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63,069,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mathematical%20Coloring%20Book | The Mathematical Coloring Book: Mathematics of Coloring and the Colorful Life of Its Creators is a book on graph coloring, Ramsey theory, and the history of development of these areas, concentrating in particular on the Hadwiger–Nelson problem and on the biography of Bartel Leendert van der Waerden. It was written by Alexander Soifer and published by Springer-Verlag in 2009 ().
The book has since been updated: The New Mathematical Coloring Book: Mathematics of Coloring and the Colorful Life of Its Creators was published in 2024.
Topics
The book "presents mathematics as a human endeavor" and "explores the birth of ideas and moral dilemmas of the times between and during the two World Wars". As such, as well as covering the mathematics of its topics, it includes biographical material and correspondence with many of the people involved in creating it, including in-depth coverage of Issai Schur, , and Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, in particular studying the question of van der Warden's complicity with the Nazis in his war-time service as a professor in Nazi Germany. It also includes biographical material on Paul Erdős, Frank P. Ramsey, Emmy Noether, Alfred Brauer, Richard Courant, Kenneth Falconer, Nicolas de Bruijn, Hillel Furstenberg, and Tibor Gallai, among others, as well as many historical photos of these subjects.
Mathematically, the book considers problems "on the boundary of geometry, combinatorics, and number theory", involving graph coloring problems such as the four color theorem, and generalizations of coloring in Ramsey theory where the use of a too-small number of colors leads to monochromatic structures larger than a single graph edge. Central to the book is the Hadwiger–Nelson problem, the problem of coloring the points of the Euclidean plane in such a way that no two points of the same color are a unit distance apart. Other topics covered by the book include Van der Waerden's theorem on monochromatic arithmetic progressions in colorings of the integers and its generalization to Szemerédi's theorem, the Happy ending problem, Rado's theorem, and questions in the foundations of mathematics involving the possibility that different choices of foundational axioms will lead to different answers to some of the coloring questions considered here.
Reception and audience
As a work in graph theory, reviewer Joseph Malkevitch suggests caution over the book's intuitive treatment of graphs that may in many cases be infinite, in comparison with much other work in this area that makes an implicit assumption that every graph is finite. William Gasarch is surprised by the book's omission of some closely related topics, including the proof of the Heawood conjecture on coloring graphs on surfaces by Gerhard Ringel and Ted Youngs. And Günter M. Ziegler complains that many claims are presented without proof. Although Soifer has called the Hadwiger–Nelson problem "the most important problem in all of mathematics", Ziegler disagrees, and suggests that it and the four color theorem are too isolated to be fruitful topics of study.
As a work in the history of mathematics, Malkevitch finds the book too credulous of first-person recollections of troubled political times (the lead-up to World War II) and of priority in mathematical discoveries. Ziegler points to several errors of fact in the book's history, takes issue with its insistence that each contribution should be attributed to only one researcher, and doubts Soifer's objectivity with respect to van der Waerden. And reviewer John J. Watkins writes that "Soifer’s book is indeed a treasure trove filled with valuable historical and mathematical information, but a serious reader must also be prepared to sift through a considerable amount of dross" to reach the treasure. And although Watkins is convinced by Soifer's argument that the first conjectural versions of van der Waerden's theorem were due to Schur and Baudet, he finds idiosyncratic Soifer's insistence that this updated credit necessitates a change in the name of the theorem, concluding that "This is a book that needed far better editing." Ziegler agrees, writing "Someone should have also forced him to cut the manuscript, at the long parts and chapters where the investigations into the colorful lives of the creators get out of hand."
According to Malkevitch, the book is written for a broad audience, and does not require a graduate-level background in its material, but nevertheless contains much that is of interest to experts as well as beginners. And despite his negative review, Ziegler concurs, writing that it "has interesting parts and a lot of valuable material". Gasarch is much more enthusiastic, writing "This is a Fantastic Book! Go buy it Now!".
References
Graph coloring
Ramsey theory
Books about the history of mathematics
2009 non-fiction books | The Mathematical Coloring Book | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,026 | [
"Graph coloring",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Ramsey theory"
] |
63,070,573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived%20noncommutative%20algebraic%20geometry | In mathematics, derived noncommutative algebraic geometry, the derived version of noncommutative algebraic geometry, is the geometric study of derived categories and related constructions of triangulated categories using categorical tools. Some basic examples include the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves on a smooth variety, , called its derived category, or the derived category of perfect complexes on an algebraic variety, denoted . For instance, the derived category of coherent sheaves on a smooth projective variety can be used as an invariant of the underlying variety for many cases (if has an ample (anti-)canonical sheaf). Unfortunately, studying derived categories as geometric objects of themselves does not have a standardized name.
Derived category of projective line
The derived category of is one of the motivating examples for derived non-commutative schemes due to its easy categorical structure. Recall that the Euler sequence of is the short exact sequence
if we consider the two terms on the right as a complex, then we get the distinguished triangle
Since we have constructed this sheaf using only categorical tools. We could repeat this again by tensoring the Euler sequence by the flat sheaf , and apply the cone construction again. If we take the duals of the sheaves, then we can construct all of the line bundles in using only its triangulated structure. It turns out the correct way of studying derived categories from its objects and triangulated structure is with exceptional collections.
Semiorthogonal decompositions and exceptional collections
The technical tools for encoding this construction are semiorthogonal decompositions and exceptional collections. A semiorthogonal decomposition of a triangulated category is a collection of full triangulated subcategories such that the following two properties hold
(1) For objects we have for
(2) The subcategories generate , meaning every object can be decomposed in to a sequence of ,
such that . Notice this is analogous to a filtration of an object in an abelian category such that the cokernels live in a specific subcategory.
We can specialize this a little further by considering exceptional collections of objects, which generate their own subcategories. An object in a triangulated category is called exceptional if the following property holds
where is the underlying field of the vector space of morphisms. A collection of exceptional objects is an exceptional collection of length if for any and any , we have
and is a strong exceptional collection if in addition, for any and any , we have
We can then decompose our triangulated category into the semiorthogonal decomposition
where , the subcategory of objects in such that . If in addition then the strong exceptional collection is called full.
Beilinson's theorem
Beilinson provided the first example of a full strong exceptional collection. In the derived category the line bundles form a full strong exceptional collection. He proves the theorem in two parts. First showing these objects are an exceptional collection and second by showing the diagonal of has a resolution whose compositions are tensors of the pullback of the exceptional objects.
Technical Lemma
An exceptional collection of sheaves on is full if there exists a resolution
in where are arbitrary coherent sheaves on .
Another way to reformulate this lemma for is by looking at the Koszul complex associated towhere are hyperplane divisors of . This gives the exact complexwhich gives a way to construct using the sheaves , since they are the sheaves used in all terms in the above exact sequence, except for
which gives a derived equivalence of the rest of the terms of the above complex with . For the Koszul complex above is the exact complexgiving the quasi isomorphism of with the complex
Orlov's reconstruction theorem
If is a smooth projective variety with ample (anti-)canonical sheaf and there is an equivalence of derived categories , then there is an isomorphism of the underlying varieties.
Sketch of proof
The proof starts out by analyzing two induced Serre functors on and finding an isomorphism between them. It particular, it shows there is an object which acts like the dualizing sheaf on . The isomorphism between these two functors gives an isomorphism of the set of underlying points of the derived categories. Then, what needs to be check is an ismorphism , for any , giving an isomorphism of canonical rings
If can be shown to be (anti-)ample, then the proj of these rings will give an isomorphism . All of the details are contained in Dolgachev's notes.
Failure of reconstruction
This theorem fails in the case is Calabi-Yau, since , or is the product of a variety which is Calabi-Yau. Abelian varieties are a class of examples where a reconstruction theorem could never hold. If is an abelian variety and is its dual, the Fourier–Mukai transform with kernel , the Poincare bundle, gives an equivalence
of derived categories. Since an abelian variety is generally not isomorphic to its dual, there are derived equivalent derived categories without isomorphic underlying varieties. There is an alternative theory of tensor triangulated geometry where we consider not only a triangulated category, but also a monoidal structure, i.e. a tensor product. This geometry has a full reconstruction theorem using the spectrum of categories.
Equivalences on K3 surfaces
K3 surfaces are another class of examples where reconstruction fails due to their Calabi-Yau property. There is a criterion for determining whether or not two K3 surfaces are derived equivalent: the derived category of the K3 surface is derived equivalent to another K3 if and only if there is a Hodge isometry , that is, an isomorphism of Hodge structure. Moreover, this theorem is reflected in the motivic world as well, where the Chow motives are isomorphic if and only if there is an isometry of Hodge structures.
Autoequivalences
One nice application of the proof of this theorem is the identification of autoequivalences of the derived category of a smooth projective variety with ample (anti-)canonical sheaf. This is given by
Where an autoequivalence is given by an automorphism , then tensored by a line bundle and finally composed with a shift. Note that acts on via the polarization map, .
Relation with motives
The bounded derived category was used extensively in SGA6 to construct an intersection theory with and . Since these objects are intimately relative with the Chow ring of , its chow motive, Orlov asked the following question: given a fully-faithful functor
is there an induced map on the chow motives
such that is a summand of ? In the case of K3 surfaces, a similar result has been confirmed since derived equivalent K3 surfaces have an isometry of Hodge structures, which gives an isomorphism of motives.
Derived category of singularities
On a smooth variety there is an equivalence between the derived category and the thick full triangulated of perfect complexes. For separated, Noetherian schemes of finite Krull dimension (called the ELF condition) this is not the case, and Orlov defines the derived category of singularities as their difference using a quotient of categories. For an ELF scheme its derived category of singularities is defined as
for a suitable definition of localization of triangulated categories.
Construction of localization
Although localization of categories is defined for a class of morphisms in the category closed under composition, we can construct such a class from a triangulated subcategory. Given a full triangulated subcategory the class of morphisms , in where fits into a distinguished trianglewith and . It can be checked this forms a multiplicative system using the octahedral axiom for distinguished triangles. Given
with distinguished triangles
where , then there are distinguished triangles
where since is closed under extensions. This new category has the following properties
It is canonically triangulated where a triangle in is distinguished if it is isomorphic to the image of a triangle in
The category has the following universal property: any exact functor where where , then it factors uniquely through the quotient functor , so there exists a morphism such that .
Properties of singularity category
If is a regular scheme, then every bounded complex of coherent sheaves is perfect. Hence the singularity category is trivial
Any coherent sheaf which has support away from is perfect. Hence nontrivial coherent sheaves in have support on .
In particular, objects in are isomorphic to for some coherent sheaf .
Landau–Ginzburg models
Kontsevich proposed a model for Landau–Ginzburg models which was worked out to the following definition: a Landau–Ginzburg model is a smooth variety together with a morphism which is flat. There are three associated categories which can be used to analyze the D-branes in a Landau–Ginzburg model using matrix factorizations from commutative algebra.
Associated categories
With this definition, there are three categories which can be associated to any point , a -graded category , an exact category , and a triangulated category , each of which has objects
where are multiplication by .
There is also a shift functor send to.The difference between these categories are their definition of morphisms. The most general of which is whose morphisms are the -graded complex
where the grading is given by and differential acting on degree homogeneous elements by
In the morphisms are the degree morphisms in . Finally, has the morphisms in modulo the null-homotopies. Furthermore, can be endowed with a triangulated structure through a graded cone-construction in . Given there is a mapping code with maps
where
and
where
Then, a diagram in is a distinguished triangle if it is isomorphic to a cone from .
D-brane category
Using the construction of we can define the category of D-branes of type B on with superpotential as the product category
This is related to the singularity category as follows: Given a superpotential with isolated singularities only at , denote . Then, there is an exact equivalence of categories
given by a functor induced from cokernel functor sending a pair . In particular, since is regular, Bertini's theorem shows is only a finite product of categories.
Computational tools
Knörrer periodicity
There is a Fourier-Mukai transform on the derived categories of two related varieties giving an equivalence of their singularity categories. This equivalence is called Knörrer periodicity. This can be constructed as follows: given a flat morphism from a separated regular Noetherian scheme of finite Krull dimension, there is an associated scheme and morphism such that where are the coordinates of the -factor. Consider the fibers , , and the induced morphism . And the fiber . Then, there is an injection and a projection forming an -bundle. The Fourier-Mukai transform
induces an equivalence of categories
called Knörrer periodicity. There is another form of this periodicity where is replaced by the polynomial . These periodicity theorems are the main computational techniques because it allows for a reduction in the analysis of the singularity categories.
Computations
If we take the Landau–Ginzburg model where , then the only fiber singular fiber of is the origin. Then, the D-brane category of the Landau–Ginzburg model is equivalent to the singularity category . Over the algebra there are indecomposable objects
whose morphisms can be completely understood. For any pair there are morphisms where
for these are the natural projections
for these are multiplication by
where every other morphism is a composition and linear combination of these morphisms. There are many other cases which can be explicitly computed, using the table of singularities found in Knörrer's original paper.
See also
Derived category
Triangulated category
Perfect complex
Semiorthogonal decomposition
Fourier–Mukai transform
Bridgeland stability condition
Homological mirror symmetry
Derived Categories notes - http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~idolga/derived9.pdf
References
Research articles
A noncommutative version of Beilinson's theorem
Derived Categories of Toric Varieties
Derived Categories of Toric Varieties II
Algebraic geometry
Noncommutative geometry | Derived noncommutative algebraic geometry | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,498 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
73,134,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset%20filtration | The offset filtration (also called the "union-of-balls" or "union-of-disks" filtration) is a growing sequence of metric balls used to detect the size and scale of topological features of a data set. The offset filtration commonly arises in persistent homology and the field of topological data analysis. Utilizing a union of balls to approximate the shape of geometric objects was first suggested by Frosini in 1992 in the context of submanifolds of Euclidean space. The construction was independently explored by Robins in 1998, and expanded to considering the collection of offsets indexed over a series of increasing scale parameters (i.e., a growing sequence of balls), in order to observe the stability of topological features with respect to attractors. Homological persistence as introduced in these papers by Frosini and Robins was subsequently formalized by Edelsbrunner et al. in their seminal 2002 paper Topological Persistence and Simplification. Since then, the offset filtration has become a primary example in the study of computational topology and data analysis.
Definition
Let be a finite set in a metric space , and for any let be the closed ball of radius centered at . Then the union is known as the offset of with respect to the parameter (or simply the -offset of ).
By considering the collection of offsets over all we get a family of spaces where whenever . So is a family of nested topological spaces indexed over , which defines a filtration known as the offset filtration on .
Note that it is also possible to view the offset filtration as a functor from the poset category of non-negative real numbers to the category of topological spaces and continuous maps. There are some advantages to the categorical viewpoint, as explored by Bubenik and others.
Properties
A standard application of the nerve theorem shows that the union of balls has the same homotopy type as its nerve, since closed balls are convex and the intersection of convex sets is convex. The nerve of the union of balls is also known as the Čech complex, which is a subcomplex of the Vietoris-Rips complex. Therefore the offset filtration is weakly equivalent to the Čech filtration (defined as the nerve of each offset across all scale parameters), so their homology groups are isomorphic.
Although the Vietoris-Rips filtration is not identical to the Čech filtration in general, it is an approximation in a sense. In particular, for a set we have a chain of inclusions between the Rips and Čech complexes on whenever . In general metric spaces, we have that for all , implying that the Rips and Cech filtrations are 2-interleaved with respect to the interleaving distance as introduced by Chazal et al. in 2009.
It is a well-known result of Niyogi, Smale, and Weinberger that given a sufficiently dense random point cloud sample of a smooth submanifold in Euclidean space, the union of balls of a certain radius recovers the homology of the object via a deformation retraction of the Čech complex.
The offset filtration is also known to be stable with respect to perturbations of the underlying data set. This follows from the fact that the offset filtration can be viewed as a sublevel-set filtration with respect to the distance function of the metric space. The stability of sublevel-set filtrations can be stated as follows: Given any two real-valued functions on a topological space such that for all , the -dimensional homology modules on the sublevel-set filtrations with respect to are point-wise finite dimensional, we have where and denote the bottleneck and sup-norm distances, respectively, and denotes the -dimensional persistent homology barcode. While first stated in 2005, this sublevel stability result also follows directly from an algebraic stability property sometimes known as the "Isometry Theorem," which was proved in one direction in 2009, and the other direction in 2011.
A multiparameter extension of the offset filtration defined by considering points covered by multiple balls is given by the multicover bifiltration, and has also been an object of interest in persistent homology and computational geometry.
References
Applied mathematics
Computational topology
Geometric topology
Data analysis | Offset filtration | [
"Mathematics"
] | 894 | [
"Computational topology",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computational mathematics",
"Geometric topology",
"Topology"
] |
73,136,537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturians%20%28New%20Age%29 | According to the beliefs of certain New Age movements, Arcturians are a very advanced extraterrestrial civilization from the Arcturus star system who wish to share their knowledge and wisdom with the citizens of Earth. They are described as other-dimensional, advanced star beings. Arcturians are said to be loving and peaceful beings who are willing to communicate and work with any soul that wishes to travel with them to a higher level of consciousness.
Currently, they are said to guard the Earth, helping heal the planet while raising its vibrational energy. Emotional, mental, physical and spiritual transformation are among their primary goals. It has also been suggested that Arcturians regularly incarnate on Earth, meaning they would have been involved in Earth's evolution.
There are said to be communities similar to the Arcturians on Sirius, Andromeda, Orion, Pleiades, Lyra and Antares.
Origin
The ideas about Arcturians are based on the readings of Dolores Cannon, an American hypnotherapist, and Edgar Cayce, an American psychic. Cannon is a well-known figure in the American pseudoscience scene. Her work on starseeds, the idea that humans may be reincarnations of beings from other galaxies, goes back to Brad Steiger's ufology classic Gods of Aquarius.
Cayce called the Arcturians the most advanced community in the universe, the community most similar to the divine. The star Arcturus was mentioned by Cayce in more than 30 of his psychic readings, beginning in 1928. He saw Arcturus as a "gateway" to higher realms of consciousness that can have a profound effect on people's lives.
In the book The Keys of Enoch, Arcturus is described as an intermediate station used by the physical "brotherhoods of light" to oversee the many series of experiments with physical beings.
See also
References
Extraterrestrial life
New Age | Arcturians (New Age) | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 394 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Extraterrestrial life",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Hypothetical life forms"
] |
73,138,924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neostigmine/glycopyrronium%20bromide | Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide, sold under the brand name Prevduo , is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the reversal of the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents after surgery. It contains neostigmine as the methylsulfate, a cholinesterase inhibitor, and glycopyrronium bromide, an antimuscarinic agent.
Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide was approved for medical use in the United Kingdom in 2007, and in the United States in February 2023.
Medical uses
Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide is indicated for the reversal of the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents after surgery, while decreasing the peripheral muscarinic effects (e.g., bradycardia and excessive secretions) associated with cholinesterase inhibition following non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent reversal administration.
References
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Combination drugs
Muscarinic antagonists | Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 229 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
73,139,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Paulsboro%20train%20derailment | On November 30, 2012, a daily freight train running on Conrail Shared Assets Operations Penns Grove Secondary derailed in Paulsboro, a borough with an industrial and maritime economy, in Gloucester County, New Jersey. As a result, vinyl chloride from one car leaked into the air. In 2023 several news reports drew parallels between this derailment and the 2023 Ohio train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio, which also involved release of vinyl chloride.
Background
The accident happened when Jefferson Street Bridge, a swing bridge built in 1873 and jointly owned by Conrail and Norfolk Southern over Mantua Creek, failed to operate on November 30, 2012. Witnesses living adjacent to the tracks said that the accident happened at 2:50 am; the team said that derailment happened around 7:00 am. Seven cars of the 84-car consist derailed. Four tanker cars containing vinyl chloride fell into the creek; one tank was breached. As a result, the tank leaked about 23,000 gallons of the gas into the air.
Vinyl chloride is used to make adhesives, polyvinyl chloride, plastics and other chemicals. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has described the chemical as having an odor that can be described as sweet and mild. Low levels of exposure can cause sleepiness and dizziness. Higher level exposure can cause people to pass out or die. Long term exposure has been linked to liver cancer, and possibly lung, brain and some blood cancers.
Results
A voluntary and limited evacuation zone was created. Nearby schools were ordered to take shelter and seal off their buildings. At around 7:00 pm a new evacuation order was given. An estimated 500 to 700 people in a 12-mile radius of the site evacuated. People were told to pack for three days and then were transported to hotels in the area. About 70 people were treated at Underwood-Memorial Hospital in Woodbury for exposure to the vinyl chloride, of which 60 were hospitalized.
Thousands of Paulsboro residents sued Conrail, the operator of the bridge over Mantua Creek. In subsequent interviews residents alleged that Conrail paid them off to prevent them from seeking more money in the event that they developed illnesses later.
Equipment damages were estimated at $451,000. Emergency responses and remediation costs totaled about $30 million.
The bridge had an earlier history of trouble. At around 3:00 am, on August 23, 2009, a coal train derailed; however, no cars fell off.
Political controversies
Responding to the immediate after-effects of the accident was the Unified Command response team. This group consisted of representatives of the U.S. Coast Guard, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, New Jersey Office of Emergency Management, the Paulsboro Fire Department and Conrail. However, the New Jersey Senate President Stephen Sweeney gave the response team an "F." Sen. Sweeney asserted that the team delayed scheduling public meetings, and that the team issued conflicting and confusing orders in the wake of the derailment. Additionally, area residents criticized Governor Chris Christie for giving inadequate attention to Paulsboro's environmental problems and that he concentrated more of his attention on Hurricane Sandy (which struck New Jersey on October 28–29). They complained that he did not visit Paulsboro and that instead he sent Lt. Governor Kim Guadagno.
Area Congressional Representatives Rob Andrews (NJ 1st-D) and Frank LoBiondo (NJ 2nd-R) visited the area and expressed concern and surprise that federal, state or local laws require public oversight of private safety inspection procedures.
Following the incident, Congressman Andrews criticized policies that may have led to the accident. He said that it was time to end the railroads' "culture of self-regulation . . . . We've got to come up with a sensible set of regulations." He also criticized the Unified Command's operation as confusing and ineffective. "When everyone's in charge, no one's in charge." Andrews also said that he expected Congress to hold hearings on the causes of the derailment and the response.
Legacy
The National Transportation Safety Board in a public hearing faulted the first responders for their actions. The investigators said that local authorities did not follow standard procedures for cleaning a chemical spill and that first responders were not provided proper breathing apparatuses, even though monitors indicated unsafe levels of chemicals in the air. They said that this led to further exposure of the first responders and the public to the vinyl chloride gas. Paulsboro police reported the gas as non-toxic, even after fire officials learned that the gas was highly flammable and dangerous to breathe.
In March 2013, Conrail announced that the bridge would be replaced with an expected September 2014 operational date. Normally, between March 1 and November 30 the bridge would be left in the open position for maritime traffic and closed when trains approach. It remained locked in the closed position until the bridge was replaced. The new bridge opened in March 2015.
Prior to this incident, railroads had different protocols for transporting dangerous chemicals. This incident was followed by more railroads adopting federal guidelines for transporting such chemicals.
See also
Port of Paulsboro
References
2012 disasters in the United States
Train derailment
Paulsboro train derailment
Paulsboro train derailment
Paulsboro train derailment
Accidents and incidents involving Conrail
Accidents and incidents involving Norfolk Southern Railway
Derailments in the United States
Chemical disasters
Environmental disasters in the United States
Paulsboro, New Jersey | 2012 Paulsboro train derailment | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,094 | [
"Chemical accident",
"Chemical disasters"
] |
73,139,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicover%20bifiltration | The multicover bifiltration is a two-parameter sequence of nested topological spaces derived from the covering of a finite set in a metric space by growing metric balls. It is a multidimensional extension of the offset filtration that captures density information about the underlying data set by filtering the points of the offsets at each index according to how many balls cover each point. The multicover bifiltration has been an object of study within multidimensional persistent homology and topological data analysis.
Definition
Following the notation of Corbet et al. (2022), given a finite set , the multicover bifiltration on is a two-parameter filtration indexed by defined index-wise as , where denotes the non-negative integers. Note that when is fixed we recover the Offset Filtration.
Properties
The multicover bifiltration admits a topologically equivalent polytopal model of polynomial size, called the "rhomboid bifiltration." The rhomboid bifiltration is an extension of the rhomboid tiling introduced by Edelsbrunner and Osang in 2021 for computing the persistent homology of the multicover bifiltration along one axis of the indexing set. The rhomboid bifiltration on a set of points in a Euclidean space can be computed in polynomial time.
The multicover bifiltration is also topologically equivalent to a multicover nerve construction due to Sheehy called the subdivision-Čech bifiltration, which considers the barycentric subdivision on the nerve of the offsets. In particular, the subdivision-Čech and multicover bifiltrations are weakly equivalent, and hence have isomorphic homology modules in all dimensions. However, the subdivision-Čech bifiltration has an exponential number of simplices in the size of the data set, and hence is not amenable to efficient direct computations.
References
Computational geometry
Topology
Geometry | Multicover bifiltration | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 397 | [
"Computational mathematics",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Computational geometry",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
73,140,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ocean%20Frontier%20Institute | The Ocean Frontier Institute (OFI) is a non-profit research and higher education organization dedicated to ocean-based research and data. Established in 2016, the institute focuses its research on achieving net zero, protecting ocean biodiversity and sustaining ocean bioresources. OFI is based at Dalhousie University in the Ocean Sciences Building in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
History
OFI was established in 2016 by Dalhousie University with partnerships in Memorial University of Newfoundland, and University of Prince Edward Island.
The Institution also partners with international ocean research institutes, other Canadian universities, governments, Indigenous communities, and industry ranging from local small businesses to international corporations.
In announcing the creation of OFI, Dalhousie University noted that it was set to become “one of the world’s most significant international ocean science collaborations.”
The initial funding for the organization included a $93.7 million commitment from the Canadian government through the Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF). At the time of the announcement, it was the largest research grant in the history of Dalhousie University.
An additional $125 million in cash and in kind contributions was also provided by provincial governments and partners, most notably a $25 million gift from business leader and philanthropist John Risley.
The Institute administers the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, The Safe and Sustainable Development of the Ocean Frontier; Ocean School; and the North Atlantic Carbon Observatory (NACO); and hosts the Canadian project office of the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) program.
OFI's first CEO was Wendy Watson-Wright, who served in the role until December 2019. During this period, OFI saw more than sixteen ocean focused research projects reviewed by internal and external experts which included scientific analysis of the changing ocean ecosystems as well as studies to strengthen marine safety, ocean data and technology and the fishing and aquaculture industries. A further six large-scale research projects were launched in 2020 focused on the North Atlantic Ocean Climate and Coastal Communities and the Ocean.
In March 2018 OFI launched its first round of Seed Funding in partnership with Canada's Ocean Supercluster and Innovacorp, providing financial support to ideas with the potential for advancing research, commercial or social concepts relating to the ocean. The Seed Fund has supported over 100 ocean related research projects ranging from studies on Non-Toxic Marine Anti-fouling Paint, to 4D Ocean Sensing Strategy, to collaboration efforts on the blending of Indigenous and Western knowledge.
In 2018 OFI and Dalhousie University also invested over 2 million dollars for the creation of DeepSense, a partnership between industry, academia and government focused on using ocean related data and artificial intelligence to better support commercial enterprises.
In January 2020, the CEO position was taken up by Dr. Anya Waite who had previously served as the organizations Scientific Director.
Throughout 2021 and 2022, OFI dramatically expanded its engagement with public and research groups with a series of webinars to inform ocean and coastal governance and introduce social sciences and humanities-led research and with the introduction of an annual Carbon Workshop to discuss the ocean's changing ability to absorb carbon, in particular the importance of ‘Deep Blue Carbon.’
Training and Education
The Ocean Graduate Excellence Network (OGEN) was launched by OFI in 2021, with current funding partners including the National Research Council of Canada, Mitacs, Graphite Innovation Technologies, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The program provides individualized training and research opportunities to graduate students.
OFI's International Postdoctoral Fellowships offer opportunities for early-career PhDs to conduct collaborative research at Dalhousie University, with travel to one of OFI's partner institutions in Europe or the United States. OFI has supported fellowships with international partners such as WHOI, GEOMAR, AWI, and ISBlue.
OFI's Visiting Fellowships program helps to develop ocean leaders by providing opportunities for early-career PhDs to conduct research at one of OFI's Canadian institutions or at one of OFI's eight international academic partner institutions.
In spring of 2022 OFI sponsored undergraduate students from Dalhousie University in Halifax and Memorial University of Newfoundland on a 16-week expedition aboard the research sailing vessel Statsraad Lehmkuhl. The students participated as crew members as they sailed the Pacific Ocean, following an ocean sustainability course offered through Norway's University of Bergen.
Conferences
OFI hosts a broad open conference on a biennial basis, gathering experts, researchers, and leaders from around the world to discuss and debate topical issues in ocean research.
2018: First OFI Conference: The first OFI conference was held in St. John's Newfoundland and attended by over 330 delegates from across the globe. The conference covered areas such as: How Science, Partnerships and Innovation Will Secure a Future for the Ocean; Our Changing Ocean; Identifying Ocean Solutions; and Industry Perspectives on the Importance of Ocean Research.
2022: Second OFI Conference: The second OFI Conference took place in Halifax, Nova Scotia with more than 200 delegates engaged in four main themes: Achieving Net Zero and Ocean Carbon, People and the Ocean, Imperative of Ocean Based Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), Food from the Ocean, and Innovation and Commercialisation.
OFI and United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP)
Beginning with COP26, OFI has been an active participant in the UN COP meetings, bringing attention to the role the ocean plays in sustainable development efforts and advocating for the importance of integrated ocean carbon observations.
COP26 – At the 26th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2021, an OFI delegation advocated for including ocean chemistry variables in the climate targets planned to be set at the Conference.
COP27 – At the 27th COP Meeting in 2022, OFI saw its role expand as CEO Dr. Waite spoke at or moderated 10 events including: An event on Ocean Observations for Climate Change in partnership with Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO) and GOOS; A National Oceanography Centre event on Blue Carbon; The ocean's role in fighting climate change; and An Egyptian Space Agency event on The interplay of machine learning and earth sciences in assessing coral reefs and other marine habitats.
Indigenous Engagement
Like many Canadian institutions, OFI incorporates Local Traditional Knowledge, Place Based Knowledge and Traditional Ecological Knowledge as a central part of its research efforts. In collaboration with Indigenous ( Métis and First Nations) groups and the OFI research community, the Indigenous Engagement Guide, an evolving document, assists the OFI community in identifying how research programs may impact Indigenous groups and provides guidance on respectful engagement and developing meaningful research relationships with Indigenous governments, communities, and organisations. Research Programs funded through OFI are required to meet the expectations set out in the Guide.
References
2016 establishments
Dalhousie University
Oceanography | The Ocean Frontier Institute | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,377 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
73,141,922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunigalsidase%20alfa | Pegunigalsidase alfa, sold under the brand name Elfabrio, is an enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Fabry disease. It is a recombinant human α-galactosidase-A. It is a hydrolytic lysosomal neutral glycosphingolipid-specific enzyme.
The most common side effects are infusion-related reactions, hypersensitivity and asthenia.
Pegunigalsidase alfa was approved for medical use in both the European Union and the United States in May 2023.
Medical uses
Pegunigalsidase alfa is indicated for long-term enzyme replacement therapy in adults with a confirmed diagnosis of Fabry disease (deficiency of alpha-galactosidase).
Society and culture
Legal status
On 23 February 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Elfabrio, intended for the treatment of Fabry disease. The applicant for this medicinal product is Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. Elfabrio was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2023.
References
Further reading
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system and metabolism
Orphan drugs
Recombinant proteins
Medical treatments | Pegunigalsidase alfa | [
"Biology"
] | 280 | [
"Recombinant proteins",
"Biotechnology products"
] |
73,144,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus%20parsonsiae | Pleurotus parsonsiae, also known as velvet oyster mushroom, is a species of edible fungus in the genus Pleurotus, endemic to New Zealand.
Description
General
The cap grows from 7 to about 12 cm, creamy fawn, darker when wet or grey yellow, darker towards margin, paler towards stipe, drying ochraceous, orbicular with margin, down-rolled at first and later splitting. It is dry, smooth, matt to finely fibrillose, hence the "velvet" common name.
The flesh is creamy white.
The stem is short, sometimes absent, from 8 by 8 mm., to 1 by1.5 cm.
The gills are decurrent to deeply decurrent, creamy, moderately crowded, thin, deep, with margins becoming lacerate.
The spore print is white, becoming creamy.
Microscopic characteristics
The spores are around 9-11 μm by 4-4.5 μm, non-amyloid, thin-walled.
Distribution, habitat & ecology
This mushroom is saprobic on dead wood, preferring Sophora sp., Leptospermum scoparium, Eucalyptus sp., andCordyline australis. It is endemic to New Zealand. The phylogenetic research of Pleurotus genus has classified P. parsonsiae as incertae sedis with regards to clades and intersterility groups.
Human impact
This mushroom is edible and it can be cultivated. Grow kits and cultures are sold in New Zealand as an alternative to illegal invasive species of Pleurotus.
References
Pleurotaceae
Edible fungi
Fungi of New Zealand
Fungi described in 1964
Fungi in cultivation
Fungus species | Pleurotus parsonsiae | [
"Biology"
] | 337 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
73,145,287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Warner%20%28astronomer%29 | Brian Warner (25 May 1939 – 5 May 2023) was a British South African optical astronomer who was Emeritus Distinguished Professor of natural philosophy at the University of Cape Town. Warner's research included cataclysmic variable stars, pulsars, degenerate stars and binary stars. He also researched and published on the history of astronomy in South Africa.
Biography
Early life and education
Warner was born 25 May 1939 in Crawley Down, Sussex, England. His father was a gardener on a country estate and his mother was a charwoman. He didn't pass his eleven-plus exam, failing in mathematics, but was nonetheless admitted to the East Grinstead County Grammar School on the recommendation of his teacher. As a schoolboy he befriended the noted amateur astronomer Patrick Moore who lived nearby in East Grinstead where Warner and his friends would use Moore's telescope.
Warner went to University College London (UCL) in 1958 to study undergraduate astronomy. As a student, he was able to use the University of London Observatory. His first two papers were published in 1960, shortly before he graduated. The first in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association on rilles near the lunar crater Pluto, the second in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on the emission spectra of Venus. Warner remained at UCL for postgraduate studies, completing a PhD in astronomical spectroscopy in 1964 titled Abundances in Late type Stars. His doctoral supervisor was Roy Henry Garstang. For his thesis research he travelled to the Radcliffe Observatory in Pretoria, South Africa, to use the observatory's telescope.
Career
Warner became a postdoctoral researcher at UCL, before being awarded a Radcliffe-Henry Skynner Fellowship at Balliol College, Oxford, though the university didn't have its own observatory. In 1967 he was recruited to the University of Texas at Austin for his experience in spectroscopy. He also worked with his colleagues Ed Nather and David Evans in developing the new field of high-speed photometry for studying variable stars and measuring stellar radii by observing lunar occultations. In 1972 he was recruited as the first professor of astronomy at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and as head of the astronomy department. Nather also moved to UCT to undertake a PhD, with Warner as his doctoral supervisor. From 1981 to 1983, he served as president of the Royal Society of South Africa. Warner was head of the astronomy department until 1999, before formally retiring in 2004 though he continued to undertake research.
Warner died 5 May 2023 aged 83.
Awards and honours
McIntyre Award (1983) of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
The John F.W. Herschel Medal (1988) of the Royal Society of South Africa
South Africa Medal (1989) of the Southern African Association for the Advancement of Science
Gill Medal (1992) of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
Honorary fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (1994)
Honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand (1995)
Science-for-Society Gold Medal (2004) of the Academy of Science of South Africa
Honorary fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa (2008)
Honorary doctorate from the University of Cape Town (2009)
Honorary fellow of University College London (2009)
Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (2009)
Books
Authored
Edited
References
Further reading
1939 births
People from Essex
20th-century British astronomers
South African astronomers
Alumni of University College London
Academics of University College London
Academics of the University of Oxford
University of Texas at Arlington faculty
Academic staff of the University of Cape Town
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of South Africa
Historians of astronomy
2023 deaths | Brian Warner (astronomer) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 723 | [
"People associated with astronomy",
"Historians of astronomy",
"History of astronomy"
] |
73,146,190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20deforestation%20on%20soil%20erosion%20in%20Nigeria | Deforestation in Nigeria can be said to be the process of cutting down trees or clearing forests for either agricultural, commercial, residential, or industrial purposes. In Nigeria, it has become an increasingly important environmental concern as it has adverse effects on the ecosystem, including soil erosion.
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is the process by which soil particles are displaced and transported from one location to another, leaving the underlying soil exposed and vulnerable to further erosion. Soil erosion is the result of natural physical forces, such as water and wind, gradually wearing away the topsoil in a field. This process can be slow and inconspicuous or occur rapidly, leading to significant topsoil loss. Apart from soil erosion, there are other severe soil degradation issues, including soil compaction, reduced organic matter, loss of soil structure, inadequate internal drainage, salinization, and soil acidity problems. Soil erosion, along with its consequences for humanity, presents a formidable challenge that jeopardizes both people and the socioeconomic progress of their surroundings. Addressing and mitigating the impacts of this phenomenon necessitate immediate, swift, and pressing action to pave the way for sustainable development.
Effects of deforestation on soil erosion
Deforestation has numerous impacts on soil erosion, including:
Loss of vegetation cover: When trees are cut down, the vegetation cover that protects the soil from flooding wind, and other erosive forces is lost. This exposes the soil to the atmospheric elements and makes it more susceptible to erosion.
Reduced soil organic matter: Trees and other vegetation contribute to the buildup of organic matter in the soil. When these plants are removed, the organic matter content of the soil decreases, making it less able to hold water and more susceptible to erosion. It is more difficult to raise or maintain levels of biological activity and soil organic matter when human activity is present. It takes consistent work to maintain soil organic matter, including crop rotation and the return of organic resources. Due to quick decomposition, well-aerated soils and warm, humid climates present special challenges. In cold temperate and moist-wet environments, fine-textured soils can sustain organic matter levels with less residue. Tillage and burning are examples of management techniques that can harm soil organisms, resulting in erosion and the loss of organic matter.
Increased runoff: Deforestation leads to an increase in runoff, as water is no longer absorbed by the vegetation and instead runs off the surface of the soil. This increases the erosive power of the water and can lead to the formation of gullies and other erosive features.
Soil compaction: Deforestation can also lead to soil compaction, as heavy machinery is often used to clear the land. Compacted soil is less able to absorb water and is more susceptible to erosion. Compaction of the soil is an essential feature of building because it reduces the air spaces between soil particles, densifying the soil. Because of this, the soils become more compacted and have a larger unit weight, which is necessary for a sturdy working platform. To improve soil density and bearing strength, compaction tools such rammers, pneumatic rollers, padfoot and tamping foot rollers, and smooth rollers are utilized. While padfoot and tamping foot rollers disrupt the natural links between particles for greater compaction, smooth rollers use static pressure, vibration, and impact to compact soil. While rammers are lightweight and portable for tight spaces, pneumatic rollers employ staggered rubber tires with variable air pressure for small to medium-sized soil compaction projects. Depending on the kind of soil being compacted, the appropriate compaction equipment must be used. While coarse-grained soils are granular and cohesive, organic soils are not appropriate for compaction or construction. An important factor in determining the ultimate level of compaction is the equipment selection for a certain type of soil. Because it gives the project a solid functional foundation, soil compaction is an essential step in the construction process. For structural elements like slabs, footings, and foundations, it is imperative to enhance the bearing capacity and stiffness of in-situ (natural state) soil. By rupturing the innate linkages between fine-grained soil particles, padfoot and tamping foot rollers can compact soils with higher cohesive contents. With their staggered rubber tires and variable air pressure, pneumatic rollers are an effective tool for small to medium-sized soil compaction tasks. Particularly for cramped workspaces or tiny locations, tamping rammers are lightweight and portable. Puddles in yards, settling cracks in foundations, and bowing sidewalks are all examples of the detrimental effects of inadequate or incorrect soil compaction. Early soil compacting during construction reduces these impacts and guarantees a sturdy working platform. There are several possibilities for soil compaction equipment, each having advantages of their own.
Loss of biodiversity: Deforestation also leads to a loss of biodiversity, which can have indirect effects on soil erosion. Biodiverse ecosystems are more resilient to environmental stresses, including erosion, and the loss of species can make ecosystems more vulnerable to erosion. Ecologically and economically, biodiversity loss is substantial, especially for species whose populations are declining. A species' long-term existence is threatened by the loss of genes and individuals because fewer partners become available and the likelihood of inbreeding increases when closely related survivors mate. A declining biodiversity lowers the complexity, productivity, and quality of services provided by an ecosystem. The ecology can become unstable and collapse if it loses its ability to bounce back from disruptions. "Ecosystem homogenization" throughout the globe and across areas is another effect of decreased biodiversity. While generalist species and species that people like become important roles in ecosystems vacated by specialist species, specialist species are frequently the most vulnerable to population decreases and extinctison when conditions change. Each ecosystem loses some of its complexity and uniqueness as a result. Common food crops like Cavendish bananas, which are susceptible to Tropical Race (TR) 4, a fusarium wilt fungus that obstructs the flow of water and nutrients, have more obvious economic and societal repercussions. Since 1900, an excessive reliance on crop varieties with high yields has led to the extinction of around 75% of food crops. Lost species indicate missed chances to treat and eradicate illnesses like Chagas disease and malaria. In order to combat biodiversity loss, a combination of economic and governmental policies, as well as ongoing research and outreach, are required. To encourage the preservation of natural environments and shield species inside them from needless harvesting, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the scientific community must collaborate. Other crucial aspects are sustainable development, legislation against poaching and the indiscriminate trade in wildlife, and port inspections of shipping cargo. Governmental cooperation, safeguarding surviving species from overfishing and poaching, and preserving their habitats and ecosystems are all essential to halting the loss of biodiversity.
References
Deforestation
Deforestation in Nigeria
Soil erosion
Soil degradation | Effects of deforestation on soil erosion in Nigeria | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,417 | [
"Soil degradation",
"Environmental soil science"
] |
73,147,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide%20%28docking%29 | Glide is a molecular modeling software for docking of small molecules into proteins and other biopolymers. It was developed by Schrödinger, Inc.
References
Further reading
Molecular modelling software
Computational chemistry software | Glide (docking) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 42 | [
"Molecular modelling software",
"Molecular physics",
"Computational chemistry software",
"Chemistry software",
"Molecular modelling",
"Computational chemistry",
"Molecular physics stubs"
] |
73,148,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDKit | RDKit is open-source toolkit for cheminformatics. It was developed by Greg Landrum with numerous additional contributions from the RDKit open source community. It has an application programming interface (API) for Python, Java, C++, and C#.
References
External links
Python (programming language) scientific libraries
Computational chemistry software | RDKit | [
"Chemistry"
] | 70 | [
"Computational chemistry",
"Computational chemistry software",
"Chemistry software"
] |
73,150,495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxua%20L%C3%B3pez | Uxua López Flamarique (Tafalla, 1983) is a Spanish telecommunications engineer and environmental activist, expert in renewable energy, and a member of an international network of women leaders aiming to build a global collaboration of 10,000 women with backgrounds in STEMM by 2036, an initiative of Homeward Bound.
Biography
López has a degree in Telecommunications Engineering from the Public University of Navarre (UPNA).
She works for Acciona as a telecommunications engineer, in the center which controls approximately 400 renewable energy stations. Having graduated from a program in cyber security, her specialty is managing industrial control systems.
In 2018, López participated in Homeward Bound's Antarctic expedition, an initiative focused on the leadership and empowerment of women in the scientific field, being one of its first Spanish representatives, along with Ana Payo Payo, Alicia Pérez-Porro, and Alexandra Dubini.
Awards and honours
In 2018, she was awarded the (Gold Medal of the Spanish Red Cross) for her participation in the Homeward Bound expedition, and with the (Cross of Carlos III the Noble of Navarra) for her contribution to the promotion and development of solutions to the effects of global warming from scientific research and with a gender perspective.
References
1983 births
Living people
Telecommunications engineers
Spanish environmentalists
Public University of Navarre alumni
People from Tafalla (comarca)
Spanish women engineers
Spanish women activists | Uxua López | [
"Engineering"
] | 281 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Telecommunications engineers"
] |
73,152,104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physisporinus%20yunnanensis | Physisporinus yunnanensis is a species of fungus belonging to the basidiomycetes, in the family Meripilaceae. It was described in early 2023 by Jia Cai. The species was found in Yunnan, China. It is a white rot fungus which forms bone-hard fruiting bodies which bear the basidia.
References
Meripilaceae
Polyporales genera
Fungi described in 2023
Fungus species | Physisporinus yunnanensis | [
"Biology"
] | 86 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
73,152,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20Miamisburg%20train%20derailment | At 4:25 pm on July 8, 1986, a 44 car Baltimore and Ohio railroad freight train, traveling at 45 miles per hour, bound south to Cincinnati, derailed near Miamisburg, Ohio, a small city with an industrial history in Montgomery County, southwest of Dayton. Fifteen of the cars derailed on a bridge; these were tank cars containing yellow phosphorus, molten sulfur and tallow. Carrying a chemical used to make rat poison, fireworks and luminescent coatings, one tank car caught fire. This resulted in emission of an estimated high cloud of phosphorus. A subsequent incident caused the largest train accident-triggered evacuation at the time in the United States. The accident was the second major rail disaster in Miamisburg within an eight-year period. On September 10, 1978, 15 cars of a Conrail train derailed.
Initial response and evacuation
At 7:00 pm city manager Dennis Kissinger declared a state of emergency. Approximately 17,500 people were evacuated from Miamisburg and other Montgomery County locales, including West Carrollton, Moraine and Jefferson Township. Seven hospitals in the area treated approximately 140 people for minor injuries such as eye, lung and skin irritation.
Ron Parker, the city director of development said that the fire department indicated that the fire from the tankcar with the phosphorus was extinguished shortly after 10:00 pm. However, he said that three other freight cars were continuing to burn. The first of the evacuees returned to Moraine beginning at 10:00 pm that same evening.
Governor Dick Celeste came to Miamisburg that evening to speak with area officials.
Second rupture and evacuation
By the following night, Wednesday, July 9, residents returned home. Firefighters continued their efforts to end the fires. A portion of the bridge broke, a car shifted, was punctured, and again phosphorus was ignited, sending out more smoke. The Associated Press reported that in a few hours 25,000 to 40,000 people evacuated from the vicinity in a second evacuation, at that time, the largest evacuation in U.S. history from a train accident according to William E. Loftus, executive director of the Federal Railroad Administration. People were evacuated from all of Miamisburg, parts of West Carrolton, Moraine, Miami Township, Germantown, German Township and Washington Township. This was also the largest evacuation in Ohio history.
Initially attempts were made to use the University of Dayton Arena, however, it did not have sufficient air conditioning. Evacuees were sheltered at various schools and the Dayton Convention Center.
In the coming days, the area was split into different zones, varying by danger: a Caution Zone, an Irritant Zone and a Restricted Zone. Residents were allowed to go to the first two zones; access to the third zone was prohibited without authorization.
By July 10, winds were no longer blowing dangerous substances and people were allowed to return to their homes, with the exception of two square miles in Miamisburg. The 300 families were restricted from that section, many housed at the city's high school.
Parker said that while the fire was burning the city would try to dam Bear Creek in order to prevent the chemicals from spreading to the Great Miami River, a major source of drinking water.
Firefighters from Dayton Fire Department, along with those from Miamisburg, Miami and Washington Townships for the fire for five days, around the clock. Owing to the risk of eye irritation firefighters in teams of 15 firefighters alternating their active firefighting.
Throughout the period, in spite of efforts of firefighters, the fire at the accident site burned for days. The fire was not completely exhausted until July 12.
Responses
Senators John Glenn (Dem.) and Howard Metzenbaum (Dem.) asked president Ronald Reagan to order an investigation as to the accident's cause and the nation's policy for transporting hazardous substances.
Gov. Celeste created the Ohio Hazardous Substance Emergency Team (OHSET) to investigate the derailment and to provide recommendations for improving protection of Ohio's citizens from threats from hazardous substances. On the conclusion of OHSET's investigation, on September 29, 1986, OHSET recommended the passing of legislation to fill in existing gaps in current regulations. The Cincinnati City Council on June 3, 1987, issued a resolution, stating it "urges the 117th General Assembly to enact H.R. 428, regulating the transportation of hazardous substances by truck and rail in Ohio, by requiring data concerning the specific nature of transported hazardous substances, prenotification of their transportation, advance route assessment, and providing for training for proper handling of said substance."
Several class action lawsuits were filed. Already by July 10, a $200 million class action lawsuit was filed for four individuals. Eventually, in total, $450 million ($1,229,465,700 in 2023 dollars) in lawsuits were filed.
See also
List of American railroad accidents
List of rail accidents (1980-1989)
East Palestine train derailment (2023), a Norfolk Southern derailment of several tank cars carrying hazardous chemicals; subsequently a controlled burn of several cars was ordered to prevent multiple explosions
Farragut derailment (2002), a Norfolk Southern derailment which caused release of hazardous chemicals
Graniteville train crash (2005), two Norfolk Southern freight trains collided, releasing toxic chlorine gas which killed 10 and injured 250 others
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
Lac-Mégantic rail disaster (2013), a MMA Railway freight train carrying crude oil derailed, resulting in an explosion which killed 47
Mississauga train derailment (1979), a CP Rail freight train derailed, releasing hazardous chemicals
Nemadji River train derailment (1992), a Burlington Northern freight train derailed, releasing nearly 22,000 gallons of liquid benzene into the Nemadji River and toxic emissions into the air
Weyauwega, Wisconsin, derailment (1996), a Wisconsin Central Ltd. freight train derailed, releasing hazardous chemicals
References
1986 disasters in the United States
Train derailment
Miamisburg train derailment
Miamisburg train derailment
Miamisburg train derailment
Accidents and incidents involving Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Derailments in the United States
Chemical disasters
Environmental disasters in the United States
Evacuations
Miamisburg, Ohio
Montgomery County, Ohio | 1986 Miamisburg train derailment | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,268 | [
"Chemical accident",
"Chemical disasters"
] |
73,153,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence%20module | A persistence module is a mathematical structure in persistent homology and topological data analysis that formally captures the persistence of topological features of an object across a range of scale parameters. A persistence module often consists of a collection of homology groups (or vector spaces if using field coefficients) corresponding to a filtration of topological spaces, and a collection of linear maps induced by the inclusions of the filtration. The concept of a persistence module was first introduced in 2005 as an application of graded modules over polynomial rings, thus importing well-developed algebraic ideas from classical commutative algebra theory to the setting of persistent homology. Since then, persistence modules have been one of the primary algebraic structures studied in the field of applied topology.
Definition
Single Parameter Persistence Modules
Let be a totally ordered set and let be a field. The set is sometimes called the indexing set. Then a single-parameter persistence module is a functor from the poset category of to the category of vector spaces over and linear maps. A single-parameter persistence module indexed by a discrete poset such as the integers can be represented intuitively as a diagram of spaces: To emphasize the indexing set being used, a persistence module indexed by is sometimes called a -persistence module, or simply a -module. Common choices of indexing sets include , etc.
One can alternatively use a set-theoretic definition of a persistence module that is equivalent to the categorical viewpoint: A persistence module is a pair where is a collection of -vector spaces and is a collection of linear maps where for each , such that for any (i.e., all the maps commute).
Multiparameter Persistence Modules
Let be a product of totally ordered sets, i.e., for some totally ordered sets . Then by endowing with the product partial order given by only if for all , we can define a multiparameter persistence module indexed by as a functor . This is a generalization of single-parameter persistence modules, and in particular, this agrees with the single-parameter definition when .
In this case, a -persistence module is referred to as an -dimensional or -parameter persistence module, or simply a multiparameter or multidimensional module if the number of parameters is already clear from context.
Multidimensional persistence modules were first introduced in 2009 by Carlsson and Zomorodian. Since then, there has been a significant amount of research into the theory and practice of working with multidimensional modules, since they provide more structure for studying the shape of data. Namely, multiparameter modules can have greater density sensitivity and robustness to outliers than single-parameter modules, making them a potentially useful tool for data analysis.
One downside of multiparameter persistence is its inherent complexity. This makes performing computations related to multiparameter persistence modules difficult. In the worst case, the computational complexity of multidimensional persistent homology is exponential.
The most common way to measure the similarity of two multiparameter persistence modules is using the interleaving distance, which is an extension of the bottleneck distance.
Examples
Homology Modules
When using homology with coefficients in a field, a homology group has the structure of a vector space. Therefore, given a filtration of spaces , by applying the homology functor at each index we obtain a persistence module for each called the (th-dimensional) homology module of . The vector spaces of the homology module can be defined index-wise as for all , and the linear maps are induced by the inclusion maps of .
Homology modules are the most ubiquitous examples of persistence modules, as they encode information about the number and scale of topological features of an object (usually derived from building a filtration on a point cloud) in a purely algebraic structure, thus making understanding the shape of the data amenable to algebraic techniques, imported from well-developed areas of mathematics such as commutative algebra and representation theory.
Interval Modules
A primary concern in the study of persistence modules is whether modules can be decomposed into "simpler pieces", roughly speaking. In particular, it is algebraically and computationally convenient if a persistence module can be expressed as a direct sum of smaller modules known as interval modules.
Let be a nonempty subset of a poset . Then is an interval in if
For every if then
For every there is a sequence of elements such that , , and are comparable for all .
Now given an interval we can define a persistence module index-wise as follows:
; .
The module is called an interval module.
Free Modules
Let . Then we can define a persistence module with respect to where the spaces are given by
, and the maps defined via .
Then is known as a free (persistence) module.
One can also define a free module in terms of decomposition into interval modules. For each define the interval , sometimes called a "free interval." Then a persistence module is a free module if there exists a multiset such that . In other words, a module is a free module if it can be decomposed as a direct sum of free interval modules.
Properties
Finite Type Conditions
A persistence module indexed over is said to be of finite type if the following conditions hold for all :
Each vector space is finite-dimensional.
There exists an integer such that the map is an isomorphism for all .
If satisfies the first condition, then is commonly said to be pointwise finite-dimensional (p.f.d.). The notion of pointwise finite-dimensionality immediately extends to arbitrary indexing sets.
The definition of finite type can also be adapted to continuous indexing sets. Namely, a module indexed over is of finite type if is p.f.d., and contains a finite number of unique vector spaces. Formally speaking, this requires that for all but a finite number of points there is a neighborhood of such that for all , and also that there is some such that for all . A module satisfying only the former property is sometimes labeled essentially discrete, whereas a module satisfying both properties is known as essentially finite.
An -persistence module is said to be semicontinuous if for any and any sufficiently close to , the map is an isomorphism. Note that this condition is redundant if the other finite type conditions above are satisfied, so it is not typically included in the definition, but is relevant in certain circumstances.
Structure Theorem
One of the primary goals in the study of persistence modules is to classify modules according to their decomposability into interval modules. A persistence module that admits a decomposition as a direct sum of interval modules is often simply called "interval decomposable." One of the primary results in this direction is that any p.f.d. persistence module indexed over a totally ordered set is interval decomposable. This is sometimes referred to as the "structure theorem for persistence modules."
The case when is finite is a straightforward application of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain. For modules indexed over , the first known proof of the structure theorem is due to Webb. The theorem was extended to the case of (or any totally ordered set containing a countable subset that is dense in with the order topology) by Crawley-Boevey in 2015. The generalized version of the structure theorem, i.e., for p.f.d. modules indexed over arbitrary totally ordered sets, was established by Botnan and Crawley-Boevey in 2019.
References
Commutative algebra
Representation theory
Computational topology
Homological algebra
Data analysis | Persistence module | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,534 | [
"Computational topology",
"Mathematical structures",
"Computational mathematics",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Category theory",
"Representation theory",
"Commutative algebra",
"Homological algebra"
] |
67,396,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patera%20Building | The Patera Building prototype, a significant example of British high-tech architecture, was manufactured in Stoke-on-Trent in 1982 by Patera Products Ltd. In 1980, Michael Hopkins architects and Anthony Hunt Associates engineers were instructed by LIH (Properties) Ltd to design a relocatable building 216 square metres in size.
Longton Industrial Holdings Plc (LIH), an industrial group based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, commissioned designs for an “off the peg” relocatable industrial building made from steel. They sought to expand their interests in steel fabrication, intending to sell the buildings as a product. The Patera Products Ltd factory where the Patera buildings were made and where the first two were erected was in Victoria Road, Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
Clarification
This article traces the history of the prototype Patera Building completed in 1982 under the ownership and direction of Longton Industrial Holdings Plc through their wholly-owned subsidiary companies LIH (Properties) Ltd, and Patera Products Ltd. The article does not cover 'Patera Building System' (a later development of the Patera concept using several of the fabrication techniques such as the innovative panels, but with alternative traditional structural frames). The article does not cover the period during which the Patera concept was promoted under a trading name 'Patera Products' ('Patera Products' was an acquired name, unrelated to the original company Patera Products Ltd), nor during the period in which the Patera concept was promoted under the trading name of Patera Engineering Ltd (established 1988) also an acquired name. Patera Engineering Ltd did not manufacture any Patera Buildings.
History
The first prototype Patera Building was manufactured by Patera Products Ltd in 1982 by a workforce of experienced hands-on engineers and craftsmen drawn from industries in the area then in decline such as coal-mining. As almost every component was designed anew for the prototype, a high degree of accuracy was required as these prototype components formed a standard model to which future components were manufactured. The idea of the Patera project was to supply a factory finished industrial workshop. The buildings were standardised, 18m long by 12m wide, with an internal height of 3.85m throughout. They were fully finished in the factory ready for bolting together at the desired location. Three men with a forklift truck could erect one in a matter of days. It was seen in the context of vehicle or boatbuilding technologies in terms of its light weight construction. Each building needed a reinforced concrete raft slab as a base to which the structure was fixed using specially designed steel castings. All the buildings' services — power, telephone cabling, water, etc. — were distributed within the depth of the building envelope.
To support panels struck by automotive industry hydraulic presses, constituent parts of the Patera Building structure were pin-jointed for ease of handling and assembly. At the centres of the spans of the frames were unique 'tension-only' links — special fittings able to respond to varying structural loads. Under normal conditions the structure acted as a three-pin arch. In other conditions, such as wind up-lift, it acted as a rigid frame. This innovation meant that very slender lightweight steel tubes could be used for the portal frame trusses. The 'Patera Building Stoke-on-Trent for Longton Industrial Holdings (Properties) Ltd' received a commendation in the British Constructional Steelwork Association's Structural Steel Design Awards 1983, sponsored by the British Steel Corporation and the British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. The Judges' Comments: 'The creative thought that lies behind this design breaks new ground in the excellence of its parts and their skilful integration in the making of a architectural whole. It is a delight to see such innovation and care being applied to the production of precisely fabricated, economical, small buildings.'
Use of reclaimed land
The Berry Hill area of Stoke-on-Trent had a history of coal mining and brick-making. The Patera Building prototype was built on drained and reclaimed land there, circumstances that informed the design - requiring lightness of weight and raft foundations. In the 1960s visionary architect Cedric Price had proposed a Potteries Thinkbelt design which sought to make use of decommissioned railway routes following the Beeching Cuts and the scarred landscape of coal mining to provide linked learning centres for a technical industry-based curriculum. The first design studies for the Patera project in 1981 were for a managed industrial estate consisting of thirty or so standard Patera Buildings sited at the former Mossfield colliery in Longton Stoke-on-Trent.
Structural innovation
Anthony Hunt Associates devised an all-steel light weight structure, a hybrid three pin arch. Made in easily transportable component form, once assembled it offered significant advantages:
The elimination of cross-bracing elements to the roof and wall trusses
The use of panel assemblies as a diaphragm to prevent buckling of lower (innermost) truss boom during compression
Introduction of a 'tension-only' link at midspan to prevent outer roof truss booms from buckling under compression
Use of line bracing and secondary high tensile steel cross-bracing at the knee-joint position to prevent 'flipping' of structure under certain wind-loading
Introduction of steel castings for ease of fabrication of pin joint connections
Development of distinctive cast steel base plates to allow structural bolted connection to flat concrete slab base
Wind loading analysis which allowed use anywhere within the UK mainland and climates where a similar pattern of wind speeds might prevail.
Innovation in manufacturing techniques
With steel panels pressed and factory finished rather than being cold-rolled, and with all components accurately sized and with their fixings prepositioned, the following advantages ensued:
All components sized to fit efficiently within a standard 40 ft shipping container
Ease of site assembly
Interchangeable components within a single building or between others, allowed flexibility of layout and use
Standard buildings made available ex stock
Fully finished externally and internally
Services such as power, water and communications routed within building shell
Commercial implementation
The Patera Building was launched in November 1981 at "Interbuild" a building exhibition at the National Exhibition Centre (NEC) Birmingham, with the wording: Patera Building A new concept in building design to provide efficient working units which combine good looks with engineering quality at sensible prices.
The first two buildings were erected at the site adjacent to the Patera Products Ltd factory in Stoke-on-Trent where they stayed in place for some two years. They were used as demonstration buildings, part of the marketing of the project. Sites where other buildings were erected include Barrow-in-Furness, Canary Wharf and the Royal Docks in London. LIH Plc were proud to have hosted a Royal visit by Duke of Gloucester, an architect himself, during which he was shown around the workshops and the buildings.
1984-85: After the manufacturing company Patera Products Ltd was closed down, the two stock buildings, that is the prototype and another similarly sized building, were each extended from five bays to six and moved to London's Canary Wharf to be used as BT exhibition space provided by London Docklands Development Corporation. Neighbours were the now demolished Limehouse TV Studios and the giant dishes of a satellite receiving station established for improved business communication. The site was on the late 1980s route of the London Marathon between, the fifteenth and sixteenth mile marks.
In 1989, to make way for the much heralded high rise commercial developed planned for Canary Wharf, Limehouse TV Studios was compulsorily purchased and demolished, and one of the two Patera Buildings (the original prototype) was moved to its third location on Albert Island. It was until recently used as a workshop on a boat repair yard and marina by Gallions Point Marina Ltd.; the company faced eviction from the site in October 2018 to make way for development of the Royal Docks Enterprise Zone. The other, the second-ever standard Patera Building, was moved from its Canary Wharf site in c1989 to become a part of the LDDC temporary offices adjacent to the Docklands Light Railway close to Royal Victoria Dock.
Future
Through a multi-agency initiative led by Twentieth Century Society, application was made to Historic England for the building to be listed. If the application had been successful, the Docklands Patera Building would have been carefully stabilised, conserved and moved once more to make way for development in the London Royal Docks Enterprise Zone. Interested parties associated with the listing process have accepted that the Docklands Patera Building is in fact the original 1982 prototype manufactured and first assembled in Stoke-on-Trent. Dismantlement of the building in its Albert Island location started in Autumn 2021, but then for over a year, the building was left in a semi-dismantled state pending the decision, made in April 2022, not to list the building. Further, requests made to DCMS for a review of the Historic England decision were denied in October 2022 leaving the decision (not to list) to stand.
References
High-tech architecture
Prefabricated buildings
1980s architecture | Patera Building | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,824 | [
"Building engineering",
"Prefabricated buildings"
] |
67,399,427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-296b | K2-296b (more commonly referred to as EPIC 201238110 b) is a potentially habitable planet discovered by Heller et al. in 2019, orbiting the M-dwarf star EPIC 201238110.
Habitability
K2-296b's orbit, which has a semi-major axis of , is located in the habitable zone of the planetary system, meaning liquid water could exist on its surface. Its equilibrium temperature is estimated at . The planet is likely tidally locked to its parent star. The Habitable Worlds Catalog, issued by the Planetary Habitability Laboratory, classes the planet as a warm superterran, near the inner edge of the optimistic habitable zone.
Host star
The host star, EPIC 201238110, is a red dwarf with a mass of 0.41 and a radius of 0.37 . It has a surface temperature of 3588 K or 3772 K, and a luminosity of 0.0254 . There is another transiting candidate planet in the system called EPIC 201238110 c, which, if confirmed, would be a hot (427 K) mini-Neptune with a radius of 2.76 and a mass of 8.0 , revolving around the star once every 7.9 days at a distance of .
References
Exoplanets discovered by K2
Exoplanets discovered in 2019
Exoplanets in the habitable zone
Transiting exoplanets | K2-296b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 296 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astrobiology stubs"
] |
67,400,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20corals%20of%20the%20Solomon%20Islands | This is a list of corals of the Solomon Islands. The baseline survey of marine biodiversity in the Solomon Islands that was carried out in 2004, found 474 species of corals in the Solomons as well as nine species which could be new to science. This is the second highest diversity of corals in the World, second only to the Raja Ampat Islands in eastern Indonesia.
The baseline survey (published in 2006) identified the following coral varieties as being present in the Solomons:
References
Coral reefs
Geography of the Solomon Islands
Corals of the Solomon Islands | List of corals of the Solomon Islands | [
"Biology"
] | 114 | [
"Biogeomorphology",
"Coral reefs"
] |
67,401,187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeremia%20exigua | Boeremia exigua is the type species of the fungus genus, Boeremia, in the Didymellaceae family. It was first described as Phoma exigua by John Baptiste Henri Joseph Desmazières in 1849, and transferred to the genus, Boeremia, by M.M. Aveskamp, J. de Gruyter, J.H.C. Woudenberg, G.J.M. Verkley and P.W. Crous in 2010.
Desmazières describes the species as occurring on stems and dried leaves, with two varieties: one of which is found on the stems and leaves of a Polygonum species, and the other on the stems and leaves of Ranunculus.
It causes wet weather blight in cotton and it can be treated with systemic copper.
Varieties
Phoma exigua var. exigua
Phoma exigua var. foveata
Phoma exigua var. heteromorpha
Phoma exigua var. linicola
Phoma exigua var. solanicola
References
External links
Boeremia exigua occurrence data and images from GBIF
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Pleosporales
Taxa named by John Baptiste Henri Joseph Desmazières
Fungi described in 1849
Fungus species | Boeremia exigua | [
"Biology"
] | 264 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
67,401,338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20Xperia%201%20III | The Sony Xperia 1 III is an Android smartphone manufactured by Sony. Designed to be the new flagship of Sony's Xperia series, the phone was announced along with the compact flagship Xperia 5 III and the mid-range Xperia 10 III on April 14, 2021.
Design
The Xperia 1 III improves on the design used on its predecessor, the Xperia 1 II. It now features a matte frame and slightly smaller bezels all around. The phone has Corning Gorilla Glass Victus protection on the front and Corning Gorilla Glass 6 on the back with a frosted glass finish as well as IP65 and IP68 certifications for water resistance. The build has a pair of symmetrical bezels on the top and the bottom, where the front-facing dual stereo speakers and the front camera are placed. The left side of the phone contains the SIM card tray and microSD card slot, while the right side contains a fingerprint reader embedded into the power button, a volume rocker, a customisable shortcut button, and a shutter button with an embossed finish. The rear cameras are arranged in a vertical strip like its predecessor. The phone will be available in three colors: Frosted Black, Frosted Gray, and Frosted Purple.
Specifications
Hardware
The Xperia 1 III has a Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 SoC and an Adreno 660 GPU, accompanied by 12GB of RAM, 256 GB storage space (which can be expanded up to 1 TB via the microSD card slot), and single/dual-hybrid nano-SIM card slot depending on region. The phone features a 21:9, world's first CinemaWide 4K HDR 10-bit 120Hz OLED display in a smartphone. The touch sampling rate is 240 Hz. The phone has a 4500 mAh battery, and supports 30W Fast Charging alongside Qi wireless charging with reverse wireless charging support. The phone has front-facing dual stereo speakers with support for 360 Reality Audio, which Sony claims is now 40% louder than the predecessor. There is also a 3.5 mm audio jack up top just like its predecessor.
The Japanese carrier and SIM-unlocked versions of the Xperia 1 III support the Japanese mobile payment standard Osaifu-Keitai in conjunction with the Sony-developed mobile smart card standard Mobile FeliCa as well as regular NFC, however, unlike the vast majority of carrier-branded flagship Android phones sold in Japan up to that point, the Xperia 1 III does not support the 1seg mobile television standard.
Camera
The phone has a triple 12 MP camera setup and a 3D iToF sensor on the back, and an 8 MP camera on the front. The rear cameras comprise the main lens (24 mm f/1.7), the ultra wide angle lens (16 mm f/2.2), and the world's first variable periscope telephoto lens that can switch between 70mm and 105mm; all of which use ZEISS' T✻ (T-Star) anti-reflective coating. Digital zoom can now reach the equivalent of 300mm, compared to 200mm on the Xperia 1 II and 5 II with a new enhanced algorithm which Sony calls "AI super resolution zoom". The phone still has support for 4K video recording for up to 120 FPS and 2K for up to 120 FPS like its predecessor. Sony introduced "Realtime Tracking" which now allows users to tap on a subject and have the phone continuously track it without ever losing focus of what is important.
Software
The Xperia 1 III runs on Android 11. It is also equipped with a "Photo Pro" mode developed by Sony's camera division α (Alpha) and a "Cinema Pro" mode developed by Sony's cinematography division CineAlta, just like its predecessor. The old camera app has been integrated with "Photo Pro" and was renamed as "Basic Mode".Updates are provided for two years..
Color
Reception
The Xperia 1 III has been described by Engadget as a "love letter to photography nerds" because of its camera features.
Notes
References
Android (operating system) devices
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Sony smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2021
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording | Sony Xperia 1 III | [
"Technology"
] | 876 | [
"Discontinued flagship smartphones",
"Flagship smartphones"
] |
67,401,743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence%20cloth | Silence cloth is a heavy cotton fabric that is napped from both sides. It is a pad (as of flannel or felt) that is laid under the tablecloth on the dining table to quiet or prevent the clatter of dishes against the table.
Use
Silence cloth works as padding or a liner underneath the tablecloth. Silence cloth helps make the table silent, cushioning soft, luxurious, and formal, more presentable. It stops the dishes' noise, and it also prevents the table from scratches caused by plates and cutlery.
See also
Tablecloth
References
Linens
Tableware | Silence cloth | [
"Physics"
] | 121 | [
"Materials stubs",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
67,402,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvimbo%20Samanga | Ruvimbo Samanga is a Space Policy Analyst and sits on the Board of the Space Arbitration Assocciation. Ruvimbo has supported a number of international initiatives in policy, business, outreach, and education geared towards the advancement of space and satellite applications for sustainable development. She currently serves as an Ambassador for the MILO Space Science Institute, and previously served a 2-year term as the National Point of Contact for Zimbabwe in the Space Generation Advisory Council, the latter which is in support of the United Nations Program on Space Applications.
Early life and education
Ruvimbo was born and brought up in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. She completed her primary school education at Whitestone Primary School, and her secondary education at Dominican Convent Highschool, Bulawayo. She was enthusiastic about arts, culture, and sports throughout, particularly honing strengths in literature, swimming, and tennis.
Career
An early go-getter, Ruvimbo’s written and spoken abilities naturally lead her towards a career in law. Ruvimbo completed her Bachelor of Arts in Law, her Bachelor of Laws, and her Master of Law in Trade & Investment Law in Africa. At University she participated in moot court and was part of the first team from Africa to win the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition in 2018. She was inducted into the Golden Key Honours Society in 2015 for her academic excellence, and later inducted into the Golden Key Honorary Membership in 2020, for her outstanding leadership, academics, and community service.
Shortly after this, Ruvimbo began her tentative career as a Policy Analyst, working on a full-time and freelance basis with various organisations including Space in Africa, the Open Society Initiative in Southern Africa, and the Open Lunar Foundation, amongst other regional and international organisations.
Awards
She has received numerous recognitions throughout her career, notably:
Zimbabwe Achievers Award – In the category Young Achiever of the Year 2019
Space in Africa – Top 10 Under 30 in the African Space Industry 2019
Space Generation Advisory Council – African Space Leaders Award 2020
International Astronautical Federation – Emerging Space Leaders Award 2021
International Astronautical Federation – Young Space Leaders Award 2022
She has received and supported the following scholarships:
Ban Ki-Moon Global Citizen Scholarship
Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders.
Mandela Rhodes Scholarship.
She is affiliated with or has served with the following programs:
Rotary International – Interact President (2013, Founding Rotaract President (2014-2015)
Space Generation Advisory Council National Point of Contact 2019-2021
Karman Project – Karman Pioneer 2023
Ruvimbo is a firm advocate for sustainable development through technology, collaboration and the common understanding of our humanness. She hopes to inspire the youth and women especially to persevere despite hardship.
See also
International Astronautical Federation
Space Generation Advisory Council
Simonetta Di Pippo
Temidayo Isaiah Oniosun
References
External links
https://ruvimbosamanga.com/
Zimbabwean women lawyers
Living people
1995 births
21st-century Zimbabwean lawyers
Space law
21st-century women lawyers | Ruvimbo Samanga | [
"Astronomy"
] | 607 | [
"Space law",
"Outer space"
] |
67,402,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-commerce | Q-commerce, also referred to as quick commerce, is a type of e-commerce where emphasis is on quick deliveries, typically in less than an hour. Q-commerce originally started with food delivery and it still represents the largest chunk of the business. It has quickly expanded to other categories particularly for grocery delivery, medicines, gifts, and apparel etc.
In early 2020, the restrictions imposed due to COVID-19 pandemic began to give a major boost to q-commerce as it allowed retailers to remain operational via quick home deliveries. At the time, it was speculated that prolonged restrictions would result in a long-term consumer behavior shift towards quick deliveries, establishing q-commerce as "the third generation of commerce". However, as pandemic restrictions began to lift and a burgeoning cost of living crisis made paying higher prices for rapid delivery less sustainable, demand for q-commerce in many parts of the world waned, causing businesses to downsize or fold altogether.
Companies in q-commerce include Chaldal, Meituan, Gojek, Grab, Delivery Hero, Glovo, BigBasket, Blinkit, Swiggy, Rappi, GoPuff, Instacart, Zepto and Postmates.
History
Grofers made its first pivot in 2013 with its 90-minute delivery concept leading to modern Q-commerce concept.
Deliveries of necessities are intended to be provided as quickly as possible; they can occasionally arrive in a matter of minutes. Initially, delivery time hovered around 60 minutes but by 2019 several companies started local warehouses (cloud stores or dark stores) to drive delivery times down towards 20 minutes. The quick commerce delivery time as of 2025 in India is under 10-minute.
Global trends
The rapidly growing category offers a large selection of products at any time of day and in particular targets single-person households. It is currently estimated that the Q-commerce market is $300 million and is expected to grow 10 to 15 times over the next five years to touch $5 billion.
From 2023, Q-commerce orders in India increased, and they made up about 40% to 50% of the country's e-grocery expenditures in 2024. With delivery times of less than ten minutes, Q-commerce purchases in India now include the selling of high-end goods like the most recent iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Plus. Approximately 55% of festive orders placed in India in 2024 are placed by first-time customers on Q-commerce.
References
E-commerce | Q-commerce | [
"Technology"
] | 515 | [
"Information technology",
"E-commerce"
] |
67,403,790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula%20pallidula | Russula pallidula is a species of agaric fungus in the family Russulaceae native to southern China.
References
pallidula
Fungi described in 2019
Fungi of China
Fungus species | Russula pallidula | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
67,404,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204221 | NGC 4221 is a barred lenticular galaxy located about 75.9 million light-years (23.28 megaparsecs) away in the constellation of Draco. It was discovered on April 3, 1832, by the astronomer John Herschel. NGC 4221 is notable for having an outer ring that surrounds the inner barred central region of the galaxy.
Group Membership
NGC 4221 is a member of the NGC 4256 Group, which lies in the upper plane of the Virgo Supercluster.
See also
List of NGC objects (4001–5000)
NGC 2859 - similar looking galaxy
References
External links
Draco (constellation)
4221
Barred lenticular galaxies
039266
7288
Ring galaxies
Virgo Supercluster | NGC 4221 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 152 | [
"Constellations",
"Draco (constellation)"
] |
67,404,112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorna%20%28sculpture%29 | Dorna is a sculpture created by the Spanish artist Xaime Quesada, located in Pontevedra (Spain). It is also known as Tribute to the pilgrimage way to Santiago de Compostela and is currently in Gorgullón Street on the Portuguese Way opposite the Vialia shopping centre.
History
In 2001, the redevelopment of Uruguay Avenue and the southern bank of the Lérez River, which the Spanish Ministry of Public Works had undertaken in the city, was completed.
As a highlight of the project, a large roundabout was created on Uruguay Avenue at the entrance to the Burgo Bridge and it was decided to install a monument commemorating the passage of the Portuguese pilgrimage way to Santiago de Compostela through this strategic point of the city.
The sculpture was commissioned to the Ourense artist Xaime Quesada and was inaugurated on 20 August 2001.
The section of Uruguay Avenue where the Burgo roundabout was located was redesigned a few years after the sculpture was installed, in October 2006. The roundabout was removed and some of the elements of the sculpture were lost, including the pond and the lighting, as the sculpture was designed to rest on a body of water.
Description
The sculpture was designed to represent Galicia as a land of water, light and wind. It is a tribute to the Way of St. James, conceived in the form of the ancient Galician dornas, the sail unfurled in the wind.
It is a cast iron dorna, a typical fishing boat from the Rías Bajas, with its bow pointing towards Santiago de Compostela, the destination of the pilgrimage route, with the sail powered by the wind to create dynamism.
The dorna emphasises the maritime character of Pontevedra and its relationship with the sea, and symbolises the pilgrim who makes the journey to Santiago de Compostela.
The roundabout for which the work was designed had a pond surrounding the sculpture of water and was illuminated by a tinted water effect. The author used cast iron as a material, associating it with the idea that its self rusting makes it eternal like the pilgrimage way.
Gallery
See also
The Portuguese Way
Teucer statue
Tertulia Monument (Literary Circle in Modern Coffee)
The Fiel contraste
Valle-Inclán statue
References
External links
on the website Guía Repsol Pontevedra
Pontevedra
Spanish sculpture
Colossal statues
Cast-iron sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Pontevedra
Sculptures in Spain
21st-century sculptures
Tourist attractions in Galicia (Spain)
Sculptures in Pontevedra
Monuments and memorials in Pontevedra
Monuments and memorials in Galicia (Spain) | Dorna (sculpture) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 523 | [
"Quantity",
"Colossal statues",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
67,405,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenopeltella%20rangiferinae | Lichenopeltella rangiferinae is a species of fungus belonging to the class Dothideomycetes.
Distribution
It was discovered growing on Cladonia rangiferina in Hrútey near Blönduós, Iceland and subsequently described as new to science in 2011.
References
Dothideomycetes
Fungi described in 2011
Fungi of Iceland
Fungus species | Lichenopeltella rangiferinae | [
"Biology"
] | 71 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
67,406,028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenopeltella%20santessonii | Lichenopeltella santessonii is a species of lichenicolous fungus belonging to the class Dothideomycetes. It was first formally described as a new species of Micropeltopsis in 1990 by mycologists Paul Kirk and Brian Spooner. The specific epithet honours Swedish lichenologist Rolf Santesson, who collected the type specimen in Sala Municipality, Sweden, where it was growing on the foliose lichen Peltigera canina. Santesson transferred the taxon to the genus Lichenopeltella in 1993.
It has only been reported from a few countries in the northern hemisphere and is considered to be a rare species. It is known to grow on the lichen Peltigera aphthosa near Svartifoss in Iceland.
References
Microthyriales
Fungi described in 1990
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of Iceland
Lichenicolous fungi
Fungus species | Lichenopeltella santessonii | [
"Biology"
] | 187 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
67,406,938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobotrys | Chlorobotrys is a genus of algae belonging to the family Chlorobotryaceae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe.
Species:
Chlorobotrys regularis (W.West) Bohlin, 1901
References
Ochrophyta
Ochrophyte genera | Chlorobotrys | [
"Biology"
] | 62 | [
"Ochrophyta",
"Algae",
"Algae stubs"
] |
67,407,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloclamide | Alloclamide (Pectex, Tuselin) is an antitussive and antihistamine drug marketed in Finland and Spain. It has never been marketed in the US.
It is sold as an oral solution, containing 6.25 mg/mL alloclamide. The recommended dosage for adults is 25 mg three to four times daily. Adverse effects include constipation and sedation.
References
Antitussives
Antihistamines
Diethylamino compounds
Chlorobenzene derivatives
Benzamides | Alloclamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 110 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
67,407,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characiopsidaceae | Characiopsidaceae is a family of algae belonging to the order Mischococcales.
Selected genera:
Characidiopsis Pascher
Characiopsis Borzì
Chlorothecium Borzì
References
Xanthophyceae
Ochrophyte families | Characiopsidaceae | [
"Biology"
] | 56 | [
"Algae stubs",
"Algae"
] |
67,407,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciela%20Gelmini | Graciela Beatriz Gelmini is a theoretical physicist who specializes in astroparticle physics. She is a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and became a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2004.
Early life and career
Gelmini received her Ph.D. from the National University of La Plata in 1981. Her doctoral advisors were Roberto Peccei and Carlos A. Garcia Canal.
Upon graduation, Gelmini worked at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany for a few years before moving to the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Italy at around 1982. During this time, she was based at CERN in Switzerland. Gelmini was also affiliated with the Lyman Laboratory of Physics at Harvard University and the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago between 1986 and 1988.
In November 1989, Gelmini joined UCLA as a faculty member and has been there ever since.
Scientific contributions
In November 2007, Gelmini was part of a team that analyzed data from the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina and discovered high-energy particles that made it to Earth from nearby black holes.
Publications
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
National University of La Plata alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Theoretical physicists
Particle physicists
Living people
People associated with CERN | Graciela Gelmini | [
"Physics"
] | 264 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Theoretical physicists",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physicists"
] |
67,408,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium%28III%29%20bromide | Actinium(III) bromide is a radioactive white crystalline solid that is a salt of actinium. It is prepared by reacting actinium(III) oxide with aluminium bromide at 750 °C.
Reactions
When treated with a mixture of gaseous ammonia and water vapor at 500°C, it turns into actinium oxybromide.
References
Actinium compounds
Bromides
Actinide halides | Actinium(III) bromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 82 | [
"Bromides",
"Salts",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
68,762,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theranautilus | Theranautilus, is an Indian private, deep-tech, nanotechnology and healthcare company, headquartered in Bangalore, India. The company was established in 2020. The company was initially a lab spin-off from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Theranautilus’s device can be used to guide the nanorobots to their targets deep inside the dentinal tubules. Once the nanorobots reach the bacterial infestation site, they can be remotely activated to deploy their antibacterial mechanism. This novel solution minimizes root canal failure, which currently afflicts up to 14-16% of the millions of root canal treatment procedures performed every year globally.
They were awarded the National award under Technology Start-up category by the Government of India.
Theranautilus was also ranked amongst the "Top 10 med-tech companies solving real health challenges" by the Board of Innovation
References
Nanotechnology companies | Theranautilus | [
"Materials_science"
] | 190 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnology companies"
] |
68,762,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20bacteria%20of%20South%20Africa | This is an alphabetical list of the bacterial taxa recorded from South Africa.
A
Family: Actinomycetaceae
Genus: Actinomyces Harz 1877
Actinomyces africanus Nannizzi
Actinomyces bovis Harz
Actinomyces chromogenus Gasp
Actinomyces dermatonomus Bull
Actinomyces foulertoni Sartory & Bailly
Actinomyces leishmani Sartory & Bailly
Actinomyces leishmanii Erikson
Actinomyces madurae Lachner-Sandoval
Actinomyces mineaceus Lachner-Sandoval
Actinomyces pijperi Sartory & Bailly
Actinomyces pretorianus Nannizzi
Actinomyces ruber Sartory & Bailly
Actinomyces scabies Güssow
Actinomyces transvalensis Nannizzi
Actinomyces sp.
N
Genus: Nocardia
Nocardia africana Pijper & Pullinger.
Nocardia foulertoni Chalmers & Christoph.
Nocardia indica Chalmers & Christopherson.
Nocardia pijperi Castellani & Chaim.
Nocardia pretoriana Pijper & Pullinger.
Nocardia transvalensis Pijper & Pull.
Nocardia sp.
References
Sources
Bacteria
South Africa | List of bacteria of South Africa | [
"Biology"
] | 275 | [
"Lists of bacteria",
"Bacteria"
] |
68,763,182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendell%C3%B6sung | The Pendellösung effect or phenomenon is seen in diffraction in which there is a beating in the intensity of electromagnetic waves travelling within a crystal lattice. It was predicted by P. P. Ewald in 1916 and first observed in electron diffraction of magnesium oxide in 1942 by Robert D. Heidenreich and in X-ray diffraction by Norio Kato and Andrew Richard Lang in 1959.
At the exit surface of a photonic crystal (PhC), the intensity of the diffracted wave can be periodically modulated, showing a maximum in the "positive" (forward diffracted) or in the "negative" (diffracted) direction, depending on the crystal slab thickness.
The Pendellösung effect in photonic crystals can be understood as a beating phenomenon due to the phase modulation between coexisting plane wave components, propagating in the same direction.
This thickness dependence is a direct result of the so-called Pendellösung phenomenon, consisting of the periodic exchange inside the crystal of the energy between direct and diffracted beams.
The Pendellösung interference effect was predicted by dynamical diffraction and also by its fellow theories developed for visible light.
References
Condensed matter physics
Metamaterials
Photonics | Pendellösung | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 265 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Metamaterials",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Matter"
] |
68,765,053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian%20architecture | Utopian architecture is architecture inspired by utopianism. Examples for such an architecture are Phalanstère, Arcology and Garden Cities. Earthships are realizations of the utopia of sustainable living and autonomous housing. Also, the concept domed city functions as a potential utopia.
Examples
Le Corbusier proposed Ville Contemporaine in 1922 as a planned community, which was not realized. In 1930, Nikolay Milyutin published the idea of Sotsgorod, a utopian linear city for socialism. Frank Lloyd Wright presented the idea of an urban or suburban development concept Broadacre City in 1932.
From 1927 to 1934, Tresigallo was transformed under the supervision of the Fascist Minister of Agriculture Edmondo Rossoni into a utopian city by completely rebuilding it.
Tomáš Baťa developed the concept of a utopian industrial town in the 1920s and 1930s. It was similar to Fordism, introducing mass production into the area of urban planning. The concept was realized in Zlín.
Nowa Huta and Magnitogorsk are examples of entirely planned utopian socialist ideal cities. In January 2021, Saudi Arabia released a short film about plans of a smart linear city The Line, a utopian dream of a postmodern ecotopia. In September 2021, American billionaire Marc Lore announced Telosa, a utopian planned US city.
Revolutionary architecture
Revolutionary architecture refers to the type of architecture that seeks to challenge or overthrow the existing social, political, and economic order through the built environment. It often aims to create spaces that promote social justice, equity, and freedom. Revolutionary architecture is equated with utopian architecture due to insuperable constraints of capitalism. Utopianism played a significant role in the emergence of revolutionary architecture.
Exhibitions
In July 2018 MoMA opened a 6-month exhibition entitled "Toward a Concrete Utopia" that provided visitors with a large collection of images, architectural models, and drawings from Architecture of Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1980. In June 2022, Prof. Leonhard Schenk organized an exhibition of utopian city planning concepts during Long Night of the Sciences in Kreuzlingen.
See also
Brutalist architecture
Ecomodernism
Sotsgorod: Cities for Utopia
The Almost Nearly Perfect People
Totalitarian architecture
Utopia for Realists
References | Utopian architecture | [
"Engineering"
] | 460 | [
"Architecture related to utopias",
"Architecture"
] |
68,765,070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asus%20VivoTab%20Note%208 | The Asus VivoTab Note 8 is a tablet computer by Asus.
References
External links
Tablet computers | Asus VivoTab Note 8 | [
"Technology"
] | 23 | [
"Mobile computer stubs",
"Mobile technology stubs"
] |
68,767,084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Posthuman%20Studies | The Journal of Posthuman Studies is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Penn State University Press and hosted by the Ewha Institute for the Humanities. Established in 2017, the journal seeks to address questions such as what it is to be human in this age of technological, scientific, cultural, and social evolution. Drawing on theories from critical posthumanism and transhumanism, the journal encourages constructive and critical dialogue through research articles, discussion papers, and forums.
References
External links
Biannual journals
English-language_journals
Academic journals established in 2017
Penn State University Press academic journals
Transhumanism | Journal of Posthuman Studies | [
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 129 | [
"Genetic engineering",
"Transhumanism",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
68,767,173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Laskin | Julia Laskin () is the William F. and Patty J. Miller Professor of Analytical Chemistry at Purdue University. Her research is focused on the fundamental understanding of ion-surface collisions, understanding of phenomena underlying chemical analysis of large molecules in complex heterogeneous environments, and the development of new instrumentation and methods in preparative and imaging mass spectrometry.
Early life and education
Laskin was born in Leningrad, Soviet Union. She has said that she had a very good chemistry teacher at high school. She moved to Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, where she earned a master's of science in 1990. When Perestroika opened the borders and allowed people to leave Russia, Laskin and her husband left the country. Laskin moved to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where she worked toward a doctoral degree under the supervision of Chava Lifshitz. She earned her PhD in 1998 and moved to the University of Delaware, where she worked as a postdoctoral scholar in chemistry. In 2000, Laskin joined the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory as a postdoctoral fellow. She was appointed a Research Scientist at the United States Department of Energy Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory in 2003. She worked at PNNL until 2017, when she was appointed the William F. and Patty J. Miller Professor of Analytical Chemistry at Purdue University.
Research and career
Laskin works in gas phase ion chemistry. She has been involved with the development of analytical techniques to better characterize synthetic and natural polymers. She showed that the soft-landing of mass-selected ions is a powerful technique to study catalysts. She has also worked on the development of bioanalytical and environmental mass spectrometry.
Laskin served on the editorial board for the Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry (2011-2016). She is an editor of the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, and serves on the editorial advisory board for Mass Spectrometry Reviews. She is Chair of the American Chemical Society Joint Board Council Committee on Publications. She is the President of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry (2022-2024), after serving as Vice President for Programs from 2020 to 2022.
Awards and honors
2007 Presidential Early Career Award (PECASE) for Scientists and Engineers
2007 U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science and its National Nuclear Security Administration Early Career Scientist and Engineer Award
2008 American Society for Mass Spectrometry Biemann Medal
2011 American Chemical Society Women Chemists Committee Rising Star Award
2011 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Fellow
2014 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Director's Science and Engineering Achievement Award
2017 Medal of the Russian Society for Mass Spectrometry
2018 Purdue University Innovators Hall of Fame
2019 American Society for Mass Spectrometry Ron Hites Award, along with co-authors for the article titled, Towards High-Resolution Tissue Imaging Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Shear Force Microscopy
2022 Brazilian Society of Mass Spectrometry Manuel Riveros Medal
Selected publications
Books
References
American people of Russian descent
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Purdue University people
University of Delaware people
Mass spectrometrists
Russian women chemists
Academic journal editors
1967 births
Living people
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers | Julia Laskin | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 677 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
68,771,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kens%C5%8D%20Soai | (born 1950) is a Japanese organic chemist. He is a university lecturer in the Applied Chemistry Department of Tokyo University of Science.
Soai studied at the University of Tokyo, where he received his Ph.D. in 1979 in organic synthesis under Teruaki Mukaiyama and was a fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. He conducted his postdoctoral studies with Ernest L. Eliel at the University of North Carolina. In 1981, he became a lecturer at Tokyo University of Science, and was promoted to associate professor (1986) and full professor (1991).
He is involved in asymmetric and enantioselective synthesis, asymmetric autocatalysis, origin of chirality,
The Soai reaction for alkylation of pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde with diisopropylzinc is named after him.
Soai was a visiting professor to many universities such as the ESPCI Paris (2001), Kyushu University (2005), Waseda University (2007-2010), University of Strasbourg (2008), and Jilin University (2010-2015).
Honors
Inoue Prize (2000)
Chirality Medal (2005)
Honorary member of the Italian National Academy of Sciences (2006)
Science and Technology Prize from MEXT, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2007)
Chemical Society of Japan Award (2010)
Japanese Purple Ribbon Medal (2012)
Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Pannonia, Hungary, 2015
References
1950 births
Living people
Japanese chemists
Stereochemists
University of Tokyo alumni | Kensō Soai | [
"Chemistry"
] | 327 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Stereochemists"
] |
68,772,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicante%2010 | Alicante 10, also known as RSGC6 (Red Supergiant Cluster 6), is a young massive open cluster belonging to the Milky Way galaxy. It was discovered in 2012 in the 2MASS survey data. Currently, eight red supergiants have been identified in this cluster. Alicante 10 is located in the constellation Scutum at the distance of about 6000 pc from the Sun. It is likely situated at the intersection of the northern end of the Long Bar of the Milky Way and the inner portion of the Scutum–Centaurus Arm—one of the two major spiral arms.
The age of Alicante 10 is estimated to be around 16–20 million years. The observed red supergiants are type II supernova progenitors. The cluster is heavily obscured and have not been detected in the visible light. It lies close to other groupings of red supergiants known as RSGC1, Stephenson 2 (RSGC2), RSGC3, Alicante 8 (RSGC4), and Alicante 7 (RSGC5). Alicante 10 is located 16′ southwards of RSGC3. The red supergiant clusters RSGC3, Alicante 7 and Alicante 10 seems to be part of the RSGC3 complex. The mass of the open cluster is estimated at 10–20 thousand solar masses, which makes it one of the most massive open clusters in the Galaxy.
References
Alicante 10
Scutum (constellation)
Scutum–Centaurus Arm | Alicante 10 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 318 | [
"Scutum (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
68,773,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational%20drug%20use%20in%20animals | Several non-human animal species are said to engage in apparent recreational drug use, that is, the intentional ingestion of psychoactive substances in their environment for pleasure, though claims of such behavior in the wild are often controversial. This is distinct from zoopharmacognosy, in which animals ingest or topically apply non-food substances for their health benefits, as a form of self-medication.
Alcohol
Vervet monkeys
Some vervet monkeys in the Caribbean, particularly teenaged individuals, exhibit a preference for alcoholic beverages over non-alcoholic ones, a taste which likely developed due to the availability of fermented sugar cane juice from local plantations. On Saint Kitts, these monkeys often raid bars and tourist beaches for alcoholic drinks, and become visibly inebriated. The proportions of the monkey population that do not drink, that drink in moderation, and that drink to excess mirror those proportions in humans.
Myths
Elephants
South African legends, recorded as early as the 1830s by naturalist Adulphe Delegorgue, describe elephants seeking out the fermented fruit of the marula tree, and showing signs of intoxication, including increased aggression, after doing so. This behavior was controversially depicted in the 1974 documentary Animals Are Beautiful People: the crew of the film reportedly staged the scene, either by soaking the fruit in alcohol before allowing animals to eat it, or by simply injecting the animals with a veterinary anesthetic to elicit symptoms of intoxication. Studies have concluded that this is a myth. One of the studies instead attributed their aggression to the value of the trees as a food source. Yet it may be possible that another intoxicant is at play – elephants are also known to eat the bark of the tree, which often contains toxic beetle pupae.
Other intoxicants
Bees
A 2010 study from the University of Haifa reported that bees prefer nectar containing nicotine and caffeine over that without, and suggested that this preference may be part of the reward system driving the mutualistic feeding behavior.
Cats
About 70% of domestic cats are attracted to, and affected by, the plant Nepeta cataria, also known as catnip. The plant also affects some wild cats, including tigers, though the percentage of these cats affected is unknown. Cats sniff, lick, and sometimes chew the plant, and may rub against it, with their cheeks and whole body, by rolling over it. If cats consume concentrated extract of the plant, they quickly show signs of overexcitement, including violent twitching, profuse salivation, and sexual arousal. The reaction is caused by volatile terpenoids called nepetalactones present in the plant. Although these are mildly toxic and repel insects from the plant, their concentration is too low to poison cats.
Dolphins
In 1995, the marine biologist Lisa Steiner reported that a group of rough-toothed dolphins near the Azores were pushing around inflated puffer fish and behaving lethargically. Puffer fish defensively excrete tetrodotoxin, which might have been having an intoxicating effect on the dolphins. This behavior was also reported in the 2014 BBC documentary Dolphins - Spy in the Pod. However, tetrodotoxin is not known to be psychoactive, and only produces numbness, tingling, and lightheadedness in small doses, while in larger doses it is extremely toxic. For these reasons, marine biologist Christie Wilcox has expressed doubt that dolphins dose themselves with the toxin intentionally.
Lemurs
Black lemurs have been documented gently biting toxic millipedes, which causes them to salivate, and then rubbing their saliva and the millipede secretions on their fur. The millipede toxins, including cyanide and benzoquinone, are thought to act primarily as an insect repellent, protecting the lemurs from diseases such as malaria, thus making this behavior a form of zoopharmacognosy. However, the toxins also appear to have a narcotic effect on the lemurs, causing them to enter an apparently blissful state, which may serve as a reward for the behavior.
Wallabies
In Tasmania, wallabies have been reported repeatedly entering commercial poppy fields, consuming the plants, and showing signs of intoxication.
See also
Maladaptation
Further reading
Siegel, Ronald K. Intoxication: The Universal Drive for Mind-Altering Substances. On Google Books. Inner Traditions – Bear & Company, 2005. .
References
Ethology
Psychoactive drugs | Recreational drug use in animals | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 923 | [
"Behavior",
"Behavioural sciences",
"Psychoactive drugs",
"Ethology",
"Neurochemistry"
] |
65,914,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2%20in%20mink | Both the American mink and the European mink have shown high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 since the earliest stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, first in mink farms across Europe, followed by mink farms in the United States. Mortality has been extremely high among mink, with 35–55% of infected adult animals dying from COVID-19 in a study of farmed mink in the U.S. state of Utah.
In November 2020, in Denmark, the government mandated the slaughter of all the country's 17 million mink due to reports that a mutated virus was being passed from mink to humans via mink farms, and that at least 12 human infections had been discovered in North Jutland. While the State Serum Institute (SSI, ) suggested that this mutation was no more dangerous than other coronaviruses, SSI head Kåre Mølbak warned that the mutation could impact the development and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.
The first known transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among wild mink was reported in Utah, which researchers believed was due to contact with infected captive mink rather than through an intermediary vector in the wild or direct human-to-mink transmission. Tracking the origin and spread of mink-related COVID variants has proven more difficult in the United States, where the reporting of outbreaks on mink farms has been voluntary, as opposed to the mandatory screening procedures introduced during outbreaks in Denmark and the Netherlands.
Transmission
Due to the mink ACE2 receptor being a similar or better fit for SARS-CoV-2 compared to humans and the cramped living conditions of farm-raised animals, mink readily transmit SARS-CoV-2 to one another and develop symptoms of COVID-19. Additionally, Dutch researchers determined that the bedding materials and airborne dust on mink farms with outbreaks had also become highly contaminated.
Mutations and variants
In Denmark, there have been five clusters of mink variants of SARS-CoV-2; the Danish State Serum Institute (SSI) has designated these as clusters 1–5 (Danish: ). In Cluster 5, also referred to as ΔFVIspike by the SSI, several different mutations in the spike protein of the virus have been confirmed. The specific mutations include 69–70deltaHV (a deletion of the histidine and valine residues at the 69th and 70th position in the protein), Y453F (a change from tyrosine to phenylalanine at position 453, inside the spike protein's receptor-binding domain), I692V (isoleucine to valine at position 692), M1229I (methionine to isoleucine at position 1229), and a non-conservative substitution S1147L.
In North America, a mink-human spillover event in Michigan, resulting in four human infections that were largely kept from public view upon their discovery late 2020, and only announced by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in March 2021, was deemed ancestral to the Ontario WTD clade spillover event from white-tailed deer nearly a year later in Ontario, Canada. The Michigan spillback into humans was the first documented case of any animal spillback in the United States.
In late 2022, scientists continued to monitor residual Delta strains, such as Delta strain AY.103, which have picked up Omicron mutations during co-infection in mink and deer and form the potential for so-called "Deltacron" spillover events. These hybrid strains could potentially combine the increased fatality rate of Delta with the enhanced transmissibility of Omicron.
See also
List of animals that can get SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19 pandemic and animals
2020 Danish mink cull
Cluster 5
Mink
References
Disease ecology
Epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Mustelinae | SARS-CoV-2 in mink | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 830 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Environmental social science"
] |
65,915,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash%20wars%20%28California%29 | The Potash wars were a series of events that took place from 1910 to 1915 in the Searles Valley near Searles Lake, a dry lake (also called Slate Range Lake and Borax Lake), near the current town of Trona in the San Bernardino County of California. The Potash wars gained national and international news at the time due to the involvement of famous lawman Wyatt Earp and the importance of the valley's supply of potash at the time. Potash is an important crop fertilizer and the Searles Valley was a major supplier in the 1910s.
Background
In the mid-19th century and earlier, potash was produced almost exclusively on asheries from burning wood or kelp, but by 1861 Germans pioneered mining potassium salts and American farmers soon started using them as fertilizers on a wide scale.
In 1863, John W. Searles (1828-1897) discovered concentrated minerals in the saline deposits in Slate Range in the Mojave Desert southwest of Death Valley. John and his brother Dennis Searles discovered borax at Searles Lake while looking for gold with the Dr. S.G. George party. Searles and Dennis filed claims for the minerals in 1873. Searles filed paperwork for a Federal land patent from the United States General Land Office in 1874 and began production and selling of minerals. In 1878, Searles sold his interests and the patented land to the San Bernardino Borax Mining Company, which was founded by Francis Marion “Borax” Smith (1846-1931). The Searles Valley operations closed in 1895 as Smith moved operations to Death Valley to work on the Pacific Coast Borax Company deposits. C.E. Dolbear founded the California Trona Company and filed 250 land claims for 160 acres around Searles Valley in 1908. To add to its mining right, the California Trona Company leased 2240 acres of patented lands for five years from the San Bernardino Borax Mining Company. To finance production, California Trona Company mortgaged some of the land to the Foreign Mines Development Company, a subsidiary of The Consolidated Gold Fields Company of South Africa, for two million dollars. In return, The Trona Company gave Foreign Mines Development Company 1000 shares of stock and a percentage of future gross sales. The California Trona Company built two experimental plants to recover soda ash, potash, borax and sodium sulfate from the dry lake. The plants were not successful and troubles developed between the California Trona Company and the Foreign Mines Development Company. Claims of incompetence, fraud, and conspiracy in both companies were made. The Foreign Mines Development Company began legal action to sell the property to recover mortgage debt on September 7, 1909. Stanford Wallace Austin was appointed receiver of the Trona Company.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Germany had a practically worldwide monopoly on potash in its Magdeburg - Halberstadt rock salt basin. In June 1909, Americans attempted to buy the mineral not from the national syndicate, but from independent producers at far lower prices. This led to the 1910 potash controversy between Germany and the United States over pricing, taxes, and tariffs. So, the Potash wars and production of potash at Searles Lake became a Federal issue with the Federal court and President Taft involvement. On March 26, 1912, President Taft sent a message to Congress about the Searles deposit at Borax Lake and his concern about Senator Reed Smoot bill; he requested an amendment as concern with a placer claim bill.
The war
On June 17, 1910, eight men were spotted heading to Borax Lake to claim jump land of the California Trona Company. The men were unprepared for the remote harsh Desert. Next day Austin sent two employees around the lake, they found 6 of the men in poor health, with no water, the leader of the claim jump, Chas S. Davidson died on the lake.
June 20, 1910 "On Saturday afternoon when the boys were brought to Borax I furnished them with food and had them all sign a quitclaim deed relinquishing to California Trona.
On October 19, 1910, 44 new Los Angeles claim jumpers arrived at Searles, their leader was Henry E. Lee, an Oakland attorney. The group has surveyors, laborers and 20 men armed guards/gunmen. The leader of the guards/gunmen was Wyatt Earp. They camp at the abandoned town of Slate Range City. To help stake their claim five of Earp's armed men, went to the nearby Austin claim in the morning. Earp told the group they were trespassers on the claim they owned. One of the men grabbed Earp's shotgun being held by one of his men. Earp pulled his automatic weapon and told him to let go and he did. As calm returned one man accidentally discharged his gun. On October 25, 1910, a US Marshall came and arrested Earp and 27 of his men and served them with a summons from Judge Charles W. Slack to appear before the U.S. Circuit Court for Contempt. Starting in 1901 Earp had gone to the desert from Los Angeles and made a number of mining claims.
The October 1910 event came up in a 1916 court case. Nick Cataldo claimed the Earp was working at the request of Tom Lewis, a Los Angeles Police Department Commissioner. He also claimed that Austin and three armed men came into Earp's camp and told the Lee party to depart. Engineer Lou Rasor told how Earp grabbed one of Austin's men's rifle and then had a revolver put to his face.
In December 1912 Lee put a second crew together to go back and try to reclaim his land claim.
With unrest starting in Germany, who controlled the world market of potash, and with the importance of potash in the US, on December 23, 1912, a Federal Court instructed that Lee's claims be guarded by United States Officers, Deputy Sheriffs and the William J. Burns International Detective Agency. The action was taken due to the threat of Lee's armed men seeking to get back claims they said were taken from them in the rich potash and borax deposits of Searles lake. The news reminded many of the ’49 claim jumpers and mining camps fights. On December 27, 1912, Lee dropped his claim, there was a time limit on him re-staking this old claim and his time had run out, after he was not able to get his men to the old site and set up before the December 31 deadline.
Those that fought both with guns and in court were correct, the dry lake holds vast amounts of rich mineral wealth.
Post wars
In 1913 Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa, British owned, founded the American Trona Corporation. American Trona Corporation acquired the California Trona Company due to the debt they held on the land. In 1914 The Trona Railway Company opened a 31-mile rail line from Trona to the Searles Station junction of the Southern Pacific Railroad. With the rail line, the products became successful. With the new boom, the American Trona Company Corporation founded the town of Trona, a company-owned town.
In 1917 American Trona Corporation built the American Trona Corporation Building in San Pedro, to process and store salt potash. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
From 1922 to 1928, the Epsom Salts Monorail crossed the Searles Lake on a wooden trestle.
In 1926 - American Trona became American Potash and Chemical Company. In 1967 American Potash & Chemical Corporation was sold to Kerr-McGee Corporation an Oklahoma oil and natural gas producer. On Dec. 3, 1990 the land and production was sold from Kerr-McGee to North American Chemical for 210-million. The sale included the plants, railroad and vast mineral reserves.
In 1998 IMC Global Incorporation purchased the plant. In 2004 Sun Capital purchased the plant and renamed it Searles Valley Minerals Incorporated. In 2008 Nirma purchased the plant Searles Valley Minerals Incorporated.
On August 16, 1962, John W. Searles discovery site was granted a California Historical Landmark designated.
The California Historical Landmark marker reads:
NO. 774 SEARLES LAKE BORAX DISCOVERY - John Searles discovered borax on the nearby surface of Searles Lake in 1862. With his brother Dennis, he formed the San Bernardino Borax Mining Company in 1873 and operated it until 1897. The chemicals in Searles Lake-borax, potash, soda ash, salt cake, and lithium-were deposited here by the runoff waters from melting ice-age glaciers, John Searles' discovery has proved to be the world's richest chemical storehouse, containing half the natural elements.
A 2000 E Clampus Vitus monument was place to remember the Searles brothers:
The marker reads:
This monument commemorates two wagon routes used by the Searles brothers to haul borax from their plant on Borax Lake (now Searles Lake) to the railhead at Mojave. The southern route traveled west of the Trona Pinnacles to Searles' freight station at Garden City. This is the present route of the Trona Railway which connects with the Union Pacific at Searles Station. Garden City was a virtual oasis, providing food and shelter for the teamsters and a barn accommodating 100 mules. The western route went through Salt Wells Canyon (Poison Canyon) to a dry station one mile from the head of the canyon and on to garden City where both routes joined. It then continued through Garlock and connected with the road to Mojave. Erected 2000 by Billy Holcomb Chapter No. 1069, E Clampus Vitus in cooperation with Searles Valley Historical Society.
Stafford Wallace Austin
Stafford Wallace Austin born on May 16, 1862, at Hilo, Hawaii. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. His first job was working for United States General Land Office in Lone Pine, California. He saw the actions of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power in the Owens Valley and wrote a report to the Secretary of the Interior about the issue he saw. He departed the Land Office in 1906 and moved to Oakland, California to practice private law. In addition to his practice he was also a teacher. He married Mary Hunter Austin on May 18, 1891, she wrote the book, Land of Little Rain about the Owens Valley. They had one child Ruth Austin (1891-1918). Austin and his brother came up with a new irrigation system and try to market it, but were unsuccessful. His private law firm became the receiver for foreclosure proceedings of the California Trona Company. His response was to find a way for the unsuccessful California Trona Company to move out of debt. Much of the Potash wars can be found in his daily diary he kept from December 16, 1909 and November 30, 1917. He was paid $270 per month by the Foreign Mines Development Company. Austin had a test drill done and found that the mineral-rich layers ran about 100 feet under the dry lake. Austin later was the Trona city's first postmaster, appointed on March 27, 1914. Austin died on September 14, 1931, in Los Angeles, California. The Austins designed and built a home in Independence, California which later became a California Historical Landmark No. 229.
John Wemple Searles
John Wemple Searles was born on November 16, 1828, in Tribes Hill, New York. His parents were George Searles (1802-1851) and Helen Wemple (1803-?). Both were from Montgomery County, New York. John was the oldest of five children. John Searles was one of the many 49ers that came to California in a wagon train looking for gold. His first claim was in 1852 at Indian creek in Shasta County, California with his brother Dennis. The Searles brothers mined and farmed, but in 1858 they lost their mine claims and farm in a debt lawsuit. To start fresh they traveled to Southern California after hearing about the gold and silver finds in the Slate Range. Near the Slate Range was a dry lake thought to be only salt and sodium carbonate. Searles heard that there many be useful borax at the lake, so they took some lake samples to San Francisco in 1863, but were told by a dishonest appraiser that there was no borax. But, Searles became suspicious after being followed on the way home. They had some good gold and silver finds in the Slate Range, but in the end, they again lost everything after another debt lawsuit in 1870. John was seriously injured by a California grizzly bear in 1871, but survived. John Searles married Mary Ann Covington (1851 - 1923) in Los Angeles, California on January 1, 1873. They had one son they named after his brother, Dennis (1874-1916), born on February 27, 1874. They changed their focus from mining to the deposits at the Slate Range dry lake that now bears their name. The next test showed that the lake was rich in borax. The Searles brothers with other partners filed claims to 640 acres in 1873. They founded the new San Bernardino Borax Mining Company and built a plant to refine the borax and haul it out, just like the better know 20 Mule Team Borax team. Claim jumpers came and tried the get in on the action, but the remote harsh desert drove them out. But, the high cost of refining and transporting borax, closed the company. In 1878 Searles sold his interests and the claim patents for the dry lake to the San Bernardino Borax Mining Company. Searles died on October 7, 1897, at the age of 68 at St. Helena, California. John and Mary are interred at Saint Helena Cemetery in Napa County, California.
See also
Panamint Valley
Indian Wells Valley
California water wars
References
External links
The Searles Valley Historical Society
Mineralogy Database - Minerals, Locations, Mineral Photos and Data
Discovery of Arsenic Eating Microbe
Searles Lake Gem and Mineral Society
Satellite Photo (Google Maps)
1910s in California
1910s conflicts
Searles Valley
Mojave Desert
Wyatt Earp
Potash
Feuds in the United States | Potash wars (California) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,938 | [
"Potash",
"Salts"
] |
65,915,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus%20Ercker | Lazarus Ercker (c. 1530 – 1594) was a Bohemian metallurgist and assay master of a mint near Prague who wrote some of the earliest known treatises on metallurgy entitled Beschreibung allerfürnemisten mineralischen Ertzt und Berckwercksarten (1574) and Münzbuch, wie es mit den Münzen gehalten sind (1563).
Life
Ercker was born at St. Annenberg (Annaberg, Saxony) around 1530 and studied at the University of Wittenberg between 1547 and 1548. Around 1554 he became an assayer at Dresden through the patronage of Elector Augustus with the influence of Johann Neese (a relative of his wife). In 1558 he became master of the mint at Goslar for Prince Henry of Brunswick. In 1567 his wife died and he tried to return to Dresden. His brother-in-law Caspar Richter helped him get a job as a tester at Kutna Hora near Prague. His 1574 book Beschreibung allerfürnemisten mineralischen Ertzt und Berckwercksarten described the production of alloys and refining of several metals including silver, gold, copper, antimony, bismuth, tin, lead and mercury. It was in Ercker's book that the word "wolfram" is first used for a mineral found in Saxony which Ercker thought contained tin and the metal only much later identified as the element tungsten. The book went through several editions and led to his appointment as courier for mining affairs under Emperor Maximilian II. Under Rudolf II he became master of the mint in Prague and was knighted (and known as Lazarus Ercker von Schreckenfels) on 10 March 1586. The eighth edition of his book published in 1672 was retitled Aula subterranea alias Probierbuch. Ercker's 1574 book was translated into English by Sir John Pettus as Fleta Minor in 1683 with the original woodcuts redrawn with some modifications. His book was also plagiarized by Georg Engelhardt von Löhneyss in his Bericht vom Bergwerck (1617).
References
External links
Fleta Minor by Sir John Pettus
Scanned editions of Ercker's publication
Metallurgists
16th-century people from Bohemia
1530s births
1594 deaths | Lazarus Ercker | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 504 | [
"Metallurgists",
"Metallurgy"
] |
65,916,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold-up%20%282020%20film%29 | Hold-up is a 2020 independent pseudoscience propaganda film directed by French conspiracy theorist . The film makes a number of false claims about the COVID-19 pandemic. Hold-Up was first released as a VoD on Vimeo 11 November 2020. Vimeo deleted the film the next day, citing the numerous lies in the film; DailyMotion likewise removed the film the next day. The film continues to be spread on social media among QAnon supporters.
Plot
Hold-Up claims that a global conspiracy plot had been formed by the world's elites, and particularly the World Economic Forum. According to the film, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was deliberately created for an excuse to enslave humanity. A full version of the documentary that remains online has been watched more than 2,000,000 times, while a trailer for Hold Up also remains visible on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. All central claims of the film have been proven to be wrong, and the producers of the film have been shown to falsify their sources and misrepresent statements.
See also
Plandemic
References
External links
official site
Dazed & Confused: Reporting on Europe’s troubled vaccine rollout. Listening Post (Al Jazeera English), 27 March 2021 - contains a 1o minutes report on Hold-up (video, 25 mins)
2020 films
2020 documentary films
2020s French-language films
Internet manipulation and propaganda
Films about social media
Vaccine hesitancy
Health-related conspiracy theories
Pseudoscience documentary films
COVID-19 misinformation
Films about the COVID-19 pandemic | Hold-up (2020 film) | [
"Technology"
] | 330 | [
"Health-related conspiracy theories",
"Science and technology-related conspiracy theories"
] |
65,917,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONA%20number | A MONA number (short for Moths of North America), or Hodges number after Ronald W. Hodges, is part of a numbering system for North American moths found north of Mexico in the Continental United States and Canada, as well as the island of Greenland. Introduced in 1983 by Hodges through the publication of Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico, the system began an ongoing numeration process in order to compile a list of the over 12,000 moths of North America north of Mexico. The system numbers moths within the same family close together for identification purposes. For example, the species Epimartyria auricrinella begins the numbering system at 0001 while Epimartyria pardella is numbered 0002.
The system has become somewhat out of date since its inception for several reasons:
Some numbers no longer exist as the species bearing the number have been reclassified into other species.
Some species have been regrouped into a different family and their MONA numbers are out of order taxonomically.
New species have been discovered since the implementation of the MONA system, resulting in the usage of decimal numbers as to not disrupt the numbering of other species.
Despite the issues above, the MONA system has remained popular with many websites and publications. It is the most popular numbering system used, largely replacing the older McDunnough Numbers system, while some published lists prefer to use other forms of compilation. The Moth Photographer's Group (MPG) at Mississippi State University actively monitors the expansive list of North American moths utilizing the MONA system and updates their checklists in accordance with publishings regarding changes and additions.
References
Biological classification | MONA number | [
"Biology"
] | 332 | [
"nan"
] |
65,920,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Anim-Mensah | Alexander Anim-Mensah, also known as Alexander Raymond Anim-Mensah, is a Ghanaian-American chemical engineer, inventor, and author. He is especially known for contributions he made towards the field of membrane science and technology. He is a recipient of the Illinois Tool Works' Distinguished Patent Fellow Award.
Life and career
Anim-Mensah was born in Takoradi Ghana to two Kwahu parents. His late father, Kwame Anim-Mensah, was both a businessman and cocoa farmer while his late mother Kate Animah was a homemaker. He is one of thirteen children. He had his primary education at the Young Christian Preparatory School in Sekondi-Takoradi Ghana; and his secondary education at the GSTS where he obtained his Ordinary Level ("O") and Advanced Level ("A") certificates in Science and Technical education.
He obtained his PhD, MSc., and BSc in chemical engineering from the University of Cincinnati-Ohio, and also studied at North Carolina A&T State University, and the KNUST, respectively. Some of his numerous specializations include Technology, Operations and Value Chain Management Capability from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management. Intellectual Property Law & Policy from the University of Pennsylvania, Business Strategy from the University of Virginia Darden Business School, Global Energy Business from the University of Colardo, Marketing Mix Implementation from the IE Business School Madrid - Spain and Executive Certificates in both Advanced Project Management & Project Leadership from the University of Dayton - Ohio.
Anim-Mensah started his career with an internship in 1995 at the West African Mills Co LLC (WAMCO) and in 1997 at the Ghana Cement Works all in Takoradi Ghana. He obtained his chemical engineering bachelor's degree around 1998 at the KNUST and then taught science and math at the Takoradi Secondary School in Takoradi Ghana early in 1999 as part of a required one-year National service. At the end of his National Service he joined Ghana's Tema Oil Refinery as a process and environmental engineer in early 2000, processing crude oil and managing its waste products. He then left Ghana after a year to North Carolina to pursue his master's degree in chemical engineering specializing in liquid carbon dioxide (liq-) separation and recovery from process solutions without phase change enhanced by micelles in a crossflow microfiltration. In 2003 he enrolled at the University of Cincinnati-Ohio's PhD chemical engineering program specializing in membrane science & technology specifically assessing solvent resistant polymeric nanofiltration membranes for small molecule purification and solvent recovery for re-use and other specialties.
He has worked at Procter & Gamble Cincinnati-Ohio, Siemens Water Technologies-Colorado, Veolia Water Technologies-Ohio, and currently works as the engineer manager with ITW's Food Equipment Group in the Dayton, Ohio area. He obtained his PhD, MSc and BSc in chemical engineering from the University of Cincinnati-Ohio and studied at North Carolina A&T State University, Executive Certificate Construction Project Management from Columbia University, NY and then KNUST. He is a recipient of the Illinois Tool Works' Distinguished Patent Fellow Award.
Recipient of 2023 Black History & Lifestyle award, 2022 Award for Contribution Towards the Membrane Science & Technology Field.
Research
His contribution included the use of acoustics, specifically ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UDTR) for real-time investigation of solvent resistant polymeric membranes behaviors under compaction or swelling in organic environment.
Anim-Mensah used this already known UDTR technique for real-time studying of these specific polymeric membranes mechanical behavior while permeated during separation. The UDTR technique allowed correlating real-time polymeric membrane behaviors especially to their compaction and/or swelling characteristics to their performance which he defined a membrane dimensionless number β as the logarithmic of the ratio of swelling to compaction (i.e. β = log (Ls/Lc)) as important parameter underlying many polymeric membranes performance in organic solvent separation. The swelling obtained from the real-time swelling (Ls) data while membrane is not permeated and allowed to swell until steady state and the compaction (Lc) data obtained in real-time when the swollen membrane is compacted during permeation under a transmembrane pressure. This swelling and compaction data as well as the ratio provides some insight in understanding these membranes performances as well as being helpful in the design and selection of polymeric membranes and their solvent for optimum separation performance in the organic solvent environment.
Anim-Mensah is involved in some thirty (30) inventions secured by US and international patents in areas including sensing, energy recovery, improved chemical & water use efficiencies, refrigeration & heat pumps, optimization, process & product improvements, waste minimization, and environmental impacts reduction.
In 2019, he was a recipient of the Illinois Tool Works Distinguished Patent Fellow Award He has co-written two books and some technical papers in the area of membrane science and technology In his book Prediction of Polymeric Membrane Separation and Purification Performances he showed mathematically how the logarithm of ratio of membrane swelling (Ls) and compaction (Lc) measured in real-time correlated well with the membrane performance data (i.e. rejection) provided some insights.
Volunteer/educational engagements
As an innovation value chain processes and management specialist, Anim-Mensah was featured on the VOA NightLife Africa Radio on the subject of "How Effectively Harnessing of African Ideas is The Bedrock of African Industrialization". He was featured on "Africa Must Industrialize Now: The Urgency for Value Addition to Africa Products" Webinar by AfCFTA Policy Network which featured Thomas Mensah (engineer) of Ghana, and Alvin Alexander, system engineer and founder at Orion Applied Science & Technology OrionAST. The Doctor cofounded two NGOs all in Ghana with some like-minded colleagues, as a way of giving back to especially support the youths as part of his public educational activities to support them to take their ideas to make positive globe impacts. Among others, he serves on several boards and holds membership in organizations including serving as an External Advisory Board Member at the University of Cincinnati's Chemical and Environmental Engineering Program; and is on the board member of SAYeTECH Co. LLC, a small agriculture equipment business in Ghana
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
African-American inventors
21st-century African-American scientists
Chemical engineers
Ghanaian emigrants to the United States
21st-century Ghanaian scientists
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
Chem
American chemical engineers | Alexander Anim-Mensah | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,363 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
65,921,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal%20Efficient%20Coordinate%20System | The Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System (HECS), formerly known as Array Set Addressing (ASA), is a coordinate system for hexagonal grids that allows hexagonally sampled images to be efficiently stored and processed on digital systems. HECS represents the hexagonal grid as a set of two interleaved rectangular sub-arrays, which can be addressed by normal integer row and column coordinates and are distinguished with a single binary coordinate. Hexagonal sampling is the optimal approach for isotropically band-limited two-dimensional signals and its use provides a sampling efficiency improvement of 13.4% over rectangular sampling. The HECS system enables the use of hexagonal sampling for digital imaging applications without requiring significant additional processing to address the hexagonal array.
Background
The advantages of sampling on a hexagonal grid instead of the standard rectangular grid for digital imaging applications include: more efficient sampling, consistent connectivity, equidistant neighboring pixels, greater angular resolution, and higher circular symmetry. Sometimes, more than one of these advantages compound together, thereby increasing the efficiency by 50% in terms of computation and storage when compared to rectangular sampling. Researchers have shown that the hexagonal grid is the optimal sampling lattice and its use provides a sampling efficiency improvement of 13.4% over rectangular sampling for isotropically band-limited two-dimensional signals. Despite all of these advantages of hexagonal sampling over rectangular sampling, application prior to the introduction of HECS was limited because of the lack of an efficient coordinate system.
Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System
Description
The Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System (HECS) is based on the idea of representing the hexagonal grid as a set of two rectangular arrays which can be individually indexed using familiar integer-valued row and column indices. The arrays are distinguished using a single binary coordinate so that a full address for any point on the hexagonal grid is uniquely represented by three coordinates.
where the coordinates represent the array, row, and column, respectively. The hexagonal grid is separated into rectangular arrays by taking every other row as one array and the remaining rows as the other array, as shown in the figure.
Nearest neighbors
The addresses of the nearest neighbors of a pixel (or grid point) are easily determined by simple expressions which are functions of the pixel's coordinates, as shown.
Convert to Cartesian
Converting coordinates in HECS to their Cartesian counterparts is done with a simple matrix multiplication
Operators
Preliminaries
Let the set of all possible HECS addresses be
Addition
A binary addition operator has been defined as
where is the logical XOR operator and is the logical AND operator.
Negation
A unary negation operator has been defined as
Subtraction
A binary subtraction operator has been defined by combining the negation and addition operations as
Scalar multiplication
Scalar multiplication has been defined for non-negative integer scalar multipliers as
and
Separable Fourier kernel
The hexagonal discrete Fourier transform (HDFT) was developed by Mersereau and was converted to an HECS representation by Rummelt. Let be a two-dimensional hexagonally sampled signal and let both arrays be of size . Let be the Fourier transform of x. The HDFT equation for the forward transform is given by
Notice that the HECS representation of the HDFT overcomes Mersereau's "insurmountable difficulty" since it is a separable kernel, which led to the development of the hexagonal fast Fourier transform.
Alternative addressing schemes
There have been several attempts to develop efficient coordinate systems for the hexagonal grid. Snyder describes a coordinate system based on non-orthogonal bases which is referred to as the h2 system. Her developed an interesting three-coordinate system that uses an oblique plane in three dimensional space. For various reasons, both of these approaches require cumbersome machine representations that lead to inefficient image processing operations. Generalized balanced ternary (GBT) is based on a hierarchy of cells, where at every level the cells are each aggregates of cells from the previous level. In two-dimensions, GBT can be used to address the hexagonal grid where each grid point is addressed with a string of base-7 digits and each digit indicates the hexagon's position within that level of the hierarchy. The use of GBT and slightly modified versions of GBT such as HIP and Spiral Architecture for addressing hexagonal grids in two dimensions are abundant in the literature. While these approaches have some interesting mathematical properties, they fail to be convenient or efficient for image processing.
Other 2D hexagonal grid applications
Although HECS was developed mainly for digital image processing of hexagonally sampled images, its benefits extend to other applications such as finding the shortest path distance and shortest path routing between points in hexagonal interconnection networks. Other addressing approaches have been developed for such applications but they suffer the same drawbacks as the ones described above.
References
Digital imaging
Image processing
Fourier analysis
Array programming languages
Signal processing | Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,016 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing"
] |
65,921,790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercut%20%28etching%29 | Undercuts from etching (microfabrication) are generally an unwanted side effect, however are sometimes used as a feature such as in the Niemeyer–Dolan technique. Undercuts from etching can occur from two common causes. The first is over etching, which means the etchant was applied too long. The second is due to an isotropic etchant, which means the etchant etches in all directions equally. To overcome this problem an anisotropic etchant is used.
References
Bibliography
.
Etching (microfabrication) | Undercut (etching) | [
"Materials_science"
] | 123 | [
"Microtechnology",
"Etching (microfabrication)"
] |
65,923,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebras | Cerebras Systems Inc. is an American artificial intelligence (AI) company with offices in Sunnyvale, San Diego, Toronto, and Bangalore, India. Cerebras builds computer systems for complex AI deep learning applications.
History
Cerebras was founded in 2015 by Andrew Feldman, Gary Lauterbach, Michael James, Sean Lie and Jean-Philippe Fricker. These five founders worked together at SeaMicro, which was started in 2007 by Feldman and Lauterbach and was later sold to AMD in 2012 for $334 million.
In May 2016, Cerebras secured $27 million in series A funding led by Benchmark, Foundation Capital and Eclipse Ventures.
In December 2016, series B funding was led by Coatue Management, followed in January 2017 with series C funding led by VY Capital.
In November 2018, Cerebras closed its series D round with $88 million, making the company a unicorn. Investors in this round included Altimeter, VY Capital, Coatue, Foundation Capital, Benchmark, and Eclipse.
On August 19, 2019, Cerebras announced its first-generation Wafer-Scale Engine (WSE).’
In November 2019, Cerebras closed its series E round with over $270 million for a valuation of $2.4 billion.
In 2020, the company announced an office in Japan and partnership with Tokyo Electron Devices.
In April 2021, Cerebras announced the CS-2 based on the company's Wafer Scale Engine Two (WSE-2), which has 850,000 cores. In August 2021, the company announced its brain-scale technology that can run a neural network with over 120 trillion connections.
In November 2021, Cerebras announced that it had raised an additional $250 million in Series F funding, valuing the company at over $4 billion. The Series F financing round was led by Alpha Wave Ventures and Abu Dhabi Growth Fund (ADG). To date, the company has raised $720 million in financing.
In August 2022, Cerebras was honored by the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. The museum added to its permanent collection and unveiled a new display featuring the WSE-2—the biggest computer chip made so far—marking an "epochal" achievement in the history of fabricating transistors as an integrated part.
Cerebras filed its prospectus for initial public offering (IPO) in September 2024, with the intention of listing on the Nasdaq exchange under the ticker 'CBRS'. The prospectus indicated that most of its revenue at the time came from Emirati AI holding company G42. A week after the filing, it was reported that the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States was reviewing G42's investment into the company, leading to a potential delay in its IPO.
Cerebras was named to the Forbes AI 50 in April 2024 and the TIME 100 Most Influential Companies list in May 2024.
Technology
The Cerebras Wafer Scale Engine (WSE) is a single, wafer-scale integrated processor that includes compute, memory and interconnect fabric. The WSE-1 powers the Cerebras CS-1, Cerebras’ first-generation AI computer. It is a 19-inch rack-mounted appliance designed for AI training and inference workloads in a datacenter. The CS-1 includes a single WSE primary processor with 400,000 processing cores, as well as twelve 100 Gigabit Ethernet connections to move data in and out. The WSE-1 has 1.2 trillion transistors, 400,000 compute cores and 18 gigabytes of memory.
In April 2021, Cerebras announced the CS-2 AI system based on the 2nd-generation Wafer Scale Engine (WSE-2), manufactured by the 7 nm process of TSMC . It is 26 inches tall and fits in one-third of a standard data center rack.
The Cerebras WSE-2 has 850,000 cores and 2.6 trillion transistors.
The WSE-2 expanded on-chip SRAM to 40 gigabytes, memory bandwidth to 20 petabytes per second and total fabric bandwidth to 220 petabits per second.
In August 2021, the company announced a system which connects multiple integrated circuits (commonly called "chips") into a neural network with many connections.
It enables a single system to support AI models with more than 120 trillion parameters.
In June 2022, Cerebras set a record for the largest AI models ever trained on one device. Cerebras said that for the first time ever, a single CS-2 system with one Cerebras wafer can train models with up to 20 billion parameters. The Cerebras CS-2 system can train multibillion-parameter natural language processing (NLP) models including GPT-3XL 1.3 billion models, as well as GPT-J 6B, GPT-3 13B and GPT-NeoX 20B with reduced software complexity and infrastructure.
In September 2022, Cerebras announced that it can patch its chips together to create what would be the largest-ever computing cluster for AI computing. A Wafer-Scale Cluster can connect up to 192 CS-2 AI systems into a cluster, while a cluster of 16 CS-2 AI systems can create a computing system with 13.6 million cores for natural language processing. The key to the new Cerebras Wafer-Scale Cluster is the exclusive use of data parallelism to train, which is the preferred approach for all AI work.
In November 2022, Cerebras unveiled the supercomputer, Andromeda, which combines 16 WSE-2 chips into one cluster with 13.5 million AI-optimized cores, delivering up to 1 Exaflop of AI computing horsepower, or at least one quintillion (10 to the power of 18) operations per second. The entire system consumes 500 kW, which was a drastically lower amount than somewhat-comparable GPU-accelerated supercomputers.
In November 2022, Cerebras announced its partnership with Cirrascale Cloud Services to provide a flat-rate "pay-per-model" compute time for its Cerebras AI Model Studio. The service is said to reduce the cost—compared to the similar cloud services on the market—by half while increasing speed up to eight times faster.
In July 2023, Cerebras and UAE-based G42 unveiled the world's largest network of nine interlinked supercomputers, Condor Galaxy, for AI model training. The first supercomputer, named Condor Galaxy 1 (CG-1), boasts 4 exaFLOPs of FP16 performance and 54 million cores. In November 2023, the Condor Galaxy 2 (CG-2) was announced, also containing 4 exaFLOPs and 54 million cores.
In March 2024, the companies broke ground on the Condor Galaxy 3 (CG-3), which can hit 8 exaFLOPs of performance and contains 58 million AI-optimized cores.
In March 2024, the company also introduced WSE-3, a 5 nm-based chip hosting 4 trillion transistors and 900,000 AI-optimized cores, the basis of the CS-3 computer. Cerebras also announced a collaboration with Dell Technologies, unveiled in June 2024, for AI compute infrastructure for generative AI.
In August 2024, Cerebras unveiled its AI inference service, claiming to be the fastest in the world and, in many cases, ten to twenty times faster than systems built using the dominant technology, Nvidia's H100 "Hopper" graphics processing unit, or GPU.
As of October 2024, Cerebras' performance advantage for inference is even larger when running the latest Llama 3.2 models. The jump in AI inference performance between August and October is a big one, at a factor of 3.5X, and it opens up the gap between Cerebras CS-3 systems running on premises or in clouds operated by Cerebras.
Deployments
Customers are reportedly using Cerebras technologies in the hyperscale, pharmaceutical, life sciences, and energy sectors, among others.
CS-1
In 2020, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) began using the Cerebras CS-1 AI system in their London AI hub, for neural network models to accelerate genetic and genomic research and reduce the time taken in drug discovery. The GSK research team was able to increase the complexity of the encoder models they could generate, while reducing training time. Other pharmaceutical industry customers include AstraZeneca, who was able to reduce training time from two weeks on a cluster of GPUs to two days using the Cerebras CS-1 system. GSK and Cerebras recently co-published research in December 2021 on epigenomic language models.
Argonne National Laboratory has been using the CS-1 since 2020 in COVID-19 research and cancer tumor research based on the world's largest cancer treatment database. A series of models running on the CS-1 to predict cancer drug response to tumors achieved speed-ups of many hundreds of times on the CS-1 compared to their GPU baselines.
Cerebras and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) demonstrated record-breaking performance of Cerebras' CS-1 system on a scientific compute workload in November 2020. The CS-1 was 200 times faster than the Joule Supercomputer on the key workload of Computational Fluid Dynamics.
The Lawrence Livermore National Lab’s Lassen supercomputer incorporated the CS-1 in both classified and non-classified areas for physics simulations. The Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) has also incorporated the CS-1 in their Neocortex supercomputer for dual HPC and AI workloads. EPCC, the supercomputing center of the University of Edinburgh, has also deployed a CS-1 system for AI-based research.
In August 2021, Cerebras announced a partnership with Peptilogics on the development of AI for peptide therapeutics.
CS-2
In March 2022, Cerebras announced that the Company deployed its CS-2 system in the Houston facilities of TotalEnergies, its first publicly disclosed customer in the energy sector. Cerebras also announced that it has deployed a CS-2 system at nference, a startup that uses natural language processing to analyze massive amounts of biomedical data. The CS-2 will be used to train transformer models that are designed to process information from piles of unstructured medical data to provide fresh insights to doctors and improve patient recovery and treatment.
In May 2022, Cerebras announced that the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) has deployed the Cerebras CS-2 system in their HOLL-I supercomputer. They also announced that the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) in Germany plans to deploy a new supercomputer featuring the CS-2 system along with the HPE Superdome Flex server. The new supercomputing system is expected to be delivered to LRZ this summer. This will be the first CS-2 system deployment in Europe.
In October 2022, it was announced that the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration would sponsor a study to investigate using Cerebras' CS-2 in nuclear stockpile stewardship computing. The multi-year contract will be executed through Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, and Los Alamos National Laboratory.
In November 2022, Cerebras and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) saw record-breaking performance on the scientific compute workload of forming and solving field equations. Cerebras demonstrated that its CS-2 system was as much as 470 times faster than NETL's Joule Supercomputer in field equation modeling.
The 2022 Gordon Bell Special Prize Winner for HPC-Based COVID-19 Research, which honors outstanding research achievement towards the understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic through the use of high-performance computing, used Cerebras' CS-2 system to conduct this award-winning research to transform large language models to analyze COVID-19 variants. The paper was authored by a 34-person team from Argonne National Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Northern Illinois University, Technical University of Munich, University of Chicago, University of Illinois Chicago, Nvidia, and Cerebras. ANL noted that using the CS-2 Wafer-Scale Engine cluster, the team was able to achieve convergence when training on the full SARS-CoV-2 genomes in less than a day.
Cerebras partnered with Emirati technology group G42 to deploy its AI supercomputers to create chatbots and to analyze genomic and preventive care data. In July 2023, G42 agreed to pay around $100 million to purchase the first of potentially nine supercomputers from Cerebras, each of which capable of 4 exaflops of compute. In August 2023, Cerebras, the Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence and G42 subsidiary Inception launched Jais, a large language model.
Mayo Clinic announced a collaboration with Cerebras at the 2024 J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference, offering details on the first foundation model it will develop with the enablement of Cerebras's generative AI computing capability. The solution will combine genomic data with de-identified data from patient records and medical evidence to explore the ability to predict a patient's response to treatments to manage disease and will initially be applied to rheumatoid arthritis. The model could serve as a prototype for similar solutions to support the diagnosis and treatment of other diseases.
In May 2024, Cerebras in collaboration with researchers from Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the National Nuclear Security Administration, for molecular dynamics simulations in which the team simulated 800,000 atoms interacting with each other, calculating the interactions in increments of one femtosecond at a time. Each step took just microseconds to compute on the Cerebras WSE-2. Although that's still 9 orders of magnitude slower than the actual interactions, it was also 179 times as fast as the Frontier supercomputer. The achievement effectively reduced a year's worth of computation to just two days.
CS-3
In March 2024, Cerebras introduced the CS-3 and third-generation Wafer Scale Engine (WSE-3), which represents the latest development of their technology. It has 2x the performance of CS-2 and hosts 900,000 cores. A CS-3 cluster is capable of training an AI model like Llama2-70B in just one single day. The WSE-3 was recognized by TIME Magazine as a Best Invention of 2024.
See also
Wafer-scale integration
Wafer-level packaging
Semiconductor device fabrication
Transistor count
Deep learning processor
References
External links
Cerebras' presentation at Hot Chips 34 (2022)
Computer companies of the United States
Companies based in California
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Companies based in Silicon Valley
Computer hardware companies
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Fabless semiconductor companies
Computer companies established in 2016
2016 establishments in California | Cerebras | [
"Technology"
] | 3,245 | [
"Computer hardware companies",
"Computers"
] |
65,923,679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology%E2%80%93organization%E2%80%93environment%20framework | The technology-organization-environment framework, also known as the TOE framework, is a theoretical framework that explains technology adoption in organizations and describes how the process of adopting and implementing technological innovations are influenced by the technological context, organizational context, and environmental context. Louis G. Tornatzky and Mitchell Fleischer published the model in 1990.
Numerous application examples of the TOE framework have been summarized by Olivera and Martins (2011).
As Awa, Ojiabo & Orokor (2017) reiterated, the TOE framework is for organizational level analysis. The framework focuses on higher level attributes (i.e. the technological, organizational, and environmental contexts) instead of detailed behaviors of individuals in the organization. To understand technology adoption at individual level, behavioral models such as the theory of reasoned action, the theory of planned behavior, and the technology acceptance model should be applied. While this classification of organization level theory and individual level theory is generally accepted, it also leads to the difficulty of how to investigate the higher level attributes. Information can only be obtained from individuals in the target organization and hence inevitably biased by individuals' viewpoints. Li (2020) has demonstrated a rough equivalence of behavioral models and TOE framework when individual perception has been taken into account.
Despite the TOE framework having been widely used, it has undergone limited theoretical development since its introduction. According to Zhu and Kraemer (2005), the reason for the lack of development is that the TOE framework is "too generic" and offers a high degree of freedom to vary factors and measures so there is little need to change the theory itself. Another important reason, according to Baker (2012), is the theory aligns "too well" with other technology adoption theories and does not offer competitive explanations. Thus, there is very limited tension to modify the framework.
References
Information systems
Management frameworks
Organizational studies | Technology–organization–environment framework | [
"Technology"
] | 373 | [
"Information systems",
"Information technology"
] |
65,924,162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk%20paint | Chalk paint is a water-based, decorative paint invented by Annie Sloan which may be applied over almost any surface. It requires very little preparation and needs a topcoat to avoid flaking. Chalk paints are also used by utility companies to mark road surfaces.
Description
Chalk paint is a water-based, decorative paint that results in a chalky, matte finish. The paint consists of a fine powder such as plaster of Paris or calcium carbonate, mixed with water. Commercial acrylic paint is added as a colorant.
Origins
Artist Annie Sloan invented chalk paint in 1990 and registered Chalk Paint as a trademark. There are similar products on the retail market and many online recipes.
Uses
This paint is intended for use on furniture and other home décor to achieve a specific result, such as shabby chic, and vintage. When applying chalk paint, an item's surface should be clean, and priming is only advised when working with a white chalk paint. It is also advised to use two coats of lacquer to make sure the intended material for painting gets full coverage. Sanding or stripping previous layers is not needed. Interior and exterior surfaces including metal, wood, glass, concrete, plaster, and fabric, may be painted with chalk paint.
Chalk paint may be applied with a brush, roller, or spray gun. The paint should be applied in thin layers and will typically dry within two hours. A topcoat sealer, such as wax or lacquer, should be applied to avoid the flaking of the chalk paint. The topcoats may enhance the decorative characteristics.
Sprayable chalk paint is used by public works engineers to mark the location of utility pipes and cables on sidewalks, as an environmentally safe substance which can be easily removed when the work is complete. Others have used it to mark potholes in roads, and to spray graffiti that can be washed off.
Types
The components that are included in the chalk paint, and the type of surface that will be painted, determine the composition and structure of the layer to be formed. All chalk paint has a water basis. The type of paint depends on the additives used. There are:
resinous. Contains natural and/or synthetic resins. Silicates are additionally introduced into the composition;
milk. Casein is used as an additional component;
oil. The additive is linseed oil.
Factory-made chalk compositions may be available in various forms. Manufacturers offer spray cans and tins. The form of release determines the order of application of the composition and its possible area of use. For example, unlike conventional chalk paint, which requires application to the surface with a brush or roller, chalk spray paint allows you to quickly apply it by spraying. Chalk paints can also be divided by the texture of the coating to be formed:
smooth, which can then be used for drawing;
embossed, having a texture. Acrylic, silicone, or latex (resinous) emulsion is used as a base for creating textured chalk paint.
Sometimes a certain amount of metallic powder is added to the latex emulsion. This makes it possible to give magnetic properties to the formed layer. Such paint can be used in the production of slateboards.
References
Paints
Paint | Chalk paint | [
"Chemistry"
] | 655 | [
"Paints",
"Coatings"
] |
65,926,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermad | BERMAD CS Ltd. is a developer and manufacturer of residential irrigation and water management systems for mining and construction.
The company was founded in 1965 as a producer of irrigation systems, mainly those found in agriculture. Its product offering includes a variety of industries, including filtration systems, reservoir management, air valves, water meters and fire protection solutions. Bermad has products that are marketed in 70 countries, through a number of subsidiaries and distributors around the world, including subsidiaries in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, China, France, Singapore, Italy, Spain and India.
Divisions
Bermad is divided into four different business units or divisions, each aimed at a different industry or market.
Irrigation
Irrigation solutions have been the primary products developed since the founding of Bermad in 1965. The range of irrigation products includes hydraulic control valves and flow management products for a range of irrigation system types such as drip irrigation and sprinklers.
Buildings & construction
The company's building & construction business unit includes a number of flow and distribution management products aimed at the construction industry, such as pressure and level control, pump and flow, dry pipes, and deluge valves.
Waterworks
The waterworks unit offers pumping stations, water distribution grid networks and sewage management. This includes various water meters, pressure valves, and flow, pump, surge, level and burst control valves.
Fire Protection
The fire protection unit offers sprinkler and fire fighting systems, with a number of products for fail-safe and flow management of water and other fire protection fluids or foams.
References
External links
Utilities of Israel
Water desalination
Technology companies established in 1965
1965 establishments in Israel
Manufacturing companies of Israel
Agriculture companies of Israel | Bermad | [
"Chemistry"
] | 348 | [
"Water technology",
"Water treatment",
"Water desalination"
] |
65,926,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Meridional%20Mode | Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) is a climate mode in the North Pacific. In its positive state, it is characterized by the coupling of weaker trade winds in the northeast Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Baja California with decreased evaporation over the ocean, thus increasing sea surface temperatures (SST); and the reverse during its negative state. This coupling develops during the winter months and spreads southwestward towards the equator and the central and western Pacific during spring, until it reaches the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which tends to shift north in response to a positive PMM.
The North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and the "North American Dipole"—two climate oscillations over the North Pacific and North America—trigger PMM modes during winter. Temperature fluctuations in the North Atlantic and the West Pacific oceans and changes in Arctic sea ice have also been proposed as triggers for PMM events.
The PMM is not the same thing as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but there is evidence that PMM events can trigger ENSO events, especially Central Pacific El Niño events. The PMM state can also modulate hurricane activity in the East Pacific and typhoon activity in the West Pacific oceans and alter precipitation on the continents surrounding the Pacific Ocean. The South Pacific Ocean has a PMM-like mode known as the "South Pacific Meridional Mode" (SPMM) that also influences the ENSO cycle.
In the early 21st century, the intensity of the 2014–16 El Niño event and the highly active 2018 Pacific hurricane and typhoon seasons have been attributed to positive PMM events. With anthropogenic global warming, PMM activity is likely to increase, and some scientists have proposed that a loss of Antarctic and especially Arctic sea ice will induce future positive PMM events.
Concept
The existence and properties of the Pacific Meridional Mode were proposed by Chiang and Vimont in 2004. The Pacific Meridional Mode is a form of coupled variability between the latitude of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and north–south sea surface temperature (SST) gradients in the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Anomalies in the temperature gradient induce shifts in the ITCZ's position, which in turn alters wind-surface heat flux processes that modify the SST structure. Specifically, weaker trade winds are coupled to warm SST anomalies in the North Pacific—in particular along the California coast and between Hawaii and Western North America— focused on the subtropical Pacific, while cold SST anomalies lie in the East Tropical Pacific. The weaker trade winds correspond to southwesterly wind anomalies and mean reduced evaporative cooling, and the ITCZ is displaced northward. Mathematically, the PMM is often defined by maximum covariance analysis of three-month mean SST and wind anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific, with a focus on the northern hemisphere (20°S-30°N, 175°E-85°W) and by removing the ENSO index through linear regression.
The PMM is most intense during the months of January through May. Wind anomalies peak in February and SST anomalies in March. The PMM responses tend to persist into late summer and autumn through interactions with the ITCZ, which reaches its highest latitude and thus strongest interaction with the PMM during these seasons.
Generally, the PMM does not extend farther south than the ITCZ and thus tends not to reach the equator as the ITCZ is normally in the northern hemisphere. This is because the wind-SST feedback operates mostly when the wind anomaly is opposite to the climatological mean wind. This is not the case south of the ITCZ where mean winds come from the south. It is also a primarily ocean mixed layer process, with oceanic dynamics playing a minor role.
Other modes
In the North Pacific Ocean, the "Victoria mode" is another SST pattern that extends across the entire North Pacific, unlike the more regionally limited PMM which has been described as the eastern part of the Victoria mode. The distinction is that the Victoria mode is an SST pattern while the PMM is an SST-wind coupling pattern, and the Victoria Mode may be a more reliable predictor of ENSO than PMM according to Ren et al. 2023. Another North Pacific climate oscillation, the "North Pacific Mode", resembles the PMM.
The PMM is distinct from the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is the principal climate variation in the Pacific Ocean. The two climate modes are not easily separated, however, and they both act to induce decadal climate variations in the Pacific. Separating the Pacific decadal oscillation/Interdecadal Pacific oscillation from PMM is also difficult.
Triggers
The PMM appears to be mainly a consequence of stochastic (random) climate forcing in the extratropics albeit with influence from the atmospheric background state. The North Pacific Oscillation (NPO)—the atmospheric counterpart of the North Pacific Gyre Mode— can trigger PMM events mainly via SST anomalies off the coast of Baja California. The mid-latitude jet stream and, according to Tseng et al. 2020, the East Asian winter monsoon can modulate the NPO-PMM connection.
Warming of the North Atlantic Ocean can favour the onset of negative PMM through Rossby waves generated above the Atlantic Warm Pool. These spread eastward into the Pacific, where they trigger northerly winds that subsequently influence the ocean state. Such warming occurs both as part of the positive state of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and of the negative state of the so-called "North Atlantic Tripole". The negative "North Atlantic Tripole" state features warm SST anomalies in the subpolar and tropical and cold SST anomalies in the subtropical North Atlantic. This last interaction has become important since the 1990.
The "North American Dipole" is an alternating pattern of atmospheric pressure anomalies over North America, with positive anomalies over the Caribbean and its surroundings and negative anomalies over the Labrador Sea, that is strongest during winter. A positive North American Dipole is often associated with the development of a positive PMM during the subsequent spring. This occurs via the Atlantic and East Pacific Oceans, being cooled or warmed by the positive North American Dipole. The cooling Tropical Atlantic induces anticyclonic airflow anomalies over the East Pacific, which in turn oppose the trade winds and trigger a positive PMM.
Other mechanisms have been described:
According to Park et al. 2018, SST anomalies over the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool modulate PMM onset in late summer.
An eastward extension of the Kuroshio Extension has been related to PMM development by Joh and Di Lorenzo in 2019 and may be part of a decade-long pattern of climate oscillation in the Pacific, in the form of atmospheric pressure anomalies that travel counterclockwise around the North Pacific.
According to Chen, Yu and Wen (2014), the spring Arctic Oscillation can trigger SST anomalies that resemble those of PMM and the PMM may be the pathway through which the Arctic Oscillation influences ENSO events.
Zhou, Yang and Zheng (2017) proposed that an increased latitude of the West Pacific Warm Pool can trigger negative PMM events through changes in trade winds and SST gradients.
Pausata et al. (2020) found a development of positive PMM conditions in response to volcanic eruptions in the northern hemisphere tropics.
Simon Wang, Jiang and Fosu (2015) proposed that ENSO triggering can occur through an Indian Ocean-West Pacific-PMM route, but the mechanism is unclear.
Cao et al. (2021) proposed that increased snow cover over North America can trigger a negative PMM-like teleconnection.
Lin et al. (2021) indicated that the solar cycle modifies the PMM, with an active Sun favouring a positive PMM state and an inactive one a negative PMM.
Cai et al. (2022) proposed that increased snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau in winter can induce strengthening trade winds over the eastern subtropical Pacific, causing a negative PMM state. This process is mediated through tropospheric temperature anomalies that are transported by the jet stream to the Pacific that influence the NPO. This relationship has become established in the 2000s, presumably due to Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation state changes.
Zhang et al. (2022) stated that the NPO is too limited to the extratropics to drive a PMM-like variability, which would instead be mainly controlled by variability of the Aleutian Low.
There is little study on whether ENSO induces PMM changes with research in 2011, 2018 and 2023 suggesting that positive ENSO events could trigger negative PMM events and less commonly, negative ENSO events positive PMM events, while Capotondi et al. (2019) proposed that SST anomalies in the west-central Pacific can induce warming along the West Coast resembling that of the PMM.
Growth and demise
Variations in the strength of the North Pacific High due to extratropical climate variability (e.g. the North Pacific Oscillation [NPO] in winter) induce changes in the strength of the trade winds. Anomalies in their strength alter surface heat fluxes over the sea, causing SST changes that peak in spring and spread southwestward. This process, when triggered by NPO variations during winter, is known as the "seasonal footprinting mechanism", and it involves positive NPO anomalies weakening the trade winds. According to Wu et al. (2009), the decreased evaporation occurs southwest of the original SST anomaly because of the easterly trade winds, and thus the SST anomaly tends to spread southwestward while ocean transportation changes cause a northward movement. Particularly in the northwest Tropical Pacific, increased insolation during spring facilitates the growth of PMM events.
Cross-equatorial winds triggered by temperature gradients between the hemisphere facilitate the development of the PMM. As they cross the equator, the Coriolis force deflects them into a direction opposite to that of the trade winds, weakening them. In turn, the ~PMM facilitates the development of cross-equatorial winds, generating a positive feedback, especially since the cross-equatorial winds act to trigger a cooling response in the southern hemisphere and according to Wu et al. (2009) along the equator.
Cloud albedo feedbacks enhance the growth of the PMM, while ocean transport hinders it. According to Wu et al. (2009), turbulent heat fluxes act to dissipate the originating SST anomaly. After August, westerly winds south of the ITCZ act to dissipate SST anomalies.
Effects
The PMM is the major pathway through which the extratropics influence tropical climate in the Pacific Ocean. PMM variations influence tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Among the phenomena associated with the PMM are:
A PMM event in 2014 significantly influenced the 2013–2015 North Pacific marine heatwave, which had significant impacts on the ocean off the west coast of North America. Amaya et al. (2020) proposed that a positive PMM state in 2019 similarly enhanced the 2019 North Pacific marine heatwave through an ITCZ shift and resulting alterations in the atmospheric circulation. Vice versa, Chen, Shi and Lin (2021) proposed that certain "blob" events can trigger a positive PMM.
The PMM-like coupling between SST and wind anomalies may control the mean latitude of the ITCZ.
The PMM may act to dampen low-frequency climate variations in the tropics.
Positive PMM weakens the West Pacific subtropical anticyclone.
The PMM may alter the behaviours of the East Pacific oxygen minimum zones.
Other suggested correlations:
Muñoz, Wang and Enfield (2010) identified a teleconnection from the PMM to the spring SSTs in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.
Lu et al. (2017) have related the intensity of the so-called "Mid-Atlantic Trough", an upper-atmosphere trough over the North Atlantic Ocean that influences hurricane activity and extratropical weather, to PMM-like SST anomalies; a more intense Mid-Atlantic Trough is associated with a negative PMM state.
Promchote et al. (2018) have correlated the occurrence of severe weather during winter (cold waves) in Taiwan to positive PMM stages.
Bonino et al. (2019) found a correlation between upwelling in the California Current and negative PMM, and a similar pattern between the Humboldt current and the SPMM.
Dias, Cayan and Gershunov (2019) correlated the PMM to winter temperatures in California.
Kodera et al. (2019) described temperature and wind anomalies in the lower stratosphere related to the PMM.
Liguori and Di Lorenzo (2019) identified the PMM as a major factor in interannual Pacific variability.
Tuo, Yu and Hu (2019) discovered that PMM modulated the activity of mesoscale ocean eddies in the South China Sea, and its southern hemisphere equivalent, until 2004 when the relationship largely ceased.
Long et al. (2020) found that positive PMM events lead to high sea levels near Hawaii, because of thermal expansion of the sea that accompanies SST anomalies. This took place during declining trade wind strength in 2020.
According to Luo et al. (2020), Rossby waves (planetary waves) generated during a positive PMM event induce anticyclonic atmospheric circulation anomalies over China, characterized by descending air over eastern China and ascending air over northern China. This favours the onset of heat waves in eastern China.
Meehl et al. (2021) proposed that heat accumulation in the West Pacific can force transitions of the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation through PMM-like patterns.
Wang et al. (2021) observed a correlation between the longitude of the Pacific intraseasonal oscillation and the PMM.
Rice yields across southeast Asia increase during years with positive PMM, according to Frazier et al. 2022.
Hari et al. (2022) found a correlation between the positive PMM and a weaker Walker circulation.
Hari et al. (2022) identified increased heat waves over India as a consequence of a positive PMM, which decreases cloud cover.
Jeong et al. (2022) proposed that the strong decline of Arctic sea ice in 2012 was aided by a negative PMM during that year.
Kao et al. (2022) identified a teleconnection between the PMM and NAO, which act as mutual positive feedback loops.
Lim et al. (2022) proposed a linkage to global oceanic chlorophyll levels.
Tsai, Wang and Tseng 2023 found a correlation between maximum temperatures in Taiwan and the PMM.
Whether the PMM has effects on the Madden–Julian oscillation or on equatorial Kelvin waves is largely unstudied, and any connection between PMM and the Indian Ocean Dipole is unclear.
Precipitation
The PMM alters precipitation in Asia. A circumglobal teleconnection influenced by the PMM and changes in atmospheric pressure systems alters precipitation in the Yellow River valley, and Rossby waves alter the precipitation in the Yangtze River valley of China as they emanate from the PMM region westward and interact with the jet stream. Precipitation increases in northern and southwestern China and declines over western-central China and the lower Yangtze River valley. According to Li and Ma (2011), PMM-induced ITCZ variations trigger the circumglobal teleconnection. Kao, Hung and Hong (2018) identified a correlation between precipitation over Taiwan and the PMM.
Interactions between PMM and the North Pacific High may be influenced by the hydroclimate of the Southwestern United States. Zhong, Liu and Notaro (2011) found that a positive PMM causes dry winters from the Great Plains into the Northeastern United States through a North Atlantic Oscillation-type teleconnection. During summer low atmospheric pressure over the Northern United States and high atmospheric pressure over the Eastern United States favour precipitation in the Midwestern United States. Gibson et al. (2020) found a correlation between PMM and the occurrence of a ridge off the West Coast of the United States, a pattern associated with droughts there. Son et al. (2021) proposed that the PMM is part of a cycle of climate variability in the North Pacific that imparts a 5-7 year long cycle to wildfire activity in California.
A positive correlation exists between precipitation in eastern and Amazonian South America and the PMM. This does not appear to be due entirely to atmospheric moisture transport, as precipitation increases even in parts of South America where moisture convergence declines, and the effect is much stronger during boreal summer. Seiler, Hutjes and Kabat (2013) did not find a correlation between Bolivian climate and the PMM.
Zhang, Villarini and Vecchi (2019) found that positive PMM causes drought over Australia and the Maritime Continent. This is mainly due to the excitation of ENSO variability by the PMM, which in turn induces anomalies in moisture transport, and has been proposed as a predictor of Australian droughts.
ENSO
Much of the attention directed at the PMM mode is due to its potential as a precursor of ENSO events. PMM events in spring are a major predictor of subsequent ENSO state. Mechanistically, PMM influences ENSO state through several pathways:
The coupled wind and SST anomalies propagate towards the equator during spring and early summer.
In early spring and winter, wind anomalies linked to PMM recharge subsurface heat at the equator, a process known as "trade wind charging".
PMM events generate oceanic and off-equatorial Rossby waves and Kelvin waves, which in turn form equatorial Kelvin waves through wind curl anomalies along the equator.
PMM-linked changes in the position of the ITCZ during summer and autumn influence equatorial climate.
Chu et al. 2023 noted that the occurrence of near-equator tropical cyclones increases in the West Pacific during positive PMM events. These tropical cyclones can initiate ENSO development.
Positive PMM events result in wind and SST anomalies that resemble these preceding optimal El Niño conditions and westerly wind bursts, and also modulate sub-surface ocean heat content associated with El Niño development. They further suggest the PMM might influence the seasonality of El Niño events, as PMM events occur mainly during spring.
The PMM induces mainly warm events (El Niño) rather than cold events (La Niña) and it is a more reliable predictor of the former than the latter. As noted by Zheng et al. (2921), negative PMM events are not as effective at triggering La Niña as positive events are at triggering El Niño because the wind anomalies are weaker. The PMM appears to have a stronger effect on the central and western Pacific rather than the eastern Pacific and thus favours the development of Central Pacific El Niño (CP Niño or El Niño Modoki) events, although there is no clear consensus on this association. Zonal advection of SST anomalies from the central to the eastern Pacific may allow the PMM to induce canonical El Niño. You and Furtado (2018) proposed that mismatches between the northern and southern PMM prevent the development of canonical El Niño events while congruence favours it. Sanchez et al. (2020) have found that positive PMM events have usually preceded strong El Niño events since 1860. Wang and Wang (2013) defined CP El Niño I and II, the latter of which features SST anomalies similar to positive PMM. Cai, Wang and Santoso (2017) proposed that the unusually west-shifted warm SST anomalies during the 2014–16 El Niño event may have been a consequence of the positive PMM that year, and Paek, Yu and Qian (2017) explained the sustained SST anomalies in the central Pacific during that year with the prolonged positive PMM conditions. Stuecker (2018) proposed that CP Niño and PMM events are inherently coupled and enhance each other through teleconnections involving the Aleutian Low, and that there is no actual relationship between PMM and East Pacific El Niño.
The PMM also influences the end of an ENSO event, in particular the development of multi-year ENSO events. For La Niña, Park et al. (2020) proposed that the development of a negative PMM in the spring of the year following a La Niña is strongly correlated both in observations and models with the redevelopment of La Niña in the subsequent winter, while a positive PMM is associated with a single-year La Niña. He et al. (2020) identified the persistence of a positive PMM-like SST pattern as a mechanism that impedes the genesis of La Niña after a Central Pacific El Niño event. Park et al. (2021) proposed that during multi-year La Niña, the PMM hinders the recharge of heat in the West Pacific and thus allows the recurrence of La Niña. According to Shi et al. 2023, the extension of negative PMM associated SST anomalies helped maintain the 2020-23 La Niña.
Not all PMM events trigger subsequent ENSO events, a phenomenon that appears to be caused by varying SST patterns according to Zhao et al. (2020) In the so-called "East PMM" the SST anomalies stay off the equatorial Pacific and are flanked by cold SST anomalies in the tropical East Pacific and impede El Niño development, while in the "West PMM", they extend into the Western Pacific and trigger winds favourable to El Niño development. The source of this variance is unclear but may relate to forcings from the Atlantic Ocean and diversity in the North Pacific Oscillation. There appear to be decadal cycles in the PMM-ENSO teleconnection. The NPO can induce ENSO also through a separate pathway via West Pacific SST anomalies. Separating SST anomalies caused by ENSO from these caused by PMM can be difficult.
Tropical cyclones
Typhoon frequency is increased in the southeastern West Pacific during positive PMM years. This is due mainly to changes in vorticity and remotely forced changes in atmospheric parameters such as relative humidity and wind shear, which shift typhoon genesis east during positive and west during negative PMM events. It is also due to a more southeastward genesis location, however, which lengthens the time that typhoons have to intensify. Zhang et al. (2016) identified a positive correlation between West Pacific accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) and the PMM. Zuo et al. (2018) proposed that positive PMM events can facilitate an early onset of typhoon seasons through increased genesis in the eastern West Pacific. Gao et al. (2018) found an increased occurrence of intense typhoons during positive PMM years, both in absolute terms and relative to the average number of typhoons. The earliest typhoon genesis also occurs earlier in positive PMM years. The effect of PMM is seasonal, being concentrated mainly in spring and autumn while summer TC occurrence does not change. The changes in typhoon activity are induced mainly by the central tropical Pacific manifestation of PMM, not by the eastern subtropical Pacific manifestation, and also by Central Pacific El Niño events.
Zhan et al. (2017) correlated the frequent occurrence of intense typhoons in 1994, 2004, 2015 and 2016 with positive PMM events in those years. The numerous impacts of typhoons on Taiwan and different behaviour of the 2016 typhoon season compared to the 1998 typhoon season was due to the positive PMM state in 2016. A positive PMM event enhanced the 2018 Pacific hurricane season and the 2018 Pacific typhoon season that year, and during October of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season.
The effect of PMM also extends to the Atlantic and East Pacific:
Positive PMM events are linked to higher SSTs, reduced wind shear and atmospheric pressure in the East Pacific, favouring hurricane events. Part—and according to Murakami et al. (2017)—most of the extreme activity of the 2015 Pacific hurricane season has been attributed to a positive PMM in that year. The 2018 Pacific hurricane season had the highest accumulated cyclone energy of all Pacific hurricane seasons in the satellite era and Wood et al. (2019) attributed some of that activity to a positive PMM event that year.
In the Atlantic, Zhang et al. (2018) found that hurricane landfall frequency decreases after positive spring PMM events in the Caribbean, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico while the frequency of hurricanes increases in the East Atlantic. These variations are induced mostly through ENSO and include both changes in storm tracks and storm genesis.
Similar phenomena in other oceans
Similar couple SST-wind anomalies have been documented in other oceans, such as the Indian Ocean, south Pacific Ocean and the south Atlantic Ocean, and are hypothesized to play a role in the onset of ENSO events. The Atlantic Ocean counterpart is known as the Atlantic Meridional Mode and operates similarly.
South Pacific Meridional Mode
The "South Pacific Meridional Mode" (SPMM) is an analogous climate mode in the south Pacific; Zhang, Clement and Di Nezio proposed its existence in 2014 and it operates in a nearly identical manner to the northern hemisphere PMM albeit according to You and Furtado (2018) with SST anomalies peaking during (austral) summer and wind anomalies during (austral) winter. According to Middlemas et al. (2019), cloud radiative feedbacks counteract the persistence of SPMM. The SPMM has been further related to a different climate mode known as the "South Pacific Quadrupole" and the "South Pacific subtropical dipole mode".
Unlike the PMM, the South Pacific Meridional Mode has a more extensive influence on the Pacific Ocean than the northern PMM, by impacting the equator instead of remaining within the southern hemisphere, for example, and favouring the onset of "canonical" East Pacific El Niño events instead of Central Pacific El Niño events like PMM. This is because the southern trade winds in the east Pacific cross the equator into the northern hemisphere and can thus "transport" the effects of the South Pacific Meridional Mode northward. Ocean dynamics in the cold tongue region may also play a role. The exact relation between SPMM and ENSO onset is still unclear. The failure of an expected El Niño event to develop in 2014 has been explained by an unfavourable state of the SPMM in that year. Apart from ENSO development, the SPMM has impacts on the Chilean Desventuradas Islands and Juan Fernandez Island according to Dewitte et al. (2021). Kim et al. (2022) proposed that cooling in the Southern Ocean can force a negative SPMM state.
PMM variations
The activity of the PMM appears to fluctuate over decadal timescales. Decadal cycles in PMM strength may be a function of two-way interactions between the tropics and the extratropics.
PMM variability is not constant. Both the mean climate state—in particular the strength of the ocean surface heat flux variations caused by wind changes and the latitude of the ITCZ—and the storminess in the extratropics influence its variability. The ITCZ limits the extent of the PMM to the south, and fluctuations in the mean position of the ITCZ due to climate changes may thus impact the manifestation of the PMM. Simulations by Sanchez et al. (2019) found increased PMM variability both in response to volcanic eruptions, such as the 1257 Samalas eruption and in response to greenhouse gases. Decreased PMM activity during the mid-Holocene may explain the weaker ENSO variability during that time; such a decrease might have been induced by orbital forcing. Bramante et al. (2020) found positive PMM variations during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and negative PMM during the Little Ice Age and used it to explain changes in typhoon activity at Jaluit in the Marshall Islands and in the South China Sea.
There is evidence that PMM variability has increased between 1948 and 2018 which may not (yet) necessarily be a consequence of global warming. In recent decades, the connection between the PMM and NPO has increased. Increased PMM activity between 1982 and 2015 has suppressed ENSO variance and caused it to shift westward through an increased strength of southerly winds over the South Pacific.
Dima, Lohann and Rimbu (2015) proposed that the Great Salinity Anomaly in the North Atlantic after 1970 modified the Pacific climate through a positive PMM state and suggested that Heinrich events during the late Pleistocene may have caused a similar teleconnection. A more positive Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation state after the 1990s may increase PMM variability by strengthening the North Pacific High and, according to Park et al. (2019), by increasing the moisture available over the Atlantic Warm Pool. Yu et al. (2015) argued that the increased PMM variability forced by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is responsible for the increased frequency of Central Pacific El Niño events after the 1990s.
PMM and anthropogenic climate change
Some climate models predict the feedback between wind and SST anomalies will increase because of anthropogenic climate change and thus PMM events will intensify, but other processes may enhance or counteract this process. Liguori and Lorenzo (2018) proposed the effect would become noticeable by 2020. Increased variance of the PMM has been used to explain the increased frequency of Central Pacific El Niño events during the few decades preceding 2020. According to Liguori and Lorenzo (2018) it may explain an increase in ENSO activity until 2100, perhaps beginning with the 2014–16 El Niño event, and increased tropics-extratropics coupling. Increased PMM activity would synchronize decadal climate variations in the Pacific and increase the occurrence of marine heatwaves both in and out of the North Pacific Ocean, with concomitant ecological impacts.
Fosu, He and Liguori (2020) proposed that increasing SSTs in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans can induce a negative PMM-like response in the Pacific Ocean, delaying the onset of ocean warming there. Long et al. (2020) simulated climate states in RCP8.5 and identified an increased occurrence of positive PMM events preceded by El Niño events. Tomas, Deser and Sun (2016) identified a positive PMM and SPMM pattern in models as a response to Arctic sea ice loss. Kim et al. (2020) found in simulations and observations that a reduction of Arctic sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean can trigger positive PMM events through a NPO-like teleconnection, thus favouring the onset of Central Pacific El Niño events, and suggested that the increasing trend of central Pacific El Niño events may have been triggered by global warming since 1990. England et al. (2020) described the development of positive PMM and SPMM-like SST anomalies in response to a loss of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice in the late 21st century. Orihuela-Pinto et al. (2022) noted a weakening of PMM variability after a shutdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
Name and use
Chiang and Vimont (2004) coined the name "Pacific Meridional Mode" as an analogy to the "Atlantic Meridional Mode"; both refer to the north–south structure of the SST gradients and ITCZ latitude anomalies. It is sometimes known as the "North Pacific Meridional Mode" or "Tropical Pacific Meridional Mode".
References
Sources
External links
Monthly PMM index
Pacific Ocean
Regional climate effects
Tropical meteorology
21st-century meteorology
Effects of climate change
El Niño-Southern Oscillation events
Physical oceanography | Pacific Meridional Mode | [
"Physics"
] | 6,653 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
65,927,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Wilson%20method | The Smith–Wilson method is a method for extrapolating forward rates. It is recommended by EIOPA to extrapolate interest rates. It was introduced in 2000 by A. Smith and T. Wilson for Bacon & Woodrow.
Mathematical formulation
Let UFR be some ultimate forward rate and be the time to the i'th maturity. Then defines the price of a zero-coupon bond at time t.
Where
and the symmetric W matrix is
and
,
,
.
References
A Technical Note on the Smith-Wilson Method, The Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway, (1 July 2010)
Lagerås, Andreas & Lindholm, Mathias. (2016). Issues with the Smith-Wilson method. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics. 71. 10.1016/j.insmatheco.2016.08.009.
Smith, A. and Wilson, T. (2000). Fitting Yield Curves with Long Term Constraints. Research report, Bacon & Woodrow.
Technical documentation of the methodology to derive EIOPA's risk-free interest rate term structures
Financial models
Fixed income analysis
Insurance
Mathematical finance | Smith–Wilson method | [
"Mathematics"
] | 225 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical finance"
] |
76,052,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%913IA | α3IA, also known as GTPL4094, is an inverse agonist of the GABAA receptor. It is more selective for the α3 subunit, hence its name.
Effects
Agonism of the α3 subunit shows anxiolytic properties. However, by being an inverse agonist, α3IA has the opposite action: it shows anxiogenic properties.
This compound also has affinity for the other subunits of the GABAA receptor, but it is more selective for the α3 subunit.
See also
α5IA, an inverse agonist at the α5 subunit of GABAA receptors
References
GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators
GABAA receptor modulators
Anxiogenics
Pyridines
4-Methoxyphenyl compounds
Methyl esters | Α3IA | [
"Chemistry"
] | 167 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
76,052,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20Craft | Infinite Craft is a 2024 sandbox game developed by Neal Agarwal. In the game, players combine various AI-generated elements to form new ones. It was released on January 31, 2024, for browsers, followed by iOS on April 30, 2024, and Android on May 21, 2024. The game received wide popularity and a positive reception from critics, who praised the game's unpredictable nature.
Gameplay
Infinite Craft is a web-based sandbox game. The main aspect of the game are elements, which represent an idea, object, or person. The player starts with the four classical elements and uses various combinations of two elements to form new ones. For example, plant and smoke produce incense, which creates perfume when combined with water. All elements crafted by the player are saved to the sidebar, where the player can also search for crafted elements by their name.
The game uses Llama 2.7 and Llama 3.1, a large language model, to create new elements and assign emojis. When a player combines two elements on the website, the game checks from its database if these two elements have already been combined before—if they have not, the generative AI creates a new element which is then saved to the database. This is done to reduce repeated queries, and to ensure that the same pair of elements always outputs the same result for all players. If a player is the first person to discover an element, the game labels it as a "First Discovery".
As the game can theoretically go forever and has a potentially infinite number of possible elements, there is no defined goal. Players have created databases of recipes, and some YouTubers have attempted to speedrun the game. Agarwal has said that Llama is "not quite as smart" as ChatGPT. A content filter is in place that filters offensive results, but there are still occasionally incoherent results, which players find amusing.
Development and release
Infinite Craft was made by Neal Agarwal, a software developer based in New York City. In an interview, Agarwal said that he has been developing games since the age of nine and that he thinks "There should be more people creating fun stuff on the web." After enrolling at Virginia Tech in 2016, he created neal.fun, a collection of small browser games about various topics, most of which he created during lectures. One of the site's first games, Spend Bill Gates' Money, received attention with over 80 million page views. The site was again popularized when Agarwal released The Password Game, a game in which the player needs to pick a password that abides by increasingly unusual and complicated rules, on June 27, 2023.
Development of Infinite Craft was announced on January 16, 2024. The game was made available on the website on January 31, two weeks after the announcement. Mobile apps were later developed and released on App Store and Google Play on April 30, 2024, and May 21, 2024, respectively.
The game became popular on the internet upon release. According to Agarwal, the game received over thirty thousand views in the first month and over 300 million recipes are created each day. This has caused the website's servers to overload, and Agarwal had to petition the hosting service provider to increase its bandwidth.
Reception
The game received positive reviews upon release. Christian Donlan of Eurogamer compared Infinite Craft to one of his lucid dreams, explaining that an element "always [runs] away" when the player tries to figure out what elements to combine, while The New York Times Kieran Press-Reynolds stated it was "like peering into an A.I.'s brain", adding that the game's nonsensical nature "adds to the allure". Rock Paper Shotgun Graham Smith praised how the game was "glorious, time-stealing fun to try", commenting how "the real joy comes" when a player finds a simple way to create an element.
References
External links
2024 video games
Android (operating system) games
Browser games
Game artificial intelligence
Indie games
IOS games
Neal.fun games
Sandbox games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States | Infinite Craft | [
"Mathematics"
] | 859 | [
"Game theory",
"Game artificial intelligence"
] |
76,053,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALX-1393 | ALX-1393 is a glycine reuptake inhibitor.
Pharmacodynamics
ALX-1393 works by inhibiting the action of GLYT2. This causes elevated levels of glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Potential uses
ALX-1393 has been shown to have potential as an analgesic. This is thought to be due to the elevated glycine levels reducing the transmission of the pain signals.
Tests have shown that it was able to help reduce cancer pain in a potent way.
References
Amino acids
Aromatic ethers
3-Fluorophenyl compounds | ALX-1393 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 130 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Amino acids",
"Pharmacology stubs"
] |
76,053,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-spacecraft%20Autonomous%20Positioning%20System | Multi-spacecraft Autonomous Positioning System (MAPS) is networked computer navigation software, Developed by Anzalone and researchers at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. MAPS was successfully tested on the International Space Station in 2018 using NASA's Space Communications and Navigation testbed.
In February 2024, the Lunar Node-1 experiment, a radio beacon, should land on the lunar surface in the payloads on the CLPS Nova-1 lander.
Description
The system embeds navigation and state information, such as timing, position, and velocity as well as estimated accuracy, into data packets being transmitted by spacecraft and ground stations as part of their digital communications. Using its local clock, a spacecraft can estimate its range from various data transmitters, and then estimate its own location.
History
References
NASA
Satellite navigation software | Multi-spacecraft Autonomous Positioning System | [
"Astronomy"
] | 161 | [
"Outer space stubs",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
76,053,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNJ-20788560 | JNJ-20788560 is a potent opioid drug selective for the delta opioid receptor.
Mechanism of action
It works by activating opioid receptors, but it is selective for the δ-opioid receptor. This selectivity allows this drug to have less side effects than opioids such as morphine.
Tests have revealed that JNJ-20788560 does not produce hypoventilation, tolerance, or physical dependence.
References
Opioid agonists
Delta-opioid receptor agonists
Diethylamino compounds
Xanthenes
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings
Amides | JNJ-20788560 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 140 | [
"Amides",
"Functional groups"
] |
76,053,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20Europe%20Parliamentary%20Assembly%20Resolution%201580%20%282007%29 | Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) Resolution 1580 (2007), titled "The dangers of creationism in education", is a resolution adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on 4 October 2007, in addition to a report of the same name.
History of adoption
The process of drafting the resolution began in 2006, when a group of the PACE delegates led by the British Labour Party's Andrew McIntosh submitted a draft recommendation of the same name for consideration.
The report was made by a French socialist delegate . His report, which included resolution draft was returned by the Assembly to the Committee on Culture, Science and Education for revision on the initiative of the Flemish leader of the Christian Democrats group in PACE Luc Van den Brande by 63 votes to 46. Committee on Culture, Science and Education protested against the procedure by which the report was returned for revision.
The report was redrafted by another reporter, Luxembourgian ALDE delegate Anne Brasseur and after some amendments the resolution was approved by the Assembly by 48 votes to 25.
The resolution
The resolution states that "creationism cannot lay claim to being a scientific discipline" (para. 4) and refers to "intelligent design" as creationism (para. 8). At the same time, the resolution considers it acceptable to present creationist ideas as a supplement to cultural and religious education (para. 16).
The part of the resolution calling for action reads as follows:
Reaction
After the rejection of Lengagne's report, the former rapporteur was interviewed on the subject by the French newspaper 20 Minutes, where he evaluated the events as follows: "We are witnessing a return to the Middle Ages."
The resolution was criticised by deputy head of the Department for External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church, Archpriest Vsevolod Chaplin, stating that "those few fossils presented by the anthropologists as examples of ape-human transitional forms could be explained by random mutations. We don't claim to found a new species upon finding a fish with two heads." and by the president of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Albert Mohler considering that "this can only mean that Europe (at least as represented by the Council of Europe) has forgotten even its Christian memory."
In February 2009, the resolution was a starting point of a conference held in Dortmund, Germany, and led by Dittmar Graf from the Technical University of Dortmund. The conference, including participation of Anne Brasseur, among others, was held in cooperation with the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, University of Vienna and Hacettepe University and with support from German Ministry of Education and Research.
Michael Poole, a King's College London Visiting Research Fellow in Science and Religion and a founding member of the International Society for Science and Religion, criticised the resolution for being too restrictive while disapproving of young Earth creationism and the intelligent design movement.
Deutsche Welle, covering the disagreement among members of the Assembly on whether the resolution constituted an attack on religious beliefs, and Die Welt, pointing to journalists-expressed suspicions of wishing to limit freedom of conscience and Brasseur's response that the aim was to draw a line between the spheres of faith and science.
Notes
Creationism
Religion and education
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
Webarchive template wayback links | Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 1580 (2007) | [
"Biology"
] | 667 | [
"Creationism",
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories"
] |
76,054,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20control%20computer | A flight control computer (FCC) is a primary component of the avionics system found in fly-by-wire aircraft. It is a specialized computer system that can create artificial flight characteristics and improve handling characteristics by automating a variety of in-flight tasks which reduce the workload on the cockpit flight crew.
A flight control computer receives and processes data from a multitude of sensors throughout the aircraft. These sensors monitor variables such as airspeed, altitude, and attitude (the aircraft's orientation in three-dimensional space). Embedded within integrated avionics packages, it executes critical functions such as guidance, navigation. It also controls the plane's flight control surfaces, such as the ailerons, elevators, and rudder. A dedicated flight control computer handles high-level computational tasks, including routing, autopilot functions, and flight management. This computer interfaces with the avionics system and is responsible for displaying flight data on the cockpit's flight deck.
The flight control system must be fault tolerant, and for that purpose there can exist several primary flight control computers (PFCC) and secondary flight control computers (SFCC), which monitors the data output from PFCC and in the case of failure, SFCC can take over the flight controls.
In the Boeing 777 there are three primary flight control computers located in the aircraft's electronic equipment bay, responsible for computing and transmitting commands for normal mode flight control surfaces to maintain normal flight, including rudder, elevators, ailerons, flaperons, horizontal stabilizer, multi-functional spoilers, and ground spoilers.
References
Aerospace engineering | Flight control computer | [
"Engineering"
] | 330 | [
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
76,055,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Friedman%E2%80%93Schutz%20instability | Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability or shortly CFS instability refers to an instability that can occur in rapidly rotating stars with which the instability arises for cases where the gravitational radiation reaction is unable to cope with the change in angular momentum associated with the perturbations. The instability was discovered by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in 1970 and later a simple intuitive explanation for the instability was provided by John L. Friedman and Bernard F. Schutz. Specifically, the instability arises when a non-axisymmetric perturbation mode that appears co-rotating in the inertial frame (from which gravitational waves are observed), is in fact is counter-rotating with respect to the rotating star.
Roberts–Stewartson instability and CFS instability
Although it has been anticipated a long time (1883) ago by William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and Peter Guthrie Tait in their book Treatise on Natural Philosophy that a small presence of viscosity in a rotating, self-gravitating, otherwise ideal fluid mass would lose its stability, it is shown to be true only much later by Paul H. Roberts and Keith Stewartson in 1963. Similar to how an energy dissipation by viscosity will lead to loss of stability, Chandrasekhar showed that the dissipation by the gravitational radiation reaction would also lead to a loss of stability, although such an instability is unprecedented in a non-rotating star.
The instability that arises only when there is a dissipation, but disappears in the absence of dissipation is referred to as the secular instability. Both the Roberts–Stewartson instability and CFS instability are secular instability, although they do not both correspond to same modes in the following sense: In the absence of radiation reaction and viscosity, the Maclaurin spheroid (a model for rotating, self-gravitating body) becomes marginally or neutrally stable when its eccentricity reaches a critical value with two possible neutral modes, but it does not become unstable after this bifurcation. It is only in the presence of dissipation, Maclaurin spheroid becomes unstable when eccentricity exceeds its bifurcation value. The Roberts–Stewartson instability stems from one of the neutral mode, whereas the CFS instability stems from the other neutral mode.
References
Astrophysics
Fluid dynamics | Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 480 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Astrophysics",
"Piping",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
76,055,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exidia%20repanda | Exidia repanda is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. In the UK, it has the recommended English name of birch jelly. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are gelatinous, orange-brown, and button-shaped. It typically grows on dead attached twigs and branches of birch (Betula species) and has been recorded from Europe, North America, and Japan.
Taxonomy
The species was originally described from Sweden in 1822 by mycologist Elias Magnus Fries. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Exidia repanda is part of a complex of species including E. recisa and E. crenata.
Description
Exidia repanda forms reddish brown, gelatinous fruit bodies that are firm and button-shaped, around 3 cm across. The fruit bodies typically grow gregariously, but do not normally coalesce. The upper, spore-bearing surface is smooth and shiny, whilst the undersurface is smooth and matt. Fruit bodies are attached to the wood at a point, but do not have a stem. The spore print is white.
Microscopic characters
The microscopic characters are typical of the genus Exidia. The basidia are ellipsoid, septate, 12.5 to 15 by 7.5 to 10 μm. The spores are allantoid (sausage-shaped), 12 to 14 by 2.5 to 3.5 μm.
Similar species
In Europe, fruit bodies of E. recisa are similarly coloured and microscopically indistinguishable. The fruit bodies are conical and pendulous, however, and the species typically occurs on willow. Fruit bodies of E. umbrinella are also similar, but the species only occurs on conifers and is uncommon. Exidia brunneola is also uncommon and occurs on poplar. In North America, E. crenata is similar, but has conical to pendulous fruit bodies and typically occurs on oak. The widespread E. glandulosa has much darker, blackish brown fruit bodies with sparse warts or small, peg-like projections on their surface.
Habitat and distribution
Exidia repanda is a wood-rotting species, typically found on dead attached twigs and branches of birch. It is widely distributed in Europe and has also been reported from North America and Japan.
References
Auriculariales
Fungi described in 1822
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
Fungi of Europe
Fungus species | Exidia repanda | [
"Biology"
] | 504 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
76,056,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriamyrtin | Coriamyrtin is a toxic γ-lactone naturally present in a multitude of plants.
Natural occurrence
Coriamyrtin can be found in Scurrula parasitica, Coriaria microphylla, and certain other plants.
Toxicity
Coriamyrtin is a convulsant. It appears to act via antagonism of GABAA receptors. Poisoning is usually from ingestion of parts of the plants containing it. A case of poisoning was able to be treated with repeated administration of diazepam, an anticonvulsant.
References
GABAA receptor antagonists
Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
Epoxides
Spiro compounds
Gamma-lactones
Isopropenyl compounds
Tertiary alcohols
Plant toxins
Convulsants | Coriamyrtin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 156 | [
"Chemical ecology",
"Functional groups",
"Plant toxins",
"Organic compounds",
"Isopropenyl compounds",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
76,056,808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacinal | Fallacinal is an organic compound in the structural class of chemicals known as anthraquinones. It is found in many species of the lichen family Teloschistaceae.
History
In 1936, Japanese chemists Mitizo Asano and Sinobu Fuziwara reported on their investigations into the colour pigments of the lichen Xanthoria fallax (now known as Oxneria fallax), found growing on the bark of mulberry trees. They isolated a pigment they named fallacin. A few years later Asano and Yosio Arata further purified the crude material from this lichen, ultimately obtaining an orange-yellow compound with a molecular formula of C16H12O6. Using information from additional chemical tests, they proposed a tentative structural formula for fallacin. In 1949, T. R. Seshadri and S. Subramanian described their work with the Indian lichen Teloschistes flavicans, in which they isolated an orange substance they named teloschistin, and which had a structural formula identical to that of fallacin proposed by Asano and Arata years earlier.
In 1956, Takao Murakami reported reexamining the crude pigment obtainable from Xanthoria fallax using Asano's original 1936 procedure. He separated out fallacin from parietin, a co-occurring substance, using several rounds of column chromatography, and showed that Asano's original pigment was actually a combination of two pigments with different melting points, which he designated as fallacin-A and fallacin-B. Murakami determined fallacin-A to have a melting point of and a molecular formula of C16H10O6. He established the structure of the compound synthetically by oxidizing it with chromium trioxide, converting that into its acid chloride, and then performing catalytic reduction on this compound using the Rosenmund reduction followed by deacetylation. The resultant product was confirmed to be identical to fallacin-A, and so he designated this substance as fallacinal. He named fallacin-B as fallacinol, a closely related substance that, because of Seshadri and Subramanian's work, is also known as "teloschistin" in the literature.
Occurrence
Fallacinal occurs in many species of the Teloschistaceae, a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi. Historically, the substance was most associated with Caloplaca, Teloschistes, and Xanthoria, but these genera have since been subdivided into many smaller, monophyletic genera. The cultivated mycobiont of Xanthoria fallax, grown in isolation with the green algal , still produces fallacinal.
Yoshio Hirose and colleagues proposed a synthesis of fallacinal in 1982 involving the oxidation of fallacinol (a.k.a. teloschistin).
In 1970, the Swedish chemist Johan Santesson proposed a possible biogenetic relationship between the anthraquinone compounds commonly found in the lichen genus Caloplaca. According to this scheme, emodin is methylated to give parietin, which then undergoes three successive oxidations, sequentially forming fallacinol, fallacinal, and then parietinic acid. A is a set of biosynthetically related compounds produced by a lichen. In 2002, Ulrik Søchting and Patrik Frödén identified chemosyndrome A, the most common chemosyndrome in the genus Teloschistes and in the entire family Teloschistaceae, which features parietin as the main substance and smaller proportions of fallacinol, fallacinal, parietinic acid, and emodin.
Properties
In its purified form, fallacinal exists as orange-red needles with a melting point of . Its ultraviolet spectrum has five peaks of maximum absorption (λmax) at 244, 264, 280, 340, and 425 nm. Its infrared spectrum has three peaks at 1625, 1675, and 1720 cm−1; the first two of these peaks corresponds to the chelated and non-chelated ketones, respectively, while the third peak indicates the aromatic aldehyde grouping.
References
Anthraquinones
Lichen products
Polyketides
Methoxy compounds
Aromatic aldehydes
Fungal pigments | Fallacinal | [
"Chemistry"
] | 924 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Polyketides",
"Natural products",
"Lichen products"
] |
76,057,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20utility%20building | A public utility building (also known as infrastructure building, and utility building) is a building used by a public utility to maintain its office or to house equipment used in connection to the public utility. Examples include pumping stations, gas regulation stations, and other buildings that house infrastructure components and equipment of water purification systems, water distribution networks, sewage treatment systems, electric power distribution, district heating, telephone exchanges, and public service telecommunication equipment.
Exterior design strategies
Decorative cloak
After the Industrial Revolution, cities in the industrialized countries required to construct and maintain infrastructure facilities to support city growths. Modern water industry was one of the early types of city infrastructure that was born in the early 19th century out of that necessity. There were three types of structures that were unique to the water industry: pumping stations (including water and wastewater), water towers, and dams. In particular, the pumping stations that housed large steam engines in the 19th and early 20th centuries were built intentionally to be symbolic. The building architectures were to communicate a message to the public of safety and reliability, and express their functions. Building designs inherited from beam engine buildings required strong rigid walls and raised floor to support the engines, large arched and multi-story windows to let the light in without compromising wall strength, and roof ventilation such as decorative dormers. These functional features formed the principal of "waterworks style." An example of simple waterworks architectural style is Springhead Pumping Station. More elaborated designs were also used to communicate sacred atmosphere to highlight the importance of critical tasks of the facilities such as in sewage pumping stations. An example is Abbey Mills Pumping Station that employed baroque eclecticism in its design.
The city infrastructure buildings in this period were more communicative and expressive with their own designs without having to conceal their locations from the public. However, the internal machinery is not exposed to the view from public streets as the buildings provide a decorative "cloak" function. Other examples are Radialsystem (Berlin, Germany sewage pumping station), Kempton Park engine house, Chestnut Hill Waterworks in Massachusetts, United States, Spotswood Pumping Station in Melbourne, Australia, Palacio de Aguas Corrientes in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Sewage Plant in Bubeneč, in Prague, Czech Republic, and R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant in Toronto, Canada. These buildings are considered to be part of the world heritage in the water industry.
Other types of infrastructure facilities had their unique architectural expressions as well. Those include gas supply, electrical supply and communication buildings. An example for electrical substations is seen in a 1931 Commonwealth Edison substation at 115 North Dearborn Street in Chicago. The building completely encloses the equipment but the facade is decorated with a basrelief in Art Deco style. In New York City, many substations built in the 1920s and 1930s to power its subway system incorporated Art Deco ornamental features. These included diamond patterned brickwork, zigzag motifs, limestone carving of Art Deco lettering, and other incised relief designs.
Utilitarian
Since the postwar period in the second half of the twentieth century, infrastructure buildings were constructed in utilitarian style. Infrastructure projects including public utility buildings fall within the responsibilities of civil engineers, typically without participation of architects. As a result, the builders of those structures prioritize functional aspects of the buildings without having attention on detailing or ornamentation beyond what are necessary for the functions of the buildings.
Functional and anonymous
Many of these public utility buildings need to be close to the users. They may need to be in residential and commercial areas of the cities in which the public has an expectation of the areas to be aesthetically pleasing to attract residents and visitors. One strategy to hide unattractive equipment is to create enclosures or buildings with exterior designs to disguise and blend in to the neighboring buildings. The goal is to make the buildings not to stand out so that they can stay anonymous. In some municipalities, this design decision is mandatory. For example, public utility buildings in residential zones of Montgomery County, Maryland are required to have exterior appearance of residential buildings.
Large scale implementations this design strategy is seen in Toronto and Washington, DC where the electric operators put electrical substations in buildings that are disguised as houses in the neighborhoods (also known as fake houses).
Another example is the 23-story AT&T equipment building at 10 South Canal Street in Chicago. While the ground floor and the top floors have an appearance of a normal skyscraper, the middle 18 floors of the building are windowless concrete to protect the equipment. The architect designed rough-grooved concrete texture to disguise as windows of typical office buildings.
Inspire curiosity
Another strategy is to have exterior the buildings to blend in with the neighborhoods, but there are parts that reveal the existence of the equipment that is housed inside the building. This strategy is to provide aesthetic compatibility with the areas, but it does not hide the locations of such facilities. An example of this is Enwave Chiller Building at 137 South State Street in Chicago. The building has ground floor retailer that is compatible with the commercial area of the city, but the upper floors house the chillers, pipes, and water tanks which are seen to be too industrialized for the area. The architect sheathed the upper floors with precast concrete walls, glass blocks, and large rounded vents. While that hides the equipment behind the walls, it generates some curiosity for the passersby that the building may be industrial in nature. When the chillers work at night, the building is illuminated with blue light at the roofline to showcase that there is an ice making operation inside the building.
Open and transparent
In the 21st century, some utility operators started to recognize that the internal working machinery of the infrastructure can be seen as aesthetics to the public. Some infrastructure building designs were more transparent by incorporating glass walls, color-coded pipes, and light for night time illumination. Some examples of such architecture can be seen at the University of Chicago's South Campus Chilling Plant, and West Campus Combined Utility Plant.
Distinctive architecture
Some of the 21st century infrastructure buildings were built with an intention to create distinctive architecture. This is an approach to combat the NIMBY (not in my backyard) opposition from the area residents. For example, building a waste-to-energy facility would be considered undesirable for the neighborhoods. With this approach, the waste incineration operator in Roskilde, Denmark employed a Danish architect Erick van Egeraat to create an exterior design that celebrates the city's history. The building facade was designed to have two layers with inner layer to serve the climate protection function. This gave the architect more flexibility on creating the outer decorative layer. Raw umber aluminum panels with laser cut holes in an irregular pattern was used to create contemporary look with a connection to city's industrial and historic heritage. The angular shapes of the lower part of the building were created to resemble factory roofs around the city. The spire was a modern take on the city's UNESCO World Heritage site, the Roskilde Cathedral. At night, programing illumination of different color patterns through the facade holes was intended to make the building another landmark of the city.
This approach has also been used elsewhere is the world. In the United States, when the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority wanted to build a water filtration plant, the Whitney Water Purification Facility, it invited the public to form a committee to select the architect for the project after some residents voiced objections to the plan. Steven Holl, an award winning architect, was selected. The demand for the project was to create a unique structure that would be attractive to the area. The result was a contemporary building with a cross section of an inverted raindrop shape and its side elevation with an appearance of a large pipe covered in decorative stainless steel shingles. The building was built alongside a landscape design to make the surrounding area a public park. The interior of the building included an area accessible to the general public for educational purposes.
In Japan, Hiroshima City spent millions of dollars in building a new incinerator plant. As the city wanted to raise its architectural profile, it hired Yoshio Taniguchi, who designed the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, to work on the incinerator project. The boulevard near the waterfront was extended with a raised glass walkway that ran through the plant to the waterfront. The walkway was built with large glass walls to show the machineries of the plant in a visually pleasing way along with other interactive displays. The design was to create an experience similar to going to a museum.
Adaptive reuse
As technology advanced, the demands for modern equipment types underwent significant transformations. Consequently, the architectural requirements for public utility buildings evolved to accommodate these updated technologies. This shift prompted alterations in both the types and layouts of these structures, rendering some older public utility buildings obsolete. In response to growing environmental concerns and a commitment to historical preservation, there has been a concerted effort to minimize the demolition of outdated buildings and instead explore adaptive reuse as a sustainable alternative. Adaptive reuse involves repurposing existing structures for new functionalities. While numerous success stories highlight the viability of adaptive reuse across various building types, challenges persist in garnering public and financial support for such initiatives, hindering the adoption of this approach in some areas.
See also
List of fake buildings
References
Infrastructure
Urban planning | Public utility building | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,895 | [
"Construction",
"Urban planning",
"Infrastructure",
"Architecture"
] |
76,061,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Edward%20Brasch | Frederick Edward Brasch (December 18, 1875 – October 26, 1967) was an American astronomer, reference librarian, bibliographer, and historian of science. He is noteworthy for his work on the history of astronomy from Isaac Newton onward.
Biography
Brasch studied at Stanford University from 1897 to 1899 and at the University of California from 1899 to 1901. From 1901 to 1902 he held a temporary job as a bookbinder at Stanford University Press. In 1902 he began working in an unpaid position at Harvard College Observatory. There from 1903 to 1904 he was paid as an assistant observer. On August 5, 1903, he married Winnifred E. Orpin. In 1905 he became employed in performing mathematical calculations at Lick Observatory. From 1912 to 1916 he was an assistant at the Stanford University Libraries. In 1915 he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1916 he studied at Harvard College. He was from 1917 to 1921 an assistant reference librarian at John Crerar Library in Chicago and from 1921 to 1922 a reference librarian at James Jerome Hill Reference Library in St. Paul, Minnesota. Branch did bibliographic research from 1922 to 1923 for the National Research Council and worked as a librarian from 1923 to 1924 in the Carnegie Institution's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. He served as the secretary of the history of science section of the AAAS and during the 1920s was also secretary of the Isaac Newton commemoration. At the New York Academy of Medicine in a symposium held on the 28th & 29 December 1929, Brasch gave a lecture entitled Medical men in mathematics, astronomy and physics. From 1925 to 1943 he was the Chief of Scientific Collections at the Library of Congress. After retiring from the Library of Congress, he worked for Stanford University from 1944 to 1948 as a consultant in the history of science and from 1948 to 1967 as a consultant in bibliography.
In 1941 Brasch donated to Stanford University his entire collection of books and manuscripts relating to Isaac Newton and the physical sciences in the 1600s and early 1700s. There are more than 4,000 volumes in the collection, which includes several editions of Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica and five books actually owned by Newton.
Frederick E. Brasch was a member of the Unitarian Church and several scientific and historical societies. His wife Winnifred died in 1938. Upon his own death in 1967 he was survived by his daughter Carolyn Mildred (1909–2005) and his son Maxwell Frederick.
Henry E. Lowood wrote a 42-page biography of Frederick E. Brasch.
Selected publications
1946
References
1875 births
1967 deaths
American bibliographers
American historians of science
American librarians
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Historians of astronomy
20th-century American astronomers
20th-century American historians
Newton scholars | Frederick Edward Brasch | [
"Astronomy"
] | 570 | [
"People associated with astronomy",
"Historians of astronomy",
"History of astronomy"
] |
76,062,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADL-5747 | ADL-5747 was a novel opioid analgesic drug, however its development was halted because it did not pass phase II trials.
Mechanism of action
ADL-5747 is an opioid analgesic, it works by activating opioid receptors. However, unlike "classical" opioids such as morphine, it is selective for the delta receptor.
In tests done on mice, ADL-5747 was able to reduce pain in an efficient way. This compound does not seem to cause receptor internalization.
References
Piperidines
Chromanes
Spiro compounds
2-Hydroxyphenyl compounds
Benzamides
Delta-opioid receptor agonists | ADL-5747 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 144 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Spiro compounds",
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
76,062,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journo-influencer | Journo-influencers, or journalist influencer, or news influencers are professionals who blend traditional journalism with the internet reach of modern social media influencers. A production of the internet age, Journo-influencres typically use platforms such as Substack, Instagram, TikTok and YouTube to report news, provide commentary, and engage with audiences on social media platforms.
Background
The rise of journo-influencers can be traced back to the early 2020s, as news consumption increasingly shifted to social media platforms. Following their audiences, news brands as well as individual journalists began to adopt social media to expand their reach. Simultaneously, some online content creators have started to engage in activities resembling journalism, uncovering facts, reporting on current events and offering analysis.
According to the survey conducted in 2022 for the Reuters Institute Digital News Report, audiences today perceive journalists as including YouTubers, podcasters, comedians, authors, and social media influencers. The study found that these ‘alternative’ or ‘independent’ actors accounted for 15% of all named journalists in the United States, a figure higher than in any other of the researched countries.
Journo-influencers typically have a background in Journalism, Media Studies, or Communications, combining these traditional fields with skills in digital media and social media marketing. Examples of key competencies include communication and storytelling, proficiency in using social media platforms for content distribution as well as navigating ethical considerations related to journalism and social media influence
Examples of journo-influencers
Some of the journo-influencers mentioned in the 2022 LSE research report Can journalists be influencers? by Salla-Rosa Leinonen include
Sophia Smith Galer
Owen Jones
Kassy Cho
Max Foster
See also
Digital journalism
Influencer marketing
Netizen
Online newsroom
Social media and politics
Social media as a news source
Social media newsroom
Social news website
References
External links
Pew Research Center - Journalism & Media
Influencer Marketing Hub
Buy TikTok Followers
Journalism occupations
Social media
New media | Journo-influencer | [
"Technology"
] | 413 | [
"Multimedia",
"New media",
"Computing and society",
"Social media"
] |
76,063,279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomimetic | Proteomimetics are molecules that mimic certain protein characteristics such as shape, binding properties or enzymatic activity. While conceptually linked to peptidomimetics which mimic short peptide sequences or secondary structures, proteomimetics recapitulate tertiary structures. This can involve the mimicry of entire protein domains or fragments thereof. Proteomimetic approaches can range from entirely abiotic scaffolds to specific main chain and side chain-modifications.
References
Biochemistry
Chemical biology | Proteomimetic | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 102 | [
"Chemical biology",
"Biochemistry",
"nan"
] |
76,063,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20situ%20cyclization%20of%20proteins | The in situ cyclization of proteins (INCYPRO) is a protein engineering technology that increases the durability of proteins and enzymes for biotechnological and biomedical applications. For such applications, it is essential that the used proteins maintain their structural integrity. This is, however, often challenged due to the conditions required for these applications which necessitates protein engineering to stabilize the protein structure. The INCYPRO technology involves the attachment of molecular claps (crosslinks) to a protein, thereby reducing the tendency of the protein to unfold. The resulting INCYPRO-crosslinked proteins are more stable at elevated temperature and in presence of chemical denaturants.
Technology
The INCYPRO technology utilizes tris-reactive molecules to crosslink three defined positions within a protein or protein complex. For example, INCYPRO can involve the introduction of three spatially aligned and solvent-accessible cysteines into the protein that are then reacted with a tris-electrophilic agent. The resulting crosslinked proteins or protein complexes have been shown to exhibit increased stability towards thermal and chemical stress and a lower tendency towards aggregation. So far, the melting temperature of proteins was increased by up to 39°C in a single design step.
Examples
An early example, involved the stabilization of the transpeptidase Sortase A which resulted in INCYPRO-stabilized variants with activity under elevated temperature and in the presence of guanidinium chloride. INCYPRO has also been applied to stabilize the human adaptor KIX domain utilizing different crosslinker molecules. Here, a dependency of protein stability on the hydrophilicity of the crosslink was observed. In addition, a number of homo-trimeric protein complexes was stabilized including the Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase (PFE) and an Enoyl-CoA hydratase. In these cases, enzyme conjugates with overall bicyclic topology were generated.
See also
Bioconjugation
Biotechnology
Protein aggregation
Protein folding
Protein quaternary structure
Protein tertiary structure
References
Biotechnology
Protein engineering
Chemical biology | In situ cyclization of proteins | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 423 | [
"Chemical biology",
"Biotechnology",
"nan"
] |
76,067,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiveling | A fiveling, also known as a decahedral nanoparticle, a multiply-twinned particle (MTP), a pentagonal nanoparticle, a pentatwin, or a five-fold twin is a type of twinned crystal that can exist at sizes ranging from nanometers to millimetres. It contains five different single crystals arranged around a common axis. In most cases each unit has a face centered cubic (fcc) arrangement of the atoms, although they are also known for other types of crystal structure.
They nucleate at quite small sizes in the nanometer range, but can be grown much larger. They have been found in mineral crystals excavated from mines such as pentagonite or native gold from Ukraine, in rods of metals grown via electrochemical processes and in nanoparticles produced by the condensation of metals either onto substrates or in inert gases. They have been investigated for their potential uses in areas such as improving the efficiency of solar cell or heterogeneous catalysis for more efficient production of chemicals. Information about them is distributed across a diverse range of scientific disciplines, mainly chemistry, materials science, mineralogy, nanomaterials and physics. Because many different names have been used, sometimes the information in the different disciplines or within any one discipline is fragmented and overlapping.
At small sizes in the nanometer range, up to millimetres in size, with fcc metals they often have a combination of {111} and {100} facets, a low energy shape called a Marks decahedron. Relative to a single crystal, at small sizes a fiveling can be a lower energy structure due to having more low energy surface facets. Balancing this there is an energy cost due to elastic strains to close an angular gap (disclination), which makes them higher in energy at larger sizes. They can be the most stable structure in some intermediate sizes, but they can be one among many in a population of different structures due to a combination of coexisting nanoparticles and kinetic growth factors. The temperature, gas environment and chemisorption can play an important role in both their thermodynamic stability and growth. While they are often symmetric, they can also be asymmetric with the disclination not in the center of the particle.
History
Dating back to the nineteenth century there are reports of these particles by authors such as Jacques-Louis Bournon in 1813 for marcasite, and Gustav Rose in 1831 for gold. In mineralogy and the crystal twinning literature they are referred to as a type of cyclic twin where a number of identical single crystal units are arranged in a ring-like pattern where they all join at a common point or line. The name comes from them having five members (single crystals). Fivelings have also been described as a type of macle twinning. The older literature was mainly observational, with information on many materials documented by Victor Mordechai Goldschmidt in his Atlas der Kristallformen. Drawings are available showing their presence in marcasite, gold, silver, copper and diamond. New mineral forms with a fiveling structure continue to be found, for instance pentagonite, whose structure was first decoded in 1973, is named because it is often found with the five-fold twinning.
Most modern analysis started with the observation of these particles by Shozo Ino and Shiro Ogawa in 1966-67, and independently but slightly later (which they acknowledged) in work by John Allpress and John Veysey Sanders. In both cases these were for vacuum deposition of metal onto substrates in very clean (ultra-high vacuum) conditions, where nanoparticle islands of size 10-50 nm were formed during thin film growth. Using transmission electron microscopy and diffraction these authors demonstrated the presence of the five single crystal units in the particles, and also the twin relationships. They also observed single crystals and a related type of icosahedral nanoparticle. They called the five-fold and icosahedral crystals multiply twinned particles (MTPs). In the early work near perfect decahedron (pentagonal bipyramid) and icosahedron shapes were formed, so they were called decahedral MTPs or icosahedral MTPs, the names connecting to the decahedral () and icosahedral () point group symmetries. Parallel, and apparently independent there was work on larger metal whiskers (nanowires) which sometimes showed a very similar five-fold structure, an occurrence reported in 1877 by Gerhard vom Rath. There was fairly extensive analysis following this, particularly for the nanoparticles, both of their internal structure by some of the first electron microscopes that could image at the atomic scale, and by various continuum or atomic models as cited later.
Following this early work there was a large effort, mainly in Japan, to understand what were then called "fine particles", but would now be called nanoparticles. By heating up different elements so atoms evaporated and were then condensed in an inert argon atmosphere, fine particles of almost all the elemental solids were made and then analyzed using electron microscopes. The decahedral particles were found for all face centered cubic materials and a few others, often together with other shapes.
While there was some continuing work over the following decades, it was with the National Nanotechnology Initiative that substantial interest was reignited. At the same time terms such as pentagonal nanoparticle, pentatwin, or five-fold twin became common in the literature, together with the earlier names. A large number of different methods have now been published for fabricating fivelings, sometimes with a high yield but often as part of a larger population of different shapes. These range from colloidal solution methods to different deposition approaches. It is documented that fivelings occur frequently for diamond, gold and silver, sometimes for copper or palladium and less often for some of the other face-centered cubic (fcc) metals such as nickel. There are also cases such as pentagonite where the crystal structure allows for five-fold twinning with minimal to no elastic strain (see later). There is work where they have been observed in colloidal crystals consisting of ordered arrays of nanoparticles, and single crystals composed on individual decahedral nanoparticles. There has been extensive modeling by many different approaches such as embedded atom, many body, molecular dynamics, tight binding approaches, and density functional theory methods as discussed by Francesca Baletto and Riccardo Ferrando and also discussed for energy landscapes later.
Disclination strain
These particles consist of five different (single crystal) units which are joined together by twin boundaries. The simplest form shown in the figure has five tetrahedral crystals which most commonly have a face centered cubic structure, but there are other possibilities such as diamond cubic and a few others as well as more complex shapes. The angle between two twin planes is approximately 70.5 degrees in fcc, so five of these sums to 352.5 degrees (not 360 degrees) leading to an angular gap. At small sizes this gap is closed by an elastic deformation, which Roland de Wit pointed out could be described as a wedge disclination, a type of defect first discussed by Vito Volterra in 1907. With a disclination the strains to close the gap vary radially and are distributed throughout the particle.
With other structures the angle can be different; marcasite has a twin angle of 74.6 degrees, so instead of closing a missing wedge, one of angle 13 degrees has to be opened, which would be termed a negative disclination of 13 degrees. It has been pointed out by Chao Liang and Yi Yu that when intermetallics are included there is a range of different angles, some similar to fcc where there is a deficiency (positive disclination), others such as AuCu where there is an overlap (negative disclination) similar to marcasite, while pentagonite has probably the smallest overlap at 3.5 degrees.
Early experimental high-resolution transmission electron microscopy data supported the idea of a distributed disclination strain field in the nanoparticles, as did dark field and other imaging modes in electron microscopes. In larger particles dislocations have been detected to relieve some of the strain. The disclination deformation requires an energy which scales with the particle volume, so dislocations or grain boundaries are lower in energy for large sizes.
More recently there has been detailed analysis of the atomic positions first by Craig Johnson et al, followed up by a number of other authors, providing more information on the strains and showing how they are distributed in the particles. While the classic disclination strain field is a reasonable first approximation model, there are differences when more complete elastic models are used such as finite element methods, particularly as pointed out by Johnson et al, anisotropic elasticity needs to be used. One further complication is that the strain field is three dimensional, and more complex approaches are needed to measure the full details as detailed by Bart Goris et al, who also mention issues with strain from the support film. In addition, as pointed out by Srikanth Patala, Monica Olvera de la Cruz and Marks and shown in the figure, the Von Mises stress are different for (kinetic growth) pentagonal bipyramids versus the minimum energy shape. As of 2024 the strains are consistent with finite element calculations and a disclination strain field, with the possible addition of a shear component at the twin boundaries to accommodate some of the strains.
An alternative to the disclination strain model which was proposed by B G Bagley in 1965 for whiskers is that there is a change in the atomic structure away from face-centered cubic; a hypothesis that a tetragonal crystal structure is lower in energy than fcc, and a lower energy atomic structure leads to the decahedral particles. This view was expanded upon by Cary Y. Yang and can also be found in some of the early work of Miguel José Yacamán. There have been measurements of the average structure using X-ray diffraction which it has been argued support this view. However, these x-ray measurements only see the average which necessarily shows a tetragonal arrangement, and there is extensive evidence for inhomogeneous deformations dating back to the early work of Allpress and Sanders, Tsutomu Komoda, Marks and David J. Smith and more recently by high resolution imaging of details of the atomic structure. As mentioned above, as of 2024 experimental imaging supports a disclination model with anisotropic elasticity.
Three-dimensional shape
The three-dimensional shape depends upon how the fivelings are formed, including the environment such as gas pressure and temperature. In the very early work only pentagonal bipyramids were reported. In 1970 Ino tried to model the energetics, but found that these bipyramids were higher in energy than single crystals with a Wulff construction shape. He found a lower energy form where he added {100} facets, what is now commonly called the Ino decahedron. The surface energy of this form and a related icosahedral twin scale as the two-thirds power of the volume, so they can be lower in energy than a single crystal as discussed further below.
However, while Ino was able to explain the icosahedral particles, he was not able to explain the decahedral ones. Later Laurence D. Marks proposed a model using both experimental data and a theoretical analysis, which is based upon a modified Wulff construction which includes more surface facets, including Ino's {100} as well as re-entrant {111} surfaces at the twin boundaries with the possibility of others such as {110}, while retaining the decahedral point group symmetry. This approach also includes the effect of gas and other environmental factors via how they change the surface energy of different facets. By combining this model with de Wit's elasticity, Archibald Howie and Marks were able to rationalize the stability of the decahedral to particles. Other work soon confirmed the shape reported by Marks for annealed particles. This was further confirmed in detailed atomistic calculations a few years later by Charles Cleveland and Uzi Landman who coined the term Marks decahedra for these shapes, this name now being widely used.
The minimum energy or thermodynamic shape for these particles depends upon the relative surface energies of different facets, similar to a single crystal Wulff shape; they are formed by combining segments of a conventional Wulff construction with two additional internal facets to represent the twin boundaries. An overview of codes to calculate these shapes was published in 2021 by Christina Boukouvala et al. Considering just {111} and {100} facets:
The Ino decahedron occurs when the surface energy of the {100} facets is small, ;
Common is the Marks decahedron with {100} facets and a re-entrant surface at the twin boundaries for
With there is no {100} faceting, and the particles have been called nanostars.
For very low the equilibrium shape is a long rod along the common five-fold axis.
The photograph of an 0.5 cm gold fiveling from Miass is a Marks decahedron with , while the sketch of Rose is for . The 75 atom cluster shown above corresponds to the same shape for a small number of atoms. Experimentally, in fcc crystals fivelings with only {111} and {100} facets are common, but many other facets can be present in the Wulff construction leading to more rounded shapes, for instance {113} facets for silicon. It is known that the surface can reconstruct to a different atomic arrangement in the outermost atomic plane, for instance a dimer reconstruction for {100} facets of silicon particles of a hexagonal overlayer on the {100} facets of gold decahedra.
What shape is present depends not just on the surface energy of the different facets, but also upon how the particles grow. The thermodynamic shape is determined by the Wulff construction, which considers the energy of each possible surface facet and yields the lowest energy shape. The original Marks decahedron was based upon a form of Wulff construction that takes into account the twin boundaries. There is a related kinetic Wulff construction where the growth rate of different surfaces is used instead of the energies. This type of growth matters when the formation of a new island on a flat facet limits the growth rate. If the {100} surfaces of Ino grow faster, then they will not appear in the final shape, similarly for the re-entrant surfaces at the twin boundaries—this leads to the pentagonal bipyramids often observed. Alternatively, if the {111} surfaces grow fast and {100} slow the kinetic shape will be a long rod along the common five-fold axis as shown in the figure.
Another different set of shapes can occur when diffusion of atoms to the particles dominates, a growth regime called diffusion controlled growth. In such cases surface curvature can play a major role, for instance leading to spikes originating at the sharp corners of a pentagonal bipyramids, sometimes leading to pointy stars, as shown in the figure.
Energy versus size
The most common approach to understand the formation of these particles, first used by Ino in 1969, is to look at the energy as a function of size comparing icosahedral twins, decahedral nanoparticles and single crystals. The total energy for each type of particle can be written as the sum of three terms:
for a volume , where is the surface energy, is the disclination strain energy to close the gap (or overlap for marcasite and others), and is a coupling term for the effect of the strain on the surface energy via the surface stress, which can be a significant contribution. The sum of these three terms is compared to the total surface energy of a single crystal (which has no strain), and to similar terms for an icosahedral particle. Because the decahedral particles have a lower total surface energy than single crystals due (approximately, in fcc) to more low energy {111} surfaces, they are lower in total energy for an intermediate size regime, with the icosahedral particles more stable at very small sizes. (The icosahedral particle have even more {111} surfaces, but also more strain.) At large sizes the strain energy can become very large, so it is energetically favorable to have dislocations and/or a grain boundary instead of a distributed strain. The very large mineral samples are almost certainly trapped in metastable higher energy configurations.
There is no general consensus on the exact sizes when there is a transition in which type of particle is lowest in energy, as these vary with material and also the environment such as gas and temperature; the coupling surface stress term and also the surface energies of the facets are very sensitive to these. In addition, as first described by Michael Hoare and P Pal and R. Stephen Berry and analyzed for these particles by Pulickel Ajayan and Marks as well as discussed by others such as Amanda Barnard, David J. Wales, Kristen Fichthorn and Baletto and Ferrando, at very small sizes there will be a statistical population of different structures so many different ones will coexist. In many cases nanoparticles are believed to grow from a very small seed without changing shape, and reflect the distribution of coexisting structures. For systems where icosahedral and decahedral morphologies are both relatively low in energy, the competition between these structures has implications for structure prediction and for the global thermodynamic and kinetic properties. These result from a double funnel energy landscape where the two families of structures are separated by a relatively high energy barrier at the temperature where they are in thermodynamic equilibrium. This situation arises for a cluster of 75 atoms with the Lennard-Jones potential, where the global potential energy minimum is decahedral, and structures based upon incomplete Mackay icosahedra are also low in potential energy, but higher in entropy. The free energy barrier between these families is large compared to the available thermal energy at the temperature where they are in equilibrium. An example is shown in the figure, with probability in the lower part and energy above with axes of an order parameter and temperature . At low temperature the 75 atom decahedral cluster (Dh) is the global free energy minimum, but as the temperature increases the higher entropy of the competing structures based on incomplete icosahedra (Ic) causes the finite system analogue of a first-order phase transition; at even higher temperatures a liquid-like state is favored.
There has been experiment support based upon work where single nanoparticles are imaged using electron microscopes either as they grow or as a function of time. One of the earliest works was that of Yagi et al who directly observed changes in the internal structure with time during growth. More recent work has observed variations in the internal structure in liquid cells, or changes between different forms due to either (or both) heating or the electron beam in an electron microscope including substrate effects.
Successive twinning
Allpress and Sanders proposed an alternative approach to energy minimization to understanding these particles called "successive twinning". Here one starts with a single tetrahedral unit, which then forms a twin either by accident during growth or by collision with another tetrahedron. It was proposed that this could continue to eventually have five units join.
The term "successive twinning" has now come to mean a related concept: motion of the disclination either to or from a symmetric position as sketched in the atomistic simulation in the figure; see also Haiqiang Zhao et al for very similar experimental images.
While in many cases experimental images show symmetric structures, sometimes they are less so and the five-fold center is quite asymmetric. There are asymmetric cases which can be metastable, and asymmetry can also be a strain relief process or involved in how the particle convert to single crystals or from single crystals. During growth there may be changes, as directly observed by Katsumichi Yagi et al for growth inside an electron microscope, and migration of the disclination from the outside has been observed in liquid-cell studies in electron microscopes. Extensive details about the atomic processes involved in motion of the disclination have been given using molecular dynamics calculations supported by density functional theory as shown in the figure.
Connections
There are a number of related concepts and applications of decahedral particles.
Quasicrystals
Soon after the discovery of quasicrystals it was suggested by Linus Pauling that five-fold cyclic twins such as these were the source of the electron diffraction data observed by Dan Shechtman. While there are similarities, quasicrystals are now considered to be a class of packing which is different from fivelings and the related icosahedral particles.
Heterogeneous catalysts
There are possible links to heterogeneous catalysis, with the decahedral particles displaying different performance. The first study by Avery and Sanders did not find them in automobile catalysts. Later work by Marks and Howie found them in silver catalysts, and there have been other reports. It has been suggested that the strain at the surface can change reaction rates, and since there is evidence that surface strain can change the adsorption of molecules and catalysis there is circumstantial support for this. , there is some experimental evidence for different catalytic reactivity.
Plasmonics
It is known that the response of the surface plasmon polaritons in nanoparticles depends upon their shape. As a consequence decahedral particles have specific optical responses. One suggested use is to improve light adsorption using their plasmonic properties by adding them to polymer solar cells.
Thin films and mechanical deformation
Most observations of fivelings have been for isolated particles. Similar structures can occur in thin films when particles merge to form a continuous coating, but do not recrystallize immediately. They can also form during annealing of films, which molecular dynamics simulations have indicated correlates to the motion of twin boundaries and a disclination, similar to the case of isolated nanoparticles described earlier. There is experimental evidence in thin films for interactions between partial dislocations and disclinations, as discussed in 1971 by de Wit. They can also be formed by mechanical deformation. The formation of a local fiveling structure by annealing or deformation has been attributed to a combination of stress relief and twin motion, which is different from the surface energy driven formation of isolated particles described above.
See also
Notes
References
External links
Code from the group of Emilie Ringe which calculates thermodynamic and kinetic shapes for decahedral particles and also does optical simulations, see also .
Code from J M Rahm and P Erhart which calculates thermodynamic shapes, both continuum and atomistic, see also .
The code can be used to generate thermodynamic Wulff shapes including twinning.
Chemical physics
Condensed matter physics
Crystallography
Materials science
Mineralogy
Nanoparticles
Physical chemistry
Solid-state chemistry | Fiveling | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,819 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Chemical physics",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry",
"Matter",
"Solid-state chemistry"
] |
76,067,682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amauroderma%20rugosum | Amauroderma rugosum is a tough woody mushroom in the family Ganodermataceae. It is a polypore fungus.
Description
The hymenium of this fungus is white. It turns red when scratched.
Distribution and habitat
Amauroderma rugosum is found in China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Equatorial Guinea, and Australia.
References
rugosum
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Australia
Fungi described in 1920
Fungus species | Amauroderma rugosum | [
"Biology"
] | 87 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
76,067,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20Wulff%20constructions | Extended Wulff constructions refers to a number of different ways to model the structure of nanoparticles as well as larger mineral crystals, and as such can be used to understand both the shape of certain gemstones or crystals with twins.as well as in other areas such as how nanoparticles play a role in the commercial production of chemicals using heterogeneous catalysts. They are variants of the Wulff construction which is used for a solid single crystal in isolation. They include cases for solid particle on substrates, those with twins and also when growth is important.
Depending upon whether there are twins or a substrate there are different cases as indicated in the decision tree figure. The simplest forms of these constructions yield the lowest Gibbs free energy (thermodynamic) shape, or the stable growth form for an isolated particle; it can be difficult to differentiate between the two in experimental data. The thermodynamic cases involve the surface energy of different facets; the term surface tension refers to liquids, not solids. The shapes found due to growth kinetics involve the growth velocity of the different surface facets.
While the thermodynamic and kinetic constructions are relevant for free standing particles, often in technological applications particles are on supports. An important case is for heterogeneous catalysis where typically the surface of metal nanoparticles is where chemical reactions are taking place. To optimize the reactions a large metal surface area is desirable, but for stability the nanoparticles need to be supported on a substrate. The problem of the shape on a flat substrate is solved via the Winterbottom construction.
All the above are for single crystals, but it is common to have twins in the crystals. These can occur either by accident (growth twins), or can be an integral part of the structure as in decahedral or icosahedral particles. To understand the shape of particles with twin boundaries a modified Wulff construction is used.
All these add some additional terms to the base Wulff construction. There are related constructions which have been proposed for other cases such as with alloying or when the interface between a nanoparticle and substrate is not flat.
General form
The thermodynamic Wulff construction describes the relationships between the shape of a single crystal and the surface free energy of different surface facets. It has the form that the perpendicular distance from a common center to all the external facets is proportional to the surface free energy of each one. This can be viewed as a relationship between the different surface energies and the distance from a Wulff center , where the vector is the "height" of the th face, drawn from the center to the face with a surface free energy of , and a scale. A common approach is to construct the planes normal to the vectors from the center to the surface free energy curve, with the Wulff shape the inner envelope. This is represented in the Wulff construction figure where the surface free energy is in red, and the single crystal shape would be in blue. In a more mathematical formalism it can be written describing the shape as a set of points given by
for all unit vectors .
For the extended constructions, one or more additional terms are included for interface free energies, for instance the marked in purple with dashes in the figure. The dashed interface is included which may be a solid interface for the Winterbottom case, two interfaces for summertop and or one, two or three twin boundaries for the modified Wulff construction. Comparable cases are generated when the surface free energy is replaced by a growth velocity, these applying for kinetic shapes.
Winterbottom construction
The Winterbottom construction, named after Walter L. Winterbottom, is the solution for the shape of a solid particle on a fixed substrate, where the substrate is forced to remain flat. It is sometimes called the Kaischew-Winterbottom or Kaischew construction, since it was first analyzed for polyhedral shapes in a less general fashion by Kaischew and later Ernst G. Bauer. However, the proof by Winterbottom is more general.
The Winterbottom construction adds an extra term for the free energy of the interface between a particle and the substrate, the substrate being assumed to stay flat. These shapes are found for nanoparticles supported on substrates such as in heterogeneous catalysis and also nanoparticle superlattices, and look similar to a truncated single particle as shown in the figure for a gold nanoparticle on ceria, and can also resemble that of a liquid drop on a surface. If the energy for the interface is very high then the particle has the same shape as it would have in isolation, and effectively dewets the substrate. If the energy is very low then a thin raft is formed on the substrate, it effectively wets the substrate.
The configuration found depends upon the orientation of the substrate, that of the particle as well as the relative orientation of the two. It is not uncommon to have more than one particle orientation and shape, each being a metastable energy minimum. There is also some dependence upon whether there are steps, strain and anisotropy at the interface. A related form has also been used for precipitates at boundaries, with semi-Wulff construction shapes on both sides.
Summertop construction
This form was proposed as an extension of the Winterbottom construction (and a play on words) by Jean Taylor. It applies to the case of a nanoparticle at a corner. Instead of just using one extra facet for the interface two are included. There are other related extensions, such as solutions in two dimensions for a crystal between two parallel planes.
Modified Wulff construction
In many materials there are twins, which often correspond to a mirroring on a specific plane. For instance, a {111} plane for a face centered material such as gold is the normal twin plane. They often have re-entrant surfaces at the twin boundaries, a phenomenon reported in the 19th century and described in encyclopedias of crystal shapes. The cases with one twin boundary are also called macle twins, although there can be more than one twin boundary. An example of this called the Spinel law contact twinning is shown in the figure. There can also be a series of parallel twins forming what are called Lamellar Twinned Particles, which have been found in experimental samples both large and small. For an odd number of boundaries these all resemble the macle twins; for an even number they are closer to single crystals.
There can also be two, non-parallel twin boundaries on each segment, a total of five twins in the composite particle, which leads to a shape that Cleveland and Uzi Landman called a Marks decahedron when it occurs in face centered cubic materials with five units forming a fiveling cyclic twin. There can also be three twin boundaries per segment where twenty units assemble to form an icosahedral structure. Both the decahedral and icosahedral forms can be the most stable ones at the nanoscale. These forms occur for both elemental nanoparticles as well as alloys and colloidal crystals.
The approach to model these is similar to the Winterbottom construction, now adding an extra facet of energy per unit area half that of the twin boundary -- half so the energy per unit area of the two adjacent segments sums to a full twin boundary energy, and the facets that for the twin boundary are identical for thee segments. Mathematically this is similar to the Wulff construction, with the shape
for all unit vectors . Here is the origin of the Wulff construction for each segment. In many cases the twin boundary energy is small compared to external surface energy, so a single twin is close to half a single crystal rotated by 180 degrees and with all the origins the same; this is often observed experimentally. Five units then form a fiveling, which has reentrant surfaces at the twin boundaries and is shown in the figure of a gold fiveling by Rose, while for three boundaries per unit, a close-to-perfect icosahedron is formed. (An image of an 0.5 cm gold mineral crystal is shown later.) The construction also predicts more complicated shapes composed of combinations of decahedra, icosahedra, and other complex twin-connected shapes, which have been observed experimentally in nanoparticles and were called polyparticles. Other recent examples include bi-decahedra and bi-icosahedra. Extended combinations can lead to complex structures of overlapping five-fold structures in wires.
While the earlier work was for crystals of materials such as silver and gold, more recently there has been work on colloidal clusters of nanoparticles where similar shapes have been observed, although nonequilibrium shapes also occur.
Kinetic Wulff construction
The thermodynamic Wulff and the others above describe the relationship between the shape of a single crystal and the surface free energy of different surface facets. It is named after Georg Wulff, but his paper was not in fact on thermodynamics, but rather on growth kinetics. In many cases growth occurs via the nucleation of small islands on the surface then their sideways growth, either step-flow or layer-by-layer growth. The variant where this type growth dominates is the kinetic Wulff construction.
In the kinetic Wulff case, the distance from the origin to each surface facet is proportional to the growth rate of the facet. This means that fast-growing facets are often not present, for instance often {100} for a face-centered cubic material; the external shape may be dominated by the slowest-growing faces. Note that other facets will reappear if the crystal is annealed when surface diffusion changes the shape towards the equilibrium shape. Most of the shapes in larger mineral crystals are a consequence of kinetic control. Both the surface free energy and growth rate of different surfaces depend strongly upon the presence of adsorbates, so can vary substantially. Similar to the original work by Wulff, it is often unclear whether single crystals have a thermodynamic or kinetic Wulff shape. For reference, the form of the kinetic Wulff construction is given by
for all unit vectors , where is the growth velocity of the facet. This is equivalent to , where, as above, the index refers to the facet and is the height from the Wulff center.
There are analogues of all the earlier cases when kinetic control dominates:
Kinetic Winterbottom: the velocity replaces the surface energies for all the external facets, with the growth rate at the interface zero.
Kinetic summertop: similar to the Winterbottom, with zero growth rate at the interfaces.
Kinetic modified Wulff: the velocity replaces the surface energies for all the external facets, with zero growth velocity at the twin boundaries. When kinetic growth dominates the velocity of the buried twin boundaries is zero. This can lead to cyclic twins with very sharp shapes.
There can also be faster growth at re-entrant surfaces around twin boundaries, at the interface for a Winterbottom case, at dislocations and possibly at disclinations, all of which can lead to different shapes. For instance, faster growth at twin boundaries leads to regular polyhedra such as pentagonal bipyramids for the fivelings with sharp corners and edges, and sharp icosahedral for the particles made of twenty subunits. The pentagonal bipyramids have been frequently observed in growth experiments, dating back to the early work by Shozo Ino and Shiro Ogawa in 1966-67, and are not the thermodynamically stable stable but the kinetic one. Similar to the misinterpretation of the original paper by Wulff as mentioned above, these sharp shapes have been misinterpreted as being part of the equilibrium shape.
For completeness, there is a different type of kinetic control of shapes called diffusion control, which can lead to more complex shapes such as dendrites and others, for instance the star-shaped decahedral nanoparticle shown in the figure.
Related constructions
There are quite a few extensions and related constructions. Most of these to date are for relatively specialized cases. In particular:
Strain at the particle-substrate interface can lead to changes which have been described in more generalized Winterbottom models or by including a triple-line energy term; the latter has been observed experimentally.
Modified forms have been developed when there are steps, as this can introduce strain.
A more complex variational approach can be used to model alloy nanoparticles or when combining the twin-variant and a substrate.
While the most common use of these constructions are in three dimensions for particles, they can also be used to understand two-dimensional growth shapes, grain boundary faceting, voids when the interface is anisotropic, and for dislocations.
Caveats
These variants of the Wulff construction correlate well to many shapes found experimentally, but do not explain everything. Sometimes the shapes with multiple different units are due to coalescence, sometimes they are less symmetric and sometimes, as in Janus particles (for the two-headed god) they contain two materials as illustrated in the figure. There are also some assumptions such as that the substrate remains flat in the Winterbottom construction. This does not have to be the case, the particle can partially or completely be buried by the substrate.
It can also be the case that metastable structures are formed. For instance during growth at elevated temperatures a neck can form between two particles, and they can start to merge. If the temperature is decreased then diffusion can become slow so this shape can persist.
Finally, the descriptions here work well for particles of size about 5nm and larger. At smaller sizes more local bonding can become important, so nanoclusters of smaller sizes can be more complex.
Application relevance
Heterogeneous catalysts
These contain nanoparticles on a support, where either the nanoparticles or combination plays a key role in speeding up a chemical reaction. The support can also play a role in reducing sintering by stabilizing the particles so there is less reduction in their surface area with extended use -- larger particles produced by sintering small ones have less surface area for the same total number of atoms.
In addition, the substrate can determine the orientation of the nanoparticles, and combined with what surfaces are exposed in the Winterbottom construction there can be different reactivities which has been exploited for prototype catalysts.
Minerals
As alluded to earlier, many minerals have crystal twins, and these approaches provide methods to explain the morphologies for either kinetic or thermodynamic control for shapes found in the literature for in marcasite, and by Gustav Rose in 1831 for gold. An image of a rather large one from Miass is shown in the figure.
Nucleation
At small sizes, particularly for face centered cubic materials cyclic twins called multiply twinned particles are often of lower energy than single crystals. The main reason is that they have more lower energy surfaces, mainly (111). This is balanced by elastic deformation which raises the energy. At small sizes the surface energy dominated so icosahedral particles are lowest in energy. As the size increases the decahedral ones become lowest in energy, then at the largest size it is single crystals. The decahedral particles and, to a lesser extent the icosahedral ones have shapes determined by the modified Wulff construction. Note that due to the discrete nature of atoms there can be deviations from the continuum shapes at very small sizes.
Plasmonics
The optical response of nanoparticles depends upon their shape, size and the materials. For instance, rod shapes which are very anisotropic can be grown using decahedral seeds if the growth on (100) facets is slow, a kinetic Wulff shapes. These have quite different optical responses than icosahedra, which are close to spherical, while cubes can also be produced if the (111) growth rate is very fast, and these have yet further optical responses.
See Also
References
External links
Code from the group of Emilie Ringe which calculates thermodynamic and kinetic shapes for decahedral particles and also does optical simulations, see also
Code for Wulff and Winterbottom shapes.
Updated information on Wulffman, including double Winterbottom shapes,
Code from J M Rahm and P Erhart which calculates thermodynamic shapes, both continuum and atomistic, see also .
The code can be used to generate thermodynamic Wulff shapes including twinning.
Web page using the WulffPack code.
Chemical physics
Condensed matter physics
Crystallography
Materials science
Mineralogy
Nanoparticles | Extended Wulff constructions | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,470 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Chemical physics",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
74,551,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%B9%9Bsi%E1%B9%83ha | Nṛsiṃha (born c. 1586) was an Indian astronomer and mathematician from Golagrama. He was the son of Kṛṣṇa Daivajña, who came from a lineage of astronomers and mathematicians based in Golagrama. He is known to have written the book Saurabhāṣya, a commentary on Sūrysidhānta. Nṛsiṃha also wrote Sidhāntaśromaṇi-Vāsanāvārttika a commentary on the Gaṇitādhyāya and Golādhyāya of Sidhāntaśiromaṇi-Vāsanābhāṣya of Bhāskara II.
Nṛsiṃha had four sons: Divākara (born 1606), Kamalākara, Gopinātha and Ranganātha.
Works
Nṛsiṃha wrote many books related to astronomy, including:
Saurabhāṣya, a commentary on Sūrysidhānt
Sidhāntaśromaṇi-Vāsanāvārttika, a commentary on the Gaṇitādhyāya
Golādhyāya of Sidhāntaśiromaṇi-Vāsanābhāṣya of Bhāskara II
References
1580s births
16th-century Indian astronomers
17th-century Indian astronomers
16th-century Indian mathematicians
17th-century Indian mathematicians
Scientists from Maharashtra | Nṛsiṃha | [
"Astronomy"
] | 251 | [
"Astronomers",
"Astronomer stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
74,551,536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinny%20Troia | Vincenzo "Vinny" Troia is an American cybersecurity researcher who is known for investigating high profile data breaches and dark web hacking groups, and is the author "Hunting Cyber Criminals". Troia has published research about dark web hacking groups such as The Dark Overlord and Shiny Hunters.
Career
Troia serves as owner and CEO of Night Lion Security, a cyber-security firm based in the US, and founded a threat intelligence firm named Shadowbyte.
In 2018, Troia found a data leak of nearly 340 million detailed records about individual people available on a publicly accessible server of Exactis.
In 2019, he found a data breach in People Data Labs where records of personal data, including email addresses, employers, locations, job titles, names, phone numbers and social media profiles of 1.2 billion people were exposed.
In July 2020, one of Troia's own websites, Data Viper, was hacked. The site contained over 8,200 databases from data breaches.
In August 2020, Troia wrote a report on the underground cybercrime economy built on the stealing of reselling of video game passwords. The white paper outlines the process by which hackers make money by stealing and reselling Fortnite video game cosmetics, some making nearly a million dollars per year.
In November 2021, hacker Pompompurin, admin of the Dark Web data sharing forum BreachForums, publicly harassed Troia by hacking into the FBI email servers and sending hundreds of thousands of emails to people accusing him of being a part of The Dark Overlord hacking group. In addition, Troia claimed that they had previously performed a DDoS attack one of Troia's websites and also hacked the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children's blog to create a fake blog post about him.
Controversy & Dispute
Troia was accused of making contradictory claims regarding a data breach at Astoria Company. While he reported that he had obtained data linked to Astoria, the company disputed these claims, suggesting inconsistencies in Troia’s statements about how the data was acquired. Additionally, Troia has reported being targeted by a hacker known as “Pompompurin,” who allegedly harassed him, hacked his accounts, and spread misinformation in an effort to discredit him.
Publications
Troia is the author of the book "Hunting Cyber Criminals: A Hacker’s Guide to Online Intelligence Gathering Tools and Techniques" (Wiley Books), which illustrates various investigative tools and techniques used to track down and investigate cybercriminals using Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) gathering tools and techniques. The book provides a detailed account of Troia's investigation into cyber criminal hacking group The Dark Overlord.
Troia's book provides evidence and analysis to support claims that the masterminds behind The Dark Overlord cybercrime group are two teenagers living in Calgary, Canada. Evidence provided in the book, as well as a subsequent report published by Troia and Night Lion Security, attempts to link the members of The Dark Overlord hacking group to other "database focused" hacking groups such as ShinyHunters and GnosticPlayers.
References
Hackers
Computer security specialists
Internet activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | Vinny Troia | [
"Technology"
] | 658 | [
"Lists of people in STEM fields",
"Hackers"
] |
74,552,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerstin%20Fredga | Kerstin Fredga (born 1935) is a Swedish astronomer and spectroheliographer whose research involves the spectra of the sun and other stars. She is the former director of the Swedish National Space Agency and former president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Education and career
Fredga was born in Stockholm in 1935, one of five children of chemistry professor and his wife, a kindergarten teacher, who encouraged her to pursue her interest in astronomy. After studies at Uppsala University, she completed a Ph.D. in astronomy in 1962.
She began her career working at the Institute for Solar Physics on Capri. After continued research on rocket-based ultraviolet solar observation at the Goddard Space Flight Center in the US, and in the Astronomical Institute and Space Research Laboratory of the University of Utrecht, she returned to Sweden, and in 1973 became a professor at Stockholm University, at the same time moving from research towards academic administration in the Swedish National Space Agency. She was project scientist for Viking, Sweden's first satellite, which launched in 1986, and directed the agency for ten years beginning in 1989. She has also chaired the Space Science Council of the European Space Agency.
Recognition
Fredga was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1978, and later became its president. She was also elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1986, and to the Academia Europaea in 1988.
She was the 1983 recipient of the KTH Great Prize of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, citing "her broad knowledge in astronomy and space physics as well as experiences from American space projects".
References
1935 births
Living people
Scientists from Stockholm
21st-century Swedish astronomers
Swedish women scientists
Women astronomers
Uppsala University alumni
Academic staff of Stockholm University
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of Academia Europaea | Kerstin Fredga | [
"Astronomy"
] | 359 | [
"Women astronomers",
"Astronomers"
] |
74,552,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall%20%28security%20vulnerability%29 | Downfall, known as Gather Data Sampling (GDS) by Intel, is a computer security vulnerability found in 6th through 11th generations of consumer and 1st through 4th generations of Xeon Intel x86-64 microprocessors. It is a transient execution CPU vulnerability which relies on speculative execution of Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) instructions to reveal the content of vector registers.
Vulnerability
Intel's Software Guard Extensions (SGX) security subsystem is also affected by this bug.
The Downfall vulnerability was discovered by the security researcher Daniel Moghimi, who publicly released information about the vulnerability in August 2023, after a year-long embargo period.
Intel promised microcode updates to resolve the vulnerability. The microcode patches have been shown to significantly reduce the performance of some heavily-vectorized loads.
Patches to mitigate the effects of the vulnerability have also been created as part of the forthcoming version 6.5 release of the Linux kernel. They include code to disable the AVX extensions entirely on CPUs for which microcode mitigation is not available.
Vendor responses
References
External links
Downfall Attacks Developer Page
MITRE CVE-2022-40982 page
Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities
Hacking in the 2020s
Intel | Downfall (security vulnerability) | [
"Technology"
] | 254 | [
"Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
74,553,020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders%20of%20magnitude%20%28torque%29 | The following are examples of orders of magnitude for torque.
Examples
References
Orders of magnitude
Torque | Orders of magnitude (torque) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 19 | [
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Orders of magnitude",
"Units of measurement",
"Torque"
] |
74,553,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiclopazine | Imiclopazine is an antipsychotic drug of the phenothiazines class, developed in the 1960s by the pharmaceutical company Asta-Werke under the brand name Ponsital. It demonstrated strong sedative and antiemetic properties.
It was initially researched for the treatment of schizophrenia and had favorable clinical trials, but ultimately was never brought to market.
References
Typical antipsychotics
Phenothiazines
Piperazines
Abandoned drugs
Imidazolidinones
Chloroarenes | Imiclopazine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 106 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
74,554,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byurakan%20Conference | The Byurakan Conference was held at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in Armenia in 1964, at the initiative of the young scientist Nikolai Kardashev. It brought together a large number of Soviet astronomers and astrophysicists to take stock of knowledge and results in the search for traces of extraterrestrial life. The possibility of detecting extraterrestrial civilizations with the instruments available at the time was also discussed, as well as the criteria for communication with extraterrestrial intelligence.
Goals of the conference
Since 1962, Nikolai Kardashev has been a member of a SETI research group at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow. In 1964, he organized the first Soviet conference on the possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations, held at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in Armenia.
This national conference was a response to the 1961 Green Bank Conference, held at the Green Bank Observatory in the USA.
Bringing together radio astronomers, its goal was to "arrive at rational technical and linguistic solutions to the problem of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization that is more advanced than Earth's civilization".
Presentations and speakers
Nikolai Kardashev presented his classification, while Troitskii announced that it was possible to detect signals from other galaxies. Kardashev's work was the focus of everyone's attention.
For Nikolai Kardashev, "within the next 5-10 years, all sources of radiation with the largest observable flux, in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, will have been discovered and studied", since the sensitivity of listening devices has reached its technical limits. In his view, the entire electromagnetic spectrum will be known and, consequently, the list of objects that could be artificial sources could be extended. The search for artificial signals would then have to focus on objects of maximum luminosity or radiation belonging to a particular region of the spectrum, but also on objects of significant mass, and on those representing the bulk of matter in the Universe. As early as 1971, Kardashev saw the need to prepare a listening and analysis plan that would enable the successful search for extraterrestrial civilizations. Mankind would then be in a position to overcome the "main dilemma" as formulated by Enrico Fermi. According to the Soviet astronomer, this dilemma is certainly related to our lack of information and knowledge.
Kardashev believed that a research project like Ozma was incapable of detecting a Type I civilization (an idea also promoted by Kaplan in 1971), and that SETI should instead concentrate on finding intense radio signals that could emanate from active Type II or III civilizations. To prove that this approach was effective, Kardashev turned his attention to two radio sources discovered by the California Institute of Technology and named CTA-21 and CTA-102. Gennadii Borisovich Sholomitskii then used the Russian Astronomical Research Station to study data from CTA-102. He found that this radio source was notable for its variability. Kardashev concluded that this could be an indication of an artificial emission source, albeit with a relatively short lifetime.
See also
First Soviet-American Conference on Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Kardashev scale
Extraterrestrial life
Fermi paradox
Anthropic principle
Astrobiology
References
Extraterrestrial life
1964 in Armenia
1964 in the Soviet Union
1964 conferences | Byurakan Conference | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 683 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Extraterrestrial life",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Hypothetical life forms"
] |
74,555,797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20pharmacy | Artificial intelligence in pharmacy is the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to the discovery, development, and the treatment of patients with medications. AI in pharmacy practices has the potential to revolutionize all aspects of pharmaceutical research as well as to improve the clinical application of pharmaceuticals to prevent, treat, or cure disease. AI, a technology that enables machines to simulate human intelligence, has found applications in pharmaceutical research, drug manufacturing, drug delivery systems, clinical trial optimization, treatment plans, and patient-centered services.
Drug discovery and development
AI algorithms analyze vast datasets with greater speed and accuracy than traditional methods. This has enabled the identification of potential drug candidates, prediction of their interactions, and optimization of formulations. AI-driven simulations and modeling assist researchers in understanding molecular interactions, thus expediting the drug development timeline.
Drug delivery systems
AI is revolutionizing the drug delivery systems. AI technology can assist in identifying biological targets for pharmaceuticals, evaluating the pharmacological profiles of potential drugs, and analyzing genetic information; in the future, this could lead to drugs personalized to an individual, targeted cancer treatments, and edible vaccines.
References
Applications of artificial intelligence
Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical industry | Artificial intelligence in pharmacy | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 235 | [
"Pharmaceutical industry",
"Pharmacology",
"Life sciences industry",
"Pharmacy"
] |
74,556,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20hydrogen%20selenite | Sodium hydrogen selenite is an inorganic chemical consisting of a ratio of one hydrogen, one sodium, three oxygen, and one selenium atom.
It is the sodium salt of the conjugate base of selenous acid. This compound finds therapeutic application for providing the essential trace element selenium. Its preparation involves reacting sodium hydroxide with selenium dioxide.
References
Sodium compounds
Inorganic compounds
Selenium compounds | Sodium hydrogen selenite | [
"Chemistry"
] | 86 | [
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
74,559,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slooffia | Slooffia is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Most species are known only from their yeast states. Known hyphal states produce auricularioid (tubular and laterally septate) basidia, bearing basidiospores, and are parasitic on other fungi.
References
Basidiomycota genera
Taxa described in 2015
Yeasts
Pucciniomycotina | Slooffia | [
"Biology"
] | 85 | [
"Yeasts",
"Fungi"
] |
74,559,791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalopycnis | Hyalopycnis is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. The genus is currently monotypic, comprising the single species Hyalopycnis hyalina (other named species being regarded as synonyms). This was originally described as a minute, pycnidial (flask-shaped), anamorphic fungus, later found to be basidiomycetous. Later still, a teleomorphic state was found, producing auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia and basidiospores that are tetraradiate (with four appendages). This latter state was given the name Heterogastridium pycnidioideum, but, following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that Heterogastridium became a synonym of the earlier name Hyalopycnis. The species was described from Europe and is also known from North America and Japan, growing on decaying fungal fruit bodies or vegetable matter.
References
Monotypic fungus genera
Taxa named by Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel
Taxa described in 1918
Pucciniomycotina
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of North America | Hyalopycnis | [
"Biology"
] | 281 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
74,561,896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C9-Nonanediol | 1,9-Nonanediol, also known as nonamethylene glycol, is a diol with the molecular formula HO(CH)OH. It is a colorless solid, which is sparingly soluble in water but readily soluble in ethanol.
1,9-nonanediol can be produced by isomerization of allyl alcohol. It can also be obtained by reacting methyl oleate with triethylsilyl hydrotrioxide and lithium aluminum hydride.
1,9-Nonanediol is used as a monomer in the synthesis of some polymers. It is also used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of aromatic chemicals and in the pharmaceutical industry.
See also
Ethylene glycol
1,2-Octanediol
References
Monomers
Alkanediols | 1,9-Nonanediol | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 167 | [
"Monomers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
74,562,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Roberts%20%28chemist%29 | Edward Roberts FRSC., is a British-born American scientist with expertise in biochemistry and synthetic organic chemistry. He is recognized for his significant contributions to medicinal chemistry, the design and discovery of new medicines in the development of novel therapeutics.
Education and early career
Edward Roberts pursued his undergraduate studies in biochemistry with a minor in music at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England, earning a Bachelor of Science with Honors degree in 1979. He continued his academic journey with a Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, under Richard J Stoodley, completing his doctoral studies in 1982.
Career
Roberts worked at the Adden Brookes Hospital Forvie site in Cambridge (UK) for Parke Davis.
Roberts held the position of senior vice president and Head of Chemistry at F. Hoffmann-La Roche in Basel, Switzerland. He further contributed his expertise as a director and Head of Chemistry at AstraZeneca R&D in Montreal, Canada. He was an adjunct professor in the Department of Chemistry at McGill University.
Roberts was the President and Chief Science Officer at Kémia, a drug development company located in San Diego, California. In 2005, he was appointed as a professor in the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Medicine at Scripps Research in La Jolla, California.
Contributions to medicinal chemistry since joining Scripps research
Novel treatments for autoimmune disorders: Edward Roberts and his team designed and synthesized a selective and bitopic S1P1 agonist, RPC1063. This compound showed promise as a safe treatment for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. Ozanimod (RPC1063), now marketed as Zeposia, has been approved for use in relapsing multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Novel treatments for neuropsychiatric and behavioral Disorders: Roberts' lab designed and developed a series of kappa opioid antagonists for stress-related mood disorders, migraine, and other neuropsychiatric conditions. One such antagonist, Navacaprant (formerly CYM-53093, BTRX-335140), exhibited robust efficacy in early clinical trials and is currently in multiple phase 3 trials for major depressive diseases.
Compounds for use in the treatment of autistic spectrum disorders and/or post-traumatic stress disorders: Roberts' team designed and synthesized novel and improved V1a antagonists for potential therapeutic use in various neuropsychological disorders. One representative molecule NMRA-511 is currently in phase 2 clinical trials.
Novel compounds for use in fibrotic diseases: Roberts' research explored the therapeutic potential of subtype 3 of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors as targets for cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, fibrosis, and other related conditions.
Novel compounds for use in seizures; Roberts and colleagues explored the use of Galanin receptor agonists to delay and prevent seizures in animals displaying excellent activity and better mortality outcomes than current first line treatment.
Patents and recognition
Roberts is an inventor or co-inventor on over 100 issued patents. He has received the E.B. Hershberg award and induction into the MEDI Hall of Fame in 2021. He has also been involved in the commercialization of some of his research, contributing to the establishment of biotech companies such as Receptos Pharmaceuticals and BlackThorn Pharmaceuticals. He is a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Royal Society of Medicine, and the Medicinal Chemistry division of the American Chemical Society.
References
Living people
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Alumni of Newcastle University
Scripps Research faculty
Hoffmann-La Roche people
AstraZeneca people
Academic staff of McGill University
Members of the American Chemical Society
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
American biochemists
British organic chemists
American organic chemists | Edward Roberts (chemist) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 803 | [
"Organic chemists",
"British organic chemists",
"American organic chemists"
] |
74,564,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying%20room | A drying room is a room intended for drying objects. It can act as a replacement or complement for drying cabinets, tumble-dryers, and outdoor drying. Compared to outdoor drying, a drying room means one usually does not have to consider the weather forecast in case of rain.
In industrial operations, drying rooms are used for drying various materials for several purposes such as the manufacture of products made of wood and paper, as well as the production of food, pharmaceuticals, and ceramic industries.
In households, drying rooms are typically used for newly washed clothes, wet training clothes, and any outerwear and are often connected to a laundry room. They can also be found in connection with changing rooms, especially for commuters in commercial buildings. A simple drying room can have clotheslines to hang clothes on, for example, at 30–40 cm intervals. In Japan, a heated bathroom is often a laundry drying room.
A drying room can be a living area if, for example, it is combined with a bathroom, or a storage or utility room if it is primarily a technical room or a wardrobe.
History
On farms and manors in older times, dried fruit, flax, and other agricultural products were dried over an open fire, which increased the risk of fire, and separate buildings for such purposes are said to have been constructed on farms or manors at a sufficient distance from other buildings. Brewhouses may be an example of this.
Many cabins, kindergartens and workplaces where there are a lot of wet clothes commonly have drying rooms. Some housing associations have drying rooms in common areas, but many new small apartments do not have drying rooms due to lack of available area.
Modes of operation
The drying mechanisms used in drying rooms can be classified according to:
Drying medium: Hot air, smoke, inert gas, superheated steam
Operating pressure: Atmospheric pressure, constant pressure, pulsating pressure, vacuum drying, positive pressure drying
Method of heat transfer: Conventional convection (indirect), contact drying (direct), ultrasonic, microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, dielectric or electric resistance drying.
Desiccant flow method:
What is being dried stands still or has occasional movements (for example, a clothes horse)
The source of movement is the motion of what is being dried (tumble-dryer)
The source of movement of the dried material is mainly the kinetic energy of the drying medium
Mechanical transport, i.e., that the dried material is moved mechanically
Linear motion (belt, rollers, chain, screw, vibration, rake dryer)
Rotational movement (tumble dryer)
Frequency: Periodic drying or continuous drying
Installation method: Fixed or mobile
Ventilation
In climates with dry air, natural ventilation can be used to replace moist indoor air with dry outdoor air.
Heat
Some drying rooms have hot air systems, which are energy-intensive and often entail larger operating costs. The heated air is circulated in the room before it is vented out through ducts. It can be assumed that the energy consumption of drying clothes with heating in this way is several times more expensive than washing clothes.
Dehumidification
Drying rooms can be equipped with a dehumidifier that circulates and dehumidifies the air in the room and provides some heating in the form of waste heat. This can be much more energy efficient than solutions based on heating and ventilation. For the dehumidifier to work effectively it can be beneficial to have a lot of air movement within the room.
Special drying rooms
Various drying rooms exist for specific items, such as clothes, art, wood, or food. Large drying rooms are sometimes used in the industry, for example, in producing timber products. In an industrial context, it can also be mentioned that stockfish are dried outdoors.
See also
Shoe dryer
Wood drying
References
Rooms | Drying room | [
"Engineering"
] | 770 | [
"Rooms",
"Architecture"
] |
74,564,949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20People%2C%20Big%20Dreams | Little People, Big Dreams is a series of children's books by Maria Isabel Sánchez Vegara. The series explores the lives of notable people, from designers and artists to scientists and activists. The books are told as a story with illustrations from over 70 different artists. A section containing facts, photos and a timeline is shown at the back of the book. As of 2023, the collection includes over 100 books and sold over 7 million copies worldwide.
Overview
Coco Chanel (2016, illustrated by Ana Albero)
Frida Kahlo (2016, illustrated by Gee Fan Eng)
Amelia Earhart (2016, illustrated by Mariadiamantes)
Maya Angelou (2016, illustrated by Leire Salaberria)
Agatha Christie (2017, Elisa Munsó)
Marie Curie (2017, illustrated by Frau Isa)
Rosa Parks (2017, illustrated by Marta Antelo)
Emmeline Pankhurst (2017, illustrated by Ana Sanfelippo)
Audrey Hepburn (2017, illustrated by Amaia Arrazola)
Ada Lovelace (2018, illustrated by Zafouko Yamamoto)
Ella Fitzgerald (2018, illustrated by Bàrbara Alca)
Jane Austen (2018, illustrated by Katie Wilson)
Georgia O'Keeffe (2018, illustrated by Erica Salcedo)
Harriet Tubman (2018, illustrated by Pili Aguado)
Mother Teresa (2018, illustrated by Natascha Rosenberg)
Josephine Baker (2018, illustrated by Agathe Sorlet)
Anne Frank (2018, illustrated by Sveta Dorosheva)
Jane Goodall (2018, illustrated by Beatrice Cerocchi)
L. M. Montgomery (2018, illustrated by Anuska Allepuz)
Simone de Beauvoir (2018, illustrated by Christine Roussey)
Stephen Hawking (2019, illustrated by Matt Hunt)
Muhammad Ali (2019, illustrated by Brosmind)
Maria Montessori (2019, illustrated by Raquel Martín)
Vivienne Westwood (2019, illustrated by Laura Callaghan)
Mahatma Gandhi (2019, illustrated by Albert Arrayas)
David Bowie (2019, illustrated by Ana Albero)
Wilma Rudolph (2019, illustrated by Amelia Flower)
Dolly Parton (2019, illustrated by Daria Solak)
Bruce Lee (2019, illustrated by Miguel Bustos)
Rudolf Nureyev (2019, illustrated by Eleonora Arosio)
Zaha Hadid (2019, illustrated by Asun Amar)
Mary Shelley (2019, illustrated by Yelena Bryksenkova)
Martin Luther King Jr. (2020, illustrated by Mai Ly Degnan)
David Attenborough (2020, illustrated by Mikyo Noh)
Astrid Lindgren (2020, illustrated by Linzie Hunter)
Evonne Goolagong (2020, illustrated by Lisa Koesterke)
Alan Turing (2020, illustrated by Ashling Lindsay)
Bob Dylan (2020, illustrated by Conrad Roset)
Billie Jean King (2020, illustrated by Miranda Sofroniou)
Greta Thunberg (2020, illustrated by Anke Weckmann)
Louise Bourgeois (2020, illustrated by Helena Perez Garcia)
Jesse Owens (2020, illustrated by Anna Katharina Jansen)
Jean-Michel Basquiat (2020, illustrated by Luciano Lozano)
Aretha Franklin (2020, illustrated by Amy Blackwell)
Corazon Aquino (2020, illustrated by Ginnie Hsu)
Pelé (2020, illustrated by Camila Rosa)
Ernest Shackleton (2020, illustrated by Olivia Holden)
Captain Tom Moore (2020, illustrated by Christophe Jacques)
Ayrton Senna (2020, illustrated by Alex G Griffiths)
Steve Jobs (2020, illustrated by Aura Lewis)
Elton John (2020, illustrated by Sophie Beer)
John Lennon (2020, illustrated by Octavia Bromell)
Prince (2021, illustrated by Cachetejack)
Charles Darwin (2021, illustrated by Mark Hoffmann)
Megan Rapinoe (2021, illustrated by Paulina Morgan)
Malala Yousafzai (2021, illustrated by Manal Mirza)
Mary Anning (2021, illustrated by Popy Matigot)
Stevie Wonder (2021, illustrated by Melissa Lee Johnson)
Hans Christian Andersen (2021, illustrated by Maxine Lee-Mackie)
Andy Warhol (2021, illustrated by Timothy Hunt)
RuPaul (2021, illustrated by Wednesday Holmes)
Mindy Kaling (2021, illustrated by Roza Nozari)
Michelle Obama (2021, illustrated by Mia Saine)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg (2021, illustrated by Judit Orosz)
Kamala Harris (2021, illustrated by Lauren Semmer)
Iris Apfel (2021, illustrated by Kristen Barnhart)
Marilyn Monroe (2021, illustrated by Ana Albero)
Yoko Ono (2021, illustrated by Momoko Abe)
Charles Dickens (2021, illustrated by Isobel Ross)
Albert Einstein (2021, illustrated by Jean Claude)
Michael Jordan (2021, illustrated by Lo Harris)
Nelson Mandela (2022, illustrated by Allison Hawkins)
Pablo Picasso (2022, illustrated by Teresa Bellon)
Amanda Gorman (2022, illustrated by Queenbe Monyei)
Gloria Steinem (2022, illustrated by Lucila Perini)
Harry Houdini (2022, illustrated by Juliana Vido)
Nikola Tesla (2022, illustrated by Alexander Mostov)
Florence Nightingale (2022, illustrated by Kelsey Garrity-Riley)
J.R.R. Tolkien (2022, illustrated by Aaron Cushley)
Alexander von Humbolt (2022, illustrated by Sally Agar)
Elvis Presley (2022, illustrated by Ana Albero)
Neil Armstrong (2022, illustrated by Christophe Jacques)
Wilma Mankiller (2022, illustrated by Alexandra Bowman)
Marcus Rashford (2022, illustrated by Guilherme Karsten)
Mae Jemison (2022, illustrated by Janna Morton)
Laverne Cox (2022, illustrated by Olivia Daisy Coles)
Helen Keller (2022, illustrated by Sam Rudd)
Hedy Lamarr (2023, illustrated by Maggie Cole)
Queen Elizabeth (2023, illustrated by Melissa Lee Johnson)
Dwayne Johnson (2023, illustrated by Lirios Bou)
Anna Pavlova (2023, illustrated by Sue Downing)
Terry Fox (2023, illustrated by T. Connor)
Freddie Mercury (2023, illustrated by Ruby Taylor)
Shakira (2023, illustrated by Laura Díez)
Louis Pasteur (2023, illustrated by Shelly Laslo)
Lewis Hamilton (2023, illustrated by Fernando Martín)
Tenzing Norgay (2024, illustrated by Bandana Tulachan)
Princess Diana (2023, illustrated by Archita Khosla)
Vanessa Nakate (2023, illustrated by Olivia Amoah)
David Hockney (2023 illustrated by Ana Albero)
Olive Morris (2023, illustrated by Aurelia Durand)
King Charles (2023, illustrated by Matt Hunt)
Simone Biles (2023, illustrated by Christine Roussey)
Steve Irwin (2023, illustrated by Sonny Ross)
Mozart (2023, illustrated by Lia Visirin)
Leo Messi (2023, illustrated by Florencia Gavilan)
Sally Ride (2024, illustrated by Alona Millgram)
Tenzing Norgay (2024, illustrated by Bandana Tulachan)
Lenny Henry (2024, illustrated by Diane Ewen)
Kylie Minogue (2024, illustrated by Rebecca Gibbon)
Taylor Swift (2024, illustrated by Borghild Fallberg)
Beyoncé (2024, illustrated by Jade Orlando)
Usain Bolt (2024, illustrated by Karen Crosbie)
Rafa Nadal (2024, illustrated by Rocio Ledesma)
Simone Biles (2024, illustrated by Nadia Fisher)
Stan Lee (2024, illustrated by Ana Albero)
Leonard Cohen (2024, illustrated by Agathe Bray-Bourret)
Vincent van Gogh (2024, illustrated by Alette Straathof)
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (2024, illustrated by Martin Le Lapin)
Salvador Dali (2024, illustrated by Mariona Tolosa Sisteré)
Mary Kom (2024, illustrated by Jen Khatun)
References
External links
Book series introduced in 2016
Series of children's books
Biographical books
2010s children's books
2020s children's books
Cultural depictions of Coco Chanel
Cultural depictions of Frida Kahlo
Cultural depictions of Amelia Earhart
Cultural depictions of Agatha Christie
Cultural depictions of Marie Curie
Cultural depictions of Rosa Parks
Cultural depictions of Emmeline Pankhurst
Cultural depictions of Jane Austen
Cultural depictions of Harriet Tubman
Cultural depictions of Mother Teresa
Cultural depictions of Josephine Baker
Cultural depictions of Anne Frank
Cultural depictions of Simone de Beauvoir
Cultural depictions of Stephen Hawking
Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali
Books about Mahatma Gandhi
Cultural depictions of David Bowie
Cultural depictions of Bruce Lee
Cultural depictions of Mary Shelley
Cultural depictions of Martin Luther King Jr.
Books about Alan Turing
Cultural depictions of Bob Dylan
Cultural depictions of Jesse Owens
Cultural depictions of Corazon Aquino
Cultural depictions of Pelé
Cultural depictions of Ayrton Senna
Cultural depictions of Steve Jobs
Cultural depictions of Elton John
Cultural depictions of John Lennon
Cultural depictions of Charles Darwin
Cultural depictions of Hans Christian Andersen
Cultural depictions of Andy Warhol
Cultural depictions of Marilyn Monroe
Cultural depictions of Yoko Ono
Cultural depictions of Charles Dickens
Cultural depictions of Albert Einstein
Cultural depictions of Michael Jordan
Cultural depictions of Nelson Mandela
Cultural depictions of Pablo Picasso
Cultural depictions of Harry Houdini
Books about Nikola Tesla
Cultural depictions of Florence Nightingale
Cultural depictions of J. R. R. Tolkien
Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley
Cultural depictions of Neil Armstrong
Cultural depictions of Helen Keller
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II
Cultural depictions of Freddie Mercury
Cultural depictions of Louis Pasteur
Books about Diana, Princess of Wales
Cultural depictions of Charles III
Cultural depictions of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Little People, Big Dreams | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,995 | [
"Cultural depictions of astronomers",
"Cultural depictions of Stephen Hawking"
] |
56,104,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leflutrozole | Leflutrozole (developmental code names BGS-649, CGP-47645) is an aromatase inhibitor which is under development by Mereo BioPharma and Novartis for the treatment of hypogonadism in men. It was also under investigation for the treatment of endometriosis, but development for this indication was discontinued. As of December 2017, leflutrozole is in phase II clinical trials for hypogonadism.
See also
List of investigational sex-hormonal agents § Estrogenics
References
External links
Leflutrozole - AdisInsight
Aromatase inhibitors
Experimental sex-hormone agents
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Nitriles
Organofluorides
Progonadotropins
Triazoles | Leflutrozole | [
"Chemistry"
] | 163 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
56,104,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degg%27s%20Model | The Degg's Model shows that a natural disaster only occurs if a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard. It was devised in 1992 by Martin Degg, head of the geography department at the University of Chester, in England. It also depends on how far people are from the epicentre of an earthquake, volcano, or any other natural tectonic disaster.
References
Hazard analysis | Degg's Model | [
"Engineering"
] | 80 | [
"Safety engineering",
"Hazard analysis"
] |
56,104,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodoquinone | Rhodoquinone (RQ) is a modified ubiquinone-like molecule that is an important cofactor used in anaerobic energy metabolism by many organisms. Recently, it has gained attention as a potential anthelmintic drug target due to the fact that parasitic hosts do not synthesize or use this cofactor. Because this cofactor is used in low oxygen environments, many helminth-like organisms have adapted to survive host environments such as the areas within the gastrointestinal tracks.
Biosynthesis
Currently the biosynthesis of rhodoquinone (RQ) is still being debated, but there are two main biosynthetic pathways that are being researched. The first pathway requires the organism to produce ubiquinone (UQ) before the amino group can be added onto the quinone ring. The second pathway allows RQ to be synthesized without any UQ being present by using tryptophan metabolites instead.
In the case of the prokaryotic organism R. rubrum, RQ has been shown to be synthesized by addition of an amino group to a pre-existing UQ; thus UQ needs to be present as a precursor before RQ can be made. Figure 1 shows the biosynthesis of UQ in yeast and E. coli where ‘n’ represents the number of isoprene units between various organisms. Dimethylallyl diphosphate A and isopentyl diphosphate B come together to form polyisoprenyl diphosphate C. With the addition of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, the product that arises is 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid D. The next three steps of synthesis varies between different organisms, but molecule E is made across all organisms and through oxidation, demethyldemethoxyubiquinone (DDMQ) is eventually formed. RQ has been theorized to be synthesized from DDMQn, DMQn, DMeQn, or UQn, as shown with the dashed arrows. Recent studies have shown that Path 4 - RQ biosynthesis via UQ, is the favored route. It has been further shown that the gene rquA is required for the biosynthesis of RQ in R. rubrum, and that RquA catalyzes the conversion of UQ to RQ. The RquA protein uses S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the amino donor to convert UQ to RQ in an unusual Mn(II)-catalyzed reaction.
Research in C. elegans has shown an alternative path for production of RQ. Even after knocking out all UQ production, RQ is still present within those mutant strains. Based on this data, RQ production is not solely based on UQ-like molecules and instead can be made via tryptophan metabolites. Therefore, the amino group that is added in late stages of RQ biosynthesis in rquA-containing species is instead present throughout intermediate stages of RQ biosynthesis in C. elegans. With this proposed biosynthesis, the kynurenine pathway still needs to be upregulated, and activity from certain genes like kynu-1 which encodes for the KYNU-1 enzyme that catalyzes production of 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, needs to be upheld. Recent work has revealed that alternative splicing of the coq-2 polyprenyltransferase gene controls the level of RQ in animals. Animals that produce RQ (e.g. C. elegans and helminth parasites) contain both COQ-2 protein isoforms (COQ-2a and COQ-2e), and COQ-2e catalyzes prenylation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (instead of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) which leads to RQ.
References
1,4-Benzoquinones
Amines
Cofactors
Metabolism
Phenol ethers
Polyenes
Methoxy compounds | Rhodoquinone | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 860 | [
"Functional groups",
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Amines",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Metabolism"
] |
56,104,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20Neutrality%20Regulation%202015 | The Net Neutrality Regulation 2015 is a Regulation in EU law where article 3(3) lays down measures concerning open internet access.
The regulation's text has been criticized as offering loopholes that can undermine the regulation's effectiveness. Some European Union member countries, such as Slovenia and the Netherlands, have stronger net neutrality laws.
Regulation history
The 2002 regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services in the European Union consisted of five directives, which are referred to as "the Framework Directive and the Specific Directives":
Access Directive (Directive 2002/19/EC)
Authorization Directive (Directive 2002/20/EC)
Framework Directive (Directive 2002/21/EC)
Universal Service Directive (Directive 2002/22/EC)
Directive on privacy and electronic communications (Directive 2002/58/EC)
When the European Commission consulted on the updating of the Framework Directive and the Specific Directives in November 2007, it examined the possible need for legislation to mandate network neutrality, countering the potential damage, if any, caused by non-neutral broadband access. The European Commission stated that prioritisation "is generally considered to be beneficial for the market so long as users have choice to access the transmission capabilities and the services they want" and "consequently, the current EU rules allow operators to offer different services to different customers groups, but not allow those who are in a dominant position to discriminate in an anti-competitive manner between customers in similar circumstances".
However, the European Commission highlighted that Europe's current legal framework cannot effectively prevent network operators from degrading their customers' services. Therefore, the European Commission proposed that it should be empowered to impose a minimum quality of services requirements. In addition, an obligation of transparency was proposed to limit network operators' ability to set up restrictions on end-users' choice of lawful content and applications.
On 19 December 2009, the so-called "Telecoms Package" came into force and EU member states were required to implement the Directive by May 2011. According to the European Commission the new transparency requirements in the Telecoms Package would mean that "consumers will be informed—even before signing a contract—about the nature of the service to which they are subscribing, including traffic management techniques and their impact on service quality, as well as any other limitations (such as bandwidth caps or available connection speed)". Regulation (EC) No 1211/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 established the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) and the Office Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications. BEREC's main purpose is to promote cooperation between national regulatory authorities, ensuring a consistent application of the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications.
The European Parliament voted the EU Commission's September 2013 proposal on its first reading in April 2014 and the Council adopted a mandate to negotiate in March 2015. Following the adoption of the Digital Single Market Strategy by the Commission on 6 May, Heads of State and Government agreed on the need to strengthen the EU telecoms single market. After 18 months of negotiations, the European Parliament, Council and Commission reached two agreements on the end to roaming charges and on the first EU-wide rules on net neutrality on 30 June 2015, to be completed by an overhaul of EU telecoms rules in 2016. Specifically, article 3 of EU Regulation 2015/2120 sets the basic framework for ensuring net neutrality across the entire European Union. However, the regulation's text has been criticized as offering loopholes that can undermine the regulation's effectiveness.
National regulations
The EU has laid down a framework on net neutrality, but some of EU states have stronger laws nationally, or are discussing passing them. However Neelie Kroes, former European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, has asked "national legislators and regulators to wait for better evidence before regulating on an uncoordinated, country-by-country basis that slows down the creation of a Digital Single Market".
Potential violations
In 2007, the British ISP Plusnet was using deep packet inspection to implement limits and differential charges for peer-to-peer, file transfer protocol, and online game traffic. However, their network management philosophy was made clear for each package they sold, and was consistent between different websites.
In 2017, Germany mobile network operators like Deutsche Telekom and Vodafone were offering services that seemed to affect net neutrality. The government agency overseeing the market (Bundesnetzagentur) stated, in general these plans are in alignment with net neutrality but forced the companies to adopt some changes.
Criticism
European net neutrality law has been criticised for leaving too many loopholes to be exploited, as amendments to close them failed to gain enough support across the European Parliament. Some loopholes include the ability to offer priority to "specialised services", provided they still treat the "open" internet equally. Such services included remote surgery, driverless cars and anti-terrorism efforts. The law does say that these services cannot be offered if they restrict bandwidth for normal users. Another exemption is giving websites a "Zero-rating", not counting a website against a user's data limits, giving an advantage to those sites when being viewed via a metered connection.
See also
EU law
Digital Single Market
Telecoms Package
Net neutrality
References
External links
Digital single market, European Commission
Net neutrality: A single rulebook for a single digital market, European Commission
Commission declaration on net neutrality, European Commission
European Union
Internet and the European Union
European Union regulations
Internet access | Net Neutrality Regulation 2015 | [
"Technology"
] | 1,106 | [
"Internet access",
"IT infrastructure"
] |
56,104,745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozarelix | Ozarelix (developmental code names D-63153, SPI-153) is a peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist) which is or was under development by AEterna Zentaris Inc. and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals as a long-acting injection formulation for the treatment of prostate cancer. It has also been investigated for the treatment of endometriosis, but no development has been reported. The drug was previously under investigation for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and Alzheimer's disease as well, but development for these indications was discontinued. As of June 2015, it was in phase II clinical trials for prostate cancer. It seems to no longer be under development.
See also
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor § Antagonists
References
External links
Ozarelix - AdisInsight
Abandoned drugs
GnRH antagonists
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Peptide therapeutics | Ozarelix | [
"Chemistry"
] | 192 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
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