead of the β-position (above the plane) and the methyl group at the 10th carbon is in the β-position instead of the α-position. In other words, the atom positions at the two carbons have been reversed relative to progesterone, hence the name retroprogesterone. This reversal results in a "bent" configuration in which the plane of rings A and B is orientated at a 60° angle below the rings C and D. This configuration is ideal for interaction with the progesterone receptor, with retroprogesterone binding with high affinity to this receptor. However, the configuration is not as ideal for binding to other steroid hormone receptors, and as a result, retroprogesterone derivatives have increased selectivity for the progesterone receptor relative to progesterone.
Retroprogesterone is the parent compound of a group of progestins consisting of the marketed progestins dydrogesterone (6-dehydroretroprogesterone) and trengestone (1,6-didehydro-6-chlororetroprogesterone) and the never-marketed progestin Ro 6-3129, as well as the active metabolites of these progestins like 20α-dihydrodydrogesterone and 20α-dihydrotrengestone (i.e., the 20α-hydroxylated analogues).
Chemistry
See also
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
19-Norprogesterone
17α-Ethynyltestosterone
19-Nortestosterone
17α-Spirolactone
References
Abandoned drugs
Diketones
Pregnanes
Progestogens | Retroprogesterone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 456 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
47,591,140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-421 | Kepler-421 (KOI-1274 A) is a yellow main sequence star, being of spectral class G7V. Orange star of spectral class K9V (KOI-1274 B), projected on sky plane just 1.085″ away, is not physically associated to it. The distance to star KOI-1274 A is approximately 1150 light-years, and to KOI-1274 B is about 1900 light-years.
Planetary system
Kepler-421 has an exoplanet (Kepler-421b), which is notable for its position near the snow line.
References
G-type main-sequence stars
1274
K-type main-sequence stars
J18530163+4505159
Planetary transit variables
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Lyra | Kepler-421 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 164 | [
"Lyra",
"Constellations"
] |
47,591,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206886 | NGC 6886 is a planetary nebula in the constellation Sagitta. It was discovered by Ralph Copeland on September 17, 1884. It is distant from Earth, and is composed of a hot central post-AGB star that has 55% of the Sun's mass yet 2700 ± 850 its luminosity, with a surface temperature of 142,000 K. The planetary nebula is thought to have been expanding for between 1280 and 1600 years.
References
External links
Planetary nebulae
Sagitta
6886
Astronomical objects discovered in 1884 | NGC 6886 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 109 | [
"Nebula stubs",
"Sagitta",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
47,591,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20pinetorum | Boletus pinetorum is an edible bolete fungus generally found in Fennoscandia. It was described as a new species in 2009 from a collection made in Finland. It resembles the popular Boletus edulis but is distinct from that species genetically. Fruitbodies of B. pinetorum have greyish brown caps with wrinkled margins. The bolete is mycorrhizal with pines, and grows in dry sandy pine heaths and dry coniferous forests.
See also
List of Boletus species
References
Edible fungi
Fungi described in 2009
Fungi of Europe
pinetorum
Fungus species | Boletus pinetorum | [
"Biology"
] | 122 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,732,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stixel | In computer vision, a stixel (portmanteau of "stick" and "pixel") is a superpixel representation of depth information in an image, in the form of a vertical stick that approximates the closest obstacles within a certain vertical slice of the scene. Introduced in 2009, stixels have applications in robotic navigation and advanced driver-assistance systems, where they can be used to define a representation of robotic environments and traffic scenes with a medium level of abstraction.
Definition
One of the problems of scene understanding in computer vision is to determine horizontal freespace around the camera, where the agent can move, and the vertical obstacles delimiting it. An image can be paired with depth information (produced e.g. from stereo disparity, lidar, or monocular depth estimation), allowing a dense tridimensional reconstruction of the observed scene. One drawback of dense reconstruction is the large amount of data involved, since each pixel in the image is mapped to an element of a point cloud. Vision problems characterised by planar freespace delimited by mostly vertical obstacles, such as traffic scenes or robotic navigation, can benefit from a condensed representation that allows to save memory and processing time.
Stixels are thin vertical rectangles representing a slice of a vertical surface belonging to the closest obstacle in the observed scene. They allow to dramatically reduce the amount of information needed to represent a scene in such problems. A stixel is characterised by three parameters: vertical coordinate of the bottom, height of the stick, and depth. Stixels have fixed width, with each stixel spanning over a certain number of image columns, allowing downsampling of the horizontal image resolution. In the original formulation, each column of the image would contain at most one stixel, and later extensions were developed to allow multiple stixels on each column, allowing to represent multiple objects at different distances.
Stixel estimation
The input to stixel estimation is a dense depth map, that can be computed from stereo disparity or other means. The original approach computes an occupancy grid that can be segmented to estimate the freespace, with dynamic programming providing an efficient method to find an optimal segmentation. Alternative approaches can be used instead of occupancy grid mapping, such as manifold-based methods.
The freespace boundary provides the base points of the obstacles at closest longitudinal distance, however multiple objects at different distances might appear in each column of the image. To fully define the obstacles, their height should be estimated, and this is accomplished by segmenting the depth of the object from the depth of the background. A membership function over the pixels can be defined based on the depth value, where the membership represents the confidence of a pixel belonging to the closest vertical obstacle or to the background, and a cut separating the obstacles from the background can again be computed effectively with dynamic programming.
Once both the freespace and the obstacle height are known, the stixels can be estimated by fusing the information over the columns spanned by each stixel, and finally a refined depth of the stixel can be estimated via model fitting over the depth of the pixels covered by the stixel, possibly paired with confidence information (e.g. disparity confidence produced by methods such as semi-global matching).
References
Sources
Computer vision | Stixel | [
"Engineering"
] | 685 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Packaging machinery",
"Computer vision"
] |
71,738,191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20evolution%20reaction | Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a chemical reaction that yields H2. The conversion of protons to H2 requires reducing equivalents and usually a catalyst. In nature, HER is catalyzed by hydrogenase enzymes. Commercial electrolyzers typically employ supported platinum as the catalyst at the anode of the electrolyzer. HER is useful for producing hydrogen gas, providing a clean-burning fuel. HER, however, can also be an unwelcome side reaction that competes with other reductions such as nitrogen fixation, or electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide or chrome plating.
HER in electrolysis
HER is a key reaction which occurs in the electrolysis of water for the production of hydrogen for both industrial energy applications, as well as small-scale laboratory research. Due to the abundance of water on Earth, hydrogen production poses a potentially scalable process for fuel generation. This is an alternative to steam methane reforming for hydrogen production, which has significant greenhouse gas emissions, and as such scientists are looking to improve and scale up electrolysis processes that have fewer emissions.
Electrolysis Mechanism
In acidic conditions, the hydrogen evolution reaction follows the formula: 2H^+ + 2e^- -> H2
In neutral or alkaline conditions, the reaction follows the formula: 4H2O + 4e^- -> 2H2 + 4OH^-
Both of these mechanisms can be seen in industrial practices at the cathode side of the electrolyzer where hydrogen evolution occurs. In acidic conditions, it is referred to as proton exchange membrane electrolysis or PEM, while in alkaline conditions it is referred to simply as alkaline electrolysis. Historically, alkaline electrolysis has been the dominant method of the two, though PEM has recently began to grow due to the higher current density that can be achieved in PEM electrolysis.
Catalysts for HER
The HER process is driven forward by electricity and requires a large energy input without a highly efficient catalyst, which is a chemical which lowers the activation energy of a reaction without being consumed. In alkaline electrolyzers, Nickel and Iron based catalysts for HER are typically used at the anode. The alkalinity of the electrolyte in these processes enables the use of less expensive catalysts In PEM electrolyzers, the standard catalyst for HER is platinum supported on carbon, or Pt/C, used at the anode. The performance of a catalyst can be characterized by the level of adsorption of hydrogen into binding sites of the metal surface, as well as the overpotential of the reaction as current density increases.
Challenges
The high cost and energy input from water electrolysis poses a challenge to the large scale implementation of hydrogen power. While alkaline electroysis is commonly used, its limited current density capacity requires large electrical input, which poses both a cost and environmental concern due to the high carbon content of electricity in the many countries, including the United States The electrocatalysts used for electrolysis of PEM electrolyzers currently account for about 5% of the total process cost, however, as this process is scaled up, it is predicted that catalysts costs will rise due to scarcity and become a huge factor in the cost of producing hydrogen. As such, low-cost, high-efficiency, and scalable alternative materials for the HER catalysts in PEM electrolyzers are a point of research interest for scientists.
References
Electrolysis
Energy engineering | Hydrogen evolution reaction | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 702 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Energy engineering",
"Electrolysis"
] |
71,738,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-103b | WASP-103b is a gaseous exoplanet, more specifically a hot Jupiter, located in the Hercules constellation orbiting the star WASP-103. It has an oval shape, similar to that of a rugby ball, thanks to the force of gravity exerted by its star. It is the first exoplanet to have a deformation detected.
Features
It is 1.5 times more massive, almost twice as large and twenty times hotter than Jupiter; These data suggest that WASP-103b has an interior structure similar to that of said planet. Its orbit lasts in 22 hours, since it is located 0.01987 astronomical units from its star, a fact that also gives it its oval shape. Despite being very close to its sun, it seems to be moving away from it, instead of getting closer, giving rise to the theory that it is a binary system, or that the orbit of the exoplanet in question is elliptical. Orbital decay was not detected by 2020.
See also
SuperWASP
CHEOPS
References
Hercules (constellation)
Hot Jupiters
Exoplanets discovered in 2014
Exoplanets discovered by WASP | WASP-103b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 232 | [
"Hercules (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,738,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroacanthella%20ellipsospora | Heteroacanthella ellipsospora is a species of fungus of uncertain familial placement in the order Auriculariales. The fungus is lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling), and it parasitises the apothecia and thallus of the crustose lichen Glaucomaria carpinea. Heteroacanthella ellipsospora was formally described as a new species in 2014 by Juan Carlos Zamora, Sergio Pérez-Ortega and Víctor Rico. It was first described from specimens collected in the Spanish provinces of Jaén and Madrid, and later reported from Sweden.
The fungus has spiny (acanthoid) basidia, the first known lichenicolous basidiomycete with this characteristic. The hymenium of the fungus (the spore-producing region) eventually replaces the hymenium of its host. It produces basidiospores with typical dimensions of 10–14 by 6.5–9.5 μm; the species epithet refers to the ellipsoidal shape of the spores. The effect of infection on the host ranges from being barely visible to forming pale swellings (similar to galls) that measure 0.1–0.8 mm.
References
Auriculariales
Fungi described in 2014
Fungi of Spain
Fungi of Sweden
Lichenicolous fungi
Fungus species | Heteroacanthella ellipsospora | [
"Biology"
] | 284 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,739,330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AF%20Columbae | AF Columbae, also known as HD 42682, is a solitary, red hued variable star located in the southern constellation Columba, the dove. It has an apparent magnitude that fluctuates between 5.6 and 5.71. Nevertheless, it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements from the Gaia spacecraft place the star relatively far at a distance of 820 light years. However, it is approaching the Solar System with a poorly constrained radial velocity of .
AF Columbae is a red giant that is currently on the asymptotic giant branch, generating energy via hydrogen and helium shell burning. It has a stellar classification of M2 II/III, indicating an evolved M-type star with the blended luminosity class of a regular giant star and a bright giant. At present it has 1.54 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 148 times its girth. It shines with a bolometric luminosity 1,853 times that of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of .
The object is classified as a slow irregular variable of subtype Lb. Tabur et al. (2009) found 5 periods for AF Columbae. Most of them last for 40-50 days, while one of them last for 112 days. It appears to be a runaway star, having an unusually high peculiar velocity of .
References
M-type giants
M-type bright giants
Slow irregular variables
Columba (constellation)
042682
029263
2203
CD-40 02291
Columbae, AF
Columbae, 82 | AF Columbae | [
"Astronomy"
] | 336 | [
"Columba (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
71,739,731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable%20Borel%20relation | In descriptive set theory, specifically invariant descriptive set theory, countable Borel relations are a class of relations between standard Borel space which are particularly well behaved. This concept encapsulates various more specific concepts, such as that of a hyperfinite equivalence relation, but is of interest in and of itself.
Motivation
A main area of study in invariant descriptive set theory is the relative complexity of equivalence relations. An equivalence relation on a set is considered more complex than an equivalence relation on a set if one can "compute using " - formally, if there is a function which is well behaved in some sense (for example, one often requires that is Borel measurable) such that . Such a function If this holds in both directions, that one can both "compute using " and "compute using ", then and have a similar level of complexity. When one talks about Borel equivalence relations and requires to be Borel measurable, this is often denoted by .
Countable Borel equivalence relations, and relations of similar complexity in the sense described above, appear in various places in mathematics (see examples below, and see for more). In particular, the Feldman-Moore theorem described below proved useful in the study of certain Von Neumann algebras (see ).
Definition
Let and be standard Borel spaces. A countable Borel relation between and is a subset of the cartesian product which is a Borel set (as a subset in the Product topology) and satisfies that for any , the set is countable.
Note that this definition is not symmetric in and , and thus it is possible that a relation is a countable Borel relation between and but the converse relation is not a countable Borel relation between and .
Examples
A countable union of countable Borel relations is also a countable Borel relation.
The intersection of a countable Borel relation with any Borel subset of is a countable Borel relation.
If is a function between standard Borel spaces, the graph of the function is a countable Borel relation between and if and only if is Borel measurable (this is a consequence of the Luzin-Suslin theorem and the fact that ). The converse relation of the graph, , is a countable Borel relation if and only if is Borel measurable and has countable fibers.
If is an equivalence relation, it is a countable Borel relation if and only if it is a Borel set and all equivalence classes are countable. In particular hyperfinite equivalence relations are countable Borel relations.
The equivalence relation induced by the continuous action of a countable group is a countable Borel relation. As a concrete example, let be the set of subgroups of , the Free group of rank 2, with the topology generated by basic open sets of the form and for some (this is the Product topology on ). The equivalence relation is then a countable Borel relation.
Let be the space of subsets of the naturals, again with the product topology (a basic open set is of the form or ) - this is known as the Cantor space. The equivalence relation of Turing equivalence is a countable Borel equivalence relation.
The isomorphism equivalence relation between various classes of models, while not being countable Borel equivalence relations, are of similar complexity to a Borel equivalence relation in the sense described above. Examples include:
The class of countable graphs where the degree of each vertex is finite.
The class field extensions of finite transcendence degree over the rationals.
The Luzin–Novikov theorem
This theorem, named after Nikolai Luzin and his doctoral student Pyotr Novikov, is an important result used is many proofs about countable Borel relations.
Theorem. Suppose and are standard Borel spaces and is a countable Borel relation between and . Then the set is a Borel subset of . Furthermore, there is a Borel function (known as a Borel uniformization) such that the graph of is a subset of . Finally, there exist Borel subsets of and Borel functions such that is the union of the graphs of the , that is .
This has a couple of easy consequences:
If is a Borel measurable function with countable fibers, the image of is a Borel subset of (since the image is exactly where is the converse relation of the graph of ) .
Assume is a Borel equivalence relation on a standard Borel space which has countable equivalence classes. Assume is a Borel subset of . Then is also a Borel subset of (since this is precisely where , and is a Borel set).
Below are two more results which can be proven using the Luzin-Novikov Novikov theorem, concerning countable Borel equivalence relations:
Feldman–Moore theorem
The Feldman–Moore theorem, named after Jacob Feldman and Calvin C. Moore, states:
Theorem. Suppose is a Borel equivalence relation on a standard Borel space which has countable equivalence classes. Then there exists a countable group and action of on such that for every the function is Borel measurable, and for any , the equivalence class of with respect to is exactly the orbit of under the action.
That is to say, countable Borel equivalence relations are exactly those generated by Borel actions by countable groups.
Marker lemma
This lemma is due to Theodore Slaman and John R. Steel, and can be proven using the Feldman–Moore theorem:
Lemma. Suppose is a Borel equivalence relation on a standard Borel space which has countable equivalence classes. Let . Then there is a decreasing sequence such that for all and .
Less formally, the lemma says that the infinite equivalence classes can be approximated by "arbitrarily small" set (for instance, if we have a Borel probability measure on the lemma implies that by the continuity of the measure).
References
Descriptive set theory
Binary relations | Countable Borel relation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,207 | [
"Mathematical relations",
"Binary relations"
] |
71,739,917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte%20monolayer%20assay | The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is used to determine the clinical significance of alloantibodies produced by blood transfusion recipients. The assay is used to assess the potential for intravascular hemolysis when incompatible cellular blood products are transfused to the anemic patient. When donor cells possess substances that are not produced by the recipient, the recipient's immune system produces antibodies against the substance; these are called alloantibodies. Specific white blood cells, called monocytes, are tasked with ingesting foreign material and become activated during certain inflammatory events. These activated monocytes come in contact with antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBC) and may or may not exhibit phagocytosis (ingestion) and destroy the donor red blood cells. If monocytes destroy the RBC, the antibody attached to those RBC is considered clinically significant.
Background
Blood banking
Blood banking is a concentration within a clinical laboratory that analyzes specimens from potential transfusion recipients and provides compatible blood products to the healthcare team in charge of that patient's care. Several routine tests are performed including blood typing (determination of ABO/Rh status), antibody screening, serologic cross-matching, direct antiglobulin testing, and antibody identification. Beyond the presence of naturally occurring antibodies (isohemagglutinins) to the ABO and Rh(D) blood group antigens, additional immune-stimulated antibodies are considered unexpected alloantibodies.
The identification of unexpected antibodies is a labor-intensive process, and sometimes requires the addition of special laboratory techniques to aid in the proper identification of the antibody. Among these techniques are elutions, adsorptions, and enzyme treatment. Some patients produce antibodies to high frequency antigens. That is, the red cell antigens are present in a significant portion of the human population. It may be questionable and very difficult to assess if the antibody is considered clinically significant or not. A clinically significant antibody is an antibody that is capable of causing in vitro hemolysis or a decreased survival of transfused donor red blood cells. Antibodies to high frequency antigens can be assessed for clinical significance using the monocyte monolayer assay.
Hemolytic transfusion reaction
There are many different varieties of abnormal reactions to blood transfusion. Among these, a potentially life-threatening reaction is known as a hemolytic transfusion reaction. This is an immune mediated reaction where recipient antibodies attack donor red blood cell antigen(s), causing hemolysis of donor cells. The reaction may occur during, immediately after, or up to 28 days later. An acute reaction is observed within the first 24 hours, whereas a delayed reaction will be observed between 24 hours and 28 days after transfusion.
Alloantibody formation and clinical significance
When talking about the ABO blood group system, Landsteiner's Law states that if an individual possesses the A and/or B antigen, they will not form antibodies to these antigens. However, if an individual does not have either A or B antigens, they will naturally produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies. According to the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT), 43 blood group systems containing hundreds of different red blood cell antigens have been described. With some exceptions, many non-ABO blood group system antigens require a sensitizing event to stimulate antibody production. In other words, the immune system must be exposed to the antigen in order to illicit antibody production. Exposure to antigens can occur through blood transfusion, stem cell/bone marrow transplant, and pregnancy.
The clinical significance of an alloantibody depends on its ability to cause a decrease in donor red blood cell survival. Characteristics of clinically significant alloantibodies include: immunoglobulin G antibody subclass, reactivity at body temperature, and ability to cause red blood cell agglutination in the presence of anti-human globulin (AHG) in an indirect antiglobulin test. Sometimes, clinical significance of an antibody can be difficult to determine. Antibodies to high prevalence red cell antigens can sometimes mask the detection of clinically significant alloantibodies because the corresponding antigen is present on most, if not all, of the screening red blood cells used to detect these antibodies possess the antigen. This is where the monocyte monolayer assay may be useful.
Principle
The MMA is a very labor-intensive, manual laboratory testing method. The following steps are performed in this assay:
Anticoagulated blood is collected from normal, healthy individuals. Acid citrate dextrose is preferred.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are harvested from the blood sample using a Ficoll-Paque® density gradient.
The PBMC's are washed using a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then suspended in tissue culture media in order to keep the monocytes viable.
The PBMC-media mixture is then added to a tissue culture chamber slide. Monocytes will adhere to the glass slide forming a monocyte monolayer.
Serum is mixed and incubated at body temperature (37°C) with a 5% group O RBC suspension. (This step sensitizes or coats RBC with antibody)
The sensitized RBC's are washed with PBS to remove any unbound antibody or interfering substances.
The washed, sensitized RBC are then added to the monocyte monolayer tissue culture chamber slide.
After a 60-minute, 37°C incubation, the supernatant is removed from the chamber slides and rinsed with PBS.
Once the slide is completely dry, it is stained with a Wrights-Giemsa stain.
At least 600 (200 if positivity is greater than 20%) monocytes are observed under the microscope for evidence of RBC phagocytosis.
A positive and negative control is also performed in tandem with the patient specimen for quality assurance.
Interpretation
If the positive or negative controls fail, than the entire testing procedure is invalid and must be repeated. Criteria for a positive MMA will vary by laboratory, though the originally established threshold set by Sandra Nance et al., is >20% phagocytic activity observed.
Clinically, a positive MMA would indicate that the patient's serum used in the assay contains clinically significant antibodies that are capable of causing antibody-mediated phagocytosis.
See also
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
Antibody opsonization
Alloantibodies
References
Transfusion medicine
Blood tests | Monocyte monolayer assay | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,353 | [
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
71,739,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Obrecht | Clifford Obrecht (born 1985 or 1986) is an Australian billionaire technology entrepreneur, who is the co-founder (with Melanie Perkins) and chief operating officer (COO) of Canva and owns 18% of the company.
Early life and education
Clifford was born to Stan Obrecht, a government employee and Mary Obrecht, a school teacher. He grew up in , a suburb to the north of Perth.
Obrecht earned a degree from The University of Western Australia.
Personal life
In January 2021, he married Melanie Perkins on Rottnest Island.
Net worth
Obrecht first appeared on The Australian Financial Review Rich List in 2020 with a net worth of 3.43 billion. , The Australian Financial Review assessed his and Perkins' joint net worth as 13.18 billion on the 2023 Rich List; making them the ninth wealthiest Australians. As of September 2022, Forbes assessed his net worth at 6.5 billion.
Notes
: Obrecht's net worth is assessed in Financial Review Rich List as being held jointly with his spouse and business partner, Melanie Perkins.
References
1980s births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian billionaires
Australian company founders
Technology company founders
Businesspeople from Perth, Western Australia
21st-century Australian businesspeople
University of Western Australia alumni | Cliff Obrecht | [
"Technology"
] | 259 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Proprietary technology salespersons"
] |
71,740,001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20polytope | In mathematics, a random polytope is a structure commonly used in convex analysis and the analysis of linear programs in d-dimensional Euclidean space . Depending on use the construction and definition, random polytopes may differ.
Definition
There are multiple non equivalent definitions of a Random polytope. For the following definitions. Let K be a bounded convex set in a Euclidean space:
The convex hull of random points selected with respect to a uniform distribution inside K.
The nonempty intersection of half-spaces in .
The following parameterization has been used: such that (Note: these polytopes can be empty).
Properties definition 1
Let be the set of convex bodies in . Assume and consider a set of uniformly distributed points in . The convex hull of these points, , is called a random polytope inscribed in . where the set stands for the convex hull of the set. We define to be the expected volume of . For a large enough and given .
vol vol
Note: One can determine the volume of the wet part to obtain the order of the magnitude of , instead of determining .
For the unit ball , the wet part is the annulus where h is of order : vol
Given we have is the volume of a smaller cap cut off from by aff, and is a facet if and only if are all on one side of aff .
.
Note: If (a function that returns the amount of d-1 dimensional faces), then and formula can be evaluated for smooth convex sets and for polygons in the plane.
Properties definition 2
Assume we are given a multivariate probability distribution on that is
Absolutely continuous on with respect to Lebesgue measure.
Generates either 0 or 1 for the s with probability of each.
Assigns a measure of 0 to the set of elements in that correspond to empty polytopes.
Given this distribution, and our assumptions, the following properties hold:
A formula is derived for the expected number of dimensional faces on a polytope in with constraints: . (Note: where ). The upper bound, or worst case, for the number of vertices with constraints is much larger: .
The probability that a new constraint is redundant is: . (Note: , and as we add more constraints, the probability a new constraint is redundant approaches 100%).
The expected number of non-redundant constraints is: . (Note: ).
Example uses
Minimal caps
Macbeath regions
Approximations (approximations of convex bodies see properties of definition 1)
Economic cap covering theorem (see relation from properties of definition 1 to floating bodies)
References
Metric geometry
Convex analysis
Computational geometry | Random polytope | [
"Mathematics"
] | 527 | [
"Computational geometry",
"Computational mathematics"
] |
71,741,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Violi | Angela Violi is an Italian and American combustion engineer whose research topics include chemical kinetics, aerosols, the creation of nanoparticles from combustion, and nanoscale self-assembly. She is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor at the University of Michigan, in the Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biophysics, Applied Physics, and Chemical Engineering.
Education and career
Violi studied in chemical engineering at the University of Naples Federico II, earning a laurea in 1994 and completing her Ph.D. in 1999. After postdoctoral research at the University of Utah, she stayed on at the University of Utah as a research professor until moving to the University of Michigan as an assistant professor in 2006. She became associate professor in 2009 and full professor in 2015, and was named Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in 2020.
Recognition
Violi was the 2015 winner of the George Westinghouse Silver Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, "for career efforts that have focused on high-temperature chemically reacting systems, which are critical to widespread applications including energy utilization and advanced materials". She was the 2017 winner of the Adel Sarofim Award, given for "outstanding advancements in understanding combustion processes, formation of combustion by-products and mechanisms of their health effects" at the International Congress on Combustion By-Product and Their Health Effects, and was one of three winners of the 2019 J. Cordell Breed Award for Women Leaders of SAE International.
She was elected to the 2019 class of Fellows of The Combustion Institute, "for outstanding contributions to the fundamental research of soot modeling, pioneering the use of multiscale molecular dynamics simulations in combustion".
References
External links
The Violi group
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Italian chemical engineers
Italian women engineers
American chemical engineers
American women engineers
University of Naples Federico II alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the Combustion Institute | Angela Violi | [
"Chemistry"
] | 391 | [
"Fellows of the Combustion Institute",
"Combustion"
] |
71,741,332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee%20Wegrzyn | Renee Diane Wegrzyn (born November 25, 1976) is an American applied biologist who has served as the inaugural director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health since October 2022.
Education
Wegrzyn earned a Bachelor of Science and PhD in applied biology from Georgia Tech.
Career
From 2003 to 2006, Wegrzyn worked as a post-doctoral research fellow at the Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University. From 2006 to 2008, she worked as the assay development group leader for Adlyfe, a biotechnology company. In 2009, she was a senior scientist at Meso Scale Discovery and in 2012, she was a fellow at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. From 2009 to 2016, she worked as a senior lead technologist at Booz Allen Hamilton. From 2016 to 2020, she served as a program manager in the Biological Technologies Office of DARPA, where she specialized in synthetic biology and biosecurity. Since 2018, she has been a senior advisor to the Nuclear Threat Initiative. In 2020, she joined Ginkgo Bioworks as vice president of business development.
In September 2022, President Joe Biden announced his appointment of Wegrzyn to be the inaugural director of the recently-created Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health under the National Institutes of Health within the Department of Health and Human Services. Wegrzyn was sworn in by Secretary Xavier Becerra on October 11, 2022.
References
21st-century American biologists
American biotechnologists
21st-century American women scientists
Georgia Tech alumni
Living people
National Institutes of Health people
United States Department of Defense officials
Women government officials
American women biologists
Women biotechnologists
Biden administration personnel
1976 births | Renee Wegrzyn | [
"Biology"
] | 338 | [
"Biotechnologists",
"Women biotechnologists"
] |
71,742,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFTS%20243 | VFTS 243 (2MASS J05380840-6909190) is an O7V type main sequence star that orbits a stellar mass black hole. The black hole is around nine times the mass of the Sun, with the blue star being 25 times the mass of the Sun making the star 200,000 times larger than the black hole. VFTS 243 is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud inside NGC 2070 (the Tarantula Nebula) around 160,000 light years from Earth. The binary has an orbital period of 10.4 days.
References
O-type main-sequence stars
Stellar black holes
Dorado
Binary stars
Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud | VFTS 243 | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 145 | [
"Black holes",
"Stellar black holes",
"Dorado",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Constellations"
] |
71,742,822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALISADE%20%28software%29 | PALISADE is an open-source cross platform software library that provides implementations of lattice cryptography building blocks and homomorphic encryption schemes.
History
PALISADE adopted the open modular design principles of the predecessor SIPHER software library from the DARPA PROCEED program. SIPHER development began in 2010, with a focus on modular open design principles to support rapid application deployment over multiple FHE schemes and hardware accelerator back-ends, including on mobile, FPGA and CPU-based computing systems. PALISADE began building from earlier SIPHER designs in 2014, with an open-source release in 2017 and substantial improvements every subsequent 6 months.
PALISADE development was funded originally by the DARPA PROCEED and SafeWare programs, with subsequent improvements funded by additional DARPA programs, IARPA, the NSA, NIH, ONR, the United States Navy, the Sloan Foundation and commercial entities such as Duality Technologies. PALISADE has subsequently been used in commercial offerings, such as by Duality Technologies who raised funding in a Seed round and a later Series A round led by Intel Capital.
In 2022 OpenFHE was released as a fork that also implements CKKS bootstrapping.
Features
PALISADE includes the following features:
Post-quantum public-key encryption
Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE)
Brakerski/Fan-Vercauteren (BFV) scheme for integer arithmetic with RNS optimizations
Brakerski-Gentry-Vaikuntanathan (BGV) scheme for integer arithmetic with RNS optimizations
Cheon-Kim-Kim-Song (CKKS) scheme for real-number arithmetic with RNS optimizations
Ducas-Micciancio (FHEW) scheme for Boolean circuit evaluation with optimizations
Chillotti-Gama-Georgieva-Izabachene (TFHE) scheme for Boolean circuit evaluation with extensions
Multiparty extensions of FHE
Threshold FHE for BGV, BFV, and CKKS schemes
Proxy re-encryption for BGV, BFV, and CKKS schemes
Digital signature
Identity-based encryption
Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption
Availability
There are several known git repositories/ports for PALISADE:
C++
PALISADE Stable Release (official stable release repository)
PALISADE Preview Release (official development/preview release repository)
PALISADE Digital Signature Extensions
PALISADE Attribute-Based Encryption Extensions (includes identity-based encryption and ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption)
JavaScript / WebAssembly
PALISADE WebAssembly (official WebAssembly port)
Python
Python Demos (official Python demos)
FreeBSD
PALISADE (FreeBSD port)
References
Homomorphic encryption
Cryptographic software
Free and open-source software
Software using the BSD license
Free software programmed in C++ | PALISADE (software) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 576 | [
"Cryptographic software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
71,743,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Manipur%20Memorial | The Mount Manipur Memorial is a memorial site in the Mount Manipur (formerly known as Mount Harriet) of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
Spanning over an area of more than 45000 sq ft, the memorial site is dedicated to the Manipuri freedom fighters and the martyrs of the Anglo-Manipur war. In the year 2022, the memorial site won the "International Muse Design Award 2022", through the designs of the "Huidrom Design Studios" from Manipur.
History
When the Anglo-Manipur War ended in the year 1891, 23 Manipuri warriors were exiled to the British penal colony in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, including Meitei King Kulachandra Dhwaja Singh, the Maharajah of Manipur. At the time of the exile, the Cellular Jail (Kalapani) was about to be built in the island. So, Kulachandra Singh and other 22 freedom fighters were imprisoned on the Mount Manipur, in the South Andaman district.
Prior to the construction of the Mount Manipur Memorial site on the Mount Manipur, the Government of Manipur talked to the government authorities of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to provide a piece of land to construct the memorial site for the Manipuri warriors. In the year 2019, the A&N authorities agreed to provide a piece of land near the Cellular Jail. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the process of the construction got delayed. The Manipur Government was given help by the Central Government of India in the construction of the memorial site.
Features
The Mount Manipur Memorial site displays and houses museum, royal sword monument, galleries, outdoor auditorium, cafeteria and gardens.
Sword monument
The "sword monument" in the Mount Manipur Memorial is a monument to commemorate the sacrifices of the freedom fighters and the martyrs in the Anglo-Manipur War. It is associated with a gallery specifically dedicated to Meitei King Kulachandra Dhaja Singh, the Maharajah of Manipur Kingdom and 22 Manipuri freedom fighters, who were exiled to the Mount Manipur from their homeland Manipur after the end of the war.
Awards and honours
The Mount Manipur Memorial was designed by the Manipur-based "Huidrom Design Studios" led by designer Suresh Huidrom, Nevia Laishram as lead architect, Ribash Akoijam as 3D visual architect, Galaxy Pungyambam as civil engineer and Danny Ahongsangbam as assistant architect.
It was bestowed the "International Muse Design Award 2022" in the Architectural Concept Design Competition. Afterwards, the memorial site has drawn attention to the global arena.
Posting on the Twitter, the "Huidrom Design Studio" wrote as follows:
"Huidrom Design Studios is once again excited and honoured to receive the prestigious International Muse Design Award 2022 (Season2) as a GOLD WINNER for the Project Mount Manipur Memorial (Architectural Concept Design Competition). We are so blessed by the opportunity given to us by the Government of Manipur. Our special thanks to honourable CM Manipur for his incredible Vision and Ideas and for believing in us. This project design is indeed an organic design that not only the entire world recognized but also helps us leave footprints in the field of design & architecture today."
Notably, in the previous year 2021, the same studio won the Silver Medal in Muse Design Awards 2021 for the project Imphal Peace Museum. Manipur's Chief Minister Nongthombam Biren Singh posted on Twitter showing appreciations and encouragement to the architecture and the interior designing studio that brought global fame to Manipur and India, as follows:
"Proud moment for our homegrown Architecture & Interior designing firm Huidrom Design Studio on winning the Silver Medal in Muse Design Awards 2021 for the project ‘Imphal Peace Museum.’ Participants from over 100 countries were competing for the Muse Design Award 2021, New York."
See also
Mount Manipur National Park (Mount Harriet National Park)
Imphal Peace Museum
INA War Museum
Kakching Garden
Keibul Lamjao National Park - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India
Khonghampat Orchidarium
Loktak Folklore Museum
Manipur State Museum
Manipur Zoological Garden
Phumdi - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India
Sekta Archaeological Living Museum
Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary
Notes
References
External links
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Culture of Manipur
History of Manipur
Meitei architecture
Monuments and memorials in India
Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty
Outdoor sculptures in India
Public art in India
Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Mount Manipur Memorial | [
"Engineering"
] | 947 | [
"Meitei architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
71,743,947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovid | Trinovid is the protected model designation of a roof prism binoculars series from the company Leitz (optics) (since 1986 Leica Camera) based in Wetzlar, a German centre for optics as well as an important location for the precision engineering industry.
The Trinovid binoculars were introduced in 1958 based on a patent request filed in 1953 and featured:
special pentaprisms (so-called Uppendahl roof prism systems that allow the construction of compact optical instruments);
a built-in diopter adjustment, and
a fully internal focusing system, that moves internal optical lenses to prevent intrusion of dust and moisture into the binocular body with centrally located adjusting means to compensate for vision differences of the two eyes.
Because of these at the time three innovations in binoculars, the binoculars series was named Trinovid.
They included both larger and smaller (compact) binoculars and were initially practically unsuitable for people who wear glasses and weatherproof, but not waterproof. The binoculars series was updated and modified several times throughout its production history and switched to Schmidt-Pechan roof prism systems around 1990, which also brought a new series onto the market. These binoculars, which have been on the market for high-quality compact binoculars for a long time, had the optical parameters 8×20 and 10×25. The "B" designation added to updated models means that there is sufficient eye relief for eyeglasses [Brille in German] wearers. The Trinovid series were supplemented in 2004 by the Ultravid series and in 2016 by the Noctivid series with higher-quality optical glass, better optical coatings and completely recalculated optical imaging qualities, but are still available as the entry-level binoculars series offered by Leica.
References
Roof-Prism Leica Binoculars
Leica “Leitz” Trinovid 10 × 40 B
Leica “Leitz” Trinovid 7 × 35 B
Leitz Trinovid 10×40 (1963-1975 model)
Binoculars
1958 introductions | Trinovid | [
"Astronomy"
] | 406 | [
"Binoculars",
"Astronomical instruments"
] |
71,746,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azteca%20Now | Azteca Now (stylized: azteca Now) is a free-over-the-top streaming service owned by Icaro Media Group and operated by TV Azteca, was released on August 10, 2021, exclusively in several Latin American countries, United States, Canada and well as several European countries.
The platform was only released for Android and iOS, Includes a catalog of Original series, Telenovelas (from TV Azteca) as well as Movies from the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema, Original movies Lifestyle programs and including adn40 news programming. On November 16, 2022, it was launched for the Mexican market to compete mainly against TelevisaUnivision's Vix, and in the US market on January 17, 2023.
History
At the beginning of 2021, TV Azteca would announce the launch of its streaming-platform in collaboration with the New York-based company Icaro Media Group to compete against Televisa's Blim TV, was officially launched on August 10, 2021 for both Latin America and Canada with which they would have a total coverage of 100 million people, in September they would expand to the European market being specifically Germany, Spain and Portugal On November 15, 2022, the launch of Azteca Now in Mexico was announced through the TV Azteca pay television channels, on November 16 it would be officially released for Android and iOS, it was launched mainly since the launch of Vix by TelevisaUnivision. on January 17, 2023 it was launched in the US market for the Hispanic market.
Programming
Telenovelas
Series
Movies
See also
Vix+
Blim TV
References
External links
TV Azteca
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Entertainment companies established in 2021
Internet properties established in 2021
Mass media companies established in 2021
Mexican entertainment websites
Recommender systems
Video on demand services
Internet television streaming services
Video rental services
Mexican companies established in 2021
American companies established in 2021 | Azteca Now | [
"Technology"
] | 382 | [
"Information systems",
"Recommender systems"
] |
71,747,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20167714 | HD 167714, also known as HR 6837, is a solitary, orange hued star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It has apparent magnitude of 5.95, allowing it to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements from Gaia, the object is estimated to be 359 light years distant. With a heliocentric radial velocity of , it is approaching the Solar System.
This is an evolved red giant with a stellar classification of K2 III. It appears to be on the red giant branch, generating energy by fusing a hydrogen shell around an inert helium core. At present it has 1.4 times the mass of the Sun and at the age of two billion years, it has expanded to 12.3 times its girth. It shines with a luminosity 65 times greater than that of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 167714 has a near-solar metallicity and is spinning slowly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
167714
090606
6837
PD-80 00849
Octantis, 32
Octans
K-type giants | HD 167714 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 243 | [
"Octans",
"Constellations"
] |
71,748,142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique%20Battin-Leclerc | Frédérique Battin-Leclerc (born 1964) is a French chemist who studies combustion, particularly gas-phase combustion of hydrocarbons including biofuels, in order to develop cleaner-burning automotive fuels. She is a director of research for the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), affiliated with the Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés in Nancy, France.
Education and career
Battin-Leclerc was born in 1964. She earned an engineering degree from the École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques in Nancy in 1987, completed a Ph.D. at the National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine in Nancy in 1991, and earned a habilitation at the National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine in 1997.
She has been a researcher for the CNRS since 1991.
Recognition
Battin-Leclerc won the CNRS Silver Medal in 2010, and was named as a knight in the Ordre national du Mérite in 2012.
She was elected to the inaugural 2018 class of Fellows of The Combustion Institute, "for innovative research on the formulation of detailed chemical mechanisms for complex practical fuels".
She was the 2022 recipient of the Polanyi Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
References
External links
Home page
1964 births
Living people
French chemists
French women chemists
Fellows of the Combustion Institute | Frédérique Battin-Leclerc | [
"Chemistry"
] | 271 | [
"Fellows of the Combustion Institute",
"Combustion"
] |
71,748,304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela%20Temmer | Manuela Temmer is associate professor of Astrophysics at the University of Graz, Austria and Head of the Heliospheric Physics Research Group. She is an expert in the science underpinning space weather forecasting.
Education and scientific career
Temmer completed her PhD at the university in Graz in 2004, before taking up a post-doctoral research scientist post at Hvar Observatory, Zagreb. She returned to Graz for further post-doctoral work before securing a senior research fellowship in 2014 at Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Palo Alto. She returned to Graz in 2015.
Research interests
Temmer has published more than 200 scientific papers on solar and heliospheric physics. Of note is her work on solar flares and coronal mass ejections, particularly their evolution from Sun through interplanetary space, to their impacts at Earth. She has developed methods for forecasting space weather at Earth and Mars, and heads up an International Space Weather Action Team under the auspices of COSPAR.
Awards and honours
2021: Leader of the ISSI international team on open solar flux.
2021: Member of the ESA Solar System and Exploration Working Group
2018: Science Co-I Solar Orbiter/STIX (Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays)
2018: Member of editorial board for the journal Solar Physics
2014: NASA Group Achievement Award to RHESSI Science and Data Analysis Team
2010: Elise Richter fellowship (Career Development Programme for Women) from the Austrian Science Fund
2008: APART (Austrian Programme for Advanced Research and Technology) fellowship from the Austrian Academy of Sciences
2005: Erwin Schrödinger Scholarship from the Austrian Science Fund
References
Living people
University of Graz alumni
Academic staff of the University of Graz
Astrophysicists
Women astrophysicists
Year of birth missing (living people) | Manuela Temmer | [
"Physics"
] | 362 | [
"Astrophysicists",
"Astrophysics"
] |
71,748,360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20222060 | HD 222060, also known as HR 8957, is a solitary, orange hued star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.98, allowing it to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements from GAIA, the object is estimated to be 536 light years distant. It appears to be slowly receding from the Solar System, having a heliocentric radial velocity of .
This is an evolved giant star that is currently on the red giant branch, fusing a hydrogen shell around a helium core. HD 222060 a stellar classification of K0 II/III, a K-type star with the blended luminosity class of a giant and a bright giant. It has 3.2 times the mass of the Sun and is currently 318 million years old. Due to its high mass, the object has expanded to an enlarged radius of . It radiates 102 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 222060 has a near solar metallicity and spins modestly with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
K-type giants
K-type bright giants
Octantis, 84
Octans
222060
116653
8957
PD-77 01583 | HD 222060 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 268 | [
"Octans",
"Constellations"
] |
71,750,338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%202-113 | Sh 2-113 (Sharpless 113) also known as the Flying Dragon Nebula or LBN 333, is a small planetary nebula that resembles a supernova remnant (SNR) but with no evidence to support it being an SNR. Sh 2-113 is located in the northern hemisphere constellation of Cygnus south of the star Deneb. Nearby are other planetary nebulae named K 2-81, Sh 2-114, Kn 26 and LBN 346.
References
Planetary nebulae
Cygnus (constellation)
113 | Sh 2-113 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 108 | [
"Nebula stubs",
"Cygnus (constellation)",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
71,750,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W0410-0913 | W0410-0913 is a hyper-luminous galaxy and an early universe star forming galaxy that is around 12 billion light years (ly) from Earth. W0410-0913 has a swarm of 24 galaxies close to the W0410-0913 galaxy that may activate a quasar. Due to this, it is one of the most massive, brightest and gas rich galaxy in the early universe.
References
Luminous infrared galaxies
Eridanus (constellation) | W0410-0913 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 100 | [
"Eridanus (constellation)",
"Galaxy stubs",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Constellations"
] |
71,751,523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20James%20%28professor%29 | Alex James is an Indian scientist who is a professor of AI hardware at School of Electronic Systems and Automation, and Dean at Digital University Kerala (IIITM-K). He is the professor in charge of Maker Village, Kochi, Chief Investigator of the centre for Intelligent IoT Sensors, and India Innovation Centre for Graphene. James features in top 1% scientists list published by Elsevier BV in the world in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. He appeared in the list for the third consecutive time. He specializes in the scientific field of Memristive Systems, AI hardware, Neuromorphic VLSI (very-large-scale integration) system, Intelligent Imaging and Machine learning, and Analogue electronics.
Education and career
James earned his Ph.D. degree from the Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Since 2009, he has been working as a faculty member at different universities in Australia and India. He was a Member of IET Vision and Imaging Network, and is a Member of BCS’ Fellows Technical Advisory Group (F-TAG). He is the founding chair for IEEE Kerala Section Circuits and Systems Society, and is a fellow of British Computer Society (FBCS), and Institution of Engineering and Technology. He was an Editorial Board Member of Information Fusion (2010–2014), Elsevier, and associate editor for HCIS (2015–2020), Springer; and Guest Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence (2017). Currently he is serving as an Associate Editor of IEEE Access, Frontiers in Neuroscience, and IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers journal.
Scientific research
IIITM-K has achieved a breakthrough in developing Analogue Integrated circuit for implementing Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) in a joint research project with Analogue Circuits and Image Sensors Lab, Siegen university and Fraunhofer, Germany, and Centre for Excellence in Artificial general intelligence and Neuromorphic Systems (neuroAGI). According to A. P. James, professor at the School of Electronics at IIITM-K, this complicated and meticulous AI circuits research can accelerate and operate GAN applications in low power devices. It also can be used to analyze and interpret 2019-nCoV data for a possible solution to the pandemic. An AI Semantic search engine has been created by a research team led by A.P. James to help researchers gain deeper insights into Scientific Investigation, particularly since the COVID-19 issue has necessitated the collection of a significant amount of complex scientific data. The search engine is called "www.vilokana.in, which is Sanskrit for "finding out.
Awards and honors
James is a member of IEEE CASS Technical committee on Nonlinear Circuits and Systems, IEEE CASS Technical committee on Cellular Nanoscale networks and Memristor Array Computing, IEEE Consumer Technology Society Technical Committee on Quantum in Consumer Technology (QCT), Technical Committee on Machine learning, Deep learning and AI in CE (MDA) and Member of BCS’ Fellows Technical Advisory Group (F-TAG).
James was awarded best associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers TCAS-I, by the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (IEEE CASS) for the year 2020–21. He has been an associate editor for the journal since 2017. He is also an editorial board member of PeerJ CS and a Senior Member of IEEE, Life Member of ACM, Senior Fellow of HEA.
References
External links
A. P. James on official website of Digital University Kerala
Alex James on ieeexplore
James, Alex Pappachen on WorldCat
Professor Dr. Alex James features in Stanford University’s list of top 2% scientists in the world
Living people
Griffith University alumni
Machine learning researchers
Fellows of the IEEE
21st-century Indian scientists
Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
Fellows of the British Computer Society
Senior Fellows of the Higher Education Academy
Scientists from Kerala
Senior members of the IEEE
Electrical engineers
Elsevier people
Year of birth missing (living people) | Alex James (professor) | [
"Engineering"
] | 818 | [
"Institution of Engineering and Technology",
"Electrical engineering",
"Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology",
"Electrical engineers"
] |
57,848,195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BatiBUS | BatiBus was a network protocol for building automation that was introduced in 1989 and has since been succeeded by KNX. It was a relatively simple low-cost protocol that did not rely on dedicated chips.
The system was run by the BatiBus Club International (BCI), which was founded by the Swiss company Landis & Gyr and the French companies AIRELEC, Electricité de France and Merlin Gerin (who originated the concept). Predominately used in France and captured by French Electrical Standard NF C 46620, it provided layers 1, 2 and 7 of the OSI model. Approximately 500,000 BatiBus network units were installed, mainly in France.
BatiBus communicated over twisted pair lines and in topologies that could be divided into several segments. Each segment was powered with a 15 volt power supply rated at 150 milliamps. A device (node) could be reached at one of 240 possible addresses. In addition, 16 group addresses could be established under which all nodes in a group could be reached. The nodes avoided data collisions via CSMA/CA and had data flow controls. The maximum data transfer rate was 4800 bits/s.
References
Network protocols
Building automation | BatiBUS | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 250 | [
"Computer network stubs",
"Building engineering",
"Automation",
"Computing stubs",
"Building automation"
] |
57,848,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20turbofan%20manufacturers | The turbofan engine market is dominated by General Electric, Rolls-Royce plc and Pratt & Whitney, in order of market share. General Electric and Safran of France have a joint venture, CFM International. Pratt & Whitney also have a joint venture, International Aero Engines with Japanese Aero Engine Corporation and MTU Aero Engines of Germany, specializing in engines for the Airbus A320 family. Pratt & Whitney and General Electric have a joint venture, Engine Alliance selling a range of engines for aircraft such as the Airbus A380.
For airliners and cargo aircraft, the in-service fleet in 2016 is 60,000 engines and should grow to 103,000 in 2035 with 86,500 deliveries according to Flight Global. A majority will be medium-thrust engines for narrow-body aircraft with 54,000 deliveries, for a fleet growing from 28,500 to 61,000. High-thrust engines for wide-body aircraft, worth 40–45% of the market by value, will grow from 12,700 engines to over 21,000 with 18,500 deliveries. The regional jet engines below 20,000 lb (89 kN) fleet will grow from 7,500 to 9,000 and the fleet of turboprops for airliners will increase from 9,400 to 10,200. The manufacturers market share should be led by CFM with 44% followed by Pratt & Whitney with 29% and then Rolls-Royce and General Electric with 10% each.
USA
General Electric
GE Aviation, part of the General Electric conglomerate, currently has the largest share of the turbofan engine market. Some of their engine models include the CF6 (available on the Boeing 767, Boeing 747, Airbus A330 and more), GE90 (only the Boeing 777) and GEnx (developed for the Boeing 747-8 & Boeing 787 Dreamliner and proposed for the Airbus A350) engines. On the military side, GE engines power many U.S. military aircraft, including the F110, powering 80% of the US Air Force's F-16 Fighting Falcons, and the F404 and F414 engines, which power the Navy's F/A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet. Rolls-Royce and General Electric were jointly developing the F136 engine to power the Joint Strike Fighter, however, due to government budget cuts, the program has been eliminated.
Pratt & Whitney
Pratt & Whitney is third behind GE and Rolls-Royce in market share. The JT9D has the distinction of being chosen by Boeing to power the original Boeing 747 "Jumbo jet". The PW4000 series is the successor to the JT9D, and powers some Airbus A310, Airbus A300, Boeing 747, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Airbus A330 and MD-11 aircraft. The PW4000 is certified for 180-minute ETOPS when used in twinjets. The first family has a fan diameter and is designed to power the Boeing 767, Boeing 747, MD-11, and the Airbus A300. The second family is the 100 inch (2.5 m) fan engine developed specifically for the Airbus A330 twinjet, and the third family has a diameter of designed to power Boeing 777. The Pratt & Whitney F119 and its derivative, the F135, power the United States Air Force's F-22 Raptor and the international F-35 Lightning II, respectively. Rolls-Royce are responsible for the lift fan which provides the F-35B variants with a STOVL capability. The F100 engine was first used on the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon. Newer Eagles and Falcons also come with GE F110 as an option, and the two are in competition.
Williams International
Williams International is a manufacturer of small gas turbine engines based in Walled Lake, Michigan, United States. It produces jet engines for cruise missiles and small jet-powered aircraft. They have been producing engines since the 1970s and the range produces between 1000 and 3600 pounds of thrust. The engines are used as original equipment on the Cessna CitationJet CJ1 through CJ4 and Cessna Mustang, Beechcraft 400XPR and Premier 1a and there are several development programs with other manufacturers. The range is also very popular with the re-engine market being used by Sierra Jet and Nextant to breathe new life into aging platforms.
Honeywell Aerospace
Honeywell Aerospace is one of the largest manufacturer of aircraft engines and avionics, as well as a producer of auxiliary power units (APUs) and other aviation products. Headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, it is a division of the Honeywell International conglomerate. Honeywell/ITEC F124 series is used in military jets, such as the Aero L-159 Alca and the Alenia Aermacchi M-346. The Honeywell HTF7000 series is used in the Bombardier Challenger 300 and the Gulfstream G280. The ALF502 and LF507 turbofans are produced by a partnership between Honeywell and China's state-owned Industrial Development Corporation. The partnership is called the International Turbine Engine Co.
Engine Alliance
Engine Alliance is a 50/50 joint venture between General Electric and Pratt & Whitney formed in August 1996 to develop, manufacture, sell, and support a family of modern technology aircraft engines for new high-capacity, long-range aircraft. The main application for such an engine, the GP7200, was originally the Boeing 747-500/600X projects, before these were cancelled owing to lack of demand from airlines. Instead, the GP7000 has been re-optimised for use on the Airbus A380 superjumbo. In that market it is competing with the Rolls-Royce Trent 900, the launch engine for the aircraft. The two variants are the GP7270 and the GP7277.
United Kingdom
Rolls-Royce
Rolls-Royce is the second largest manufacturer of turbofans and is most noted for their RB211 and Trent series, as well as their joint venture engines for the Airbus A320 and McDonnell Douglas MD-90 families (IAE V2500 with Pratt & Whitney and others), the Panavia Tornado (Turbo-Union RB199) and the Boeing 717 (BR700). The Rolls-Royce AE 3007, developed by Allison Engine Company before its acquisition by Rolls-Royce, powers several Embraer regional jets. Rolls-Royce Trent 970s were the first engines to power the new Airbus A380. The famous thrust vectoring Pegasus – actually a Bristol Siddeley design taken on by Rolls-Royce when they took over that company – is the primary powerplant of the Harrier "Jump Jet" and its derivatives.
France
Safran
Safran a prominent player in the aerospace industry, has achieved significant engine manufacturing milestones. Their portfolio includes engines like the CF6, powering aircraft such as the Boeing 767, Boeing 747, and Airbus A330. Notably, Safran's GE90 engine exclusively powers the Boeing 777, while the GEnx is developed for the Boeing 747-8, Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and proposed for the Airbus A350. In the military sector, Safran engines play a vital role, including the F110 powering 80% of the US Air Force's F-16 Fighting Falcons, and engines like the F404 and F414 in the Navy's F/A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet. Safran's commitment to collaboration is evident in their past joint development efforts, such as the F136 engine with Rolls-Royce and General Electric for the Joint Strike Fighter. Safran's engine achievements highlight their industry leadership and innovation across commercial and military aerospace applications.
Russia
Aviadvigatel
Aviadvigatel is a Russian manufacturer of aircraft engines that succeeded the Soviet Soloviev Design Bureau. The company currently offers several versions of the Aviadvigatel PS-90 engine that powers Ilyushin Il-96-300/400/400T, Tupolev Tu-204, Tu-214 series and the Ilyushin Il-76-MD-90. The company is also developing the new Aviadvigatel PD-14 engine for the new Russian MS-21 airliner.
NPO Saturn
NPO Saturn is a Russian aircraft engine manufacturer, formed from the mergers of Rybinsk and Lyul'ka-Saturn. Saturn's engines include Lyulka AL-31, Lyulka AL-41, NPO Saturn AL-55 and power many former Eastern Bloc aircraft, such as the Tupolev Tu-154. Saturn holds a 50% stake in the PowerJet joint venture with Snecma.
Klimov
Klimov was formed in the early 1930s to produce and improve upon the liquid-cooled Hispano-Suiza 12Y V-12 piston engine for which the USSR had acquired a license. Currently, Klimov is the manufacturer of the Klimov RD-33 turbofan engines
India
Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)
The Gas Turbine Research Establishment, part of the Indian government's DRDO, was established in 1959 to design, develop and integrate advance technologies, state of art aero gas turbine engines and their derivatives for defence forces. It developed the India's "first centrifugal type 10 kN thrust engine" between 1959–61 and has produced the GTX 37-14U and GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri turbofan engines amongst others. The GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri was intended to power the HAL Tejas and the HAL AMCA being built by the Aeronautical Development Agency.
Ukraine
Ivchenko-Progress
Ivchenko-Progress is the Ukrainian aircraft engine company that succeeded the Soviet Ivchenko Design Bureau. Some of their engine models include Progress D-436 available on the Antonov An-72/74, Yakovlev Yak-42, Beriev Be-200, Antonov An-148 and Tupolev Tu-334 and Progress D-18T that powers two of the world's largest airplanes, Antonov An-124 and Antonov An-225.
Motor Sich
Motor-Sich currently produces the Ivchenko Progress D-18 turbofan which powers variants of the Antonov An-124 and An-225 freighters, although the Ivchenko Progress D-36/Ivchenko Progress D-436 series remain the highest production-rate engines in the CIS.
Motor Sich inherited some of the former Soviet Union's aero engine manufacturing capabilities. It produces turbofan, turboprop and rotary-wing turboshaft engines that power aircraft in Russian service, such as Mi- and Ka-series military helicopters.
International Alliance
CFM International
CFM International is a 50/50 joint venture between GE Aircraft Engines and Snecma of France. They have created the very successful CFM56 series, used on Boeing 737, Airbus A340, and Airbus A320 family aircraft.
GE Honda Aero Engines
GE Honda Aero Engines is a 50/50 joint venture between General Electric and Honda Aero, Inc. (HAI) formed in 2004, for the small size business jet market. They currently have one engine, the GE Honda HF120, used on the Honda Aircraft Company's HA-420 HondaJet
International Aero Engines
International Aero Engines is a Zürich-registered joint venture between Pratt & Whitney, MTU Aero Engines and Japanese Aero Engine Corporation. The collaboration produced the V2500, the second most successful commercial jet engine program in production today in terms of volume, and the third most successful commercial jet engine program in aviation history.
PowerJet
PowerJet is a 50/50 joint venture between Snecma (Safran) and NPO Saturn, created in July 2004. The company manufactures SaM146, the sole powerplant for the Sukhoi Superjet 100.
EuroJet
EuroJet Turbo GmbH is a multi-national consortium, the partner companies of which are Rolls-Royce of the United Kingdom, Avio of Italy, ITP of Spain and MTU Aero Engines of Germany. Eurojet GmbH was formed in 1986 to manage the development, production, support, maintenance, support and sales of the EJ200 turbofan engine for the Eurofighter Typhoon.
Chinese turbofans
Three Chinese corporations build turbofan engines. Some of these are licensed or reverse engineered versions of European and Russian turbofans, and the other are indigenous models. Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (manufacturer of Shenyang WS-10), Xi'an Aero-Engine Corporation (manufacturer of Xian WS-15) and Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation (manufacturer of Guizhou WS-13) manufacture turbofans.
Japanese turbofans
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries is the Japan aircraft engine company. The company manufactures the F3 for Kawasaki T-4, the XF5-1 for ATD-X, and the F7 for Kawasaki P-1.
North Korean turbofans
Kumsong-3 is North Korean domestic variant/clone of Kh-35 that was utilized R95TP-300/MS-400 turbofan engine while improved model has comparable range to Kh-35U that is utilizing TRDD-50 turbofan engine.
North Korea tested land attack cruise missile that demonstrated 1500 kilometer range and touted development of new turbofan engine.
Iranian turbofans
Iranian made Jahesh-700 light turbofan engine is similar to Williams FJ33 or Williams FJ44.
Also there is Soumar cruise missile's mini turbofan.
Turkish turbofans
Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) developed and manufactured Türkiye's first indigenous turbofan TEI-TF6000, with 6,000 lbf dry thrust. An afterburner version, TF-10000, is under development to provide 10,000 lbf thrust intended to be used on the Kizilelma UCAV.
Gallery
Commercial turbofans in production
References
Jet engines | List of turbofan manufacturers | [
"Technology"
] | 2,877 | [
"Jet engines",
"Engines"
] |
57,850,347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201283 | NGC 1283 is an elliptical galaxy located about 250 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Guillaume Bigourdan on October 23, 1884 and is a member of the Perseus Cluster. It also contains an active galactic nucleus.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
References
External links
Perseus Cluster
Perseus (constellation)
Elliptical galaxies
1283
12478
Astronomical objects discovered in 1884
2676
Active galaxies | NGC 1283 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 99 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,851,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa%20Elizabeth%20Allen | Louisa Elizabeth Allen (born 1972) is a New Zealand sex education academic. She is currently a full professor at the University of Auckland.
Academic career
After a 2000 PhD titled Exploring relationships' : a study of young people's (hetero)sexual subjectivities, knowledge and practices.' at the University of Cambridge, she moved to the University of Auckland, rising to full professor.
Selected works
Allen, Louisa. "Girls want sex, boys want love: Resisting dominant discourses of (hetero) sexuality." Sexualities 6, no. 2 (2003): 215–236.
Allen, Louisa. Sexual subjects: Young people, sexuality and education. Springer, 2005.
Allen, Louisa. "Beyond the birds and the bees: Constituting a discourse of erotics in sexuality education." Gender and education 16, no. 2 (2004): 151–167.
Allen, Louisa. "‘Say everything’: Exploring young people's suggestions for improving sexuality education." Sex Education 5, no. 4 (2005): 389-404.
Allen, Louisa. "Closing sex education's knowledge/practice gap: the reconceptualisation of young people's sexual knowledge." Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning 1, no. 2 (2001): 109–122.
Allen, Louisa. "Managing masculinity: Young men's identity work in focus groups." Qualitative Research 5, no. 1 (2005): 35–57.
References
External links
Living people
1972 births
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
New Zealand women academics
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Sex educators
New Zealand educational theorists
21st-century New Zealand women writers | Louisa Elizabeth Allen | [
"Biology"
] | 346 | [
"Behavior",
"Sexuality stubs",
"Sexuality"
] |
57,851,927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201293 | NGC 1293 is an elliptical galaxy located about 215 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on October 17, 1786. NGC 1293 is a member of the Perseus Cluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
NGC 1283
References
External links
Perseus Cluster
Perseus (constellation)
Elliptical galaxies
1293
012597
Astronomical objects discovered in 1786 | NGC 1293 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 92 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,852,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnostatistics | Ethnostatistics is the study of the social activity of producing and using statistics. The premise of the area of study is that statistics are themselves not neutral facts, but are themselves influenced by the social biases of the persons involved in their production. The concept was suggested in John Kitsuse or Aaron Cicourel in their 1962 article, "A Note on Official Statistics", published in Social Problems, where they suggested that "criminal statistics" are indicative of the social organization of the agencies responsible for assembling them. The concept was developed by sociologist Robert Gephart in his 1988 book, Ethnostatistics. The field of study "uses concepts from ethnomethodology to study sensemaking practices that social scientists employ in the production, interpretation, and display of statistics created in social research". As of the early 2000s, there were three "levels" of ethnostatistics, the first examining the social production of statistics, the second using computer simulations to examine the degree to which methods of gathering statistics may distort data, and third examining the persuasive effect of statistics on their end consumer.
References
Ethnography
Philosophy of statistics | Ethnostatistics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 241 | [
"Philosophy of statistics"
] |
57,853,016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxiranol | Oxiranol is an organic chemical that is an alcohol derivative of oxirane: it consists of a hydroxy group as substituent on ethylene oxide. It can have two enantiomeric forms. The compound has been proposed as an intermediate in the interstellar formation of glycolaldehyde (a constitutional isomer of oxiranol) and the oxidation of acrolein in the environment.
References
Secondary alcohols
Epoxides | Oxiranol | [
"Chemistry"
] | 97 | [] |
57,853,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldioxirane | Methyldioxirane is an organic chemical consisting of a methyl group as substituent on a dioxirane ring. It is a highly unstable structure that has been proposed as part of a decomposition reaction of acetaldehyde oxide, the Criegee intermediate during some ozonolysis reactions. The methyl group helps reduce the rate of ring-opening of the dioxirane, but it does not become usefully stable until a second substient is present as in the structure of dimethyldioxirane.
References
Dioxiranes | Methyldioxirane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 114 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
57,853,360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RenderDoc | RenderDoc is a free and open source frame debugger that can be used to analyze single frames generated by other software programs such as games. RenderDoc can provide in-depth analysis of single frames from any application that uses Vulkan, D3D11, OpenGL & OpenGL ES, or D3D12. RenderDoc also allows the user to manipulate a captured frame to inspect different things such as pipeline stage, commands, texture maps, models, assets, and more. RenderDoc can also capture assets outside the view of the game's camera. RenderDoc supports analyzing frame rendering costs on the graphics processing unit.
Optimizing GPU programs is about finding bottlenecks. RenderDoc provides information of the calls on the GPU, the number of invocation of each shader, and the number of primitives and fragments generated.
Baldur Karlsson started RenderDoc development as a spare-time project out of need for a reliable debugger and was then expanded to support more platforms.
In 2014 Crytek announced the source code for RenderDoc is released for free.
At GDC 2018, AMD announced that Radeon GPU Profiler would include support for RenderDoc. RenderDoc also integrates with well known game engines such as Unity and Unreal Engine. Oculus maintains its own fork of RenderDoc.
References
Cross-platform software
Graphics standards
Video game development
Debuggers | RenderDoc | [
"Technology"
] | 297 | [
"Computer standards",
"Graphics standards"
] |
57,855,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent%20of%20stability | The continent of stability is a hypothesised large group of nuclides with masses greater than 300 daltons that is stable against radioactive decay, consisting of freely flowing up quarks and down quarks rather than up and down quarks bound into protons and neutrons. Matter containing these nuclides is termed up-down quark matter (udQM). The continent of stability is named in analogy with the island of stability. However, if it exists, the range of charge and mass will be much greater than in the island. Quark matter composed of up quarks and down quarks is predicted to be a lower energy state than that which contains strange quarks (strange quark matter), and also lower than the combination of quarks in the form of hadrons found in normal atomic nuclei if there are over 300 protons and neutrons. The lower limit of 300 was calculated based on a surface tension model, where the surface has a higher energy than the interior of the piece of quark matter. In order to be the absolutely more stable form, the energy must be lower than that of the most stable normal matter, that is 930 MeV per baryon. If these quark matter nuclides exist, they would be stable against fission, as fission would increase the surface. The quark matter nuclide could absorb neutrons resulting in an increase in its mass.
The boundary to the continent of stability is determined by the situations where the Coulomb energy due to electric charge overcomes the binding energy, or where decay into atomic nuclei results in lower energy. The lowest energy mass number is proportional to the cube of the charge (atomic number). However, a range of charges is stable for each mass, and the range increases as the mass increases. This can result in very heavy nuclides with atomic numbers the same as existing known elements, and even zero-charge pieces of quark matter.
A proposed alternative form of quark matter known as strangelets contains strange quarks in addition to the up and down quarks. This would be neutral in charge, and thus not form atoms. udQM is probably lower energy than strangelets (uds-matter).
At the Large Hadron Collider, the ATLAS Collaboration is attempting to observe this kind of matter.
Other properties
Electron-positron pairs will form in the high charge field via the Schwinger mechanism when the electric charge of udQM is larger than 163, at which the baryon number is 609. The smallest stable udQM against neutron emission would be at baryon number 39.
Formation in nature
udQM could be possibly formed during a supernova core collapse from conversion of superheavy nuclei. In this environment there is a high density of electrons and electron neutrinos present. The udQM would then end up in neutron stars. udQM nuclides may be detectable in cosmic rays.
A star containing a large proportion of udQM is called a ud quark star (or udQS). Heavy neutron stars may convert into this star type. Whether they do may be verified by detecting binary compact stellar collisions via gravitational waves.
References
Periodic table
Isotopes
Hypothetical chemical elements
Nuclear physics
Quantum chromodynamics
Quark matter | Continent of stability | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 677 | [
"Periodic table",
"Quark matter",
"Astrophysics",
"Isotopes",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
57,855,538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnanediol%20glucuronide | Pregnanediol glucuronide, or 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol 3α-glucuronide, is the major metabolite of progesterone and the C3α glucuronide conjugate of pregnanediol (5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol). Approximately 15 to 30% of a parenteral dose of progesterone is metabolized into pregnanediol glucuronide. While this specific isomer is referred to as pregnanediol glucuronide and is the most major form, there are actually many possible isomers of the metabolite.
References
Diols
Glucuronide esters
Human metabolites
Pregnanes | Pregnanediol glucuronide | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 169 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
57,855,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten%28II%29%20chloride | Tungsten(II) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula W6Cl12. It is a polymeric cluster compound. The material dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, forming (H3O)2[W6Cl14](H2O)x. Heating this salt gives yellow-brown W6Cl12. The structural chemistry resembles that observed for molybdenum(II) chloride.
Tungsten(II) chloride is prepared by reduction of the hexachloride. Bismuth is a typical reductant:
6 WCl6 + 8 Bi → W6Cl12 + 8 BiCl3
.
References
Tungsten halides
Chlorides
Octahedral compounds | Tungsten(II) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 148 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
57,855,785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone | 20β-Dihydroprogesterone (20β-DHP), also known as 20β-hydroxyprogesterone (20β-OHP), is an endogenous metabolite of progesterone which is formed by 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20β-HSD). It is a progestogen similarly to progesterone, with about 20 to 50% of the progestogenic activity of progesterone. It can be converted by 20β-HSD into progesterone in the uterus. The effects of 20β-HSD on the uterus, mammary glands, and in maintaining pregnancy have been studied. The progestogenic activity of 20β-HSD has also been characterized in women.
See also
20α-Dihydroprogesterone
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
16α-Hydroxyprogesterone
5α-Dihydroprogesterone
11-Deoxycorticosterone
References
Secondary alcohols
Human metabolites
Enones
Pregnanes
Progestogens
Steroid hormones | 20β-Dihydroprogesterone | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 244 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
57,855,810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten%28III%29%20chloride | Tungsten(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula W6Cl18. It is a cluster compound. It is a brown solid, obtainable by chlorination of tungsten(II) chloride. Featuring twelve doubly bridging chloride ligands, the cluster adopts a structure related to the corresponding chlorides of niobium and tantalum. In contrast, W6Cl12 features eight triply bridging chlorides.
A related mixed valence W(III)-W(IV) chloride is prepared by reduction of the hexachloride with bismuth:
9 WCl6 + 8 Bi → 3 W3Cl10 + 8 BiCl3
References
Tungsten halides
Chlorides
Octahedral compounds | Tungsten(III) chloride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 157 | [
"Chlorides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Salts"
] |
57,856,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201294 | NGC 1294 is a lenticular galaxy located about 285 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on October 17, 1786 and is a member of the Perseus Cluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
NGC 1250
References
External links
Perseus Cluster
Perseus (constellation)
Lenticular galaxies
1294
012600
Astronomical objects discovered in 1786
02694
+07-07-076 | NGC 1294 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 102 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,856,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Trump%20baby%20balloon | During an official visit to the United Kingdom in 2018 by then U.S. President Donald Trump, an inflatable caricature of Trump (usually known as the Trump Baby or less commonly the Baby Trump) was flown in protest of him, his visit, his history of alleged sexual misconduct, and his policies. The balloon depicts Trump as an angry orange baby holding a smartphone.
The balloon was flown over Parliament Square, London, on 13 July 2018, where the police estimate that over 100,000 protestors were in attendance, and 50,000 more in the Meadows, Edinburgh, the following day, where protests were also held. Although Trump was not visiting Edinburgh, he was spending the weekend at his Turnberry golf course, but permission to fly the balloon there was refused by Police Scotland.
The balloon has also been flown in France, Argentina, Ireland, and Denmark. With permission, activists made a copy of the balloon and it has been flown in numerous locations in the U.S.
Concept
One of the organizers, Max Wakefield, described the balloon protest as being in response to "the rise of far-right politics that dehumanises people in order to get into power", and saw it as an attempt to introduce some "good British humour" into the political discourse surrounding Trump's visit. Wakefield cited the Trump administration's family separation policy and Trump's withdrawal of the United States from the Paris climate agreement as examples of the kind of policies which the protest was targeting. Leo Murray, who led the campaign, wrote in its crowdfunding statement:
The tall, helium-filled plastic inflatable, also referred to as a "balloon" or "blimp", was designed by Matt Bonner and constructed by Imagine Inflatables of Leicester. It was made after a crowdfunding campaign on Crowdfunder raised the £16,000 cost of its creation and deployment. It depicts Trump as "an angry orange baby" with a snarling mouth, tiny hands, wearing a diaper, and holding a smartphone.
Wakefield said "The only way that you can make any impact with Donald Trump is to mock him, because you can't engage him in any kind of argument — it never gets anywhere."
History
Permission from the Greater London Authority (GLA), Metropolitan Police and National Air Traffic Service (NATS) was required for the balloon to be flown over Parliament Square, the space above which is considered restricted airspace. Permission was granted, allowing it to be flown, while tethered, up to high, for up to two hours. Both the GLA's 'City Operations' team and NATS stressed that the nature of the protest did not play a part on their decisions.
After learning of the balloon, Trump remarked, "I guess when they put out blimps to make me feel unwelcome, no reason for me to go to London."
After its appearance in London, the balloon was taken to Edinburgh, where it was flown over the Meadows, a public park near to the city center, as part of the protests against Trump's two-day-visit to Scotland, permission to fly the balloon near Turnberry golf course having been refused. On 17 July 2018, the balloon was tethered outside the O2 Arena in London during a performance by the American rock band Pearl Jam, with their blessing. Protesters planned to fly the Trump baby balloon in Ireland in November during Trump's visit to the country, however his trip was cancelled.
Museums including the British Museum and the Museum of London expressed interest in acquiring or displaying the original balloon. In January 2021, the Museum of London announced that it had acquired the original balloon and intended to display it alongside other artefacts from the London protest.
2019 London appearance
Ahead of Trump's state visit to the UK in June 2019, Sky News ran a commercial featuring the balloon. The blimp was likely to be flown again during this visit, subject to permission from the Metropolitan Police. A crowdfunding initiative arranged for the blimp to fly if £30,000 were raised before Trump's arrival on 3 June 2019; this funding goal was achieved. The Museum of London again said that it would like to exhibit the balloon. The blimp flew at 9:00 am 4 June 2019 in Parliament Square, ahead of the main protest that congregated at 11:00 am in Trafalgar Square. A smaller balloon was prepared to be carried in the march. The smaller balloon was "stabbed with a sharp object" by Amy Dalla Mura, a pro-Trump supporter later that day; the woman was arrested and charged.
Appearances outside the UK
United States
A group of activists in New Jersey raised nearly US$24,000 in a GoFundMe campaign to purchase Baby Trump balloons that they planned to fly over Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey. Initially, they sought US$4,500 to purchase one balloon. Their fund raising was so successful that they were able to purchase six balloons in all. The balloons are available for "adoption" by groups for events in other states. Copies of the "Baby Trump", sometimes referred to as the "baby blimp", balloon have appeared across the U.S. in Florida, Michigan, California, Chicago, New York and Washington, among other places.
On 22 September 2018, a balloon was seen flying near Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago resort in West Palm Beach at a rally to mark the anniversary of Hurricane Maria striking Puerto Rico.
On 2 October, the balloon appeared at a Spokane, Washington protest when Vice President Mike Pence traveled to Washington to support the reelection of Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers. Baby Trump made an appearance at a 13 October 2018, Woman's March rally in Chicago, Illinois. The march was organized to encourage female political activism leading up to the November midterm elections. The balloon made its California debut at the Los Angeles Convention Center on 19 October 2018 during the Politicon. On 27 October 2018, the Trump balloon was flown in West Hollywood, California and Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Grand Rapids co-organizer stated, "It's meant to be fun, but we're also making the point that this guy is dangerous and he's a little unhinged. We want to make the point that this administration is taking us down what we think is the wrong path and is threatening to democracy, to our moral standing in the world." On 28 October 2018, the Baby Trump balloon made an appearance in New York City at an "Impeachment parade."
The blimp appeared on 19 January 2019 at Los Angeles Women's March, and at a protest rally outside Trump's re-election campaign launch in Orlando on 18 June 2019.
The balloon made an appearance during 4 July 2019 Independence Day festivities at the Salute to America event on the National Mall. The National Park Service granted a permit for its use. The balloon was seen at the 2019 San Diego Comic-Con on 20 July. It flew again on 21 September in Ventura, California.
The balloon appeared in Lexington, Kentucky, outside of the city's courthouse on 4 November 2019 in protest of Trump's visit to the city.
The balloon appeared in Tuscaloosa, Alabama for the NCAA College Football game between the #2 LSU Tigers and the #3 Alabama Crimson Tide on 9 November 2019 at Bryant–Denny Stadium. President Trump attended the game while protesters flew the balloon at Tuscaloosa's Monnish Park. At that appearance the balloon was slashed by Hoyt Hutchinson. Hutchinson was taken into police custody.
The balloon appeared in Tulsa, Oklahoma on 20 June 2020 to protest his rally there. It was the first time President Trump had hosted a rally since the COVID-19 pandemic began to spread in the United States.
France
The balloon appeared in Paris on 11 November 2018, at a march protesting about Trump's visit to attend the ceremonies of the 100th anniversary of the end of World War I. Speaking to a CNN journalist, one protester said, "I think Paris should be protesting not only Trump's presence here, but also should be trying to send a message to President Macron for having invited him here, especially on the anniversary of the signing of the armistice."
Argentina
On 29 November 2018, the Trump Baby was flown in Argentina in protest during the G20 Buenos Aires summit.
Ireland
From London the blimp moved to Ireland, and appeared at 6:00 pm, on 6 June 2019, at the "Stop Trump Ireland" protest at the Garden of Remembrance, in Dublin. Permission was granted by Irish Aviation Authority.
Denmark
In preparation for Donald Trump's planned visit to Denmark in September 2019, a Danish campaign was launched to have the blimp transported to Denmark and flown during Trump's visit. Despite the visit being cancelled, the blimp still flew over Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen on 2 September 2019.
Copycat balloons
Sadiq Khan
On 30 August 2018, pictures of a balloon similar to that of Donald Trump's were circulated, this time depicting London's Mayor Sadiq Khan wearing a bright yellow bikini. The balloon, like the Donald Trump baby balloon, was crowdfunded after £58,000 was raised to create the blimp. Organizers, identified as Yanny Bruere, a 28-year-old sales manager from Northampton, known for anti-semitic tweets, said "a certain amount of respect should be afforded to the leader of the free world and the greatest ally the UK has," and that the balloon was made "in retaliation" to the Trump balloon. It featured Khan wearing a yellow bikini in response to the banning of a series of Protein World advertisements on London's public transport networks, which had shown a woman in a yellow bikini with the slogan "are you beach body ready?". The adverts were criticized for allegedly objectifying women and promoting unrealistic female body images. The adverts were eventually banned, with Sadiq Khan supporting their removal. Khan commented, "If people want to spend their Saturday looking at me in a yellow bikini they're welcome to do so, I don't really think yellow's my colour though." A small crowd gathered to watch as the blimp flew over London's Parliament Square on 1 September 2018. It has made no further appearances. The Sadiq Khan bikini-clad balloon was sold on eBay in August 2019 for £16,000.
Boris Johnson
During Anti-Brexit protests in London on 20 July 2019, a giant balloon depicting the former mayor of London Boris Johnson was flown over Parliament Square. The balloon depicted Johnson with a pink-face and blonde spiky hair whilst wearing a white T-shirt with a red bus across the front with the words '£350m', in reference to the bus he used during the Brexit referendum campaign. He was also depicted wearing blue shorts with love hearts printed on them with the word 'Nigel' also printed across the front, resembling the Pro-Brexit campaigner Nigel Farage. The "No to Boris, Yes to Europe" protest was against Johnson's view on Brexit and also against him becoming the next prime minister of the United Kingdom.
See also
Dump Trump (statue)
Trump Buddha
References
External links
(13 July 2018), CNBC
(13 July 2018), The Guardian
2018 in Argentina
2018 in France
2018 in Scotland
2018 in British politics
2018 in American politics
2018 protests
2018 works
Balloons
Caricatures of presidents of the United States
Crowdfunding projects
Cultural depictions of Donald Trump
Inflatable manufactured goods
Parodies of Donald Trump
Political art
Protests against Donald Trump
Protests in Argentina
Protests in France
Protests in London
Protests in Scotland
Protests in the United Kingdom
Protests in the United States | Donald Trump baby balloon | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,410 | [
"Balloons",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
57,856,434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203923 | NGC 3923 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Hydra. It is located at a distance of about 90 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3923 is about 155,000 light years across. NGC 3923 is an example of a shell galaxy where the stars in its halo are arranged in layers. It has more than twenty shells. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 7, 1791.
Characteristics
NGC 3923 is an example of a shell galaxy where the stars in its halo are arranged in layers. NGC 3923 has up to 42 shells, the highest number among all shell galaxies, and its shells are much more subtle than those of other shell galaxies. The shells of this galaxy are also symmetrical, while other shell galaxies are more skewed and asymmetrical. Concentric shells of stars enclosing a galaxy are quite common and are observed in many elliptical galaxies. In fact, every tenth elliptical galaxy exhibits this onion-like structure, which has never been observed in spiral galaxies. The shell-like structures are thought to develop as a consequence of galactic cannibalism, when a larger galaxy ingests a smaller companion. As the two centers approach, they initially oscillate about a common center, and this oscillation ripples outwards forming the shells of stars just as ripples on a pond spread when the surface is disturbed.
Deep imaging also detected a stream extending from the core of NGC 3923 and a small elliptical galaxy on its axis, which is a probable progenitor of some of the shells. Another stream lies south of the core of NGC 3923, and a hook like structure lies at the northwest.
Based on the velocity dispersion of the globular clusters of NGC 3923 the mass of the supermassive black hole of the galaxy was estimated to be
.
Supernova
One supernova has been observed in NGC 3923. SN 2018aoz (typeIa, mag. 15.1) was discovered by the Distance Less Than 40 Mpc Survey (DLT40) on 2 April 2018. It reached magnitude 12.7, making it tied with SN 2018pv for the brightest supernova of 2018.
Nearby galaxies
NGC 3923 is the brightest galaxy in a galaxy group known as the NGC 3923 galaxy group. Within 25 arcminutes from NGC 3923 have been detected seven dwarf elliptical galaxies. NGC 3904 is located 37 arcminutes away. Other galaxies in the group include NGC 3885, ESO 440-27, and ESO 440-011. Other nearby galaxies include NGC 3617, NGC 3673, NGC 3717, NGC 3936, and NGC 4105.
Image gallery
See also
List of NGC objects (3001–4000)
References
External links
Elliptical galaxies
Shell galaxies
Hydra (constellation)
3923
037061
-05-28-012
440- G 017
17910307
Discoveries by William Herschel | NGC 3923 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 607 | [
"Hydra (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,857,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201334 | NGC 1334 is a spiral galaxy located about 185 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on February 14, 1863. NGC 1334 is a member of the Perseus Cluster and is a starburst galaxy. It also appears to have a complex distorted structure.
See also
List of NGC objects (1001–2000)
NGC 6045
References
External links
Perseus Cluster
Perseus (constellation)
Spiral galaxies
1334
013001
Astronomical objects discovered in 1863
02759
Peculiar galaxies
Starburst galaxies | NGC 1334 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 118 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
57,857,677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%20measure | In measure theory, the Euler measure of a polyhedral set equals the Euler integral of its indicator function.
The magnitude of an Euler measure
By induction, it is easy to show that independent of dimension, the Euler measure of a closed bounded convex polyhedron always equals 1, while the Euler measure of a d-D relative-open bounded convex polyhedron is .
See also
Measure theory
Notes
External links
Exponentiation and Euler measure
Measures (measure theory)
Measure theory | Euler measure | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 100 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Physical quantities",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Measures (measure theory)",
"Quantity",
"Size"
] |
57,857,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperCam | SuperCam is a suite of remote-sensing instruments for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover mission that performs remote analyses of rocks and soils with a camera, two lasers and four spectrometers to seek organic compounds that could hold biosignatures of past microbial life on Mars, if it ever existed there.
SuperCam was developed in collaboration between the Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology () of the University of Toulouse in France, the French Space Agency (CNES), Los Alamos National Laboratory, the University of Valladolid (Spain), the University of Hawaii and the Universities of Basque Country and Málaga in Spain. The Principal Investigator is Roger Wiens from Los Alamos National Laboratory. SuperCam is an improved version of the successful ChemCam instruments of the Curiosity rover that have been upgraded with two different lasers and detectors. SuperCam is used in conjunction with the AEGIS (Autonomous Exploration for Gathering Increased Science) targeting system, a program which Vandi Verma, NASA roboticist and engineer, helped develop.
In April 2018, SuperCam entered the final stages of assembly and testing. The flight model was installed to the rover in June 2019. The rover mission was launched on 30 July 2020.
Instruments
For measurements of chemical composition, the instrument suite uses a version of the successful ChemCam instruments of the Curiosity rover that have been upgraded with two different lasers and detectors. SuperCam's instruments are able to identify the kinds of chemicals that could be evidence of past life on Mars. SuperCam is a suite of various instruments, and the collection of correlated measurements on a target can be used to determine directly the geochemistry and mineralogy of samples.
The suite has several integrated instruments: Raman spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) spectroscopy, and Visible and InfraRed (VISIR) reflectance spectroscopy to provide preliminary information about the mineralogy and molecular structure of samples under consideration, as well as being able to directly measure organic compounds. The total is four complementary spectrometers, making the suite sensitive enough to measure trace amounts of chemicals.
LIBS
The remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system emits a 1064-nm laser beam to investigate targets as small as a grain of rice from a distance of more than 7 meters, allowing the rover to study targets beyond the reach of its arm. The beam vaporizes a tiny amount of rock, creating a hot plasma. SuperCam then measures the colors of light in the plasma, which provide clues to the target's elemental composition. Its laser is also capable of remotely clearing away surface dust, giving all of its instruments a clear view of the targets. LIBS unit contains three spectrometers. Two of these handle the visible and violet portion of the VISIR spectra, while the IR portion is recorded in the mast.
Raman spectroscopy
SuperCam's Raman spectrometer (at 532 nm) investigates targets up to 12 m from the rover. In the Raman spectroscopy technique, most of the green laser light reflects back at the same wavelength that was sent, but a small fraction of the light interacts with the target molecules, changing the wavelength in proportion to the vibrational energy of the molecular bonds. By spectrally observing the returned Raman light, the identity of the minerals can be determined.
IR spectrometer
The infrared spectrometer, provided by France, operates in the near-infrared (1.3 to 2.6 micrometers) wavelengths and its photodiodes, or detectors, are cooled by small thermoelectric coolers to ensure that they operate between −100 °C and −50 °C at all times. This instrument will analyze many of the clay minerals and help unravel the history of liquid water on Mars. The types of clay minerals and their abundances give clues about the nature of the water that was present, whether fresh or salty, acidic or neutral pH, whether it might have been icy or warm, and whether the water was present for a long period of time. These are key questions to understand how habitable the surface environment was in the distant past.
Camera/telescope/microphone
SuperCam's optical camera acquires high-resolution color images of samples under study, which also help determine the surface geology. This camera can also study how atmospheric water and dust absorb or reflect solar radiation, which may help to develop weather forecasts. SuperCam is also equipped with a microphone to capture the first audio recordings from the surface of Mars. The microphone is the same model (Knowles Corp EK) as the ones that flew to Mars on the 1998 Mars Polar Lander and the 2007 Phoenix lander. However, neither mission was able to record sounds.
Spectrometers – Table
The detectors of all four spectrometers are cooled to just below 0 °C by thermoelectric coolers. The photodiodes for the infrared (IR) spectrometer are further cooled to between −100 °C and −50 °C at all times.
References
External links
Mars 2020 Home site
Mars 2020 instruments
Mars imagers
Astrobiology | SuperCam | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 1,031 | [
"Origin of life",
"Speculative evolution",
"Astrobiology",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
57,858,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit%20desert | A transit desert is an area with limited transportation supply. Developed from the concept of food deserts, various methods have been proposed to measure transit deserts. Transit deserts are generally characterized by poor public transportation options and possibly poor bike, sidewalk, or road infrastructure. The lack of transportation options present in transit deserts may have negative effects of people’s health, job prospects, and economic mobility.
History
The term 'desert' has been variously applied to areas that lack key services like banks, food access, or even books. The idea of transit deserts was coined by Junfeng Jiao and Maxwell Dillivan, first appearing in print in 2013. Since that time, the concept of transit deserts has been expanded upon and competing definitions and measurement techniques have emerged.
Definitions
Gap-based measurements
Gap-based measurement techniques are the most prominent and well-defined definition of transit deserts. Such methods typically use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based methods to measure the gap between transportation supply and demand. These methods quantify demand and supply and then subtract demand from supply in order to find the "gap" in transit service. Areas that fall below a certain threshold are termed "transit deserts". Using this method studies have found that nearly all cities in the United States have transit deserts. Studies have also consistently shown that central business districts are almost never transit deserts, but the locations of transit desert areas varies considerably in different cities.
No-transit definition
A more informal definition of transit deserts has also emerged in which areas that lack some type of transportation, most often public transportation like buses and subway stops, are termed transit deserts. Sometimes this definition has been expanded or slightly redefined to refer areas that lack a certain type of transportation such as "subway deserts".
Implications
The causes of transit deserts are much debated. Some have cited suburban sprawl and deliberately segregationist policies as some of the leading causes of transit deserts. Still others contend that transit deserts are often the result of poor planning practices and that better transit planning can help alleviate them.
Examples
See also
General:
Banking desert
Book desert
Exurb
Food desert
Forced rider
Ghetto tax
Isochrone map
Medical desert
Poverty map
Redlining
Urban resilience
Urban prairie
Transport:
Accessibility (transport)
Freedom of movement
References
External links
Freedom of movement
Economic geography
Transportation planning
Urban decay
Car culture
Neighbourhoods by type
Transport controversies | Transit desert | [
"Physics"
] | 468 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transport controversies"
] |
57,858,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranome%20database | Membranome database provides structural and functional information about more than 6000 single-pass (bitopic) transmembrane proteins from Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, Dictyostelium discoideum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Bitopic membrane proteins consist of a single transmembrane alpha-helix connecting water-soluble domains of the protein situated at the opposite sides of a biological membrane. These proteins are frequently involved in the signal transduction and communication between cells in multicellular organisms.
The database provides information about the individual proteins including computationally generated three-dimensional models of their transmembrane alpha-helices spatially arranged in the membrane, topology, intracellular localizations, amino acid sequences, domain architecture, functional annotation and available experimental structures from the Protein Data Bank. It also provides a classification of bitopic proteins into 15 functional classes, more than 700 structural superfamilies and 1400 families, along with 3D structures of bitopic protein complexes which are also classified to different families.
The second Membranome version provides 3D models of more than 2000 parallel homodimers formed by TM α-helices of bitopic proteins from different organisms which were generated using TMDOCK program. The models of the homodimers were verified through comparison with available experimental data for nearly 600 proteins. The database includes downloadable coordinate files of transmembrane helices and their homodimers with calculated membrane boundaries. Membranome 3.0 version incorporates models generated by AlphaFold 2.
The database website provides access to related webservers, FMAP and TMDOCK which have been developed for modeling individual alpha-helices and their dimeric complexes in membranes. The database and webservers were used in experimental and bioinformatics studies of bitopic membrane proteins
References
Model organism databases
Protein databases
Single-pass transmembrane proteins
Protein classification | Membranome database | [
"Biology"
] | 412 | [
"Model organism databases",
"Model organisms",
"Protein classification"
] |
57,858,592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hof%20%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagsins | Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins is a religious building under construction in Reykjavík, Iceland. When finished it will be used by the Heathen organization Ásatrúarfélagið for religious ceremonies, concerts, exhibitions and administrative work. It is Iceland's first major hof to the Norse gods since the Viking Age. It is located on the southern slope of the hill Öskjuhlíð, close to Reykjavík University.
The project has been under development since 2005, but has been delayed several times because of the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis and problems with the design. It has been under construction since 2015. As of 2022, the building's office part was operational but the social part was still unfinished.
History
Development
In 2005, Ásatrúarfélagið decided to sell its house in Reykjavík which it had acquired in 1998. The real-estate value had at this point increased so much that the organization's long-time goal of building a hof in Reykjavík for its activities had become a realistic project. Ásatrúarfélagið originally applied for a plot of land for a religious building in Elliðaárdalur. Reykjavík's mayor Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir instead suggested a location on the hill Öskjuhlíð, which Ásatrúarfélagið accepted in 2006. However, this plot turned out to be within the safety zone of the Reykjavík Airport, so a new location nearby, on the southern slope of the same hill, was assigned in 2008. Ásatrúarfélagið and its allsherjargoði Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson were especially pleased by the proximity between this location and the Reykjavík University.
The land was donated by the city and the construction funds were provided by Ásatrúarfélagið. On 1 September 2008, five architectural firms submitted their respective proposals for the building's design to Ásatrúarfélagið's building committee. When the building still was on a planning stage, the 2008 Icelandic banking collapse took place, which resulted in substantial financial losses for Ásatrúarfélagið, and the hof project was delayed by several years.
In January 2015, Magnús Jensson's design was revealed. It was reported that construction was soon to begin. The building was reported to have a construction cost of 130 million Icelandic krónas.
Construction
Construction officially broke ground at the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015. The building was then projected to be finished in the late summer of 2016. However, the complicated design has caused technical problems and further delays. Immediately there were problems with the preparation of the site, which had the effect that actual construction did not begin until 2017. In December 2017 it was expected to be finished by the end of 2018.
In February 2019, Hilmar Örn said that the most optimistic expectation was for the building to be finished in December 2019, although he hoped that parts would be ready for active use already in the autumn that year. He explained that it was the dome that caused problems and that the project had gone severely over its original budget, with the costs now estimated at around 270 million krónas. He also revealed that Ásatrúarfélagið had looked at different models for potentially crowdfunding parts of the costs, although stressed that the funders in that case must receive something in return for their money. He explained that it was crucial for the organization's dignity to not take any bank loan.
In June 2019, Hilmar Örn said that the building would be constructed in stages. The office part would become operational first, but even if the crowdfunding campaign was a success, the whole project could take two years to finish. In February 2020, Hilmar Örn expected the dome to be finished in 2022. The projected total cost was 300 million krónas. The deputy allsherjargoði Jóhanna G. Harðardóttir said in July 2021 that construction had proceeded well during the last year and the building should be able to host Ásatrúarfélagið's administrative work in the autumn of 2021. By April 2022, Ásatrúarfélagið had moved into the office part and the social part was close to being finished. In July 2023, Hilmar Örn said there was no hurry to finish the dome and it will be built whenever the organization can afford materials without taking a loan. A plan to buy the steel frame for the dome from China had fallen apart because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Architecture and design
Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins was designed by the Icelandic architect and Ásatrúarfélagið member Magnús Jensson. Jensson wanted the building to look timeless and neither be a Viking Age pastiche nor specifically modern. The aim was to represent a close relationship to earth, sky and sun. The design incorporates numbers and geometry considered sacred by Ásatrúarfélagið, such as the numbers nine, 432,000 and the golden ratio.
The building is made of concrete and local wood. The main part will have an area of and hold a maximum of 250 people. It has an oval shape and an inverted dome on top; the intention is to let in sunlight which changes on a daily and seasonal basis. It is built into the side of the hill and uses natural rock as one of its walls, allowing water to flow down the stone wall and be collected in pools.
Next to the building is a memorial stone for Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson, Ásatrúarfélagið's first allsherjargoði. The monument was dedicated on 22 April 2010 with a ceremony that paid tribute to the local landvættir and several gods.
The design allows the building to be expanded in the future. According to Hilmar Örn, there are preliminary plans for an expansion that would provide a facility for international research on subjects related to mythology.
Name
The name used in the media and promotional material, "hof Ásatrúarfélagsins", is descriptive and means "The hall of the ōs faith association" or "The temple of the ōs faith association". The association has asked the public for proposals for the building's official name, but the final decision will be taken shortly before the consecration.
See also
List of modern pagan temples
References
Further reading
External links
The architect's website about the building
Modern paganism in Iceland
Germanic neopaganism
Buildings and structures under construction
Buildings and structures in Reykjavík
Modern pagan buildings
Religious buildings and structures with domes
Religious buildings and structures in Iceland | Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,354 | [
"Construction",
"Buildings and structures under construction"
] |
70,289,315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7%20Trianguli | 7 Trianguli is a solitary star located in the northern constellation Triangulum. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.25, making it faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is situated at distance of 360 light years but is approaching with a heliocentric radial velocity of , which is poorly constrained.
7 Trianguli has a stellar classification of A0 V or B9.5 V, depending on the study. At present it has 2.77 times the mass of the Sun and 3.24 times the radius of the Sun. It shines at 89.1 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,685 K, giving it a blueish white glow. 7 Trianguli is a young star, with an age of 283 million years and spins rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of . It has been classified as having a peculiar spectrum, but it is considered doubtful that it is actually a chemically peculiar star.
Together with δ Trianguli and γ Trianguli, it forms an optical (line-of-sight) triple.
References
A-type main-sequence stars
B-type main-sequence stars
Triangulum
Trianguli, 7
013869
010559
0655
Durchmusterung objects | 7 Trianguli | [
"Astronomy"
] | 270 | [
"Triangulum",
"Constellations"
] |
70,289,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicoccozyma%20aeria | Solicoccozyma aeria is a species of fungus in the family Piskurozymaceae. It has only been found in its yeast state, though a filamentous state producing basidia may be formed in culture.
Distribution
The species is an obligate aerobe, that has been isolated from soil samples and samples of sand.
Biochemistry
The species has a growth temperature range between 20 °C and 35 °C. It secretes amylase at the end of its exponential phase, and it is believed to produce the most amylase at 30 °C between pH 4.5 and pH 6. It is believed that the amylases produced by S. aeria are able to digest raw starch; this has been studied extensively, because breaking down raw starch has become increasingly important in the production of materials such as liquid fuel and chemicals. This species' ability to break down starch is greatly improved when it is co-cultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Solicoccozyma aeria is able to use glucose, galactose, maltose and starch as sole carbon sources, and it is able to use nitrate and nitrite as sole nitrogen sources.
References
Tremellomycetes
Fungus species | Solicoccozyma aeria | [
"Biology"
] | 255 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
70,290,071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddebackville%2C%20New%20York | Cuddebackville is a hamlet in Deerpark, New York, in Orange County, New York, United States. Taking US-209, its location is about north of Port Jervis. Cuddebackville is home of the Hamilton Bicentennial Elementary School, which is run by the Port Jervis City School District. This hamlet is also home of the Delaware and Hudson Railway Canal Park and the Neversink River Unique Area. The hamlet was named after William Cuddeback, a general from the War of 1812 and a descendant of the Cuddeback family, one of the first families to settle in the area.
The Cuddebackville Dam was a dam that was located in Cuddebackville, which was built in the 1820s and expanded on in 1903. In October 2004, the dam was removed by the Army Corps of Engineers to help aquatic life in the area.
According to the Census Bureau, the center of population in New York is located within the hamlet of Cuddebackville.
Cuddebackville also is the home of the global headquarters of the Falun Gong movement and the Shen Yun performance arts troupe.
References
Center of population
Hamlets in Orange County, New York | Cuddebackville, New York | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 249 | [
"Point (geometry)",
"Geometric centers",
"Center of population",
"Symmetry"
] |
70,290,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungisporin | Fungisporin is a antibiotic with the molecular formula C28H36N4O4 which is produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. The cyclic peptide is a tetramer, consists of one each of the two enantiomeric forms of phenylalanine and of valine.
References
Further reading
Fusarium
Cyclic peptides
Tetrapeptides
Twelve-membered rings | Fungisporin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 87 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
70,290,788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidiodendron%20fuscum | Oidiodendron fuscum is a species of the genus of Oidiodendron. Oidiodendron fuscum produces the antibiotic Fuscin.
References
Onygenales
Fungi described in 1932
Fungus species | Oidiodendron fuscum | [
"Biology"
] | 50 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
70,291,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA-duality | In quantum gravity and quantum complexity theory, the complexity equals action duality (CA-duality) is the conjecture that the gravitational action of any semiclassical state with an asymptotically anti-de Sitter background corresponds to quantum computational complexity, and that black holes produce complexity at the fastest possible rate. In technical terms, the complexity of a quantum state on a spacelike slice of the conformal field theory dual is proportional to the action of the Wheeler–DeWitt patch (WDW patch) of that spacelike slice in the bulk. The WDW patch is the union of all possible spacelike slices of the bulk with the CFT slice as its boundary.
This conjecture has been tested against several anti-de Sitter black hole backgrounds with and without shock waves, and was found to pass all the tests. The action for the WDW patch of a wormhole grows linearly in time for an exponentially long period. Dually, quantum circuit complexity has also been shown to grow linearly for an exponentially long time
References
Quantum gravity
Theoretical physics | CA-duality | [
"Physics"
] | 220 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum gravity",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
70,291,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2039194 | HD 39194 (Gliese 217.2; LHS 210) is a star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Mensa. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.07, making it readily visible in binoculars but not to the naked eye. The object is relatively close at a distance of 86 light years but is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
Characteristics
HD 39194 has a general stellar classification of K0 V, indicating that it is a K-type main-sequence star. Houk & Cowley found a slightly warmer class of G8 V, instead making it a G-type main-sequence star. Nevertheless, it has 71% the mass of the Sun and an effective temperature of , giving an orange hue. It radius of yields a luminosity only 38% that of the Sun. HD 39194 is estimated to be 11.7 billion years old and is extremely chromospherically inactive. Despite being a planetary host, it has an iron abundance only 24% that of the Sun. HD 39194's projected rotational velocity is similar to the Sun's, with the value being .
Planetary system
Three planet candidates around this star were first reported in a 2011 preprint. After 10 years of observations, a team of astronomers confirmed 3 super-Earths circling HD 39194 in eccentric orbits; none of the planets are in the habitable zone. HD 39194 b and d have similar masses.
This star was selected as a potential candidate for future exoplanet imaging missions in 2015.
See also
List of multiplanetary systems
Pi Mensae, another exoplanet-hosting star in the same constellation.
References
K-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with three confirmed planets
Mensa (constellation)
039194
027080
0217.2
CD-70 340 | HD 39194 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 383 | [
"Mensa (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
70,292,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetowy%20System%20Akt%C3%B3w%20Prawnych | The Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych ( in Polish), shortly ISAP, is a database with information about the legislation in force in Poland, which is part of the oldest and one of the most famous Polish legal information systems, and is publicly available on the website of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland.
References
External links
Computer systems | Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 74 | [
"Computer science",
"Computers",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
70,294,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Miller%20%28mathematician%29 | Maggie Miller is a mathematician and an assistant professor in the mathematics department at the University of Texas at Austin. She was also a former Visiting Clay Fellow, and Stanford Science Fellow at Stanford University in the Mathematics Department. Her primary research area is low-dimensional topology.
Professional career
Miller earned her PhD in mathematics from Princeton University, where she was advised by mathematician David Gabai and wrote her dissertation on extending fibrations of knot complements to ribbon disk complements. Prior to graduate school, she completed her undergraduate studies at University of Texas at Austin.
After completing her doctoral degree, Miller worked as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow from 2020 to 2021 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Later as a Visiting Clay Fellow and Stanford Science Fellow, she spent time at Stanford University from 2021 to 2023. Miller is currently a tenure track professor at the University of Texas at Austin.
Awards and honors
Miller was awarded a 2021 Clay Research Fellowship by the Clay Mathematics Institute for her work to expand topological research of manifolds. Her contributions were described by MIT as "important...to long-standing problems in low-dimensional topology." Clay Research Fellowships are awarded to recent PhD-holders who are selected for their research accomplishments and potential as leaders in mathematics research.
In her previous position at Stanford, she was a Stanford Science Fellow. Fellowships are awarded to early career scientists who have demonstrated scientific achievement and advancement, as well as a desire to collaborate with a diverse scholarly community.
Prior to her appointment at Stanford, Miller was awarded a National Science Foundation Mathematical Sciences Postdoc Research Fellowship while at MIT in the Department of Mathematics. She also has a record of accomplishment during her graduate studies, having been awarded the Princeton Mathematics Graduate Teaching Award in 2018 and the Charlotte Elizabeth Procter Fellowship in 2019.
She received the 2023 Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize, one of the Breakthrough Prizes, for "work on fibered ribbon knots and surfaces in 4-dimensional manifolds.", and she was named one of Forbes' 30 Under 30 – Science for 2023.
Selected publications
References
21st-century mathematicians
Princeton University alumni
Stanford University fellows
American women mathematicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Topologists | Maggie Miller (mathematician) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 439 | [
"Topologists",
"Topology"
] |
70,294,538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZ%20Tauri | SZ Tauri is a variable star in the equatorial constellation of Taurus. The brightness of this star varies from an apparent visual magnitude of 6.39 down to 6.69 with a period of 3.149 days, which is near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye. The distance to this star is approximately 2,070 light years based on parallax measurements. There is some indication this may be a binary system, but the evidence is inconclusive.
The variability of this star was announced by K. Schwarzschild in 1911 and was given a preliminary designation of 41.1910 with a period of . H. S. Leavitt extended the study up to 1914, producing a light curve with a period of . A 1916 spectral study by H. Shapley showed that the class of this pulsating Cepheid variable changed along the light curve, ranging from F7 at minimum up to A9 at peak luminosity. Y. N. Efremov suggested in 1964 that this star may be a halo member of the NGC 1647 open cluster, located 2.2° to the northeast. However, this was later disputed based on a poor proper motion match. It was confirmed to be a classical Cepheid by W. P. Gieren in 1985.
In the General Catalogue of Variable Stars, SZ Tau is classified as a Delta Cepheid of type DCEPS, which shows a nearly symmetric light curve with a small amplitude. It is pulsating in the first overtone and in evolutionary terms is undergoing its second crossing of the Cepheid instability strip. By 1987, four changes in the pulsation period of SZ Tau had been observed; the pulsation rate is decreasing by −0.49 s/yr. The star is about 75 million years old with six times the mass of the Sun and 42 times the Sun's radius. The effective temperature, radius, and spectral type of the star vary across each pulsation cycle.
References
F-type supergiants
Classical Cepheid variables
Taurus (constellation)
BD+18 661
029260
021517
Tauri, SZ | SZ Tauri | [
"Astronomy"
] | 453 | [
"Taurus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
70,294,782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%20Look | The Brooklyn Look is a design style that is used in fields such as interior design, food packaging and greeting cards which originated from Brooklyn, New York City.
Characteristics
During an interview with Interior Design, design firm co-owner Joan Michaels stated that the Brooklyn Look consists of reclaimed wood, exposed lightbulbs and taxidermy. The style was once an independent expression of the reuse of goods but has changed into expensive consumer products. Many business owners believe that using the Brooklyn Look is good for increasing profits.
Prevalence
In a Quartz article, it was noted that the Brooklyn Look was commonly used in neighborhoods like Pantin in Paris, Shimokitazawa in Tokyo, Florentin in Tel Aviv and Shoreditch in East London.
References
Further reading
Interior design
Culture of Brooklyn
American architectural styles | Brooklyn Look | [
"Engineering"
] | 162 | [
"Design stubs",
"Design"
] |
70,295,797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamation | In organic chemistry sulfamation is the installation of either of two related functional groups, sulfamic acid (R2NSO3H) and sulfamate (R2NSO3−). Typical methods entail reaction of primary amines with sources of sulfur trioxide such as pyridine-sulfur trioxide:
RNH2 + SO3 → RNHSO3H
Sulfamation can also be effected by treating the amine with the sulfate ester of catechol (C6H4O2SO2).
References
Sulfur oxoacids
Sulfamates | Sulfamation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 124 | [
"Sulfamates",
"Functional groups"
] |
70,295,986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinopeptide | The fibrinopeptides, fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB), are peptides which are located in the central region of the fibrous glycoprotein fibrinogen (factor I) and are cleaved by the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa) to convert fibrinogen into covalently-linked fibrin (factor IA) monomers. The N-terminal FpA is cleaved from the Aα chains of fibrinogen and FpB from the Bβ chains of fibrinogen, with FpA released before FpB. Subsequent to their formation, fibrin monomers are converted to cross-linked fibrin polymers by the action of thrombin-activated factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor), and these fibrin polymers form the backbone of a thrombus (blood clot). Hence, the fibrinopeptides are sensitive markers of fibrinogenesis (fibrin generation), thrombin activity, and coagulation.
FpA is a 16-amino acid peptide. The half-life of FpA is very short at approximately 3 to 5 minutes. Hence, FpA levels provide a relatively transient measure of coagulation activation.
Levels of FpA increase with age. FpA levels also gradually increase throughout pregnancy. Likewise, FpA levels have been reported to increase with estrogen therapy, including with combined birth control pills and menopausal hormone therapy, although research on FpA levels with these therapies appears to be relatively limited.
References
Blood tests
Coagulation system
Peptides | Fibrinopeptide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 355 | [
"Blood tests",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Molecular biology",
"Chemical pathology",
"Peptides"
] |
70,296,233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroro%20Tanshi | Iroro Tanshi (born ) is a Nigerian tropical ecologist and conservationist who studies the ecology and diversity of African bats. She is a co-founder of, the Small Mammal Conservation Organisation (SMACON), a Nigerian NGO, where she is director of research programs and mentors students and peers in species conservation.
Education
Tanshi obtained a degree in environmental science and a master's degree in environmental quality management at the University of Benin in Benin City, Nigeria. She then studied at the University of Leeds in England, where she obtained a master's in biodiversity conservation before undertaking research with Tigga Kingston at Texas Tech University in the US, where she was awarded a PhD in 2021.
Career
Tanshi discovered the only population of the short-tailed roundleaf bat (Hipposideros curtus) in Nigeria, near the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, and saved it from extinction. Tanshi also protected Nigeria's largest colony of straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) from a government proposal to destroy their roost tree.
Tanshi was recognized for discovering bat species in Nigeria that were last seen 45 years ago. Her 'Zero Wildfire Campaign', engages local people to protect critical habitats for this bat species is yielding results and is helping bring back this species from the brink of extinction.
In parallel with her work at SMACON, Tanshi works as a lecturer at the University of Benin.
Awards
In 2020, Tanshi won a Future for Nature award from the Future for Nature Foundation, in recognition of her pioneering work discovering bat species. She was the first African woman to win the award.
In 2021, Tanshi won a Whitley Award issued by the Whitley Fund for Nature.
References
External links
, video by Iroro Tanshi (2020)
Small mammal conservation organisation
Living people
1980s births
21st-century Nigerian scientists
Conservationists
Ecologists
University of Benin (Nigeria) people
Alumni of the University of Leeds | Iroro Tanshi | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 392 | [
"Ecologists",
"Environmental scientists"
] |
70,296,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen%20theft | Pollen theft, also known as pollen robbery or floral larceny, occurs when an animal actively eats or collects pollen from a plant species but provides little or no pollination in return. Pollen theft was named as a concept at least as early as the 1980, and examples have been documented well before that. For example, native honey bees were documented 'stealing' large amounts of pollen from the large, bat-pollinated flowers of Parkia clappertoniana in Ghana in the 1950s. Nevertheless, pollen theft has typically received far less research attention than nectar robbing, despite the more direct consequences on plant reproduction.
Pollen thieves
Few pollen-collecting animals are obligate pollen thieves. Rather pollen theft generally arises from a mismatch between the morphology or behaviour of a pollen collecting animal and the morphology or phenology of a flowering plant species. The clearest examples of pollen theft are when pollen-collecting insects visit only the male (pollen-bearing) plants of dioecious species, and so never come into contact with female flowers. However pollen theft can also arise if pollen-collectors visit only male-phase (pollen-bearing) flowers of dichogamous species, or are too small to contact stigmas while collecting pollen from species with large or highly herkogamous flowers. Pollen thieves include beetles, flies, thrips, and even a parakeet, but the vast majority documented so far have been bees. These include Trigona species, which often bite through anthers to access pollen, Halictids, bumble bees, and, most commonly of all, honey bees. Honey bees are thought to be particularly common pollen thieves as they are behaviourally flexible, often visiting flowers in 'unexpected' ways that avoid floral mechanisms for ensuring pollen deposition, or because they have been introduced by humans for agriculture and so more frequently encounter plants that have not evolved in their presence.
Impact on plant ecology and evolution
Because pollen serves as both an attractant to pollinators and as the carrier of male gametes (i.e. is directly evolved in plant sexual reproduction), loss of pollen to pollen theft can reduce the reproductive success of both individual plants and entire plant populations. An experiment in South Africa found that native pollen thieves (bees) significantly increased pollen removal but decreased pollen receipt and seed set in populations of bird-pollinated Aloe maculata. In Brazil, exotic honey bees reduced pollen in anthers by 99% and were negatively correlated with seed set in the dioecious species Clusia arrudae. In Australia, exotic honey bees were unable to collect pollen from buzz-pollinated anthers of Melastoma affine, so instead stole pollen that had already been deposited on stigmas, halving seed set when they were they last visitor. In another Australian example, honey bees had no effect on reproduction in Grevillea barklyana when bird pollinators were common, but reduced seed set by 50% when bird pollinators were rare by preventing delayed autonomous self-pollination (ie disrupting reproductive assurance).
Pollen theft may strongly affect floral evolution whenever some plant individuals are more vulnerable than others. Whlle it is hard to hindcast why any modern traits evolved, several could have been selected on by pollen theft. These include mechanisms to hide pollen, such as buzz-pollination or pollen release that requires a forceful trigger, or chemical deterrents in pollen.
References
Pollination
Parasitism | Pollen theft | [
"Biology"
] | 698 | [
"Parasitism",
"Symbiosis"
] |
70,296,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmin-%CE%B12-antiplasmin%20complex | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex}}
Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) is a 1:1 irreversibly formed inactive complex of the enzyme plasmin and its inhibitor α2-antiplasmin. It is a marker of the activity of the fibrinolytic system and a marker of net activation of fibrinolysis.
PAP levels are increased with pregnancy and by ethinylestradiol-containing combined birth control pills. Conversely, levels of PAP do not appear to be affected with menopausal hormone therapy. PAP levels have been reported to be elevated in men with prostate cancer.
References
Coagulation system
Protein complexes | Plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 158 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
70,296,806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxin%20%28spyware%29 | Daxin is a backdoor exploit discovered in late 2021 by Symantec researchers. It is considered highly sophisticated and is suspected to have been operational in espionage operations by the Chinese government for over a decade, targeting government agencies in Asia and Africa. It can be controlled from anywhere in the world, and its creators reportedly invested significant effort to make its communication blend in with network traffic.
Daxin comes in the form of a Windows kernel driver and exhibits technical sophistication previously unseen from such actors. It implements advanced communications functionality that provides a high degree of stealth and permits the attackers to communicate with infected computers on highly secured networks. Daxin is capable of hijacking legitimate TCP/IP connections, exchanging digital keys with a remote peer, and opening encrypted communication channels for receiving commands and sending information back to the remote source.
Daxin's capabilities suggest the attackers invested significant effort into developing communication techniques that can blend in unseen with normal network traffic on the target's network. The malware can be controlled from anywhere in the world, and its creators reportedly made considerable effort to ensure its communication blends in with network traffic.
References
Spyware
Common trojan horse payloads
Computer network security
Rogue security software
Security breaches
Deception | Daxin (spyware) | [
"Engineering"
] | 250 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Computer network security"
] |
70,297,991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20M53%205G | The Samsung Galaxy M53 5G is a mid-range Android smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics as a part of its Galaxy M series. This phone was announced on 7 April 2022. Its key features are MediaTek's SoC Dimensity 900 5G, 120 Hz Super AMOLED Plus display, a triple camera setup with a 108 MP main camera and a 5000 mAh battery with 25W fast charging support.
It is the last Samsung smartphone ever to be intended officially for market of the Russian Federation.
Specifications
Hardware
Samsung Galaxy M53 5G is powered by MediaTek Dimensity 900 5G SoC with 6 nm process, an integrated 5G modem, an octa-core CPU comprising a high performance cluster with 2x 2.4 GHz Cortex-A78 Gold cores and a power efficiency cluster with 6x 2.0 GHz Cortex-A55 Silver cores and Mali-G68 MC4 GPU. It has a 6.7 inch (172 mm) Super AMOLED Plus display with 1080x2400 pixels resolution, 20:9 aspect ratio, ~393 ppi pixel density, 120 Hz refresh rate and 16M colors. It features a triple camera setup at the rear with a 108 MP main camera with f/1.8 aperture, an 8 MP ultrawide-angle camera with f/2.2 aperture, a 2 MP macro camera with f/2.4 aperture, and a 2 MP depth camera with f/2.4 aperture. There is a 32 MP front-facing camera with f/2.2 aperture located in the circular punch hole of the display. It supports 4K video recording from the main camera and the front facing camera. It has a 5000 mAh non-removable battery with 25W fast charging support. However, there isn't a 25W charger in the box and it needs to be bought separately. It comes with 6/8 GB RAM and 128 / 256 GB internal storage and supports memory expansion via the hybrid SIM/microSD card slot up to 1 TB.
Software
Samsung Galaxy M53 5G is shipped with Android 12 and Samsung's proprietary user interface One UI 4.1. It comes with Knox Security Suite and AltZMode.
References
Android (operating system) devices
Samsung mobile phones
Phablets
Mobile phones introduced in 2022
Samsung Galaxy
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras | Samsung Galaxy M53 5G | [
"Technology"
] | 486 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
70,298,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST%20Genesia | The ST Genesia is a fully automated commercial analyzer system for performing thrombin generation assays (TGAs) and hence for coagulation testing. It was developed by Diagnostica Stago and was introduced by the company in 2018.
Traditionally, TGAs has been conducted using partially automated methods like the calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT), which was introduced in 2003. However, the CAT is performed in a 96-well plate and requires specialized technologists to be performed. Consequently, it has seen low implementation in routine laboratories and has been more limited to research settings. Lack of standardization with the CAT has also led to difficulties in study-to-study comparisons in research. It has been said that the introduction of the ST Genesia system, which will allow TGAs to be performed more easily and also shows improved reproducibility compared to the CAT, should allow for more widespread adoption of TGAs in clinical laboratories.
References
External links
ST Genesia launched! - Diagnostica Stago
Blood tests
Coagulation system
Medical signs | ST Genesia | [
"Chemistry"
] | 214 | [
"Blood tests",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
70,299,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Nellist | Peter David Nellist is a British physicist and materials scientist, currently a professor in the Department of Materials at the University of Oxford. He is noted for pioneering new techniques in high-resolution electron microscopy.
Early life and career
Nellist gained his B.A. (1991), M.A. (1995) and Ph.D (1996) from St John's College, Cambridge, and studied at the Cavendish Laboratory with John Rodenburg, before taking up post-doctoral research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee with ex-Cavendish researcher Stephen Pennycook. Eighteen months later, Nellist returned to Cambridge on a Royal Society University Research Fellowship, which he transferred to the University of Birmingham. He left academia for four years to work for another ex-Cambridge microscopy pioneer, Ondrej Krivanek, at Nion, his newly formed company in Seattle. Nellist then returned to Trinity College Dublin and finally to the University of Oxford, where he became Joint Head of the Department of Materials in 2019.
Scientific research
Nellist's research focuses on scanning transmission electron microscopy and its use in materials science. In particular, he is noted for work on electron ptychography, quantitative image interpretation, and the development of corrective electron microscope lenses, which he describes as "like spectacles for a microscope".
In the mid-1990s, working with John Rodenburg at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, he helped to devise new ways of improving the resolution of both scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes.
In 1998, working with Stephen Pennycook of ORNL, he recorded "the highest resolution microscope images ever made of crystal structures". Six years later, Nellist, Pennycook, and colleagues at ORNL produced the first images of atoms in a crystal on sub-Angstrom scales by using a new technique to correct the optical aberrations in a scanning transmission electron microscope.
Achievements and awards
Nellist has won many awards, including the 2007 Burton Medal from the Microscopy Society of America for "an exceptional contribution to microscopy", the 2013 Ernst Ruska Prize from the German Electron Microscopy Society for the development of confocal electron microscopy, the 2013 Birks Award from the Microbeam Analysis Society, and the 2016 and 2020 European Microscopy Society prizes for best published paper in materials science. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2020. He is the vice-president of the Royal Microscopical Society (of which he was also made an Honorary Fellow in 2020) and a board member of the European Microscopy Society.
Selected publications
Books
Scientific papers
References
External links
Seeing is Believing: How observing atoms in the electron microscope helps develop tomorrow's materials: A schools outreach talk by Peter Nellist explaining his work on electron microscopy.
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Fellows of the Royal Society
British materials scientists
Microscopists
English physicists | Peter Nellist | [
"Chemistry"
] | 599 | [
"Microscopists",
"Microscopy"
] |
70,299,587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostatin | Gostatin is an irreversible inhibitor of the aspartate aminotransferase produced by the bacterium Streptomyces sumanensis. Its structure is a dihydro-4-pyridone analog of glutamic acid.
References
Further reading
Gostatin
Alpha-Amino acids
Secondary amino acids
Dicarboxylic acids
Gamma-Amino acids | Gostatin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 80 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
63,070,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substances%20poisonous%20to%20dogs | Food products and household items commonly handled by humans can be toxic to dogs. The symptoms can range from simple irritation to digestion issues, behavioral changes, and even death. The categories of common items ingested by dogs include food products, human medication, household detergents, indoor and outdoor toxic plants, and rat poison.
Common signs of dog poisoning and exposure
The symptoms of poisoning vary depending on substance, the quantity a dog has consumed, the breed and size of the mammal. A common list of symptoms are digestion problems, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or blood in stool; bruising and bleeding gums, nose, or inside the ear canal; behavioral changes, such as lethargy, hyperactivity, and seizures; unusual items found in the dog's stool.If left in the vicinity, poisonous items can be swallowed by curious or hungry dogs. Uninformed pet owners have also been found to unintentionally poison their dogs by treating them with human medications or feeding them foods they can't metabolize.
In addition, some plants are toxic to dogs. Poisoning by contact happens most commonly with indoor plants when a dog gets the substance on their coat or muzzle. These can cause skin irritation and burns, but they can also become ingested when grooming.
Inhaled toxins, such as smoke or pesticides, can find their way into a dog's respiratory system and cause difficult breathing. If left untreated, these toxins can make their way to other organs of the body.
Substances
Human food
Many human foods cause serious problems when ingested in large amounts. In 2011, the consumption of toxic foods was the number one cause of poisoning in dogs. In 2017, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center received 199,000 poisoning cases, almost one-fifth of which were the result of ingesting human foods.
Avocado
Avocados are known for having high amounts of persin, a chemical toxic to many animals, including dogs. Persin is found in the leaves, bark, pulp, and skin of the avocado, making it harder for dogs to ingest too much. However, high amounts of persin can cause an upset stomach in dogs, and eating large amounts of persin over a longer period of time has been known to cause heart failure in dogs. Large amounts of avocado flesh at once can cause vomiting and an upset stomach, and its high-fat content can cause pancreatitis in dogs.
Chocolate
Chocolate is dangerous for dogs because they are unable to break down theobromine and caffeine, both present in chocolate. Darker chocolate and baking chocolate contain a higher amount of theobromine, thus they are more dangerous than milk chocolate or white chocolate. Small amounts of chocolate may cause vomiting or diarrhea, but larger amounts may affect the heart and brain. Large amounts of chocolate cause the dog to suffer irregular heart rhythms or heart failure.
Chocolate-style dog treats can be made with carob, which is similar to chocolate but innocuous to dogs.
Grapes/raisins/currants
These include any fruit of the Vitis species. It is unclear what substance within these fruits is toxic to dogs. There are several theories: mycotoxin, salicylate, tartaric acid, or potassium bitartrate, are all naturally found in grapes and decrease blood flow to the kidneys. There may be no dose information to show how much is too much. One dog may tolerate grapes or raisins better than another.
Macadamia nuts
Macadamia nuts have been included in the top foods to avoid feeding dogs. Like grapes or raisins, the substance of the nut responsible for negative reactions is unknown. Minuscule amounts of the nut can cause adverse reactions – "as little as 1/10th of an ounce per roughly 2 pounds of body weight." Macadamia nuts are singled out as having higher toxicity. Other nuts in general are high in fat and can cause a dog to become ill.
Xylitol
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued alerts to notify the public that xylitol, a sugar substitute, is harmful to dogs. It is used in sugar-free foods including gum, candy, and oral hygiene products. Some peanut butter will also contain xylitol. Xylitol can cause liver failure and hypoglycemia because it stimulates rapid insulin production in the canine pancreas. Potential symptoms include loss of coordination, vomiting, or seizures. Xylitol is not always clearly labeled on sugar-free foods. Ingredient listings should indicate if xylitol is in the product. Food labels with the listing for "sugar alcohol" may contain xylitol. Other names for xylitol include birch sugar, E967, Meso-Xylitol, Xilitol, Xylit, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-Pentol, and Sucre de Bouleau.
Fruit pits and seeds
Apples are safe for dogs, but apple seeds are not. Apple seeds, persimmon, peach, and plum pits, as well as other fruit seeds or pits have "cyanogenic glycosides". For example, if an apple seed skin is broken as a dog eats an apple, then cyanide could be released. Apple seeds should be removed before a dog eats the apple.
Onions and garlic
The Alliaceae family, of the Allium genus, or the onion family, includes onion, garlic, shallots, scallions, chives, and leeks. These contain N-propyl disulfide, Allyl propyl disulfide, and sodium N-propylthiosulfate which can cause red blood cell damage and anemia. Thiosulphate poisoning from onions can cause orange to dark-red tinged urine, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Medication
Human vitamin supplements can damage the digestive tract lining, especially those containing iron, and can lead to kidney and liver damage.
Ibuprofen and acetaminophen, commonly known as Motrin or Advil, and Tylenol, can cause liver damage in dogs.
Human antidepressant drugs like Celexa can cause neurological problems in dogs.
ADHD medications contain stimulants, such as methylphenidate, that if ingested even in small amounts can be life-threatening to dogs. Examples are Concerta, Vyvanse, Adderall, and Dexadrine.
Household products
Many cases of pet poisoning in the United States are caused by household products.
Substances with a pH greater than 7 are considered alkalis. Usually, exposure causes some level of irritation. However, these substances generally have no taste or odor which increases the chance of larger amounts being ingested by a dog. At high levels of consumption, alkalis become a greater danger for dogs. Bleach, oven and drain/pipe cleaners, hair relaxers, and lye are examples of alkaline products.
Ethylene glycol, antifreeze, is extremely toxic to dogs. It has a sweet taste and thus dogs will drink it. As little as 2 1/2 tablespoons can kill a medium-sized dog in 2–3 days. This type of poisoning is often fatal as dog owners do not know their pet has ingested the antifreeze. De-icing fluids can also contain ethylene glycol.
Paraquat is used for weeding and grass control. It is so toxic that blue dye is added so it is not confused with coffee, a pungent odor is added as a warning, and a vomiting agent in case it is ingested. In the US, it can only be used by those with a commercial license for its use. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. Outside of the US, the licensing requirements may not exist.
Pesticides
Pesticides containing organophosphates can be fatal to dogs. "Disulfoton is an example found in rose care products." "They're considered junior-strength nerve agents because they have the same mechanism of action as nerve gases like sarin", explained Dana Boyd Barr, an exposure scientist at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, who has studied organophosphate poisoning. Organophosphates are not banned from use but require licensing for use.
Rodenticides
Zinc phosphide is a common ingredient in rat poison or rodenticide. Zinc phosphide is a combination of phosphorus and zinc. If ingested, the acid in a dog's stomach turns the compound into phosphine, which is a toxic gas. The phosphine gas crosses into the dog's cells and causes the cell to die. Signs of poisoning include vomiting, anxiety, and loss of coordination. If a dog has not eaten and has an empty stomach when ingesting zinc phosphide, signs may not be apparent for up to 12 hours.
Strychnine is another rodenticide that is dangerous and causes similar reactions to zinc phosphide exposure. If a dog survives 24–48 hours after this type of poisoning, they generally recover well.
Veterinary products
Rimadyl, Dermaxx, and Previcox are types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs specifically for veterinary use for osteoarthritis, inflammation, and pain control in dogs. These can cause liver or kidney issues in dogs.
In most cases, issues of poisoning by veterinary products are due to incorrect administration or dosing by the veterinarian or the dog owner.
Plants
Daffodil
Daffodils contain lycorine which can cause vomiting, drooling, diarrhea, stomachache, heart, and breathing issues. Any part of the plant may induce side effects, but the bulb is the most toxic. At higher amounts, the toxin can cause gastrointestinal problems or a drop in blood pressure.
Tulip
Any part of the tulip can be poisonous but the bulb is the most toxic causing irritation in the mouth and throat. Signs of this type of poisoning are drooling, vomiting, stomachache, and diarrhea.
Azalea
Azaleas contain grayanotoxins. This toxin passes through the dog's body quickly and symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, weakness, or abnormal heart rate usually subside in a few hours.
Oleander
Oleander contains cardiac glycosides oleandrin and nerioside. When ingested, they can result in fatal heart abnormalities, muscle tremors, incoordination, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. The signs can start within a few hours and cause a dog's condition to decline quickly, thus treatment is often not successful.
Dieffenbachia
Dieffenbachia causes oral irritation, vomiting, and difficult swallowing in dogs. This plant contains calcium oxalate crystals. After ingestion, a dog may have a hard time swallowing and begin drooling or coughing as if choking. Dieffenbachia can cause damage to the liver and kidneys leading to death, comas, or permanent damage to critical organs, including the liver and kidneys, which may even lead to death.
Sago palm
Sago palms are toxic and potentially fatal to all pets, producing symptoms that include vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, and liver failure. The leaves and bark are both harmful, and the seeds (or "nuts") are even more toxic.
Cyclamen
Possibly all species of cyclamen are toxic to dogs. Cyclamen contains triterpenoid saponins that irritate skin and are toxic to dogs.
Castor bean
Castor beans or the castor oil plant contain ricin which is toxic to dogs. It can be fatal depending on how much of the plant is ingested. The beans of the plant have a higher concentration of ricin and if chewed instead of swallowed whole will cause increased toxicity levels.
Hemlock
The USDA lists water hemlock as “the most violently toxic plant that grows in North America”. Dog deaths due to hemlock poisoning are unusual, and most animal deaths are cows or other grazing animals. If a dog does ingest hemlock, the cicutoxin in the plant can be fatal very quickly as it causes the heart and nervous system to not be able to function normally.
Treatment and prognosis
There are many possible ways to handle a dog, depending on the severity of the issue, but one of the most important parts is timing. A dog that has been exposed to a toxic substance has a better chance of recovery if treatment is initiated quickly. With some things, like plants or detergents, if a dog shows signs of irritation, it may be simply enough to remove them from the dog's vicinity. Thorough washing with soap and water can usually prevent further absorption of poisons on the skin. In other cases, where the poisoning is more severe or the dog has swallowed something, taking it to a veterinarian quickly is vital.
Blood tests will then indicate enzyme levels from the liver and kidneys and bowel functions. They will also show levels of red and white blood cells and platelet levels. Just as in humans, there are established ranges for normal functions in dogs, and blood test results will indicate what may be wrong in a dog's body. Although it is always better if the substance is known right away.
A veterinarian can then determine further steps, such as inducing vomiting to remove that substance. Treatment for any swellings with antihistamines or other inflammatory drugs. In severe cases the dog may be put under anesthesia for their stomach to be flushed or surgery to be performed. if the poisonous substance cannot be physically removed, an activated charcoal solution is given to prevent absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In the cases of poisons that cause liver damage, intravenous fluids assist in flushing toxins from the dog's body and may be combined with medications to help liver function.
Supportive treatment is often necessary until the poison can be metabolized. The type of support required depends on the animal’s condition and may include controlling seizures, maintaining breathing with a ventilator, controlling heart problems, such as irregular heart beats and treating pain with pain medications. In some cases, there is a known antidote for a specific poison.
References
Dog health
Poisons
Toxins | Substances poisonous to dogs | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,958 | [
"Poisons",
"Toxins",
"Toxicology"
] |
63,071,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford%27s%20Alternate%20Uses | The Alternate Uses Task (AUT) was designed by J.P. Guilford in 1967. It is used to measure divergent thinking.
Design
The intent of the AUT is to have the test taker think creatively. It is generally used with a time-constraint, and consists of someone thinking of one object to start. Then within that time-constraint, that person thinks of as many objects as they can that are comparable to the original object chosen.
The AUT measures a certain level of divergent thinking; exploring multiple answers using creativity It doesn't compare to a traditional test that looks for a specific solution.
As a result, from the AUT it is measured in four ways:
Fluency: the number of other uses you can think of, from the original object
Originality: how different the other uses are, showing creativity
Flexibility: the assortment of ideas that you come up with showing such a vast range
Elaboration: "level of detail and development of the idea"
For example, the phrase "plank of wood" could be provided and the examinee would then proceed to write down words such as porch, bridge, swing, etc.
There are two approaches used in scoring participants and their output; traditional and subjective.
A traditional approach is measured based on the output of "fluency, originality, and flexibility. The output of the scores is then rated based on creativity.
On the other hand, the definitional approach involves rating things entirely differently. In the definitional approach the ratings on whether or not it is useful in comparison to traditional that rates on creative.
References
Cognitive psychology
1967 introductions | Guilford's Alternate Uses | [
"Biology"
] | 328 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Cognitive psychology"
] |
63,071,801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Yanase%20theorem | The Wigner–Araki–Yanase theorem, also known as the WAY theorem, is a result in quantum physics establishing that the presence of a conservation law limits the accuracy with which observables that fail to commute with the conserved quantity can be measured. It is named for the physicists Eugene Wigner, Huzihiro Araki and Mutsuo Yanase.
The theorem can be illustrated with a particle coupled to a measuring apparatus. If the position operator of the particle is and its momentum operator is , and if the position and momentum of the apparatus are and respectively, assuming that the total momentum is conserved implies that, in a suitably quantified sense, the particle's position itself cannot be measured. The measurable quantity is its position relative to the measuring apparatus, represented by the operator . The Wigner–Araki–Yanase theorem generalizes this to the case of two arbitrary observables and for the system and an observable for the apparatus, satisfying the condition that is conserved.
Mikko Tukiainen gave a generalized version of the WAY theorem, which makes no use of conservation laws, but uses quantum incompatibility instead.
Yui Kuramochi and Hiroyasu Tajima proved a generalized form of the theorem for possibly unbounded and continuous conserved observables.
References
Quantum measurement | Wigner–Araki–Yanase theorem | [
"Physics"
] | 277 | [
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
63,071,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20Heritage%20Site | Biodiversity Heritage Sites are notified areas of biodiversity importance in India.
The Indian State Government can notify the Biodiversity Heritage Sites in consultation with local governing bodies under Section 37 of Biological Diversity Act of 2002. These areas are considered unique and fragile ecosystems. They can be either terrestrial, coastal and inland waters or marine ecosystems.
Gujarat
Haryana
Aravallis and the Shiwaliks
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Punjab
List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in Punjab
Odisha
List of Biodiversity Heritage Sites in Odisha
|4
|Gupteswar Forest
|Odisha
|Koraput, Koraput
|
|
|
|Koraput forest is present aside of the "Gupteswar Temple,". It is home to 1,200 plant species, 500 animal species, and several varieties of trees, shrubs, herbs, and medicinal plant species.
|
|}
Rajasthan
West Bengal
In other states
References
Biodiversity Heritage Sites | Biodiversity Heritage Site | [
"Biology"
] | 181 | [
"Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India",
"Biodiversity"
] |
63,072,175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20ethics | Economic ethics is the combination of economics and ethics, incorporating both disciplines to predict, analyze, and model economic phenomena.
It can be summarised as the theoretical ethical prerequisites and foundations of economic systems. This principle can be traced back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, whose Nicomachean Ethics describes the connection between objective economic principles and the consideration of justice. The academic literature on economic ethics is extensive, citing natural law and religious law as influences on the rules of economics. The consideration of moral philosophy, or a moral economy, differs from behavioural economic models. The standard creation, application, and beneficiaries of economic models present a trilemma when ethics are considered. These ideas, in conjunction with the assumption of rationality in economics, create a link between economics and ethics.
History
Ancient times
India
Ancient Indian economic thought centred on the relationship between the concepts of happiness, ethics, and economic values, as connections between them led to the constituting description of human existence. The Upanishads' fundamental ideas of transcendental unity, oneness, and stability is an example derivative of this relationship. Ancient Indian philosophy indicates an understanding of several modern economic concepts, for instance, the regulation of demand when it exceeded supply as a means of avoiding anarchy. This was then achieved by stressing that non-material goods were the source of happiness, this being a reflection of Marshall's dictum of the insatiability of wants.
The Rig Veda illustrates an apprehension of economic inequality in chapter 10,
it states that, "the riches of the liberal never waste away, while he who will not give finds no comfort in them." This indicates that generating personal wealth was not considered immoral, but rather that hoarding this wealth was a sin. The Arthasastra formulated laws that promote economic efficiency in the context of an ethical society. The author, Kautilya, posited that building infrastructure, which was the responsibility of the king, was a key determinant of economic growth when constructed in an ethical environment.
Greece
Ancient Greek philosophers combined economic teachings with ethical systems. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle subscribed to the idea that happiness was the most valuable good humans could strive for. The belief that happiness could not be achieved without pleasure posed complications to the relationship between ethics and economics at the time. Callicles, for example, held that one who lived rightly should gratify all their desires by way of their courage and practicality, which presented an anomaly for the issue of scarcity and the regulation of consumption. This was reconciled by the division of labour, where basic human wants such as food, clothing, and shelter were efficiently manufactured, given each limit their production to their most productive function, thus maximizing utility.
Xenophon's Economicus, inspired by Socrates' concept of eudaimonia, necessitates that, since virtue is knowledge, one should understand how to use money and property well rather than merely acquire it for personal gain.
Middle Ages
Religion was at the core of economic life during the Middle Ages, hence the theologians of the time used inference from their respective ethical teachings to answer economic questions and achieve economic objectives. This approach was also adopted by philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment. The Roman Catholic Church altered its doctrinal interpretation of the validity of marriage to, amongst alternate motivations, prevent competition from threatening its monopolistic market position. Usury or loans with high interest was seen as an ethical issue in the Church, with justice having added value in comparison to economic efficiency.
The transition from an agrarian lifestyle to monetary commerce in Israel led to the adoption of interest in lending and borrowing, as it was not directly prohibited in the Torah, under the ideal "that your brother may live with you."
Economic development in the Middle Ages was contingent on the ethical practices of merchants, founded by the transformation in how medieval society understood the economics of property and ownership. Islam supported this anti-ascetic ethic in the role of merchants, given its teaching that salvation derives from moderation rather than abstinence in such affairs.
Classical economics
The Labour Theory of Value holds that labour is the source of all economic value. The distinction between "wage-slaves" and "proper slaves" in this theory, with both being viewed as commodities, is founded on the moral principle that wage-slaves voluntarily offer their privately owned labour-power to a buyer for a bargained price, while proper slaves, according to Karl Marx, have no such rights.
Mercantilism, although advocated by classical economics, is regarded as ethically ambiguous in academic literature. Adam Smith, author of the Labour Theory of Value, noted that the national economic policy favoured the interests of producers at the expense of consumers since domestically produced goods were subject to high inflation. The competition between domestic households and foreign speculators also led to an unfavourable balance of trades, i.e. increasing current account deficits on the balance of payments.
Writers and commentators of the time employed Aristotle's ethical counsel to solve this economic dilemma.
Neoclassical economics
The moral philosophy of Adam Smith founded the neo-classical worldview in economics, which states that one's quest for happiness is the ultimate purpose of life and that the concept of homo economicus describes the fundamental behaviour of the economic agent. Such an assumption as that individuals are self-interested and rational has implied the exemption of collective ethics. Under rational choice and neoclassical economics' adoption of Newtonian atomism, many consumer behaviours are disregarded, meaning that it often cannot explain the source of consumer preferences when not constrained by the individual. The role of collective ethics in consumer preference cannot be explained by neoclassical economics. This degrades the applicability of the market demand function, a key analytical tool, to real economic phenomena as a result. In principle, economists thus avoided, and continue to avoid, the assumptions of abstract economic models and the unique aspects of economic problems.
Contemporary history
According to John Maynard Keynes, the complete integration of ethics and economics is contingent on the rate of economic development. Economists have been able to aggregate the preferences of agents, under the assumption of homo economicus, via the merging of utilitarian ethics and institutionalism. Keynes departed from the atomistic view of neoclassical economics with his totalistic perspective of the global economy, given that "the whole is not equal to the sum of its parts....the assumptions of a uniform and homogeneous continuum are not satisfied." This enforced the idea that an unethical socioeconomic state is apparent when the economy is under full employment, to which Keynes proposed productive spending as a mechanism to return the economy to full employment, the state where an ethically rational society exists.
Influences
Religion
Philosophers in the Hellenistic tradition became a driving force to the Gnostic vision, the redemption of the spirit through asceticism that founded the debate regarding evil and ignorance in policy discussions. The amalgamation of ancient Greek philosophy, logos, and early Christian philosophy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD caused believers of the time to become morally astray. This led to the solution that they were to act in one's best interest, given appropriate reason, to prevent ignorance.
The Old Testament of the Bible served as the source of ethics in ancient economic practices. Currency debasement was prohibited given its fraudulent nature and negative economic consequences, which were punished according to Ezekiel 22:18–22, Isaiah 1:25, and Proverbs 25:4–5. Relationships between economic and religious literature have been founded by the New Testament. For example, James 1:27 states that "looking after orphans and widows in their distress and keeping oneself unspotted by the world make for pure worship without stain before our God and Father," which supports the academic argument that the goal of the economic process is to perfect one's personality.
The concept of human capital valuation is evident in the Talmud. The idea of opportunity cost is grounded in the "S'kbar B'telio" (literally meaning 'lost time') concept in Talmudic literature. In ancient Israel, a Rabbi was not to be paid for his work, as it would imply that he is profiting from preaching and interpreting the word of God, but would be compensated otherwise for the work completed as a Rabbi as a means of survival, given they are not involved in any other profession.
The Qur'an and the Sunnah have guided Islamic economic practice for centuries. For example, the Qur'an bans ribā as part of its focus on the eradication of interest to prevent financial institutions operating under the guidance of Islamic economics from making monopolistic returns. Zakat is in itself a system for the redistribution of wealth. The Qur’an specifies that it is intended solely for the poor, the needy, zakat administrators, those whose hearts are to be reconciled, those in bondage, those debt-ridden, those who strive for the cause of God, and the wayfarer. The use of Pension Loan Schemes (PLS) and other micro-finance schemes are exercised in this teaching through the inclusion of the Hodeibah micro-finance program in Yemen and the UNDP Murabahah initiatives at Jabal al-Hoss in Syria.
Culture
Economic ethics attempts to incorporate morality and cultural value qualities to account for the limitation of economics, which is that human decision making is not restricted to rationality. This understanding of culture unites economics and ethics as a complete theory of human action. Academic culture has increased interest in economic ethics as a discipline. This led to an increased awareness of the cultural externalities of the actions of economic agents, as well as limited separation between the spheres of culture, which has purposed further research into their ethical liability. For example, a limitation of only portraying the instrumental value of a piece of artwork is that it may disregard its intrinsic value and thus should not be solely quantified. Artwork can also be considered a public good due to its intrinsic value, given its potential to contribute to national identity and educate its audience on its subject matter. Intrinsic value can also be quantified as it is incrementally valuable, regardless of whether it is sacred by association and history or not.
Application to economic methodologies
Experimental economics
The development of experimental economics in the late 20th century created an opportunity to empirically verify the existence of normative ethics in economics. Vernon L. Smith and his colleagues discovered numerous occurrences that may describe economic choices under the veil of ignorance. Conclusions from the following economic experiments indicate that economic agents use normative ethics in making decisions while also seeking to maximise their payoffs. For example, in experiments on honesty, it is predicted that lying will occur when it increases these payoffs notwithstanding the results, which proved otherwise. It is found that people also employ the "50/50 rule" in dividing something regardless of the distribution of power in the decision-making process.
Experimental economic studies of altruism have identified as an example of rational behaviour. The absence of an explanation for such behaviour indicates an antithesis in experimental economics in that it interprets morality as both an endogenous and exogenous factor subject to the case at hand. Research into the viability of normative theory as an explanation for moral reasoning is needed, with the experimental design focused on testing whether economic agents under the conditions assumed by the theory produce the same decisions as those predicted by the theory. This is given that, under the veil of ignorance, agents may be "non-tuist" in the real world as the theory suggests.
Behavioural economics
Ethics in behavioural economics is ubiquitous given its concern with human agency in its aim to rectify the ethical deficits found in neoclassical economics, i.e., a lack of moral dimension and lack of normative concerns. The incorporation of virtue ethics in behavioural economics has facilitated the development of theories that attempt to describe the many anomalies that exist in how economic agents make decisions. Normative concerns in economics can compensate for the applicability of behavioural economic models to real economic phenomena. Most behavioural economic models assume that preferences change endogenously, meaning that there are numerous possible decisions applicable to a given scenario, each with an ethical value. Hence, there is caution in considering welfare as the highest ethical value in economics, as conjectured in academic literature. As a result, the methodology also employs order ethics in assuming that progress in morality and economic institutions is simultaneous, given that behaviour can only be understood in an institutional framework.
There are complications in applying normative inferences with empirical research in behavioural economics, as there is a fundamental difference between descriptive and prescriptive inference and propositions. For example, the argument against the use of incentives, that they force certain behaviours in individuals and convince them to ignore risk, is a descriptive proposition that is empirically unjustified.
Application to economic sub-disciplines
Environmental economics
Welfare is maximized in environmental economic models when economic agents act according to the homo economicus hypothesis. This creates the possibility of economic agents compensating sustainable development for their private interests, given that homo economicus is restricted to rationality. Climate change policy as an outcome of inference from environmental economics is subject to ethical considerations. The economics of climate change, for example, is inseparable from social ethics. The idea of individuals and institutions working companionably in the public domain, as a reflection of homo politicus, is also an apposite ethic that can rectify this normative concern. An ethical problem associated with the sub-discipline through discounting is that consumers value the present more than the future, which has implications for intergenerational justice. Discounting in marginal cost-benefit analysis, which economists view as a predictor for human behaviour, is limited concerning future risk and uncertainty. The use of monetary measures in environmental economics is based on the instrumentalisation of natural things, which is inaccurate in the case that they are intrinsically valuable. Other relationships and roles between generations can be elucidated through adopting certain ethical rules. The Brundtland Commission, for example, defines sustainable development as that which meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do so, which is a libertarian principle. Under libertarianism, no redistribution of welfare is made unless all generations are benefited or unaffected.
Political economy
Political economy is a subject fundamentally based on normative protocol, focusing on the needs of the economy as a whole by analyzing the role of agents, institutions, and markets, as well as socially optimal behaviour. Historically, morality was a notion used to discern the distribution of these roles and responsibilities, given that most economic problems derived from the failure of economic agents to fulfil them. The transition of moral philosophy from such ethics to Kantian ethics, as well as the emergence of market forces and competition law, subjected the moral-political values of the moral economy to rational judgement. Economic ethics remains a substantial influence on the political economy due to its argumentative nature, evident in the literature concerning government responses to the global financial crisis. One proposition holds that, since the contagion of the crisis was transmitted through distinct national financial systems, future global regulatory responses should be built on the distributive justice principle. The regulation of particular cases of financial innovation, while not considering critiques of the global financial system, functionally normalizes perceptions on the system's distribution of power such that it lessens the opportunities of agents to question the morality of such practice.
Development economics
The relationship between ethics and economics has defined the aim of development economics. The idea that one's quality of life is determined by one's ability to lead a valuable life has founded development economics as a mechanism for expanding such capability. This proposition is the basis of the conceptual relationship between it and welfare economics as an ethical discipline, and its debate in academic literature. The discourse is based on the notion that certain tools in welfare economics, particularly choice criterion, hold no value-judgement and are Paretian, given that collective perspectives of utility are not considered. There are numerous ethical issues associated with the methodological approach of development economics, i.e. the randomised field experiment, many of which are morally equivocal. For example, randomisation advantages some cases and disadvantages others, which is rational under statistical assumptions and a deontological moral issue simultaneously. There are also ethical implications related to the calculus, the nature of consent, instrumentalisation, accountability, and the role of foreign intervention in this experimental approach.
Health economics
In health economics, the maximized level of well-being as an ultimate end is ethically unjustified, as opposed to the efficient allocation of resources in health that augments the average utility level. Under this utility-maximizing approach, subject to libertarianism, a dichotomy is apparent between health and freedom as primary goods due to the condition of one is necessary to have to attain the other. Any level of access, utilization, and funding of healthcare is ethically justified as long as it accomplishes the desired and needed level of health. Health economists instrumentalise the concept of a need as that which achieves an ethically legitimate end for a person. This is based on the notion that healthcare is not intrinsically valuable, but morally significant because it contributes to overall well-being. The methodology of analysis in health economics, with respect to clinical trials, is subject to ethical debate. The experimental design should partially be the responsibility of health economists given their tendency to otherwise add variables that have the potential to be insignificant. This increases the risk of under-powering the study, which in health economics is primarily concerned with cost effectiveness, which has implications for evaluation.
Application to economic policy
Academic literature presents numerous ethical views on what constitutes a viable economic policy. Keynes believed that good economic policies are those that make people behave well as opposed to those that make them feel well. The Verein für socialpolitik, founded by Gustav von Schmoller, insists that ethical and political considerations are critical in evaluating economic policies. Rational actor theory in the policy arena is evident in the use of Pareto optimality to assess the economic efficiency of policies, as well as in the use of cost–benefit analysis (CBA), where income is the basic unit of measurement. The use of an iterative decision-making model, as an example of rationality, can provide a framework for economic policy in response to climate change. Academic literature also presents ethical reasoning to the limitation associated with the application of rational actor theory to policy choice. Given that incomes are dependent on policy choice and vice versa, the logic of the rational model in policy choice is circular, hence the possibility of wrong policy recommendations. Additionally, many factors increase one's propensity to deviate from the modelled assumptions of decision making. It is argued under self-effacing moral theory that such mechanisms as CBA may be justified even if not explicitly moral. The contrasting beliefs that public actions are based on such utilitarian reckonings and that all policy-making is politically contingent justifies the need for forecasting, which itself is an ethical dilemma. This is founded on the proposition that forecasts can be amended to suit a particular action or policy rather than being objective and neutral. For example, the code of ethics of the American Institute of Certified Planners provides inadequate support for forecasters to avert this practice. Such canons as those found in the Code of Professional Ethics and Practices of the American Association for Public Opinion Research are limited in regulating or preventing this convention.
See also
Economic ideology
Socioeconomics
Normative economics
Political economy
Ethical consumerism
Philosophy and economics
References
Further reading
DeMartino, G. F., McCloskey, D. N. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Professional Economic Ethics. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
Rich, A. (2006). Business and Economic Ethics: The Ethics of Economic Systems. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers.
Sen, A. (1987). On Ethics and Economics. Carlton, Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
Ulrich, P. (2008). Integrative Economic Ethics: Foundations of a Civilized Market Economy. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Applied ethics
Interdisciplinary subfields of economics
Religious belief and doctrine
All Wikipedia articles needing copy edit | Economic ethics | [
"Biology"
] | 4,108 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Applied ethics"
] |
63,072,640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20numeris%20triangularibus%20et%20inde%20de%20progressionibus%20arithmeticis%3A%20Magisteria%20magna | De numeris triangularibus et inde de progressionibus arithmeticis: Magisteria magna is a 38-page mathematical treatise written in the early 17th century by Thomas Harriot, lost for many years, and finally published in facsimile form in 2009 in the book Thomas Harriot's Doctrine of Triangular Numbers: the "Magisteria Magna". Harriot's work dates from before the invention of calculus, and uses finite differences to accomplish many of the tasks that would later be made more easy by calculus.
De numeris triangularibus
Thomas Harriot wrote De numeris triangularibus et inde de progressionibus arithmeticis: Magisteria magna in the early 1600s, and showed it to his friends. By 1618 it was complete, but in 1621 Harriot died before publishing it. Some of its material was published posthumously, in 1631, as Artis analyticae praxis, but the rest languished in the British Library among many other pages of Harriot's works, and became forgotten until its rediscovery in the late 1700s. It was finally published in its entirety, as part of the 2009 book Thomas Harriot’s Doctrine of Triangular Numbers: the "Magisteria Magna".
The title can be translated as "The Great Doctrine of triangular numbers and, through them, of arithmetic progressions". Harriot's work concerns finite differences, and their uses in interpolation for calculating mathematical tables for navigation. Harriot forms the triangular numbers through the inverse process to finite differencing, partial summation, starting from a sequence of constant value one.
Repeating this process produces the higher-order binomial coefficients,
which in this way can be thought of as generalized triangular numbers, and which give the first part of Harriot's title.
Harriot's results were only improved 50 years later by Isaac Newton, and prefigure Newton's use of Newton polynomials for interpolation. As reviewer Matthias Schemmel writes, this work "shows what was possible in dealing with functional relations before the advent of the calculus".
The work was written as a 38-page manuscript in Latin, and Harriot wrote it up as if for publication, with a title page. However, much of its content consists of calculations and formulas with very little explanatory text, leading at least some of Harriot's contemporaries such as Sir Charles Cavendish to complain of the difficulty of understanding it.
Thomas Harriot’s Doctrine
The monograph Thomas Harriot’s Doctrine of Triangular Numbers: the "Magisteria Magna", edited by Janet Beery and Jackie Stedall, was published in 2009 by the European Mathematical Society in their newly created Heritage of European Mathematics series. Its subject is De numeris triangularibus, and the third of its three sections consists of a facsimile reproduction of Harriot's manuscript, with each page facing a page of commentary by the editors, including translations of its Latin passages. The earlier parts of Beery and Stedall's book survey the material in Harriot's work, the context for this work, the chronology of its loss and recovery, and the effect of this work on the 17th-century mathematicians who read it.
Although reviewer Matthias Schemmel suggests that the 2009 monograph is primarily aimed at historians of mathematics, who "will welcome this book as providing new insights into the development of mathematics", he suggests that it may also be of interest to other mathematicians and could perk their interest in the history of mathematics.
References
Factorial and binomial topics
Finite differences
Mathematics manuscripts
Books about the history of mathematics
2009 non-fiction books | De numeris triangularibus et inde de progressionibus arithmeticis: Magisteria magna | [
"Mathematics"
] | 770 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Factorial and binomial topics",
"Finite differences",
"Combinatorics"
] |
63,072,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG%20Neovo | Associated Industries China, Inc. (, ), known as AG Neovo, is a Taiwan-based multinational computer hardware and electronics company, headquartered in Nangang District, Taipei, Taiwan. Its main products include computer monitors, digital signage, commercial display, large format display, surveillance display, and healthcare displays. The company was established on May 18, 1978. In 1999, it transitioned its business direction to the development of electronic technology. In October of the same year, the company launched its owned brand - AG Neovo, with branch offices for Europe, Asia, and North America. Its digital photo frames and desktop computer monitors were once awarded by IF Product Design Award and Taiwan Excellence Awards.
Brand Name
AG Neovo. AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft, which is a German term for a public limited company. Neovo is said to be a portmanteau of two Greek words, Neo and Vo.
History
Associated Industries China, Inc. was founded in 1978 in Taipei, Taiwan, producing steel intermodal containers as the revenue source.
In 1992, it was first listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the ticker code 9912. In October 1999, it launched its own brand name AG Neovo.
In 2000, the company's business direction changed to the hi-tech industry. At the beginning, the business covered both computer monitors OEM and AG Neovo owned-branded product sales and marketing.
In 2003, it withdrew from the OEM business, focusing on brand owned business. The product line includes computer monitors, digital photo frames, large format displays, surveillance displays and digital signage display products.
In 2014, it set up the healthcare business unit. This product line includes dental handpieces and portable dental units.
In 2017, it set up the Solutions business unit. This product lines includes cloud-based digital signage, interactive flat panel displays and display management software.
Products
Monitor and Hardware Displays: Desktop monitors, security monitors, clinic monitors, transportation monitors.
Digital Signage Displays: Large format commercial displays, video wall displays.
Interactive Displays: Industrial multi-touch displays, interactive flat panel displays.
Hardware and Software: Digital signage cloud-based content management system, PID command and control software, interactive meeting software.
Accessories: Monitor mounts, stand mounts, on-desk mounts, display open frame, video signal extension.
Dentist Equipment: High speed and low speed handsets, portable dental units.
See also
List of glossy display branding manufacturers
List of computer system manufacturers
List of companies of Taiwan
References
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Taiwanese brands
Electronics companies established in 1978
Companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange
Computer hardware companies
Computer systems companies
Display technology companies
1978 establishments in Taiwan | AG Neovo | [
"Technology"
] | 539 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computer systems companies",
"Computers",
"Computer systems"
] |
63,073,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Ferguson%20%28epidemiologist%29 | Neil Morris Ferguson (born 1968) is a British epidemiologist and professor of mathematical biology, who specialises in the patterns of spread of infectious disease in humans and animals. He is the director of the Jameel Institute and the School of Public Health at Imperial College London.
Ferguson has used mathematical modelling to provide data on several disease outbreaks including the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak, the swine flu outbreak in 2009 in the UK, the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak and the ebola epidemic in Western Africa in 2016. His work has also included research on mosquito-borne diseases including zika fever, yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria.
In February 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was first detected in China, Ferguson and his team used statistical models to estimate that cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were significantly under-detected in China. He is part of the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team.
Early life and education
Ferguson was born in Whitehaven, Cumberland, but grew up in Mid Wales, where he attended Llanidloes High School. His father was an educational psychologist, while his mother was a librarian who later became an Anglican priest.
He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics in 1990 at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and his Doctor of Philosophy degree in theoretical physics in 1994 at Linacre College, Oxford. His doctoral research investigated interpolations from crystalline to dynamically triangulated random surfaces and was supervised by John Wheater. It was there that he attended a lecture by Robert May on modelling the HIV epidemic, which together with the death of a friend's brother from AIDS, interested him in pursuing the mathematical modelling of infectious diseases.
Career and research
Using mathematical and statistical models he studies the processes that influence the development, evolution and transmission of infectious diseases. These have included SARS, pandemic influenza, BSE/vCJD, foot-and-mouth disease, HIV and smallpox, in addition to bioterrorism.
Ferguson was part of Roy Anderson's group of infectious disease scientists who moved from the University of Oxford to Imperial College in November 2000, and started working on modelling the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak a few months later.
Ferguson and colleagues founded the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis in 2008. He advises the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Union, and the governments of the UK and United States, on the dynamics of infectious disease. He is an international member of the National Academy of Medicine, a fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, and is on the editorial boards of PLOS Computational Biology and Journal of the Royal Society Interface. He is a founding editor of the journal Epidemics.
Since 2014 he is the director of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit for Modelling Methodology. Together with a number of other persons, in 2016 he proposed a World Serum Bank as a means of helping combat epidemics.
In October 2019, Ferguson was appointed inaugural director of the Jameel Institute, a research institute at Imperial College London in the fields of epidemiology, mathematical modelling of infectious diseases and emergencies, environmental health, and health economics. The Jameel Institute was part of the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team.
As of February 2020, at Imperial College, London, he was a professor of mathematical biology, director of the Jameel Institute (J-IDEA), head of the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology in the School of Public Health and Vice-Dean for Academic Development in the Faculty of Medicine.
As of March 2020, Ferguson was a member of the UK Department of Health advisory body called the New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group (NERVTAG), which advises the CMOUK.
Foot-and-mouth disease – 2001
During the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak Ferguson worked on the team, led by Roy M. Anderson of Imperial College, creating mathematical models used to inform the UK Government of the most effective methods of preventing the spread of foot-and-mouth-disease. Ferguson published a journal article in Science magazine in April 2001 describing the mathematical models that were relied upon by the UK government to recommend the mass slaughter of millions of cows, sheep and pigs in the UK in order to stop the spread of the disease; over a decade later, the BBC would remind its readers Ferguson "was among those advising government on how to control the epidemic a decade ago."
Bird flu – 2005
In August 2005, Neil Ferguson said in an interview that bird flu could kill as many as 200 million people worldwide. He stated that "Around 40 million people died in 1918 Spanish flu outbreak" and that "There are six times more people on the planet now so you could scale it [the death toll from bird flu] up to around 200 million people probably". In the interview, he warned that failure to take swift action would be catastrophic for the United Kingdom, saying that "If the virus got as far as Britain, it would effectively be too late". The virus did not reach Britain and 74 persons worldwide died of bird flu in 2005.
Swine flu – 2009
During the swine flu outbreak in 2009 in the UK, in an article titled "Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic" published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases, Ferguson and colleagues endorsed the closure of schools to interrupt the course of the infection, slow further spread and buy time to research and produce a vaccine. Ferguson's team reported on the economic and workforce effect school closure would have, particularly with a large percentage of doctors and nurses being women, of whom half had children under the age of 16.
They studied previous influenza pandemics including the 1918 flu pandemic, the influenza pandemic of 1957 and the 1968 flu pandemic. They also looked at the dynamics of the spread of influenza in France during French school holidays and noted that cases of flu dropped when schools closed and re-emerged when they reopened. They noted that when teachers in Israel went on strike during the flu season of 1999–2000, visits to doctors and the number of respiratory infections, fell by more than a fifth and more than two-fifths respectively.
In the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee's "follow-up" to the swine flu epidemic in 2009, Ferguson recommended that to halt transmission of swine flu, actions would need to include "treating isolated cases with antivirals, public health measures such as school closures, travel restrictions around the region, mass use of antiviral prophylaxis in the population and possible use of vaccines". He was also asked why there was not a policy for vaccinating frontline healthcare workers at that time.
MERS-CoV – 2013
In 2013, he contributed to research on MERS-CoV during the first MERS outbreak in the Middle East, and its link with dromedary camels.
Ebola – 2014
In 2014, as the director of the UK Medical Research Council's centre for outbreak analysis and modelling at Imperial, Ferguson provided data analysis for the WHO, on Ebola during the ebola epidemic in Western Africa. In the same year, he co-wrote a paper with Christopher J. M. Whitty and Jeremy Farrar, published in Nature, titled "Infectious disease: Tough choices to reduce Ebola transmission", explaining the UK government's response to ebola in Sierra Leone, including the proposal to build and support centres where people could self-isolate voluntarily if they suspected they had the disease.
Mosquito-borne diseases
Ferguson's work has included research on several mosquito-borne diseases including zika fever, yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria.
Zika – 2016
In 2016, he co-wrote a paper titled "Countering the Zika epidemic in Latin America", published in Science. Although disputed by at least one other biostatistician, Ferguson and his team concluded that the age distribution of future outbreaks of zika will likely differ and that a new large epidemic would be delayed for "at least a decade". Cases of zika dropped after 2016. That year, he predicted that the zika outbreak in the Americas would be over within three years, and clarified that "viruses tend to return when there are enough susceptible people, such as children, to sustain a new outbreak".
Dengue virus – 2015
Wolbachia is a bacterium frequently found in insects but not in the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which carries the dengue virus. In 2015, Ferguson published a paper titled "Modeling the impact on virus transmission of Wolbachia-mediated blocking of dengue virus infection of Aedes aegypti", in which he and his team presented their experiments and used a mathematical model to show that one strain of Wolbachia, could reduce the ability of the Aedes aegypti mosquito to transmit dengue, with a 66–75% reduction in the basic reproduction number.
COVID-19 – 2020
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Neil Ferguson headed the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team.
In February 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, using statistical models that considered data on the number of deaths and recoveries inside China, travellers outside China and in those affected that had returned home, Ferguson, Azra Ghani and their team estimated that detected cases of COVID-19 had significantly underestimated the actual spread of the disease in China. That month he stated that only 10% of cases were being detected in China. At the same time, it was noted that the number of available testing kits had come into question, and Ferguson calculated that only one in three cases coming into the UK was being detected. He stated "that approximately two-thirds of cases in travellers from China have not yet been detected. It is highly likely that some of these undetected cases will have started chains of transmission within the countries they entered." He said that the new coronavirus could affect up to 60% of the UK's population, in the worst-case scenario, and "suggest(ed) that the impact of the unfolding epidemic may be comparable to the major influenza pandemics of the twentieth century." His team's publication in mid-March of the projections that the UK could face hundreds of thousands of deaths from COVID-19 without strict social distancing measures, gained widespread media attention. In late March, he calculated that with "strict social distancing, testing and isolation of infected cases", deaths in the UK could fall to less than 20,000.
Ferguson's research has raised questions by virologist Hendrik Streeck. Ferguson is the corresponding author for a paper titled "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand", which describes itself as having "informed policymaking in the UK and other countries in recent weeks". Streeck stated in reference to the paper "In the – really good – model studies by the Imperial College about the progress of the epidemic, the authors assume, for example, that 50 percent of households in which there is a case do not comply with the voluntary quarantine. Where does such an assumption come from? I think we should establish more facts." The COVID-19 computer model which Ferguson authored (see CovidSim) was initially criticised as "unreliable" and "a buggy mess," but subsequent efforts to reproduce the results were successful.
Ferguson has been a regular guest on BBC Radio 4's morning programme Today during the pandemic.
Resignation from SAGE
On 5 May 2020, it emerged that Ferguson had resigned from his position as a government advisor on the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) committee after admitting to "undermining" the government's messages on social distancing by trysting with a married woman, Antonia Staats. The Telegraph reported that she had visited his home at least two times. After resigning, Ferguson said "I acted in the belief that I was immune, having tested positive for coronavirus and completely isolated myself for almost two weeks after developing symptoms", adding that he regretted undermining "clear messages" about the need for social distancing. The Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, said that he was right to resign from his advisory position. Ferguson did not receive a fine or prosecution for his actions, as at the time it was not illegal as he had not left his home; this legal loophole was later closed. It was subsequently revealed that Ferguson had remained a member of the SAGE sub-committee NERVTAG and continued to contribute to the advisory committee SPI-M.
Later reactions
In August 2022, after revelations by former Chancellor Rishi Sunak, retired Supreme Court judge and prominent libertarian critic of government COVID lockdowns, Jonathan Sumption blamed "Report 9" of Ferguson’s Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team in 2020 for "one of the gravest governmental failures of modern times".
Awards and honours
Ferguson was appointed an Officer of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2002 New Year Honours for his work modelling the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak. He was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2005. He is also an International Member of the US National Academy of Medicine.
In recognition of his policy work on non-pharmaceutical intervention measures to address the COVID-19 pandemic, Ferguson received an Emergent Ventures award and associated grant money from the Mercatus Center.
Selected publications
Ferguson's publications include:
Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic
"Travel patterns in China"
Identification of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels
Infectious disease: Tough choices to reduce Ebola transmission
Modelling the impact on virus transmission of Wolbachia-mediated blocking of dengue virus infection of Aedes aegypti
Assessing the epidemiological effect of wolbachia for dengue control
Countering the Zika epidemic in Latin America
Challenges and opportunities in controlling mosquito-borne infections
All reports published on COVID-19
Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand
Estimating the number of infections and the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries
Personal life
Ferguson reported on 18 March 2020 that he had developed the symptoms of COVID-19, and self-isolated. He recovered after a mild illness. Ferguson is separated from his wife and has one son.
See also
SAGE – Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies
CovidSim
References
1968 births
Living people
Academics of Imperial College London
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Alumni of Linacre College, Oxford
British epidemiologists
British medical researchers
Fellows of the Royal Statistical Society
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Llanidloes High School
NIHR Senior Investigators
Coronavirus researchers | Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,086 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical and theoretical biology"
] |
63,075,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay%C4%B1k%20ayran%C4%B1 | Yayık ayranı, also known as Turkish buttermilk, is a traditional Turkish drink produced from fermented buttermaking by-products, water and salt. It has been traditionally prepared in barrel churns or skin bags. Despite the similar name, it is distinct from ayran. Goat, sheep, or cow's milk can be used for Turkish buttermilk production. Certain acid curd cheeses such as çökelek could also be obtained from yayık ayranı when heated.
Yayık ayranı is not available on gross markets since it is not produced on an industrial scale, though it is available in local markets.
Production
Yayık ayranı is made of churned soured yogurt, water and salt. It is mostly produced in rural communities for domestic consumption during buttermaking out of yogurt. In general, yogurt for butter production is fermented longer than usual for extra acid production. The yayık ayranı thus has a distinct sour taste. Lactic acid bacteria isolated from yogurt, fermented butter and yayık ayranı encompass Lactobaccillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactococcus diacetylactis.
Churning and salting
Traditional Turkish churns for butter and buttermilk production are made of various materials such as animal skin (dried and boiled goat or sheepskin), wood barrels, earthenware or metal, although in modern times electrically driven churns has become popular. Mechanical force needed for churning process can also be provided by riding animals such as horses and mules. This method of production is observed especially among nomadic pastoralist communities during seasonal yaylak migrations. There are also older reports stating that local communities in Turkey were using washing machines as churns.
Before churning, yogurt in churns is diluted by 50 per cent with cold water and partly-congealed butter accumulated on top is extracted after churning. Moreover, the amount of water used for dilution varies, resulting in yayık ayranı with different viscosities. Water dilation is followed by salting process, which comprises 0.5-1.0% salt addition.
See also
Buttermilk
Ayran
References
External links
Turkish drinks
Yogurt-based drinks
Fermented dairy products
Fermented drinks
Sour foods | Yayık ayranı | [
"Biology"
] | 520 | [
"Fermented drinks",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
63,076,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Gilbert | Dame Sarah Catherine Gilbert FRS (born April 1962) is an English vaccinologist who is a Professor of Vaccinology at the University of Oxford and co-founder of Vaccitech. She specialises in the development of vaccines against influenza and emerging viral pathogens. She led the development and testing of the universal flu vaccine, which underwent clinical trials in 2011.
In January 2020, she read a report on ProMED-mail about four people in China suffering from a strange kind of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan. Within two weeks, a vaccine had been designed at Oxford against the new pathogen, which later became known as COVID-19. On 30 December 2020, the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine she co-developed with the Oxford Vaccine Group was approved for use in the UK. More than 3billion doses of the vaccine were supplied to countries worldwide.
Early life and education
Sarah Catherine Gilbert was born in Kettering, Northamptonshire. Her father was an office manager for a shoemakers and her mother was a primary school teacher. Gilbert attended Kettering High School for Girls, where she realised that she wanted to work in medicine. She earned nine O-Levels with six A grades. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in biological sciences from the University of East Anglia (UEA) in 1983. While at UEA she began playing the saxophone, which she would practise in the woods around the UEA Broad so as not to disturb others in her halls.
She moved to the University of Hull for her doctoral degree, where she investigated the genetics and biochemistry of the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides, graduating with a PhD in 1986.
Research and career
After earning her doctoral degree, Gilbert worked as a postdoctoral researcher in industry at the Brewing Industry Research Foundation before moving to the Leicester Biocentre. In 1990, Gilbert joined Delta Biotechnology, a biopharmaceutical company that manufactured drugs in Nottingham. In 1994, Gilbert returned to academia, joining the laboratory of Adrian V. S. Hill. Her early research considered host–parasite interactions in malaria. She became a University lecturer in 1999 and she was made a Reader in Vaccinology at the University of Oxford in 2004.
She was made Professor at the Jenner Institute in 2010. With the support of the Wellcome Trust, Gilbert started work on the design and creation of novel influenza vaccinations. In particular, her research considers the development and preclinical testing of viral vaccinations, which embed a pathogenic protein inside a safe virus. These viral vaccinations induce a T cell response, which can be used against viral diseases, malaria and cancer.
Gilbert was involved with the development and testing of the universal flu vaccine. Unlike conventional vaccinations, the universal flu vaccine did not stimulate the production of antibodies, but instead triggers the immune system to create T cells that are specific for influenza. It makes use of one of the core proteins (nucleoprotein and matrix protein 1) inside the Influenza A virus, not the external proteins that exist on the outside coat.
As the immune system weakens with age, conventional vaccinations are not effective for elderly. The universal flu vaccine does not need to be reformatted every year and stops people from needing a seasonal flu vaccine. Her first clinical trials, which were in 2008, made use of the Influenza A virus subtype H3N2, and included daily monitoring of the patient's symptoms. It was the first study that it was possible to stimulate T cells in response to a flu virus, and that this stimulation would protect people from getting the flu. Her research has demonstrated that the adenoviral vector ChAdOx1 can be used to make vaccinations that are protective against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in mice and able to induce immune response against MERS in humans. The same vector was also used to create a vaccine against Nipah which was effective in hamsters (but never proven in humans), in addition to a potential vaccine for Rift Valley Fever that was protective in sheep, goats, and cattle (but not proven in humans).
Gilbert has been involved with the development of a new vaccination to protect against coronavirus since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. She leads the work on this vaccine candidate alongside Andrew Pollard, Teresa Lambe, Sandy Douglas, Catherine Green and Adrian Hill. As with her earlier work, the COVID-19 vaccine makes use of an adenoviral vector, which stimulates an immune response against the coronavirus spike protein. Plans were announced to start animal studies in March 2020, and recruitment began of 510 human participants for a phase I/II trial on 27 March.
In April 2020, Gilbert was interviewed about the developments by Andrew Marr on BBC television. That same month, Gilbert was reported as saying that her candidate vaccine could be available by September 2020, if everything goes to plan with the clinical trial, which has received funding from sources such as the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. Gilbert delivered an update in September 2020 that the vaccine, AZD1222, was being produced by AstraZeneca while phase III trials were ongoing. Because of her vaccine research, Gilbert featured on The Times' 'Science Power List' in May 2020.
In 2021, Gilbert and Catherine Green published Vaxxers: the inside story of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine and the race against the virus.
Recognition
Gilbert was the subject of BBC Radio 4's The Life Scientific in September 2020. She was also on the list of the BBC's 100 Women announced on 23 November 2020, and became a senior associated research fellow at Christ Church, Oxford. Gilbert was awarded the Rosalind Franklin medal for her services to science by Humanists UK at its annual Rosalind Franklin Lecture on 5 March 2021, at which she delivered a lecture titled ‘Racing against the virus’. The lecture detailed the history of the science of vaccination and recounted the progress of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine.
In June 2021, Gilbert received a standing ovation at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships. In 2021, as a role model (Barbie Shero), Sarah Gilbert had a Barbie doll made in her honour by the toy manufacturer Mattel.
Awards
2021 – Humanists UK Rosalind Franklin Medal
2021 – Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts
2021 – Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to science and to public health in COVID-19 vaccine development
2021 – Princess of Asturias Award for Technical & Scientific Research
2021 – Royal Society of Medicine Gold Medal
2022 – Honorary doctorate of science from the University of East Anglia
2022 – Honorary degree from the University of Bath
2023 – King Faisal Prize in Medicine
2023 – Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
Personal life
Gilbert gave birth to triplets in 1998. Her partner gave up his career to be their primary parent. , all of the triplets are studying biochemistry at university.
Selected publications
Gilbert has an h-index of 105 according to Google Scholar. Her publications include:
External links
Oxford's Professor Sarah Gilbert: "The joys and frustrations of being a Covid vaccine maker". In: La Repubblica, 17 July 2021 (Interview).
References
1962 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Alumni of the University of Hull
Academics of the University of Oxford
20th-century English women scientists
Vaccinologists
Influenza researchers
COVID-19 pandemic in England
20th-century British scientists
21st-century English women scientists
21st-century British scientists
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of Princess of Asturias Awards
People associated with Christ Church, Oxford
Vaccination advocates
Fellows of the Royal Society | Sarah Gilbert | [
"Biology"
] | 1,585 | [
"Vaccination",
"Vaccinologists",
"Vaccination advocates"
] |
63,077,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20999 | NGC 999 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda about 195 million light-years from the Milky Way. It was discovered by French astronomer Edouard Stephan on 8 December 1871.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
NGC 1001
NGC 996
References
0999
02127
+07-06-047
Intermediate spiral galaxies
Andromeda (constellation)
010026
Astronomical objects discovered in 1871
Discoveries by Édouard Stephan | NGC 999 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 92 | [
"Andromeda (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
63,077,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier%20isomorphism | In algebraic geometry, the Cartier isomorphism is a certain isomorphism between the cohomology sheaves of the de Rham complex of a smooth algebraic variety over a field of positive characteristic, and the sheaves of differential forms on the Frobenius twist of the variety. It is named after Pierre Cartier. Intuitively, it shows that de Rham cohomology in positive characteristic is a much larger object than one might expect. It plays an important role in the approach of Deligne and Illusie to the degeneration of the Hodge–de Rham spectral sequence.
Statement
Let k be a field of characteristic p > 0, and let be a morphism of k-schemes. Let denote the Frobenius twist and let be the relative Frobenius. The Cartier map is defined to be the unique morphismof graded -algebras such that for any local section x of . (Here, for the Cartier map to be well-defined in general it is essential that one takes cohomology sheaves for the codomain.) The Cartier isomorphism is then the assertion that the map is an isomorphism if is a smooth morphism.
In the above, we have formulated the Cartier isomorphism in the form it is most commonly encountered (e.g., in the 1970 paper of Katz). In his original paper, Cartier actually considered the inverse map in a more restrictive setting, whence the notation for the Cartier map.
The smoothness assumption is not essential for the Cartier map to be an isomorphism. For instance, one has it for ind-smooth morphisms since both sides of the Cartier map commute with filtered colimits. By Popescu's theorem, one then has the Cartier isomorphism for a regular morphism of noetherian k-schemes. Ofer Gabber has also proven a Cartier isomorphism for valuation rings. In a different direction, one can dispense with such assumptions entirely if one instead works with derived de Rham cohomology (now taking the associated graded of the conjugate filtration) and the exterior powers of the cotangent complex.
References
Algebraic geometry | Cartier isomorphism | [
"Mathematics"
] | 455 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
63,077,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20systems%20analysis | Essential systems analysis was a new methodology for software specification published in 1984 by Stephen M. McMenamin and John F. Palmer for performing structured systems analysis based on the concept of event partitioning.
The essence of a system is "its required behavior independent of the technology used to implement the system". It is an abstract model of what the system must do without describing how it will do it.
The methodology proposed that finding the true requirements for an information system entails the development of an essential model for the system, based on the concepts of a perfect internal technology, composed of:
a perfect memory, that is infinitely fast and big, and
a perfect processor, that is infinitely potent and fast.
Edward Yourdon later adapted it to develop modern structured analysis.
The main result was a new and more systematic way to develop the data-flow diagrams, which are the most characteristic tool of structured analysis.
Essential analysis, as adopted in Yourdon's modern structured analysis, was the main software development methodology until object-oriented analysis became mainstream.
References
Software design | Essential systems analysis | [
"Engineering"
] | 213 | [
"Design",
"Software design"
] |
63,078,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-temperature%20distillation | The low-temperature distillation (LTD) technology is the first implementation of the direct spray distillation (DSD) process. The first large-scale units are now in operation for desalination. The process was first developed by scientists at the University of Applied Sciences in Switzerland, focusing on low-temperature distillation in vacuum conditions, from 2000 to 2005.
Direct spray distillation is a water treatment process applied in seawater desalination and industrial wastewater treatment, brine and concentrate treatment as well as zero liquid discharge systems. It is a physical water separation process driven by thermal energy. Direct spray distillation involves evaporation and condensation on water droplets that are sprayed into a chamber that is evacuated of non-condensable permanent gases like air and carbon dioxide. Compared to other vaporization systems, no phase change happens on solid surfaces such as shell and tube heat exchangers.
Applications
Currently, the only implementation of DSD technology is low-temperature distillation (LTD). The LTD process runs under partial pressure in the evaporator and condenser chambers, and with process temperatures of below 100 °C. The first large-scale LTD systems for industrial water treatment are now in operation.
History
The DSD process was invented in the late 1990 by Mark Lehmann with the first successful demonstration of the process in a factory hall of the Obrecht AG, Doettingen, Switzerland. The results of the experiments were evaluated and double-checked by Prof. Dr. Kurt Heiniger (University of applied Sciences and Arts, Northwestern Switzerland) and Dr. Franco Blanggetti (Alstom, Co-author of the VDI Wärmeatlas). During the next years, the process has been further researched in the framework of many thesis supervised by Heiniger and Lehmann. The objective has been the examination of the influence of non-condensable gases in lowered pressure environments on the heat transfer during the condensation process on cooled droplets. It has been found that the droplet size and distribution as well as the geometry of the condensation reactor has the most significant influence on the heat transfer. Due to the absence of common tube bundle heat exchangers, the achievable efficiency gains result from the minimized heat resistance during the condensation process.
Technology description
Low temperature distillation (LTD) is a thermal distillation process in several stages, powered by temperature differences between heat and cooling sources of at least 5 K per stage. Two separate volume flows, a hot evaporator flow and a cool condenser flow, with different temperatures and vapor pressures, are sprayed in a combined pressure chamber, where non-condensable gases are continuously removed. As the vapor moves to a partial pressure equilibrium, part of the water from the hot stream evaporates. Several serial arranged chambers in counter flow of the hot evaporator and cold condenser stream allow a high internal heat recovery by the application of multiple stages. The process excels in a high specific heat conversion rate caused by the reduction of heat transfer losses, which results in a high thermal efficiency and low heat transfer resistance. The LTD process is tolerant to high salinity, other impurities, and fluctuating feed water qualities. The precipitation of solids is technically intended to allow for zero-liquid-discharge operation (complete ZLD). It is possible to combine the low-temperature distillation process with existing desalination technologies serving as downstream process to increase the water output and reduce the brine generation.
Physical principle
The following figures show and explain the thermodynamic principle on which the LTD technology is built. Considering Fig. 1, there are two cylinders given with open buttons and filled with water in two basins with two different temperatures (assumption: hot at 50°C and cold at 20°C). The temperature related vapor pressure of the water is 123 mbar for 50°C and 23 mbar for 20°C. It is assumed that the two cylinders are 10 meters long and allow to be pulled out the same distance.
The pulled-out cylinders in Fig. 2 show now a different situation regarding the level of the water column. Due to the higher vapor pressure at 50°C, in the hot water column the Atmospheric pressure is capable to elevate the hot water column about 877 cm. In the remaining space, the water starts to evaporate at a pressure of 123 mbar. The cold water column at 20°C, the atmospheric pressure (1000 mbar) is 977 cm high in equilibrium with the according vapor pressure of 23 mbar. If no heat exchange takes place, this situation remains unchanged and is thermodynamically in equilibrium.
Now, the two tops of both columns are connected with a vapor channel in Fig. 3. If they are connected, the two vapor chambers (123 mbar and 23 mbar) spontaneously equalize their pressure to an average pressure. As a result, the two water columns tend to have the same level on both sides. However, this connection causes an energetical imbalance of the physical conditions of the water surface on top of the columns. On the 50°C hot column, the vapor pressure of the media is higher than the average pressure. On the 20°C cold side, the average pressure is higher than the vapor pressure of the water. This situation leads to a spontaneous boiling on the hot side and a vapor condensation on the cooler side on the water surface. This process continuous until the temperature on both sides has been balanced out in both columns. After the temperature adaption, both pressures and levels in the chambers are equal.
As a consequence of this, it can be assumed that as long as a temperature difference in both columns is maintained, a spontaneous evaporation and condensation of the surface water takes place in order to achieve equilibrium temperature and pressure. To make this technically possible, an additional external circulation in Fig. 4 can supply heat on the evaporation side and extract heat on the condenser side. As the reaction velocity is strongly depending on the available water surface, a specially designed spraying system creates millions of small droplets. This huge internal water surface results in very high internal heat transfer rates between evaporator and condenser.
This principle also works if the useless bottom of the open water column is cut off and replaced by a lid as shown in Fig. 5. Experiments on the demonstration plant have shown that a pressure differential of only a few millibar (1 mbar corresponds to 1 cm water column) is sufficient to run this distillation process. It corresponds with very small temperature differentials of a few Kelvin.
If the temperature spread between the heat source and condenser is large enough, the condenser can act as a heater for the following stage. This has the advantage that the condensation heat is re-used multiple times at different temperature/pressures increasing the energetic efficiency with each additional stage. Depending on the available temperature difference, it can be multiplied several times resulting in an increase of the distillation capacity with the same amount of available heat. The result is the creation of the multi-cascaded direct spray distillation, visualized in Fig. 6.
Plant design
The low temperature distillation process needs reactors for evaporation and condensation equipped with the spaying system to generate the droplets, and three standard plate heat exchangers (heating, cooling, thermal recovery). The feedwater and distillate are pumped in two large circulation streams through the reactors. The thermal recovery is realized in a heat exchanger preheating the feedwater by the distillate after condensation. Saturated brine and distillate are removed from the process by valve locks. The process and media flows are visualized in Fig. 7 in a general process scheme.
The thermal energy (1) is supplied at the main heat exchanger (HEX 1) by any available media heating up the intake water up to 95°C.
In the evaporator cycle (green), the hot water is sprayed and evaporated in pressure reduced chambers (2) and flows by gravity to the subsequent chambers with lowered temperature and pressure environment. The generated vapor (3) flows from the evaporator to the condenser in every stage where it condenses on the cooled droplets of the sprayed distillate.
The heat exchanger for cooling (HEX 3) reduces the temperature of the distillate (4) before it is pumped to the condenser cycle. In the condenser cycle (5), the cooled distillate is pumped and sprayed into the pressure chambers to allow for vapor condensation from the evaporators on cooled droplets. During this process, the temperature and pressure increases from stage to stage. After the last condenser, the increased heat of the distillate is recovered in the heat exchanger for thermal recovery (HEX 2) preheating the evaporator cycle. After the condensation in the first reactor, the distillate is hotter compared to the brine of the last evaporator. This condensation heat is recovered in HEX 2 and is used for heating the evaporator cycle (6). It is beneficial for the energetic efficiency to design this heat exchanger as large as possible.
In order to run the process, a vacuum system (7) extracts non-condensable gases (like ), in the chambers. In the connection duct to the vacuum pump, an optional heat exchanger (HEX 5) cools down the vapor to condense as much water as possible (8). The gained distillate is transferred after an optional heat recovery (9) out of the process. A post-treatment system can treat the distillate according to the desired requirements (remineralization). The brine is extracted at the evaporator cycle after the last evaporator stage (10). The over-saturation and precipitation of salts for zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) application requires an additional evaporator acting as crystallizer which is not shown in Fig. 7.
Plant layout
The main components to fow temperature distillation plants are the pressure vessels and the spraying facilities. Further important components are an adapted instrumentation and controlling system as well as a vacuum system. A low temperature distillation plant has no membranes and no tube bundles, and consists of the following main elements:
Pressure vessels with unique pressure control system
Piping in PP-plastics or fibre reinforced plastics (FRP)
External heat exchanger (standard component)
Water circulation pumps (standard component)
Process control system (control panel)
Plant components
Evaporator and condenser vessels are constructed for vacuum pressure conditions up to 20 and include the spraying installations for the evaporation/condensation reactors.
For the energy supply of the process itself, only standard plate heat exchangers are installed. A low temperature distillation plant consists of one heat exchanger for the heat transfer from heat source into water and one for the heat transfer from distillate to the re-cooling media. A plant with several cascades has one additional heat exchanger for internal heat recovery (HEX 2) increasing the thermal efficiency of the plant. Due to the flexibility of the low temperature distillation process, various arrangements are possible to adapt each plant to the given application. If only a small overall temperature spread or a limited heat source is available, internal flows can be adjusted for maximised internal heat recovery. Additional low-temperature heat sources such as solar collector systems can also be integrated.
The media supply is mostly realized with standard centrifugal pumps. The process conditions favor a low NPSH construction in order to facilitate hot media leaving the system from vacuum conditions. Due to the lowered volume flows in small scale plants, the application of displacer pumps is recommended.
Comparison with other thermal desalination technologies
Low temperature distillation operates at low temperature and low pressure, similar to Multi-effect distillation (MED) and Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF). While the process flow is similar to a MSF plant, the temperature and pressure dynamics are more comparable to a MED system. It is designed use low grade or waste heat from other industrial processes or renewable sources, like solar thermal collectors. The most significant difference compared to MED and MSF technologies is that there are no tube bundles heat exchangers within the pressure chambers. This permits enhancements of the thermal distillation process:
Treatment of high saline or heavily polluted waste water, even with precipitation of solids
Optimized heat transfer and overall high thermal efficiency of the plant
No phase changes on solid surfaces, danger of scaling, fouling or clogging is prohibited
Reduced internal installations (mainly in the evaporator), resulting in lower material consumption
Tolerant to part load operation or fluctuating process conditions (power supply with renewable energy possible)
Due to the relative high energy demand of thermal distillation processes for water treatment, low temperature distillation is most economically applicable for high saline feed waters. Fig. 8 compares the relative energy and plant costs in comparison with membrane-based desalination processes like reverse osmosis (RO) from sea water desalination. The possible feed waters may contain a wide range of impurities like brines from desalination plants, radioactive ground water, produced water from oil production, hydrocarbon polluted water, and high salinities up to 33% NaCl. The plant operates even under high concentrations up to the precipitation of anorganic compounds. Also, the effluent of existing sea water desalination plants can be treated further in a low temperature distillation to maximise the dewatering capacity of a desalination system.
Low temperature distillation can accommodate variations in the plant load, running efficiently from 50 – 100% of plant design capacity depending on the available heat supply. The spraying process is self-adjusting, and the amount of water produced is proportional to the amount of heat provided.
High saline feed water
The LTD process is most suitable for high saline feedwaters starting from typical concentrations of sea water to concentrated wastewater solutions from various industrial processes. One possible application is the capacity duplication of RO based desalination systems by further treatment of the evolving effluents to the precipitation of salts. Brackish water desalination is principally also possible, but other desalination processes tend to be more economical due to low osmotic pressure and resulting low specific energy consumption.
Scaling and fouling
Low temperature distillation plants are not prone to scaling or clogging even with very high TDS in the feed water. There are no installations within the pressure vessels that could scale. Phase changes (evaporation and condensation) only take place on the surface of the water droplets, never on solid surfaces. The following design features ensure the minimal risk of scaling within the plant:
The LTD pressure vessels (evaporators and condensers) droplets are in free fall. The evaporation and condensation happen directly on the surface of the droplets during the residence time inside the reactor (less than one second).
The plant controls avoid that the concentration of dissolved solids in the evaporator cycle never reaches the point of precipitation. In a specially designed high saline loop (crystallizer), the brine from the evaporator cycle is further concentrated until solids are precipitating. All sedimentations of solids are continuously extracted from this loop.
There is no phase change in the standard plate heat exchangers. Within the main heat exchanger all thermal energy is transferred to the internal water streams. Therefore, there never is an operational risk on the heat supply side.
Low temperature distillation plants are able to treat feed waters such as:
High saline brine from any other desalination plant, e.g. from inland desalination via BWRO plants, that would otherwise not receive a permission of operation because of the lack of a brine disposal solution
Produced/fracking water from oil or gas fields with salinities of up to 300.000
Industrial waste waters from textile production and drying
Desalinated water and brine
The desalinated water quality from the low temperature distillation process is almost demineralized water with a remaining salinity of 10 ppm. Residual contaminants result from demister losses and depend on the treated feedwater as well as vapor velocities between evaporator and condenser. The brine concentration in the LTD process can be adjusted to the site conditions and disposal options. Current research focuses on selective crystallization to recover various salt species beyond NaCl.
Specific data and information
Specific energy consumption (energy/m³ output), electricity: 0.8 to 2.5 for internal pumping and continuous non-condensable gas removal
Specific energy consumption (energy/m³ output), thermal: 80 to 200 , depending on the number of stages and the temperature of the heat source. The use of low grade heat at 45 – 95°C is possible.
Recovery rate, concentration factor: LTD converts up and into precipitation for liquid brine discharge or into precipitation for ZLD (wet), where water and solids are completely separated. For seawater (4% salinity), this results in a water extraction from feed (96% water and 4% NaCl) of 98.95% for ZLD (wet), and for liquid brine disposal a water extraction of 91.6%.
Chemical additive consumption: No chemical additives are required for common seawater, as well as brine from desalination processes like RO/MSF/MED.
Personnel intensity: LTD is automated. Periodic checks and maintenance are according to industrial practice.
Replacements (e.g. membrane replacements): There are no membranes or filters to replace. Low pressure pumps, valves, and gaskets need to be maintained according to industry practice.
Preferred use
The application of the LTD process becomes economically feasible starting with salinities more than 4%. LTD can be useful for normal seawater desalination if high recovery rates or further treatment of the RO brine are required. High saline effluents from industrial processes such as the oil and gas industry, the textile industry, and the chemical industry are more advantageous. In general, pretreatment for zero-liquid discharge systems with LTD is the most economical option. The treatment of brackish water is possible in principle, but the energy consumption required for evaporation is higher compared to conventional reverse osmosis.
Environmental impact
Due to the reduction of the brine volume, the environmental impacts are significantly lowered compared to standard seawater RO units. The recovery of NaCl in high purity is possible and can be used e.g. as regenerative salt for ion exchangers or water softeners.
The LTD process has a stable part-load behaviour which facilitates the use of renewable energy sources. Thermal energy can be supplied by solar collectors like flat plate or evacuated tube, solar ponds, concentrating solar collectors, or in co-generation with solar power plants.
Further developments
Opportunities for improvement focus mainly on integration in an appropriate operating environment with heat management. The combination of LTD plants with thermal power plants as heat sources seems advantageous. Combinations with other desalination processes, like thermal or mechanical vapor compression (MVC) are also possible. Under certain process conditions, such systems can compensate for fluctuating heat supply by substituting electric power in an integrated MVC unit.
Current research focuses on the reduction of the heat and electricity consumption of auxiliary systems. The selective crystallization of the brine and recovery of salts are also being researched (in cooperation with TU Berlin, Germany). Further development potential lies in the integration of adsorption and absorption technologies for integrated cooling and desalination.
References
Water desalination
Water treatment | Low-temperature distillation | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,070 | [
"Water desalination",
"Water treatment",
"Water pollution",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology"
] |
63,078,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20Services%20Forum | The Video Services Form (VSF) is an industry association that provides a platform for cooperation and communication between organizations with a stake in media networking. VSF activities include standards development, interoperability testing and the ongoing VidTrans conferences.
VSF published the TR-03 and TR-04 technical recommendations for professional video which were further developed by SMPTE to become SMPTE 2110.
Awards
Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for "Standardization and Productization of JPEG2000 (J2K) Interoperability."
References
1998 establishments in the United States
Broadcast engineering
Film and video technology | Video Services Forum | [
"Engineering"
] | 123 | [
"Broadcast engineering",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
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